TERRORISM REVIEW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP87T00685R000100190002-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 44
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 18, 2011
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: July 29, 1985
• Content Type: REPORT

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Intelligence 25X1
Terrorism Review
29 July 1985
GI TR 85-015
29 July 1985
Copy 5 31
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Terrorism Review
29 July 1985
The Impact of Middle Eastern Terrorism
F
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ocus:
I
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5 Highlights
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1984/85 (Part I)
Terrorism in Europe
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,
11
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dents: A Growing Terrorist Problem for the Regime
b St
A
'
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u
ra
s
21 Romania
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El Salvador: Tracking Down the Terrorists
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31 The Terrorism Diary for September
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35 Chronology of Terrorism-1985
This review is published every other week by the Directorate of Intelligence.
Appropriate articles produced by other elements of the CIA as well as by othe
agencies of the US Intelligence Community will be considered for publication.
Comments and queries are welcome and may be directed to the Executive Edi
r
tor
i Secret
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Secret
Terrorism Review
29 July 1985
Focus The Impact of Middle Eastern Terrorism
International terrorism is increasingly a problem of Middle Eastern origin. In
1984 and the first half of 1985, Middle Eastern groups committed almost
50 percent of all international terrorist incidents around the world. Not only has
terrorism increased in the Middle East itself, but terrorists of Middle Eastern
origin are also operating more frequently in other areas, particularly in Western
Europe.
Middle Eastern terrorism is becoming more lethal, while terrorists from other
regions continue to target property more often than people. If present trends
continue, 1985 will be the third year in a row in which over 50 percent of the
casualties in international terrorist incidents will be caused by Middle Easterners.
The majority of US casualties continue to occur in Middle Eastern incidents:
? Middle Eastern terrorists are the world's primary agents of armed attacks
intended to kill specific victims.
? Middle Eastern terrorist bombs tend to be larger, more sophisticated, and use
higher grade explosives.
? Terrorists from the Middle East are generally more professional and proficient
in clandestine operations. Thus they are more difficult to detect and stop than
terrorists from other parts of the world
The Israeli-Palestinian dispute and state-sponsored terrorism involving Iran, Syria,
and Libya are the wellsprings of our increasingly dangerous Middle Eastern
problem:
? After being thrown off balance by the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982,
Palestinian terrorism has made a comeback in the last two years. Virtually every
Palestinian group has claimed credit for attacks on Israel, and the split between
pro- and anti-Arafat groups in the PLO has led to increasing intra-Palestinian
violence as well as attacks on states on both sides of the dispute. We are
concerned that Palestinian terrorism is occurring with greater frequency in
Western Europe.
? Radical Shia groups directly backed and, in some instances, controlled by Iran
pose the greatest threat to the United States. Most anti-American attacks
involve Iranian-backed groups such as the Hizballah in Lebanon and the Dawa
in the Persian Gulf. These groups also target France and the interests of Iraq
and other moderate Arab states. There are no signs that radical Shia terrorism
will decline in the remainder of this year.
Secret
GI TR 85-015
29 July 1985
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Secret
? Libyan-sponsored terrorism continues to be active this year. In 1984 Libyan-
sponsored attacks focused on Libyan exiles in Western Europe and the enemies
of Libyan expansion in Africa. In addition, several Libyan assassination plots
? Two Syrian-backed groups-Abu Nidal and the Jordanian People's
Revolutionary Party-were responsible for over a dozen attacks on Jordanian
interests in 1984 and 1985. Some of these incidents have involved US facilities in
Jordan. In addition, the continued acquiescence of Damascus to Iranian and
Hizballah activities in Lebanon contributes to the terrorist threat faced there.
I
Without the active involvement of these three states, we doubt the problem of
Middle Eastern terrorism would have grown to the same extent. Virtually all of
the Middle Eastern terrorist threat to US interests stems from activities backed by
these states. The involvement of the governments in Tehran, Damascus, and
Tripoli in recruiting, indoctrinating, training, arming, and moving terrorists from
place to place has created an institutionalized quality in Middle Eastern terrorism
that is largely absent in other parts of the world.
Table I
International Terrorist Attacks by Region of Origin: a
1985
1984
1983
1982 -
- -
Number of Percent
Attacks Worldwide
Number of
Attacks
Percent
Worldwide
Number of
Attacks
Percent
Worldwide
Number of
Attacks
Percent
Worldwide
Total
318
100
604
100
496
100
479
100
Middle East
149
47
285
47
140
28
99
21
Europe
83
26
167
28
166
33
217
45
Latin America
50
16
81
-
-
-
---
13
124
25
96
20
Asia
5
29
5
39
8
24
5
5
38
6
20
4
16
3
North America
4
1
4
1
7
2
27
-6
a Data obtained from CIA's File of International Terrorist Events
(FITE) in the DESIST system. Figures for 1985 are a preliminary
assessment of January-May incidents only.
Secret 2
or, %I I
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Table 2
International Terrorism of
Middle Eastern Origin:
Location of Attacks in 1984-85 a
Total
Lebanon
Europe
West Bank/Gaza
Persian Gulf-
Jordan/Syria /Egypt 15 5
Africa 10
12 7
Asia I NEGL
North America 1 NEGL
a 1985 data are for January-June only.
Table 3
Major Targets of Middle Eastern
Terrorist Attacks, 1984-85 a
Nation/Group 1984 1985
Number Percent Number Percent
Total
Israel
Palestinians
1984 1985
Number Percent of Number Percent of
of Attacks World- of Attacks World-
wide wide
85 30 40 24
Table 4
Middle Eastern Terrorist Actors:
Confirmed or Suspected Attacks
1984-85 a
Nation/Group 1984 1985
Number Percent Number
Total 285 100 168
State-sponsored action 116 41 45
66 23 _ 26 15
47 16 45 27
39 14 26 15
21 7_18 11
60 36
14- 22 13 -
10 13 8
-13 8
France 28
United States 24
Iran
Syria
Libyan exiles 13 5
Iraq 10- 4
United Kingdom 13 5
Jordan
Kuwait
Turkey---
Libya---
Others
5
12
6 4
Iranian-backed groups 66 23 29
Libyan-backed elements 25 9 4
Syrian-backed groups 25 9 12
Percent
100
27
17
2
Palestinian groups 62 22 69 41
Jewish extremists 17 6 14
Other groups 35 13
Armenians 13
Iranian exiles 9
Musa Sadr/Amal 5
Kurds 3
ROSM 2
Carlos Apparat 1
LARF
Libyan exiles
Unknown
1 ~
1 1
55 18 24
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Table 5
Middle Eastern Terrorist attacks
on US Interests: 1984-85 a
1985-13 attacks
14 June
Greece
TWA Flight 847 hijacked. One American killed.
Hizballah elements
10 June
Lebanon
American University Professor Sutherland kidnaped.
Hizballah elements
30 May
Lebanon
Arson attempt on US Embassy car.
Radical Shias suspected.
29 May
Lebanon
American University Professor David Hill shot dead.
Radical Shias suspected
28 May
Lebanon
American University doctor, David Jacobsen, kidnaped.
Hizballah elements
18 April
Lebanon
American University Vice-President kidnaped, released.
Radical Shias suspected
16 March
Lebanon
AP Bureau Chief Terry Anderson kidnaped.
Hizballah elements.
22 February
Jordan
Bomb defused at American Oriental Institute.
Jordanian People's
Revolutionary Party (JPRP)
10 February
Lebanon
Two American University doctors kidnaped, released.
Radical Shias suspected
22 January
Lebanon
Bomb explodes near American University.
Radical Shias suspected.
13 January
Lebanon
Bomb defused at home of US Embassy employee.
Radical Shias suspected.
10 January
Jordan
Bomb defused at home of US AID official.
JPRP
8 January Lebanon
American Catholic priest, Father Jenco, kidnaped.
Hizballah elements
1984-24 attacks
22 December
Lebanon
Car belonging to US Embassy employee bombed.
Radical Shias suspected
4 December
UAE
Kuwait Airlines Flight 221 hijacked. Two Americans killed.
Radical Shias
2 December
Jordan
Bomb defused at US bank.
JPRP
30 November
Lebanon
American University librarian. Peter Kilburn, kidnaped.
Hizballah elements
24 November
Jordan
Bomb defused at American Oriental Institute.
JPRP
16 November
Lebanon
US student at American University kidnaped, beaten, and released.
Unknown
26 September
Lebanon
Car belonging to American professor at American University
Radical Shias suspected
bombed.
20 September
Lebanon
US Embassy Annex bombed. Two Americans killed.
Hizballah elements
13 August
Jordan
Bomb defused at home of US official.
JPRP
3 August
Jordan
Bomb damages US Embassy warehouse.
JPRP
5 June
Lebanon
Bomb explodes in American University classroom.
Radical Shias suspected.
21 May
Lebanon
Bomb starts fire in American University library.
Radical Shias suspected
8 May
Lebanon
Rev. Benjamin Weir kidnaped.
Hizballah elements
28 March
Lebanon
Bomb explodes in American University building.
Radical Shias suspected
26 March
France
US Consul General in Strasbourg wounded in assassination attempt.
LARF
24 March
Jordan
Bomb explodes in front of US Embassy.
Abu Nidal Group
16 March
Lebanon
US diplomat William Buckley kidnaped.
Hizballah elements
7 March
Lebanon
CNN news director Jeremy Levin kidnaped.
Hizballah elements
5 March
Lebanon
US defense attache wounded in assassination attempt.
Hizballah elements
I March
Lebanon
Bomb explodes on American University campus.
Radical Shias suspected
10 February
Lebanon
American University Professor Frank Regier kidnaped.
Hizballah elements
28 January
Lebanon
Rocket fired at US Marine helicopter.
Radical Shias suspected
18 January
Lebanon
American University President Malcolm Kerr shot dead.
Hizballah elements
8 January
Lebanon
US Marines at US Embassy fired upon. One marine killed.
Radical Shias suspected
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Highlights
West Germany NATO Pipeline Claim Suggests Future Targets
A letter, which claimed credit for the 31 May NATO pipeline bombing near
Moerfelden, was obtained by the West German authorities on 2 July. It cited
several future targets, including Rhein Main Airbase, NATO communications
centers, the NATO pipeline system in the Darmstadt area, pumping stations, and
connections to the NATO central system and included a map of the Darmstadt
area with detailed markings of NATO pipeline locations. Several specific
installations may be at risk because they were mentioned in the letter: the
Eberstadt, Mainhausen and Kleinsteim storage tanks, the Ginsheim central
pumping station, Hessenane German Army Depot, and the Babenhausen US
helicopter landing area and installations.
Though the letter uses terminology reminiscent of previous messages identified as
having come from the periphery of the Red Army Faction, West German
authorities believe it was authored by the Revolutionary Cells (RZ). The NATO
pipeline has been surveilled by both the RZ and RAF in the past.
V.......:. Ilawa Party Prisoners To Be Executed
Dawa prisoners sentenced to death for their part in the December 1983 bombings
of the US Embassy and other targets. The executions reportedly were to have
taken place shortly after the end of Ramadan (19 June) but were delayed, possibly
because the Kuwaiti Government did not want the action to complicate the TWA
hostage crisis. Meanwhile, security has been tightened around key Kuwaiti
installations and public figures.
If Kuwait executes the three prisoners, Hizballah elements in Lebanon are likely
to retaliate by killing some of the seven American hostages still held there. Islamic
Jihad communiques have demanded the release of the Dawa prisoners as the price
for release of the American hostages. Radical Shias probably would also attack
Kuwaiti Government personnel if the executions take place.
Significant Developments
Secret
GI TR 85-015
29 July 1985
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Secret
West Germany-Libya Bonn Responds to Increased Libyan-Sponsored Terrorism
A Libyan terrorist hit team leader was reportedly arrested and deported from
West Germany in early June after attempting to extend his expired visa. He
claimed to have been seeking medical treatment in Germany, but he was believed
to be planning to assassinate a Libyan dissident. Later that month, three officials
assigned to the People's Bureau and a nonofficial Libyan were expelled. One was
expelled for his involvement in two assassinations in April. Three others were
deported for their alleged recruitment of two West German citizens for terrorist
activities. The two were reportedly sent to Tripoli for terrorist training and then
tasked to kill Libyan dissidents residing in Europe. The West German Government
publicly denied reports of expulsions.
Fatah Implicated in Terrorist Attacks
Swiss investigations of three bombings of Syrian and Libyan targets in
Switzerland in April suggest Yasir Arafat's Fatah organization was responsible.
The two Palestinians arrested for the bombings, Jalal al-Bin `Abd al-Fattah
Ahmid and Muhammad Harridan Tahir, maintained that they were acting for a
small independent Lebanese group, but documents in their possession, including
telephone numbers, addresses, names, and financial receipts, have led police to
Fatah's doorstep. In particular, the Swiss have concluded that they were supported
This is the first confirmation that Fatah has returned to terrorism outside Israel
and to the West Bank since Yasir Arafat banned such attacks in 1974. In the last
year, pro-Arafat PLO members have been attacked by radical Palestinian groups
backed by Syria, and Fatah appears to be undertaking a campaign of terrorism in
response. The arrest of three Palestinians on 11 July in Madrid for plotting to
attack the Syrian Ambassador to Spain suggests the campaign is continuing and
France-Caribbean Dealing With Terrorists?
Luc Reinette, fugitive leader of the Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance, a pro-
independence terrorist group in the French Antilles, announced on 2 July that he
met twice last year with emissaries of the French Government. He claimed that
French officials wanted to work out a moratorium on terrorist acts. Reinette's
account has been disputed by one government spokesman, who acknowledged only
that an intermediary from Foreign Minister Dumas met with the terrorist leader
at Reinette's request. His charges, however, may be more accurate than the
French have so far admitted; French officials have previously sought to work out
accommodations with similar groups elsewhere.
Secret 6
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terrorism.
These charges could be particularly embarrassing, coming as they do at a time
when world attention is focused on ways to combat terrorism. Paris is sensitive to
recurring charges that France under Socialist rule has become a haven for
international terrorists. In addition to foreign criticism, opposition politicians have
been quick to bludgeon the leftist government with accusations of softness on
end of the investigation.
Suspect in Anti-American Bar Bombing?
On 1 1 June the Athens public prosecutor issued a warrant for an unknown Greek-
American allegedly responsible for the bombing of "Bobby's l1"-a bar in
Glyfada-that wounded 67 people on 2 February 1985. However, unconfirmed
reports indicate that an unidentified Palestinian was responsible for the attack.
Issuing a warrant for an unnamed individual without sufficient evidence to
prosecute is apparently a legal maneuver commonly used in Greece when a
suspect's identity is unknown. The authorities may intend the action to signal the
December. Hersh was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment, but,
arrested for murdering Jordanian Embassy Counselor Amir S. Mufti last 4
Payment for Clemency?
In late May a Bucharest court tried and convicted Ahmed Ali Hersh, the man
he is likely to be released after one year upon
to identify.
payment of a small sum for each day remaining in his sentence. This reportedly
would amount to about $50,000 for avoidance of 19 years' imprisonment. The
Ambassador added that Romanian Government officials told him Hersh acted
with one accomplice who had passed the weapon to him. The Romanians say the
pistol was brought into the country in the diplomatic bag of a country they refused
been commuted.
Jewish Underground Trial Ends
On 10 July the Jerusalem District Court convicted 15 members of the "Jewish
Underground" organization on numerous charges ranging from murder to
membership in a terrorist organization. The defendants had argued against the
terrorism charge by claiming they had only acted to protect themselves from Arab
terrorism. The three-judge panel ruled that the Jewish Underground was in fact a
terrorist organization and concluded that "terror against terror is terror." Three of
the defendants were sentenced to life in prison, while the sentences of the other 12
range from four months to 10 years; portions of the latter group's sentences have
refinery at Horns this year; an earlier attempt was averted on 8 April. In July,
Police Stop Truck Carrying Explosives Headed for Oil Refinery
This attempt-on 4 June-was believed to be the second attempt to destroy the
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Secret
Aid to Confrontation States Terminated
On 17 July the National Assembly voted to cancel Kuwaiti aid commitments to
Syria, Jordan, and the PLO under the 1978 Baghdad Pact. Assembly members
charged that the nearly $300 million per year that Kuwait has paid out to those
states has been used neither for confrontation with Israel nor for direct aid to the
Palestinian people. A factor in the decision may have been the popular beliefs that
Syria was behind the I I July cafe bombings in Kuwait and that Jordan may reach
an agreement with Israel that would preclude the resettlement of Kuwait's large
rs I .
worried that other donor countries may follow Kuwait's example.
The government is unlikely to overrule the Assembly vote, but probably will find a
way to deliver the aid to the confrontation states, possibly tying Syrian funds to a
promise by Damascus to control terrorism. Syria and Jordan are reportedly
Surge in Terrorist Violence
Increased kidnapings and murders in the capital area in recent weeks prompted
Guatemalan Chief of State Mcjia on 4 July to threaten to impose a "state of
exception," restricting the press and other civil liberties. Public reaction from
Guatemala's politicians has been uniformly negative, and some have charged that
the military intelligence components probably are responsible for some of these
incidents:
? On 1 July a youth was killed on the campus of the University of San Carlos in
Guatemala City. This was the third murder on the campus in a month.
? On 2 July a student at the Quetzaltenango campus of the University of San
Carlos was abducted by unknown persons.
? On 5 July a leader of the student workers' union and his family sought refuge at
the Venezuelan Embassy in Guatemala City, presumably to escape the violence.
? On 12 July a professor and financial expert who had helped draft Guatemala's
new value-added tax was found shot to death. He had disappeared several days
elections, may be responsible for some of the violence.
No one has claimed responsibility for these attacks. However, rightwing elements,
who see their electoral prospects fading in the months before the November
injuries or serious damage were reported
Terrorists Target Mormon Church
On 4 July six Mormon churches were the targets of coordinated bombings
throughout Chile. There were no injuries and property damage was extensive at
only one location. The chapels were also spray painted with slogans saying, "Yanks
out of Chile" and "Easter Island is Chilean territory"-a reference to a US plan to
use the tiny Pacific island as an emergency landing site for the space shuttle. The
Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FPMR) claimed responsibility for the
bombings in a communique that charged that the Mormon church is the
"spearhead of the United States intelligence services." In addition, the US-
Chilean Binational Center at Rancauga, just south of Santiago, was bombed. No
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June, the bombings continue.
Bombings of US-related facilities in Chile have increased markedly over the past
three years. Reporting from the US Embassy indicates that there was one such
bombing in 1982, five in 1983, 14 in 1984, and, as of early July, 15 in 1985.
Mormon facilities were bombed eight times prior to the new spate of attacks.
Although Chilean President Pinochet formally lifted his imposed state of siege in
Terrorists Strike Lima Area in Coordinated Attacks
Lima suffered a week of violence with a power blackout on 10 July, attacks on six
police stations on 12 July, riots and protests in four prisons starting on 13 July, and
an attack on the US Consulate building on 14 July:
? On 10 July Sendero Luminoso rebels destroyed furniture and shattered windows
in bombing attacks on four district headquarters of the American Popular
Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) party, due to take power on 28 July. In addition
to the bombings, most of the capital was blacked out for nearly 20 minutes after
bomb blasts destroyed electric power pylons in the foothills near Lima.
? On 12 July Tupac Amaru terrorists staged simultaneous hit-and-run attacks on
six police stations in the poorer sections in Lima. No injuries were reported.
Tupac Amaru members visited a local press office the next day, defending the
attacks and threatening to harm "Yankees"-possibly presaging their attack on
the US Consulate on the 14th.
reported.
? On 13 July Sendero Luminoso inmates staged revolts in five prisons in the Lima
area. Prisoners took one hostage in the Lurigancho women's prison and six in the
Santa Barbara women's prison. Eighteen inmates in Lurigancho were reportedly
injured following an alleged police attempt to pit prisoners convicted of common
crimes against Sendero Luminoso prisoners.
? On 14 July presumed Tupac Amaru terrorists fired several shots at the US
Consulate in Miraflores. There was limited damage and no injuries were
responsibility for coordinated attacks against the police.
These activities demonstrate the impressive ability of both the Sendero Luminoso
and Tupac Amaru to stage well-planned terrorist actions in Lima. The police
station attacks also marked the first time that Tupac Amaru has claimed
Congress for the incidents.
Wave of Bombings Strikes Durban
A series of bombings have occurred in the last month against power substations,
public offices, and a restaurant in the Durban area. The first wave of six
bombings, during 15-21 June, probably was intended to commemorate the 1976
Soweto riots. After the 20 June explosion of a pamphlet bomb, police-in an
unusual display of concern-cordoned off the area and began routinely checking
suspicious packages. Two additional bombings occurred on 12 and 15 July. Only a
few injuries were reported. Pretoria has blamed the outlawed African National
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Secret
Indo-Pakistani Cooperation on Counterterrorism
ndia and Pakistan are exploring a regional
is scheduled for December in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
that SARC, the new association of South Asian nations, could play a
counterterrorist role. A summit of the heads of state of the seven SARC members
approach to combating terrorism. At bilateral talks in New Delhi on 2 July, Indian
Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Pakistani Foreign Minister Yaqub Khan agreed
regional sharing of intelligence could also evolve.
At this point, SARC remains little more than a tentative alliance between
traditionally hostile and suspicious neighbors, and obstacles to cooperation on
terrorism in the subcontinent are formidable. The porous boundaries between
India and its neighbors provide opportunities for Sikh terrorists, Tamil separatists,
and other dissident groups. Nevertheless, the 2 July talks suggest that the
terrorism threat is so worrisome that India and Pakistan may agree to coordinated
measures to combat it. At a minimum, the "joint approach" concept may provide
opportunities for SARC states to publicly condemn terrorist acts; in addition, a
Government's intention to close Beirut airport.
Explosions Damage American Cultural Center, Pan Am Office
On 14 July a small homemade bomb was thrown over a wall into the grounds of
the American Center in Lahore. The explosion caused no injuries and only slight
damage. Although the timing of the attack suggests a desire to avoid casualties,
the device contained about a kilogram of explosive and screws and other bits of
metal that acted as shrapnel. No one has claimed responsibility, but a letter was
delivered to the US Embassy in Islamabad that afternoon that threatened
"unexampled punishment" for the United States in Pakistan because of the US
whom they plan to charge in the attack.
On the evening of the same day, a bomb was placed in front of the Pan Am offices
in Karachi. A passerby reportedly moved it away from the building before it
detonated; the explosion wounded him and two other persons. There were no
claims, but local police picked up about 150 suspects, including eight Iranians
It is not yet known whether the two attacks were related. The Lahore letter was
signed by the initials "R.A.C.," but we know of no violent group that uses these
initials in Pakistan or elsewhere. The Iranian Embassy and Islamic center in
Islamabad have been implicated in previous anti-American terrorist plots,
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Secret
Terrorism in Europe,
1984/85 (Part I)'
European countries rank high on the list of those
afflicted by political terrorism. Occasional terrorist
acts take place in countries of the Eastern Bloc, but
the strong and repressive security establishments and
the limited observance of civil rights in these countries
inhibit most would-be terrorists. Thus, it is in the
liberal democratic states of Western Europe that
terrorists seem to thrive.
Most of the terrorists operating in Western Europe
fall into three broad categories:
? Indigenous leftwing extremists.
? Indigenous separatists and irredentists.
? Foreigners, chiefly from the Middle East.
During the past year and a half, leftwing terrorist
groups in West Germany, France, and Italy
rebounded from government counterterrorism
successes and demonstrated violently that predictions
of their imminent demise had been premature.
Established groups in Spain, Portugal, and Greece
continued their terrorist campaigns, while new groups
surfaced in Belgium and the Netherlands, both
countries hitherto relatively free from terrorism.
There were disturbing indications that leftwing
terrorists of several nationalities were beginning to
band together.
Leftwing Terrorism-the "Euroterrorist Alliance"
In France, the leftwing extremist group Action
Directe (AD) conducted a number of bombings in the
summer of 1984 against targets that it declared to be
involved with NATO and the Western defense effort.
Among them were the Atlantic Institute for
International Affairs, the European Space Agency,
and the Western European Union. Two similar AD
bombings against defense-related industrial firms
followed in October. Especially galling to the French
Government, most of the AD terrorists involved had
been in prison until released in an amnesty following
the election of Francois Mitterrand in 1981.
In Belgium, a new leftwing extremist group, the
Communist Combatant Cells (CCC), surfaced on
2 October with a number of bombings in Brussels.
The targets were facilities of Litton Data Systems,
Honeywell-Europe, and the West German truck
manufacturer M.A.N. In its communiques claiming
credit for the actions, the CCC linked the targets to
NATO, in particular to the deployment of the new
NATO cruise missiles. In December the CCC
bombed the headquarters of Prime Minister Martens'
Democratic Party (which had supported deployment
of the new missiles). It also bombed, at six points, the
pipeline bringing fuel from West Germany for NATO
forces. And it bombed a communications antenna at
Bierset Airfield near Liege, where aircraft assigned to
The Irish, Basque, and Corsican separatists all
suffered severe blows at the hands of the governments
with which they have been warring but demonstrated
their staying power by continuing nevertheless to
engage in terrorist acts. Armenian terrorism also
continued, although at a lower level than in previous
years. In 1984 over 60 incidents in Europe involved
citizens of the Middle East, most frequently
Palestinians and Libyans. Overall, nearly 250
international terrorist incidents took place in Europe,
more than in any other region of the world.
' This article deals with the 1984/85 activities of indigenous
European terrorist groups.
NATO are based.
In West Germany, although the Red Army Faction
(RAF) did not physically enter the fray until
December, a general outline of the part it was to play
in the international anti-NATO campaign was found
in documents discovered in an RAF safehouse raided
by West German security forces in July 1984. The
documents depicted a three-pronged campaign:
Secret
GI TR 85-015
29 July 1985
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? First, the RAF prisoners would stage yet another
hunger strike to press their longstanding demands to
be collocated (potentially making them easier to
rescue) and to be treated as political prisoners.
? Second, the members of the RAF Periphery (the
militant supporters and sympathizers) would
conduct a "low-level" bombing campaign against
NATO and West German Government targets.
? Third, the RAF Commando (the hardcore urban
guerrillas) would conduct a number of unspecified
"spectacular" terrorist operations against targets
related to NATO presumably assassinations or
kidnapings of important persons associated with
NATO or bombings resulting in massive damage or
casualties at NATO-related facilities.
The RAF documents were discovered pursuant to the
arrest in Frankfurt of six members of the RAF
hardcore (one of them had accidentally discharged a
pistol into the floor of their apartment). The
documents contained the names of many potential
individual targets, along with casing information on a
number of facilities and installations related to
NATO.
The arrest of seven leading members -' and the
compromise of their targeting information would lead
most groups to lie low, but in the past the RAF had
tenaciously followed its plans even after they had been
compromised. Consequently, West German
authorities were not surprised when on 4 December,
the opening day of their trial, leading RAF members
Brigitte Mohnhaupt and Christian Klar announced
the beginning of a hunger strike by RAF prisoners in
support of their demands. More than 30 other RAF
prisoners joined the hunger strike.
The violent phase began on 17 December, when RAF
supporters firebombed a Siemens Company
warehouse in Frankfurt. The next day the RAF
Commando attempted a spectacular attack: a man
dressed in a US Marine Corps uniform drove a car
rigged with explosives onto the grounds of the NATO
officer's training school in Oberammergau, parked it,
and then ran off. Only a faulty timing mechanism
prevented a potentially devastating explosion. By the
end of December, more than a dozen related incidents
of violence had been recorded in West Germany,
including incendiary or bombing attacks against
French, US, and Turkish diplomatic installations.
Culmination of the Campaign. The apparently
coordinated international campaign continued
through January, as reports spread that some of the
RAF hunger strikers were nearing death. In the
,Netherlands, a new group, the Northern Terror
Front, conducted a number of bombings in sympathy
with the RAF, though there is debate whether this
was not simply the work of an individual. A group in
Greece conducted a similar bombing. In Brussels, a
CCC team bombed the guardpost at the US NATO
Support Activity building: two US servicemen would
have been killed, except that they ran out of the
building. The CCC declared in its subsequent
communique that the group would no longer try to
avoid causing casualties. In Paris, an AD team
assassinated Gen. Rene Audran, the Defense Ministry
official in charge of selling French arms abroad: it
was the first ever premeditated AD killing with
possible RAF participation. In West Germany, one
RAF terrorist was killed and another seriously injured
as they bombed a computer facility. On 1 February in
Munich, an RAF team murdered Dr. Ernst
Zimmermann, head of the German firm Motoren and
Turbinen Union (MTU) as well as of the West
German association of aerospace firms.
Shortly after the Zimmermann assassination, the
RAF prisoners abandoned their hunger strike,
declaring that their underlying objectives had been
achieved. This signaled the end of the campaign: for
several months thereafter, all three groups refrained
from terrorist attacks. Even lucrative events where
terrorist attacks would earn the perpetrators
enormous publicity such as the Bonn Economic
Summit and the Paris Air Show- passed without
major incident. Nevertheless, since none of the
perpetrators have been captured, the groups clearly
retain the capability to conduct further major
terrorist attacks.
=The seventh-actually the first had been arrested on 22 June
near Stuttgart in an unrelated incident.
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Evidence of Links. The timing of the attacks and the
similarity of the targets suggested that the three
groups were in some fashion working together in what
was termed a "Euroterrorist alliance." There was
more specific evidence as well, some rhetorical, some
physical:
? The CCC indicated that its attack on a
communications antenna at Bierset Airfield was in
commemoration of the 1981 bombing by the RAF
of facilities at the US airbase in Ramstein, West
Germany. It dedicated its attack on the US NATO
Support Activity building to past RAF martyrs and
current RAF hunger strikers.
? The points at which the CCC bombed the NATO
pipeline in Belgium in December had been marked
on a document found at the RAF safehouse in
Frankfurt the previous July.
? Examination of the RAF's Oberammergau device
revealed it contained dynamite from a batch of
explosives stolen the previous year from a Belgian
quarry. A car bomb planted earlier in 1984 in Paris
by Action Directe had contained dynamite from the
same source, and more of it was found in the
possession of a Turkish emigre associated with
Action Directe when he was arrested trying to enter
France in April 1985.
? In mid-January 1985 the RAF and Action Directe
issued an unprecedented joint communique in Paris
declaring they had united in a war against NATO.
? Later the same month, Action Directe dedicated its
slaying of General Audran to the memory of an
RAF terrorist who had died some years earlier in a
shootout with West German police.
? RAF press releases crowed over the enormous
reaction the international anti-NATO campaign
had generated both in the media and in the halls of
government; one took particular note of the fact that
US Secretary of State Shultz had mentioned the
campaign in a speech.
More Smoke Than Fire? The abundant evidence,
however, indicates that such cooperation as did occur
was minimal. Cooperation on the logistic front has
been common among West European terrorist groups
in the past, and many of them have long opposed
capitalism, NATO, and the US role in Europe. What
these ideologically compatible groups apparently did
was to conduct similar operations, during a particular
time period, against local elements of a mutual
international enemy. There is no evidence of a merger
among them, a point that was made by some members
of Action Directe who specifically denied that their
organization had merged with the RAF. Moreover,
membership in the alliance was far from universal.
Other Leftwing Terrorism
In Italy, the Red Brigades did not participate in the
anti-NATO campaign, despite their known anti-
"imperialist" and anti-NATO sentiments.' In fact,
the Red Brigades did very little in 1984; they claimed
responsibility for the assassination in Rome in
February 1984 of US citizen Leamon Hunt, Director
General of the Multi-National Task Force in the
Sinai. Authorities have considerable doubt that this
claim was genuine. The Lebanese Armed
Revolutionary Faction (LARF) also claimed credit for
the act, but the evidence of culpability is sparse and
ambiguous
In 1984 the BR underwent a serious factional
struggle, with those who favored a primary reliance
on violence-generally the newer members-besting
and ejecting those members who advocated that the
organization split its efforts between violence and
political action. The first confirmed BR terrorist act
in more than a year took place in March 1985, with
the murder of a Rome University economist involved
with government efforts to reduce cost-of-living wage
adjustments. In the first half of 1985, the authorities
arrested a number of important BR fugitives,
including Barbara Balzarani, believed to be the senior
Red Brigades member still at large (she was wanted
for numerous offenses, including involvement in the
assassination of Aldo Moro). These arrests should set
the organization back for a few months at least.
' In the past, expatriate Italian terrorists in France have been
connected with Action Directe, and it is possible that some Italians
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In Spain, the October First Antifascist Resistance
Group (GRAPO) continued sporadically to conduct
attacks against government, military, and business
targets, as well as against interests of foreign
countries it regards as "imperialist." The group also
robbed banks and launched an extortion campaign to
raise funds. Some of GRAPO's attacks were against
French businesses in Spain, in support of the protest
by the Spanish Basque terrorist group ETA of a
French crackdown on its operations and personnel in
southern France.' Similarly, in mid-January 1985
GRAPO attacked a Mercedes-Benz dealership in
Barcelona, declaring its solidarity with the "political
prisoners" of West Germany; there is no evidence,
however, of any concrete linkage between GRAPO
and the other Euroterrorists. On 19 January 1985
Spanish police and security forces rounded up some
30 members of GRAPO-all the members they knew
about, except for one who fled to France. The group
has been very quiet since then.
In Portugal, the Popular Forces of 25 April (FP-25)
suffered a devastating police crackdown in mid-1984
in which several dozen of its members-including its
political leaders-were arrested. Within a few
months, however, the group rebounded with a new
round of terrorist attacks against landowners,
business leaders, and government interests. In
addition, beginning in October the group began
attacking foreign targets as well. In solidarity with
ETA, FP-25 struck at French business targets. In
solidarity with the Euroterrorists of West Germany,
France, and Belgium, FP-25 fired 60-mm mortar
shells at the US Embassy and demanded that
Portugal quit NATO. In December, NATO vessels in
Lisbon harbor and NATO's Iberian headquarters
suffered mortar attacks. In claiming responsibility for
these attacks, FP-25 made clear that it was acting
independently, and that it was in no way associated
formally with the Euroterrorist alliance.
There was no previous evidence of operational cooperation
between GRAPO and ETA, and, considering the disparities
between their memberships, philosophies, and goals, such
cooperation seems unlikely. Thus, these incidents probably were
meant as a simple demonstration of solidarity with another terrorist
group. This in itself is rather disquieting, since it suggests that
GRAPO thinks terrorists are somehow brothers deserving of
In Greece, the virulently anti-US group Revolutionary
Organization 17 November shot and wounded a US
Army master sergeant in Athens in April 1984 with
the same pistol it had used to kill a US Navy captain
the previous November
Early this year, the group
assassinated a Greek publisher, condemning him as
pro-American. On 1 April a new leftist group calling
itself Anti-State Struggle surfaced when it killed a
public prosecutor in Athens.
On 15 May 1985 police staking out a stolen
motorcycle stumbled on two operatives of Anti-State
Struggle; in the ensuing shootout, one terrorist and
one policeman were killed and two other policemen
mortally wounded. Authorities subsequently raided a
safehouse used by the dead terrorist and confiscated
documents and materiel related to terrorism. There
are indications that the terrorist may have belonged at
one time to PAK, an antijunta organization that was
the precursor of the ruling PASOK party-a fact that
could embarrass the government and slow or halt the
police investigation.
A Mysterious Incident. In February 1985 a primitive
black-powder bomb exploded at "Bobby's II," a bar in
the Athens suburb of Glyfada frequented by US
servicemen. No one was killed, but more than
60 persons were wounded, most only slightly. An
anonymous telephone caller claimed credit in the
name of the National Front, predecessor of the
rightwing Cypriot group EOKA-B that during the
1970s waged a terrorist war on behalf of enosis, the
union of Cyprus and Greece. EOKA-B disbanded in
1978, making it hard to credit the claim of the
National Front.
unidentified Palestinian may be responsible for the
attack, while some Greek authorities doubt that the
attack was politically motivated.
Separatist and Irredentist Terrorism
Most of the separatist and Irredentist movements of
Western Europe constitute minorities whose demands
are impossible to satisfy but whose hatreds are so
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Recent Developments in Armenian Terrorism
Because the homeland of their forebears lies largely in
Europe and because the primary focus of their
animosity is the Turkish Government, the Armenian
terrorists are often thought of as European irredentists.
In fact, most of the Armenian terrorists hail from the
Middle East, and the "country" that they aim to
reestablish never actually existed in modern history
Although the names of the groups and their operatives
have changed repeatedly, over the past few years the
Armenian terrorists have been concentrated in two main
strands: a leftwing strand centered on the Armenian
Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA)
and a rightwing strand associated with the international
Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), better
known as the Dashnak Party.
ASALA originated in the mid-1970s in the Armenian
quarter of East Beirut. Its members, heavily influenced
by radical and left-leaning Lebanese and Palestinians,
offered a direct challenge to the traditional dominance
of the once revolutionary but now conservative Dashnak
Party, not only in Lebanon but in other countries-
France, Canada, and the United States-in which large
numbers of Armenians had settled following their
diaspora. The Dashnak response was to establish a
competing terrorist group, the Justice Commandos of
the Armenian Genocide (JCAG), also headquartered in
East Beirut and composed largely of Lebanese
Armenians.
The Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 made it difficult
for the Armenian terrorists to continue using their
convenient operational bases in Beirut, and the
extremists reportedly dispersed to Iran, Syria, and the
Syrian-controlled part of Lebanon. ASALA also
maintains a propaganda office in Greece.
Already weakened by a serious internal division over the
use of indiscriminate violence, ASALA suffered a crisis
in mid-1983, after hardliners set off a bomb at Orly
Airport outside Paris that killed seven persons and
wounded more than 60, most of them innocent
bystanders. A faction that believed ASALA should
attack only Turkish targets split from the more militant
members, establishing a separate group called the
ASALA Revolutionary Movement (ASALA-RM). The
intensity of their disagreement reportedly resulted in an
armed clash between the two factions in the Bekaa
Valley in July 1983 that left four ASALA members
As a result of these problems, ASALA terrorist activity
has been at a low level during the past 18 months, with
only the following incidents on record:
? In March 1984 in Tehran, following an announcement
by Turkish Prime Minister Ozal that he would visit
Iran, terrorists associated with ASALA (faction
unknown) shot and wounded two Turkish diplomats as
they were leaving their homes to go to work. Another
Armenian terrorist was killed when the bomb he was
trying to install in another Turkish diplomats car
blew up in his face.
? In April 1984 in Tehran, an ASALA operative (faction
unknown) shot and killed a Turkish businessman.
? In August 1984 in Beirut, ASALA bombed the shops
of three allegedly "reactionary" Armenian merchants.
? In December 1984 in Beirut, the Air France ticket
office was bombed, probably by ASALA-RM, to
protest the imprisonment of Armenian extremists in
Nothing has been heard from the Justice Commandos
for some time. In their place, however, a new group has
sprung up called the Armenian Revolutionary Army
(ARA). Like the rightist JCAG, it is believed to be a
creature of the Dashnaks, and like JCAG its raison
d'etre seems to be competing with the leftist ASALA for
the allegiance of the young adult activists of the
Armenian diaspora. The ARA conducted only three
operations in the past year and a half, but all of them
were major incidents:
? In June 1984 in Vienna, an ARA car bomb killed the
Turkish labor attache and injured five other persons.
? In September in Istanbul, two ARA members died
while preparing explosive devices for use against an
unknown Turkish target.
? In November in Vienna, ARA members shot and
killed the Turkish Deputy Director of the UN Center
for Social Development and Humanitarian Alfairs.
? In March 1985 in Ottawa, three members of ARA
seized the Turkish Embassy. The Ambassador was
injured when he escaped by jumping from a window. A
Canadian security guard was killed and 13 persons
were held hostage for several hours before the
terrorists surrendered.
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deeply rooted that there is little their opponents can
do to mollify them. The Irish Catholic citizens on
whose behalf the Provisional Irish Republican Army
(IRA) claims to be operating, for example, constitute
only about a third of Ulster's population. Not all of
them support the Provos's, goals-much less their
tactics-while the Protestant majority is uniformly
and adamantly opposed to them. Thus, the demands
of the Provos cannot reasonably be accommodated
The desires of many Armenians for redress of
historical grievances are also both understandable and
exceedingly difficult to satisfy. Few Armenians
remain in Turkey-almost none in the Turkish part of
the historical Armenian homeland-and the modern
Turks deny responsibility for what may have
happened under the Ottomans there 70 years ago. The
expatriate Armenian terrorists-a tiny minority of all
Armenians-who prey upon Turkish targets therefore
have no rational prospect of success
Sometimes, enlightened government policies lure
supporters away from the separatist extremists until
only a small, embittered, and recalcitrant hardcore
remains to continue the struggle. In Spain, for
example, the Basque separatists have slowly lost the
influence they had developed during the Franco years,
as decentralization and democratization have
unfolded under the present constitutional monarchy;
nevertheless, the Military Wing of Basque Fatherland
and Liberty (ETA/M) refuses to give up. Similarly,
the French Government believes that almost all
Corsicans are basically satisfied with the present
governing arrangement, and that no more than
2 percent of the Corsican people favor independence
from France. Among the few who do favor
independence are some very active terrorists from the
National Front for the Liberation of Corsica (FNLC).
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In Spain, the ETA suffered a series of stiff blows
during the past 18 months. Tougher antiterrorism
laws were proposed, and budget increases led to the
bolstering of the counterterrorism forces, permitting
them to adopt more aggressive tactics within the
country. In addition, a series of political initiatives
from Madrid enhanced the political and economic
autonomy of the Basque region, thereby undercutting
the support of the Basque community the ETA needs
to remain viable over the long term.
During the same period, in response to continuing
Spanish diplomatic pressure, French security forces
began arresting accused Basque terrorists who had
long enjoyed sanctuary in southern France and who
were believed to be using such sanctuaries as bases
from which to stage terrorist operations into Spain.
Some were forcibly resettled in northern France (of
those, some later infiltrated back to the Basque area
of southern France); others were deported to various
African and Latin American countries. Three,
accused on apparently credible evidence of capital
crimes, were extradited to Spain to stand trial, in a
notable break with the French tradition (on which the
"etarras" had long relied) of refusing extradition in
political cases. The extraditions were criticized by
French supporters of this tradition.'
The Counterterrorists. Not the least of ETA's
problems in France were the activities of the
mysterious Antiterrorism Liberation Group (GAL),
which surfaced in December 1983 with a number of
attacks on ETA members and supporters in their
French sanctuaries. During the last 18 months, GAL
attackers killed 12 persons accused of being members
or supporters of ETA, and wounded at least 23 others.
Anonymous spokesmen explicitly identified most of
these attacks as retaliation for specific ETA attacks
against Spanish officials and police.
A number of GAL operatives have been apprehended.
They constitute a mixed bag of members of the
Spanish and French criminal underworld-often
veterans of the Spanish or French Foreign Legions.
Neither the identity of GAL's directors, however, nor
the sources of its funding, equipment, and intelligence
have been firmly established. Some observers have
speculated that Basque businessmen and
industrialists, tired of ETA's attacks on their
personnel and facilities, as well as ETA's
"revolutionary taxes," may be behind GAL. More
likely to be true are the persistent rumors and
allegations that local or national elements of the
Spanish Government are involved-although
government spokesmen have denied it.
Inevitably, the extradition of ettaras produced a
backlash in Spain in the form of dozens of attacks by
ETA on French-registered vehicles and French
businesses-especially French auto dealers whose
large show windows offered attractive and vulnerable
targets. Because both the GAL attacks in France and
the ETA responses in Spain cut across national
boundaries, they were included in our count of
international incidents. They were, in fact, the
primary cause of the increase in the number of
international terrorist incidents recorded in Western
Europe in 1984.
In France, the FNLC remained active during the past
year and a half but, owing to the arrests, trials, and
convictions of several leading members, on a
downward trend. Although precise numbers are not
available, the FNLC is believed to have carried out
about 800 bombings in 1982, about 600 in 1983, and
probably fewer than 400 last year (most on the island,
a few on the mainland). At midyear 1985, in fact,
after a night of numerous bombings, the group
declared a cease-fire. The pause, however, is likely to
be a short one. Nevertheless, since most of the
FNLC's bombs cause no casualties and little damage,
and since it receives very little support from the
Corsicans, the FNLC constitutes more of a nuisance
than a serious terrorist threat.
" One of the two who had been acquitted subsequently applied for
political asylum in France on the basis that his acquittal proved the
accusations against him were politically motivated. The French
Government denied the request.
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Counterterrorism Prospects
Indigenous Efforts. The democratic countries have
found that the most effective and legal means of
dealing with terrorists are to improve the security
around probable targets, tighten their laws-by
making membership in a terrorist group a crime, for
example-and enhance security service and police
capabilities so they can find the terrorists and put
last year the Spanish Government passed new laws to
make it easier to bring suspected terrorists to trial.
International Cooperation. After every major
international terrorist event, affected countries seek
ways to improve cooperation among their police,
security, and intelligence services. At the current
time, virtually all relevant information about
terrorists in the possession of one West European
government is shared with the others that need it; and
all of the governments concerned have continued to
search actively for ways in which they can work
together more closely and effectively.
The impediments to expanding cooperation rest
largely on basic political or philosophical differences
among the countries. The French tradition of offering
political asylum, for example, usually prevents Paris
from agreeing to extradite accused terrorists unless
they are indicted on purely criminal charges-but this
indicate that Turkey also adopted a "repentance" law
in June 1985 to encourage members of subversive
groups to become informers.
Not all the legal developments have favored the
counterterrorism forces, however. In Italy the judicial
and penal system had been under heavy criticism for
years over abuses of the preventive detention laws.
More than half of the inmates, including many who
had been imprisoned for years, were still awaiting
trial or the processing of their appeals. In some cases,
this was merely a reflection of the slowness of the
Italian legal process; in other cases, authorities were
keeping suspects (especially accused terrorists and
gangsters) in "pretrial detention" as long as they
could before admitting they lacked the evidence to
obtain convictions. In an attempt to redress abuses, a
reform law scheduled to take effect later this year
would limit the imposition of preventive detention-to
be called "protective custody"-and could result in
the release of some 300 suspected or convicted
terrorists.
Greece an Exception. Most of the West European
governments suffering from terrorism have
established aggressive and sophisticated
counterterrorism programs and cooperate actively
with one another. The Greek Government is an
exception. Although Athens participates in some of
the international counterterrorism working groups
that have been established in recent years, it has not
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is rarely possible in terrorist cases.
Innovative Legal Measures. Besides improving police
and security capabilities and international
cooperation, some West European governments have
tried innovative measures in the legal realm. One
example is the
temporary legislation in Italy several years ago that
permitted authorities to offer vastly reduced sentences
to truly "penitent" terrorists. Several hundred
accused terrorists turned informer, enabling
authorities to put the major leftwing terrorist groups
all but out of business for nearly two years. In view of
such successes, Spain last year instituted a de facto
"penitent" policy, with formal provisions included in
an antiterrorism bill before parliament. Press reports
done so in the spirit of expanded cooperation.
Athens has been frequently criticized for its lack of
success in, and Prime Minister Papandreou's
ambivalance to, pursuing and neutralizing indigenous
terrorists, and for its failure to provide adequate
security for likely terrorist targets. Security at the
Athens airport, for example, has been notoriously lax.
The terrorist who fired the rocket against the Alia
aircraft on 4 April walked into the airport through a
hole in the perimeter fence. The Lebanese terrorists
who hijacked TWA Flight 847 on 14 June after it
took off from the Athens airport may have brought
their pistol and handgrenades right through the
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airport security check system. (There is some
reporting, however, that suggests the hijackers had
accomplices who helped them circumvent airport
security.) The Greek Government did its
counterterrorism reputation no good either, when it
released from custody one of the skyjackers' comrades
who had missed the plane in Athens in return for the
subsequent release of three passengers, two of whom
were of Greek extraction.
A Standof. In summary, then, many West European
countries enjoyed considerable success against
terrorists in the past 18 months-especially the
United Kingdom, West Germany, Italy, Spain, and
Portugal. On the other hand, the French, the
Belgians, and the Greeks had relatively little to show
for their efforts. In most cases, however, even groups
that suffered great blows from the authorities
demonstrated the capability and determination to
continue their terrorist operations-if at reduced
levels for a while.
The consequence appears to be a standoff. The
counterterrorism forces seem able to limit but not
eliminate the activities of terrorists, since the
advantage lies always with the terrorist, who can pick
the time, target, and tactic. Moreover, although most
individual terorists will be caught over the long term,
terrorist groups have shown they can replenish such
losses. Indeed, some terrorist groups in Western
Europe seem to have acquired a kind of institutional
permanence that enables them to withstand repeated
operational failures and decimations of personnel.
And terrorism itself seems to have become a kind of
"profession" that attracts a small but consistent
stream of volunteers who think of themselves as part
of an international brotherhood.
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Romania's Arab Students:
A Growing Terrorist Problem
for the Regime
The growing political activism of Arab students
attending Romanian universities is complicating
President Ceausescu's efforts to maintain good
relations with all the countries and political
movements in the Middle East and may portend
further terrorist activities in Romania. Intra-Arab
student rivalries have resulted in several violent
incidents in Romania in recent months, and we
believe the situation is ripe for additional flareups.
Ceausescu's efforts to promote a negotiated
settlement in the Middle East, his open support for
PLO chief Yasir Arafat, and Romania's ties to Israel
could even make the Romanians themselves a target
for supporters of the radical Arab states and their
client Palestinian groups. Terrorists could also use the
student network to carry out attacks against US or
other Western targets. Bucharest probably has
increased surveillance of its Arab students, but it is no
doubt concerned that the security apparatus cannot
ensure complete control.
Foreign Students
Bucharest actively promotes a large-scale educational
program for foreign university students, mostly from
Africa and the Middle East, as part of its efforts to
expand relations with the Third World and to bolster
its maverick foreign policy. The foreign students-
especially the wealthy Arabs-also provide badly
needed foreign exchange; since 1979, students not on
scholarship must pay their tuition in hard currency.
According to official statistics, in 1982 there were
aproximately 20,000 foreign students in Romania;
more than half of them were Arabs
group, formerly known as the Black June
Organization, which operates out of Syria. Its
members have repeatedly attacked Jordanian targets
elsewhere and threatened further violence since King
Hussein agreed last November to allow PLO leader
Arafat to chair a meeting of the Palestine National
Council in Amman.
Infighting among Arab students escalated again to
terrorist violence in late May when two Romanian
security officials were killed attempting to defuse a
bomb planted in a Syrian student leader's car. The
Romanian police apprehended two suspects but have
been unwilling to provide information on their
identity. A Romanian official did tell a US diplomat
that the bomb had a sophisticated, antitamper
detonation device so sensitive that the slightest
movement could set it off. The force of the explosion
was so great that metal car parts were blown four
stories into the air. A second bomb was successfully
defused.
"Kid Glove" Security Response
Since the December assassination, the Romanians
have no doubt been bracing for further trouble and at
a minimum have probably stepped up surveillance of
the Arab students. In contrast to the often heavy-
handed tactics the security service uses with its own
citizens, however, Bucharest is extremely careful not
to take actions that might provoke the Arabs or create
a messy diplomatic incident. In most cases, we
believe, they avoid active harassment, restricting their
activities to intelligence collection. Only on rare
occasions-when very alarmed by the volatility of the
estimate the number of Palestinian students alone at
6,000.
The most serious incident to date involving Arab
rivalries was the assassination in Bucharest last
December of a Jordanian diplomat by a radical
Palestinian student. The attack clearly surprised
Romania's security network and caused a major
political embarrassment for President Ceausescu. We
believe the perpetrator was the Abu Nidal terrorist
situation-does the regime resort to force.
Diplomatic Complications
Ceausescu's desire to be an "honest broker" trying to
facilitate peace in the Middle East has given him
headaches in trying to maintain good relations with
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all the squabbling parties. To date he has been fairly
successful, but he is facing increasing difficulty from
all sides. I
Outlook
Romania is unlikely to become a large-scale terrorist
battleground because of its generally tight police
controls, but the potential for occasional incidents of
violence has increased. For example, the Jordanian
Ceausescu's activities earlier this year no doubt
attracted much criticism from radical Arabs in
Romania and abroad. In February he had highly
publicized meetings in Bucharest with Arafat, Israeli
Prime Minister Peres, and a special envoy of Egyptian
President Mubarak, and he also endorsed the PLO-
Jordanian accord of I1 February between Arafat and
King Hussein.
Ceausescu is also experiencing pressure from Arab
moderates. During a visit to Bucharest in April,
Jordanian Foreign Minister Al Masri expressed anger
over Ceausescu's refusal to extradite the assassin of
the Jordanian diplomat or to allow a Jordanian
security team to conduct an interrogation. Even
personal appeals from King Hussein did not persuade
Ceausescu to cooperate. Consequently, all other
bilateral issues-including the King's response to a
longstanding invitation to visit Romania-are on
hold. While anxious for close ties with Amman,
Bucharest no doubt fears that cooperation on the
assassination investigation will jeopardize Romania's
ties with radical Arabs-Syria and Libya especially
if they are implicated in the murder. The Romanians
may also be concerned that the prisoner might reveal
embarrassing information about Bucharest's
cooperation with various Palestinian groups and that
the extradition of the assassin might touch off
violence from radical Palestinian students in
Romania. To avoid taking sides, the Romanians
probably will stage-manage a low-profile trial that
will portray the assassin as being mentally unstable
Embassy in Bucharest continues to receive terrorist
threats. Moreover,
Romania is one of the locations for five-to
seven-man joint PFLP-GC and Abu Nidal "hit
teams" to conduct operations against moderate
Palestinians as well as European targets.
30 years in prison."
We think there is also a risk that Ceausescu's role in
Middle Eastern politics will sooner or later lead
radical Arab students, for the first time, to attack
Romanian targets. Ceausescu's initiatives to promote
a negotiated Middle East settlement or the conviction
and sentencing of the assassin of the Jordanian
diplomat might be the catalyst. According to the US
Embassy, Ceausescu has privately assured the
Jordanian Foreign Minister that the outcome of the
trial would be "satisfactory execution or up to
Finally, we believe terrorists might use the student
network to attack US or other Western targets in
Embassy reported that a young male with
"Mediterranean features and complexion" was
observed watching people and vehicles around the
Embassy for approximately an hour. The same day,
the Embassy received a bomb threat, although no
explosives were found.
Ceausescu almost certainly recognizes that his Middle
East balancing act is becoming more precarious and
probably feels particularly vulnerable because the
security apparatus cannot ensure complete control of
the Arab students. As a result, we think Ceausescu,
while not abandoning his evenhanded stand, will be
cautious in pursuing activities that would anger Libya
and having acted independently.
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or Syria. And we believe he may seek a modus vivendi
with potential sponsors of terrorist violence in an
effort to gain some protection. To appease the more
radical groups, for example, Romania could provide
at least some indirect support-training, safehaven,
and medical care. Despite such tactics, the probability
that Bucharest will experience more violence will
remain high so long as there is a large concentration
of Arab students in the country
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El Salvador:
Tracking Down the Terrorists
Concerted Army operations against the guerrilla
faction whose terrorist cadres were responsible for the
19 June massacre of US Marines and civilians are
hurting the insurgents. At the same time, the
operations have uncovered evidence of an increasing
emphasis on coordinated urban warfare by most
elements of the five-faction guerrilla alliance, as well
as new indications of strong linkages among
individual groups and their mentors in Nicaragua.
During July, the government has deployed elite, US-
trained battalions and air assets against strongholds of
the Central American Workers' Revolutionary Party
(PRTC) in central and northern El Salvador:
? Three special Air Force assault teams have hit
guerrilla bases in northern San Vicente
Department, while the ground forces have attacked
camps in that area and in northern San Miguel
Department.
a guerrilla commander-and about 10 captured.
including a PRTC Central Committee member and
the alliance
New Danger Signals
attempting to strengthen urban cells and develop a
network of informers in the cities since last spring.
Despite the retaliation by the Salvadoran armed
forces, the success of the 19 June massacre may be
accelerating a move by all elements of the guerrilla
alliance toward a terrorist-oriented strategy.
plans to intensify and sustain operations in the capital
beginning next week, by which time the guerrillas
believe the strict security in San Salvador will be
relaxed somewhat.
the guerrillas have a list
of government officials and businessmen targeted for
assassination. Meanwhile,
other key
additional infiltrations of 10-man urban
commando squads are about to begin in San Salvador.
The squads reportedly will be responsible for
assassinations and random bombings.
that could include US personnel.
goals include large-scale economic sabotage involving
the participation of other rebel factions and the
"execution of agents of the government," a reference
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Outlook
Although some rebel political leaders and other
elements have condemned the Zona Rosa attacks, the
influence of the hardliners is on the ascendancy. As a
result, the population centers appear to be in for a
period of low-risk, high-profile guerrilla operations.
Within this milieu, threats against US personnel and
interests in El Salvador will grow accordingly
For their part, the armed forces will intensify
operations against terrorist bases in the countryside
and step up security in the capital. If PRTC losses
continue to mount as a result of a sustained
Salvadoran armed forces effort, it will help generate
stronger arguments and divisions over tactics in the
guerrilla alliance as a whole. Overall, government
efforts probably will help contain terrorist
capabilities, but the movement already under way by
growing numbers of factions toward urban warfare
suggests that the military will be unable to thwart all
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1 September 1939
1 September 1961
1 September 1969
1 September 1970
1 September 1973
1 September 1981
2 September
2 September 1945
3 September 1944
3 September 1971
3 September 1982
4 September 1970
5 September 1960
5 September 1972
6 September 1970
6 September 1973
7 September 1822
The Terrorism Diary for September
terrorist event.
Below is a compendium of September dates of known or conceivable significance
to terrorists around the world. Our inclusion ofa date or event should not by
itself be construed to suggest that we expect or anticipate a commemorative
West Germany, Europe. Antiwar Day (anniversary of Nazi invasion of Poland).
Ethiopia. Eritreans begin armed struggle.
Libya. Revolution overthrowing monarchy.
Palestinians. During this month, the Jordanian Army drove the Palestinian
guerrillas (fedayeen) out of the country because they refused to stop mounting
attacks on Israel from Jordanian soil. In response, Fatah, the largest fedayeen
group, established a covert terrorist arm called the Black September Organization,
best known for its attack on the Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympics in Munich.
Libya. Oil companies nationalized.
Central African Republic. Coup brings Kolingba regime to power.
South Africa. Settlers' Day.
Vietnam. Independence Day.
Belgium. Liberation Day.
Qatar. Independence Day.
Peru. Death of Sendero Luminoso leader Edith Lagos.
Chile. Election of President Salvador Allende.
Senegal. Declaration of republic.
West Germany. Munich Olympic massacre: Black September
Organization killed 1 1 Israelis; five Arab terrorists, one West German policeman
also died.
Palestinians. Beginning of four-day multiple airline hijacking by Popular Front
for the Liberation of Palestine: US plane destroyed in Cairo; second US plane,
Swissair DC-8, and British DC-8 all destroyed in Jordan; attempted hijacking of
El Al plane.
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8 September 1982
9 September 1944
9 September 1948
9 September 1976
10 September 1798
10 September 1922
10 September 1974
11 September 1917
11 September 1952
15 September 1821
15 September 1982
15 September 1985
15 September 1985
16 September 1810
16 September 1975
17 September 1982
Lithuanian SSR. National Day (beginning of period of independence from Russia
between world wars).
India. Death of Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, the "Lion of Kashmir."
Bulgaria. Liberation Day.
North Korea. National Day.
China. Death of Mao Zedong.
Belize. National Day (Battle of St. George's Bay).
Turkey. Founding of Turkish Communist Party.
Guinea-Bissau. Republic Day (independence from Portugal).
Philippines. Birthday of President Ferdinand Marcos.
Ethiopia. Return of Eritrea from Italian and British control
by UN resolution.
Chile. Coup overthrowing President Salvador Allende by military junta led by
Gen. Augusto Pinochet.
Lebanon. Death of Phalangist leader and Lebanese President-
elect Bashir Gemayel.
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua. Independence Day.
Lebanon. Israeli invasion of Muslim West Beirut.
Jewish world. Rosh Hashana (New Year) begins at sundown.
Muslim world. Hejira (New Year).
Mexico. Independence Day.
Papua New Guinea. Independence Day.
Lebanon. Massacre in Sabra and Shatila refugee camps (17
September Organization takes its name from this event).
Chile. Independence Day.
St. Kitts. Independence Day.
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20 September 1984
21 September 1964
21 September 1972
21 September 1981
22 September 1960
22 September 1980
23 September 1907
23 September 1932
24 September 1979
25 September 1964
25 September 1984
25 September 1985
26 September 1962
26 September
27 September
28 September 1970
30 September 1965
30 September 1966
Lebanon. Bombing of US Embassy Annex.
Malta. Independence Day.
Philippines. Martial law established. It was later rescinded
in January 1981.
Belize. Independence Day.
Mali. Independence Day (proclamation of the republic).
Iran, Iraq. Outbreak of Iran-Iraq war.
New Zealand. Dominion Day.
Saudi Arabia. Unification of the kingdom. Celebrated since
1964 as National Day.
Ghana. Inauguration of Third Republic.
Mozambique. Revolution Day.
Egypt, Jordan. Resumption of diplomatic relations.
Jewish world. Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).
North Yemen. Proclamation of the republic (anniversary of the revolution).
South Yemen. National Day.
Spain. Basque National Party (PNV) Day.
Egypt. Death of Jamal Abd al-Nasir.
Indonesia. Abortive Communist coup.
Botswana. Independence Day.
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Chronology of Terrorism-1985
type of handgun was used in both killings.
Below are described noteworthy foreign and international terrorist events and
counterterrorism developments that have occurred or come to light since our last
issue. Events and developments that have already been described elsewhere in this
publication are not included.
West Germany: Libyan hit man kills Moroccan in Aachen grocery store. The
killer was arrested at the scene. He reportedly was also involved tangentially in the
assassination on 6 April of a Libyan opposition member living in Bonn. The same
Kuwait: Jahra electrical power station firebombed, blacking out suburb of
Al-Jahra. Kuwaiti authorities arrested three Army enlisted men, described as Shia
Bedouin residents of Kuwait who may be of Iraqi origin. 25X1
28 May Uganda: Grenade blast injures passerby near Indian High Commission building.
The device was placed by someone who sped away in a car. This incident was part
of a series of grenade attacks that occurred in Kampala during the month. 25X1
West Germany: Two suspected supporters of Red Army Faction go on trial in
Stuttgart. They are accused of attempted arson at the Pforzheim Horten
Department Store and breaking windows at the Pforzheim Volksbank on 6
January 1985. Those actions were said to have been carried out in support of the
RAF hunger strike then under way.
Lebanon: Arab Democratic Party (ADP) leader assassinated. Mulhim Shahim was
killed at Harith Bananiyyah by members of the Islamic Unification Movement
(Tawhid). The killing led to violent clashes between ADP and Tawhid members.
interests.
United Kingdom: Eight Bahraini Shias arrested in London and deported to
Damascus. They were suspected of plotting terrorist activities against Bahraini
confiscated.
Norway: Bomb at entrance to Oslo mosque injures one woman. Eleven Norwegian
neo-Nazis were arrested five days later and a cache of explosives and guns
Western Sahara: Spanish fishing vessel sunk by guerrillas in rubber Zodiac
boats. The insurgent group Polisario is suspected in the early morning machinegun
and mortar attack that injured five crewmen.
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20 June Mozambique: Two Portuguese priests kidnaped near Malawi border. RFNAMO
guerrillas probably were responsible. F___-]
24 June Iran: Bomb explodes at Tehran's Jaleh crossroads. The number of casualties is not
known. No one has claimed responsibility for the attack.0 25X1
Lebanon: Amal office attacked by Sunni group. The Hamzah Group of the Al-
Murabitun militia claimed credit for a bomb thrown at the Amal office in Al-
Zarif. The extent of casualties and damage is unknown.
West Bank: Palestinian group claims responsibility for bus stop bombing. In a
call to Agence France-Presse, "Force 17" claimed responsibility for an explosion
which injured an eight-year-old child in the Jerusalem suburb of Neve Ya'aqov.
West Germany: Red Army Faction member charged in 1981 bombing of US Air
Force headquarters in Ramstein. Helmut Pohl was also charged with armed bank
robbery. Another suspected RAF member, Stefan Frey, was charged with forgery
outages. Three additional limpet mines were defused.
South Africa: At least two bombs explode in Umtata. A pipeline, power station,
and fuel depot sustained substantial damage, causing water shortages and power
Namibia: Bombing of Oshakati school injures eight. SWAPO insurgents probably
Late June Iran: Car bomb causes extensive damage in southeast Tehran. The number of
casualties in the blast is unknown. Police believe the car contained 50 kilograms of
explosives. On the same day, another car bomb was found and disarmed. No
claims have been made in either incident.
Pacific Trust Territory: President of Palau shot to death near home. Four
suspects, including the son of the President's main political rival, were arrested for
African-held territory.
Transkei: Deputy Minister of Agriculture assassinated. The former assembly
member was an outspoken advocate of Transkei independence and claims to South
Government probably was behind the attack.
Zambia: African National Congress office damaged by bomb. The South African
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2-4 July Namibia: Bomb explosions injure two in Tsumeb. SWAPO was probably
'
responsible for the attacks on a post office and a garage.
under suspicious circumstances.
South Africa: Four black community leaders murdered. Various opposition leaders
have blamed the South African police. At least 27 other leaders remain missing
Protestant paramilitary group to murder. This is the seventh time evidence
supplied by the "supergrass" informant system has been thrown out of court.
Northern Ireland: Judge discounts informant's testimony and acquits 20 persons.
The accused had faced over 100 charges ranging from belonging to an outlawed
6 July Spain: ETA claims 17th beach bomb in Benidorm. Following a telephone warning,
s
i
i
njur
e
the beach was safely evacuated before the explosion, and there were no
Peru: Terrorists raid Lima gun shop. Six men thought to be members of the Tupac
Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) took rifles, revolvers, and ammunition
in a morning raid on a downtown Lima gun store.
casualties.
Israel: Two handgrenades thrown at Hasan Bakk Mosque in Ya o. The mosque is
currently being restored and was vacant at the time of the attack. There were no
injuries.
Israel: Bomb explodes at Geha-Petah Tiqva road junction. The intersection,
located east of Tel Aviv, is used as a soldier's hitchhiking stop. There were no
Iran: Bomb explodes in Tehran's Imam Khomeini Square. The device was planted
under a parked car. Four pedestrians were injured.0
group "Force 17" claimed responsibility for the bombing.
Israel: Five injured in explosion at Holon Junction bus station. The Palestinian
8 July Spain: Basque singer arrested for aiding prison escape of two ETA members in
San Sebastian. The inmates escaped by hiding in large loudspeakers in the singer's
van.
9 July Spain: Two civil guards killed in machinegun attack in San Sebastian. No one
claimed responsibility for the attack, but the Basque separatist group ETA is
suspected. 25X1
West Bank: Security forces arrest unidentified Arab "terrorist squad " in Hebron
district. Under interrogation, the squad admitted to the murder of an Israeli
couple, Me'ir Ben-Ya and Mikhal Kohen, near Bet Shemesh two weeks earlier. 25X1
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El Salvador: Member of Party of National Conciliation (PCN) killed.
Unidentified gunmen fired on him as he sat in his car in downtown San Salvador.
The man had been a top PCN leader in the mid- I970s but had been relatively
inactive in recent years. F__~
10 July Israel: Two bombs explode in coastal cities. The first explosion occurred in
Independence Square in Hadera. A second bomb exploded near the swimming pool
of the King Saul Hotel in the southern resort city of Ashqelon. No injuries were
reported in either explosion, and no group has yet claimed responsibility.
Israel: Bomb explodes near Haifa district court, causing no casualties. Police
cordoned off the area and defused a second bomb inside a military police station.
The General Command of the Palestinian Revolution Forces claimed credit for
Lebanon: Israelis bomb three Palestinian targets. Two of the targets at the Nahr
Al Barid refugee camp were said to have been used by Abu Musa's Fatah rebels,
and the third target, at the Al Beddawi refugee camp, was a training base used by
the PFLP-GC. Although the Israelis reported 13 killed and 24 wounded, press
reports suggest higher casualties. The attack was the seventh Israeli airstrike in
kilogram bomb, concealed in the luggage compartment, killed 12 and injured 22.
Iran: Bomb explodes on passenger bus traveling from Tabriz to Khvov. The 9-
Spain-Italy: Three Palestinians arrested in plot against Syrian Ambassador.
Spanish authorities arrested two men, Hasan Ibrahim al-Haj and Jihad Ibrahim
Salamah, in Madrid. A third man was arrested at Rome's Fiumicino Airport.
Spanish police believe the men are members of "Force 17," the Fatah security
organization, and were planning an attack against the Syrian Ambassador to
out, and ordered the chauffeur to drive on. No group has claimed responsibility
Lebanon: Lebanese-born Kuwaiti diplomat kidnaped in West Beirut. Waled
Ahmed Doumani, the Kuwaiti Embassy's press attache, was abducted by
unidentified gunmen on his way to work. The kidnapers stopped his car, pulled him
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Chile: Sixteen bombings mark day of protest. The government blamed the
outlawed Communist Party for the attacks across the country in which six people,
four of them policemen, were injured. The bombings were part of a protest called
by leftist groups to mark the 14th anniversary of the nationalization of US-owned
copper mines by the socialist government of Salvador Allende.
Philippines: Filipino Catholic priest kidnaped in Cebu. The priest, a noted
human rights activist, was a vice chairman of the local Communist front
organization Bayan. His abductors reportedly forced his car off the road and fled
in a car bearing government license plates.
12 July El Salvador: Leftist attack on La Mariona prison frees 149 inmates. About 100
guerrillas attacked the country's largest prison, located on the outskirts of San
Salvador, with mortars, grenades, and rifles. One guerrilla was killed and three
guards were wounded. The escapees included 136 common criminals and 13
political detainees.
13 July India: Bomb injures six in Srinagar after Kashmir governor's speech. The
explosion occurred minutes after the governor addressed a meeting at the Martyrs'
Cemetery. No group has claimed credit, but Kashmiri separatists are probably
responsible. The minister claimed that he was the object of another attack 50
kilometers outside the city the previous evening, but nothing is known about this
incident.
Spain: Anti-Capitalist Autonomous Commandos (CAA)--an ETA splinter
group-kidnaps Basque landowner in Azpetitia. He was a supporter of the ruling
Basque Nationalist Party that condemned Basque terrorism and signed an accord
with the central government in March.0
14 July Philippines: NPA guerrillas suspected in killing of mayor. The mayor of Tabinga
and his bodyguard were killed and three other men wounded in an ambush in
Zamboanga del Sur Province. The New People's Army is also suspected of killing
two other mayors in the province since the beginning of the year.
15 July France: Antiterrorist Liberation Group (GAL) suspected in attempted bombing of
tax office in Biarritz. Due to a faulty timer, the 2-kilogram bomb failed to go off.
The words "GAL, Aski" (enough) were written on the wall of the tax office.'
Lebanon: Car bomb kills at least 13, injures 10. The car, which displayed the flag
of the International Red Cross, was parked next to a bakery near a crossing point
between the Israeli Security Zone and Lebanon. Four women, two children, and
two militiamen from the Army of Southern Lebanon were among those killed.
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Peru: US Consulate in Lima attacked. Unidentified individuals fired
submachineguns from a car, damaging the building's windows, but inflicting no
casualties. Although no one has claimed responsibility, members of the Sendero
Luminoso or Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement are considered likely
Mid-July Mozambique: Priest and two nuns kidnaped by RENAMO insurgents. This was
the third group of missionaries kidnaped near the Malawi border since early June.
16 July United Kingdom: Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) offices burned. Considerable
damage was reported, but no injuries. The AAM accused South African agents,
but no evidence is available concerning the identity of the attackers.
Argentina: Bomb damages provincial adviser's house in Buenos Aires. The device,
17 July Cyprus: Explosion shakes PLO charge. A bomb exploded outside the home of
Maladh `Abduh, causing extensive damage to the area and slight injuries to a
resident of the house. No group has yet claimed responsibility.
18 July France-Pakistan: AI-Zulfikar official found dead in Cannes apartment. The body
of Shahnawaz Bhutto, 27, son of the late Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto and number-two man in the terrorist group named for his father, was
discovered by his wife. Press reports suggest that he was asphyxiated; an autopsy
20 July Japan: Bombs at homes of Narita Airport officials. A time bomb exploded in the
garage of one official who lives near the airport, but no one was injured. A second
bomb was found and defused later the same day at another official's home near
Inba.. The leftist terrorist group Chukakuha (Nucleus Faction), which opposes the
24 July New Zealand: Swiss couple charged in sinking of Greenpeace ship. The Rainbow
Warrior was sunk at its Auckland dock on 10 July by two bombs; one crewmember
died. The two had been in police custody for a week on passport charges before
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/12/29: CIA-RDP87T00685R000100190002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/12/29: CIA-RDP87T00685R000100190002-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/12/29: CIA-RDP87T00685R000100190002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/12/29: CIA-RDP87T00685R000100190002-7
Secret
Secret
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/12/29: CIA-RDP87T00685R000100190002-7