TERRORISM REVIEW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP87T00685R000100150002-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 35
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 17, 2011
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: June 3, 1985
• Content Type: REPORT

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Directorate of ?Seeret---
Intelligence
Terrorism Review
3 June 1985
?Secret ?
GI TR 85-011
3 June 1985
Copy 524
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Terrorism Review
3 June 1985
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1 Focus: India?Status of Sikh Terrorism
Highlights
11 Lebanon: Islamic Jihad Goes Public on the Hostages
15 Persian Gulf States: Meeting the Terrorist Challenge
19 Pakistan: Status of Al-Zulfikar
23 The Terrorism Diary for July
27
Chronology of Terrorism?
This review is published every other week by the Directorate of Intelligence.
Appropriate articles produced by other elements of the CIA as well as by other
agencies of the US Intelligence Community will be considered for publication.
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Terrorism Review
3 June 1985
Focus India?Status of Sikh Terrorism
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The recent wave of bombings in New Delhi and the foiling of Sikh assassination
plots in the United States indicate that Sikh terrorists continue to pose a serious
threat both in India and in other nations. While the Sikhs have felt themselves the
victims of inferior treatment by the Indian Government since independence in
1947, anti-Sikh violence in India over the last year has radicalized the leadership
of the Sikh community and turned many previously moderate Sikhs into terrorists
or terrorist sympathizers. Indian and US concern is currently focused on security
for the 11-15 June visit of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi to the United States, but
the danger to Indian leaders and interests will persist long after the trip. Should
the United States increase its cooperation with India in an effort to stem Sikh
violence, US interests could become vulnerable to Sikh reprisals.
Origins of Sikh Terrorism
Sikhs have long felt themselves second-class citizens in Hindu India, and in their
view the special position of Sikhs within the armed forces and in their home state
of Punjab has steadily eroded. Moderate Sikhs, especially members of the main
Sikh political party, the Akali Dal, have worked to gain the same special
constitutional status accorded the Islamic and Christian faiths and to secure more
autonomy for the Punjab. Extremists were not satisfied with token benefits gained
by the resolution of such grievances as water disputes between Sikhs and Hindus
or gaining control of Chandigarh as the state capital. In the early 1980s, these
militants began a campaign of terrorism in India intended to lead to an
independent Sikh nation of "Khalistan," and they were encouraged by a radical
minority of Sikh expatriates. The Dashmesh Regiment, which was formed by the
radical preacher Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, and student extremists of the
All-India Sikh Students Federation, assassinated both Hindu figures and
moderate Sikhs during the period 1981-84.
These attempts to polarize the Sikh community and discredit peaceful negotiations
with the central government had achieved some success by early 1984. From their
position in the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the Sikhs' holiest shrine,
Bhindranwale's followers forced the moderate Akali Dal to signal its support for
greater militancy by sponsoring a farm and transport strike in early June. Then
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi finally acted to stem the tide of terrorism and avoid
the economic consequences of a strike in India's breadbasket by sending Army
troops to attack the temple on 6 June. The deaths of Bhindranwale and about
1,000 other Sikhs?some of them his followers?in the attack advanced the
extremists' goals far more than the terrorist campaign could have done.
The attack on the temple and the security measures subsequently imposed in
Punjab had two major consequences. First, they temporarily squelched organized
Sikh terrorism. Assassinations and bombings dropped off because the most
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GI TR 85-011
3 June 1985
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militant Sikhs were dead or in jail, and the bulk of their weapons stockpiles had
been seized by the government. The only significant Sikh terrorist acts during the
rest of the summer were two hijackings, which were resolved peacefully with no
concessions to the terrorists. The attack on the temple, however, had a more
important long-term effect. Mainstream Sikhs were outraged by the desecration of
their shrine, and a new cadre of extremists emerged from the polarized Sikh
community. From this group came the militants who carried out the most
spectacular act of terrorism in India in 35 years the assassination of Indira
Gandhi on 31 October. The murder, in turn, sparked anti-Sikh mob violence,
which left more than 2,000?mostly Sikhs dead throughout the country and
many thousands more injured or homeless. The anti-Sikh rioting added to the
alienation many Sikhs had felt after the attack on the temple. According to US
Embassy and military reporting, many formerly well-placed and secure Sikhs
began to fear that they had no future in Hindu India.
More Violence in 1985
the wave of bombings that shook New
Delhi and other areas of the country appeared to take the Indian Government by
surprise. During the period 10-12 May, more than 80 persons died and nearly 200
were injured by a series of bombs set off in buses, bus stations, and other crowded
areas. The attacks showed the kind of careful planning and coordination not seen
since 37 train stations were firebombed on the night of 14 April 1984. They also
demonstrated something more ominous: the intent to cause casualties; the April
1984 bombings had been bloodless.
Government reaction to this wave of violence has been both swift and stern. The
police rounded up more than 1,000 suspects by 12 May, and identified three men
as likely ringleaders. One of the three suspects was slightly injured at the time of
his arrest and was dead by the afternoon of the 13th. The other two showed signs
of beatings when they appeared in court that same day. All three were new recruits
to the extremist cause, apparently religious men from the middle or upper classes
of Indian society. One was an established income tax lawyer in his midfifties and
another was a timber worker in his early forties. Women and college students from
such middle-class families apparently acted as couriers.
The Indian parliamentary response was similarly swift. On 18 May the
government introduced sweeping antiterrorist legislation that gives police
unprecedented powers of search, surveillance, and detention; establishes special
courts for terrorist cases; and allows the death penalty for terrorist acts resulting in
fatalities. Although the bill has been criticized as vague and, therefore, prone to
abuse, it passed both houses of parliament by voice vote and will be in effect for
the next two years.
Plots in the United States
Many Sikhs abroad were also outraged by the storming of the Golden Temple and
by the anti-Sikh violence that followed Mrs. Gandhi's death. In November 1984 a
small group of Sikhs in the United States attempted to obtain weapons and
training to enable them to conduct assassinations and bomb theaters, bridges,
hotels, industrial plants, and nuclear facilities in India. Their efforts came to the
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attention of the FBI, which began to monitor the group and gather information on
its plans and members. In early April the group sought help from its undercover
FBI contact in arranging the assassination of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi during
his upcoming visit to the United States. The group also decided to attack the chief
minister of the state of Haryana, whom they held responsible for the harassment of
Sikhs in his state, while he was receiving medical treatment in New Orleans in
May. The FBI acted at this point, and five of the conspirators were arrested in
New Orleans. Two others are still being sought.
Outlook
US law enforcement authorities, concerned that the Gandhi visit may still provide
a focus for anti-Indian violence, are implementing more stringent security
measures. The publicity given the arrests has led to a growing perception among
many Sikhs that the United States is now supporting the Indian Government in its
efforts to crack down on the separatists. Whether the resulting resentment might
translate into terrorist attacks against other targets is unclear, but Sikh extremists
could choose to threaten or attack an Indian target in the United States other than
Rajiv Gandhi?perhaps other Indian officials or diplomats. At present, there are
no indications that plans for such attacks are in the works.
The prospects for further Sikh violence are much greater within India. In fact,
violence is likely to recur during the first week of June, which the Akali Dal has
designated "Genocide Week," and especially on the 6 June anniversary of the
temple takeover. Indian security forces will be braced for trouble during this
period. Rajiv himself will already be out of the country on the 6th, traveling to
Algeria and France before he begins his visit to the United States.
Over the longer term, Rajiv will continue to try to make some headway toward
reconciliation with the Sikh community?a process he had begun before the May
bombings. He has appointed a special cabinet committee to address the Punjab
problem, has announced a judicial inquiry into the anti-Sikh violence of November
1984, and has expressed a willingness to hold unconditional talks with Sikh
leaders. The plot against his life in the United States and Hindu reaction to the
wave of recent bombings may, however, limit his ability to make significant
concessions in any future negotiating process. More ominously, radical Sikhs are
enjoying some success in taking over the Akali Dal, the party that would be most
likely to negotiate on behalf of the Sikh community. Moreover, New Dehli's hard
line, as demonstrated in the arrests and the new antiterrorist legislation, may drive
more Sikhs into the radical camp.
The threat of Sikh violence in countries besides the United States and India varies
from place to place:
? In the United Kingdom, which contains 300,000 to 400,000 Sikhs, the vast
majority of them moderate and law abiding, there is a continuing threat from a
small minority of fanatics. Of greatest concern is the International Sikh Youth
Federation (ISYF), headed by a nephew of Bhindranwale, which is attempting to
take control of Sikh temple management committees. This type of internecine
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struggle led to much of the Sikh-against-Sikh violence in India between 1981
and early 1984. UK security officials are alert to the potential for violence from
this quarter, as well as for anti-Indian terrorism.
? In Canada, Sikhs number between 100,000 and 150,000, centered mainly in the
western provinces. Apart from some demonstrations, there has been no anti-
Indian violence and no serious plots have been uncovered. Some Canadian Sikhs
reportedly plan to demonstrate in Washington during Rajiv's visit.
? In Pakistan, Sikhs who perpetrated one of the 1984 hijackings have recently
been put on trial, as have other Sikhs from an earlier attempt. Although India is
convinced that the Sikh community receives weapons and training from the
Pakistani Government, it is doubtful that Islamabad has provided anything but
low-level aid since the temple storming a year ago. Pakistan is unlikely to
jeopardize its improving relations with Rajiv's government by becoming involved
with any Sikh violence.
? In West Germany, the Sikh community is composed mainly of "guest workers"
who, like their cousins in the United Kingdom, are unlikely to risk their standing
by supporting anti-Indian violence. This community is reportedly diverse and less
supportive of a "Free Khalistan" than other Sikh enclaves abroad.
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Highlights
Key Indicators
Greece Possible Threat to US Military in Athens
Sri Lanka
France
reported that an unidentified
Arab group may be planning an attack on a US Air Force vehicle routinely parked
outside the Hotel Kastri, a US military residential facility. In addition, there are a
number of other potential targets in the hotel?an American Club, a Stars and
Stripes bookstore, and a military exchange?and US dependents, including
children, reside there. To date, Arab terrorists have not attacked Americans in
Greece. A number of radical Palestinian groups have the capability to operate in
Greece.
Rising Tide of Communal Violence
In the single bloodiest terrorist attack ever conducted outside of Lebanon, some 30
unknown Tamil insurgents on 14 May machinegunned more than 155 persons?
including women, children, and Buddhist monks and nuns?at the Buddhist Bo
Tree shrine in Anuradhapura. They then traveled to the Wilpattu National Game
Park, where they reportedly killed 18 game wardens and fled into the park.
Security forces have made no arrests in the case. Although the Defense Ministry
claimed the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization or the Liberation Tigers of
Tamil Eelam was responsible, no group has claimed credit, and all the separatist
groups have denied involvement. The largest organization, the People's Liberation
Organization of Tamil Eelam, denounced the attack as a "massacre" by a
"misguided Tamil militant group."
These two attacks capped a two-year escalation of terrorist violence and retaliation
by security forces. In the reprisals that have so far followed, more than 40 Tamils
were hacked to death aboard an interisland ferry the following day, and a soldier
killed another 10 Tamils under his protection who were being evacuated from the
Anuradhapura area. A weeklong chain of attacks and reprisals claimed more than
260 lives.
Significant Developments
Two Italians Expelled to Burundi
According to the French press, France recently expelled two Italian radical leftists,
Enrico Fedele and Gianni di Giuseppe, to Burundi. Although the French courts
had approved Italian extradition requests for the two prisoners in late 1984, Paris
instead persuaded Burundi to accept them. This is the first time that the French
Government has expelled Italian citizens, giving cause for some optimism that the
French may respond to some of the 150 extradition requests Rome has made for
Italian terrorist suspects living in France.
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GI TR 85-011
3 June 1985
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Italy
Spain
Portugal
Greece
December Train Bombing May Have Been Mafia Plot
An incident earlier believed to have been a terrorist attack may turn out to have
been a criminal act. Italian police suspect that the Mafia may have mimicked a
terrorist attack on a train last December in order to divert police attention from
organized crime to terrorism. A police raid in early May on a Mafia safehouse
near Rome has uncovered explosives and detonators, including seven kilograms of
T4, the plastic explosive used in the bombing of the Naples-Milan express train.
According to the Italian press, police have also arrested a German electronics
technician who apparently supplied the Mafia with radio-controlled detonation
devices.
New ETA Bombing Campaign Leaves Six Dead
The Basque separatist group Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) has launched a new
bombing campaign in Spain that has left five policemen and one taxi driver dead.
The group claimed responsibility for armed attacks on 18 and 22 May that left a
Basque taxi driver dead in Bilbao and two policemen dead in San Sebastian. ETA
is also suspected of an attack on 13 May that killed a policeman in San Sebastian
and a remote-controlled car bombing in Basouri that killed one policeman and
wounded nine others. This bombing campaign probably is an attempt by ETA to
reestablish its credibility following a series of reverses.
Abu Nidal Member Found Not Guilty in Sartawi Murder
On 10 May a jury in Albufeira declared that the prosecution failed to prove that
Yusef al-Awad had fired the fatal shots in the 1983 murder of PLO moderate
Isam Sartawi. The presiding judge reconfirmed Al-Awad's prior conviction for
using a false passport to enter Portugal, a crime that carries a three-year prison
sentence. Al-Awad has already served 25 months of his term, and his attorney
plans to request his immediate release on parole. If paroled, he will be expelled
from Portugal and barred from returning for five years.
Shootout in Athens Yields Terrorist Safehouse
A police stakeout of a stolen motorbike on 15 May produced a bloody gunfight
that left one suspected terrorist and one policeman dead and two other officers
wounded. The police later located a safehouse used by Christos Tsoutsouvis, the
dead terrorist, and found explosives, fake license plates, and a leaflet similar to one
signed by the recently surfaced terrorist group Anti-State Struggle and left at the
scene of an earlier assassination. Authorities have denied reports that a hit list and
coded membership list were also recovered.
The Anti-State Struggle group may be linked to the notorious 17 November
terrorist organization. Greek authorities view the recent developments as a possible
breakthrough: they previously have not been able to identify any members of
either group. Tsoutsouvis reportedly served as a low-level party worker for
PASOK, Greece's ruling party, in the 1981 elections. This angle will fuel the
already highly polarized political atmosphere in Athens and may hamper the
investigation.
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Israel
Saudi Arabia
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Palestinian Terrorists Exchanged for Soldiers
On 20 May the Israeli Government released 1,150 Palestinian prisoners in return
for three Israeli Defense Forces POWs held by the Popular Front for the
Liberationof Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC). Among those released
were some ofthe most notorious terrorists in Israeli prisons, including Japanese
Red Army member Kozo Okamoto, the sole survivor of the 1972 Lod Airport
massacre. In all, 167 of those released had been convicted of attacks in which
people were killed.
Many Israelis are seriously concerned over the security ramifications of allowing
more than 600 of the released terrorists to return to their homes in the occupied
territories and various Arab villages in Israel. Moreover, this action puts into
question Israel's reputation for unwillingness to negotiate with terrorists believed
to be a deterrent to some would-be anti-Israeli terrorists. Defense Minister
Yitzhak Rabin has warned that, if Israelis are taken hostage in the future in an
effort to force similar prisoner exchanges, Israel will be free to rearrest those
recently released.
Three Bombs Explode, One Defused During Shultz Visit
On 12 May police defused a bomb near the King David Hotel in Jerusalem where
Secretary of State Shultz was staying. An anonymous caller to a news agency in
Cyprus claimed responsibility in the name of Fatah Force 17 for three bombs that
did explode at bus stops. In Damascus, the Fatah dissident group led by Abu Musa
claimed credit for the attacks. The Voice of the PLO in Baghdad also claimed
responsibility for the attacks in the name of the General Command of the
Palestinian Revolution Forces. No casualties were reported.
Two Bombings Claimed by Islamic Jihad
On 18 May explosions occurred in front of two Riyadh pizza parlors located about
a kilometer apart. One person was killed and three were injured in one of the
blasts. The bombs reportedly were placed in large garbage containers. Although
the reported that the locations of the bombs
indicate US personnel and facilities were not the targets, targeting restaurants
where foreigners gather poses a potential risk to off-duty American personnel.
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On 19 May an anonymous caller in Beirut claimed credit for the attacks in the
name of Islamic Jihad. He said the explosions were only a "sample of the
operations" the terrorists were planning against Saudi interests and added,
"nobody should believe that Saudi attempts at rapprochement with the Islamic
Republic of Iran will make us hesitate in executing our plans.- Saudi Foreign
Minister Saud was in Tehran from 18 to 20 May on an official visit. On 19 May
the official Iranian news agency accused Iraq of responsibility for the attacks,
claiming it was attempting to sabotage the improving relations between Riyadh
and Tehran. Saudi officials have detained a
Lebanese Shia in connection with the bombings.
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Libya-Bangladesh
Chile
El Salvador
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Libya Backs Plot To Assassinate President Ershad
Libyan leader Muammar Qadhafi reportedly ordered funds and arms to support a
plan to shoot the Bangladesh President and other senior officials on 6 June. The
principal perpetrator of the plot, Syed Farook, has already confessed; he had been
involved in at least two previous coup attempts in 1975 and 1977. After being
exiled for his part in the 1977 plot, he went to Libya to operate a training camp for
dissidents. He returned to Bangladesh in September 1984.
The Bangladesh Government is unsure how to respond to Libya's role in the plot.
It is considering declaring several Libyan diplomats persona non grata, but fears
that Bangladesh laborers in Libya will be expelled, thereby cutting off a
significant source of income.
Two Die During Wave of Bombings
On 14 May bombs exploded at three government offices in Santiago, causing
nearly two dozen injuries. Most of the casualties occurred in a working-class
district of Santiago where one of the bombs killed two persons and injured several
children in a neighboring school. Other bombs exploded in Rancagua, 88
kilometers south of Santiago, injuring one person, and at several places along the
Santiago-to-Valparaiso rail line, halting train service for several hours. Most of the
explosions went unclaimed.
The Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FPMR), a guerrilla group linked to the
outlawed Communist Party, claimed responsibility for one of the government
office bombings and the Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) for one of the
railway bombs. Both groups are pledged to the violent overthrow of President
Augusto Pinochet's 11-year-old military government. This recent series of
bombings indicates that the government's imposition of a state of siege has not yet
curbed terrorist attacks.
Guerrillas Hold Mayors as Hostages
Since late April, leftwing Salvadoran guerrillas have kidnaped approximately 17
mayors from towns throughout eastern El Salvador and, according to the Army,
executed two of them. Salvadoran officers and foreign diplomats believe the
abductions are part of a campaign to terrorize people supporting the government,
but recent broadcasts by the clandestine Radio Venceremos indicate another
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Peru
Sri Lanka
New Caledonia
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motive. According to that station, the mayors are being held to pressure the
government to release two People's Revolutionary Army (ERP) leaders, Janet
Samour and Maxima Reyes, reportedly captured last December. The ERP is most
active in eastern El Salvador, where the kidnapings have taken place.
Sendero Luminoso Celebrates Anniversary
On 16 May Sendero Luminoso marked its fifth anniversary by throwing bombs at
the US Ambassador's residence and the Chinese Embassy. The group also bombed
the Lima branch of the Peruvian?North American Cultural Institute, an office of
the state-owned electrical company in Lima, a civil guard station north of the city,
and a local Lima election board office. There were no injuries reported in any of
these incidents, although power outages occurred in Lima's Port Callao and in
Lima's southern sector.
This stirge in Sendero Luminoso activity in the capital follows an apparent
deterioration of the SL's position in the southern strongholds as well as its failure
to seriously disrupt national elections held last April. The insurgents probably hope
to show their continued strength and their lack of interest in a dialogue with the
new administration.
Three Tamil Groups Cooperate in Attack on Military Targets
In the first known instance of separatist groups cooperating militarily, on 3 May
300 guerrillas of the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front attacked the
Karainagar naval base in coordination with two other groups, the Liberation
Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization. The
insurgents completely overran the base, causing all but about 100 defenders to put
to sea to escape. While the EPRLF forces entered the base, insurgents of the latter
two groups sealed off access from a nearby army camp to prevent reinforcement by
a relief force. 30 to 60 insurgents died in the attack;
losses of navy personnel have been estimated at between three and 23 dead.
Bombs Damage School, Courthouse; Sink Yacht
Three bombs exploded on 13 May in the capital, Noumea. The first bomb, thrown
from a car into a Melanesian boarding school, wounded eight students. Shortly
thereafter, a bomb sank a private yacht at a Noumea marina and another bomb
went off in the basement of the Court of Justice. No one was injured in the latter
two attacks. Local Kanak separatists have blamed anti-independence French
settlers.
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Lebanon: "Islamic Jihad" Goes
Public on the Hostages
The terrorists holding the US and French hostages in
Lebanon apparently have become frustrated by their
inability to achieve their goals. In lieu of private
negotiations, the kidnapers and their associates have
recently opted for a high public posture?including an
attack on the Kuwaiti Amir, more kidnapings, and
public appeals?in an effort to force the United
States, France, and Kuwait to accede to their
demands. These incidents suggest we can expect more
attacks against US, French, or Kuwaiti interests in
the near future.
The Attempt To Kill the Amir
On 25 May a driver crashed an explosives-laden car
into the motorcade of the Amir of Kuwait as he was
traveling to his office from the residential palace.
Four people, including the driver of the vehicle with
the bomb, were killed, and 12 others were wounded.
The Amir, Shaykh Jabir Ahmad al-Sabah, sustained
only minor injuries. The attacker reportedly waited at
a gas station along the procession route and drove his
car into a limousine near the Amir's car as the
motorcade passed by. According to press reports,
Kuwaiti security forces have tentatively identified the
suicide bomber as an Iraqi member of the Iranian-
backed Dawa (Islamic Call) Party.
Two hours after the attack, an anonymous caller to a
Western news agency in Beirut claimed "Islamic
Jihad" was responsible for the attack on the Amir.
The caller said, "We hope the Amir has received our
message; we ask one more time for the release of those
held or all the thrones of the Gulf will be shaken." He
added, "We inform world opinion that we are
preparing for a new blow against the regimes of
Western imperialism and hireling Arab regimes." The
caller's demand for the release of "those held"
presumably refers to the 17 members of the Dawa
Party who are serving life sentences for involvement
in the bombing of the US and French Embassies and
other targets in Kuwait in December 1983.
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A Plea to Public Opinion
The dramatic motorcade attack came only days after
several Beirut newspapers published photographs?
reportedly received from anonymous couriers?of six
people being held hostage in Lebanon by elements of
the Hizballah movement. The six include four
Americans, Terry Anderson, William Buckley, Father
Lawrence Jenco, and Reverend Benjamin Weir, and
two French diplomats, Marcel Carton and Marcel
Fontaine. The newspapers published both the photos
and excerpts from three accompanying letters signed
in the name of Islamic Jihad and addressed to the
relatives of the hostages, to the Reverend Jesse
Jackson, and to "world public opinion, particularly
the American people.'
There were no photographs or mention in the letters
of either Peter Kilburn, a librarian at the American
University of Beirut, or Saudi diplomat Husayn
Farrash. Islamic Jihad claimed credit for kidnaping
both last year. Kilburn, who had suffered a stroke in
the past, was ailing when he disappeared last
November; the failure to include his photograph in
the packages delivered to the Beirut newspapers may
indicate he is dead. Farrash probably was not
included because his captors had decided to let him
go. He was subsequently released on 20 May.
All of the hostages in the photographs looked fairly
healthy, except US Embassy political officer Buckley
who has been held longer than any of the others. The
photos were taken against different backgrounds,
probably to imply that the hostages are being held at
different locations.
The three letters said the hostages are being held to
force the US and French Governments to pressure
Kuwait into releasing the Dawa prisoners. The letters
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GI TR 85-011
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William Buckley
Reverend Benjamin Weir
also contained a combination of threats of further
terrorist attacks and appeals for public understanding:
? The terrorists warned the relatives of the hostages
that "the penalty will be a horrible catastrophe" if
they do not force their governments to act and
added, "we will not wait much longer but will
behave in a manner which will horrify America and
France forever."
? In the letter addressed to "world public opinion,
particularly to the American people," the terrorists
claimed "it is not our nature to practice negative
attitudes against others; but we are a slice of
tortured people who incurred many catastrophes
and disasters from the injustice and potency of
America."
? The letters also claimed that Islamic Jihad tried
many different ways to get the Dawa prisoners
released and gave the United States and France
several chances to act before "we were obliged to
resort to the detention of a number of American and
French hostages."
Following US public statements rejecting any
negotiations with the kidnapers, an anonymous caller
to a French news agency in Beirut on 17 May warned
that "the US Government should await the largest
military operation it has ever known.- The caller said
the terrorists had "been preparing this surprise for a
long time." He also threatened that Kuwaiti
diplomats worldwide would be attacked if the group's
demands are not met.
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Father Lawrence Jenco
Terry Anderson
The Farrash Release
On 20 May, Saudi Consul Farrash was released in
Syria and returned to Riyadh. Although Saudi King
Fahd thanked Syrian President Assad for his help in
securing Farrash's release, we do not know what role
Syria played in ending Farrash's 16-month detention.
The timing of Farrash's release provides new
circumstantial evidence of Iran's links to and
influence with the Lebanese Shia terrorists. Saudi
Foreign Minister Saud made an official visit to
Tehran the first such trip by a senior Saudi minister
since the Iranian revolution from 18 to 20 May.
Tehran probably arranged Farrash's release as a
goodwill gesture marking Saud's visit. Saud himself
may have pressed for Farrash's release. Iran has been
trying to improve its relations with Riyadh since last
year.
Additional Violence
On 23 May two Frenchmen, journalist Jean-Paul
Kaufmann and researcher Michel Saurat, reportedly
were kidnaped on their way into Beirut from the
airport. Then, on 28 May, six unidentified gunmen
kidnaped US citizen David Philip Jacobsen, the
director of the American University Hospital in West
Beirut. Jacobsen was walking to his office when the
kidnapers forced him into the back of a blue van. The
terrorists reportedly fired at but did not injure or
abduct?a Lebanese doctor accompanying Jacobsen
who attempted to prevent the abduction. On 29 May
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Marcel Fontaine
Marcel Carton
Denis Hill, a British instructor at the American
University of Beirut, was found dead in West Beirut
with four bullet wounds in the back of his neck.
At the same time, the attack on the Amir of Kuwait
and the renewed violence in West Beirut suggest the
terrorists are increasingly frustrated by their failure
to obtain the release of the Kuwaiti prisoners, three of
whom are Lebanese Shias. These incidents and the
terrorists' quick response to the US statement
rejecting negotiations indicate they may not wait very
long for their new campaign of public pressure to
work. We believe the terrorists' increasing frustration
may lead them to take even more hostages, possibly
harm one or more of the hostages they already have,
and, in desperation, plan further spectacular terrorist
attacks against US, French, or Kuwaiti interests.
Later that day, an anonymous caller to a foreign news
agency in Beirut claimed "Islamic Jihad" was
responsible for kidnaping Kaufmann, Saurat, and
Jacobsen and for killing Hill. The caller said Hill was
killed, "as he was trying to escape from our men, who
wanted to question him on some of his suspicious
activities," suggesting that Hill's murderers were
actually attempting to kidnap him. The caller added,
"We will not allow anybody to rest before the release
of our brothers jailed in Kuwait and until the United
States and France stop their aid to [Iraqi President]
Saddam Husayn in his continuous attacks on the
Islamic Republic [Iran]." He repeated the now-
familiar threat, "We again warn foreign citizens who
are in Islamic regions not to exploit Islamic
hospitality to undertake acts of espionage and
subversion. We are on the lookout for them."
Implications
The new public posture the kidnapers have taken on
the hostage issue and the content of their various
statements suggest a significant change in strategy.
Some of the phrases used in the letters apparently are
intended to broaden public understanding of the
terrorists' "plight" and support for their cause.
Previous statements issued in the name of Islamic
Jihad have not attempted to justify anti-US terrorism
in this way. The new statements appear tailored to
maximize the pressure placed on the US Government
by the families and friends of the hostages.
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Persian Gulf States:
Meeting the Terrorist Challenge
The assassination attempt against Kuwait's Amir on
25 May was the latest in a string of terrorist incidents
in the Arabian Peninsula states, revealing growing
aggressiveness of subversive efforts and continuing
deficiencies in the security services of those states.
More violence is likely over the summer, and the US
presence in the region is a likely target.
Acts of terrorism in the Persian Gulf have been on the
increase over the past several months:
? Explosions in Riyadh on 18 May killed one person
and injured several more. According to the US
Embassy, the Saudis have detained a Lebanese Shia
in connection with the bombings.
? Kuwait's most prominent journalist was gunned
down by unknown assailants in April; the Kuwaitis
suspect radical Palestinians.
? Sources of the US Embassy in Riyadh report that in
late March Saudi police discovered two explosive-
laden jeeps parked outside Defense Minister
Sultan's palace complex.
? In separate incidents earlier this year, two North
Yemenis hijacked Saudia Airlines flights
originating in Saudi Arabia.
? Last December, pro-Iranian terrorists hijacked a
Kuwaiti airliner to Tehran and killed two US
officials.
Internal Security Developments
The six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council?
motivated by the takeover of the Mecca mosque by
religious zealots in 1979, the Iranian-backed coup
attempt in Bahrain in 1981, and the bombings in
Kuwait in 1983?have made significant strides in
increasing regional security cooperation and in their
individual capabilities to counter subversion. Senior
officers in the security services are now being
promoted on the basis of ability and efficiency as well
as loyalty.
Kuwait reacted to the 1983 bombings by
housecleaning its security service; its new head is
intelligent and energetic and has instituted many
organizational and personnel changes. He has wider
15
authority to deport suspected criminals. Kuwait and
Bahrain continue to purge Shias from the security
services and sensitive government posts, and Saudi
Arabia has stepped up its efforts to monitor and arrest
suspect Shias in the Eastern Province.
the Saudis actively keep track of
between 5,000 and 10,000 Shias considered potential
troublemakers and question all Shias known to be
returning from Iran.
Serious failings remain, however. In Kuwait and
Bahrain, in particular, the security services are too
small to be able to closely monitor all potential
sources of terrorism and subversion. The Kuwaiti
Amir's motorcade was rammed with apparent ease,
and in all three hijackings the perpetrators were able
to smuggle weapons aboard the planes. Regional
security cooperation is faltering,
because of tensions over border issues and
resistance to Saudi domination of the Gulf Council.
Prospects
The attempt on the Amir's life and the explosions in
Riyadh will lead to a regional upsurge in security
awareness, but the effect is likely to be only
temporary. The Gulf states will make further
improvements in their security services that may
hamper, but will not eliminate, terrorist operations.
the Gulf states are concerned
over the growing size and sophistication of dissident
groups.
noted a rise in the number of Bahraini Shias traveling
to Iran for ideological and military training.
Gulf leaders most fear a widespread campaign of
terrorism of the sort that Islamic Jihad has recently
threatened to launch. The annual pilgrimage to
Mecca, which begins in August, could give terrorists
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such an opportunity. A major terrorist campaign in
Bahrain and perhaps Kuwait could threaten those
regimes' hold on power.
In addition, major military reverses for Iran in its war
with Iraq, domestic unrest in Iran, or a sharp
deterioration in Iran's relations with Gulf states could
touch off a wave of Iranian-backed terrorism in the
Gulf states. Alternatively, fundamentalist dissident
17
groups acting on their own could launch a campaign
of terror against the Gulf states. The rhetoric of
Tehran and Islamic Jihad is strongly anti?United
States, making the large US diplomatic, military, and
business presence in the Gulf likely targets during any
such campaign.
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Pakistan:
Status of Al-Zulfikar
the Al-
Zulfikar terrorist organization?which was formed to
strike against President Zia's regime after Prime
Minister Bhutto's execution in 1979?suffers from
morale problems and is having difficulty recruiting
new volunteers for terrorist operations. Islamabad
believes the level of Indian support for Al-Zulfikar
has not changed under Rajiv Gandhi,
Organizational Strength and Morale
Al-Zulfikar is believed to have between 40 and 50
hardcore members and about 2,000 contacts and
sympathizers throughout Pakistan. If accurate, these
figures would indicate that neither Al-Zulfikar's size
nor popularity is growing.
Islamabad's tough
counterterrorist activities and punishment of
convicted terrorists have hurt the morale of Al-
Zulfikar members and discouraged potential recruits
from joining. Many recruits are said to desert during
training. Since 1981 many new members have
reportedly dropped out of Al-Zulfikar after being
stationed in Europe, finding jobs, and experiencing
the "good life."
Al-Zulfikar probably is suffering from morale
problems and is having difficulty recruiting, training,
and keeping competent personnel
the lack of Al-Zulfikar activity since
last summer and its inability to mount successful
terrorist operations over the past two years
recruitment procedures
Al-Zulfikar has in
the past recruited primarily from among Pakistan
People's Party (PPP) sympathizers, criminals, and the
unemployed, which may have contributed to the
overall low level of competence thus far observed in
the group's members. The leaders of Al-Zulfikar
reportedly now are trying to be more selective in their
recruitment, accepting only those with stronger
educational and intellectual backgrounds.
One of the primary reasons that the hostage-taking
operation in Vienna last July failed was the ineptitude
of the Al-Zulfikar members who carried out the
mission, the terrorist
team first targeted the wrong gathering of foreign
nationals and later was unable to locate the group that
it had chosen. Nonetheless, the terrorists succeeded in
entering Austria and in getting weapons and
explosives delivered there. Given their ineptitude, had
they succeeded in taking any hostages, the terrorists
could easily have lost control of the situation and
there probably would have been many casualties. Al-
Zulfikar probably will attempt another such operation
in Pakistan or Western Europe in order to secure the
release of imprisoned colleagues and supporters,
particularly if it can recruit and train better qualified
personnel in the future.
Foreign Links
there has been no
change in the level of Indian support for Al-Zulfikar
under Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.
because of the high desertion
rate, Al-Zulfikar leaders are currently reevaluating
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We can neither corroborate nor refute the Pakistani
allegations that India continues to su ort Al-
Zulfikar.
We believe Rajiv Gandhi has not yet focused on
India's ties to Al-Zulfikar because of his
preoccupation with more pressing domestic problems.
Although we have no evidence to confirm the
Pakistani claim, Kabul may have decided
independently of New Delhi?to permit the return of
Al-Zulfikar as a means to pressure Islamabad to
reduce its aid to Afghan insurgents.
terrorist-
related activities have increased in the North-West
Frontier Province (NWFP) since the presumed
reactivation of Al-Zulfikar's base in Kabul.
Beyond the assistance provided by India, Libya
provides most of the rest of Al-Zulfikar's financial
support, arms, and training
Al-Zulfikar members based in Tripoli have fallen in
and out of favor with Libyan leader Qadhafi over the
past several months for unknown reasons. In addition,
Al-Zulfikar members reportedly received training in
southern Lebanon from the Popular Front for the
Liberation of Palestine?General Command in 1984.
Impact and Outlook
Although Islamabad remains concerned about the
ability of Al-Zulfikar to threaten the lives of
Pakistani political leaders, the subdued tone of its
assessments suggests officials do not regard it as a
serious threat to Pakistan's internal stability. We
believe Pakistani authorities can continue to contain
Al-Zulfikar activities within Pakistan and that the
organization will continue having difficulty recruiting
new and better qualified personnel.
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Islamabad may downplay the issue of Indian aid to
Al-Zulfikar as it tests Prime Minister Gandhi's stated
desire to improve bilateral ties. US Embassy and
media reporting indicate the Pakistanis did not raise
the issue in recent talks with senior Indian officials,
which suggests they do not regard it as a major
irritant in Indo-Pakistani relations at present. We
believe Islamabad's charges of Indian complicity in
Al-Zulfikar's activities will become more vehement if
there is no progress toward improving bilateral ties.
Moreover, if Al-Zulfikar were to carry out a major
terrorist incident or assassination, Islamabad
probably would consider retaliating against New
Delhi by initiating or increasing covert assistance to
Indian dissidents, particularly the Sikhs.
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The Terrorism Diary for July
Below is a compendium of July dates of known or conceivable significance to
terrorists around the world. Our inclusion of a date or event should not by itself
be construed to suggest that we expect or anticipate a commemorative terrorist
event.
July 1980 Peru. For unexplained reasons, Sendero Luminoso terrorists have attacked foreign
targets during July at a rate roughly triple that of the rest of the year.
1 July 1867 Canada. Dominion Day.
1 July 1960 Ghana. Republic Day.
1 July 1960 Somalia. Republic Day. Celebrated as Independence Day in the southern region.
1 July 1962 Burundi. Independence Day.
1 July 1962 Rwanda. Independence Day.
1 July 1974 Argentina. Death of President Juan Peron.
2 July 1976 Vietnam. Unification of North and South Vietnam into Socialist Republic of
Vietnam.
4 July 1776 United States. Independence Day.
4 July 1946 Philippines. Republic Day (date on which Philippines became independent).
4 July 1976 Israel, Uganda, Palestinians. Israeli raid on airport at Entebbe frees hostages
from PFLP hijackers.
5 July 1811 Venezuela. Independence Day.
5 July 1962 Algeria. Independence Day.
5 July 1973 Rwanda. Coup by Maj. Gen. Juvenal Habyarimana inaugurates Second Republic.
5 July 1975 Cape Verde. Independence Day.
5 July 1977 Pakistan. Coup by Gen. Zia Ul-haq overthrowing regime of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
6 July 1964 Malawi. Independence Day. Also celebrated, since 1966, as Republic Day.
6 July 1975 Comoros. Declaration of Independence promulgated.
7 July Yugoslavia. Uprising Day (state holiday in Socialist Republic of Serbia).
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7 July 1973
Equatorial Guinea. National Day (based on constitution that granted virtually
unlimited powers to President Macie, which was abrogated when he was
overthrown by his nephew, Colonel Obiang).
7 July 1978 Solomon Islands. Independence Day.
9 July 1816 Argentina. Independence Day.
9 July 1929 Morocco. Birthday of King Hassan II.
10 July 1973 Bahamas. Independence Day.
10 July 1978 Mauritania. Armed Forces Day (commemorates military coup).
11 July 1921 Mongolia. Revolution Day (commemorates independence from China).
12 July 1690 Northern Ireland. Orangemen's Day (Protestants march to commemorate victory
in Battle of the Boyne).
12 July 1975 Sao Tome and Principe. Independence Day.
12 July 1979 Kiribati. Independence Day.
13 July Yugoslavia. Uprising Day (state holiday in Socialist Republic of Montenegro).
14 July 1789 France. Bastille Day.
14 July 1958 Iraq. Republic Day (commemorates Army coup d'etat which overthrew monarchy
and established republic).
15 July 1974 Cyprus. Coup by Greek Army officers commemorated.
15 July 1983 Italy. Conviction of four members of Italian counterterrorist team for
mistreatment of Red Brigades prisoners captured during rescue of General Dozier.
17 July 1930 Colombia. Founding of Communist Party.
17 July 1968 Iraq. Revolution Day (Bath Party coup).
17 July 1973 Afghanistan. Republic Day (date Muhammad Daoud led military coup
overthrowing his cousin King Zahir Shah and establishing republic).
18 July 1830 Uruguay. Proclamation of the republic.
18 July 1936 Spain. Uprising Day (beginning of Civil War); Generalissimo Franco's Day.
19 July 1979 Nicaragua. Sandinista provisional Junta of National Reconstruction assumes
office.
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20 July 1810 Colombia. Independence Day.
20 July 1974 Cyprus. Turkish Cypriot Peace and Freedom Day (commemorates intervention by
Turkish forces).
20 July 1983 Sri Lanka. Sinhalese backlash sparked by terrorist acts of extremist Tamil
separatists leaves hundreds of Tamils dead, thousands homeless.
21 July 1831 Belgium. Independence Day.
21 July 1972 Northern Ireland. Bloody Friday (20 Provisional IRA bombings in Belfast kill 1 I
injure 120).
22 July Yugoslavia. Uprising Day (state holiday in Socialist Republic of Slovenia).
22 July 1944 Poland. Liberation Day.
22 July 1952 Poland. People's Republic established.
23 July 1952 Egypt, Libya. Military coup ousts King Farouk.
23 July 1970 Oman. Accession Day of Sultan Qaboos.
23 July 1974 Greece. Resignation of military junta; return of government to civilian rule.
24 July 1783 Ecuador, Venezuela. Birthday of Simon Bolivar.
25 July 1648 Netherlands. Independence Day.
25 July 1957 Tunisia. Proclamation of republic.
25 July 1983 Sri Lanka. Killing of Tamil prisoners in Colombo's Welikade jail exacerbates
communal hatred.
26 July 1847 Liberia. Independence Day.
26 July 1952 Argentina. Death of Eva Peron.
26 July 1953 Cuba. Day of National Rebellion (commemorates attack on Moncada Barracks by.
26th of July Movement).
26 July 1956 Egypt. Nationalization of Suez Canal.
26 July 1965 Maldives. Independence Day.
27 July Yugoslavia. Uprising Day (state holiday in Socialist Republics of Croatia and
Bosnia?Herzegovina).
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27 July 1953
27 July 1955
28 July 1821
29 July 1966
29 July 1975
30 July 1980
31 July
31 July 1969
North Korea. Korean Victory Day (date of armistice ending Korean war).
Austria. Restoration of sovereignty under postwar Four Powers' Agreement.
Peru. Independence Day.
Nigeria. Coup d'etat by Col. Yakubu Gowon overthrows military government of
Maj. Gen. Aguiyi-lronsi and establishes Federal Military Government.
Nigeria. Coup d'etat by Brig. Murtala Ramat Muhammad overthrows General
Gowon and establishes Federal Executive Council.
Vanuatu. Independence Day.
Spain, France. St. Ignatius's Day (patron saint of Basques).
Spain. Founding of Basque Fatherland and Freedom (ETA).
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April
Chronology of Terrorism-1985
Below are described noteworthy foreign and international terrorist events and
counterterrorism developments that have occurred or come to light since our last
issue. Events and developments that have already been described elsewhere in this
publication are not included.
India: Attempted assassination of Sikh. Unidentified assailants, apparently Sikhs,
laid in wait to ambush Karam Singh, the elder brother of Lieutenant General R.
S. Dyal, who had led the 6 June 1984 Army takeover of the Golden Temple.
Although they waited for their target for several hours, they were finally chased
away by neighbors.
22 April Botswana: Raids on ANC safehouses net terrorist suspects, weapons cache. The
cache contained handgrenades, mines, plastique, and dynamite. The coordinated
raids were part of an ongoing Botswana effort to clamp down on the African
National Congress.
30 April India: Bomb defused at crowded Hindu temple in Chandigarh. A boobyt rapped
handgrenade was found hooked to a battery and would have caused significant
casualties had it gone off. Sikh extremists are suspected.
1 May
6 May
9 May
10 May
Bangladesh: Three policemen wounded in Dhaka bomb blast. The explosion
occurred near a labor rally marking May Day. Dissident groups opposed to the
May nationwide elections are believed responsible.
West Bank: Bomb explodes under Israeli bus near Qalqilyah. The device was a
pipe bomb triggered by a remote-controlled electrical detonator. Security forces
also found two Russian-made handgrenades near the pipe bomb. A previously
unknown group calling itself the General Command of the Palestinian Revolution
Forces claimed responsibility for the attack.
Colombia: 50 Ricardo Franco Front guerrillas attack three police stations in
Bogota. Four guerrillas and one policeman were killed in the attacks.
South Africa: Cache of Soviet weapons found near Vreedefort. Limpet mines,
assault rifles, and pistols were among the weapons found by security officials.
West Germany: Unknown perpetrators bomb NATO pipeline pumping station. The
blast caused extensive damage to the pipeline and the loss of 4,000 liters of
kerosene.
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11, 15 May
12 May
12, 13 May
13 May
Greece: Bomb explodes outside Athens office of Citibank, causing damage but no
injuries. No group has claimed responsibility. The bombing was the second
unclaimed attack against this branch office in a year.
Ecuador: AVC steals weapons from Jarramijo Naval Base. About 10 well-armed
members of the Alfaro Vive, Carajo! subversive group infiltrated the base and
reportedly stole a substantial number of weapons, escaping during a subsequent
firefight. This marks the first time that the AVC has launched an organized
armed assault against a military base.
France: Two more waves of bombs in Corsica damage cars, banks, and shops of
mainland Frenchmen. The Corsican National Liberation Front (FLNC) is
suspected of setting off 15 bombs on the 11th and 17 more on the 15th. None of
the blasts caused any casualties.
West Germany: Arsonists attempt to burn vehicles of construction firm in
Ebersberg. In a letter to a newspaper, the attackers?probably Revolutionary Cell
members?stated that they attacked the firm because of its ties to NATO.
Sri Lanka: Security forces kill four Tamil insurgents near northern reservoir. A
steel trunk containing 25 to 30 kilograms of explosives was found near the bodies.
Iran: Two bombs kill 15 and wound 50 in Tehran. All the casualties were caused
by a large car bomb that detonated on 12 May in a poor neighborhood. The second
explosion on 13 May in a central square was relatively small. An anonymous caller
to a Kuwaiti newspaper claimed responsibility in the name of the previously
unknown Iranian Ariya Organization. The principal Iranian opposition group, the
Mujahedin-e Khalq, denounced the attacks.
Israel: Bomb explodes near apartment building in Qiryat Malakhi, 30 kilometers
south of Tel Aviv. There were no casualties. The Voice of the PLO in Baghdad
claimed responsibility for the attack in the name of the General Command of the
Palestinian Revolution Forces.
Colombia: National Liberation Army (ELN) guerrillas attack Bogota prison. The
attack freed Orlando de Jesus Ortega Chicunque, an ELN leader reportedly
responsible for at least 10 kidnapings.
Namibia: SWAPO injures three in mortar attacks on Oshakati residential area.
Namibian security officials stated the attacks were intended to intimidate the
residents of the northern Namibian town.
Uganda: Minister of Internal Affairs escapes grenade attack unharmed. The
assassination attempt came as the minister left his office; one policeman was
injured. No group has claimed responsibility.
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14 May
15 May
15-16 May
16 May
17 May
West Germany: Body found in July identified as that of missing Libyan dissident.
The body of Muhammad al-Duwaik?who disappeared in April 1980?had
several bullet holes in the skull.
Indonesia: Former government minister sentenced for October bombings in
Jakarta. Mohammad Sanusi, Industry Minister from 1966 to 1968, was sentenced
to 19 years in prison for his part in the bombings of Chinese-owned banks and
businesses that killed two persons. Five other persons convicted so far, including
three Muslim extremists, have received sentences of 10 to 17 years.
Mozambique: Portuguese family kidnaped by rebels. Members of the National
Resistance of Mozambique (RENAMO) kidnaped a Portuguese woman and her
three daughters as they traveled toward Maputo. Another attempt later that day
to kidnap two other Portuguese citizens failed when soldiers intervened.
Lebanon: Irish deputy director of UN agency kidnaped and released in West
Beirut. His captors apparently released him when they were persuaded he was
neither American nor British. Separate anonymous callers claimed responsibility
in the names of Islamic Jihad and the Revolutionary Organization of Socialist
Muslims (ROSM). ROSM, believed to be a covername for the Abu Nidal Group,
still holds a British UN worker.
Spain: Bomb explosion damages government traffic control office in Lerida. No
group has claimed responsibility.
Turkey: Martial law court in Amasya sentences Dev Vol (Revolutionary Way)
member to death. The court also sentenced 12 defendants to life imprisonment and
604 others to terms of two months to 20 years for crimes committed prior to the
military takeover in September 1980.
Italy: Possible terrorist incident at NATO fuel reserve depot in Gaeta thwarted.
Two men posing as Italian security officers were denied entrance into the
compound. Police suspect the Red Brigades.
Lebanon: Car bomb explodes in West Beirut near Druze militia office. The blast,
reportedly caused by at least 25 kilograms of dynamite, wounded eight people. No
group claimed responsibility. Christian or renegade Shia militiamen probably are
responsible.
India: Four bombs defused on rail line in Kashmir. The devices, concealed in
three tape recorders and a radio, were found in two separate locations outside
Jammu. Separatists of the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front were probably
responsible.
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18 May
El Salvador: Clara Elizabeth Ramirez Front claims responsibility for murder of
military judge. The judge, Dr. Jose Adolfo Araujo, was shot as he dropped his
children off at school.
20 May Spain: Bomb explosion damages National Health Service building in Granada.
No group claimed responsibility for the attack.
21 May
22 May
25 May
27 May
Chad: Rebel faction attempts assassinations of dissident leaders. Goukouni
Oueddi, leader of the insurgent Transitional Government of National Unity
(GUNT), was not injured in the attempt, since he had been tipped off to the plan.
A separate attempt on the life of his military deputy, Goukouni Ghayd, was
unsuccessful, and the assassins were reportedly caught by GUNT forces.
France: Bombs damage two boats in Corsican harbor. There were no injuries and
no group has claimed responsibility, but the Corsican National Liberation Front is
suspected.
Lebanon: Car bomb explodes in suburb of Christian East Beirut. At least 30
people were killed and 172 wounded in the blast in Sinn al-Fil. The bomb may
have consisted of as much as 200 kilograms of explosives. No group has claimed
credit
Corsica: Eight explosions cause major property damage but no injuries.
Government buildings, homes owned by mainland Frenchmen, and four banks
were bombed. The Corsican National Liberation Front probably is responsible.
France: French Basque arms cache discovered in Anglet. Eight kilograms of
dynamite, detonators, 700 cartridges, and two machineguns were found in the
home of a woman associated with Iparretarrak. She was arrested.
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