LETTER TO THE UNITED NATIONS FROM YEHUDA Z. BLUM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP87R00029R000200330014-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 28
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 18, 2007
• Sequence Number: 14
• Publication Date: June 15, 1981
• Content Type: LETTER

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UNITED NATIONS
SECURITY
COUNCIL
?
Distr.
GEImRAL
.s/14534
15 June 1931
ORIGINAL: EIGLIOH
LETTL'R DATED 15 JUN. 1931 FROI?i THE PE! J!ENT REPRESENTATIVE
OF ISRAEL TO T:IE. UNITED NATIONS ADDRESSED TO TILE PRESIDENT
OF TIIE. SECURITY COUNCIL ?.~ c
On instructions from my Covern..ent, and further to my statement in the
Security Council on- Friday, 12 June 1931, I have the honour to dray your attention
to the draft resolution (A/C.1/35/L?8) submitted by Israel during the thirty-fif0!
session of the General Assembly which called upon all States of the I4iddle East
and no:n-nuclear-weapon States adjacent to the region "to convene at the earliest
possible date a conference with a view to negotiating a multilateral treaty
establit;hins a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East". The full text of
that draft resolution is attached.
On 12- Dccc::ber 1980, the General Assembly, at 'its 914th plenary meeting,
adopted resolution 35/11+7, entitled "Establis}^m4ent of a nucle{u--weapon-free zone
in the region of'the Middle East". In the light of Israel's participation in the
consensus in favour of that resolution, I am instructed by my Covernncnt to
reaffirm Israel's support for the establishment of such a zone. !
Israel now formally and urgently turns to all States of the .'-fiddle Eust, and
to States adjacent to the region, and requests that they each indicate in the
course of 19tl, their.consent to the holding of a preparatory confercncG to
discuss the modalities of such a conference of States of the Middle East, with a
view to nc;;otiatinC a multilateral' treaty establishing. a nuclear-weapon-free zone
in the Middle East.
In the view of the Government of Israel, the establishment of a nuclear-
weapon--free zone in a specific geographic region depends, as reflected in the
languugc of paragraph 6! of the Final ractnent of the Tenth Special Session of the
General. Assembly on disarmament (resolutions 5-10/2), on the charactcri3tics of
each region".
The Middle Fast is a region characterized by conflict and tension. Besides
s
the su::
e Arab-Israel dispute, thrrc'.._?r t:it~us rcnflicts it the urel~,
its the current war between Iraq and Iran. in such a volatile area, it nuclerir-
wenror.--free zone can only be cstnblis`:ed if each State is contractually uncured
cf cc-^I)liancc with the ccr.-:.tr.cnt by nil the other States in the region to ab.try?r4
from intro.ucing nuclear wearons into the rer:or.. As long as the resort to war
is not rticd out, little :iiith can. be placed either in unilatcrai dcc_nrcDios:::
81--15952
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English
Pare 2
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. amounting to no more than self-denial ordinances in the nuclear sphere or in the
strict and unbroken compliance with such pledges. Adherence to the Treaty on the
Yon-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons cannot be presented as a credible alternrf.ive
to the establishment of a nuclear-Weapon-free zone in a given region. This haz
been clearly recognized in paragraph 67 of the above-mentioned Final Document.
Indeed, in Latin America ?- the only inhabited nuclear-Weapon-free zone in
existence - not all parties to the Treaty of Tlatelolco are parties to the Treaty
on the Non-Proliferation of :Nuclear Weapons.
Israel is fully cognizant of the, many political differences betweeli the
States of the Middle East. However, without prejudice to any political or
legal claim, it behoo7es all the States of the region, for the sake of their
co non future, to take concrete steps towards the establishment of a nuclear-
weapon-free zone and to respond affirmatively to this initiative being taken by .
Israel. -
In the meantime, the Government of Israel has taken careful note of the
contents of the letter to the Secretary-General from the Charge d'Affaires a.i.
of the Permanent Mission of 'pt to the United Nations, dated 20 April 1901
(A/36,/220), in which the preparation of a study on the modalities for estc.b ishing
-a nuclear-ticuron-free zone in the Middle East is suggested. The Government of
Israel Welcome=s this id.,a and, for its part, proposes that the study be unclcrtakcn
by qualified experts from Middle East States, including Israel, as recommended in
paragraph 2)13 of the ,3ccretary-General's report of 8 October 1980 (A/35/1+16).
There is no need to gait' until .all Governments in the Middle' East see their
by '7--ael
way to endorsin^ such a study: .`: ._ _i:._.': it --? r-
would? by itself, constitute a valuable step in the direction of building much-
needed confidence between the States of the region prior to the holding of the
preparatory conference proposed above.
I should be grateful if this letter and its attachment could be circulated
as. a document of the Security Council.
(Si p.ned) Yehuda Z. DLU_i
Ambassador
Permanent Representative of Israel
to the United Nations
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1. R-ickaround ?
?
Pakistan is net a party to the Treaty on the 1;on-1-rolifcraticn c''
1:tic]car t:eapcns. It has not ratified the Partial Test-Ilan Treaty cf 1963,
and its nuclear activities are not completely covered by International Atomic
Ene:rpy Agency (IAEA) safeguards.
Although Pakistani officials frequently dcny their country's intentions
to develop nuclear weapons and maintain that its nuclear activities are
designed for peaceful purposes, there is abundant evidence indicating that
Pakistan aims at producing nuclear weapons. The Pakistani Atomic Enemy
Cormaission, the Ministry of Defence and the Enp.ineerinp. Research Laboratories
share responsibility for the country's nuclear activities, and are involved
in a process directed at the establishment of a nuclear infrastructure,
which, on completion, will make Pakistan self-sufficient in the nuclear
field. 1/
In order to obtain weapon-grade material, Pakistan has embarked in
parallel on the reprocessing of plutonium and on uranium enrichment.
Pakistan is also working on the development of nuclear explosive devices
and on preparations for a test nuclear detonation.
2. The weapons programme
(a) Plutonium course
Since 1972, Pakistan has operated a 137MW CA!DU (heavy water type)
power reactor located at Paradise Point Sind, near Y,arachi. This reactor -
known as KAJJUPP - is under IAEA safeguards. KANUPP is well-suited for the
production of weapons-usable plutonium since it can be loaded and unloaded
on line. During its eight years of operation, KAIi-JPP has produced spent
fuel containing more than 100 kg of plutonium. A chemical facility is
required to obtain plutonium. Pel_istan obtains plutonium from the
irradiated fuel produced in this nuclear power plant through reprocessing
activities carried out at a hot laboratories complex located close to the
V---clear Research Centre at PINSTECH (the Pakistan Institute of Technolocy),
near Isle_nabad. 2/ This facility has functioned clandestinely. since 198, 3/
-+?-_: it~
and j=TDC::~.CS annually L:. inC::t 42% 11%. C- ne:e:scry for one explosive
~-'--`-
device a year. J+/ Thus. it is possible that. this rcprocessire facility
will provide Pakistan with the necessary quantity of plutonium for one
c_xn,losive device by the middle of 1981.
In eddi.ion - after ebtainine =ost blueprints of a French renroccssinr
plant and clandestinely purchasinr co-ponents from a variety o: countries -
Pakistan has begun ccne:.ructing at the Cha_ma Nuclear Centre a larre
reprocessing plant (10-1 C2), to be ecmoleted in 19f.2-1933. This plant will
enable Pakistan to produce plutonium for at least 10 nuclear explc:iy
? devices a year. In other words, it will enable Pakistan to tuild a
reaningful arsenal of :.clear weapons. 5/
(b) Enriched uranium course
Pakistan is secretly ecnstruct_nr (near Kehuta, 20 kr..froo Isle:ralLnd)
a 1'3rn: for the ;.reduction of weapon-rr'de enriched ureniu-. by centr furcn.
This- -.ant !c built on the basis c'' knife:-atien cence:-nirr uranium :ech::olo[ atelen frc= the i
L :mitt In the ::-:'c__ands t::
:,' :......_ t n has eab,?shc d.
FaL _.is.
a sccd:~:g Ttti:atc::_ ac._.:?s:, :::. A. C. 12z.Z 61 In
a chain ":rC::. -::F-`=.~ cu- .L cou.tr ies to e_.;uire
r-:' ~~ cc.-aaica thr...
clandestinely all the necessary ccrpL-ner.ta piece by piece.
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Fakistan apparently intends to build the plant in nhases:
(i) R pilot plant which, already in 1979, was reported to have been
working. 8/
(ii) The assemblinr of about 1,000 centrifuges which are expected to
produce enough enriched uranium for one nuclear explosive. device
every two years. This phase is in the process of being completed. 9/
(iii) The assembling of close to 10,000 centrifuges which in turn could
produce about 150 hr of enriched uranium a year, sufficient to
make about, seven nucl,car explosive devices a year. IN
(c) Development of the first nuclear explosive device
Pakistan is making preparations related to the development of an
explosive device and its testing. For this purpose, it is apparently
acquiring overseas the necessary item:. and equipment and is preparing- a
detonation site in the desert. 11/
The first Pakistani nuclear explosive device will probably be a
plutonium one produced at the hot laboratories of PIPSTECH. the decision
as to whether and when the first nuclear device is tested will apparently
be influenced by various political considerations facing the country's
leadership.
3. Other a^tivities in the nuclear fuel cycle
Pakistan is also actively seekinr to achieve self-sufficiency in other
fields of the fuel cycle.
(a) Uranium pining and nurchasinr
Pakistan mines, rills and processes uranium ores at the Iera Gazi Khan
mines in the central region of the country. 12/ Several hundred tons of
131
uranium are being purchased from Niger, either directly or'throurh Libya.
(b) Fuel fabrication plant
Pakistan has built at Chasm a pl=nt to r.nnufacturc fuel elements,
anrarcntl;; using indinenouS uranium. 311/
I. Foreign asnintence and fin reinl sure 'crt
There are rcrorts that Libya and .audi Ara''in have rrovi ded extensive
financial assistance to Pakistan. 15/ Sau:'.i Arabia, which .expressed
admiration for the Pakistani achievements in the nuclear field. 1G/ tried
to influence Pakistan. to curtail Iraqi financial support in return for
sharing Pakistani know-how. 17/
3
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1. Energy Daily, Washington, 30 September 1980, p. 1+; Nucleonics Wee}., N.Y.,
4 December 1980, p. 10.
2. Washington Post, 23 September 1980; Energy Daily, 30 September 1980, p. 3.
3. Washington Post, 21+ September 1980.
k. energy Daily, 30 September 1980, p. 4; Washington Post, 23 September 1980.
5. Liiberation. Paris, 17 June 1980; The Globe and Mail, Toronto, 19-21 June 1980.
G. The Tines, Londcn, 8 Perch 1980. The Netherlands Government decided to start
cr:imine.l proceedings against the Pakistani scientist - see Le Monde, Paris,
13 February 1981; News Bulletin, The Hague, vol. 166, no. 69,
11 February 1981.
7. 8 ]Lam, London, 23 June 1979, PP. 9-10.
6. Financial Times, London, 11+ August 1979.
9. International Defence Review, Geneva, 1980, No. 2, p. 203.
10. 8 Days, 23 June 1979, P. 11.
11. Da:Ily Telegraph, London, 3 July 1979, P. 5; Internaticnal Herald Tribune,
Paris. 18 August 1979, p. 5; The Guardian, London, 17 June 1990; Energy Daily,.
30 September 1980, P. u.
1?. -The Hindu, Madras, India, b September 1980, p. 8.
13. I;uclcap Fuel, Raw Jersey, 10 December 1979, PP. 3-1+; Financial Ti=es..
& J nuary 1960; Nuclear Engineering International, Button, England,
Fe ru.ry 1980, P. 11.
1.4. International Herald Tribune, 2 September 1980; Financial Times,
I September 1960; Washington Post, 24 September 1980; ?Vuclccr E nineering
International, 0cuviwr 196
15. Th;5 Glebe end Mall. 19-21 June 1980; Sunday Tinen, London, 18 January 1981.
16. Al.'!~din ..- Saudi Arabia, 1L recc=bc: 1980.
17 day Times, London, 15 January 1981.
t
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 ?AnVV l~VVII IVI I V I/?I IvI Ixwww %WW VVVVVV ITI
The Iranian-Egyptian Initiative
The Iranian-Egyptian resolution on the creation of a nuclear-
weapon-free zone in the Middle East was at first (in 1974) much
more an Iranian rather than an Egyptian initiative. The Egyptians
at first merely "went along". This resolution was invariably accepted
by the General Assembly without opposition with only Israel
abstaining.
The :Iranian insistence on pushing the resolution through was
supposed to have been inspired by the reputed personal interest
of the late Shah. By 1977, the resolution--now enthusiastically
propogated by the Egyptians-- began looking very much like
the resolution Israel supported last year (though with severe
reservations on Israel's part).
The present version of the Egyptian draft resolution (the-Iran-ians
dropped out after the collapse of the Shhh) was incorporated
in the Final Document of the Special Session on Disarmament
in 1978.
Throughout 'the years U.S. representatives have been urging their
Israeli colleagues not to be the only country abstaining on
this resolution and to join the consensus. Israel's juridical
reservations about the mention made in the draft resolution
of 'the N.P.T. and Safeguards were, of course] in the present
UN circumstances not a real atcr all, about 50- other
members states who had not signed the N.P.T., or not ratified
it, or not signed the Safeguards, had no cpmpunctions about joining
the consensus.
Israel's rc-al conceptual disagreement with the Egyptian draft
resolution refers particularly to a paragraph which says:"(The
:General Assembly) Invites those countries, pending the establi:;hm':nt
of such a zone In the I:iddle East and during the. process of It-
,to declare solemnly that they will refrain on a
'to
reciprocal basis from producing, acquiring or. in any other way
vossessing nuclear weapons and nuclear explosive devices;"
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ain iarael
deposited e resentatives of Israel have stated time ve statements G of intent
As the r p of declaratory
does riot 'believe in the utility
cam. y Council. As far as Israel is concerned
ted with the Se of mutually binding obligations-
p7~y tithe establishment of a system region with a contractual
which would 70-vi. e each state in the wit
with the commitment to
compliance
with the others'
weapons into the region" can
abstain from introducing nuclear wweapons in the i?:iddle East.
prevent the proliferation of nuclear wthe U.S, officially requested Israel to join the consensus
In 1977
arch& with the Director-General of the 14inis ry.
in in, a dem
the U.S, and other friendly
In 1S)BC Israel accepted the advice of tian draft resolution.
countries and joined the consensus onv the ous Eatements of UPS*
Israel was encouraged to do so by pre trhich stressed
representatives, like that of ~bassmentador among Fisher,
members of a nuclear-
weapon-free :importance of a mutual gr
weapon-free zone.
art, made its views clear in the submis`ithdraw
of Isra a. el, for its part, it was compelled
draft resolution
t
also Federal
which though U.S., the Fraised by representatives of the
e the
it, was p significantly,
Republic of Germany, Ireland and ~
rep3?esentative of 1?Mexico.
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Ttewlut;o6dorted on the reports of the First Commi?
bly at its thirtieth session of any measure adopted by
those States;
4. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of
its thirticth session an item entitled "Implementation
of General Assembly resolution 3262 (XXIX) con-
cerning the signature and ratification of Additional
Protocol I of the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear
Weapons in Latin America (Treaty of Tlatelolco)".
2309th plenary meeting
9 December 1974
3263 (XXIX). Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-
frcc zone in the re-ion of the Aliddlc Eaet
The Genera! Assembly,
Having considered the question of the establishment
of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the'
Middle East,
Desiring to contribute to the maintenance of inter-
national peace and security by bolstering and expand-
ing the existing regional and global structures for the
prohibition and/or prevention of the further spread of
nuclear weapons,
Realizing that the establishment of nuclear-weapon-
free zones with an adequate system of safeguards could
accelerate the process towards nuclear disarmament
and the ultimate goal of general and complete disarma-
ment under effective international control,
Recalling the resolution adopted by the Council of
the League of Arab States- at its sixty-second session,
held in Cairo from I to 4 September 1974, on this
subject,
Recalling the message sent by His Imperial Majesty
the Shahanshah of Iran on 16 September 1974 on the
establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the re-
gion of the Middle East,'t.
Considering. that the establishment of nuclear-
weapon-free zones, on the initiative of the States situ-
ated within each zone concerned, is one of the measures
Which can contribute most effectively to halting the
proliferation of those instruments of mass destruction
and to promoting progress towards nuclear disarma-
ment, with the goal of total destruction of all nuclear
wC `^ens and their means of delivery,
Mindful of the political conditions particular to the
region of the Middle Fast and of the potential danger
emanating therefrom. which would be further aggra-
vated by the introduction of nuclear weapons in the
a?ca,
Conscious, therefore, of the need to keep the coun-
tries of the region from becoming involved in a ruinous
nuclear awns race.
Recalling the Declaration on the Dcnuclcarization
of Africa issued by the Assembly of Heads of State and
Government of the Organization of African Unity in
July 1964.4=
Noting that the establishment of a nuclear-wcapon-
lice zone in the region of the Middle East would con-
tribute effectively to the realization of aims enunciated
in the Declaration on the Dcnuclcarization of Africa.
Recalling the notable achievement of the countries
of Latin America in establishing a nuclear-frce zone.
Also recalling resolution B of the Conference of Nor.-
Nuclcar-Wcapon States, held at Geneva from 29 August
to 28 September 1968, in which the Conference recom-
mended that non-nuclear-weapon States not comprised
in the Latin American nuclear-free zone should study
the possibility and desirability of establishing military
dcnuclearization of their respective zones 43
Recalling the aims pursued by the Treaty on the
Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapon:" in particular
the goal of preventing the further spread of nuclear
weapons,
Recalling its resolution 2373 (XXII) of 12 June
1968, in which it expressed the hope for the widest
possible adherence to the Treaty on the Non-Prolifera-
tion of Nuclear Weapons by both nuclear-weapon and
non-nuclear-weapon States,
1.- Commends the -idea of the establishment of a
nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle
East;
2. Considers that, in order to advance the idea of a
nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle
East, it is indispensable that all parties concerned in
the area proclaim solemnly and immediately their in-
tention to refrain, on a reciprocal basis, from produc-
ing, testing, obtaining, acquiring or in any other way
possessing nuclear weapons;
. 3. Calls upon the parties concerned in *the. area to
accede to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of
Nuclear Weapons;
4. Expresses. the hope that all States, in particular
the nuclear-weapon States, will lend their .full co-op-
eration for the effective realization of the aims of the
present resolution;
5. Requests the Secretary-General to ascertain the
views of the parties concerned with respect to the im-
plementation of the present resolution, in particular
with regard to its paragraphs 2 and 3, and to report
to The Security Council at an early date and, subse-
quently, to the General Assembly at its thirtieth session;
6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of
its thirtieth session the item entitled "Establishment of
a nuclear-weapon-fret zone in the region of the Middle
East".
2309;h plenary meeting
73ecenbc3~71-
3264 (XXIX). Prohibition of action to influence
the environment and climate for military
and other purposes incompatible with the
maintenance of international security, hu-
man wcll-Icing and health
The General Assembly.
Noting the concern of peoples to consolidate peace
and to pursue efforts designed to save mankind from the
danger of using new means of warfare, to limit the arms
race and to bring about disarmament.
Bearing in mind that, under conditions of continuous
scientific and technological progress, new possibilities
arise for using the results of this progress not only for
peaceful but also for military purposes,
Convinced that the prohibition of a::ion 'to influence
the environment and climate for military and other
?t OP4 fat Records of liar Genera? As+rmb1y. T.. enty-ninth
Session. Anneiri. ,:=>:.a item 101. document A/9693,Add.3. 43lhid.. Twenty-third Sex3law, a;cnda Item 9b. document
ft 17
a
-
?=lb1J.. 7*rntictt, Srssion..4nncirs, atcnda Item lu). deco- A17277 and t.Orr.t s Iv
?4 II..nl..,:on 1171 IXXlll_ abne1S. lT ?
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47
(U Tint Soe, Burma)
It is encouraging that all States in the Middle East ;region agree
in principle to the creation of a nuclear-weapon-free zone. Burma has
consistently. supported a;Ll genuine efforts towards the achievement of
world peace and security. j
` /I 1
^"= I delegation
Mr. MISTRAL (France) (interpretation from French): My
abstained on. the two s=jtrote vctes on operative paragraphs I
and 2 of A/C.l/32/L.27 and voted 'i'n favour of the' resolution as a whole.
That is because we favour the establishment of a nuclear weapon-free zone
in the Middle East, particularly lr,'view of the fact that all
the countries of the ;region have given their assent to that*initiative,
at least in principle. Nevertheless, we cannot accept that on this
occasion my country should be requested to waive its, basic options
concerning, inter alia, the Non-Proliferation-Treaty. In regard to that
diplomatic instrument., we maintain our reservations. We have not
ourselves signed that treaty; therefore, we cannot agree to urge other
countries to-do whRt we ourselves refuse to do. The same consizerat=ons
apply with regard to the commitment requested of all countries to place.
all their nuclear activities under international control.
. ----SHER-(United -States. of America);. W delegation is pleased
? r:.FI
to have voted in favour of resolution A/C.1/32/L.27 because we strongly
support the concept of nuclear-weapon-free zones in areas of the world where
they are appropriate, particularly the riddle East., under conditions that
would assure the effectiveness of such a zone. In our view tpe value of
a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle Eest is self-evident.
Ile continue to believe, hoaever, that the actual provisions set
forth in the resolution governing a nuclear-weapon-free zone in that area
trust to negotiated and agreed the potential participants in the
zone before States can be expected to undertake co^..itrsents regarding it.
delegation supports the efforts being made to ex.-lore new ideas and
steps to relieve apprehensions over possible proliferation of nuclear weapon:
in the Middle East and to contribute to the creation of an atmosphere of
confidence in the region.
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 III. Itesolot;on^ ^doptr on the. report* o
-'F.ataL upon irae
~ tvtae h egiota't!i >id lc
The General Assembly,
Recalling its resolution 3263 (XXIX) of 9 De-
cember 1974, in which it overwhelmingly commended
the idea of the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free
zone .in the region of the Middle East,
Recalling also its resolution 3474 (XXX) of 11
December 1975, in which it recognized that the estab-
lishm,ent of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle
East enjoyed wide support in the region,
Bearing in mind its resolution 31/71 of 10 Decem-
ber 1976, in which it expressed the conviction that
progress towards ' the establishment of a nuclear-
weapon-free zone in the Middle East would greatly
enhance the cause of peace in the region and in the
world,
Considering its resolution 32/82 of 12 December
1977, in which it expressed the conviction that the
development of nuclear capability would further com-
plicate the situation and immensely damage the efforts
to create an atmosphere of confidence in the Middle
East,
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-Guided by its relevant recommendations in the Final
Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General
Assembly, dealing with the establishment of a nuclear-
weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East,SO
Recognizing that the establishment of a nuclear-
weapon-free zone in the Middle East would *greatly
enhance international.peace and security,
1. Urges all parties directly concerned seriously to
consider taking the practical and urgent steps required
for the implementation of the proposal to establish
a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East in
accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General
Assembly and, as a means of promoting this objec-
tive, invites the countries concerned to adhere to the
Treaty on the 1' on-Froiiicration of Nuclear Wcapons;=i
2. Invites these countries. pending the establish-
ment of such a zone in the Middle East and during
the process of its establishment, to declare solemnly
that they will refrain on a reciprocal basis from pro-
ducing, acqu ring or in any other way possessing
nuclear weapons and nuclear explosive devices;
3. Calls upon these countries to refrain, on a re-
ciprocal basis, from permitting the stationing of nuclear
w?capans on their territory by any third party, and to
agree to place all their nuclear activities under Inter-
national Atomic Energy Agency safeguards;
4. Further invites these countries, pending the es-
tablishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Mid-
dle East and during the process of its'establishment,
to declare, consistent with paragraph 63 (d) of the
Final Doccu:ncnt of the Tenth Special Session, their
support for cstablishing such a zone in the region and
.to deposit these declarations with the Security Council;
5. Rearms again its recommendation to the
nuclear-weapon States to refrain from any action con-
trary to the spirit and purpose of the present resolution
and the objective of cstablishing in the region of the
Middle East a nudcsr-weapon-fret zone under an ef-
so 1Fid?, jr `n-61 M.
s1 Rc.saut o 2373 (?7171), &c=-7-
operation to th~ales of the region in their efforts
to promote these )ectives;
6. Renews its invitation to the Secretary-General
to continue to explore the possibilities of staking pro-
gress towards the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-
free zone in the region of the Middle East;
7. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of
its thirty-fourth session the item entitled "Establish-
ment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of
the Middle East".
84th plenary meeting
P'ecrnsber978
33/65. Estnblislimcnt of a nuclear-weapon-free
zone in South Asia
The General Assembly,
Recalling its resolutions 3265 B (XItIX) of 9 De-
cember 1974, 3476 B ()XX) of 11 December 1975,
31/73 of 10 Dcccmbcr 1976 and 32/83 of 12 Deccm-
ber 1977 concerning the establishment of a nuclear-
weapon-free zone in South Asia,
Reiterating its conviction that the establishment of
nuclear-weapon-free zones in various regions of the
world is one of the measures Which can contribute
most effectively to the objectives of non-proliferation
of nuclear weapons and general and complete disar-
mament,
Believing that the establishment of a nuclear-
weapon-free zone in South Asia, as in other regions,
will strengthen the security of the States of the region
against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons,
Noting the declarations issued at the highest level
by Governments of South Asian States reaffirming
their undertaking not to acquire or manufacture nuclear
weapons and to devote their nuclear programmes ex-
clusively to the economic and social advancement of
their peoples,
Recalling that in the above-mentioned resolutions
it called upon the States of the South Asian region
and such other neighbouring non-nuclear-weapon
States as might be interested to make all possible
efforts to establish it nuclear-weapon-free zone- in South
Asia and to refrain, in the meantime, from any action
contrary to this objective,
Further recalling that, in its resolutions 3265 B
(XXIX). 31/73 and 32/83, it requested the Secre-
tary-General to convene a meeting for the purpose of
the consultations mentioned therein and to render such
assistance as might be required to promote the efforts
for the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in
South Asia,
Bearing in mind the prop tsions of paragraphs 60 to
61 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session
of the General Asstmbl)y regarding the establishment
of nuclear-wweapon-free zones, including in the region
of South Asia,
Noting the report of the S--erctary-Gcncral on 14
establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in South
Asia,"
b.R.esaItxt;on S-102
=A/33/360.
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Recalling that, in paragraph 1226the Final Docu-
ment of the Tenth Special Session of the General
Assembly"' it decided that, at the earliest appropriate
time, a world disarmament conference should be con-
vened with universal participation and with adequate
preparation,
1. Renews the mandate of the Ad Hoc Committee
on the World Disarmament Conference; .
2. Requests the Ad Hoc Committee to maintain
close contact with the representatives of the States
possessing nuclear weapons in order to remain cur-
rently informed of their attitudes, as well as with all
other States, and to consider any relevant comments
and observations which might be made to the Com-
mittee? especially having in mind paragraph 122 of
the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session;
3. Requests the Ad Hoc Committee to submit a
report to the General Assembly at its thirty-foprth
session-
4. Decides to include in -the provisional agenda
of its thirty-fourth session the item entitled "World
Disarmament Confereuce".
84th plenary meeting
14 December 1978
33/7(1, United Nations Conference on Prohibi-
f Use of Certain
i
ons o
tions or Restrict
Conventional Weapons Which May Be
Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or
to Have Indiscriminate Effects
The General Assembly,
Convinced that the suffering of civilian populations
and combatants could be significantly reduced if gen-
eral agreement could be attained in the prohibition
or restriction for humanitarian reasons of the use of
specific conventional weapons, including any which
may be deemed to be excessively injurious or to
have indiscriminate effects,
Mindful that positive results as regards the non-use
or restriction of use for humanitarian reasons of spe-
cific conventional weapons would serve, in addition,
as encouragement in the broader field of disarmament,
Recalling its' resolution 32/152 of 19 December
1977, in which it decided to convene in 1979 a
United Nations Conference on Prohibitions or Restric-
tions of Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which
May be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to
Have Indiscriminate Effects,
Reiterating the task entrusted by the General As-
sembly at its tenth special session to the Conference.
namely, that it should consider specific categories of
such weapons, including those which had been the
subject-matter of previously conducted discussions, as
well as the appeal addressed by the Assembly at its
special session to all States to contribute towards
carrying out this tasVO
Recalling its decision to convene a Przpar-atory
-Confc:rence for the United Nations Conference R1th
the 'ask of establishing the best possible substantive
basis for the achievement at the United Nations Con-
fcrcnce of agreements on prohibitions or restrictions
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CIA-RDP87R00029R000200330014-7
of use of certaingbnventional weapons and of con-
sidering oreanizat al matters relating to the bolding
of the United Nations Conference t1
1. Takes note of the report of tht Preparatory
Conference for the United Nations Conference on
Prohibitions or Restrictions of Use of Certain Con-
ventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be
Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate. Ef-
fects42 on its first session and of the progress made
with regard to organizational aspects; .
2. Notes that a number of proposals on the
substantive work of the United Nations Conference
were introduced and views exchanged on them;
3. Reaffirms its belief that the United Nations
'Conference should strive to reach agreement on spe-
cific instruments in the field of certain conventional
weapons which may be deemed to be excessively in-
jurious or to have indiscriminate effects;
4. Endorses the decision of the Preparatory Con-
ference to bold another session from 19 March to 12
April 1979 with a view to continuing its preparatory
work in respect of both the organizational and the
substantive aspects of the United Nations Conference;
5. Reaffirms its decision that tt.E United Nations
Conference should be held in 1979 and endorses the
recommendation of the Preparatory Conference that
it should be held at Geneva from 10 to 28 September
1979;
Invites States to participate actively in the
6
.
further work of the Preparatory Conference and in
the United Nations Conference itself and to be repre-
sented, in so far as possible, by the required legal,
military and medical expertise;
7. Requests the Secretary-General to provide con-
tinued assistance to the Preparatory Conference in its
work and to undertake the necessary preparations for
the bolding of the United Nations Conference;
8. Decides to include in the provisional agenda
of its thirty-fourth session an item entitled "United
Nations Conference on Prohibitions or Restrictions
of Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May
Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have
Indiscriminate EQCCts: report of the Conference".
84th plenary meeting
14 December 1978
33/71. Review of the implementation of the
recommendations and decisions adopted
by the General Assembly at its tenth
special cession
fILITA Y AR'D r'uc LEAK cot1.ABORATiox_wrm ISJ AEL '
The Genera! Assembly,
Gravely concerned over the continued and rapid
Israeli military build-up,
Alarmed by the increasing evidence regarding Is-
raeli attempts to acquire nuclear weapons,
Expressing its 'alarm over, the.. use by Israel of
.cluster bombs 'against .refugee camps and Kilian
targets in southern Lebanon,
srat 3 and <
3
.
. r
at R.ewtutOa 311
ainfrriat Frcord' of the General ilaumfly, TJiry-tMrl
u R,.-soh-ion S- 10/1 +tcrrunt No. 44 (AJ33/44).
so 1h Id.. par a.. t6 and 97. ~p.ion, Su?
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(a) * The u f nu---3c2 weapons will 'be a viola-
tion of the Cha of the United Nations and a crime
against humanity;
(b) The use of nu='c--r weapons should therefore
be prohibited, pending nuclear disarmament;
2. Requests all Stat_ particularly nuclear-weapon
States, to submit to the Secretary-General, before the
thirty-fourth session of the General Assembly, pro-
posals concerning the non-use of nuclear weapons,
avoidance of nuclear Gar and related matters, in .
order that the question of an international convention
or some other agreement on the subject may be dis-
cussed at that session.
?Rkrcafling its resolutions 3260) of 9 De-
cember 1974, 3474 (XXX) ofVF December 1975,
31/7] of 10 December 1976 and 32/82 of 12 De-
ccmbcr 1977 on the establishment of a nuclear-
weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East,
Recognizing that the continued escalation of Israeli
armament constitutes a threat to international peace
and security and underlies Israel's persistent defiance
of General Assembly resolutions and its policy of
expansion, occupation and denial of the inalienable
rights of the Palestinian people,
Further recalling its repeated condemnations of the
intensification of military collaboration between Israel
and South'Africa and its resolution 32/105 F of 14
December 1977, entitled "Military and nuclear col-
laboration with South Africa",
1. Calls upon all States to co-operate fully in
effective international action, in accordance with
Chapter VII of the Charter .of the United Nations,
to avert this grave menace to international peace and
security;
2. Requests the Security Council, in particular, to
call upon all States, under Chapter VII of the Charter
and irrespective of any existing contracts:
(a) To refrain from any supply of arms, ammuni-
tion, military equipment or vehicles, or spare parts
therefor, to,Isr.:el, without any exception;
(b) To ensure that such supplies do not reach
Israel through other parties;
(c) To end all transfer of nuclear equipment or
fissionable material of technology to Israel;
3. Further requests the Security Council to estab-
lish machinery for supervising the implementation of
the measures referred to ir p:agraph 2 above;
4.' Invites all Governments and organizations to
take all app: opeiate action to promote the purposes
of the present resolution.
84th plenary meeting
4! :December 3978 t
NON-USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND PREVENTION
OF NUCLEAR WAR
The General Assembly,
Alarmed by the threat to the survival of mankind
and to the life-sustaining system posed by nu=i=
%N-capons and by their use inherent in concepts of
dctcrrc:nce.
Convinced that nuclear disarmament is essential for
the prcvcntici of nuclear war and for the strengthening
of international peace and security,
Recalling the statement contained in the Final Docu-
rncnt of the Tenth Special Session of the General As-
scrnbly that all States should actively, participate in
cflorts to bring about conditions in international rela-
tions aimon; States in which a code of peaceful conduct
of nations in international affairs could be agreed and
which would prcdudc the use or threat of use of
nuclcar weapons,"
1. Declares that-
84th plenary meeting
14 December 1978 .
C.
URGENT NEED FOR CESSATION OF FURTHER TESTING
OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
The General Assembly,
Gravely concerned that continued testing of nuclear
weapons exacerbates the arms race and constitutes
a serious hazard to the environment and the health
of present and future generations of mankind,
Reiterating its conviction that the cessation of
nuclear-weapon testing in all environments would be
a major step towards controlling the development of
nuclear weapons and an important contribution to theme--
prevention of nuclcar-weapon proliferation.
Recalling the determination of the parties to the
Treaty Banning Nuclear 'Weapon Tests in the At-
mosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water," ex-
pressed in that Ticaty, to continue negotiations to
achieve the discontinuance of all test explosions of
nuclear weapons for all time, -
Recalling its resolutions on the question of nuclear-
weapon testing adopted each year since 1958 by very
large majorities and. in particular, resolution 32/78
of 12 December 1977,
Reaffirming that a comprehensive test ban is a
matter of the highest priority,
Recalling the various views expressed -by non-nu-
clear-weapon States during the tenth special session
of the General Assembly that, pending the conclusion
of a comprehensive tcst-ban treaty, the world com-
munity would be encouraged if all the nuclear-weapon
States refrained from testing nuclear weapons,
Regretting that the Conference of the Committee
on Disarmament has not been able to evmmcnee
negotiations on a comprehensive ' nuclear tat-ban
treaty owing to the non-submission of the joint draft
treaty expected from the three nuclear-weapon States
involved,
Calls upon all States, in particular all the nuclcar-
wtapon States, pending the conclusion of a cam-
prchcnsive test-ban treaty, to refrain from conducting
any testis of nuclcar : weapons and other nuclear
explosive devices:
841h plenary megrim
14 December I Y78
'" Unt:cd Nataxn. Tsr~rs Sr4es..oi. 480. No. 6964. p. 43.
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 hat, in a s iirit of goon Witt a.,~, --- -
iarmonize their positions, they may estab is the politi-
:al pre-conditions for the solution of those problems,
and also, in the inicrests ocr onunites for co--operationlcreated
mum use Of PP
by States in other fields of their relations with one
n
another;
(d) To consider in a fully reponibleanan ertand s i a spirit of co-operation all proposals
aimed at promoting the achievement of mutually accept-
able concrete measures of. disarmament and helping to
accelerate progress in disarmament negotiations;
IV
I, Declares that the provisions of the present Dec-
ation and plcm on are
ld in
andre that each tof tthem is atcompon nt of
ajoint to
a joint approach by States in their determination Docu
to respect and apply all the principles of the Find
of the Tenth Special. Session of the General As;
ational co-operation
xiie
.,
scmbly and to develop broad intern
for achieving the objectives of real disarmament as de-
fuied by the Assembher that no provision of this Decla-
2. Declares f '
CChad as rter or superseding the the Finl
ration of the
and principles ial Session and that no
Document of the Tenth Spec
provision alizatioDn of the right of every State to individ-
right to
mediate re
teal or collective self-defence Or its
Ib~ratenitseoceupied
defend its territorial integrity,
territories in accordance with the Charter, with
right of colonial or.displaced peoples to struggle dery
possible rncans for their national freedom, Fcn
11 December 1979
97th plenary meeting
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3. Cats peon
t .national Atomic Energy
by
tics to inspection by VW
Agency;
4. Strongly condemns any attempt by Israel to man-
ufacture, acquire, store or test nuclear weapons or ir,-
troduce them into the Middle East;
5. Requests the Security Council to adopt appropn-
va _
air, measures concerning Israeli nuclear armament,.
want resolutions ns with the assist-
the
l
6. Requests the Secretary-G` na c
Israeli
a study
ance of qualified experts ?= to P 'P
nuclear armament and to report to the General Assem-
bly at its thirty-sixth session;
7. Further rcqucsts the Secretary-General to sub to t
a progress report on the work of the group o experts
the General Assembly at its thirty-fifth oess agenda of its
~
8. Decides to include in the provisional
-thirty-fifth session the item entitled ,Israeli nuclear
armament".
97th plenarymeeting
;Ueeember' 3979 !
rig(l
en tStatcs1enin~ of goad neigh-
34/99. Ile
crn nt and
n
bour
The General Assembly,
exdclennin3tion of the pcO Of
Bearing in- m on the
pressed in the Charter of esthe
the United Na practise tolerance and live together
United Nations top god neighbours,
in peace with one another as g
Noring that good neighbourliness is also contained in
numerous bilateral and multilateral treaties, ccmber
RecaL`ing its resolutions f10 Decemlber1958i in which
1957 and 1301 (?1111)
it stressed the importance of constantly promoting sec uritfad
y
neighbourly relations for the peace section among
peoples and for the development of co-op
States, rap
h hic ie proximity.
Bearing in inind that, owing togeogras for co-
there are particularly favourable opp
operation and mutual advantage between neigbbou ling
`i`l of
countries in many fields and that these opportun
should bstive ~linflucnce on international relat relations as a
their positive
whole,
Considering that the great changes of a political,
economic and social nature as well as. the scientific and
technological progress which have taken PlOcc
world and led to unprecedented interrdoedpe den of a-
good
lions have riven new dimensions to
fuensure its rther
increase
re effective implementationirtthe conduct of
and its m?
States in all fields, of
Convinced that the development and strengthening
food neighbourliness are likely to co tr Qute to thbetweene
of problems between States, p
neighbouring ones. and to the enhancing of confidence
between then.
Deeply concerned at the Pc sis ularlynne, hbo ring
of conflicts between Stara, pa
s rity and prn8
ones. which endanger the lx ~ i
of States, cnmlustioa of the long Clay
Considering that the .g ncighbourLncss is lil:dy
tice and certain norms of good
Ps Subscquezt) ? cttcrred to as the Group of Exiesu to Pre-
art a a Study or, u.cli TJuclrat Ara'c3-czt.
Study
The General Assembly,
-reasin; information and evi
,ardii eTa by the cl,s ac i sties aim ng at the acquisition ce d
regarding
development of nuclear weapons. of 14 December
Retailing its resolution 33/71 A
1978 on military and nuclear collaboration with Israel,
Rclar i collaboratiion between Israel and South
and nuc nu,.le
Africa, Utz of 9Do-
Reaffirming its resolutiono2611(XXIX of iD.e-
December 1975,
ccmber 1974, 3474 (XXX)
1 771 of and 64 of 1976, on theDestablish
rn.cot ent o of '[ a 33/ nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the
},fiddle East. sbili
Convinced that the development of nuclear cap tY erous Israel in the reigion and further threatendinternat nal
t+ititvaLcn
. peace and sccurity,
1. Appeals to all States to put an and to any co-
and sist
operation with Israel which may as
also it in tacqide
. and d~_vclori^", nuclear weapo within di their
corporations, institutiono--0 d individual's
on tha may result in
junsdiction from i y,. F'c
providing Israel with nuclear weapons;
2.. Cells upon all States to take. all necessary me -
urns to pirvent the transfer to is ae ael ~u1rsssiboen use d fo-
. serial and nuclear technology
nuclear arms;
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.
UNITEb NATIONS
c- ENERAL
ASSElMBLY
Distr.
GETIERAL
A/RES/35/147
9 January'1981
TPhirty-fifth session
Agenda item 38
RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
/on the report of the First Committee (A/35/690)/
,YZ Establishment of a nuclear-weapon=free zone in the
region of the Middle East
The General Assembly,
Recalling its resolution-3263 (XXIX) of 9 December 1974, in which it
overwhelmingly commended the idea of the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free
zone in the region of the Middle East,
Recalling also its resolution 34+74+ (XXX) of 11 December 1975, in which it
recognized that the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East
enjoyed wide support in the region,
Bearing in mind its resolution 31/71 of 10 December 1976, in which it
expressed the conviction that progress towards the establishment of a nuclear-
Weapon-free zone in the Middle East would greatly enhance the, cause of peace in
the region and in the world,
? Recalling its resolution 32/82 of 12 December 1977,. in which it expressed the
conviction that the development of nuclear capability would further complicate
the situation and immensely 'damage the efforts to establish a nuclear-weapon-free
zone in the Middle East,
Guided by the recommendations in the Final Document of the Tenth Special
Session of the General Assembly 'dealing with the establishment of a nuclear-
~weapon-free zone in the region of the Iliddle East, l/
Recalling also its resolutions. 33/64 of IL December 1978 and 3+/77 of
11 December 1979,
1/ Resolution S-10/2, para. 63 (d).
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?
?
Recognizing that the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the
Middle East would greatly enhance international peace and security,
1. Urges all parties directly concerned seriously to consider taking-the
practicalcand urgent steps required for the implementation of the proposal to
Establish a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East in accordance with the
relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and, as a mearrs.of promoting this
objective, invites the countries concerned to adhere to the Treaty on the
Pon-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; 2/
2. Invites those countries, pending the establishment of such a.zone in
the Middle East and during the process of its establishment, to declare solemnly.
that they will refrain, on a reciprocal basis, from producing, acquiring or in any
other vay possessing nuclear weapons and nuclear explosive devices;
3. Calls upon those countries to refrain; on a reciprocal basis, from
permitting the stationing of nuclear weapons on their territory by any third party
and to agree to place all their nuclear activities under International Atomic
Fhergy Agency safeguards:
1. Further invites those countries, pending the establishment of a nuclear-
weapon-free zone in the Middle East and during the process of its establishment,
to declare their support for establishing such a zone in the region consistent with
paragraphs 60 to 63, in particular paragraph 63 (d), of the Final Document of the
Tenth Specisl.Session and to deposit those declarations with the Security Council
for consideration as appropriate;
5. Reaffirms again its recommendation to the nuclear-weapon States to
refrain from any action contrary to the spirit and purpose of the present
resolution and the objective of establishing in the region of the Middle East a
nuclear-weapon-free zone under an effective system of safeguards and to extend
their co-operation to the States of the region in their efforts to promote these
objectives;
6. Renews its invitation to the Secrets ay-General to continue to ex Sore
the possibilities of making progress towards the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-
free zone in the region of the Middle East; -
7. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its thirty-'sixth session
the item entitled "Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of
the Middle East".
2/ General Assembly resolution 2373 (XXII), annex.
94th plenary meeting
82"S~ce~ber l983?
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.UNITED tit ; T I O N S
GENERAL
ASSEMBLV'
Distr.
LIMITED
A/C.1/35/L.3
31 October 198i?
Thirty-firth session
FIRST COMITTEE
Agenda item 38
ISTABLISHi?r!T OF A 1,TUCLEAR-1?TE.APON-FREE ZONE
IN THE REGIOTI OF THE ]MIDDLE EAST
~r'a'e`1 _ - `d rafi=n-esoliition- t
The General Assembly,
D
Reaffirming paragraph 60 of the Final Document of the tenth special session of
the General Assembly, which reads as follows: "The establishment- of nuclear-
weepon-free zones on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at emong the States
-of the region concerned constitutes an important disarmament measure",-
Aware of the urgent need tp establish such a zone in the Middle East, in view
of conflict situations which threaten the peace of that region,
Convinced that the effective way to prevent the proliferation *.of nuclear
weapons in the Middle East is through negotiations leading to the establishment of
a system of mutually-binding obligations which would provide each State in the
region with a contractual assurance of others' compliance with the commitment to
abstain from introducing nuclear weapons into the region, - ,'
p_cell;n'r its resolution 31/70 on the ce,=nrehc::c_ve =tud cf the ;'_cstien of
nuclear-weapon-free zones in all its aspects, particularly paragraph 3, which
reiterates the conviction that the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones can.
.contribute to the security of members of such zones, to the prevention of
proliferation of nuclear weapons and to the goals of general and complete
disarmament,
Recn_llir.^ further its resolution 33/91 B of 16 December 1979 on confidence-
building nc?asures and convinced that the adherence of all ?ember States of the
Middle East region to a treaty establishing a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the
Middle East would in itself serve to reduce tensions and pave the way for the
introduction of further confidence-building measures,
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 A/C.i/35/L.8
Eugi i sh
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? ?
n States
1. Calls upon all States of esiGnatoriesttonany treaty on-nuclear-uea providing fere for a
nce
a con
adjacent to the region, which are not possible date
nuclear-weapon-free zone, to convene at the earliest p e ncefree
With a view to negotiating a multilateral treaty establishing a nuclear-weapon-
zone in the Middle East:, _ 1 hfay 1981 their xillingness
Urges all states of the region to state by
Z 2.
to participate in the conference; facilities for
3. ReaUects the Secretary-General to provide the necessary
the convening, ch a conference.
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Nam, Omen, Yugoslavia, Zaire? Zam~, Zimzbabt-re
A,,7ainr,t : None
Abstuinint;': Belgiuri, Canada, France, Germany, Federal Republic or,
Greece, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, iletherlands, Portugal,
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ilorthern Ireland,
United States of America
Draft resolution D was adopted by 133 votes to none,,,- with 12 abstentions
(resolution 35/11+6 B).
The PRDSID1IT: lie have thus concluded our consideration of agenda item 37.
The next report of the First Committee, is on aGcnda item 3C, entitled
"Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the rerion of the Middle East". The
report is contained in'docu7ment A/35/690. The Assembly will take a decision on the
draft resolution which is recommended by the First Committee in paragraph 9 of that
report.
The First Committee adopted the draft resolution without a vote. I hope I
may take it that the General Assembly wishes to do likewise.
The draft resolution was adopted (resolution 35/11+7).
Ync PRE5IDI:;T: I shall. now ca'..ll or, these u::o Irish to
explain their votes-
I:.hiJF (I5racl): Israel cent along with the consensus expressed by the
General Assembly in support of the draft resolution contained in docuwcnt A/35/690
because, like so many ilember States, Israel holds that there is an urgent need to
establish a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle Bast. Israel has joined the
consensus despite our serious reservations as to the riodalities of arriving at the
establishment of such a zone as recommended by the resolution before us..
The introduction of nuclear weapons in the region can be effectively prevented
only by means of contractual 'assurances freely arrived at, and not by obligations
imposed fro:.i without. Israel has for the last five Years not only supported the idea
of establizhinZ such a zone, but on numerous occasions - in plenary r eetin-a and
in the First Committee, as well as in letters to the Secretary-General - offered
proposals to that end.
It is essential that a nuclear-weapon-free zone be established in a z-.nncr most
'likely to assure each State in the region of the others' co=pliance with tht 'terms
of a freely n?-Ebtiated convention on the model of the Treaty of Tlatclolco.
Israel has therefore proposed the conclusion through direct negotiations
by all : tatcz of the rc;;ion of a m::ltilattral convention establishing a
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A/C.1/35/?37
.47
CHAIRI9AI:: I now call on the representative of the United States,
The
T
who would like to make a statement following the adoption of the resolution.
Mr. tFLOdEHEIr 'United States of America) : The United States welcomes
the adoption of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions of Use of Certain
Conventional Weapons and hopes that 411 States will Five the most serious
consideration to early signature and ratification of the Convention and its
three Protocols. 'Je believe that the Convention can serve real humanitarian
interests in minimizing unnecessary injury or damage to the civilian population
in times of armed conflict.
n
States to ar;reemets
;le want to emphasize, however, that formal adherence by
restricting the use of weapons in armed conflict would be of little purpose
if the parties were not at the same' time firmly committed to tal-.ing every
appropriate step to ensure compliance with those restrictions after
their entry into force.
In particular, the provisions of the present Convention and its Protocols
would have little humanitarian value if the parties were inclined to tolerate
breaches in the future by States which are bound to comply with them. In
this connexion, it would be useful to note that States parties would have
situation in which
a variety of actions open to them to deal with any
significant doubts might arise as to compliance with this Convention. For
example, they might request the State or States in question to cdnsult promptly
and fully regarding any such situation and to act responsibly to cease any
- vhich is of course, the duty under international law of
violations ,
to any treaty. In the case of any violations by any
States party adversary,
?
-the right of reprisal, as defined and limited by the international law of
armed conflict, would be available. They might raise compliance problems
at any conference of parties convened under article 8 of the Convention
and agree on appropriate action to deal with them.
c
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t
?
They might also invoke the provisions of article-90 of Protocol I
to the 19+9 Geneva Conventions, to ,the extent that the fact _finding procedures
of that article might apply to the case in question. And finally, in serious
cases, they might call upon the appropriate bodies within the United Nations-
system to take suitable action in. accordance with their particular mandates--
to address and resolve the situation.
While, on the whole, we believe that this range of remedies. provides
?.dequate means for States parties to ensure compliance with the Convention,_
the United States also supported the adoption by the United Nations
Conference of a provision proposed by 'number of States for the creation
of a special consultative committee of experts to assist in dealing with
specific compliance questions under this Convention. We regret that such
a provision was not adopted and, of course, reserve our right to return
to this idea at a -later date.
In any event, we trust that States which become party to this
Convention will do all in their power to see to it that its provisions
;ire fully observed. This is, of course, the firm intention of the
United States. If States adhere to the Convention with this determination,
,we believe that it can be an important and useful step in advancing
the humanitarian cause of giving the maximum feasible protection to
civilian populations in time of armed conflict.
The CHAIRMO : The-Committee will now take action on draft
resolution A/C.1/35/L.17/Rev.l. This draft resolution has 19 sponsors
and was introduced by the representative of Belgium at the thirty-second
meeting of the First Committee on 17 I November 1980.
I now call on the Secretary of the First Cemittee, who will make a.
statement regardinc the financial- implications of this draft resolution.
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r eree .' Viil .~ &
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- . RATIONS ? ?
General Assembly
Distr.
GENERAL
A/RES/35/157
12 January 1981
Thirty-fifth session
Agenda item 49
KESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
[on the report of the First Committee (A/35/700))
35/157. Israeli nuclear armament
The General Assembly,
Recalling its relevant resolutions on the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-
free zone in the region of the Middle East,
Reaffirming its resolution 33/71 A of 14 December 1978 on military and nuclear
collaboration with Israel, and its resolution 34/89-of 11 December 1979 on Israeli
nuclear armament,
1. Takes note of the progress report of the Secretary-General on the work of
the Group of Experts to Prepare a Study on Israeli Nuclear Armament 2J submitted to
the General Assmbly at its thirty-fifth session)
2. Requests the Secretary-General to pursue his efforts in this regard and
to submit his report to the General Assembly at its thirty-sixth session)
3. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its thirty-sixth session
the item entitled "Israeli nuclear armament".
94th plenary meeting
12 December 1980
adopted by:99- 6-36
LI A/35/458.
81-00702 8857E (E)
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 ? counts, Israel has an immaculate record.
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) adopted recommendaW's to the General
Conference whose operative part reads, in part, as follows:
"l. Strongly condemns Israel for this premeditated and unjustified
attack on the Iraq! nuclear research centre, which is covered by Agency
safeguards; ?
2. Recommends to the General Conference at its forthcoming regular
session to consider all the implications of this attack, including suspend-
ing the exercise by Israel of the privileges and rights of membership;...
4. Recommends that the General Conference suspend provision of
any assistance to lsiael under Agency's technical assistance programme;...
2. It is- submitted that these recommendations have no relation to the raid
on the Tamuz I reactor and lack foundation in the Charter or Statute of the IAEA.
3. Article XIX B of the Statute states that a "member which has persist-
ently violated the provisions of this Statute... may be suspended from the
exercise of the privileges and rights of membership by the General Conference
acting by a two-thirds majority of the number present and voting upon recommend-
ation by the Board of Governors". It is clear from the language and spirit of
the Statute that the violations referred to can only be non-compliance with
inspection procedures (Article XII C of the Statute) or arrears of more than two
years in the payment of membership dues (Article XIXA). On both of these
4.- Withholding "assistance to Israel under the Agency's teciuiicai assistance
programme" would be without precedent unless preceded by a suspension of
privileges and rights.
IAEA technical assistance to Israel has always been given and received
in conformity with the provisions of the IAEA Statute. The Iraqi incident cannot
conceivably have any bearing on Israel's entitlement to such assistance. There-
fore, any decision on suspension of technical assistance adopted at the forth-
coming General Conference which links that suspension with the reasons cited
by the Board of Governors would be arbitrary and run counter to Article III A 1
of the IAEA Statute which authorizes the Agency "to encourage and assist research
on, and development and practical application of atomic energy for peaceful uses
throughout the world". Indeed. such a decision would dangerously erode the
principle of universality which Is fuYidzment_zl to the existence and functioning
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 .Israel delegation to the General Conference would also amount to an illegal denial
of a member State's basic rights and privileges under the IAEA Statute.
6. Israel should not be singled out for condemnation or punitive action. No
action was taken by the IAEA when India exploded a nuclear device; in relation
to the Pakistani activities to produce nuclear weapons; when the Iranian Air
Force bombed the Tamuz complex in September 1980; or in the face of the
Agency's inability to perform its safeguards duties.in Iran for about two years
from 1979 until recently. At the same time, Israel was denied the possibility
to present its case to, the Governor of the IAEA before they proceeded to
condemn it on 12 June 1981.
7. Before reverting to the questions concerning Israel in the Conference,
a brief explanation of the reasons, which moved the Government of Israel to its
decision to act in self-defence and to destroy the Tamuz reactor near Baghdad is
offered.
8. The Government of Israel decided on the raid out of the conviction that
Tamuz arad.Its auxiliary installations were designed to produce plutonium for
nuclear weapons the principal target of which would be Israel. To prevent
injury to the civilian population, Tarnuz was disabled before the start-up of the
reactor, scheduled for the latter half of 1981.
9. The Government of Israel entertained the following considerations out
of a sense of resp that It riiiist ward off the grievous threat to the
existence and safety of Israel inherent in the emerging Iraqi nuclear programme:
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a) Iraq Is committed to the elimination of Israel ever since Israel was
established and has taken every opportunity within Its power to promote.
this aim.
b) In the Israeli view, Iraq' adhered to the NPT to qualify as a recipient
of nuclear facilities and expertise. and assembled all Ingredients
required for the development of nuclear weapons.
n g Indicated a
C) Iraq's preference for Oslraq. and the supports g
calculated Iraqi attempt to exploit llmitnUons In IAEA safeguards on
materials testing reactors (MTT11s) for the purpose of.embarking on a.
nuclear weapons programme without risking'detectlon.
6/..
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It should be ad* that a decision not to accept tT redentlats of Lue
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the consummation
d Israel could not possibly await, without mortal.
d) Israel could
of the Iraqi nuclear effort for final and manifest proof.
e) Israel's concern about the Iraqi nuclear programme was shared by
authoritative governmental and professional assessments abroad. Yet
six years of diplomatic. effort to take the sting out of the. Iraqi. programme-.
bad yielded-little more than reference to IAEA inspections under the
NPT of which Iraq is a signatory
withdrawal from the NPT'iS possible upon
e
t
g) Finally, the Government of Israel could no os g
3months' notice. In such:
While highly appreciative of the efforts-of the staff of the IAEA to
discharge their duties loyally and effectively, the Government of Israel
was compelled to conclude that the inspection procedure 'for'MTRs such
as that presently authorized for use by the IAEA could not prevent Iraq
from succeeding in making bombs. .
si ht of the fact.that
1
a case, the Board of Governors of the IA EA, of which Iraq itself is a
member, would hardly demur, considering that among the members
of the Board are Pakistan (which is not party to. NPT) and other
countries which share*Iraq's hostility to.Israel.
. sum up action by the General Conference against Israel in the
10. o
spirit pf the recommendations of the Board of Governors would bean disregard
ti tL-c Agency's Ch inter inn Statute. Such a misuse of powers on political grounds
rnigTit convert the IAEA into but one more instrument of political warfare, turn
It against Its own Charter and Statute, and erode the Agency's authority as a
es onsible and autonomous agency, hampering its ability to perform Its duties.
r p it maybe
If any one of the Board's recommendations Is. allowed to go forward.
harmful not only to Isricl but to the future of the IAEA. Clearly, a decision
whicb.1s contrary to the constitutional Instruments of the Agency does not become
lawful because a majority of States votes In favour of It. - Numbers cannot cure
a lack of constitutional competence.
The Government of Israel requests other Governments that, In the light
11.
of the cxplan_ztlons here set out. they weigh carefully, the voting instructions they
give to their representatives to the General Conference of the L- EA.
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? ?
_ 7 -
12. Israel has recently taken a number of initiatives on the establishment
of a nuclear-weapons-free zone in the Middle East to be negotiated and pa e -
after the Tiatelolco Treaty. The Government of Israel holds this to be
romising way of removing further gathering threats in the region and believes
p the IAEA
that Its initiatives deserve general support. Ostracizing Israel by
could tend to discourage Israel's trust in the Agency's discharge of its global
and comprehensive mission. Such a course would be as much out of tune with
the interests of the IAEA and'the world community as it would be with the hopes
and desires *of the Government of Israel.
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ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
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Over the years Israel
Or. this point the concersus in Israel Was t?taZ' interceding I,.th
tried to remove this threat by dipionrtic cans by
Iraq's scpiicrs and :aging other frie ...dZY govert ents to use their
? ,
in fiuer..:e, but to no avail.
efforts on the inter-
spurred Israel to pro;note Ifi.ddZe
ne cr~.ring threat
na:tioncZ scene to prevent the spread of r~--~h we re gotiate
East, by cppeaZing at the UN to all states in g"
the estab Zish,-wnt of a nuclear-weaPons free zone in the area modeled
on the Treati of Tlotelolco. Bo-ever Iraq rejected this proposal.
was eft
Faced with this situation, the Goverrzwnt of Israel felt it
in face o f the merging threat, but to remove this danger
,tr. no c.7,xice.
um-
by militar=y action.
fully ca etent within
?
Israel believes that the IAEA and its staff are
date conferred on them by the ~internat.% %al
t;eZirritsofthe ,rzm - - = ?
}.., ,.~ -?s o f ti ir ection procedth'SB.
should be e-~pan3Ed by rerbving
Israel believes that- this ~-m- e
is iracsed upon the rya.
the c:^ st :.ng technical c'i f ficuZtie's and Zuni
from. the IA#A altogether or p~ially would
Ostracising Israel fr
on the
Israel
d!scdvar:tcgcously affect the ini'iat-:?ves taken by
aone in the }!ic3Ze East,
estabZish?-n~:t of a nuclear weapons frec
rt3 remove the
rLegot ted and patterned. after the ZLrf.siolco Tres , c
hope for a genuine way of revv"..ng ~rrthcr gathering t1-seats in the
?tidd Ze East.
Israel's continued parti~=potion in the ac vi ties of the IAEA is
+hcrcfore Wore :rpan=tivc thy: in the past.
- /3
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file IA h , -~ra7ctor of the integrity of the
The Director Gen-craZ of r r again- poZiticaZ press~'ess
1
i.r
I)L:A, and who his ;n-,7-171 ;ILrrsel -1:t-;cal agerg
not let this orga-nizat-i.on become ore more po.
should ez-bodied in its
ui,~ ose members pay lip service to the r-? th e e ideals and enfeeble
statute while using every mean to debate e
.the Charter of the IA-FA.
danger of. politzzat-*cr., a process. which would her
The IA---A fares the d3 in the field of
perform its duties particzcZcz'Zy
its ability to o,:aZ non -
neater d '.ger to the znterrat'
a PoZitic:.Zea safeguards
saefg _rds-_There is nog
tion me and to world peace than
Proliferation regime irsti*,'-a ion.
1 Politicized
,system or a tech-:icc.. essistO"- in a p o?it
the pr,i-,;,e lfirister, and have en^ecvcuT'ed
Since my retlcrn, I have met well as
the above rentioned subjects as
to forward your views on.
the spirit in which they were given.
be oral a?^.y differer-chs of
assie?ed the above and y the feeling
4a? , Y.Zp rest
-, been generated by recent events,
opinion, U h-ch ..--y i.,.a3e , y . hopes of the Agency ale
our people that. the i..,eals and czwsts a-~ng sun-,)ival-
a ainstay in i:w ~:ryrs fight for
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