NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION AUTHORIZATION ACT, 1987

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP87M01007R000501280010-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 251
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 27, 2011
• Sequence Number: 10
• Content Type: REGULATION

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99TH CONGRESS 1 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES { REPORT
2d Session J 99-829
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
AUTHORIZATION ACT, 1987
SEPTEMBER 16, 1986.-Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State
of the Union and ordered to be printed
Mr. FUQUA, from the Committee on Science and Technology,
submitted the following
REPORT
[To accompany H.R. 5495]
[Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office]
The Committee on Science and Technology, to whom was re-
ferred the bill (H.R. 5495) to authorize appropriations to the Na-
tional Aeronautics and Space Administration, and for other pur-
poses, having considered the same, reports favorably thereon with
amendments and recommends that the bill as amended do pass.
The amendments stated in terms of the page and line numbers of
the introduced bill are as follows:
On page 12, after line 22, insert the following:
"NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE COUNCIL
On page 13, line 13, strike "determine." and insert the following:
"determine, including representatives of Federal offices having
statutory scientific, operational, or regulatory responsibilities for
space activities."
On page 15, line 6, after "involved in" insert "aeronautical and".
On page 16, strike lines 3 through 10 and insert the following:
(2) submit to the Committee on Science and Technology
of the House of Representatives and the Committee on
Commerce, Science and Transportation of the Senate by
February 1, 1987, a long-range plan for implementing the
findings and recommendations referred to in paragraph
(1), including a broad assessment of such implementation
on personnel, budget and other resources.
On page 19, line 1, strike "A" and insert "The name of a".
58-6290
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On page 19, line 3, strike "named `Challenger II'.", and insert
the following:
selected by the Administration of the National Aeronau-
tics and Space Administration from among suggestions
submitted by students in elementary and secondary
schools.
On page 19, line 11, strike out "government" and insert
"United States Government".
On page 20, line 4, strike out "windows" and insert "opportuni-
ties".
On page 22, line 18, strike "November 1, 1986" and insert "Janu-
ary 15, 1987".
On page 23, strike lines 6 through 12 and insert the following:
Section 5(a)(1) of the Commercial Space Launch Act is amended to
read as follows:
"(1) pursuant to authorization and subject to the
availability of appropriations, encourage and facilitate
commercial space launches by the private sector, in
consonance with the space policies of the United
States as established in public law; and".
Amendments .....................................................................................................................
Purpose of the bill ............................................................................................................
Committee amendments .................................................................................................
Committee actions ...........................................................................................................
Committee views ..............................................................................................................
Explanation of the bill ....................................................................................................
Research and Development:
1. Space Station ........................................................................................................
Utilization ......................................................................................................
Advanced development ................................................................................
Program management/integration ...........................................................
Operational readiness ..................................................................................
System definition ..........................................................................................
Development ..................................................................................................
2. Space transportation capability development ................................................
Spacelab ..........................................................................................................
Upper stages ..................................................................................................
Engineering and technical base .................................................................
Payload operations and support equipment ............................................
Advanced programs ......................................................................................
Tethered satellite system ............................................................................
Orbital maneuvering vehicle ......................................................................
3. Physics and astronomy .....................................................................................
Hubble space telescope development ........................................................
Gamma ray observatory development ......................................................
Shuttle/Spacelab payload development and mission management....
Explorer development ..................................................................................
Mission operations and data analysis .......................................................
Research and analysis ..................................................................................
Suborbital programs .....................................................................................
4. Life sciences ........................................................................................................
Life sciences flight experiments .................................................................
Research and analysis ..................................................................................
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5. Planetary exploration .......................................................................................
Galileo development .....................................................................................
Magellan (VRM) ............................................................................................
Ulysses (ISPM) ...............................................................................................
Mars Observer (MGCO) ...............................................................................
Mission operations and data analysis .......................................................
Research and analysis ..................................................................................
6. Solid earth observations ...................................................................................
Shuttle/Spacelab payloads ..........................................................................
Geodynamics ..................................................................................................
Research and analysis ..................................................................................
7. Environmental observations ............................................................................
Upper atmosphere research and analysis ................................................
Atmospheric dynamics and radiation research and analysis ...............
Oceanic processes research and analysis .................................................
Space physics research and analysis .........................................................
Payload and instrument development ......................................................
Extended mission operations ......................................................................
Interdisciplinary research and analysis ...................................................
Tethered satellite payloads .........................................................................
Scatterometer ................................................................................................
Upper atmosphere research satellite mission .........................................
Ocean topography experiment (TOPEX) ..................................................
8. Materials processing in space ..........................................................................
Research and analysis ..................................................................................
Materials experiment operations ...............................................................
9. Communications .................................................................................................
Research and analysis ..................................................................................
Search and rescue .........................................................................................
Technical consultation and support studies ............................................
Experiment coordination and operations support ..................................
Advanced communications technology satellite program .....................
10. Information systems ..........................................................................................
11. Technology Utilization ......................................................................................
Technology dissemination ...........................................................................
Technology applications ..............................................................................
12. Commercial use of space ...................................................................................
Commercial application R&D .....................................................................
Commercial development support .............................................................
13. Aeronautical research and technology ..........................................................
Research and technology base ....................................................................
Systems technology programs ....................................................................
14. Transatmospheric research and technology .................................................
15. Space research and technology ........................................................................
Research and technology base ....................................................................
Systems technology programs ....................................................................
Standards and practices ..............................................................................
16. Tracking and data advanced systems ............................................................
Space Flight, Control, and Data Communications:
1. Shuttle production and operational capability .............................................
Orbiter ............................................................................................................
Launch and mission support ......................................................................
Propulsion systems .......................................................................................
Changes and systems upgrading ................................................................
2. Space transportation operations .....................................................................
Flight operations ...........................................................................................
Flight hardware ............................................................................................
Launch and landing operations .................................................................
3. Space and ground networks, communications and data systems .............
Space network ...............................................................................................
Ground networks ..........................................................................................
Communications and data systems ...........................................................
Construction of facilities summary:
1. Construction of central computing facility, Johnson Space Center .........
2. Space station facilities as follows:
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A. Construction of addition to the systems integration and mockup Page
laboratory, Johnson Space Center ......................................................... 209
B. Construction of power systems facility, Lewis Research Center .... 209
C. Modifications to test stand 300 for space station hydrogen/
oxygen propulsion systems development, Marshall Space Flight
Center .......................................................................................................... 210
3. Construction of addition to orbiter processing facility annex, Kennedy
Space Center .......................................................................................................... 210
4. Construction of spacecraft systems development and integration facili-
ty, Goddard Space Flight Center ....................................................................... 211
5. Construction of engineering support building, Jet Propulsion Labora-
tory .......................................................................................................................... 212
6. Modification of uninterruptible power system in space flight oper-
ations facility, Jet Propulsion Laboratory ....................................................... 212
7. Construction of Human Performance Research Laboratory, Ames Re-
search Center ........................................................................................................ 213
8. Construction of integrated test facility, Dryden Research Facility.......... 214
9. Modifications to 8-foot high temperature tunnel, Langley Research
Center ..................................................................................................................... 214
10. Construction of addition for non-destructive evaluation research labo-
ratory, Langley Research Center ...................................................................... 215
11. Construction of the second tracking and data relay satellite system
ground terminal facility in New Mexico, White Sands Test Facility......... 216
12. Repair of facilities at various locations, not in excess of $750,000 per
project ..................................................................................................................... 216
13. Rehabilitation and modification of facilities at various locations, not
in excess of $750,000 per project ........................................................................ 217
14. Minor construction of new facilities and additions to existing facilities
at various locations, not in excess of $500,000 per project ........................... 218
15. Facilities planning and design ......................................................................... 219
Research and Program Managment ............................................................................. 220
Personnel and related costs .................................................................................... 222
Travel ......................................................................................................................... 223
Operation of installation ......................................................................................... 223
Sectional analysis ............................................................................................................. 226
Effects of legislation on inflation .................................................................................. 234
Changes in existing law made by the bill as reported .............................................. 234
Oversight findings and recommendations ................................................................... 240
Congressional Budget Act information ........................................................................ 240
Congressional Budget Office-Cost Estimate ............................................................. 241
Oversight findings and recommendations, Committee on Government Oper-
ations .............................................................................................................................. 243
Committee recommendations ........................................................................................ 243
NASA recommendations ................................................................................................ 243
Cost and budget data ....................................................................................................... 251
TITLE I
The purpose of title I is to authorize appropriations to the Na-
tional Aeronautics and Space Administration for fiscal year 1987 as
follows:
Programs
Authorization
fiscal year 1987
Page
No.
Research and development ............................. $3,038,100,000 36
Space flight, control and data analysis ........ 3,057,000,000 176
Construction of facilities ................................ 166,300,000 207
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Programs
Authorization
fiscal year 1987
Page
No.
Research and program managment ..............
Total ........................................................
1,433,000,000
TITLE II
The purpose of title II is to authorize appropriations to the De-
partment of Transportation to become available October 1, 1986,
$586,000 for the Office of Commercial Space Transportation.
TITLE III
The purpose of title III is to provide for the recovery of the space
transportation capability of the United States. The bill would au-
thorize such appropriations as may be necessary to ensure such re-
covery. This includes returning the Space Shuttle fleet to flight
status safely, constructing a replacement Orbiter, the use of ex-
pendable launch vehicle services for government payloads and es-
tablishing launch priorities for the use of the Space Shuttle. The
Administrator is also required to provide Congress with a 10-year
plan for reimbursements from the Department of Defense for the
use of Space Shuttle services.
TITLE IV
The purpose of title IV is to assure reliable and continued access
to space by providing for government use of commercial expend-
able launch vehicle capability in order to meet national security,
scientific, and commercial objectives of the United States space
program.
SECTION 109
H.R. 5495, as introduced, allowed the President to designate addi-
tional advisory members to the National Aeronautics and Space
Council as he may determine. The committee recommends an
amendment to this language which provides that such additional
advisory members could include representatives of federal offices
having statutory scientific, operational, or regulatory responsibil-
ities for space activities.
This section also contains a provision which establishes a User's
Advisory Group, composed of non-Federal representatives of indus-
tries and other persons involved in space activities. The committee
recommends an amendment to this language which provides that
such other persons may be involved in aeronautical and space ac-
tivities.
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SECTION 110
H.R. 5495, as introduced, requires the Administrator of NASA to
review the findings and recommendations of the National Commis-
sion on Space and to report to the Congress by December 31, 1986,
on a long-range plan for implementng those recommendations. The
Committee recommends an amendment to that language which
will extend the date when the Administrator must submit his
report to Congress to February 1, 1987.
SECTION 302
H.R. 5495, as introduced, contains a provision which allows
NASA to accept gifts and donations which have been designated
for the construction of a Space Shuttle Orbiter and that any Orbit-
er constructed with such funds should be called Challenger H. The
Committee recommends an amendment to this language to allow
the Administrator to select the name of the replacement Orbiter
from among suggestions submitted by elementary and secondary
school students.
SECTION 303
H.R. 5495, as introduced, contains a provision which authorizes
an appropriation to procure launch services for government satel-
lites by expendable launch vehicles. The Committee recommends
an amendment to this language to clarify that these launch serv-
ices are to be procurred for United States Government satellites.
SECTION 304
H.R. 5495, as introduced, contains a provision which establishes
priorities for payloads to be flown on the Space Shuttle, including
one for payloads with limited launch windows. The Committee rec-
ommends an amemdment to this language to use the more accu-
rate phrase limited launch "opportunities' rather than "windows."
SECTION 404
H.R. 5495, as introduced, contains a provision which requires the
Administrator of NASA to report to Congress by November 1, 1986
on NASA's plans for implementing the requirement that NASA
purchase expendable launch vehicle services. The Committee rec-
ommends an amendment to this language to extend the date when
this report is due to January 15, 1987.
SECTION 406
H.R. 5495, as introduced, contains a provision which would elimi-
nate the responsibility of the Secretary of Transportation to pro-
mote, encourage and facilitate a commercial expendable launch ve-
hicle industry under the Commercial Space Launch Act. The Com-
mittee recommends an amendment to this language which requires
that the Secretary of Transportation encourage and facilitate com-
mercial space launches by the private sector, pursuant to authori-
zation and subject to the availability of appropriations, and, in con-
sonance with United States space policies established in public law.
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COMMITTEE ACTIONS
This section decribes changes made by the Committee to the pro-
grams and budget requested by the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration. The full budget and program including parts
not changed is described under "Explanation of the Bill." The
NASA budget request was prepared prior to the Challenger acci-
dent. Thus, neither the request, nor the Committee actions, take
account of the accident. Because the costs of the accident will be
large-over and above the net savings resulting from the Shuttle
not flying-the Committee actions assume that NASA will submit
a supplemental budget request along with a revised budget as soon
as these costs are known.
BUDGET PROVISIONS
TITTLE I
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
PERMANENTLY MANNED SPACE STATION
NASA requested $410,000,000 for the Space Station of which
$150,000,000 would be provided for the commencement of the devel-
opment phase. The Committee added the phrase "Permanently
Manned" to this line item description to clarify the scope of the
program for which the authorization is being made and to signify
the Committee's intent that the goal of this development program
is permanent manned presence in space.
The Committee is fully aware that the original Administration
goal of an $8,000,000,000 program leading to an initial permanently
manned operating capability in 1994 may be difficult given the cur-
rent budget climate and the more realistic cost projections based
on current station design studies.
The Committee believes that the achievement of our objectives in
space should be guided primarily by programmatic goals. Overre-
liance on artificial budgetary goals may lead to an inadequate defi-
nition of our purpose.
With regard to the Space Station, the goal should be clearly de-
fined as permanent manned presence in space, not to build as
much hardware as possible for $8 billion. Furthermore, this perma-
nent presence and access to these facilities must be available at a
reasonable cost to future users. Thus, the budgetary emphasis
should include operational costs rather than only developmental
costs.
To this end, the Committee amended Section 101(aXl) and all
subsequent references to the Space Station to signify that the au-
thorization for this program is for a permanently manned Space
Station. The Committee expects that the program and budget pre-
sented to Congress be laid out to lead to this goal. Alternative
hardware configurations such as a man-tended Station provide a
useful milestone but do not fulfill the ultimate objectives for which
this authorization is made.
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NASA requested $465,500,000 for Space Transportation Capabil-
ity Development activities in fiscal year 1987. The Committee de-
creased funding for Spacelab activities by $5,000,000; reallocated,
within available funding levels, funding for upper stage programs;
decreased funding for payload operations and support equipment
by $5,000,000; and decreased funding for the Orbital Maneuvering
Vehicle by $5,000,000 resulting in a total recommended authoriza-
tion of $450,500,000 for fiscal year 1987.
Spacelab.-NASA requested $89,700,000 for Spacelab activity in
fiscal year 1987. This funding category provides for the develop-
ment and production of Spacelab hardware as well as providing for
mission planning, and flight and ground operations for all oper-
ational Spacelab missions. Since this program will experience some
delays due to the Challenger accident, a reduction can be sustained
with no significant impact. The Committee, therefore, recommends
a funding decrease of $5,000,000 resulting in a total authorization
of $84,700,000 in fiscal year 1987.
Upper stages.-NASA requested $85,100,000 for upper stage activ-
ity in fiscal year 1987. Of these funds $61,600,000 were to be used
for the procurement of Shuttle/Centaur flight hardware. After sub-
mittal of NASA's budget request, NASA canceled the Shuttle/Cen-
taur program. Accordingly, the Committee recommends that the
$61,600,000 originally intended to be used to procure Shuttle/Cen-
taur flight hardware be used instead to procure alternative upper
stages.
operations and support equipment.-NASA requested
$72,600,000 for payload operations and support equipment in fiscal
year 1987. The payload operations and support equipment funding
provides for developing and placing into operational status the
ground and flight systems necessary to support Space Transporta-
tion System payloads during prelaunch processing, on-orbit mission
operations, and post-landing processing. Delays in payload flight
schedules due to the Challenger accident permit a $5,000,000 fund-
ing reduction resulting in a total authorization of $67,600,000 in
fiscal year 1987.
Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle.-NASA requested $70,000,000 for
the Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle in fiscal year 1987. The Orbital
Maneuvering Vehicle (OMV) will provide an extension in reusable
capability for conducting orbital operations with spacecraft and
payloads beyond the practical operational limits of the Space Shut-
tle. A slower growth rate in this development program would
permit a $5,000,000 funding reduction resulting in a total authori-
zation of $65,000,000 in fiscal year 1987.
LIFE SCIENCES
NASA requested $74,700,000 for life science activities in fiscal
year 1987. The Committee decreased funding for these activities by
$4,000,000, resulting in a recommended authorization of $70,700,000
for fiscal year 1987. The Committee recommends this general re-
duction be distributed between life sciences flight experiments and
life sciences research and analysis. The resulting funding level of
$70,700,000 represents a 7% increase over the fiscal year 1986 oper-
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ating plan and provides for moderate program growth. In view of
the near term lack of flight opportunities, the Committee's recom-
mended reduction should be easily accommodated.
The Committee is fully aware of the need to address critical
physiological and human performance problems as the space pro-
gram progresses toward permanent manned presence aboard the
Space Station. Thus the Committee's action should not be inter-
preted to signify a lower priority for Life Sciences. Indeed the Com-
mittee strongly believes that NASA should formulate a coherent
long range plan togehter with funding requirements to address
achievable solutions to these pressing problems over the next
decade.
SOLID EARTH OBSERVATIONS
NASA requested $74,100,000 for the Solid Earth Observations
program in fiscal year 1987. The Committee decreased funding for
Geodynamics activities by $5,000,000, resulting in a total recom-
mended authorization of $69,100,000 for fiscal year 1987. Over the
past five years the Geodynamics program has developed spacebased
techniques to study the movement and deformation of tectonic
plates. This work has demonstrated the utility of space in address-
ing a broad range of practical problems as well as supplying valua-
ble experimental data in the geodynamics area.
The Committee believes that this technology is approaching the
level of maturity where soon it may transition to an operational
program if such is needed. In view of this, NASA should seek addi-
tional participation in this program from mission-oriented agencies
such as the U.S. Geological Survey as well as from other interested
parties. A successful transition to an operational program can only
be accomplished by early user participation and development of
user experience.
ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVATIONS
NASA requested $367,900,000 for the Environmental Observa-
tions program in fiscal year 1987. The Committee decreased fund-
ing for the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX) development
by $10,000,000, resulting in a total recommended authorization of
$357,900,000 for fiscal year 1987. This decrease will dealy the initi-
ation of the TOPEX development program and its launch by three
to six months with minimal programmatic impact.
Notwithstanding the Committee's recommended action, the Com-
mittee recognizes that the TOPEX program has great merit and
that, coupled with other observational programs in the early
1990's, it will lead to major advances in our understanding of the
role of the ocean in the Earth's climate and ecological systems. The
Committee believes that TOPEX will fulfill the promises for ocean-
ic observations suggested by the SEASAT program.
MATERIALS PROCESSING IN SPACE
NASA requested $43,900,000 for the Materials Processing in
Space program in fiscal year 1987. The Committee decreased fund-
ing by $3,000,000, resulting in a total recommended authorization
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of $40,900,000 for fiscal year 1987. Inasmuch as all flight activity
planned for 1987 is unlikely to take place due to the Challenger ac-
cident, this reduction will have minimal impact.
The resulting budget of $40,900,000 for Materials Processing in
Space represents an increase of more than 30% over the fiscal year
1986 level. The growth in this program is appropriate in order to
achieve the maturity needed to take maximum advantage of the
Space Station capabilities in the mid 1990's.
NASA requested $19,500,000 for the Communications program in
fiscal year 1987. The Committee increased funding by $95,000,000
to restore the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite
(ACTS) development program (which had been proposed for termi-
nation by the Administration), resulting in a total recommended
authorization of $114,500,000 for fiscal year 1987. This level of
funding will maintain adequate progress in the ACTS program al-
though the launch date is anticipated to slip by about five or six
months as compared to the original planned launch in September
1989. This delayed schedule, however, will still allow the ACTS pro-
gram to remain competitive with similar programs by other coun-
tries.
The Committee's action signifies that the original reasons for ini-
tiating the ACTS program remain valid. It is important for the
United States to maintain a program of developing and demon-
strating high risk technologies in communications in order to
maintain a lead in this very competitive world market.
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
NASA requested $21,200,000 for the Information Systems pro-
gram in fiscal year 1987. The Committee decreased funding by
3,000,000 resulting in a total recommended authorization of
$18,200,000 for fiscal year 1987. The Committee's action will main-
tain a level of effort in operating science data systems and ar-
chives. Some planned enhancements, however, may need to be de-
ferred as a result of this general reduction.
COMMERCIAL USE OF SPACE
NASA requested $32,000,000 for the commercial use of space pro-
gram in fiscal year 1987. The Committee decreased funding for this
program by $5,000,000, resulting in a total recommended authoriza-
tion of $27,000,000 for fiscal year 1987. The Committee directs the
$5 million reduction to be applied to commercial R&D enhance-
ments and commercial development support in order to preserve
funding at the requested level to carry out the Centers for the
Commercial Development of Space. The Committee continues its
strong support for NASA's efforts to promote and facilitate the
commercial use of space. This support is reflected in the
$27,000,000 authorization, which provides a very significant in-
crease over fiscal year 1986 funding levels. However, the Commit-
tee is concerned that recent events may slow the progress of com-
mercializing space activities and believes that this authorization is
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sufficient to meet the objectives of the Office of Commercial Pro-
grams. The Committee urges NASA to redouble its efforts to find
new and innovative approaches to obtain private-sector commit-
ment and funding, when appropriate, for space activities. Only in
this way, can Congress and NASA ensure that the people of the
United States receive the maximum benefits obtainable as a result
of the goals and policies contained in the National Aeronautics and
Space Act of 1958, as amended.
NASA's Centers for Commercial Development of Space will be
supported by government and industry funding initially, with the
objective of these Centers attaining financial self-sufficiency after a
period of several years. Given the keen expression of industry in-
terest, support, and involvement to date in these centers, NASA
should look toward a declining level of funding support as each
Center matures. The Committee fully expects industry support to
increase as these Centers mature. A declining level of government
involvement is consistent with this support and will impose less
impact on the Centers than would a sudden termination of govern-
ment funding.
AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
NASA requsted $376,000,000 for Aeronautical Research and
Technology in fiscal year 1987. The Committee supports this level
of funding. This amount represents an increase of 11.5 percent over
the fiscal year 1986 appropriation, as revised by Gramm-Rudman-
Hollings reductions.
Despite the apparent large growth in this budget line item, the
Committee remains concerned about long-term budgetary trends.
For example, the request for fiscal year 1987 is less than the infla-
tion-adjusted amount actually spent in 1981. Yet the kind of mean-
ingful progress in aeronautics needed to keep pace with the height-
ened competition in world civil aircraft markets requires increas-
ingly sophisticated research methods.
Furthermore, the effect of declining purchasing power has not
been applied uniformly. Since the cost of facility operation (e.g. air-
craft fuel, nitrogen gas for the National Transonic Facility) have
continued and, in fact, have increased, the impact of lower budgets
has fallen disproportionately on the support of basic aeronautical
research, the seed corn of the next crop of advances in aviation.
The Committee recognizes that overall federal deficits must be
brought under control and that each agency and program must
contribute by holding down expenses and finding innovative ways
to carry out its mission. The Committee appreciates NASA's efforts
in this regard and supports the aggregate budget level as requested
for Aeronautical Research and Technology.
Within this total, the Committee recommends increased atten-
tion to two areas: fundamental aeronautics applied to all aircraft
categories; and handling qualities and control theory for augment-
ed aircraft. As a potential offset to these increases, the Committee
recommends NASA re-examine research programs where the mili-
tary already has large efforts in progress.
The Committee strongly supports NASA's Aeronautical Research
and Technology in support of general aviation and recommends
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that this effort not be diminished. The Committee specifically rec-
ommends the continuation of the Rotary Engine Development Pro-
gram.
NASA requested $45,000,000 for Transatmospheric Research and
Technology, a new budget line item for fiscal year 1987. The Com-
mittee supports this level of funding. This amount is NASA's con-
tribution to a joint NASA/DOD research project to develop the
technology for and prove the feasibility of an aerospaceplane, capa-
ble of extended hypesonic cruise in the upper atmosphere or single-
stage-to-orbit operation.
The project consists of two phases. The first began during fiscal
year 1986 and is scheduled to continue through fiscal year 1989. Its
purpose is to mature the various propulsion and airframe technol-
ogies to a point where a decision can be made to proceed with the
second phase, a flight test program, lasting three to five years. The
first phase will be managed by a joint program office, headed by
the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and with member-
ship from each participant: the Navy, Air Force, Strategic Defense
Initiative Organization, and NASA.
The Committee strongly supports starting the Aerospaceplane
project now, it is a necessary precursor to potential civil applica-
tions, such as a second-generation Space Shuttle, which will be
needed in the late 1990's to provide low-cost access to space, a key
to successful commercial development of space. Furthermore, the
Committee believes the scientific fallout, in areas such as high tem-
perature materials and cryogenic fuels production and use, will pay
huge dividends, not only in terms of continued U.S. leadership in
both space and aeronautics, but also in many other fields.
SPACE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
NASA requested $180,000,000 for Space Research and Technology
activities in fiscal year 1987. The Committee decreased funding for
these activities by $12,000,000, resulting in a total recommended
authorization of $168,200,000 for fiscal year 1987. The overall goal
of this program is to advance the technology base in support of
NASA's rule as an effective, productive, and long-term contributor
to the continued preeminence of the United States in space. The
specific objectives of this program are to (1) support a broad-based
advanced technology program designed to provide new concepts,
materials, components, devices, software, and subsystems for use in
United States space activities; (2) assure preeminent national capa-
bility through extensive participation in the program by NASA
centers, other government agencies, universities and industrial re-
search and technology organizations; and (3) support a strong insti-
tutional base to maintain NASA centers in positions of recognized
excellence in critical space technologies. A reduced rate of growth
in this program would permit a $12,000,000 funding reduction re-
sulting in a total authorization of $168,200,000.
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TRACKING AND DATA ADVANCED SYSTEMS
NASA requested $17,100,000 for Tracking and Data Advanced
Systems activities in 1987. The Committee decreased funding for
these activities by $3,000,000 resulting in a total recommended au-
thorization of $14,100,000. The Committee believes that in this time
of fiscal stringency some activities may have to be deferred.
SPACE AND GROUND NETWORKS, COMMUNICATIONS AND DATA SYSTEMS
NASA requested $798,900,000 for space and ground networks,
communications and data systems activities in fiscal year 1987. The
Committee decreased funding for these activities by $12,000,000, to
come from communications and data systems, resulting in a total
recommended authorization of $786,900,000 for fiscal year 1987.
The Committee recognizes the uncertainty in the Tracking and
Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) program and wants to keep
this program progressing. When TDRSS is fully operational, effi-
ciencies can be achieved by closing down ground stations which
become superfluous.
CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES
NASA requested $181,300,000 for construction of facilities in
fiscal year 1987. The Committee decreased funding for these activi-
ties by $15,000,000, resulting in a total recommended authorization
of $166,300,000 for fiscal year 1987.
The Committee directs NASA to cut $15,000,000 at the discretion
of the Administrator. Although the Committee has not earmarked
specific projects for this reduction, the Administrator is encouraged
to eliminate or to defer discrete projects rather than to stretch out
projects. It is inteded that none of the reduction is to be in the area
of rehabilitation and modification.
RESEARCH AND PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
NASA requested $1,441,000,000 for Research and Program Man-
agement in fiscal year 1987. The Committee decreased funding for
these activities by $8,000,000 resulting in a total recommended au-
thorization of $1,433,000,000 for fiscal year 1987. The bulk of these
funds are in the Personnel and Related Costs function (about 68
percent. Approximately 2 percent is in the Travel function. The re-
maining 30 percent is in the Operation of Installation function.
The Committee directs that the entire $8,000,000 reduction come
from the Operation of Installation function. None of the reduction
should occur in either the Personnel and Related Costs or Travel
functions. In particular NASA is encouraged to reexamine the two
new administrative computing initiatives for cost-effectiveness,
with a view toward taking the reductions there.
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14
LANGUAGE PROVISIONS
TITLE I
SUBSECTION 101(i)
The Committee adopted original language in subsection 101(i)
which would not allow funds authorized for the Space Station to be
obligated or expended for the purpose of reassigning any technical
work responsibilities on a permanently manned Space Station until
a satisfactory report is received which provides a full justification
of any such proposed reassignments. After submitting the report
NASA must wait for the passage of thirty calendar days during
which either House of Congress is in session before obligation or
expending any funds.
SECTION 105
The Committee adopted original language in section 105 which
would require that the Administrator of NASA submit to Congress,
at the same time NASA submits its budget request to Congress for
fiscal year 1988, multiyear budget estimates for funding for fiscal
years 1989 and 1990 for the permanently manned Space Station.
The Committee adopted section 106 which would express the
sense of the Congress that the national interest is served by geo-
graphical distribution of Federal reseach funds whenever feasible,
and that NASA explore ways to further this end.
The Committee adopted original language in section 107 which
would request the International Astronomical Union (IAU) to des-
ignate seven of the Uranus "moons" in the names of the Challeng-
er crew. The Committee fully recognizes that such an action would
differ from historical conventions for the naming of the moons and
planets after mythological and other non-human entities. Notwith-
standing this perceived inconsistency, the Committee believes that
there is sufficient merit in memorializing the Challenger crew in
this way that the United States should proceed to make such a pro-
posal to the IAU.
SECTION 108
The Committee adopted original language in subsection 108(a)
which would express the sense of Congress that NASA should expe-
ditiously conduct a competition for alternate sources of production
for Space Shuttle solid rocket boosters and should report quarterly
for one-year to Congress on its progress.
The Committee adopted original language in subsection 108(b)
which would clarify that NASA should only select and qualify a
second source of production for solid rocket boosters if to do so
would produce significant savings for NASA.
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SECTION 109
The Committee adopted original language in section 109 which
would reestablish the National Aeronautics and Space Council,
originally established as part of the original Space Act to coordi-
nate aeronautical and space activities in the Administration. The
recreation of the council is intended to facilitate interagency activi-
ty on space matters at an elevated level (the Vice President would
chair the council). In addition, a Users' Advisory Group would be
established to represent the interests of non-Federal aeronautical
and space industries and disciplines in space policy. The Committee
believes that these groups will provide great value to the govern-
ment in helping to define space policy at no additional cost to the
government. The expectation of the Committee is that the employ-
ees of the government who serve on the Council will do so at no
additional cost, and the Committee fully expects that the Users'
Advisory Group will be selected from among those who will serve
at no cost because of their interest in helping the government to
establish the best possible policies in the space arena.
SECTION 110
The Committee adopted original language in section 110 which
would direct the Administrator of NASA to review the findings
and recommendations of the National Commission on Space (estab-
lished pursuant to the NASA Authorization Act, 1985 (P.L. 98-361))
and to submit to Congress a long-range plan for implementing
those recommendations.
TITLE II
The Committee adopted a new Title II which would authorize
$568,000 to be appropriated for the Department of Transportation
Office of Commercial Space Transportation. This extends fiscal
year 1987 funding at the fiscal year 1986 authorized level.
The Office of Commercial Space Transportation was created fol-
lowing enactment during the 98th Congress of the Commercial
Space Launch Act (P.L. 98-575, October 30, 1985).
In testimony before the Committee, the Director of the Office of
Commercial Space Transportation reported that: (1) no licenses
have been requested under the Commercial Space Launch Act, (2)
no license applications are currently being processed, (3) discus-
sions with potential applicants have suggested that they are two to
three years away from making such a request, and (4) the contracts
for an indepth analysis of operational safety procedures on launch
ranges will not be entered into for a year and the results of the
analysis won't be available for two years.
Given the current and projected level of regulatory activity the
Committee believes a sustained level of funding of $586,000 for
fiscal year 1987 is sufficient for activities of the office.
TITLE III
The Committee adopted a new Title III which would provide for
the recovery of the space transportation capability of the United
States.
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SECTION 301
The Committee adopted subsection 301(a) which would express
the sense of Congress that the United States must restore its space
transportation capabilities without deemphasizing other space pro-
grams.
The Committee adopted subsection 301(b) which would authorize
such appropriations as may be necessary to return the Space Shut-
tle fleet to flight status and to achieve the next launch of a Space
Shuttle in the first quarter of calendar year 1988.
SECTION 302
The Committee adopted subsection 302(a) which would direct the
Administrator of NASA to promptly begin the construction of a
fourth Space Shuttle as a replacement for the Challenger. This con-
struction is to be accomplished to the maximum extent possible by
use of existing structural spares previously authorized and funded.
The Committee adopted subsection 302(b) which would authorize
the appropriation of such additional funds as may be necessary to
begin the construction of a new Space Shuttle Orbiter. Funds au-
thorized by subsections 101(a), 101(c) and 101(d) are not available
for such purpose.
The Committee adopted subsection 302(c) which would direct the
Administrator of NASA to explore the availability of private fund-
ing for the construction of a replacement Orbiter. The Administra-
tor may accept such funding, if found to be available. Also, such
funding would only be acceptable if it would be in the best interest
of the United States and if such finding, if obtained, for example,
by the sale or lease of an Orbiter, represents an amount tanta-
mount to the reasonable fair market value. Any acceptable private
funding arrangement would replace appropriated funding obligated
or expended for a replacement Orbiter.
The Committee adopted subsection 302(d) which would allow
NASA to accept gifts and donations for the purpose of constructing
a new Shuttle Orbiter. The language would amend NASA's current
Authority provided in the Space Act which allows NASA to accept
only unrestricted donations.
SECTION 303
The Committee adopted subsection 303(a) which would express
the sense of Congress that to ensure reliable access to space the
United States should use capabilities of both expendable launch ve-
hicles and the Space Shuttle for placing government payloads into
orbit.
The Committee adopted subsection 303(b) which would authorize
the appropriation of such additional sums as may be necessary for
fiscal year 1987 to procure launch services for United States Gov-
ernment satellites by expendable launch vehicles.
The Committee adopted subsection 303(c) which would clarify
that no funding for such procurement is authorized under Title I.
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SECTION 304
The Committee adopted subsection 304(a) which states that the
Space Shuttle is the primary United States launch system for
manned missions and missions needing its unique capabilities and
will be available for other missions.
The Committee adopted subsection 304(b) which would direct the
Administrator of NASA to develop a Space Shuttle manifest which
meets existing commitments of NASA to its customers and which
establishes priorities for various classes of payloads. NASA scientif-
ic missions involving cooperation with foreign space agencies are
considered United States Government missions.
The Committee adopted subsection 304(c) which would require
that the Administrator of NASA submit his planned Space Shuttle
flight manifest to Congress no later than November 1, 1986.
SECTION 305
The Committee adopted section 305, which would require the Ad-
ministrator of NASA to submit, before December 2, 1986, to Con-
gress a ten year plan which provides a schedule of planned reim-
bursements from the Department of Defense for Space Shuttle
services and a schedule for the provision of such services.
TITLE IV
The Committee adopted a new Title IV that, in conjunction with
Title III, sets forth a policy for assuring United States access to
space. The policy established in this title makes clear that the
United States must use the capabilities of both expendable launch
vehicles and the Space Shuttle to ensure reliable and robust access
to space.
Title IV was originally introduced as H.R. 5469 on August 15,
1986. On that same day, the President announced that NASA
would no longer continue in the commercial launch business. Only
a small portion of existing NASA contracts with commercial cus-
tomers would be honored under this policy. The Committee's ac-
tions in adopting Title IV reflect the sense that removing such a
class of customers from the Shuttle is not the wisest way to pro-
ceed with the recovery of the space transportation capability of the
United States. While a lower priority status for commercial cus-
tomers on the Shuttle, as required by Title III, is an inevitable con-
sequence of the Shuttle down-time, the Shuttle should remain
available to commercial customers on a back-up basis.
Title IV is an important complement to the adoption of Title III
by the Committee. Title IV further defines the role of expendable
launch vehicles in providing launch capacity for the United States
and thereby encourages the development of a commercial expend-
able launch vehicle industry. This will fill an important void in
launch capability facing commercial customers affected by a lower
priority on the Shuttle payload manifest.
Additionally, Title III requires the NASA Administrator to
submit a planned Shuttle flight manifest to Congress no later than
November 1, 1986. By doing so in the time frame required, com-
mercial customers will be better able to complete their business
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plans and begin the process of negotiating for launch services with
a commercial supplier if necessary. It is the intention of this Com-
mittee that NASA will encourage and support a customer's efforts
to obtain a launch from a commercial supplier. This will further
the finding in Title IV that the United States must demonstrate its
reliability by honoring existing launch commitments, but for those
it cannot meet, every effort must be made to facilitate finding an
alternate launch service. This is consistent with this Committee's
long-standing support for increasing the involvement of the private
sector in space activities and its belief that NASA should be the
focal point for encouraging that involvement.
The Committee adopted a new section 401 which would establish
the short title of Title IV to be the "Assured Access to Space Act".
The Committee adopted section 402 which sets out the findings of
Congress to be that (1) the assurance of reliable access to space is
critical to meet the objectives of the United States space program;
(2) the United States space program (including government and in-
dustry) must provide the assurance of reliable access to space; (3)
the United States should demonstrate its reliability by honoring its
existing launch commitments; (4) to ensure reliable and continued
access to space, the United States should use the capabilities of ex-
pendable launch vehicles and the Space Shuttle; (5) provision of
launch vehicles and services by the private sector is an important
complement to United States launch capacity and Congress reaf-
firms its commitment to the findings of the Commercial Space
Launch Act (P.L. 98-575); and (6) the United States cannot concede
the commercial launch vehicle business to foreign competition.
The Committee adopted section 403 which sets forth the purpose
of this title to be to assure reliable and continued access to space
by providing for government use of commercial expendable launch
vehicle capability to meet the objectives of the United States space
program.
The Committee adopted subsection 404(a) which would provide
authority to the Administrator of NASA to purchase, through com-
petitive procurement, expendable launch vehicle services (not vehi-
cles) for the purpose of launching government payloads, as aggre-
gated by the Administrator. The services so purchased will be pro-
vided to other government agencies on a reimbursable basis.
The Committee adopted subsection 404(b) which would direct the
Administrator of NASA to implement section 404 in a manner
which fosters the development of an expendable launch vehicle in-
dustry and complements the medium launch vehicle procurement
planned for national security payloads.
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The Committee adopted subsection 404(c) which would require
the Administrator of NASA to report to Congress on his plan to
implement section 404 no later than January 15, 1987 and requires
that this report include an estimate of the launch service require-
ments and procurement plans for the five years following enact-
ment of this Act.
SECTION 405
The Committee adopted section 405 which would amend the
Commercial Space Launch Act (P.L. 98-575) to clarify that access
to government launch facilities is to be provided on an additive
cost basis by excluding from the definition of direct costs those
costs associated with meeting the space transportation needs of the
United States.
SECTION 406
The Committee adopted section 406 which would amend the
Commercial Space Launch Act (P.L. 98-575) to provide that the
Secretary of Transportation shall, pursuant to authorization and
subject to the availability of appropriations, encourage and facili-
tate commercial space launches by the private sector, consistent
with the space policies of the United States as established in public
law.
SECTION 407
The Committee adopted section 407 to amend the Shuttle pricing
policy for commercial and foreign customers which had been estab-
lished in Title II of the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-
tration Authorization Act of 1986 (P.L. 170: 42 U.S.C. 2466). Subsec-
tion 407(a) amends the Shuttle pricing policy to provide that in no
case will the price charged a foreign or commercial customer for a
Space Shuttle launch be less than the price for a comparable
launch on a United States expendable launch vehicle. In this way,
it is the intention of this Committee to encourage the development
of a commercial United States expendable launch vehicle industry
by eliminating price competition with the Space Shuttle. This sub-
section also continues the policy of encouraging space research and
development by allowing the Administrator to offer low-cost or no-
cost flights for use of the Space Transportation System by custom-
ers involved in research, development or demonstration programs
with NASA. The Shuttle pricing policy, as amended, will apply to
flights of the Space Transportation System beginning on and after
January 1, 1988.
The Committee adopted subsection 407(b) which would clarify
that the amendments made by subsection 407(a) will not affect con-
tracts entered into before the date of enactment of this Act.
The Committee adopted subsection 407(c) which would require
the Administrator of NASA to determine the effectiveness of the
amendments made by subsection 407(a) and whether or not a com-
petitive domestic expendable launch vehicle capability had been
demonstrated, and to report his determinations to Congress, not
later than three years after the date of the enactment of this Act.
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This subsection also provides that the existence of three contrac-
tual commitments between commercial users and a launch service
provider, made in good faith, to launch non-government payloads,
shall create a presumption of a competitive domestic expendable
launch vehicle capability.
COMMITTEE VIEWS
Work Package Reassignments.-The Committee is deeply con-
cerned over the proposed management changes announced June 30,
1986, concerning major realignment of work package assignments.
In subsequent hearings and executive communications with
NASA it has become evident that no clear rationale can be articu-
lated for how these proposals were developed, what they are in-
tended to accomplish, or what the costs and other associated im-
pacts of such changes may be. Moreover these proposals appear to
have been based on a vary limited consideration of the various op-
tions that may be available for accomplishing these objectives.
The Committee fully recognizes that certain management
changes may be appropriate in response to the Rogers Commission
Report of the Challenger accicent. Furthermore, it is also evident
that overlap existed among the technical work packages during
phase B. What is not clear, however, is whether major reassign-
ment of hardware responsibilities is necessary to resolve these diffi-
culties.
Accordingly, subsection (i) of Section 101 requires the Adminis-
trator to submit a thorough report to the House Committee on Sci-
ence and Technology and the Senate Committee on Commerce, Sci-
ence, and Transportation, for approval prior to implementation of
these changes.
Initiation of Phase C/D.-The Committee is satisfied that some
progress has been made during Phase B definition studies and com-
mencement of Phase C/D development could begin on schedule in
mid 1987. The Committee recognizes, however, that many technical
and management issues still need to be resolved prior to actual
commencement of Phase C/D by the contractors.
It is of crucial importance to the success of the Space Station
that a logical and detailed development plan be in place for Phase
C/D that will: clearly identify all critical milestones; specify the de-
livery and phasing of all products, subsystems and systems; detail
the performance and technical and management interfaces be-
tween all participating entities.
The Committee requests that such a detailed development plan
be submitted to Congress for review no later than three months
prior to commencement of Phase C/D. The Committee wants to
make clear that it expects the Space Station program to be exem-
plary in the quality of its management, planning, and control.
Operations Costs.-The Committee continues to be concerned
over the ability of NASA as an agency to anticipate operations
costs and, more importantly, to control those operations costs. In
December 1985, NASA submitted to the Committee a report on
Space Station operations costs management. Although the report is
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well intentioned, it is clear that the Station operations concept is
not at the same state of maturity as the hardware development
concept. Therefore, the Committee requests that NASA submit an
updated report on operations costs to accompany the detailed de-
velopment plan called for above.
The Committee urges NASA to consider innovative approaches
to operations cost control including institutional measures which
will decrease the number of ground personnel required to operate
the Station, minimize the sustaining engineering manpower, and
reduce the administrative overhead, all while maintaining an ade-
quate margin of safety. The Committee believes that there would
be merit in near institutional measures such as the establishment
of an operations work package during Phase C/D. In addition the
Committee expects NASA to make maximum use of technical inno-
vations such as the development of expert systems and artificial in-
telligence for scheduling, logistics, mission development, ground
control, and on-board control and monitoring.
The Role of Science and the Station.-NASA has made a clear
commitment to the Committee that neither the development nor
the operation of the Space Station will adversely impact science.
The Committee intends to ensure that NASA honors this commit-
ment.
The Committee is encouraged by some of the efforts made thus
far in integrating science needs into the baseline configuration.
This includes institutional arrangements such as Science advocates
in the Office of Space Station, Station advocates in the Office of
Space Science and Applications, and the establishment of an inde-
pendent task force under the Space and Earth Science Advisory
Committee. The cross fertilization is healthy and must continue
during the development phase. Accordingly, the Committee directs
NASA to establish a follow-on to the Task Force on the Scientific
Uses of the Space Station that will continue to provide input on
the implementation of science requirements throughout Phase C/
D. The establishment of this follow-on should be reported in the de-
tailed development plan requested above.
It is clear that the successful fulfillment of the Space Station de-
velopment program will result in a major international science fa-
cility in orbit. It is therefore appropriate to conside how science op-
erations will be managed. For example, traditional science institu-
tional approaches which include permanent and visiting scientists,
long-term and short-term science program's overall science pro-
gram coordination, and an administrative structure for processing
funding proposals may be appropriate for the Space Station. Expe-
rience with the Space Telescope Science Institute has demonstrated
that such a science operations concept must be estabished at an
early stage if it is to be incorporated successfully. Otherwise, sci-
ence operational requirements identified late in the development
phase may be difficult to implement. Therefore, the Committee re-
quests that NASA submit to Congress a report recommending al-
ternative approaches to science operations management including
the practicality of a separate science operations center. The report
should accompany the detailed development plan called for above.
Finally, the Committee wishes to emphasize its view that a major
purpose for the Space Station will be the conduct of science. There-
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fore, NASA should ensure that maximum science capabilities are
introduced as early as practicable in the assembly sequence. NASA
should plan for an attached payload capability for small and large
payloads as soon as the stability and communications and control
features of the structure permit. NASA should plan for manned
interactive experiments at the time the Station achieves a man-
tended capability. These requirements are incumbent not only on
the Office of Space Station for identifying and developing these ca-
pability milestones but also on the Office of Space Science and Ap-
plications for developing suitable payloads.
Since last summer, the Space Science and Applications Subcom-
mittee has held ten hearings on the subject of assured access to
space in addition to the traditional hearings that were held to scru-
tinize the space transportation aspects of NASA's current budget
request. These hearings form a solid basis for the Committee's posi-
tions regarding space transportation policy issues.
Return the Shuttle to Flight Status.-Given the importance of
the Space Shuttle to key national security, civil government, com-
mercial, and foreign space activities, it is imperative that the Space
Shuttle be returned to flight status as quickly as possible. It is
equally imperative that NASA ensure that when the Shuttle is re-
turned to flight status it will be able to conduct all of its missions
in a safe manner.
The Committee notes the progress that NASA has made thus far
in identifying and correcting deficiencies in existing hardware and
procedures, and believes that, in general, the overall plan that the
agency has developed for safely returning the Space Shuttle to
flight status is a reasonable approach to resolving any remaining
problems. [A much more comprehensive Committee report on the
Challenger accident and recovery from the accident is now in prep-
aration.]
The Committee appreciates that these recovery activities will be
expensive. Likewise, the Committee does not wish to see any of
these necessary activities delayed because of an unavailability in
funds. On the other hand, the Committee does not believe that
funds required to support Shuttle recovery activities should be ob-
tained by deemphasizing other space science, technology, or appli-
cations programs within NASA. Accordingly, the Committee
strongly supports the appropriation for fiscal year 1987 of such ad-
ditional sums as are necessary to safely return the Space Shuttle
fleet to flight status in the first quarter of calendar year 1988.
Replacement Orbiter.-On the basis of all of the testimony re-
ceived to date, the Committee believes that the procurement of an
Orbiter to replace Challenger will be necessary to ensure the avail-
ability of adequate space launch capacity throughout the rest of
this century. The deployment and support of the Space Station
during the 1990s and the civil and commercial space activities that
the Space Station is expected to engender will increase the demand
for man-related space transportation services. The committee be-
lieves that for at least the rest of this century the Space Shuttle
will remain the primary United States space launch system avail-
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able to provide these services. To ensure adequate capacity the
Committee is convinced that NASA must begin the next decade
with a Space Shuttle fleet at least as large as the fleet which exist-
ed prior to the tragic Challenger accident.
It is clear to the Committee that sufficient funds do not exist
within the current NASA budget to cover the cost of procuring a
replacement Orbiter. Further, the loss of the Challenger appears to
the committee to be a national problem rather than just a NASA
problem-that is, it affects the space initiatives of many national
security, civil government, commercial, and foreign users. Accord-
ingly, for fiscal year 1987 the Committee has authorized the appro-
priation of such additional sums as are necessary to begin construc-
tion of a replacement Orbiter, and directs the NASA Administrator
to promptly begin construction of that replacement Orbiter using
available structural spares.
Additionally, the Committee directed the NASA Administrator
to explore actively the potential availability of private funding for
the replacement Orbiter. Should such funding prove to be in the
best interest of the government, the Committee directs that NASA
utilize private funding to procure the Orbiter. However, the Com-
mittee believes that NASA should not wait until the availability of
private funding has been ascertained before initiating the procure-
ment process for the replacement Orbiter. If private funding be-
comes available later, the government should be reimbursed for its
spending on the replacement Orbiter.
Commercial Expendable Launch Vehicles.-The Committee con-
tinues to support efforts by the private sector to establish a viable
commercial ELV industry. However, the Committee believes that
the government should not adopt policies that are likely to benefit
primarily foreign competitors of a potential United States ELV in-
dustry nor policies that violate existing contracts or would prove
seriously detrimental to other commercial space initiatives. Some
changes in existing United States space and procurement policies
may have to be implemented to foster maximum commercial devel-
opment and use of space. On the other hand, any changes in exist-
ing procedures should be made very cautiously to ensure that they
do not do more harm than good to the total U.S. interests in com-
mercial space activities. Therefore, as a first step, the Committee
has directed NASA to procure launch services for government pay-
loads in a manner which will foster the development of a commer-
cial expendable launch vehicle capability and which will also com-
plement the medium launch vehicle procurement planned for na-
tional security payloads.
Government use of Expendable Launch Vehicles (ELVs).-It is
now clear to the Committee that the United States Government
will have to utilize ELVs as a complement to the Space Shuttle in
order to service in a timely manner the backlog of payloads that
will accumulate as a result of the accident as well as to maintain
assured access to space throughout the coming decade. The Com-
mittee recognizes, however, that there are not sufficient funds in
NASA's current budget to pay for the procurement of ELVs. Ac-
cordingly, the Committee has authorized to be appropriated for
fiscal year 1987 such additional sums as are necessary to procure
launch services for United States Government satellites by expend-
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able launch vehicles. The Administrator would aggragate all gov-
ernment payloads capable of being launched by expendable launch
vehicles and serve as the government purchasing agent for expend-
able launch vehicle services. The Committee has specified that
NASA procure "launch services" rather than "vehicles" believing
that the former will be more of an encouragement to the creation
of a viable commercial expendable launch vehicle industry. Fur-
ther, the Committee has directed that these "launch services" be
procured competitively and that "launch services" purchased by
NASA for other government agencies shall be provided on a reim-
bursable basis.
Commercial use of the Space Shuttle.-The Committee has long
supported use of the Space Shuttle by commercial and foreign cus-
tomers-including those wishing to launch communications satel-
lites. Accordingly, the Committee continues to believe that the long
standing policy of the President and the Congress of permitting all
categories of customers to use the Space Shuttle should continue.
The Committee also feels that NASA should make every attempt to
ensure that all existing contracts with launch customers are hon-
ored, unless the customer wishes to use an alternate launch vehi-
cle. Moreover, NASA should do nothing which would discourage a
customer from using an alternate launch vehicle. In addition, the
NASA Administrator must submit to Congress, no later than No-
vember 1, 1986, his Space Shuttle flight manifest. This will advise
commercial and foreign customers as to how much Space Shuttle
capacity is available so they may plan accordingly.
Reimbursement Policy.-The committee is concerned that recent
decisions by the Defense Department (such as putting the Space
Shuttle launch facilities at Vandenberg Air Force Base in a "care-
taker" status) may invalidate the quid pro quo that had been estab-
lished in previous years regarding the funding support that NASA
and the Defense Department would each provide the National
Space Transportation System. It is also clear that if both organiza-
tions are going to be able to prepare realistic budgets for the oper-
ation of their space activities, each needs to fully understand the
financial support that the other will provide the program.
Therefore, the Committee directed that before December 2, 1986,
the NASA Administrator and the Secretary of the Defense Depart-
ment reach agreement on a cost reimbursement policy for DOD use
of Space Shuttle and report details of that agreement to the Con-
gress.
In this bill the Administrator is directed to submit to the Con-
gress a ten year plan setting forth (i) a schedule for planned reim-
bursements from the Department of Defense for Space Shuttle
services; and (ii) a schedule for the provision of such services. At
this time, the house passed Defense Authorization bill (H.R. 4428)
contains complementary language requiring the Secretary of De-
fense to submit a similar plan. Clearly the two agencies must agree
on an equitable plan for sharing fixed and variable costs of the
Shuttle system, and then report that plan to Congress. The NASA
report should lay out a ten-year schedule of planned reimburse-
ments from the Department of Defense to NASA for Space Shuttle
services along with a schedule of the Space Shuttle services that
NASA will provide the Defense Department.
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Space Launches Involving Radiosotope Thermoelectric Generators
(RTGs).-The decision by NASA to terminate the Shuttle/Centaur
Program has introduced a delay in the next flight of the Radioiso-
tope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) power sources that were to
be used on board the Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft. These RTG
power sources play a critical role in future NASA deep space mis-
sions. Therefore, the Committee directs that NASA continue work-
ing with the Department of Energy to assure the continued avail-
ability of RTGs for future applications and to support the Depart-
ment in its efforts to assure that RTGs can continue to be flown in
a safe and reliable manner. The Committee recognizes that RTGs
have been utilized as power sources for deep space probes and
other missions requiring compact and dynamic power sources for
more than 20 years without harming the general public. NASA
support for research and development on the RTGs will insure the
continued laudable safety and performance record that has charac-
terized the use of these unique power sources.
Continuation of the Advanced Communications Technology Satel-
lite (ACTS) Program.-The Committee has in the past strongly sup-
ported the need for a focused flight program in communications.
The Committee has consistently taken deliberate actions to sustain
NASA's role in this area for reasons that are unchanged and
remain valid. NASA's investment in the ACTS program is small in
relation to the commensurate benefits to society and to the United
States competitive posture in the worldwide communications indus-
try. The Committee fully recognizes that in the rapidly changing
communications market, it is essential to maintain an aggressive
program for developing and demonstrating high risk technologies
that can transition to the private sector. The Administration's pro-
posal to terminate the ACTS program is without apparent merit
and, accordingly, the Committee directs NASA to continue the pro-
gram on a schedule commensurate with funding provided by Con-
gress.
The Committee notes that the ACTS program has been struc-
tured to transition into the private sector rapidly and has involved
a high degree of cost-sharing with industry. These arrangements
are appropriate to the type of Government-private sector coopera-
tive partnerships that should be the basis for NASA's applications
programs. However, the Committee wishes to examine the full
range of potential cooperative relationships not only for the ACTS
program, but also for future communicattions programs that may
lead to substantital private sector revenues. The Committee re-
quests that, by October 1, 1987, NASA submit to Congress a report
that reviews the status of the proprietary rights associated with
the ACTS program, the extent and nature of private sector invest-
ments related to ACTS, any potential for royalty payments to the
Government, rebates from equipment sales, or other forms of reve-
nue sharing, and the potential recoupment possible from the sale
by auctioning or other disposition of the assets from the ACTS pro-
gram.
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Maintenance of a Balanced Science and Applications Program
During the Period of Lost Shuttle Capacity.-The Committee is
greatly concerned that as a result of the Challenger accident
NASA's ability to maintain a balanced and robust science and ap-
plications program will be severely strained. In addition to the
direct competition for resources during this difficult period there
may be indirect impacts. The diminished capacity of the Shuttle
fleet will not accommodate the full range of missions and delays in
major flight programs will lead to cost overruns that may be diffi-
cult to absorb. Accordingly, section 301(a)(2) expresses the Commit-
tee's intent that science and applications not be harmed during
this recovery period.
Although the Committee recognizes the difficulty of this chal-
lenge, it is essential that sustaining intellectual input from groups
such as the university space science comunity be maintained
during this period. NASA should place a high priority on the re-
search and analysis budgets that provide basic support for universi-
ty groups. In addition, NASA should plan for alternatives to the
Shuttle for carrying out many space science programs over the
next several years. Suborbital programs such as sounding rockets,
balloons and aircraft must be restored to a healthy state. The Com-
mittee has noted its concern with the past decline in sounding
rocket programs which has not been compensated-for by the small
payload opportunities on the Shuttle. In addition to providing a
means to sustain progress in many areas of space science, such sub-
orbital programs stimulate the development of payloads that can
transition into Spartan class programs and eventually Space Sta-
tion science programs. Accordingly, the Committee urges NASA to
take this opportunity to replan its fundamental approach to con-
ducting space science programs with a view toward maintaining a
balanced approach that can accommodate losses in Shuttle capac-
ity.
Loss of Science and Applications Funding Baseline.-The Com-
mittee commends NASA for initiating a new start for TOPEX and
for establishing a budget for the development of instruments for
the International Solar Terrestrial Physics Program. These pro-
grams have great merit and the Committee will closely monitor
their progress. However, the Committee is greatly concerned over
the decline in the overall budget for space science and applications.
It is essential that, in order to continue to initiate new starts in the
future, the budget for space science and applications must be held
at a steady level.
The Committee fully recognizes that over the next several years,
deficit reduction efforts will dominate the national agenda. Other
impacts such as the Challenger accident and the commencement of
the Space Station development program will pose additional chal-
lenges to maintaining a balanced science program. Nevertheless,
the Committee expects NASA and the science community to carry
out a balanced science program. This may entail a fundamental
change in the manner in which NASA manages its programs and
in the way in which the science and applications community ap-
proaches mission and discipline advocacy.
It must be clearly recognized by all that the future budget situa-
tion for science and applications will be difficult-perhaps a "zero
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sum game." At the same time the Committee perceives that compe-
tition for new starts between disciplines, such as between the
Comet Rendezvous Asteriod Flyby mission and TOPEX, can be un-
healthy and constitutes a difficult management situation for
NASA. One logical alternative is to establish constant dollar budg-
ets for each discipline and to initiate new starts within those budg-
ets commensurate with declining resource requirements as earlier
development efforts are completed.
The Committee requests that by February 1, 1987, NASA submit
a report to Congress outlining the potential progression in new
starts assuming constant purchasing power budgets for Planetary
Exploration, Physics and Astronomy, Life Sciences, Solid Earth Ob-
servations, Environmental Observations, Materials Processing, and
Space Communications. The Committee requests that NASA utilize
its advisory committees in developing this report.
Science Utilization of the Space Station.-Although encouraged
by the progress which has been made, the Committee is not fully
satisfied that adequate progress is being made in planning and de-
veloping science payloads for the Space Station era. Capability for
a wide range of payload classes will be available at an early time
in the Station assembly sequence and this should be utilized to the
fullest extent. Also, planning for the utilization of polar platform
capabilities is unclear. Although the Earth Observation System
concept appears valid, the Committee notes that the Task Force on
the Scientific Uses of the Space Station has also identified a major
requirement for a small platform free flyer capability that could
offer more versatility and short-term observational capabilities.
Since this class of platform would gain little benefit from common-
ality with the Space Station subsystems, it is unclear where man-
agement for such a program should lie. The Committee believes
that there may be merit in establishing an ongoing class of Earth
observation missions similar to the Explorer development program
in Physics and Astronomy and the Observer program in Planetary
Exploration.
The Committee requests that by January 15, 1987, NASA submit
to Congress a report outlining the feasibility of establishing a
budget for such small free flying platforms, the relative costs of re-
usable vs. expendable small platforms, and the the potential scien-
tific uses that might be made of such a class of platforms.
Remote Sensing Research.-During authorization hearings the
Committee received ample testimony that the United States is ap-
proaching a genuine crisis in remote sensing. This was documented
by a formal report of the Space Applications Board of the National
Academy of Sciences. Furthermore, a primary means of averting
such a crisis is through NASA-sponsored research and develop-
ment.
The Committee is aware of the need for NASA to avoid structur-
ing a research program that uniquely and directly benefits a single
private-sector entity but many economic sectors could benefit from
applications of remote sensing from space. In addition, NASA's cur-
rent research on advanced spectrometer technology development
appears sound and will lead to great advances in remote sensing in
the future. The Committee is concerned that NASA's research pro-
gram in remote sensing does not provide enough near-term benefits
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to enable the United States to remain competitive with other space
faring nations. The Committee believes that a more balanced pro-
gram which contains a greater focus on near-term applications
(versus long-term hardware development) would be a valuable na-
tional asset and would provide a greater stimulus to commercializa-
tion of remote sensing.
Solar Terrestrial Research.-The Committee is disturbed by the
weakness in NASA's approach in carrying out research on Sun
Earth interactions and space physics. Although NASA has de-
scribed an initiative for developing instruments for the Interna-
tional Solar Terrestrial Physics Program, its identity in the budget
and the relationship to an actual flight program is unclear.
The cancellation of the Solar Optical Telescope program is of
particular significance in view of the priority placed on this pro-
gram by the science community. The Committee requests NASA to
review the management and technical approach to this program
with a view towards configuring an alternative plan for addressing
the science objectives that would have been achieved by SOT. Such
alternatives should include the capabilities that will be available
from free flying platforms and from the Space Station infrastruc-
ture. NASA should report on this review by January 15, 1987.
The Committee urges NASA to develop and adopt a clear long-
range strategy for solar terrestrial research which includes a well-
defined organizational approach. The "stop-start" intermittent ini-
tiatives that have formed the history of NASA's commitment in
this area are costly and unproductive.
In testimony before the Committee, NASA recognized the major
role which its Space Act agreements-Joint Endeavor Agreement
(JEA), Technical Exchange Agreement (TEA), Industrial Guest In-
vestigator (IGI), and Space System Development Agreement
(SSDA)-play in stimulating the commercial development of space.
The Committee believes that this commercialization is essential if
the United States is to maintain its role as the leader in space
technology and that the Space Act agreements are a concrete ex-
ample of the vital role which NASA and the government must play
to encourage industry participation in space. For this reason, the
Committee is concerned by the delay which industry encounters
when attempting to negotiate such agreements with NASA, in par-
ticular JEAs. This concern was also identified by the NASA Advi-
sory Council Task Force on Commercialization in its August 1, 1985
report. NASA has testified that it has established a policy whereby
all JEAs will be sent to the Administrator after six months regard-
less of the status of internal review. This would seem to be a step
in the right direction. The Committee will continue to monitor the
Agency's progress in expediting JEA approvals and encourages the
Agency to take further steps to that end.
Another concern of the Committee in connection with JEAs is
the question of indemnification for payloads in the cargo bay. The
purpose of the JEA is to stimulate interest and research in space
by providing flight opportunities that offer returns to both NASA
and the entity involved without an exchange of funds. Requiring
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JEA participants to purchase insurance if their payloads are in the
cargo bay, which NASA has estimated may run as high as $200,000
per launch may defeat the objective of JEAs. NASA currently in-
demnifies those JEA payloads carried in the middeck lockers. This
policy should apply equally to JEA payloads in the cargo bay.
Finally, NASA has recently entered into two SSDA's where it
agreed to accept deferred payments for the costs associated with
the Shuttle flights. These deferred payment options are offered
only on a limited basis. The rationale supporting the limitation is
that: (1) the first person to market with a new idea deserves protec-
tion from the person who is second-to-market, and (2) the NASA
budget could not support unlimited use of a deferred payment
option. The Committee is concerned with this policy for a number
of reasons. First, it is not clear how NASA intends to determine
who is first to market with a particular idea. In fact, it appears
more likely that the deferred payment option would be given to the
first person to approach NASA, regardless of whether or not he in
fact was the first person with a particular idea. The Committee
concurs with NASA's publicly stated position that it should not be
in a position of picking winners and losers in the commercial mar-
ketplace.
However, as a facilitator of the commercial use of space, the
Agency's ability to offer deferred payments, with appropriate levels
of interest, is an important means the Agency has available to fa-
cilitate commercial use of space, particularly by smaller and newer
companies. Clearly, the Agency may have limited ability, from a
budgetary standpoint, to defer launch payments in any given fiscal
year. This might be handled by deciding at the beginning of each
fiscal year the number of SSDAs that could be afforded that year.
These would then be awarded to any company with a qualified pro-
posal so long as NASA had reasonable assurance that the deferred
payments would be met by the company.
The Committee continues to support NASA's efforts to promote
commercial development of space. However, the Committee be-
lieves the limited deferred payment option for SSDAs should be
carefully reviewed by NASA and a recommendation made to this
Committee on a less subjective and restrictive approach to accom-
plishing the goal of encouraging commercial profit-making space
endeavors. This review should be completed and the report made
no later than January 15, 1987.
The Committee has learned with pleasure that the Secretary of
Defense is considering the issuance of a request for proposal for a
series of launches by expendable launch vehicle (ELVs) of Defense
payloads in future years. Testimony before the Committee in the
wake of the tragic loss of Challenger has indicated that the strong-
est position for the United States to be in would include a mixed
fleet of four Orbiters, military ELVs for Defense payloads, and a
viable domestic ELV industry.
Therefore, the Committee strongly urges the Secretary of De-
fense to structure the proposed request for proposal in such a way
that the successful bidder would be able to commercially market
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his vehicle with the best possibility of being competitive in the
world marketplace.
NASA ROLE IN THE AEROSPACEPLANE PROGRAM
The Committee believes the technologies to be developed during
the course of the Aerospaceplane program can have broad applica-
tion to a variety of, applications in both the civil and military
arenas, and that fulfillment of this expectation is essential to main-
taining wide support for the necessary resources. For this reason,
the Committee supports the concept of a national effort to conduct
the program.
NASA's particular contribution to the program will flow from its
expertise developed over many years of low-level, but steady, pur-
suit of hypersonic research. Equally important, NASA, among all
the participants in the program, is uniquely qualified to under-
stand the requirements for eventual civil applications and to
assure that program objectives are structured with these in mind.
Therefore, the Committee wishes to assure full and meaningful
participation by NASA in both program execution and manage-
ment. To this end, the Committee requests that the Administrator
of NASA report periodically on the progress and results in this
area.
The level of funding for hydrogen research and development
within NASA is projected to be $57.8 million for fiscal year 1987 as
compared to $9.1 million in fiscal year 1981. Of the amount shown
for fiscal year 1987, NASA estimates that approximately $27.0 mil-
lion is for activities related to the National Aerospaceplane Pro-
gram (NASP). Some $20.5 million is estimated for "hydrogen relat-
ed" R&D (materials properties, orbital transfer vehicles, etc.) and
the remainder is "peripheral" activities (fuel cells, Stirling engine
use, etc.). As with DOE, testimony before the Committee indicated
little or no coordination of hydrogen R&D within NASA or with
other federal agencies; no long-range goals or priorities were identi-
fied specifically related to hydrogen R&D.
Because of the importance of hydrogen R&D to the overall mis-
sion of NASA as well as its critical importance to the nations
future energy needs, the Committee requests that NASA, working
in conjunction with DOE and other appropriate agencies, establish
a comprehensive 5-year program plan for hydrogen R&D. Whereas
the Committee expects that DOE will take the lead role in develop-
ing the overall national program plan, the Committee requests
NASA to co-develop, in close coordination with DOE, those portions
of a national program plan of special significance to NASA and its
mission. The plan should be made available no later than Octo-
ber 1, 1986 and should include:
-program goals and priorities of individual agencies;
-technical milestones and requirements to achieve the program
goals;
-assignment of responsibility among the agencies and/or indi-
vidual institutional elements;
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-a description of methodology for coordination and technology
transfer;
-a description of current as well as proposed funding levels for
the next five years for each of the participating agencies; and
-proposed participation by industry and academia in the plan-
ning and implementation of this program.
FLIGHT OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE PHYSICALLY DISABLED
Pursuant to a provision in the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration Authorization Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-170), the Com-
mittee reaffirms its support for the proposal offered last year by
Mr. Walker to provide flight opportunities for a diverse segment of
the American public, including a physically disabled American.
The Committee reminds the Administrator that the report required
by the authorization act passed by the Congress last year has still
not been received. The Committee looks forward to receiving that
report at the earliest possible date.
INTERNATIONAL GEOSPHERE BIOSPHERE PROGRAM
The Committee continues to endorse the concept of an Interna-
tional Geosphere Biosphere Program and accordingly notes with
approval the National Research Council (NRC) report Global
Change in the Geosphere Biosphere.' The Committee particularly
notes with approval the following points made in that report:
Governments throughout the world feel a need to come to grips
with a series of growing concerns that deal with the global environ-
ment. The layman perceives a degradation of the quality of life
on-if not yet the habitability of-the planet. The scientist sees
complex problems that reach beyond conventional fields of discipli-
nary study. "We [the NRC] think the need for action is so great as
to warrant the mounting of a bold new program, and the issues so
urgent and compelling that it must be started now. . . . Today we
hold the means, in recent advances in science and technology, to
mount such a program and ... to expect a measure of success."
"The bulk of the changes that affect the course of life and the
environment of Earth are natural ones ... [but] imposed on these
is now another set of changes, more recent and immediate in conse-
quence, that are the clear result of the hand of man.... Policy
makers are faced with a baffling array of problems-apparent
damage to large forest regions in Europe, deterioration of lakes in
Scandinavia and eastern North America, climatic impacts of defor-
estation in the tropics, fluctuations in the extent of deserts in Asia,
Africa, and North America, depletion of pollution of groundwaters,
and growing levels of tropospheric oxidants, to mention but a few.
There are increasing demands for action and for reliable informa-
tion."
In view of these problems and these demands, the NRC has sug-
gested an "integrated, global study of the physical, chemical, and
biological processes that have produced and now maintain the envi-
ronment needed for life on Earth."
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The NRC urges the following as a focused objective for such a
study:
To describe and understand the interactive physical,
chemical, and biological processes that regulate the
Earth's unique environment for life, the changes that are
occurring in this system, and the manner in which they
are influenced by human actions.
In an IGBP, biospheric interactions would be the "focus and dis-
criminator in setting priorities and principal emphasis." "Priority
in an IGBP of this design would fall on those areas of each of the
fields involved that show the greatest promise of elucidating inter-
actions that might lead to significant change in the next 100 years,
that most affect the biosphere, and that are most susceptible to
human perturbation."
Clearly the challenge of such a program is great, indeed compa-
table to the potential benefits. The Committee believes that such a
prgram must be conducted and urges the research agencies under
its jurisdiction to foster an IGBP.
In particular NASA has a large role to play because of the im-
portance of satellite observations in acquiring the necessary global
view. In fact, NASA has already made significant contributions in
the study of global ozone concentrations. NASA should continue to
cooperate with the U.S. Committee for an International Geosphere
Biosphere Program and with other involved agencies. In physical
and financial scope, NASA's role in IGBP may be the largest, but
many other agencies will have to participate. Nevertheless, NASA
will probably be able to devote more resources to the program than
any other agency, and should do so in order to press on with
moving IGBP from a concept to a fruitful research activity.
EXTERNAL TANKS AS SPACE/ASSETS
The Committee believes that the Space Shuttle External Tank
(ET) is a potentially valuable resource that should be considered for
space development. This idea is not new but would be a significant
change from current practice. Studies conducted by the aerospace
industry, universities, and private foundations have shown that the
ET could possibly be converted into orbiting labs, platforms, and
warehouses by technology already proven in Skylab, the Shuttle,
and Spacelab, although the studies have not demonstrated the
practicality of such conversion.
The Committee believes that NASA and the academic communi-
ty should be encouraged to further study ET utilization and, in par-
ticular, the concept that qualified academic research groups might
be awarded ET resources for space-based research much like the
land-grant concept of the past. Universities, working cooperatively
with industry, might dramatically increase scientific research op-
portunities, expand our Nation's space infrastructure and broaden
the spectrum of private space enterprise if such usage of the ET is
found to be feasible, cost-effective, and safe.
Therefore, the Committee requests NASA to study the technical,
operational, cost, and safety requirements for ET orbit insertion,
basic station-keeping, and life support until universities working
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cooperatively with the private sector can access them for modifica-
tion and usage. The Committee directs NASA to report to the Com-
mittee on its findings by January 15, 1987. NASA should also make
available to the academic community interested in utilizing ET re-
sources in space both these findings and as appropriate, NASA
technical expertise.
Prior to the Challenger accident many science payloads were in a
high state of maturity and were scheduled for launch over the next
several years. Due to the present backlog many of these payloads
will now be delayed long past these scheduled launch dates.
For some programs now in progress it may be more cost-effective
to continue on the original program schedule and meet flight readi-
ness dates originally established. Such payloads, could remain in
storage until flight opportunities arise. For other programs it may
be more cost effective to stretch out the schedule such that payload
storage time is minimized and personnel can be managed more ef-
fectively.
By December 15, 1986, the Committee requests that NASA
submit a report identifying the most cost effective program strate-
gy for the major free-flyer and attached payloads with STS mani-
fest dates in calendar years 1986 though 1989 as scheduled in the
November 1985 STS manifest. This report should provide informa-
tion on the cost-to-completion for each program assuming original
flight readiness dates and stretched flight readiness dates based on
representative flight assignments.
In the fiscal year 1986 NASA authorization bill (section 115 of
P.L. 99-170) the Committee requested the President to submit to
the Congress a report on an international Space Year in 1992. The
report was to include description of international missions and
other activities the President deemed appropriate. The report has
been submitted and printed as House Document 99-221. It ex-
presses the consensus of responding nations that an ISY is an ap-
propriate way to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Columbus'
voyage to the New World.
The President's report recommends that the U.S. pursue an ISY
and that the National Academy of Sciences "play a key role in fo-
cusing discussion within the United States scientific community re-
garding the scientific content of an ISY and in carrying the United
States proposal to the appropriate international scientific bodies."
The report also suggests a "subthenme" for the ISY-"Understand-
ing the Earth as a Planet." This is very consistent with the Com-
mittee's support for the International Geosphere Biosphere Pro-
gram. The Committee, therefore, agrees with this suggestion.
In general the Committee believes that the Presidential report is
a good first step but notes that a great deal of work-planning and
coordinating-will have to be accomplished before ISY becomes a
reality. The Committee, therefore, urges NASA (and other agen-
cies) and the Academy to continue its efforts. It would be appropri-
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ate for NASA (and other agencies) to support the Academy with
modest funding for this purpose.
The Committee is also aware that if the ISY is to be a success it
must be truly international; there must be fundamental participa-
tion by many Nations from around the globe. Therefore, the
United States participants must strike a balance; they must stimu-
late the process while avoiding the appearance that ISY is a purely
U.S. or western event.
The Committee's oversight responsibility under the Rules of the
House includes all of NASA's activities, not just those funded by
direct appropriations. The Committee intends to fulfill this respon-
sibility.
The Committee notes that a recent communication from the
Agency could be interpreted to suggest that reimbursable activities
are of less interest to the Committee, but of course this is not the
case. The reimbursable budget of the Agency accounts for a signifi-
cant fraction of the Agency's activities.
In order to fulfill its oversight responsibility the Committee
needs full information regarding NASA's reimbursable program.
Accordingly, the Committee requests that when NASA submits
to the Congress its regular budget request for Fiscal Year 1988, it
submit as a part of that request a full documentation of its reim-
bursable program. This documentation should be at the same level
of detail as that for the directly-funded programs, and the source of
funds should be identified. Finally, the Committee requests that
such information on the reimbursable program be presented with
each succeeding annual budget request.
NASA SPACE AND EARTH SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITEE (SESAC)
RECOMMENDATIONS
The Committee notes with approval and adopts the recently sub-
mitted recommendations of NASA's Space and Earth Science Advi-
sory Committee (SESAC).
Following the Challenger accident, the United States Space Sci-
ence Program is at a critical juncture. The Space Science Program
faces a lengthy hiatus in flight opportunities with the postpone-
ment and cancellation of Shuttle mission. NASA estimates that
planned flights of scienific missions will be delayed, on an average,
from three to five years. These will have serious consequences for
the United States space science research capability, and will
create particular hardships for the space research and educational
activities performed at universities.
The Committee is concerned that NASA preserve the essential
elements of the Space and Earth Science Research and Educational
activities to ensure a capable scientific community available to use
Shuttle and Space Station opportunities when they resume in the
future.
However, the Committee notes that while the Shuttle is ground-
ed, productive scientific activities can continue in laboratories and
with the suborbital program balloons, rockets, and aircraft flights.
The Committee cites the August 14, 1986, NASA Advisory Counsel
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letter to the NASA Administrator endorsing the recommendation
of the NASA Space and Earth Sciences Advisory Committee
(SESAC) on ensuring the near-term vitality of the Space and Earth
Science Program. The NASA Advisory Council recommends that
the agency take immediate action to ensure the vitality of the na-
tion's Space and Earth Science Research capability during the
hiatus of space flight programs, and specifically recommends that
NASA increase the support of the following research core activi-
ties: research and analysis grants, suborbital programs, and the
mission operations and data analysis programs that support data
analysis from the existing fleet of operating spacecraft and guest
investigator programs. The Committee endorses the NASA Adviso-
ry Council recommendations and urges the NASA Administrator to
give them serious and immediate consideration for the purposes of
implementation.
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36
EXPLANATION OF THE BILL
TITLE I
The bill authorizes Research and Development in section 101(a),
Space Flight, Control and Data Communications in section 101(b),
Construction of Facilities in section 101(c), and Research and Pro-
gram Management in section 101(d). These activities are explained
below. The bill also provides NASA with certain reprograming au-
thority, subject to appropriate reporting requirements, in sections
102-104. Sections 105-110 make various amendments to the Na-
tional Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 and express the sense of
the Congress on a number of issues. Title II of the bill authorizes
appropriations for the Department of Transportation, Office of
Commercial Space Transportation. Title III provides for the recov-
ery of the space transportation capabilities of the United States.
Title IV assures reliable and continued access to space and encour-
ages the use of commercial expendable launch vehicle services.
Each of these provisions is fully explained in the Committee Ac-
tions or Sectional Analysis section of this report.
Authorization
fiscal year 1987
Page
No.
1
Space Station ..........................................
$410,000,000
37
2
Space transportation capability de-
450,500,000
40
velopment.
3
Physics and astronomy ..........................
539,400,000
51
4
Life sciences ............................................
70,700,000
63
5
Planetary exploration ...........................
323,300,000
69
6
Solid Earth observations .......................
69,100,000
77
7
Environmental observations ................
357,900,000
81
8
Materials processing in space ..............
40,900,000
97
9
Communications .....................................
114,500,000
98
10
Information Systems ..............................
18,200,000
103
11
Technology utilization ...........................
13,300,000
104
12
Commercial use of space .......................
27,000,000
107
13
Aeronautical research and technolo-
376,000,000
109
14
gY.
Transatmospheric research and
14,100,000
142
technology.
15
Space research and technology............
168,200,000
143
16
Tracking and data advanced sys-
15,100,000
173
tems.
Total ..................................................
3,038,100,000
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1. SPACE STATION, $410,000,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Utilization ...................................................................................................... $15,000,000
Advanced development ................................................................................ 83,000,000
Program management/integration ........................................................... 88,000,000
Operational readiness .................................................................................. 17,000,000
System definition .......................................................................................... 57,000,000
Development .................................................................................................. 150,000,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 410,000,000
The Space Station will provide a unique capability to enhance
the Nation's space science and applications program and to further
the commercial utilization of space while stimulating advanced
technologies. Development of the permanently manned Space Sta-
tion, as directed by President Reagan, will follow a vigorous -but de-
liberately-paced program plan which will permit us to maintain
the preeminence in space our Nation has attained through various
manned and unmanned programs.
The Space Station will be a multi-purpose, international facility
providing a permanent human presence in space to conduct essen-
tial scientific and technical research, to support unique commercial
activities and to perform operational tasks more efficiently in
space. International participation in the Space Station program
was encouraged by President Reagan in his 1984 State of the
Union address. Canada, member states of the European Space
Agency (ESA), and Japan have responded enthusiastically. Memo-
randa of Understandings (MOU) for the definition and preliminary
design phase were executed with Canada, ESA, and Japan in the
Spring of 1985, concurrent with the initiation of the NASA defini-
tion contracts. These international partners are undertaking paral-
lel definition and preliminary design studies to identify Space Sta-
tion elements that each of them may consider for development.
The Space Station will be designed to permit the system to
evolve, as warranted, over time and to provide greater user utility
and operational capabilities. Its manned and unmanned elements
will be designed to facilitate on-orbit maintainability/restorability,
operational autonomy, human productivity, and simplified user
interfaces. Implicit in these objectives is the recognized need to op-
timize man/machine systems in space via automation, robotics and
artificial intelligence technologies. During the definition period,
NASA is conducting trade studies to evaluate various subsystem
changes to the Space Station options. Changes to the reference con-
figuration are being made to arrive at the optimum baseline config-
uration considering user requirements, systems efficiency, develop-
ment and operations cost, and growth potential. Changes to the ini-
tial "power tower" reference configuration that have been base-
lined so far are: (1) dual keel; (2) "figure 8" module pattern; (3) 43.7
feet module length; (4) 14.7 psi cabin pressure; (5) assembly altitude
of 220 nautical miles and a minimal operating altitude of 250 nau-
tical miles; and (6) to the minus 5 g's microgravity level.
During the definition program, NASA is undertaking a Congres-
sionally-mandated study to examine the feasibility of initially
building and deploying a man-tended Space Station followed with a
three to five year phase-in of a permanently manned capability.
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This study will be submitted to the Congress prior to the Adminis-
trator's selection of a baseline permanently manned Space Station
configuration. All of the NASA centers and Space Station defini-
tion contractors are involved in this study which is progressing on
schedule.
The Station and its platforms will be placed and maintained in
low-Earth orbit by the Space Transportation System, thereby build-
ing upon the previous national investment in space. The initial
launch of the Space Station elements will occur in the early to mid-
1990's.
The definition and preliminary design phase will continue
through FY 1987 and will provide the technical and programmatic
plan for the Space Station program, including the completion of
the detailed definition and preliminary design, the analysis and in-
tegration of national and international user community require-
ments, and the advanced development of technology options. A con-
tinuing emphasis on user requirements will be maintained
throughout the definition phase as the preliminary engineering
design evolves through subsystem advanced development and test-
ing in dedicated test beds. Flight experiments on the Shuttle will
be performed to prove system feasibility, and trade studies to opti-
mize systems and operations will be conducted. This detailed
system definition will provide assurance of achieving program ob-
jectives.
The development phase, beginning early in FY 1987, will include
establishing system design requirements and performing detailed
analysis for the initiation of the design and layout of the modules
and subsystems, the design of ground support equipment and gov-
ernment furnished equipment, and the design and plans for tooling
and manufacturing processes.
The FY 1987 Budget provides for the initiation of development
efforts as well as completion of the definition work, including the
technology assessments, and the eight contracted studies begun in
April 1985.
Utilization.-To ensure responsiveness to the national and inter-
national user community, customer advocacy groups established
early in the program will continue to work with users to further
define their requirements in the areas of science and applications,
commercialization, and technology development. Other user re-
quirements to be defined are: on-board accommodations; support
for assembly, staging and servicing spacecraft; and maintenance or
modification of equipment. The definition of consistent and user
friendly interfaces is a key activity in FY 1987. Interface work will
include the definition of access procedures for arranging for serv-
ices, provisioning/replenishment requirements, and the methods
for retrieval and protection of products, and/or data of both a sci-
entific and technical nature. Definition of the user operational re-
quirements will also be a focus of the Utilization program.
Advanced Development. -This activity provides for the continu-
ing development of advanced technology options that are reliable
and cost effective and will ensure that the initial Space Station
configuration incorporates provisions for growth. Examples of key
technologies on which work will continue in FY 1987 include: solar
dynamic power generation and energy storage; regenerative life
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support system; food/hygiene technology; man/machine interfaces
and work integration; two-phase thermal bus and two-phased fluid
systems, material tests, and dynamic tests of representative struc-
tural elements. This effort is being conducted to validate the oper-
ation of selected technology options in the environment to which
they will be exposed when incorporated in the Space Station.
Automation and robotics technology is applied throughout the
advanced development effort. The limited crew size in the initial
station dictates a development scenario that will result in maxi-
mum autonomy from the ground and a high level of automation
and robotic activities. In FY 1986, Congress directed NASA to un-
dertake an automation and robotic effort that will be continued in
FY 1987.
Program Management/Integration.-This effort provides for the
management and integration of all elements of the Space Station
program including the input from international participants. The
major components of this activity are the Systems Engineering and
Integration (SE&I) effort, the Technical and Management Informa-
tion System (TMIS), and program support activities.
The SE&I effort includes the systems engineering and analysis of
technical requirements and alternatives; the definition and integra-
tion of all elements that comprise the program; and the develop-
ment of the master data base and the engineering master sched-
ules. TMIS will be an integrated system of hardware, software, and
procedures to collect, organize, and distribute engineering and
management data among NASA centers, contractors and interna-
tional partners. The program support activities provide manage-
ment, technical, and institutional support from the individual cen-
ters necessary to sustain the development activities of the Space
Station.
Operational Readiness.-The definition effort for operations in-
cludes the development of plans, requirements, and preliminary de-
signs for the major operational support systems of integrated logis-
tics management, space systems operations, launch/return oper-
ations, and user operations. International involvement and oper-
ational roles and missions will be assessed. The objective of all
these activities is to insure the total operational readiness of the
Space Station system, including platforms and ground support ele-
ments, in order to conduct a variety of scientific, technological and
commercial missions.
System Definition.-Eight system definition contracts were initi-
ated within four separate work packages in April 1985 for the ini-
tial definition and preliminary design of the Space Station and its
evolution. Completion is scheduled for early FY 1987. In addition to
permanently manned features, the contractors are also studying a
man-tended approach which phases into a permanently manned ca-
pability. The contractors are also supporting the NASA SE&I activ-
ity by defining the configurations, interfaces, and functional re-
quirements of individual system elements.
Development.-The development phase includes the contractor
effort work packages, supporting development activities such as the
NASA SE&I, the software support environment, and the evolve-
ment of operational planning. Some of these supporting develop-
ment activities will commence early in FY 1987. The SE&I effort
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will be performed primarily by civil service personnel at the John-
son Space Center with additional SE&I support provided by other
NASA centers. SE&I activities will include system requirements
and analyses; interface design and control; and safety, reliability
and quality assurance requirements. The engineering master
schedule and other key systems level schedules will be expanded
and maintained, systems level assembly and check-out logic will be
refined, and systems level verification requirements and procedures
will be established. The software support environment activity will
provide the infrastructure for the development of common applica-
tions software required for flight and ground systems. Other sup-
porting development activities to be performed by the government
with contract support include the initiation of procurement of gov-
ernment-furnished equipment and the design of the ground support
equipment. The ground support equipment wi11 be required during
the processing flow of the Space Station system for system level in-
tegration, test and check-out, as well as for processing and integra-
tion of payloads.
Work package contracts for the development phase are planned
to begin incrementally, starting in mid-FY 1987. This contracted
effort, as currently contemplated, will be divided into four major
categories, which may be adjusted as a result of the definition stud-
ies and/or international participation. Present planning calls for
one category to include the common modules, the environmental
control and life support systems, the outfitting of laboratory and lo-
gistics modules, the auxiliary propulsion systems and related appli-
cations software. A second category will consist of the distributed
systems (including communication and tracking, data management
systems, thermal system, mechanisms and the connect/intercon-
nect module); trusses and other structural items; the guidance,
navigation and control system; the resources integration and Shut-
tle interface analysis; and, related applications software. The third
category includes the platforms, the facilities and techniques for
the servicing of free flyers and other space hardware, as well as the
outfitting of laboratories and related applications software. The
final category consists of the power generation, power storage, and
power management and distribution.
The design and development of the modules, structures, distrib-
uted subsystems and platforms will be phased to optimize fabrica-
tion, assembly and checkout flow times to support an initial launch
of Space Station elements in the early to mid-1990's.
2. SPACE TRANSPORTATION CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT, $450,500,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Spacelab ..........................................................................................................
$84,700,000
Upper stages ..................................................................................................
85,100,000
Engineering and technical base .................................................................
119,900,000
Payload operations and support equipment ............................................
67,600,000
Advanced programs ......................................................................................
16,600,000
Tethered satellite system ............................................................................
11,600,000
Orbital maneuvering vehicle ......................................................................
65,000,000
Total .....................................................................................................
450,500,000
The principle areas of activity in Space Transportation Capabil-
ity Development are efforts related to the Spacelab, the Upper
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Stages that place satellites in high altitude orbits, the Engineering
and Technical Base support at NASA centers, Payload Operations
and Support Equipment, Advanced Programs study and evaluation
efforts, the development and first flight of the United States/Ital-
ian Tethered Satellite System, and the development of the Orbital
Maneuvering Vehicle.
Spacelab is a major element of the Space Transportation System
(STS) that provides a versatile, reusable laboratory which is flown
to and from Earth orbit in the orbiter cargo bay. The development
program which has been carried out jointly by NASA and the Eu-
ropean Space Agency (ESA) continues with the procurement of
hardware for the Dedicated Discipline Laboratory, the Hitchhiker
System, the Spacelab Pallet System, the Space Technology Experi-
ment Platform and the initial lay-in of spares.
Upper Stages are required to deploy payloads to orbits and tra-
jectories not attainable by the Shuttle alone. The program provides
for procurement of stages for NASA missions, for technical moni-
toring and management activities for government and commercial
Upper Stages, and a solid rocket motor integrity program to estab-
lish an engineering data base for solid stage components.
The Engineering and Technical Base provides the core capability
for the engineering, scientific and technical support required at the
Johnson Space Center (JSC), the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), the
Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), and the National Space
Technology Laboratories (NSTL) for research and development ac-
tivities.
Payload Operations and Support Equipment provides for develop-
ing and placing into operational status the ground and flight sys-
tems necessary to support the STS payloads during pre-launch
processing, on-orbit mission operations and, when appropriate,
post-landing processing. Included within this program area are the
STS support services for NASA payloads, satellite servicing tools
and techniques development, flight demonstrations and multi-mis-
sion payload support equipment.
The Advanced Programs effort identifies potential future space
initiatives and provides technical as well as programmatic data for
their definition and evaluation. Activity is focused on six major
areas: advanced missions, satellite services, spacecraft systems, ad-
vanced transportation systems, crew systems, and generic space
system capabilities. Advanced development activities are conducted
to provide a basis for obtaining significant performance and reli-
ability improvements and reducing future program risks and devel-
opment costs through the effective use of new technology.
The Tethered Satellite System (TSS), a joint Italian/United
States development effort, will provide a new capability for con-
ducting space experiments in regions remote from the Shuttle or-
biter. The objectives of the initial TSS mission planned for 1988 are
twofold: (1) to verify the controlled deployment, operation, and re-
trieval of the TSS, and (2) to quantify the interaction between the
satellite/tether and space plasma in the presence of a current
drawn through the tether.
The development of the Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle, to be initi-
ated in 1986, will provide a capability for payload delive, retriev-
al, and servicing beyond that currently available in the STS.
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The first operational Spacelab flight (SL-3) and the second devel-
opment flight (SL-2) were successfully flown during FY 1985. With
the delivery of the instrument pointing system in the fourth quar-
ter of FY 1985, the delivery of the major portion of the follow on
procurement Spacelab hardware was completed. Additional hard-
ware for the Dedicated Discipline Laboratory (DDL) flights, the
Spacelab Pallet System (SPS), the Space Technology Experiment
Platform (STEP), and the Hitchhiker system is being procured. The
first reimbursable flight, Deutschland-1, (D-1), was flown during
the first quarter of FY 1986.
In Upper Stages, the commercially developed Payload Assist
Modules (PAM) provide low cost transportation, principally for
commercial spacecraft, from the Shuttle's low Earth orbit. The
Delta class PAM-D is capable of injection up to 2,750 pound pay-
loads into geosynchronous transfer orbit. The PAM-DII will be ca-
pable of placing a 4,100 pound payload into geosynchronous trans-
fer orbit and was used for the first time in launching an RCA pay-
load for STS 61B in November 1985. The Atlas-Centaur class PAM-
A is capable of inserting 4,400 pound payloads into the same orbit
and was system-qualified in late 1984. Fourty PAM-D's have been
successfully launched on the Delta, Atlas, and Space Shuttle. There
have been 20 consecutive successful PAM-D missions as of January
1986.
The Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) was developed under a DOD con-
tract to provide the capability to place payloads of up to 5,000
pounds into geosynchronous orbit. TDRS will be the next NASA
use of an IUS.
The Transfer Orbital Stage (TOS) is a three-axis stabilized peri-
gee stage that is being commercially developed by the Orbital Sci-
ences Corporation for use in the Shuttle. It will have the capability
of placing 6,000 to 13,000 pounds into geosynchronous transfer orbit
and thus bridges the gap between PAM-DII and Centaur. The
scheduled launch availability is early 1987.
The Apogee Maneuvering Stage (AMS) is a three-axis stabilized
liquid propellant apogee stage which is also being commerciall de-
veloped by Orbital Sciences Corporation for use in the Shuttle. It
will have the capability to place 5,200 pound payloads into geosyn-
chronous transfer orbits when used alone or 6,500 pounds into geo-
synchronous orbit when combined with a TOS. Projected availabil-
ity is late 1987.
In Payload Operations and Support Equipment, payload integra-
tion support and payload-related hardware are developed and fur-
nished for NASA payloads. Multi-mission payload support equip-
ment is developed and procurred including initial spares for cargo
integration test equipment, fiber optic cabling and equipment for
communication links between the payload processing facilities and
standard sets of wire harnesses for interconnection of mixed car-
goes in the payload bay.
The Advanced Programs effort is focused on six major areas-ad-
vanced missions, satellite services, spacecraft system, advanced
transportation systems, crew systems, and generic space system ca-
pabilities. Advanced planning and analysis efforts will increasingly
be focused on long range manned mission options in and beyond
Earth orbit. Satellite servicing systems will continue definition and
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advanced development work in remote and proximity operations.
Continued efforts will be made in the areas of platform systems
and servicing and advanced tether applications. Advanced trans-
portation concepts will be studied, including orbit transfer vehicles
(OTV's), propellant management, advanced launch vehicles, and
advanced STS analytical tools. Systems supporting human presence
in space as well as generic work in space structures, orbital debris
management and retrieval, and artificial intelligence applications
will be investigated.
The Tethered Satellite System (TSS) hardware development was
initiated in FY 1984 following the completion of an advanced devel-
opment phase initiated in FY 1983. Systems definition studies were
completed in FY 1985. Comprehensive design and requirements
validation; procurement of long lead time flight hardware elements
and tooling; systems development and integration, and deployer
manufacturing and integration will continue through FY 1987. The
Italians started satellite and core equipment development in FY
1984, and a cooperative first flight is presently scheduled for 1988.
The Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle (OMV) completed early study
and feasibility efforts in FY 1985 and is progressing toward con-
tractor selection for full-scale hardware development by the middle
of 1986. The OMV will be a reusable, remotely operated propulsive
vehicle with the capability to deliver, retrieve and service payloads
and spacecraft deployed at a wide range of altitudes and inclina-
tions. Based on current planning, this capability will be available
for use with the STS In 1991.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Development .................................................................................................. $14,700,000
Operations ...................................................................................................... 75,000,000
General reduction .......................................................................................... -5,000,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 84,700,000
The Spacelab is a versatile facility designed for installation in
the cargo bay of the orbiter which affords scientists the opportuni-
ty to conduct scientific experiments in the unique environment of
space. The reusable Spacelab system allows for the advancement of
scientific research by serving as both an observatory and laborato-
ry in space. Ten European nations, including nine members of the
European Space Agency (ESA), have participated in this joint de-
velopment program with NASA. ESA designed, developed, pro-
duced, and delivered the first Spacelab components; consisting of a
pressurized module and unpressurized pallet segments, Igloo, com-
mand and data management subsystem, environmental control
subsystem, power distribution systems, instrument pointing subsys-
tem (IPS), and much of the ground support equipment and software
for both flight and ground operations.
The remaining hardware is in Spacelab's development budget, in-
cluding such major elements as the crew transfer tunnel, verficia-
tion flight instrumentation, certain ground support equipment, and
a training simulator. Support software and procedures develop-
ment, testing, and training activities not provided by ESA, which
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are required to demonstrate the operational capability of Spacelab,
are also included in NASA's funding. NASA has procured an addi-
tional Spacelab unit from ESA under terms of the ESA/NASA
Memorandum of Understanding and the Intergovernment Agree-
ment. With the delivery of the follow on procurement (FOP) IPS in
the fourth quarter FY 1985, the delivery of the major portion of the
FOP Spacelab unit was completed. Additional Spacelab hardware,
primarily for Spacelab Dedicated Discipline Laboratory (DDL)
flights and the initial lay-in of spare hardware, is being procured
from Europe. The establishment of a depot maintenance program
for United States-provided and European-supplied hardware will
continue during FY 1986. NASA is developing two principal ver-
sions of the Spacelab Pallet System (SPS). One will support mis-
sions requiring the igloo and pallet in a mixed cargo configuration
like the ASTRO series; the other version will support missions that
do not require use of the igloo such as the Space Technology Exper-
iment Platform (STEP) and the Tethered Satellite System. Develop-
ment of the Hitchhiker system is also continuing.
Spacelab's operation budget includes mission planning, mission
integration, and flight and ground operations. This includes inte-
gration of the flight hardware and software, mission independent
crew training, system operations support, payload operations con-
trol, logistical support and sustaining engineering.
The first Spacelab reimbursable flight, Deutschland-1 (D-1), was
flown during the first quarter of FY 1986. Analytical and physical
integration, configuration management and software development
for future flights will be conducted. Procurement of spares for both
NASA-developed hardware and for hardware developed by U.S.
companies under contract with ESA will continue throughout FY
1986. Operation of the depot maintenance program for U.S.-provid-
ed and European-supplied hardware and the procurement of re-
plenishment spares will continue in FY 1986.
Funding in FY 1987 is required for the continued procurement of
initial lay-in of both United States and European source spares.
The establishment of a depot maintenance system for U.S. and Eu-
ropean-supplied hardware will also continue during FY 1987. Addi-
tionally, development of the STEP and procurement of hardware to
support the DDL will continue.
Funding is also required for Spacelab operational flights, includ-
ing the International Microgravity Lab (IML-1), four Hitchhiker
flights, ASTRO-2 and 3, Space and Life Sciences Laboratory SLS-1,
Material Science Laboratory mission (3, 4, 5, 6 and 7), and other
small payloads. FY 1987 funding is required to support flights to be
flown in subsequent years, including the planned FY 1988 launch
of an Earth Observation Mission (EOM-3), Sunlab-I/Dark Sky,
SLS-2 and the Material Science Laboratory missions (8, 9, 10, and
11). Two additional reimbursable missions will be flown: the Japa-
nese Spacelab mission (Spacelab-J) in FY 1988; and a West Germa-
ny mission (Spacelab-D2) in FY 1989. The support for these mis-
sions includes analytical integration, configuration management,
hardware integration and software development and integration.
Funding is also included to operate and maintain the MSFC and
JSC Payload Operations Control Centers (POCC) required to sup-
port the Spacelab manifest. Spacelab operations also provides for
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replenishment spares, the operation of the depot for United States
and European hardware and software, and sustaining engineering
of all hardware and software.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Development .................................................................................................. $4,900,000
Procurement and operations ...................................................................... 80,200,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 85,100,000
The STS upper stages are required to deploy Shuttle-launched
payloads to orbits not attainable by the Shuttle alone. The Inertial
Upper Stage (IUS), and the commercially developed Payload Assist
Modules (PAM-A, PAM-D and PAM-DII) are currently available
for use on the STS. Several other upper stages now being commer-
cially developed, such as the Transfer Orbit Stage (TOS) and the
Apogee Maneuvering Stage (AMS), will become available for use
with the STS.
The IUS was developed under a DOD contract to provide the ca-
pability to place payloads of up to 5,000 pounds into geosynchro-
nous orbit. The first IUS was successfully launched in October 1982
on a Titan 34-D booster. The first IUS/STS launch in April 1983
carried the TDRS-1 spacecraft. The IUS failed to operate nominal-
ly during the second stage boost. The IUS anomalies were resolved
by joint USAF/NASA action, and the DOD/NASA/Industry Anom-
aly Investigating Team determined that the IUS was again ready
for flight. The IUS operated nominally when deployed from STS-
51C in January 1985. Four IUS vehicles have been procured by
NASA for launch of the initial four Tracking and Data Relay Satel-
lite System, spacecraft; the first three were funded through the
TDRSS contract while the fourth is funded under this budget ele-
ment.
NASA and DOD have entered into a joint development program
for a wide-body derivative of the Centaur stage as used in the
Atlas-Centaur program. With the cancellation of the Shuttle/Cen-
taur part of this program, the wide-body Centaur will be available
for use only on expendable launch vehicles, such as the Titan IV.
The objective of the PAM program is to provide low cost trans-
portation, principally of commercial spacecraft from the Shuttle's
low Earth orbit to geosynchronous transfer orbit. The Delta Class
PAM-D is capable of injecting up to 2,750 pound payloads into geo-
synchronous transfer orbit. The Atlas-Centaur class (PAM-A) is ca-
pable of inserting 4,400 pound payloads into the same orbit. PAM's
are being developed commercially, but NASA monitors the develop-
ment and production to assure that the PAM is technically ade-
quate and will be available when needed. Fourty PAM-D's have
been successfully launched on the Delta, Atlas, and Shuttle as of
January 1986. Twenty of these have occurred since the two PAM-
D's failed on STS-11. The PAM-DII was developed commercially
and is capable of injecting 4,100 pound payloads into geosynchro-
nous transfer orbit. Its first mission, on STS-61B in November
1985, depolyed an RCA satellite.
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TOS is a three-axis stabilized perigee stage that is being devel-
oped commercially by the Orbital Sciences Corporation for use with
the Shuttle. It will have the capability to place 6,000 to 13,000
pounds into geosynchronous transfer orbit, and thus bridge the gap
between PAM-DII and Centaur. The scheduled launch availability
is early 1987. A TOS-class vehicle is baselined for the Mars Observ-
er mission in 1990. The apogee Maneuvering Stage (AMS) is a
three-axis stabilized liquid propellant apogee stage that is being de-
veloped commercially also by the Orbital Scienes Corporation for
use with the Shuttle. It will have the capability to place a 5200
pound payload into geosynchronous transfer orbit when used alone
or 6500 pounds into geosynchoronous orbit when combined with
TOS. Projected availability is late 1987.
The solid rocket motor integrity program was initiated during
FY 1984, following the PAM failures on STS-11, to establish an ur-
gently needed engineering data base for use of composite materials
in upper stage motor nozzles, to minimize risk to planned missions
and to restore user confidence in U.S. launch systems. Physical and
mechanical properties of selected components are currently being
examined and means of instrumenting manufacturing processes
and their impact on material properties are being developed. Motor
testing will be conducted to verify analyses and create an engineer-
ing data base.
The FY 1987 development funds are required to complete the
RL-10 engine improvement program in order to provide increased
capability for NASA and DOD missions. Also, technical monitoring
of the TOS upper stage will be continued. Production and oper-
ations funds in FY 1987 are required to continue production of one
Centaur-G vehicle to support the Magellan (formerly Venus Radar
Mapper) mission scheduled for launch in 1988 and upper stages for
the Mars Observer, TDRS-5 and TDRS-6. Vehicle selections are
currently in the source evaluation process for upper stage vehicles
for TDRS-5, TDRS-6, and the Mars Observer. Monitoring of the
PAM-D, PAM-DII and TOS programs will continue. Funds are also
required to support continuation of the solid rocket motor integrity
program. Funding starts in FY 1987 on two upper stages, one
PAM-D class and one AMS class, for the ESA and Japanese Solar
Terrestrial Physics spacecrafts.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Research and test support ........................................................................... $52,600,000
Data systems and flight support ................................................................ 14,100,000
Operations support ....................................................................................... 48,700,000
Launch systems support .............................................................................. 4,500,000
Total ............................................................................................................ 119,900,000
The Engineering and Technical Base (ETB) provides the core ca-
pability required to sustain an engineering and development base
for various NASA programs at the manned space flight centers.
Addititional center program support requirements above the core
level are funded by the benefitting programs, such as Shuttle Oper-
ations and Shuttle Production and Capability Development. The
centers involved are the Johnson Space Center (JCS), the Kennedy
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Space Center (KSC), the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), and
the National Space Technology Laboratories (NSTL).
The core level of support varies from center to center due to pro-
grammatic and institutional differences. At JSC, the core level re-
quirement is that one shift of operations be maintained in the engi-
neering and development laboratories, the White Sands Test Facili-
ty, and reliability and quality assurance areas. The core level for
the central computer complex is established as a two-shift oper-
ation. The funding for center operations base support is split be-
tween the ETB and Shuttle Operations budget elements in accord-
ance with the principle that ETB will provide the core level and
the benefitting program is responsible for funding additional sup-
port requirements. At KSC, due to its operational character, the
core level provides for future studies and ground system research
and development. ETB funds at MSFC provide for multi-program
support activities, including technical labs and facilities, computa-
tional and communications services, and at NSTL for facilities op-
erations, including security.
The requested funding for the ETB in FY 1987 provides for a
continuation of the FY 1986 level of support for institutional re-
search and development facilities and services at the centers. The
increase in FY 1987 budget authority requirements over FY 1986
reflects increased rates at the contractor workforce.
In research and test support, effort will be continued on the pro-
vision for increased capabilities at MSFC for engineering and sci-
ence projects enabled by acquisition of a Class VI computer system.
This capability is required for the solution of more complex main
engine three-dimensional dynamics modeling problems and for
complex structural analyses. Present supporting activities at MSFC
will be continued during FY 1986. At JSC, the requested funding
will provide for a five-day, one-shift operation for the safety, reli-
ability and quality assurance activities and for the engineering and
development laboratories, such as the Electronic Systems Test Lab-
oratory and the Thermal Test Area.
Data systems and flight support provide a minimal core level of
support on a five-day, two-shift operation of the central computer
complex at JSC.
Operations support funding provides for the maintenance of tech-
nical facilities and equipment, chemical cleaning, engineering
design, technical documentation and analysis, telecommunications,
component fabrication, photographic support, and logistics support.
Examples of specific services to be provided in FY 1987 include: (1)
operation and maintenance of specialized electrical and cryogenic
systems, and maintenance of test area cranes; (2) operation of
shops to do metal refurbishing, anodizing, plating, stripping, and
etching of selected items of in-house hardware; (3) engineering, in-
stallation, operation, and maintenance of closed circuit fixed and
mobile television required for the support and surveillance of tests;
(4) photographic services, including still and motion picture proc-
essing, and audio-visual mission support; (5) fabrication of models,
breadboards, and selected items of flight hardware; (6) technical
documentation services, telecommunications, and graphics; (7) tech-
nical services in support of center operations including receipt,
storage, and issue of research and development supplies and equip-
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ment and transportation services; and (8) management services in
support of center operations, including data management, micro-
filming, and preparation of technical documentation. In addition,
FY 1987 funds will provide the basic level of institutional support
at NSTL for continuing main engine testing activities.
In launch systems support, funds are required to continue work
in the development of beneficial application of new technology to
the solution of operational problems and development of improved
operational capabilities for launch site hardware, ground process-
ing and support systems.
PAYLOAD OPERATIONS AND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Payload operations ....................................................................................... $66,900,000
Payload support equipment ........................................................................ 5,700,000
General reduction .......................................................................................... -5,000,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 67,600,000
The Payload Operations and Support Equipment objectives are to
centralize the provisioning of payload services, both unique and
common, which are required beyond the basic standard services for
NASA missions, and to provide multi-mission support equipment in
support of payload operations. Payload operations provides unique
hardware, analyses, and launch site support services to support
STS missions. Payload support equipment funds the development
and acquisition of multi-mission reusable ground support equip-
ment required for a wide range of payloads. This includes test
equipment required to checkout payload-to-orbiter interfaces at
KSC, test equipment for checkout of NASA payloads at Vanden-
berg Air Force Base (VAFB), mixed cargo hardware such as stand-
ard cable harnesses, and displays and controls related to payload
bay operations.
Payload operations funding is required to furnish continued pay-
load services for currently scheduled NASA launches. Major NASA
and joint endeavor payloads receiving support during this year in-
clude Spartans, Space Life Science Laboratory (SLS-2), Electro-
phoreses Operations in Space (EDS), Long Duration Exposure Facil-
ity Retrieval (LDEF), Spacelab Solar Telescope (Sunlap), Materials
Science Laboratories (MSL), Astros, Shuttle Radar Laboratory
(SRL), Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS), International Mi-
cogravity Laboratory (IML), Combined Release and Radiation Ef-
fects Satellite (CRRESS), Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT), Shuttle Solar
Backscater Ultra-Violet Instruments (SSBUV) and Large, High Ca-
pacity Heat Pipe Radiator (TEMP-3B). Sustaining engineering and
operations support for the manned maneuvering unit will continue
in support of NASA flight requirements. Further, efforts will con-
tinue to provide the means to maintain and repair satellites on-
orbit by developing a series of tools, aids, and techniques, and to
demonstrate capabilities and methods of improving the efficiency
of on-orbit operations. These demonstrations will provide the expe-
rience necessary for realization of the Shuttle's potential for satel-
lite servicing missions and on-orbit assembly functions.
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FY 1987 funding for payload support equipment will be used for
the development, test, and installation of mixed cargo hardware
and test equipment, long lead procurement of equipment for NASA
payloads at VAFB, procurement and installation of fiber optics,
and continued procurement of cargo integration hardware required
to meet the mission manifest.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Advanced programs ...................................................................................... $16,600,000
Advanced Program's principal objectives are to conduct mission
requirements analyses, conceptual system definition, detailed
system definition, and advanced and supporting developments to
acquire the technical and programmatic data for the evaluation of
new space flight initiatives. Future space program and systems re-
quirements, configurations, costs, and capabilities are identified to
provide the basis for development decisions on new space flight sys-
tems. Past program efforts have provided such information for new
ma or Agency programs and systems including Apollo, Skylab, the
STS and Space Station. Subsystem studies and advanced and sup-
porting development efforts are conducted to demonstrate the re-
quired performance and reliability. Improvements to reduce future
system program cost and schedule risks while increasing perform-
ance will also be investigated.
In FY 1986, the Advanced Programs effort is focused in six major
areas-advanced missions, satellite services, spacecraft systems, ad-
vanced transportation systems, crew systems, and generic space
system capabilities. Definition studies as well as advanced develop-
ment efforts are being continued in the areas of satellite servicing
systems; manned extravehicular activity; spacecraft and platform
resupply, maintenance and repair; rendezvous and proximity oper-
ations; satellite maintenance and repair in low and geostationary
Earth orbit; and autonomous capabilities. In spacecraft systems,
definition activities continue for free flying and tethered space
platforms in low and geostationary orbits operating from the Shut-
tle. Advanced transportation studies are focused on study of poten-
tial future reusable orbit transfer vehicles (OTV), space-based oper-
ations of OTV's, competitive aeroassist braking techniques for
OTV, Shuttle-derived launch vehicle concepts, propellant scaveng-
ing, and aft cargo carrier concepts. Crew systems efforts will focus
on definition and advanced development related to future space
flight systems. Generic space system capabilities will include stud-
ies related to space debris. Preliminary definition and ground simu-
lation evaluations of assembly and construction operations for
large space systems and orbital structures will be pursued. NASA,
in conjunction with the DOD, is investigating a heavy lift launch
capability and associated advanced development.
The objective of efforts to be initiated in the advanced manned
mission area will be the planning and analysis of potential follow-
on programs to exploit the STS and the early Space Station. Inte-
grated program options involving low Earth orbit, geostationary
orbit, lunar and planetary missions will be investigated, with the
multi-year purpose to develop goals, planning information, and in-
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frastructure requirements for expanding manned presence in space
beyond the period of the Space Station development and initiation.
In FY 1987, major emphasis will be placed on system concept def-
inition and key advanced developments in crew systems, geosta-
tionary Earth orbital unmanned platforms, reusable OTV's, new
capability mission kits for orbital maneuvering vehicles, future
tethered systems applications, satellite servicing systems near and
remote from the orbiter, and second generation Shuttles. A major
goal continues to be the conceptual definition of the systems archi-
tecture and space elements needed for space operations over the
next twenty years.
The satellite servicing program element will continue to explore
effective manned servicing concepts to extend STS operational ca-
pability for Earth orbit support of spacecraft, platforms, and con-
stellation aggregates. The spacecraft systems program element will
focus on geostationary platform capability, definition and delinea-
tion of critical mechanisms, and designs which require advanced
development efforts. Detailed engineering systems analysis will be
continued to determine the efficiency of future tethered platform
applications. Completion of preliminary definition of orbit transfer
vehicle systems will be accomplished in the advanced transporta-
tion element, including a detailed systems engineering understand-
ing of space basing and what key advanced developments must be
initiated. Second generation Shuttle concept studies and advanced
developments will also be conducted. In the crew systems area, new
life support system concepts and advanced developments will be
conducted focusing on post-Space Station era manned missions.
Also, in the crew systems area, new capabilities for EVA will be
pursued. Generic studies regarding orbital debris, large structures,
and system applications will be continued. Advanced manned mis-
sions beyond the Space Station will continue to be studied with ex-
panded scope and increased depth. Studies will be conducted to
identify potential lunar/Mars missions and their potential de-
mands on the STS.
FISCAL YEAR. 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Tethered satellite system ............................................................................ $11,600,000
The development of a Tethered Satellite System (TSS) will pro-
vide a new facility for conducting space experiments at distances
up to 100 kilometers from the Shuttle orbiter while being held in a
fixed position relative to the orbiter. A number of significant scien-
tific and engineering objectives can be uniquely undertaken with a
TSS facility such as the observation of important atmospheric proc-
esses occurring within the lower thermosphere, new observations of
crustal geomagnetic phenomena, and entirely new electrodynamic
experiments interacting with the space plasma. This is being un-
dertaken as a cooperative development program with the Italian
government. Formal signing by representatives of both govern-
ments of a Memorandum of Understanding took place in March
1984.
The United States is responsible for overall program manage-
ment, orbiter integration, and hardware development of the deploy-
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ment mechanism which was initiated in FY 1984. The Italians ini-
tiated the satellite hardware development in 1984. They are re-
sponsible for the satellite development and instrument and experi-
ment integration.
FY 1987 funding of $11.6 million will continue the hardware
design and development leading to an engineering verification
flight scheduled for 1988. The planning estimate for the total devel-
opment cost for the United States activities remains at $60 million.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Orbital maneuvering vehicle ...................................................................... $65,000,000
The Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle (OMV) will provide a new STS
reusable extension capability for conducting orbital operations with
spacecraft and payloads beyond the practical operational accessibil-
ity limits of the baseline STS. By means of direct man-in-the-loop
control, the spacebaseable reusable OMV, operating as far as 800-
1400 nautical miles from the orbiter, will provide delivery, maneu-
vering, and retrieval of satellite payloads to and from altitudes or
inclinations beyond the existing STS capability; reboost of satellite
to original operational altitudes or higher; delivery of multiple pay-
loads to different orbital altitudes and inclinations in a single
flight; and safe deorbit of satellites which have completed their
useful life. It will be designed to serve the Space Station as well
and to accommodate the add-on of future "mission kits" as needed
to support more advanced missions such as the servicing of satel-
lites and platforms and the retrieval of space debris which could
represent an orbital hazard to all future space missions.
The funds provided in FY 1986 will be used to initiate OMV
hardware development through competitively awarded contracts in
the summer of 1986. FY 1987 funds will be used to continue this
development effort leading to first flight in 1991.
3. PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY, $539,400,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Hubble space telescope development ........................................................ $27,900,000
Gamma ray observatory development ...................................................... 51,500,000
Shuttle/Spacelab payload development and mission management.... 115,100,000
Explorer development .................................................................................. 56,700,000
Mission operation and data analysis ......................................................... 172,700,000
Research and analysis .................................................................................. 51,100,000
Suborbital programs ..................................................................................... 64,400,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 539,400,000
The major objective of the Physics and Astronomy program is to
increase our knowledge of the origin, evolution, structure, and com-
position of the universe, including the Sun, the stars, and other ce-
lestial bodies. Space-based research is being conducted to investi-
gate the structure and dynamics of the Sun and its long and short-
term variations; cosmic ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, and
radio emissions from stars, interstellar gas and dust, pulsars, neu-
tron stars, quasars, blackholes, and other celestial sources; and the
laws governing the interactions and processes occurring in the uni-
verse. Many of the phenomena being investigated are not detecta-
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ble from groundbased observatories because of the obscuring or dis-
torting effects of the Earth's atmosphere.
To achieve the objectives of the Physics and Astronomy program,
NASA employs theoretical and laboratory research; aircraft, bal-
loon and sounding rocket flights; Shuttle/Spacelab flights; and free-
flying spacecraft. Research teams involved in this program are lo-
cated at universities, industrial laboratories, NASA field centers,
and other government laboratories.
The scientific information obtained and the technology developed
in this program are made available to the scientific communities
for application to and the advancement of scientific knowledge,
education and technology.
The Physics and Astronomy missions undertaken to date have
been extraordinarily successful, and a number of missions continue
to produce a rich harvest of scientific data; the International Ultra-
violet Explorer (IUE) and the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) are
still operating. New scientific results are continually emerging
from the analysis of the High Energy Astrophysics Observatories
(HEAO) and Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) data sets.
Explorer satellites are relatively low cost but are extremely effec-
tive in missions which have been developed and launched since the
beginning of our country's space program. Present examples are
the Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorer (AMPTE),
launched in 1984, which is studying the solar wind at the subsolar
point and identifying particle entry windows, energization process-
es and transport processes into the magnetosphere. The Infrared
Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), developed in collaboration with the
Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and launched in January
1983, made exciting discoveries and significant contributions to as-
tronomical research as it observed the cool and obscured objects of
the universe. While the spacecraft has completed operations, the
analysis of the IRAS data will continue for several years.
Two major Explorer missions are now under development: the
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) and the Extreme Ultraviolet
Explorer (EUVE). In addition, a U.S. X-ray high resolution imager
is being developed for launch in 1988 on the Roentgen Satellite
(ROSAT), which is being developed by the Federal Republic of Ger-
many. A Cosmic Ray Isotope Experiment is also being developed
for flight in 1988 on a Department of Defense satellite.
The Hubble Space Telescope program will provide an interna-
tional spaceborne astronomical observatory capable of measuring
objects appreciably fainter and more distant than those accessible
from the ground. This increased capability will allow us to address
such basic questions as the origin, evolution, and disposition of
stars, galaxies, and clusters, thus allowing us to significantly in-
crease our understanding of the universe.
In 1988 the Gamma Ray Observatory mission will be launched by
the Space Shuttle. This mission will measure gamma radiation and
explore the fundamental physical processes powering it. Through
the instruments flown on this mission unique information on astro-
nomical objects such as quasars, black holes, and neutron stars
maybe examined.
The Shuttle/Spacelab program will continue, with flight of the
ASTRO-1 mission and the first Earth Observation Mission (EOM)
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scheduled to occur in 1986. The ASTRO-1 mission will investigate
the interstellar medium through x-ray observations, while the
EOM will start a long-term series of studies related to the Earth's
atmosphere and the solar constant. Activity will also be conducted
on several future missions, including ASTRO-2, subsequent EOM's,
Materials Science Labs, and the first dedicated Life Sciences mis-
sion. In addition, sounding-rocket-type instrumentation will be de-
veloped to be flown on the Space Transportation System to allow
longer flight time of these relatively low-cost instruments.
Suborbital observations will continue to be conducted in FY 1987
from balloons, sounding rockets, Spartans, and high-flying aircraft
that carry instruments above most of the atmosphere. An aircraft
is being acquired and modified in FY 1986 and FY 1987 to replace
the CV-990 research aircraft, "Galileo II", which was destroyed in
an accident in July.
HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE DEVELOPMENT
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Spacecraft ....................................................................................................... $24,900,000
Experiments ................................................................................................... 2,000,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 27,900,000
The Hubble Space Telescope will make a major contribution to
understanding the stars and galaxies, the nature and behavior of
the gas and dust between them and the broad question of the
origin and scale of the universe. Operating in space above the at-
mospheric veil surrounding the Earth, the Hubble Space Telescope
will increase, by more than a hundredfold, the volume of space ac-
cessible for observations. With its significant improvements in reso-
lution and precision in light sensitivity and in wavelength cover-
age, the Hubble Space Telescope will permit scientists to conduct
investigations that could never be carried out with ground-based
observations limited by the obscuring and distorting effects of the
Earth's atmosphere.
The Hubble Space Telescope will enhance the ability of astrono-
mers to study radiation in the visible and ultraviolet regions of the
spectrum. It will be more sensitive than ground-based telescopes
and will allow the objects under study to be recorded in greater
detail. It will make observations possible of objects so remote that
the light will have taken many billions of years to reach the Earth.
As a result, we will be able to look far into the distant past of our
universe. The Hubble Space Telescope will also contribute signifi-
cantly to the study of the early state of stars and the formation of
solar systems, as well as the observation of such highly-evolved ob-
jects as supernova remnants and white dwarf stars. With the
Hubble Space Telescope, we may be able to determine the nature
of quasars and the processes by which they emit such enormous
amounts of energy; it may also be possible to determine whether
some nearby stars have planetary systems.
The Hubble Space Telescope will be an automated observatory,
delivered into orbit by the Space Shuttle. Data from its scientific
instruments will be transmitted to Earth via the Tracking and
Data Relay Satellite System. The Hubble Space Telescope design
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will permit in-orbit maintenance and repair, and/or by the Space
Shuttle for return to Earth for required refurbishment and then re-
launch by the Space Shuttle.
During FY 1985, significant progress was made towards comple-
tion of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) development program.
Almost all major elements of the spacecraft, including the Optical
Telescope Assembly, the three flight Fine Guidance Sensors, the
Science Instrument Control and Data Handling Unit, and the five
Scientific Instruments have been delivered and assembled into the
observatory at Lockheed. The Assembly and Verification (A&V)
program of the integrated spacecraft began at Lockheed in FY
1985. HST functional, modal and electromagnetic compatibility
testing have all been successfully completed. These tests verified
the overall mechanical, electrical and structural integrated system
design integrity and quality of workmanship. Especially gratifying
were the pointing stability results from modal testing, which
showed performance well within specifications.
In FY 1986, program focus will continue on the A&V activities at
Lockheed. Major remaining A&V testing include acoustic, thermal
vacuum and pre-ship functional. HST will then be shipped from
Lockheed (California) to Kennedy Space Center for launch during
the first quarter of FY 1987.
The FY 1987 funding is required for HST launch and orbital
checkouts, related costs and associated contractor award fee pay-
ments.
FISCAL YEAR. 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Spacecraft ....................................................................................................... $35,500,000
Experiments and ground operations ......................................................... 16,000,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 51,500,000
The objective of the Gamma Ray Observatory mission is to meas-
ure gamma radiation from the universe, and to explore the funda-
mental physical processes powering it. Certain celestial phenomena
are accessible only at gamma ray energies. The observational objec-
tives of the Gamma Ray Observatory are to search for direct evi-
dence of the synthesis of the chemical elements; to observe high
energy astrophysical processes occurring in supernovae, neutron
stars and black holes; to locate gamma ray burst sources; to meas-
ure the diffuse gamma ray radiation for cosmological evidence of
its origin; and to search for unique gamma ray emitting objects.
Cosmic gamma rays represent one of the last frontiers of the
electromagnetic spectrum to be explored. The low flux levels of
gamma rays, and the high background they produce through their
interaction with the Earth's atmosphere, coupled with the demand
for better spectral, spatial, and temporal resolution of source fea-
tures, combine to require that very large gamma ray instruments
be flown in space for a prolonged period of time. Gamma rays pro-
vide unique informaton on the most intriguing astronomical objects
yet discovered, including quasars, neutron stars, and black holes.
The Gamma Ray Observatory is scheduled for launch by the
Space Shuttle in 1988. The spacecraft is designed to accommodate
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four scientific instruments and to allow for refueling by the Space
Shuttle. Because of the necessity for long exposures, the spacecraft
will be pointed in a fixed direction in space for periods of a few
hours up to two weeks at a time.
In FY 1985, critical design review for the spacecraft system was
completed. In addition, fabrication of instrument hardware contin-
ued. In FY 1986, assembly of the scientific instruments will be com-
pleted and the spacecraft fabrication and test will be underway.
The FY 1987 funding is required for science instrument integra-
tion and test with the spacecraft as well as system verification and
test necessary for the planned 1988 launch.
SHUTTLE/SPACELAB PAYLOAD DEVELOPMENT AND MISSION
MANAGEMENT
FISCAL YEAR. 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Payload development and mission management .................................... $115,100,000
The objectives of Spacelab payload development and mission
management are to develop instruments in order to conduct experi-
ments and acquire new knowledge in the disciplines of physics and
astronomy, to develop experiment interface hardware for materials
processing, to develop sounding rocket class payloads for flight on
the Space Shuttle, and to manage the mission planning, integra-
tion, and execution of all NASA Spacelab and attached payloads.
This project also supports the development of all physics and as-
tronomy experiments; system management and engineering devel-
opment of flight equipment and software; payload specialist train-
ing and support; physical integration of the payloads with the
Spacelab system; operation of the payloads in flight; dissemination
of data to experimenters; and analysis of physics and astronomy
flight data. In addition, this project funds the mission management
efforts for all NASA Spacelab and other attached payloads.
Instruments are currently under development for several Shut-
tle/Spacelab missions with primary emphasis on physics and as-
tronomy. These instruments are divided in two classes: multi-user
instruments and principal investigator instruments. The multi-user
instruments are those instruments that have a broad capability,
can accommodate a number of principal investigator-furnished in-
struments, and have a larger user community. The principal inves-
tigator instruments are those proposed for a specific scientific in-
vestigation by a single investigator who may not have co-investiga-
tors.
Three ultraviolet telescopes are currently in development origi-
nally scheduled for launch in March 1986 (ASTRO-1). This mission
is designed to conduct investigations in ultraviolet imaging, spec-
trophotometry, and polarimetry at very high resolution. The
ASTRO-1 mission will also carry two wide-field cameras. ASTRO-
1, as well as reflights of this instrumentation, is designed to allow
scientific investigations of a broad range of objects, from nearby
comets and planets to the most distant quasars.
Work is proceeding on instruments for the Shuttle High Energy
Astrophysics Lab (SHEAL). The initial mission, SHEAL-1, which is
planned for flight in early FY 1987, will study the celestial soft x-
ray background and obtain information on the local interstellar
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medium. Instruments for a second mission, planned for early FY
1989, including a broad band x-ray telescope and an associated two-
axis pointing system, are also under development.
Initial instrument development work is under way for Space
Plasma Lab (SPL) missions planned for flight in the early 1990's.
These missions are being developed to use the Earth's natural
plasma environment as a laboratory to study in detail the behavior
of plasmas as they are subjected to a variety of perturbances.
Mission management activities are continuing on several space
science and applications missions. Examples include the Earth Ob-
servation Mission (EOM), the first of which is scheduled for launch
in August 1986, and the Materials Science Laboratories, which
comprise a series of material sciences experiments. Mission man-
agement activities also include integration, both analytical and
physical, for other (non-OSSA) payloads. For example, the Space
Station Heat Pipe Advanced Radiator Element heat pipe experi-
ment payload is a test of a radiator system which has high poten-
tial for future spaceborne heat rejection systems.
Spacelab-2 and Spacelab-3 were flown successfully in April and
July of 1985. Analysis of scientific data from these dedicated space-
lab flights continues with significant results expected in FY 1986.
In FY 1987, mission management of the ongoing Spacelab mis-
sions will be continued. Mission management for the non-physics
and astronomy missions includes all Spacelab efforts except instru-
ment development and data analysis. These include the Space Life
Sciences Lab and the International Microgravity Lab, both of
which are scheduled for initial flight in 1987. Development of in-
struments for the Space Plasma Lab will continue, as will develop-
ment of instruments for the Shuttle High Energy Astrophysics Lab
and for the ASTRO series. FY 1987 funding is also equired for the
development and operations of low-cost sounding rocket class pay-
loads which will be flown on the Space Shuttle to provide more
flight opportunities for the science community.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Cosmic background explorer ....................................................................... $16,700,000
Extreme ultraviolet explorer ...................................................................... 32,400,000
Roentgen satellite experiments .................................................................. 1,500,000
Combined release and radiation effects satellite .................................... 2,200,000
Heavy nuclei collector ................................................................................. 1,300,000
Other explorers ............................................................................................. 2,600,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 56,700,000
The Explorer program provides the principal means of conduct-
ing investigations of stellar physics and of the near-Earth inter-
planetary environment that have limited specific objectives and
that do not require major observatories. Included in the present
program are studies of atmospheric and magnetospheric physics;
the several magnetospheric boundaries; interplanetary phenomena;
cosmic ray investigations; and x-ray, ultraviolet and infrared as-
tronomy. Studies are conducted to define future high priority sci-
ence explorer missions. NASA engages in cooperative missions with
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other federal agencies and other nations whenever such coopera-
tion will assist in achieving the mission objectives.
Solar terrestrial and atmospheric explorers provide the means
for conducting studies of the Earth's near-space environment. The
program requires a wide variety of satellites in orbits extending
from the very lowest reaches of the upper atmosphere to the inter-
planetary medium beyond the Earth's magnetosphere.
Astrophysics explorers have been instrumental in conducting the
first astronomical sky surveys in the gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet,
infrared, and low frequency radio regions of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
In FY 1986, development will continue on the Cosmic Back-
ground Explorer (COBE), the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer
(EUVE), and on the x/ray imaging instrument to be flown on the
German Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT). COBE will carry out a defini-
tive, all-sky exploration of the infrared background radiation of the
universe between the wavelengths of 1 micrometer and 9.6 millime-
ters. The detailed information which COBE will provide on the
spectral and spatial distribution of low energy background radi-
ation is expected to yield significant insight into the basic cosmolo-
gical questions of the origin and evolution of the universe. Funding
in FY 1986 will continue development and testing of the three
COBE instruments and the spacecraft system. Mission design work
will continue in FY 1986 on EUVE, which will carry out the first
detailed all-sky survey of extreme ultraviolet radiation between 100
and 900 angstroms-a hitherto unexplored portion of the electro-
magnetic spectrum. In 1989 the EUVE mission will be launched
using flight systems returned from the then completed Solar Maxi-
mum Mission (SMM). The EUVE/SMM spacecraft bus system will
be available for in-orbit change-out of instruments, thus allowing
the reuse of the original SMM spacecraft for missions like the X/
Ray Timing Explorer. ROSAT, a cooperative project between the
Federal Republic of Germany and the United States, will perform
high resolution imaging studies of the x-ray sky. The United States
will provide the instrument and launch services, and Germany will
provide the spacecraft and other instrumentation.
The Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES)
will be a NASA scientific experiment flown on an Air Force mis-
sion in 1988. The NASA CRRES experiment will be chemical re-
leases in orbit to be observed from ground- and airborne-based in-
struments. The Heavy Nuclei Collector (HNC) will consist of an
array of passive cosmic ray detectors to fly on the second Long-Du-
ration Exposure Facility (LDEF). Scheduled for launch in 1986, the
San Marco-D mission, a cooperative project with Italy, will include
a group of U.S. experiments to study the relationship between solar
activity and the Earth's meterological phenomena. FY 1986 fund-
ing will also support definition studies of potential future explorer
missions, including the X-Ray Timing Explorer and the Far Ultra-
violet Spectroscopy Explorer.
The FY 1987 funding is required to continue COBE integration
and testing, to complete the United States' instrument activities on
ROSAT, and to continue the CRRES and HNC developments. In ad-
dition development for the EUVE will continue, including prepara-
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tion for the recovery of the SMM spacecraft and interface defini-
tion for the EUVE/SMM bus.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
High energy astronomy observatory extended mission ......................... $3,500,000
Solar maximum mission extended mission .............................................. 8,500,000
Solar maximum mission retrieval/repair ................................................ 0
Hubble Space Telescope operations ........................................................... 68,500,000
Hubble Space Telescope maintenance and refurbishment ................... 69,100,000
Explorers ........................................................................................................ 23,100,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 172,700,000
The purpose of the mission operations and data analysis effort is
to conduct operations and analyze data received from the physics
and astronomy spacecraft after launch. The program also supports
the continued operation of a number of spacecraft after their origi-
nally planned objectives have been achieved, for purposes of con-
ducting specific investigations that have continuing, high scientific
significance. The funding supports the data analysis activities of
the many investigators at universities and other research organiza-
tions associated with astrophysics and solar terrestrial operational
satellite projects. Actual satellite operations, including operation
control centers and related data reduction and engineering support
activities, are typically carried out under a variety of mission sup-
port or center support contracts.
In addition to the normal support required for mission oper-
ations, the Hubble Space Telescope program encompasses several
unique aspects which must be provided for in advance of the
launch. The Hubble Space Telescope is designed to operate for
more than a decade, using the Space Shuttle/Orbital Maneuvering
Vehicle combination and/or Space Station for on-orbit mainte-
nance of the spacecraft and in-orbit changeout or repair of the sci-
entific instruments.
The Hubble Space Telescope will be used primarily by observers
selected on the basis of proposals submitted in response to periodic
solicitations. Science operations will be carried out through an in-
dependent Hubble Space Telescope Science Institute. The Institute
will operate under a long-term contract with NASA. While NASA
will retain operational responsibility for the observatory, the Insti-
tute will implement NASA policies in the area of planning, man-
agement, and scheduling of the scientific operations of the Hubble
Space Telescope.
During FY 1987, the first year of Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
operational use, HST mission operations and data analysis funding
will primarily provide for scientific research and preparation for
the first planned maintenance mission. Research funds will be
granted to approximately 125 research teams selected for this ini-
tial period. Research and publication of results will be done at both
the Hubble Space Telescope Science Institute and at researcher's
home institutions. Funds also provide for an operations mission
contractor, ground system maintenance and enhancement, design
and development of second generation scientific instruments and
development of orbital replacement units required during servic-
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ing. FY 1987 funds will provide support for the continued mission
operations and data analysis activities for the International Ultra-
violet Explorer and the Solar Maximum Mission, continued analy-
sis of the extensive data obtained by the Infrared Astronomical
Satellite and the High Energy Astronomy Observatories (HEAO).
The FY 1987 funding will provide for the continued support of the
data analysis and Guest Investigator programs on the HEAO-2 and
-3 missions.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Supporting research and technology ......................................................... $30,300,000
Advanced technology development ........................................................... 14,600,000
Data analysis ................................................................................................. 6,200,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 51,100,000
This program provides for the research and technology base nec-
essary to define, plan and support flight projects. Preliminary stud-
ies to define missions and/or payload requirements are carried out,
as are theoretical and ground-based supporting research and ad-
vanced technology development (ATD). Activities included are sup-
porting research and technology (SR&T), ATD, and data analysis.
Supporting Research and Technology (SR&T)
The objectives of supporting research and technology are to: (1)
optimize the return expected from future missions by problem defi-
nition, development of advanced instrumentation and concepts, and
sound definition of proposed new missions; (2) enhance the value of
current space missions by carrying out complementary and supple-
mentary ground-based observations and laboratory experiments; (3)
develop theories to explain observed phenomena and predict new
ones; and (4) strengthen the technological base for sensor and in-
strumentation development and conduct the basic research neces-
sary to support our understanding of astrophysics and solar-terres-
trial relationships.
Research is supported in the disciplines of astronomy, astrophys-
ics, gravitational physics, and solar and heliospheric physics. Re-
search in astronomy and astrophysics involves the study of stars,
galaxies, interstellar and intergalactic matter, and cosmic rays.
The work in solar and heliospheric physics involves the study of
the solar atmosphere and the influence of the Sun on interplan-
etary phenomena. The theory activities are related to all the Phys-
ics and Astronomy disciplines and are critical to the correlation of
available information. The SR&T funding will provide for continu-
ation of definition work on Gravity Probe-B. The development of
new instruments, laboratory and theoretical studies of basic physi-
cal processes, and observations by ground-based and balloon-borne
instruments will also be continued. Results achieved in the SR&T
program will have a direct bearing on future flight programs. For
example, the development of advanced X-ray, ultraviolet, and in-
frared astronomy imaging devices under this program will prob-
ably enable spacecraft to carry instruments for astronomical obser-
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vations which have increases of orders of magnitude in sensitivity
and improved resolution over currently available detectors.
The SR&T program carries out its objectives through universi-
ties, non-profit and industrial research institutions, NASA centers
and other government agencies. Current emphasis is being placed
on studies of advanced instrumentation with increased sensitivity
and resolution.
Advanced Technological Development (ATD)
The advanced technological development activities support de-
tailed planning and definition of new potential physics and astron-
omy missions. ATD activities assure that future missions address
the scientific questions most important to the evolution of knowl-
edge in the field, and that those missions use the appropriate tech-
nology and techniques. Funding is applied to the definition and
preliminary design for specific missions or subsystems/elements
critical to eventual mission development in order that technical
readiness and resources may be adequately defined before the mis-
sions are proposed for implementation.
Candidate missions for the 1980's and early 1990's that require
ATD activities include the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility
(AXAF) and the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF). The
AXAF mission, which is the first priority new mission recommen-
dation in astronomy by the National Academy of Sciences, will
study steller structure and evolution, active galaxies, clusters of
galaxies and cosmology. The AXAF's imaging x-ray telescope is
planned to have a sensitivity approximately 100 times that of
HEAO-2 and a resolution increase of nearly a factor of twenty.
The SIRTF will observe faint, cool infrared sources in the universe
and significantly build on the IRAS science foundation. Major
Spacelab payloads being considered for future missions and requir-
ing advanced technological development support include the Pin-
hole/Occulter Facility, a detector for imaging hard x-rays. During
FY 1986, major emphasis will be on the AXAF competitive Phase B
definition as well as continued technological preparation for
SIRTF.
Data Analysis
The acquisition analysis and evaluation of data represents the
primary purpose of the laboratory, balloon, rocket and spacecraft
activities. While a considerable amount of analysis is done during
the prime project phase, experience has shown that considerably
more time is required to reap the full benefit from these programs.
This will come about only when the data is correlated with other
projects, when detailed cause-and-effect studies are made with data
sets from other sources, when very long-term (e.g., one solar cycle)
effects can be studied by using complementary sets of data, and
when new ideas that originate from the results of the initial analy-
sis can be tested. For example, astronomical image processing fa-
cilities have been developed to take advantage of high technology
developed under the Landsat and planetary programs. This tech-
nology allows astronomers to extract a maximum amount of infor-
mation from the data they obtain from standard photographic
emulsions and more advanced imaging techniques such as the
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charge-coupled devices now being ground tested for use on the
Hubble Space Telescope.
During FY 1987, the supporting research and technology pro-
gram will support those tasks which contribute to maintaining a
firm base for a viable physics and astronomy program. FY 1987
funding will also support continued studies on future potential can-
didate missions such as the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility
and the Space Infrared Telescope Facility. In the data analysis ac-
tivities to be carried out at university and government research
centers in FY 1987, emphasis will be placed on correlative studies
involving data acquired from several sources (spacecraft, balloons,
sounding rockets, research aircraft and ground observatories). The
Gravity Probe-B activities in FY 1987 are designed to verify the
entire GP-B design, leading to confidence in the information neces
sary to decide if we should enter into the next phase of design and
development activities.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Sounding rockets ........................................................................................... $26,500,000
Airborne science and applications ............................................................. 24,100,000
Balloon program ........................................................................................... 7,900,000
Spartan ........................................................................................................... 5,900,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 64,400,000
The suborbital program uses balloons, aircraft, and sounding
rockets to conduct versatile, relatively low cost research of the
Earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere, space plasma physics, stel-
lar astronomy, solar astronomy, and high energy astrophysics. Ac-
tivities are conducted on both a domestic and an international co-
operative basis.
Sounding Rockets
A major objective of the sounding rocket program is to support a
coordinated research effort. Sounding rockets are uniquely suited
for performing low altitude measurements (between balloon and
spacecraft altitude) and for measuring vertical variations of many
atmospheric parameters. Special areas of study supported by the
sounding rocket program include the nature, characteristics, and
composition of the magnetosphere and near space; the effects of in-
coming energetic particles and solar radiation on the magnetos-
phere, including the production of aurorae and the coupling of
energy into the atmosphere; and the nature, characteristics, and
spectra of radiation of the Sun, stars and other celestial objects.
Additionally, the sounding rocket program provides the physics
and astronomy program with the means for flight testing instru-
ments and experiments being developed for later flight on the
Shuttle-Spacelab and space probes and for calibrating and obtain-
ing vertical profiles in concert with current orbiting spacecraft.
Of significant interest was a campaign in Greenland in FY 1985
to be followed by an additional campaign in FY 1987. Two launches
will be conducted in FY 1986 to observe Halley's Comet.
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Airborne Science and Applications
Research with instrumented jet aircraft has been an integral
part of the overall NASA program in physics and astronomy since
1965. For astronomy research, the airborne science and applica-
tions program utilizes a C-141 instrumented with a 91-centimeter
infrared telescope. The C-141 "Kuiper Airborne Observatory",
which began operational flights in 1974, is a full-scale, manned fa-
cility. This aircraft provides a large payload capacity and facilities
for extending observations over any region of the Earth, and can
operate at high altitudes (nearly 13 kilometers), in order to provide
a cloud-free site for astronomical observations and auroral geophys-
ics experiments. The possibility of conducting observations at this
altitude, above most of the infrared-absorbing water vapor of the
Earth's atmosphere, has been essential in expanding astronomical
observations in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum
from one micrometer to hundreds of micrometers.
In FY 1985 approximately 70 science flights were flown with the
C-141 to make far-infrared observations, including exploration of
the star-forming regions and of other areas in our own galaxy. A
strong infrared source was detected near the galactic center, sug-
gesting the presence of a black hole. In FY 1986, nearly 80 flights
are planned, including an expedition to Australia in the spring in
order to make detailed observations of Comet Halley near perihe-
lion and to study other sources only visible in the southern hemi-
sphere. C-141 observations in December 1986 have already discov-
ered the presence of water vapor in Comet Halley.
This program also provides flight support to other major seg-
ments of the Space Science and Applications program, with an air-
craft fleet currently consisting of two U-2C's, one ER-2, one Lear-
jet, and one C-130. In addition, a replacement aircraft is being ac-
quired to replace the CV-990 research facility, "Galileo II", which
was destroyed in a fire in 1985. These aircraft serve as test beds for
newly-developed instrumentation and permit the demonstration of
new sensor concepts prior to their flight on satellites and the
Spacelab. The data acquired during these flights are used to refine
algorithms and to develop ground data handling techniques. An ex-
ample of such activities is flights in the ER-2/U-2C's to acquire
simulated thematic mapper data. Another principal use of ER-2/
U-2C's is to acquire stratospheric air samples and conduct in situ
measurements at altitude ranges above the capability of more con-
ventional aircraft and below those of orbiting satellites. This capa-
bility is important in the study of stratospheric transport mecha-
nisms.
Balloon Program
For the development of scientific experiments for space flight
and for independent scientific missions, it is desirable to test the
instrumentation in the space radiation environment and to make
observations at altitudes which are above most of the water vapor
in the atmosphere, particularly for observations in infrared,
gamma ray, and cosmic ray astronomy. In many instances it is nec-
essary, because of size and weight, as well as low cost, to fly these
experiments on balloons.
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In addition to the level of effort observing program, significant
emphasis has and will be placed on R&D efforts to increase reli-
ability in flight missions requiring a heavy lift capability (i.e. great-
er than 3500 lbs).
The balloon program funding is required for purchase of bal-
loons, helium, launch services, tracking and recovery, and mainte-
nance and operations of the National Science Balloon Facility
(NSBF) at Palestine, Texas. This facility supports the launch of
over 75 to 80 percent of NASA's balloon payloads, and it is the na-
tion's primary means for carrying out large scientific balloon oper-
ations. Funding for the experiments which are flown on balloons is
provided from supporting research and technology programs.
Spartan Program
The Spartans are low-cost Shuttle payloads flown as autonomous
subsatellites to be deployed and retrieved by the Space Shuttle. Six
Spartan missions are currently under development, each with a dif-
ferent scientific instrument. Spartans allow the accomplishment of
single, specific scientific objectives with efficiency and simplicity.
The first Spartan flew successfully in 1985. It obtained valuable
new x-ray data on the nuclear region of our own galaxy and on the
vast cluster of galaxies in the constellation Perseus. Detailed analy-
sis of this data is currently underway. Another Spartan mission, to
be flown in FY 1987, will consist of a 17-inch diameter Solar Tele-
scope and include an ultraviolet coronagraph and a white light cor-
onagraph to measure the intensity and scattering properties of
solar light.
FY 1987 funds will provide for continuation of the sounding
rocket program, for continuation of the development of a full com-
plement of Spartans and for the continuation of the balloon pro-
gram as well as management and operation of the NSBF. This
funding is also required to continue definition activities on poten-
tial future long-duration balloon flights. In FY 1987, the Airborne
Science and Applications funding will be used to continue oper-
ation of the Kuiper Airborne Observatory, to fly the U-2C's, ER-2,
and Learjet to continue infrared astronomy exploration, acquire
stratospheric air samples, test newly developed instrumentation,
and permit the demonstration of new sensor concepts.
4. LIFE SCIENCES, $70,700,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Life sciences flight experiments ................................................................. $34,700,000
Research and analysis .................................................................................. 36,000,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 70,700,000
The goals of the Life Sciences program are to provide a sound
scientific, medical, and technical basis for safe and effective
manned space flight, and to advance the understanding of the basic
mechanisms of biological processes by using the unique capabilities
of the space program. Results from the research program are ap-
plied to: the immediate needs in the maintenance and health of the
astronauts; understanding biological mechanisms and the response
of biological systems to weightlessness; the design of advanced life
support systems for use on future missions; and understanding the
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biosphere of the planet Earth, as well as the origin, evolution, and
distribution of life in the universe.
The Life Sciences program is the key to developing a capability
to sustain a permanent manned presence in space and to utilize
the space environment to study living systems. These activities in-
clude both ground-based and space research efforts which are mu-
tually supportive and integrated, and use a composite of disciplines
and techniques in both biology and medicine to address space-relat-
ed medical problems and fundamental biological processes.
The Life Sciences research and analysis program includes five
major elements: (1) space medicine, which is focused on the health
and well-being of space crews by understanding and preventing any
adverse physiological changes which occur in space flight and upon
return to earth; (2) advanced life support systems, which is a pro-
gram of research and technology development for life support sys-
tems necessary to maintain life in space autonomously for long pe-
riods of time; (3) gravitational biology, which consists of flight and
ground-based experiments that focus on using microgravity as a bi-
ological research tool to understand basic mechanisms of the ef-
fects of microgravity on plants and animals; (4) exobiology re-
search, which is directed toward understanding the origin and dis-
tribution of life and life-related molecules on Earth and throughout
the universe; and (5) biospheric research, which is directed toward
understanding the interaction between life on Earth and its physi-
cal and chemical environment.
The goals of the Space Medicine program are to assure space
crew members' health and ability to function effectively in the
space environment. In the future, experience gained from medical
operations in space flight will allow a broader segment of the popu-
lation to participate in all aspects of space missions. Particular em-
phasis is being placed on testing countermeasures designed to pre-
vent physiological problems associated with exposure to the space
environment. It is essential that long-term monitoring of space
flight crews be performed in a standardized and organized fashion
in order to develop risk factors and establish the long-term clinical
significance associated with repeated exposure to the space envi-
ronment. In addition, biomedical research is designed to under-
stand the physiological basis for problems encountered in manned
space flight. Areas of emphasis include: vestibular dysfunction, car-
diovascular deconditioning, immunology, bone and muscle loss, and
radiation damage. This research concentrates on trying to define
potential flight protocols and countermeasures, first as space flight
experiments and ultimately on an operational basis.
The Advanced Life Support System program seeks ways to devel-
op technologies for more efficient life support systems for the space
program. It also undertakes the scientific work in chemistry and
biology necessary to understand how life can be maintained in
closed systems which receive only energy from the external envi-
ronment. All are aimed at potential future needs of long duration
manned space flight and lunar colonization.
The goals of the Gravitational Biology program are to further
our understanding of basic physiological mechanisms and the ef-
fects of microgravity on plants and animals through the use of the
space environment. Research, which includes both ground-based
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and space flight experiments, is focused on clarifying gravity-sens-
ing systems; the effects of microgravity on reproduction, develop-
ment, physiology, and behavior; and gravity's influence on the evo-
lution of life on Earth. These studies are aimed at providing infor-
mation essential to the long-term survival of plants and animals in
space as well as an understanding of gravity's past and present
effect on life.
The Exobiology efforts are concentrated on studies of life's origin,
with particular emphasis on developing sound hypotheses which
could lead to discovering the relationships which may link the for-
mation of the solar system and the origin of life. Ground-based re-
search on model systems and analysis of extraterrestrial materials,
coupled with the results of planetary flight experiments, are clari-
fying the mechanisms and environments responsible for the chemi-
cal evolution leading to life's origin. Studies of life's origin and evo-
lution will be extended to enhance our understanding of the inter-
action of the biota with the Earth's present environment, and
thereby provide a more comprehensive picture of life-its past,
present, and future.
The Biospherics Research Program seeks to utilize NASA tech-
nology in remote sensing, combined with ground-based research
and mathematical modeling, to study the biosphere, (the thin layer
around the Planet that contains all of terrestrial life). The goal of
the program is to understand the structure and function of the bio-
sphere in order to understand how global biological processes and
planetary properties modify and modulate one another. Knowledge
of these interactions will ultimately allow predictions of how the
habitability of the Earth can be affected by human activities or
natural phenomena.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Life sciences flight experiments ................................................................. $34,700,000
The objective of the Life Sciences Flight Experiments program is
to assimilate information and scientific questions from the various
life sciences disciplines and translate them into payloads designed
to expand our understanding of the basic physiological mechanisms
involved in adaptation to weightlessness. The program includes se-
lection, definition, inflight execution, data analysis, and reporting
on medical and biological investigations involving humans, animals
and plants. Past experience indicates that humans clearly undergo
physiological changes in weightlessness. Thus far these changes
appear to be reversible upon return to Earth; however, many of the
observed changes are physiologically significant and are not well
understood. With weightless exposure beyond several months, these
changes may prove irreversible. Shuttle/Spacelab missions are suit-
able for gaining a greater understanding of the early response to
weightlessness, which will improve the management of several ex-
isting problems (e.g., space adaptation syndrome) and will enhance
the confidence of estimating the physiological consequences of
more sustained weightless exposure (e.g. Space Station).
Current activities include the development of life sciences flight
experiments to be flown on the first dedicated Life Sciences mis-
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sion (Space Life Sciences-1 (SLS-1)) which is scheduled for early
1987 and will concentrate on human investigations. Many of the
experiments and associated flight hardware flown on earlier Shut-
tle flights have supported and enhanced the preparations for SLS-1
and subsequent missions. In addition. experiment development ac-
tivities are currently underway to support the flight of the first
International Microgravity Laboratory-1 (IML-1) mission in mid
1987. Human vestibular experiments, plant investigations, and
animal support hardware test and checkout are planned.
The investigations planned for SLS-1 and IML-1 explore the
known problems of manned space flight through the use of both
human and animal subjects, and also include key investigations in
gravitational biology. Principal investigators will examine cardio-
vascular adaptation, space adaptation syndrome, muscle atrophy,
bone demineralization, early anemia and weightlessness, and the
effects of weightlessness on plant and animal development. The
SLS-1 mission will be unique in several respects: it will be the first
Shuttle/Spacelab mission dedicated entirely to life sciences, and
will involve highly skilled scientists as payload specialists, thus
permitting the use of numerous experimental techniques and pro-
cedures never before utilized in space.
In addition to the preparation and flight of previously selected
experiments, increasing activity and emphasis will be directed to-
wards the study and definition of experiments which can be con-
ducted on the Space Station.
FY 1987 funding is required for the final preparation and flight
of approved experiments and the continued definition and develop-
ment of new experiments and hardware that will be flown on
future Spacelab/Shuttle missions-i.e., Shuttle middecks, Japanese
J mission, the second dedicated life sciences mission (SLS-2),
German D-2 mission, IML-2, and SLS-3. The selection of new ex-
periments through the Announcement of Opportunity (AO) process
is continuing. In addition, increasing activities are planned to sup-
port the development of Space Station Life Sciences experiments
and complement.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Life sciences research and analysis ........................................................... $36,000,000
The research and analysis activity of the Life Sciences program
is concerned with ground-based and pre-flight research in
basic biology and in those medical problem areas that affect
manned spaceflight. The program is compromised of five elements:
(1) space medicine; (2) advanced life support systems research; (3)
gravitational biology; (4) exobiology; and (5) biospheric research.
The Life Sciences Space Medicine program is responsible for
bringing the technology and practice of medicine to bear on solving
the problems of sustaining, supporting, and protecting individuals
working in the space environment. The program provides the
means for assuring the physical welfare, performance, and ade-
quate treatment of in-flight illnesses or injuries to spaceflight
crews. Such conditions as spatial disorientation, fluid shifts and en-
docrine changes which can decrease performance, cardiovascular
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tolerance, and possibly aggravate latent disease, will be carefully
evaluated to determine preventive measures. To this end, careful
medical selection, periodic evaluation of health status, and in-flight
monitoring of the time required for adaptation to the space envi-
ronment will be continually undertaken. The supporting applied
science element of the space medicine program is accomplished
through a biomedical research program and seeks to develop the
basic medical knowledge needed to enable men and women to oper-
ate more effectively in space. The program is organized into dis-
crete elements, each designed to rectify a particular physiological
problem known or expected to affect the human organism in space.
Such problems as motion sickness, bone loss, and electrolyte imbal-
ances are under intense scrutiny not only to provide understanding
of their underlying causes, but also to develop more effective pre-
ventive measures. The program will make extensive use of ground-
based simulation techniques which evoke, in both humans and ani-
mals, physiological changes similar to those seen in space.
The Advanced Life Support Systems research program concen-
trates on enhancing our ability to support a long-duration manned
presence in space and optimizing the productivity of the Space
Transportation System (STS) crews. Improvements are sought in
spacecraft habitability and man-machine system engineering meth-
ods as well as means to provide air, water, and food to support life
directly. The program has developed technology for building appa-
ratus to regenerate spacecraft air and water supplies in flight and
is investigating the scientific basis for new systems such as food re-
cycling for long-term missions. Research is in progress on space
suits for quick reaction situations and on innovative approaches to
designing space tools and work stations.
The Gravitational Biology program explores the role of gravity in
life processes and uses gravity as an environmental tool to investi-
gate fundamental biological questions. Specific objectives are to: (1)
investigate and identify the role of gravity in plant and animal be-
havior, morphology and physiology; (2) identify the mechanisms of
gravity sensing and the transmission of this information within
both plants and animals; (3) identify the interactive effects of gravi-
ty and other stimuli (e.g., light) and stresses (e.g., vibration and dis-
orientation) on the development and metabolism of organisms; (4)
use gravity to study the normal nature and properties of living or-
ganisms; and (5) extend the limits of knowledge about plant and
animal growth as well as long-term survival and reproduction in
space.
The Exobiology program is directed toward understanding the
origin and evolution of life, and life-related molecules, on Earth
and throughout the universe. Research encompasses the cosmic his-
tory of the biogenic elements, prebiotic chemistry, early evolution
of life, and evolution of advanced life. Understanding these process-
es in the context of the planetary and astrophysical environments
in which they occurred will be emphasized. Flight experiments on
planetary missions and in Earth orbit are important program ele-
ments. Theoretical and laboratory investigations are also included
in this program to develop a better understanding of the conditions
on Earth as related to early chemical and biological evolution.
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The Biospheric Research program explores the interaction be-
tween the biota and the contemporary environment to develop an
understanding of global bio-geochemical cycles. Laboratory and
field investigations are correlated with remote sensing data to
characterize the influence of biological processes in global dynam-
ics. Biospheric modelling efforts are focused on integrating biology
with atmospheric, climate, oceanic, terrestrial, and bio-geochemical
cycling data to reflect the state of the biosphere as a function of
both natural and anthropogenic perturbations.
The Space Medicine program will collect information on occupa-
tional exposures in zero-gravity on each Shuttle flight; conduct in-
flight clinical testing of countermeasures, especially in the areas of
cardiovascular deconditioning, vestibular problems and muscle at-
rophy. The program will also develop health care procedures,
equipment, and facilities compatible with the space environment.
Medical selection standards will continue to be reviewed with an
aim of gradually making space flight opportunities available to
more of our population. The biomedical research element will begin
to expand its research on physiological changes associated with
longer exposure to weightlessness. Bone demineralization, muscle
atrophy and cardiovascular deconditioning will be studied so that
appropriate countermeasures can be devised. At the same time,
problems associated with the initial adaptation to weightlessness,
such as vestibular dysfunction and fluid shifts, will continue to be
vigorously investigated. Furthermore, increased emphasis will be
placed on radiation biology so that it will be possible to precisely
measure dosages and effects of cosmic and solar radiation. This in-
formation will be required to determine the proper radiation
shielding of humans in space. The performance and efficiency of
flight crews will be emphasized by research of psychology and
human factors.
The Advanced Life Support Systems program will continue to in-
vestigate basic biological processes and physical methods to control
the interior environments of manned spacecraft; and will continue
development of data acquisition systems and computer technologies
to analyze and simulate human physical activities. Laboratory
plant growth methods developed in recent years will be scaled up
to obtain a capability to produce plant material at efficiency and
productivity levels high enough for space life support applications.
The Gravitational Biology program will focus on expanding the
investigation of plant and animal gravity sensing systems and
gravitational effects on plant and animal reproduction and develop-
ment. Research which leads to or includes space flight experiments
will be emphasized with the objective of resolving discrete biologi-
cal problems.
The Exobiology program will emphasize the development of new
flight experiment concepts to clarify the non-biological mechanisms
for the synthesis of biologically significant molecules in space, and
completing defmition of systems required before a search for extra-
terrestrial life can be initiated. These concepts will be crucial to
our understanding of the origin of life on Earth as well as assessing
the possibility of these processes occurring elsewhere in the uni-
verse.
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The Biospheric Research program will place emphasis on improv-
ing our estimating techniques for determining the functional and
structural state of the terrestrial biomass by combining ground-
based measurements with remote sensing data. Additional empha-
sis will be placed on characterizing biogenic gas fluxes of key at-
mospheric constituents. This information is required for the devel-
opment of a better understanding of global bio-geochemical cycles.
Emphasis will also be placed on the formulation of improved ap-
proaches to the operational management of space adaptation syn-
drome. In-flight evaluation of these approaches will be conducted to
provide the basis for the development of more effective counter-
measures. There will be an expanded interdisciplinary approach to
determining how to enhance the capabilities, performance and effi-
ciency of spaceflight crews. The object of this effort will be to allow
humans, to the fullest extent possible, the opportunity to explore
and work in space by improving the working environment and by
facilitation of the human interaction with automated devices that
can be placed at their disposal.
5. PLANETARY EXPLORATION, $323,300,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Galileo development ..................................................................................... 0
Magellan (VRM) ............................................................................................ $66,700,000
Ulysses (ISPM) ............................................................................................... 0
Mars Observer (MGCO) ............................................................................... 62,900,000
Mission operations and data analysis ....................................................... 130,200,000
Research and analysis .................................................................................. 63,500,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 323,300,000
The Planetary Exploration program encompasses the scientific
exploration of the solar system including the planets and their sat-
ellites, comets and asteroids, and the interplanetary medium. The
program objectives are: (1) to determine the nature of planets,
comets, and asteroids as a means for understanding the origin and
evolution of the solar system; (2) to understand the Earth better
through comparative studies with the other planets; (3) to under-
stand how the appearance of life in the solar system is related to
the chemical history of the solar system; and, (4) to provide a scien-
tific basis for the future use of resources available in near-Earth
space. Projects undertaken in the past have been highly successful.
The strategy that has been adopted calls for a balanced emphasis
on the Earth-like inner planets, the giant gaseous outer planets,
and the small bodies (comets and asteroids). Missions to these
bodies start at the level of reconnaissance to achieve a fundamen-
tal characterization of the bodies, and then proceed to levels of
more detailed study.
The reconnaissance phase of inner planet exploration, which
began in the 1960's, is now virtually completed, although we still
know little about the nature of the planet Venus' surface. Mars
has provided program focus because of its potential as a site of bio-
logical activity. The Viking landings in 1976 carried the explora-
tion of Mars forward to a high level of scientific and technological
achievement, thereby setting the stage for the next stop of detailed
study. Analysis of meteorites and the lunar rock samples returned
by Apollo continue to be highly productive, producing new insights
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into the early history of the inner solar system and thus leading to
revision of our theoretical concepts. The Pioneer Venus mission is
continuing to carry the study of the Earth's nearest planetary
neighbor and closest planetary analog beyond the reconnaissance
stage to the point where we have now obtained a basic character-
ization of Venus' thick, massive atmosphere, as well as fundamen-
tal data about the formation of the planet.
The exploration of the giant outer planets began relatively re-
cently. The Pioneer-10 missions to Jupiter in 1973 and 1974 were
followed by the Voyager-1 and 2 spacecraft encounters in 1979.
Voyager-1 then encountered Saturn in November 1980, and Voyag-
er-2 in August 1981. The Voyager data on these planets, their satel-
lites, and their rings have revolutionized our concepts about the
formation and evolution of the solar system. Voyager-2 encoun-
tered Uranus in January 1986 and has provided our first look at
this giant outer planet. Its trajectory will then carry it to an en-
counter with the planet Neptune in 1989. The Pioneer-10 and 11
and Voyager-1 spacecraft are on trajectories heading out of the
solar system, as they continue to return scientific data about the
outer reaches of the solar system.
The Galileo orbiter/probe mission to Jupiter was planned to be
launched in May 1986 by the Space Shuttle/Centaur Upper Stage.
The comprehensive science payload will extend our knowledge of
Jupiter and its system of satellites well beyond the profound dis-
coveries of the preceding Voyager and Pioneer missions. During
twenty-two months of operation in the Jovian system, Galileo will
inject an instrumented probe into Jupiter's atmosphere to make
direct analyses, while the orbiter will have the capability to make
as many as ten close encounters with the Jupiter's satellites.
Ulysses is a joint NASA and European Space Agency activity.
The mission will carry a package of experiments to investigate the
Sun at high solar latitudes that cannot be studied from the Earth's
orbit. Ulysses was also planned to be launched in May 1986 on the
Shuttle/Centaur Upper Stage.
Magellan, formerly the Venus Radar Mapper mission, will pro-
vide global maps of the cloud-shrouded surface of Venus, including
its land forms and geological features. Using a synthetic aperture
radar to penetrate the planet's opaque atmosphere, Magellan will
achieve a resolution sufficient to identify small-scale features and
to address fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of
the planet. Magellan will also obtain altimetry and gravity data to
determine accurately the planet's gravity field as well as internal
stresses and density variations. With these data, the evolutionary
history of Venus can be compared with that of the Earth. Magellan
is scheduled for launch in 1988 from the Shuttle and will use a
Shuttle/Centaur Upper Stage.
Mars Observer will follow up on the earlier discoveries of Mari-
ner 9 and Viking and will emphasize the geologic and climatic evo-
lution of this complex planet. Mars Observer will be a relatively
low-cost mission utilizing a modified Earth-orbiting spacecraft,
thereby benefiting from the aerospace industry's earlier invest-
ment in development.
This past year we entered an exciting new phase of exploration
by making our first close-up studies of the solar system's mysteri-
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ous small bodies-comets and asteroids. These objects may repre-
sent unaltered original solar system material, preserved from the
geological and chemical changes that have taken place in even
small planetary bodies. By sampling and studying comets and as-
teroids, we can begin to make vigorous inquiries into the origin of
the solar system itself. These efforts began with the encounter of
Comet Giacobini-Zinner by the International Comet Explorer (ICE)
spacecraft in September 1985 and are continuing through our in-
volvement with the 1986 encounters of Comet Halley by U.S. and
foreign spacecraft and by intensive studies of the comet from
ground-based observatories coordinated through the International
Halley Watch. In addition, we are continuing to study a Comet
Rendezvous/Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) mission in which a Mariner
Mark II spacecraft would make long-term observations of an active
comet, together with a close flyby of an asteroid.
The Planetary Exploration program is also founded on a coordi-
nated research and analysis effort. Research and analysis activities
will continue to maximize the scientific return from both ongoing
and future missions and from such Earth-based activities as lunar
sample and meteorite analysis, telescope observations, theoretical
and laboratory studies, and instrument definition. This program
strives for interdisciplinary coordination among various research
groups and for the wide dissemination of scientific results. A close
coupling is also maintained between the research programs and
planning activities that are undertaken to define the scientific. ra-
tionale and technology needed for future missions.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Spacecraft ....................................................................................................... 0
Experiments ................................................................................................... 0
Ground operations ........................................................................................ 0
Total ..................................................................................................... 0
The objective of the Galileo program is to conduct a comprehen-
sive exploration of Jupiter, its atmosphere, magnetosphere, and
satellites through the use of both remote sensing by an orbiter and
in situ measurements by an atmospheric probe. The scientific ob-
jectives of the mission are based on recommendations by the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences to provide continuity, balance, and or-
derly progression of the exploration of the solar system.
The orbiter and probe were planned to be launched together in
May 1986 as a single combined payload using the Shuttle/Centaur
Upper Stage. The mission plan includes an option for an encounter
with the asteroid Amphitrite, a large (200km) main belt asteroid, in
late 1986. The decision to implement the option will be made after
launch, based on an assessment of the health and operational capa-
bility of the spacecraft. Subsequently, arrival at Jupiter will be in
late 1988 when the orbiter will provide remote sensing of the probe
entry site and provide the link for relaying the probe data back to
Earth. Twenty-two months of orbital operations will follow during
which both Jupiter's surface and the dynamic magnetosphere will
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be comprehensively mapped. During this time ten close flybys of
Jupiter's major satellites are targeted.
The Galileo flight system will be powered by two general purpose
heat-source Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTG's) being
developed by the Department of Energy. The orbiter will carry ap-
proximately 100 kg of scientific instruments and the Probe will
carry approximately 25 kg of scientific instruments.
During FY 1986, major activities of the Galileo program will in-
clude completion of testing and pre-launch activities at JPL, retro-
fit of selected subsystems with more radiation resistant electronic
components, and pre-launch and launch activities at the Kennedy
Space Center in support of the scheduled May 1986 launch.
MAGELLAN (FORMERLY VENUS RADAR MAPPER MISSION)
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Spacecraft ....................................................................................................... $24,800,000
Experiments ................................................................................................... 23,100,000
Ground operations ........................................................................................ 18,800,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 66,700,000
The objective of the Magellan mission is to address fundamental
questions regarding the origin and evolution of Venus through
global radar imagery of the planet. Magellan will also obtain altim-
etry and gravity data to accurately determine the planet's gravity
field as well as internal stresses and density variations. The de-
tailed surface morphology of Venus will be analyzed to compare
the evolutionary history of Venus with that of the Earth.
The Magellan spacecraft will carry a single major scientific in-
strument, a synthetic aperture radar, which will be used to obtain
high resolution (120 to 200 meter) images of the planetary surface
as well as altimetric data. Gravity data will be obtained by process-
ing radio signals from the spacecraft. Spacecraft development is
making extensive use of existing designs, technology, and residual
hardware; for example, the spacecraft will use a bus structure,
large antenna, and propulsion components from the Voyager pro-
gram. Spare flight computers and other equipment will be obtained
from the Galileo program after the Galileo launch.
In April 1988, the Magellan spacecraft will be launched by the
Shuttle/Centaur Upper Stage on a direct trajectory to Venus. Ar-
riving at Venus in July 1988, the spacecraft will perform a retro-
propulsive maneuver and enter a near-polar elliptical orbit. After
an initial check-out period, the spacecraft will map the planet over
a 243 day period (one Venus year).
During FY 1986, major activities will include completion of the
design effort for the spacecraft, the radar instrument, and the mis-
sion operations system, and for the initiation of construction of the
flight hardware. The major flight spacecraft subassemblies will be
completed and delivered to the spacecraft contractor.
FY 1987 funds will provide for completion of the radar sensor
and for the assembly, integration and testing of the spacecraft
system. The development of the mission operations system will be
continued.
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ULYSSES (FORMERLY INTERNATIONAL SOLAR POLAR MISSION)
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Spacecraft ....................................................................................................... 0
Experiments ................................................................................................... 0
Ground operations ........................................................................................ 0
Total ..................................................................................................... 0
Ulysses is a joint mission of NASA and the European Space
Agency (ESA). ESA is providing the spacecraft and some scientific
instrumentation. The U.S. is providing the remaining scientific in-
strumentation, the launch, tracking support, and the Radioisotope
Thermoelectric Power Generators (RTG). The mission is designed
to obtain the first view of the Sun above and below the plane in
which the planets orbit the Sun. The mission will study the rela-
tionship between the Sun and its magnetic field and particle emis-
sions (solar wind and cosmic rays) as a function of solar latitude, to
provide a better understanding of solar activity on the Earth's
weather and climate. Ulysses was planned to be launched in 1986
on the Shuttle/Centaur Upper Stage.
Ulysses was restructured in FY 1981, from a two-spacecraft mis-
sion-one provided by the United States and one provided by
ESA-to a single ESA spacecraft mission; however, the United
States participation in the program remains substantial. NASA is
developing five of the nine principal investigator instruments, and
three of the four European investigations have U.S. co-investiga-
tors. During FY 1983, the U.S. flight instruments were delivered to
the ESA spacecraft developer for integration and system testing.
All spacecraft testing has been completed and the spacecraft is
being partially disassembled for storage until launch.
Major activities during FY 1986 include supporting U.S. princi-
pal investigators in their mission planning and for supporting ESA
in pre-launch and launch activities at the Kennedy Space Center in
support of the scheduled May 1986 launch.
MARS OBSERVER (FORMERLY MARS GEOSCIENCE/CLIMATOLOGY
ORBITER)
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Spacecraft development ...............................................................................
$33,100,000
Experiments ...................................................................................................
26,600,000
Ground operations ........................................................................................
3,200,000
Total .....................................................................................................
62,900,000
The Mars Observer mission is the first planetary mission utiliz-
ing a new low-cost approach to inner solar system mission explora-
tion. This approach, which was recommended by the Solar System
Exploration Committee, starts with a well defined and focused sci-
ence objective and makes use of high-inheritance, modified produc-
tion line, Earth-orbital spacecraft. The objective of the Mars Ob-
server mission is to extend and complement the data acquired by
the Mariner and Viking missions by mapping the global surface
composition, atmospheric structure and circulation, topography,
figure, gravity and magnetic fields of Mars to determine the loca-
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tion of volatile reservoirs and characterize their interaction with
the Martian environment.
The Mars Observer mission will be launched in 1990 using the
Space Shuttle, and will be inserted into Martian orbit in 1991,
where it will carry out geochemical, geophysical, and climatological
mapping of the planet over a period of one Martian year which is
approximately two Earth years.
In FY 1986, critical design reviews will be held for the instru-
ments, as will the preliminary design review for the spacecraft. In
addition, detailed design and fabrication of the spacecraft and in-
strument hardware will be initiated.
The FY 1987 funding is required for continuation of major fabri-
cation efforts on both the instruments and the spacecraft, and the
preparation for the critical design reviews for the flight system.
Preliminary design reviews will be completed for all the instru-
ments as well as for the mission operations development.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Galileo operations .........................................................................................
Voyager extended mission ..........................................................................
Pioneer programs ..........................................................................................
Voyager/Neptune mission ..........................................................................
Planetary flight support ..............................................................................
$48,000,000
5,300,000
4,800,000
8,300,000
30,300,000
33,500,000
The objectives of the mission operations and data analysis activi-
ties are in-flight operation of planetary spacecraft and the analysis
of data from these missions. Currently, two major classes of plane-
tary spacecraft are operating-the Pioneer and the Voyager space-
craft. The planetary flight support activities are those associated
with the design and development of planetary flight operation sys-
tems, and other activities that support the mission control, track-
ing, telemetry, and command functions for all planetary spacecraft.
The two Voyager spacecraft are now traveling through the outer
solar system on trajectories that will take them into interstellar
space. Voyager 1 continues to provide data on the interplanetary
medium in that distant part of the solar system. In January 1986,
Voyager 2 made a close flyby of the planet Uranus, the first time
this planet has ever been visited by a spacecraft. The observatory
phase of this encounter, which began in November 1985, will in-
clude detailed observations of the planet, its rings, and moons.
After the Uranus encounter is completed, the spacecraft will con-
tinue on to the planet Neptune, where, in 1989, it will provide us
with our first close look at this distant planet.
Pioneers 10 and 11 will continue to explore the outermost solar
system. Pioneer 10 will soon enter the unexplored region beyond
Pluto where the Sun's influence is secondary to those of true inter-
stellar space. These spacecraft will continue the search for gravita-
tional evidence of a tenth planet. Pioneers 6-9 are still collecting
information on the interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind as
they orbit the Sun. In 1986, these spacecraft are being used to ob-
serve Comet Halley as it passes in their vicinity.
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The Pioneer Venus orbiter continues to obtain data from Venus'
atmosphere and magnetosphere. In late 1985, the spacecraft's spin
axis was adjusted to allow ultraviolet observations of Comet
Halley. The Pioneer Venus orbiter is the only spacecraft able to ob-
serve the Comet at its closest approach to the Sun and is providing
critical enhancements to the data to be gathered by foreign space-
craft making observations at other points later in the Comet's
orbit.
The planetary flight support activities include the procurement,
operation and maintenance of mission operations and general pur-
pose scientific and engineering computing capabilities at the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). In addition, the activity supports the
development of the Space Flight Operations Center at JPL. This fa-
cility will be a versatile, cost-effective means for carrying out
multi-mission data acquisition, telemetry, image processing, and
commanding of planetary and orbital spacecraft.
FY 1986 funding is supporting several major activities in 1986-
the Voyager 2 encounter with Uranus in January, and initial oper-
ations of the Galileo and Ulysses missions, which were scheduled
for launch in May. Operational support for the Voyager and Pio-
neer operations is also being continued, as well as for the extension
of the Voyager 2 mission to a 1989 encounter with the planet Nep-
tune. Activities are also continuing in multimission support devel-
opment activities.
FY 1987 funding is required for the continued operation and data
analysis activities in support of the Galileo, Ulysses, Voyager and
Pioneer operations. Development activities will also be continued
in FY 1987 on the Space Flight Operations Center at the Jet Pro-
pulsion Laboratory.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Supporting research and technology ......................................................... $47,400,000
Advanced programs ...................................................................................... 10,100,000
Mars data analysis ....................................................................................... 2,900,000
Halley's comet co-investigations and watch ............................................ 3,100,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 63,500,000
The research and analysis program consists of four elements re-
quired to (1) assure that data and samples returned from flight
missions are fully exploited; (2) undertake complementary laborato-
ry and theoretical efforts; (3) define science rationale and develop
required technology to undertake future planetary missions; and (4)
coordinate an International Halley's Comet Watch and provide
coinvestigator support to the European Space Agency's Giotto mis-
sion to Halley's Comet.
The supporting research and technology activity includes plane-
tary astronomy, planetary atmospheres, planetary geology/geo-
physics, planetary materials/geochemistry, and instrument defini-
tion.
The planetary astronomy activity includes all observations made
by ground-based telescopes of solar system bodies excluding the
Sun. Emphasis is on the outermost planets, comets and asteroids.
Observations are made at a wide range of wavelengths from ultra-
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violet to radio. The rate of new discoveries continues to be high,
and the data acquired is used both for basic research in support of
planetary program objectives and for direct support of specific
flight missions. The planetary astronomy funding also provides for
the continued operation of the Infrared Telescope Facility in
Hawaii.
The planetary atmospheres activity includes data analysis, labo-
ratory, and theoretical efforts. The properties of other planetary at-
mospheres are amenable to measurement with planetary space-
craft and can aid us in better understanding our own weather and
climate. Observations of the atmospheres of Venus, Jupiter and
Saturn, acquired by Pioneer Venus and Voyager, have laid the
basic observational groundwork for major advances in this field.
The planetary geology/geophysics activity is a broadly scoped
program that includes the study of surface processes, structure,
and history of solid components (including rings) of the solar
system and investigation of the interior properties and processes of
all solar system bodies, both solid and gaseous. This program em-
phasizes comparative studies to gain a fundamental understanding
of the physical processes and laws which control the development
and evolution of all planetary bodies, including the Earth. In this
respect, data from the Magellan mission will be of crucial impor-
tance.
The planetary material/geochemistry activity supports an active
scientific effort to determine the chemistry, mineral composition,
age, physical properties and other characteristics of solid material
in the solar system through the study of return lunar samples and
meteorites and through laboratory and theoretical studies of appro-
priate geochemical problems. Extraterrestrial dust grains, collected
for analysis, continue to yield new and otherwise unobtainable in-
formation about the solar system, and its early history. This pro-
gram is coordinated with the lunar sample and meteorite research
which is supported by other agencies such as the National Science
Foundation. The operation of the Lunar Curatorial Facility is also
supported by the planetary materials/geochemical funding.
The instrument definition activity is directed toward ensuring
maximum scientific return from future missions by the definition
and development of state-of-the-art scientific instrumentation
which is optimized for such missions.
The objective of the advanced program activity is to provide
planning and preparation for the systematic exploration of the
solar system on a scientifically and technically sound basis. Pro-
spective planetary missions are identified and defined through
long-range studies; their technological and fiscal feasibility is eval-
uated, and their scientific merit is determined through interaction
with the scientific community. The strategy for future solar system
exploration has been developed by the Solar System Exploration
Committee (SSEC), an advisory group, which has recommended a
series of "low-cost"; but scientifically important potential future
missions.
The Mars Data Analysis activity continues to ensure that we
capitalize on the wealth of data provided by Viking and earlier
missions and that we are scientifically prepared for the next phase
of Mars exploration, more specifically, the Mars Observer mission.
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While continuing to support a variety of scientific investigations,
the major emphasis of this program will address the origin and
evolution of Martian volatiles.
The International Halley's Comet Co-Investigations and Watch is
capitalizing on observing Comet Halley in 1985-1986 by supporting
co-investigators on the European Space Agency's (ESA) Giotto mis-
sion, and by conducting complementary remote sensing investiga-
tions using both Earth-orbiting and ground-based facilities. The
ESA Giotto mission will fly by Halley's Comet in 1986. Concurrent-
ly, an observation program called the International Halley Watch,
coordinated by the United States, will conduct world-wide scientific
observations of the Comet Halley. The objectives of the Watch are:
(1) to coordinate scientific observations of Comet Halley through its
1985-1986 apparition; (2) to promote the use of standardized instru-
mentation and observing techniques; (3) to help insure that data is
properly documented and archived; and (4) to receive and distribute
data to participating scientists.
During FY 1987, research efforts will continue in the areas of
planetary astronomy, planetary atmospheres, planetary geology/
geophysics, planetary materials/geochemistry, instrument defini-
tion, Mars data analysis, and in the development of required tech-
nology to undertake future missions. Ground telescope observations
will provide data complementary to that obtained from the flight
missions, with emphasis on the outermost planets, comets and as-
teroids. A variety of efforts will be pursued to improve our under-
standing of planetary atmospheres, including laboratory studies of
reactions in deep planetary and tenuous cometary atmospheres.
Geology/geophysics research will be directed, in FY 1987, at specif-
ic problems in understanding the various processes that have
shaped planetary surfaces, as well as geological analyses and a car-
tography effort based on the Galilean and Saturnian satellite imag-
ing data acquired by Voyager, Analysis of lunar samples, meteor-
ites, and extraterrestrial dust particles will be continued in FY
1987 to determine their chemical and physical properties and
thereby derive their origin and evolutionary history. Instrument
definition for potential future missions will also be continued in FY
1987.
The FY 1987 Halley's Comet Co-Investigations and Watch fund-
ing is required to continue support of U.S. co-investigators involved
in the European Space Agency s Giotto mission who will be analyz-
ing the data acquired from Halley's Comet flyby of Earth.
The FY 1987 funding is also required to continue operations of
both the Infrared Telescope Facility and the Lunar Curatorial Fa-
cility.
6. SOLID EARTH OBSERVATIONS, $69,100,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Shuttle/Spacelab payloads .......................................................................... $21,600,000
Geodynamics .................................................................................................. 27,100,000
Research and analysis .................................................................................. 20,400,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 69,100,000
The objectives of the Solid Earth Observations Program are to
understand the processes controlling the state of the land surface
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and the interior of the Earth as well as the interaction of the solid
Earth with the atmosphere and the oceans. The Solid Earth Obser-
vations Program is an integral part of the overall NASA Earth Sci-
ence and Applications effort to increase our understanding of the
planet Earth through the study of its dynamics, the physical proc-
esses which affect its habitability, and its solar-terrestrial environ-
ment.
Specific land surface objectives include determination of the ter-
restrial landscape including the biosphere and the hydrosphere,
and understanding the changes and change mechanisms that are
occurring within that landscape. Studies of the cycling of key bio-
geochemical elements, interactions between the biosphere and the
climatic system, and the composition and evolution of crustal rock
systems are essential to these objectives.
The geodynamics research objectives include determination of
the movements and deformation of the Earth's crust, the processes
which drive tectonic plates, the rotational dynamics of the Earth
and its interactions with the atmosphere and oceans, the Earth's
gravity and magnetic fields, and the interior structure and compo-
sition of the Earth. These objectives require precise measurements
of crustal movements and Earth orientation over an extended
period along with accurate knowledge of the variability of the
Earth's geopotential fields.
The objective of the Shuttle/Spacelab payload development
project is to develop, test and evaluate Earth-viewing remote sens-
ing instruments and systems to obtain data for solid earth observa-
tions research. The Shuttle Imaging Radar, which was flown on the
Shuttle in Ocober, 1984, has demonstrated the utility of spaceborne
imaging radar for geologic exploration. The Large Format Camera
(LFC), required for high resolution mapping applications, was flown
successfully on the Shuttle in 1984 and is presently under consider-
ation for possible commercialization upon completion of the re-
search and development phase. The next generation Shuttle Imag-
ing Radar, involving use of SIR-B components and a multi-polar-
ized, dual frequency instrument is under development for flight in
the early 1990's. The imaging spectrometer and solid-state sensor
research efforts will continue to focus on the development of such
features as electronic scan, inherent geometric and spectral regis-
tration and programmable high spatial and spectral resolution.
SHUTTLE/SPACELAB PAYLOADS
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Imaging radar program ............................................................................... $13,000,000
Large format camera ................................................................................... 200,000
Advanced spectrometer ............................................................................... 8,400,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 21,600,000
The objective of this program is to develop, test, and evaluate
Earth-viewing remote sensing instruments and systems to obtain
data for land remote sensing research.
Preparations are continuing for a reflight of the Large Format
Camera (LFC) and the Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B). The SIR-
B will obtain a quantitative assessment of the effect of various
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radar viewing geometries on the mapping of surface texture and
topographic features. The SIR-B instrumentation is based on an
upgraded SIR-A instrument including the addition of a variable
look angle antenna, digital data handling, and increased bandwidth
and resolution. Data is recorded onboard and transmitted via the
Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). Following the
reflight of SIR-B, use of the SIR-B components for use in building
the next generation Shuttle Imaging Radar instrument will be re-
viewed. The SIR-C instrument will utilize multi-polarized, dual fre-
quency sensor technology.
Advanced spectrometer technology development activities in-
clude fundamental research in remote sensing involving airborne
and spaceborne imaging spectrometer instruments. The imaging
spectrometer and linear array solid-state sensor research focuses
on the development of such features as electronic scan, inherent
geometric and spectral registration, and programmable high spa-
tial and spectral resolution. The critical technology development
and supporting research on the Shuttle Imaging Spectrometer Ex-
periment (SISEX) and the linear array focal plane will continue.
FY 1987 funding is required for reflight of the Large Format
Camera and the Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) plus data analy-
sis. FY 1987 funding is also required for continued development of
SIR-C technology, and for advanced spectrometer activities includ-
ing the development of the Shuttle Imaging Spectrometer Experi-
ment.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Crustal dynamics project ............................................................................. $18,100,000
Laser network operations ............................................................................ 8,600,000
Research and technique development ....................................................... 5,400,000
General reduction .......................................................................................... -5,000,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 27,100, 000
The objective of the Geodynamics program is to understand the
origin, evolution, and current state of the solid Earth by measuring
the movement and deformation of the tectonic plates and by meas-
uring its rotational dynamics and potential fields. Laser ranging,
microwave interferometry and the global positioning satellites are
used to determine precise position locations. The global gravity and
magnetic fields are determined from satellite observation.
Measurements over the past five years have provided experimen-
tal determination of the velocities of several of the major tectonic
plates. Measurements of regional deformation across the San An-
dreas Fault continue to indicate a relative movement of the Pacific
and North American Plate of about 6 cm per year. In addition, new
measurements indicate that about 4 cm of this movement is occur-
ring in Southern California. Measurements of polar motion and
changes in the length of day have been correlated, to a high
degree, with variations in the angular momentum and the inertial
balance of the Earth's atmosphere due to high altitude winds. In
1982 the Earth's rotation was found to have slowed by five millisec-
onds due to the El Nino effect. The Earth's rotational dynamics are
also influenced by motions of the Earth's core and the oceans.
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Models of the Earth's gravity field, derived from Laser Geodyna-
mics Satellite (LAGEOS-1) data have provided the first evidence of
gravity field variations. These variations are believed to be caused
by continued relaxation of the crust following the last ice age and
have confirmed estimates of the viscosity of the Earth's mantle
layer. Analysis of the magnetic field, using data from Magsat has
confirmed (within a few percent) the diameter of the Earth's outer
core (determined by seismological measurements) and has provided
new data on secular variations of the magnetic field.
In FY 1987, measurements of plate motion between North Amer-
ica and Europe will be continued in cooperation with NOAA and
several European countries. Measurements of the motions of the
Pacific Plate will also be continued in cooperation with DoD and
Japan and will be extended to include China. In addition, regional
crustal deformation measurements in the western North America
will continue in FY 1986 in cooperation with NOAA, Canada and
Mexico. Similar measurements will be initiated in Europe in coop-
eration with a consortium of 10 European, North African, and Mid-
East countries. The Caribbean studies will be continued in FY 1987
and are expected to involve some eight countries by 1988.
LAGEOS-1 and other satellites will continue to be used in FY
1987 for studies of plate motion. NASA systems in the U.S., Pacific,
South America, and Australia will be operated in cooperation with
laser systems in 12 other countries. The joint LAGEOS-2 mission
with Italy will be launched by the U.S. in 1987.
Theoretical studies of crustal motion, internal Earth structure
and composition, and the modeling and interpretation of geopoten-
tial fields will be continued in FY 1987. In addition, system studies
of a second magnetic field satellite for long-term measurements of
the Earth's field, studies of geopotential research and laboratory
development of room-temperature and cryogenic gravity gradiome-
ter instrumentation will be continued in FY 1987.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Biochemical processes .................................................................................. $4,800,000
Geological processes ..................................................................................... 6,400,000
Hydrologic processes .................................................................................... 5,100,000
Remote sensing science ................................................................................ 4,100,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 20,400,000
The major objectives of the Solid Earth Research and Analysis
Program are to characterize the physical, geological and biological
state of the Earth's surface, to explore its variation with time, to
understand the processes which control its state and its interac-
tions with the atmospheric and hydrologic systems.
Existing operational and research sensor systems are used to
gather data on land surface properties and their variations. Obser-
vations are also conducted using experimental systems on airborne
and space-based platforms. Theoretical models are formulated and
validated using these observational systems, the resulting algo-
rithms are used in the analysis of land surface properties and proc-
esses. Observational systems are used which operate in the visible,
infrared and microwave regions of the spectrum, and both active
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and passive systems are used. Much of the emphasis is on quantifi-
cation of changes to the land surface, whether it be from natural or
anthropogenic causes.
The geologic processes program addresses the study of the evolu-
tion of the Earth's crust on a global basis with multispectral
remote sensing techniques. The relative distribution of rock types,
spectral properties of rocks, regional tectonics, rock weathering
processes and geobotanical relationships are important research
topics that are being addressed for many types of geologic environ-
ments. Multispectral sensing data analysis studies are supported by
laboratory and field spectrometery and field mapping efforts to
verify spectral properties and interactions.
Biochemical processes are studies through global and continental
scale observation programs using operational satellite data prod-
ucts and analytical techniques developed for this purpose. Addition-
ally, high spectral resolution studies are conducted using aircraft
platforms and regional scale studies are conducted using the Land-
sat Thematic Mapper. The areal extent and temporal variability of
ecosystems are investigated, and the causal mechanism sought.
In FY 1987 emphasis will be on investigations of the Earth's sys-
tems which are undergoing stress, in order to better understand
the processes which control such systems. Specific regions will be
identified for study, long-term observations will be initiated and
data will be assembled from existing satellite data, and intensive
field measurement programs will be defined. Pilot studies to vali-
date methodologies will be conducted and global to regional scale
process models will be developed and utilized for processing the
data. A mixture of biomes and stress factors will be identified; ini-
tial emphasis will be on semi-arid to and regions undergoing sea-
sonal or multi-year drought and on forest biomes under stress from
acid rain and conversion. The activities are closely associated with
the International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project
(ISLSCP) and the International Global Change Program. A major
field experiment will be conducted in 1987 under the auspices of
ISLSCP and the World Climate Research Program.
The FY 1987 activities will also emphasize studies to determine
continental rock type and erosion processes in semi-arid regions in
sedimentary basins. Newly developed sensor systems such as the
Advanced Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS), quad-
polarization L- & C-Band imaging radar and the Thermal Visible-
Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (TIMS) will be used in these inves-
tigations, and will serve as prototypes for shuttle instruments now
under development and for future Space Station polar platform in-
struments. The thematic mapper on the operational Landsat will
continue to serve as the focal instrument for multidisciplinary in-
vestigations, with particular emphasis on the tectonic structure of
continental highlands.
7. ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVATIONS, $357,900,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Upper atmosphere research and analysis ................................................ $33,400,000
Atmospheric dynamics and radiation research and analysis ............... 30,900,000
Oceanic processes research and analysis ................................................. 20,800,000
Space physics research and analysis ......................................................... 18,000,000
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Payload and instrument development ......................................................
Extended mission operations ......................................................................
Interdisciplinary research and analysis ...................................................
Tethered satellite payloads .........................................................................
Scatterometer ................................................................................................
Upper atmosphere research satellite mission .........................................
Ocean topography experiment ...................................................................
12,000,000
33,600,000
1,100,000
1,100,000
35,900,000
152,200,000
19,000,000
The objectives of the Environmental Observations program are
to improve our understanding of the processes in the magnetos-
phere, atmosphere, and the oceans; to provide space observations of
parameters involved in these processes; and to extend the national
capabilities to predict environmental phenomena, both short and
long term, and their interaction with human activities. Because
many of these phenomena are global or regional, they can be most
effectively, and sometimes only observed from space. NASA's pro-
grams include scientific research efforts plus the development of
new technology for global and synoptic measurements. NASA's re-
search satellites provide a unique view of the radiative, chemical,
plasma acceleration, and dynamic processes occurring in the mag-
netosphere, atmosphere, and oceans.
To achieve these goals, a number of significant objectives have
been established for the next decade. These include advancing the
understanding of the upper atmosphere through the determination
of the spatial and temporal distribution of ozone and select nitro-
gen, hydrogen, and chlorine species in the upper atmosphere and
their sources in the lower atmosphere; optimizing the use of space-
derived measurements in understanding large scale weather pat-
terns; advancing our knowledge of severe storms and forecasting
capabilities, ocean productivity, circulation, and air-sea interac-
tions; improving the knowledge of seasonal climate variability lead-
ing to a long-term strategy for climate observation and prediction;
and enabling a comprehensive understanding of solar terrestrial
processes and a detailed determination of the physics and coupling
between the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and atmos-
phere.
Effective utilization of remote sensing requires a balanced set of
activities including: analytical modeling and simulation; laboratory
research of fundamental processes; development of instrumenta-
tion, flight of the instruments on the Space Shuttle and dedicated
spacecraft; collection of in situ ancillary or validation data; and sci-
entific analysis of data. The approach is to develop a technological
capability with a strong scientific base and then to collect appropri-
ate data, through remote and in situ means, which will address
specific program objectives.
The Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) will place a
set of instruments in Earth orbit which will make comprehensive
measurements of the state of the stratosphere, providing data
about the Earth's upper atmosphere in spatial and temporal di-
mensions which are presently unattainable. Detailed definition
studies of the instruments have been completed, and the design
and development activities are well underway. Development of the
UARS observatory will continue in FY 1987.
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The Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) was successfully
launched in 1984, and data continues to be collected from the satel-
lite. The ERBE instruments which will be flown on NOAA-G have
been completed. NOAA-F was launched December 12, 1984, with a
set of ERBE instrumentation; the NOAA-G launch was scheduled
for March 1986. NASA is also continuing to support the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) by managing the
implementation of the polar orbiting NOAA and Geostationary
Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) series on a reimburs-
able basis.
Design and development activities are being continued in FY
1987 on a delayed basis on the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT),
which will be flown on the Navy Remote Ocean Sensing System
(N-ROSS) in late 1990, to acquire global ocean data for operational
and research use by both the military and civil sectors.
The Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX) is being proposed
as a new start in FY 1987; its objective is to acquire precise obser-
vations of the surface topography of the oceans. These data, in con-
junction with those from NSCAT, will enable the first determina-
tion of the wind forcing and ocean-current response of the global
oceans.
The Nimbus spacecraft continues to collect unique data which is
being used in the study of long term trends of the Earth's atmos-
phere, oceans and polar ice, and provides near real time data. Col-
lection and analysis of Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) data, the
only mesosphere data currently available, continues. The Dynamics
Explorer spacecraft continues to collect valuable data on magnetos-
phere-ionosphere coupling processes. In addition, the International
un Earth Explorer (ISEE-3) spacecraft, renamed International
Cometary Explorer (ICE), has completed an exploration of the
Earth's geomagnetic tail. On September 11, 1985, ICE accomplished
the first encounter with a comet as it passed through the tail of
Giacobini-Zinner. ICE will also provide supporting solar wind meas-
urements for the March 1986 Halley missions. In March-May 1986,
the Polar Region and Outer Magnetosphere International Study
(PROMIS) will coordinate six satellites (ISEE 1, and 2, ICE, Active
Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (AMPTE), Interplanetary Moni-
toring Platform (IMP-8), Dynamics Explorer (DE-1) and the Swed-
ish Viking satellite to provide unique data on magnetospheric proc-
esses.
Shuttle payload and reflight activities, along with flight of oppor-
tunity instrument development efforts provide the spaceborne data
necessary to conduct basic research projects as well as provide cali-
bration, correlative, and developmental feasibility information for
major free-flying spacecraft. Instrument activities include Shuttle
payloads such as Atmosphere Trace Molecules Observed by Spec-
troscopy (ATMOS), Active Cavity Radiometer (ACR), Light Detec-
tion and Ranging (LIDAR), and Space Plasma Physics flight of op-
portunity instruments such as those for the Japanese Geotail
Spacecraft and the European Solar Heliospheric Observer (SOHO)
spacecraft.
Along with the Solid Earth Observations program, the Environ-
mental Observations activities compose an integral part of NASA's
total Earth sciences and applications efforts, with emphasis on un-
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derstanding the Earth as a planet, studing its dynamics, processes,
habitability, and solarterrestrial environment.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Upper atmospheric research ....................................................................... $20,100,000
Stratospheric processes ................................................................................ 6,900,000
Tropospheric chemistry ............................................................................... 6,400,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 33,400,000
The upper atmosphere research program is a comprehensive re-
search and technology effort designed to investigate and monitor
the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and related phenomena in
the lower atmosphere. It is aimed at improving our basic scientific
understanding of the global atmosphere and the methods needed to
assess its susceptibility to significant chemical and physical change.
The program's three major thrusts are in the areas of upper atmos-
pheric research, stratospheric processes research, and tropospheric
chemistry research.
In particular, the goal of the upper atmosphere research pro-
gram is to understand the physics, chemistry and transport proc-
esses in the stratosphere on a global scale, and to assess as accu-
rately as possible the perturbations to the atmosphere caused by
man's activities. In order to accomplish this, efforts are underway
to: (1) improve upper atmosphere and global troposphere models,
validate them, and assess their uncertainties; (2) measure impor-
tant trace chemical constituents, temperature, and radiation fields
throughout the atmosphere; (3) develop sensors capable of making
chemical and physical measurements of the upper atmosphere and
the global troposphere both directly and remotely from space; (4)
assemble and maintain the existing long-term data base of strato-
spheric and tropospheric ozone measurements to aid in the detec-
tion of long-timescale natural variations and manmade ozone
changes; (5) determine the effects of global tropospheric chemistry
on the atmosphere; (6) conduct theoretical and field studies of tro-
pospheric/stratospheric exchange; and (7) carry out laboratory ki-
netics and spectroscopy investigations to support these activities.
A variety of in situ and remote sensing techniques are needed to
meet the objectives of determining and understanding the distribu-
tion of ozone and other trace species in the atmosphere. Data sets
from a limited number of satellites are now generally available to
the scientific community, including a record of global distribution
of ozone extending back over a decade, and simultaneous observa-
tions of a number of trace constituents. This data is being exploited
to determine if trends in the ozone amount have been detected and
to understand those processes which are directly involved with
these trends.
Recent developments in our understanding of the ozone layer
have revealed a possible non-linear dependence of ozone depletion
on the amount of fluorocarbon released to the atmosphere. These
findings place increased urgency on the need to verify the com-
pleteness and accuracy of the theoretical stratospheric models. In
FY 1987, tests of the models will be continued by means of field
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measurements, model calculations, and interpretation of satellite
data. The development of more realistic two- and three-dimensional
models will be continued. The global data sets from past and
present satellites will be further analyzed in FY 1987 to aid in the
understanding of large-scale atmospheric processes.
The comparison of balloon, aircraft, and ground-based measure-
ments will be continued in FY 1987 to ensure the validity of the
different techniques that have been developed and to observe chem-
ical species in the stratosphere and troposphere to determine the
exchange of gases between the lower and upper atmosphere. These
balloons and aircraft measurement programs are the only way to
measure many of the localized phenomena of the atmosphere; they
also help to validate satellite observations. Studies of potential new
instruments for use of future satellites and suborbital measure-
ment platforms will also be conducted in FY 1987 to ensure that
new technologies are put to use in improving the capability and
cost efficiency of tropospheric composition and upper atmospheric
measurements.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Global-scale atmospheric processes research and analysis ................... $14,400,000
Mesoscale atmospheric processes research and analysis ...................... 8,200,000
Climate research and analysis ................................................................... 8,300,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 30,900,000
The research and analysis activities within the Atmospheric Dy-
namics and Radiation program comprise a core effort which is fun-
damental to using space technology to solve problems in atmos-
pheric science. The program's three main thrusts are in the areas
of global-scale tropospheric processes research, mesoscale processes
research and climate research.
The objectives of the global scale research program are to im-
prove our understanding of large-scale atmospheric behavior and to
develop improved capability to observe the atmosphere from space.
The program involves the development of advanced remote sensing
instrumentation to observe the atmosphere, the development of ad-
vanced analysis techniques to better utilize existing meteorological
satellite data, and development of advanced numerical models
which use satellite observations to describe the state of the atmos-
phere both diagnostically and predictively. Recent accomplish-
ments include the development of techniques which more fully uti-
lize passive multispectral data (IR and microwave) from the NOAA
operational satellites to provide global maps of a number of key at-
mospheric and surface parameters. In addition, special attention
has been devoted to developing active lidar techniques to provide
detailed profiles of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and mois-
ture data from future spaceborne platforms. Simulations of these
advanced techniques indicate their increased potential in greatly
improving meteorological prediction capability.
The objectives of the mesoscale processes research program are
to improve our understanding of the behavior of the atmosphere on
short (minutes to hours) time scales and over local to regional size
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scales (severe weather, such as tornadoes and hurricanes). Since
the characteristic parameters of these mesoscale processes cannot
be measured directly, new techniques are under study to derive the
information from other observations which can be directly meas-
ured. Such an activity requires advanced data handling and analy-
sis techniques which rely upon man-computer interactive display
and manipulation. A joint NASA-NOAA project of this type was
completed and is known as the Centralized Storm Information
System. In the area of remote sensor development, successful
flights of instrumentation on the ER-2 aircraft to observe cloud top
dynamics have been completed, and a feasibility study of a poten-
tial lightning mapper has been completed. NASA is currently
working with NOAA to determine the practical value of lightning
mapping from geostationary orbit and the possibility of incorporat-
ing experimental lightning mapping observations on the GOES-
Next spacecraft.
The Climate Research Program seeks to develop a space capabil-
ity for global observations of climate parameters which will con-
tribute to our understanding of the processes that influence cli-
mate and its predictability. Research is focused in accordance with
the National Climate Program priorities wherein NASA has the
role of lead agency for solar and Earth radiation research. Future
study thrusts will be aligned with programs of solar irradiance
monitoring, Earth radiation budget monitoring and analysis, the
global distribution and effect of cloud systems and stratospheric
aerosols on the radiation budget, and on selected process studies
which relate to monitoring of climate change. The past year's ac-
tivities have stressed data analysis and model studies of the effects
of the El Chichon volcano on climate. The first results of the data
phase of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project
(ISCCP) have been successfully archived and detailed planning for
the First ISCCP Regional Experiment (FIRE) has been completed
through a national project office located within NASA. Data from
ISCCP and FIRE will be analyzed in conjunction with the Earth
Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) data to improve our knowl-
edge of cloud-radiation interactions which affect our climate. In ad-
dition, measurements of the solar irradiance will continue through
the repaired Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) spacecraft, Nimbus 7
and reflights of the Active Cavity Radiometer flown on Spacelab-1.
FY 1987 funding is required to conduct aircraft flights to study
the detail of flows around thunderstorms and fronts, continue com-
parison of models, study atmospheric scale interactions, and devel-
op techniques to display model outputs in 3-dimensions. In FY 1987
three major interagency field experiments will significantly im-
prove our understanding of the atmosphere for air/ocean interac-
tion which generate crippling New England snowstorms (GALE),
the physics of small strong downdrafts called microbursts which
are on the scale of tornadoes (MIST), and the mechanism of region-
al precipitation quantification (SPACE) through space, aircraft,
radar balloon, and surface-based observations. Other activities will
involve continued retrieval and archiving of global International
Satellite Cloud Climatology Project data sets, analysis of data from
the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment and the Stratospheric Aer-
osol and Gas Experiment, and continued ground-based and rocket
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flight support for solar irradiance monitoring. Technology develop-
ment of active temperature, pressure, and moisture sounders as
well as basic lidar technology development will also be continued
in FY 1987.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Research and analysis .................................................................................. $20,800,000
The Oceanic Processes Research and Analysis (R&A) program
emphasizes the development and application of spaceborne observ-
ing techniques to advance our understanding of the fundamental
behavior of the oceans, as well as to assist users with the imple-
mentation of operational systems. As such, the program operates in
concert with a variety of federal agencies (e.g., Navy, NOAA, NSF)
and foreign countries (e.g., Canada, Europe, Japan).
The Oceanic Processes R&A program is organized into three dis-
cipline areas: (1) physical, (2) biological, and (3) polar oceanography.
The spaceborne observational technique of prime importance, and
its corresponding scientific use for each area are as follows. In
physical oceanography, satellite scatterometers and altimeters are
used to observe surface roughness and topography, from which sur-
face winds and ocean current response can be estimated. In biologi-
cal oceanography, color scanners are used to observe chlorophyll
concentration, from which primary productivity can be estimated.
In polar oceanography, microwave radiometers and synthetic aper-
ture radars are used to estimate the characteristics of sea-ice cover
and the details of its motion.
The Oceanic Process R&A program is actively pursuing scientific
research with other federal agencies and foreign countries for the
World Climate Research Program (WCRP). Component WCRP ef-
forts include the Tropical Ocean/Global Atmosphere (TOGA) and
World Ocean Circulation Experiments (WOCE), a Global Flux Ex-
periment (GFE), and a Program for International Polar Oceans Re-
search (PIPOR).
In FY 1987, the physical oceanography research activities will in-
clude implementation planning for WOCE and TOGA, as well as
the development of numerical models and associated data assimila-
tion techniques for use in determining the general circulation of
the oceans. In biological oceanography, the analysis of data from
Nimbus-7 will be continued in order to estimate global ocean pro-
ductivity, as well as to help with the conceptual design of the
Global Flux Experiment. In addition, accommodation studies for
potential flight of an Ocean Color Imager for the NOAA-K space-
craft will be performed. In polar oceanography, emphasis will be
placed on the experimental design for the Program for Internation-
al Polar Oceans Research, which is planned to involve direct recep-
tion in Alaska of SAR data from the European Space Agency s
ERS-1 and from the Japanese JERS-1 spacecraft due for launch in
the 1989-1991 time frame. With the transition of the Pilot Ocean
Data System from a technical demonstration to a scientific support
facility completed in FY 1986, coordination activities with the
Office of Naval Research, NSF, and NOAA will be pursued in order
to assure that appropriate computing facilities and data archives
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will be available for the utilization of spaceborne observations from
ocean-research missions planned within the next decade.
Advanced technology development activities will also be contin-
ued on prospective future sensors for flight aboard both the Shuttle
and free-flying spacecraft.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Plasma physics SR&T and data analysis ................................................. $12,300,000
Advanced technology development ........................................................... 2,100,000
Solar terrestrial theory ................................................................................ 3,600,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 18,000,000
Space physics research and analysis is a broadly structured effort
to enhance our understanding of the characteristics and behavior
of plasmas in the solar corona, the interplanetary medium and in
the vicinity of the Earth and other planets. These studies include:
the complex coupling of the atmosphere with the ionosphere and
the magnetosphere; the solar wind and how it interacts with plane-
tary magnetospheres and ionospheres; and how variations in the
solar wind are coupled into the near planetary environment and
neutral atmosphere. This discipline also includes the conduct of
active experiments to extract information under controlled condi-
tions, and the use of space as a laboratory for the study of parame-
ter regimes that are unattainable on the Earth. The understanding
of the plasmas in the solar system, the only naturally occurring
plasmas to which we have direct access, will also enable us to
refine theories regarding astrophysical plasma processes.
The major thrust of the space physics program is directed at
studies of the near Earth environment, from the flow of the solar
wind past the magnetosphere, to manifestations of variations of the
plasma environment detectable near the surface of the Earth. Not
only are these studies of great interest to the Earth sciences com-
munity, but also there are other practical components concerned
with these aspects, such as ionospheric influences on communica-
tion, global circulation of the atmosphere driven by magnetos-
pheric input, the charging of spacecraft immersed in plasma, and
the behavior of antennas and their signals in the magnetosphere.
This field of research is one of relative maturity, with emphasis
on multipoint, in situ measurements and on active perturbation ex-
periments rather than isolated exploratory observations. For exam-
ple, there are presently four spacecraft systems-the Interplan-
etary Monitoring Platform, the International Sun-Earth Explorer
(ISEE), Dynamics Explorer, and the Active Particle Tracer Explor-
ers (AMPTE) taking such measurements. AMPTE has carried out a
program of coordinated chemical releases and plasma diagnostics
to investigate solar wind plasma entry into the magnetosphere and
energization as the plasma flows towards the atmosphere. The cam-
paign called PROMIS (Polar Region and Outer Magnetosphere
International Study) will take full advantage of these satellite sys-
tems during March-May 1986 when the Swedish Viking satellite
contributes toward a unique opportunity for correlative measure-
ments of the Earth's magnetosphere on a large scale. There is an
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active program of sounding rocket and balloon investigations aimed
principally at spatially or temporally isolated atmospheric, iono-
spheric or magnetospheric phenomena. Active theoretical, model-
ing and supporting laboratory activities are also being conducted.
The solar terrestrial theory activity continues to provide a strong
basis for all of the programs in both solar physics and space plasma
physics. Theoretical groups are engaged in research on virtually
every aspect of the solar terrestrial problem by using both funda-
mental process calculations and numerical models of large scale
phenomena.
During FY 1987, the space physics research and analysis activi-
ties will be continued with particular emphasis on the analysis of
data obtained from the 1986 PROMIS campaign and from the
International Cometary Explorer (ICE) which collected unique data
in the earth's distant magnetotail before going to an encounter
with the comet Giacobini-Zinner in September 1985. Definition
studies will be continued during FY 1987 on such missions as the
potential cooperative solar terrestrial research with the Japanese
and Europeans, follow-on missions for the U.S.-Italian Tethered
Satellite System, and on the chemical release investigations in sup-
port to the Combined Chemical Release and Radiation Effects Sat-
ellite (CRRES) which is being developed by the Department of De-
fense.
The solar terrestrial theory program will be continued during FY
1987. In addition, a comprehensive and quantitative aggregate
model of solar-terrestrial interaction will continue to be developed.
PAYLOAD AND INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT (ENVIRONMENTAL
OBSERVATIONS)
FISCAL YEAR 1986 FUNDING LEVEL
Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) ........................
$800,000
Atmosphere Trace Molecules Observed by Spectroscopy (ATMOS)....
2,400,000
Active Cavity Radiometer (ACR, ACRIM) ...............................................
1,000,000
Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) .....................................................
2,600,000
Principal investigator instrument development and reflight pro-
gram ............................................................................................................
200,000
Solar terrestrial instrument development ...............................................
5,000,000
Total .........................................................................................................
12,000,000
The Space Transportation System offers the unique opportunity
for frequent short-duration flights of instruments. The Environ-
mental Observations program has incorporated this capability into
the Shuttle/Spacelab payload development activities in these im-
portant aspects: early test, checkout and design of remote sensing
instruments for long duration free-flying missions; and short-term
atmospheric and environmental data gathering for basic research
and analysis where long-term observations are impractical.
The Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) exper-
iment is a gas-filter correlation radiometer designed to measure the
levels of tropospheric carbon monoxide and the extent of inter-
hemispheric mass transport in the lower atmosphere. The instru-
ment was flown successfully on two Shuttle flights. It is approved
for four flights, one for each season of the year to provide the first
observations of the global seasonal variation of carbon monoxide in
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the Earth's atmosphere. Reflight of MAPS is planned on both SRL-
2 (Shuttle Radar Lab) and EOM 4 (Earth Observations Mission).
The objective of the Atmosphere Trace Molecules Observed by
Spectroscopy (ATMOS) experiment is to make detailed measure-
ments of gaseous constituents (e.g., hydrogen chloride, water, am-
monia, methane) in the Earth's atmosphere by using the technique
of infrared absorption spectroscopy. The data will help determine
the compositional structure of the upper atmosphere, including the
ozone layer and its spatial variability on a global scale. The instru-
ment was launched in 1985 on Spacelab-3; it is scheduled to be re-
flown on the Earth Observation Mission (EOM) series starting in
1986. The science results from the first flight of ATMOS were of
exceptional value, and the basic capability of ATMOS to measure
very low concentrations of trace species in the earth's atmosphere
was clearly demonstrated.
In response to an Announcement of Opportunity, a number of
principal investigator class instruments were selected for develop-
ment. Payloads currently under development include the Active
Cavity Radiometer-1 (ACR-1) which is designed to aid in the study
of the Earth's climate and the physical behavior of the Sun. Re-
flights of ACR-1 on future EOM flights are planned. Other experi-
ments have also been selected for reflight, including some instru-
ments which were flown on the Shuttle orbital flight tests, Space-
lab 1 and Spacelab 2.
Solar-terrestrial instrument development activities will provide
state-of-the art instrumentation for flight opportunities on interna-
tional spacecraft and various U.S. spacecraft of opportunity includ-
ing those of other U.S. agencies and the Space Shuttle. The empha-
sis is on developing scientific instruments that have been conceived
through the Space Plasma and Solar Physics Research and Analy-
sis programs and through the Sounding Rocket program. The de-
velopment and selection of opportunities will be coordinated and fo-
cused to answer questions identified in the National Academy of
Sciences Committee on Solar and Space Physics report on Prior-
ities in Solar-System Space Physics. Most of the instruments devel-
oped through this program will provide a U.S. contribution to an
international thrust in Solar-Terrestrial research in the 1989-1995
timeframe.
Discussions are continuing with other U.S. agencies-the USAF
Air Weather Service, the DOD Space Test Program (STP) and
NOAA-about joint missions to characterize solar activity, the
solar wind and the reaction of the earth's environment as source
measurements.
FY 1987 funds will be used to support the Measurement of Air
Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) science team activities including
data reduction, refurbishment for reflight and upgrading of the
ground service equipment.
The initial flight of the Atmosphere Trace Molecules Observed
by Spectroscopy (ATMOS) instrument was completed in 1985, with
greater than expected science results. The FY 1987 funding is re-
quired to support the reflights of ATMOS which includes continued
science team activities, data processing and analysis, post- and pre-
flight calibration and limited refurbishments.
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FY 1987 funding is also required to continue the Active Cavity
Radiometer (ACR) data processing, science team activities, and re-
furbishment for reflight on future Shuttle EOM flights, and devel-
opment of a free-flight version of ACR. The principal investigator
instrument development and reflight program will be continued
with research efforts concentrated on atmospheric chemistry, solar
intensity and variability, and upper atmospheric winds.
Development activities will continue on the international (U.S.
and French) Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) instrumentation
following completion of conceptual definition, breadboard laborato-
ry activities, and preliminary design reviews. In this advanced
state-of-the-technology program, both NASA and the French are
supplying science knowledge and hardware to demonstrate first-
time detail measurements of the atmosphere to aid in forecasting.
In FY 1987, Solar Terrestrial Instrument Development will begin
with increased efforts focusing on continued activities with the Jap-
anese Institute for Space and Astronautical Sciences (ISAS) for a
mission to explore the earth's geotail. While ISAS will provide the
Geotail Spacecraft and the majority of the instruments, NASA will
provide instruments requiring unique capabilities to measure the
hot, low density plasmas, energetic plasmas, low intensity waves
and weak magnetic fields in the deep magnetic tail. In addition,
the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA will continue plan-
ning a joint solar-terrestrial research effort to make detailed meas-
urements of solar variability and solar oscillations, the origin and
flow of the solar wind, the interaction of the solar wind with the
terrestial magnetosphere, and the resultant space plasma micro-
processes. ESA will provide the SOHO and CLUSTER satellites,
and the majority of the instruments. NASA will provide instru-
ments for solar oscillations and solar corona measurements and
several space plasma instruments that are unique in their capabili-
ties and performance.
EXTENDED MISSION OPERATIONS (ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVATIONS)
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Operations for the extended mission of:
Nimbus 7 ................................................................................................. $5,000,000
Solar mesosphere explorer (SME) ...................................................... 900,000
Correlative measurement/solar backscatter ultraviolet instru-
ment ..................................................................................................... 3,900,000
Earth radiation budget experiment extended operations ............. 8,900,000
Active magnetospheric particle tracer explorer extended oper-
ations ................................................................................................... 3,000,000
International sun-earth explorers ...................................................... 4,600,000
Interplanetary monitoring platform ................................................. 700,000
Dynamics explorer extended operations ........................................... 6,600,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 33,600,000
The objectives of the extended mission operations is to provide
for the operations, data processing, validation and data analysis of
missions which have completed basic operations funded by ap-
proved project support.
Launched in 1978, the Nimbus-7 spacecraft continues to provide
significant quantities of both atmosphere and solid earth global
data for multi-discipline investigations and applications. These in-
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clude atmospheric dynamics and chemistry resulting in global
ozone measurements that are helping to understand the complicat-
ed heat exchanges of the atmospheric-ocean system, and, for the
first time, global ocean data and sea ice concentration as well as
properties of both polar caps. NASA supplies this unique sea ice
concentration data in near real-time to the joint U.S. Navy-NOAA
Ice Center. The ocean color measurements provide the only data on
open ocean and coastal areas chlorophyll concentration, which re-
lates to abundance of phytoplankton, the basic element of the
ocean food chain. Current studies of complete ocean basins are ex-
panding the understanding of global productivity. Nimbus-7 oper-
ations and data reduction/validation activities will continue in FY
1987 to support the strong demand for data.
The Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME), launched in October 1981,
is providing major input to our overall atmospheric parameter data
base. SME is producing simultaneous measurements needed to un-
derstand the complex chemical processes taking place in the meso-
sphere, including data measurements of ozone, atomic oxygen,
nitric oxide and temperature. Data results indicate greater short-
term variations and magnitude than was expected of many of the
mesospheric properties. A ground truth program to aid in the vali-
dation of the SME data is also being undertaken. SME is providing
excellent data on the effect of volcanoes on the Earth's atmosphere.
Solar terrestrial research activities rely on data received from
the International Sun-Earth Explorers, the Interplanetary Monitor-
ing Platform (IMP), and the Dynamics Explorers which are still
operational. Recent analysis of DE-1 data have shown coupling of
plasma and mesospheric chemistry. IMP continues to provide the
only available source of solar wind input measurements to the
Earth. The combined measurements of ISEE-1 and -2 in the same
eccentric orbit continue to provide important data to study the
structure and motions of the essential magnetospheric boundaries,
bow shock, magnetopause, plasma pause and sheet. ISEE-3 made
important first time measurements of solar wind-magnetosphere
interraction in the Earth's distant geotail. The ISEE-3 spacecraft,
renamed the International Cometary Explorer (ICE), accomplished
a successful encounter with Comet Giacobini-Zinner in 1985. ICE
will also provide complementary solar wind measurements up-
stream of Comet Halley in late 1985 and early 1986.
FY 1987 funding is required to support continuing mission oper-
ations and data analysis activities for the International Sun-Earth
Explorers, the Interplanetary Monitoring Platform and the Dynam-
ics Explorers. Extended operations support of the Active Magnetos-
pheric Particle Tracer Explorer, which was launched in 1984, will
be continued in FY 1987. Operation of the Nimbus and SME satel-
lites and processing of the collected data will be continued as will
activities to provide ground truth for a NASA-developed ozone in-
strument to be flown on a NOAA meteorological satellite. The
SME and Nimbus satellites continue to produce extremely valuable
data on ozone concentrations which will be used to estimate the oc-
currence of natural and man-made variations, sea surface tempera-
tures, aerosol measurements, and ocean productivity. Correlative
ground truth activities will also be continued in FY 1987; these in
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situ observations are needed to verify the quality of remote obser-
vations and improve our ability to interpret them.
In addition, FY 1987 funding is required for the operating ERBE
instruments, payloads, and data set processing and analysis that
will occur as the third set of instruments is launched on NOAA-G.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Interdisciplinary research and analysis ................................................... $1,100,000
Interdisciplinary research activities need to be conducted to
quantitatively characterize the Earth's chemical, physical, and bio-
logical processes on the land, along with the interactions between
the land, the oceans, and atmosphere, which are of particular im-
portance in assessing the impact of these phenomena on global,
physical, and biological processes. Such research is essential to in-
vestigating and assessing long-term physical, chemical, and biologi-
cal trends and changes in the Earth s environment. Included in the
program activities are joint efforts from a variety of disciplines, in-
cluding atmospheric science, climatology, biological science, geo-
chemistry, and oceanography.
In FY 1987, interdisciplinary studies will be continued with em-
phasis on integrating discipline-specific research activities of Oce-
anic Processes, Atmospheric Dynamics and Radiation, Upper At-
mosphere/Troposphere Chemistry, and Land Processes into a uni-
fied program which will help increase our understanding of critical
global processes. Emphasis will be placed on specific pilot studies
such as those understanding the biogeochemical processes control-
ing the concentration of atmospheric methane, characterizing
changes in properties of the land surface and their effect on cli-
mate, and understanding the role of the oceans in the global
carbon cycle.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Tethered satellite payloads ......................................................................... $1,000,000
The Tethered Satellite System (TSS) will provide a facility for
conducting experiments weighing 500 kg or less from distances of
100 km above or below the Space Shuttle. The TSS will allow
unique science to be undertaken such as observations of atmospher-
ic processes occurring within the lower thermosphere (below 180
km altitude), observations of crustal geomagnetic phenomena, and
direct observation of magnetospheric-ionospheric-atmospheric cou-
pling processes in the 125-180 kilometer region. In addition, the
satellite, coupled to the conducting tether, can generate large am-
plitude hydromagnetic waves and electrodynamic waves in the
local space plasma, thus enabling active space plasma and magne-
tospheric physics experiments to be performed. The objective of the
initial TSS mission is to verify the controlled deployment, retrieval
and on-station stabilization of the satellite tethered from the orbit-
er, and to carry out scientific research using a conducting tether
extended 20 km above the orbiter. NASA is providing the scientific
payloads for the initial flight of the TSS.
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The TSS is an international cooperative project with the Italian
government. The United States is developing the tether deploy-
ment and retrieval system, is responsible for overall project man-
agement and system integration, for development and integration
of the instruments, and flight on the Shuttle. Italy is developing
the satellite and is responsible for development and integration of
European investigations. An Announcement of Opportunity for in-
vestigations was issued in April 1984. Selection of investigators was
completed in late 1985 and instrument design will be initiated in
early 1986.
Some program delays are currently being encountered by the
Italians in the development of the satellite, and the launch sched-
ule is being reevaluated.
The FY 1987 funding is required for final preparations and data
analysis activities associated with the scientific instruments on the
Tethered Satellite System.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Scatterometer ................................................................................................ $35,900,000
The purpose of the Navy Remote Ocean Sensing System (N-
ROSS) is to acquire global ocean data for operational and research
usage by both the military and civil sectors. A Scatterometer
sensor is required to meet the objectives of this mission. NASA will
provide the Scatterometer sensor and the Department of Defense
will provide the N-ROSS spacecraft and launch services for a
launch in late 1990.
The Scatterometer will provide accurate, global measurements of
ocean surface winds which will be useful for both oceanography
and meteorology. In addition to satisfying Navy operational re-
quirements for providing wind field data, Scatterometer data will
permit the first global study of the influence of winds on ocean cir-
culation, provide data on the effects of the oceans on the atmos-
phere, and provide improved marine forecasting (winds and waves).
Flight of the N-ROSS in late-1990 will provide an overlap of data
gathering with the World Ocean Circulation Experiment and Trop-
ical Ocean-Global Atmospheres Experiment planned by the inter-
national oceanographic community.
The feasibility of using the Scatterometer technique from space
to accurately measure winds was demonstrated by Seasat in 1978.
Definition studies conducted by NASA during FY 1983 and early
FY 1984 resulted in the determination that the performance re-
quirements as stated jointly by the research community and the
Navy could be satisfied by utilizing system design concepts similar
to those used on the Seasat Scatterometer. The major improve-
ments include the addition of two antennas for improved wind di-
rection determination and the addition of digital filtering to com-
pensate for earth rotational effects. In FY 1985, the design and de-
velopment activities were initiated, not only on the Scatterometer
instrument, but also on the ground data processor which will uti-
lize research quality algorithms to process the Scatterometer raw
data into geophysical products for utilization by the oceanographic
and meteorological research communities. An Announcement of
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Opportunity (AO) for specific research investigations using Scatter-
ometer data was released in FY 1985. Contracts were awarded for
the antennas and travelling wave tubes. In FY 1986, a Preliminary
Design Review will be conducted and the AO selection process will
be completed.
In FY 1987, design and development of the Scatterometer will be
continued leading to the scheduled launch in late 1990. In particu-
lar, the antenna and travelling wave tube fabrication will be con-
tinued, fabrication of the radio frequency subsystem will be initiat-
ed, procurement of a ground based computer system will be under-
taken, and a critical design review will be completed.
UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH SATELLITE MISSION
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Spacecraft ....................................................................................................... $99,500,000
Experiments ................................................................................................... 52,700,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 152,200,000
The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) program is
the next logical step in conducting a comprehensive program of re-
search, technology development and monitoring of the upper at-
mosphere aimed at improving basic scientific understanding. This
mission is essential for understanding the key radiative, chemical
and dynamical processes which couple together to control the com-
position and structure of the stratosphere. The UARS mission will
provide the first integrated global measurements of. ozone concen-
tration; chemical species that affect ozone; energy inputs; tempera-
ture; and winds in the stratosphere and mesosphere. These meas-
urements will complement the measurements of ozone and of at-
mospheric parameters affecting ozone that were made on Nimbus
and SAGE. The UARS program is a critical element in overall
stratospheric research and monitoring efforts; it will provide the
first full data set on stratospheric composition and dynamics which
will be required when very difficult decisions must be made in the
future regarding production of chlorofluorocarbons. The UARS mis-
sion will also contribute to the assessment of the impact of strato-
spheric changes on our climate and will provide the data needed
for a full understanding of the stratosphere. These understandings
are essential for subsequent design and implementation of a long-
term stratospheric monitoring activity.
A final selection of ten experiments has been made, including in-
frared and microwave limb sounders which require advances in
cryogenics, solid-state devices and microwave antennas beyond ear-
lier capabilities. The instrument design and development activities
are underway. A Solar Backscatter Ultraviolent (SBUV) instru-
ment will be modified to fly on the Shuttle during the UARS mis-
sion and to provide correlative data. In addition, development of
the central ground data handling facility, which will permit near-
realtime interactive utilization of data by the twenty-one design
and theoretical investigator teams, is underway.
The FY 1987 funds are required for continuation of the develop-
ment activities on the ten UARS instruments including flight hard-
ware fabrication, instrument assembly and environmental testing
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leading to instrument delivery to the spacecraft in 1988. In addi-
tion, the spacecraft design and development activities will be con-
tinued in FY 1987 leading to the observatory critical design review
in the latter half of FY 1987 and the initiation of flight hardware
fabrication.
The ground data handling facility will enable a higher level of
interaction among experimenters and theoreticians than has exist-
ed with past programs. Implementation of this concept requires
that the system be developed on a timely parallel path with the
flight hardware so that individual experiment data processing sub-
systems, including algorithms and the interactive data base, pro-
vide maximum interaction and effectiveness in the design and de-
velopment phase of the program and are fully verified at launch
time. In order to achieve this, FY 1987 funding is required to con-
tinue design and development of the ground data handling facility
including: hardware delivery and checkout, software preliminary
and critical design reviews, science team support and science algo-
rithm development.
OCEAN TOPOGRAPHY EXPERIMENT
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Ocean topography experiment (TOPEX) .................................................. $19,000,000
The goal of the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX) is to uti-
lize satellite radar altimetry to measure the surface topography of
the global oceans over a period of three years with sufficient accu-
racy and precision to significantly enhance our understanding of
the oceans' general circulation and its mesoscale variability. The
capability of satellite altimetry to address this goal was demon-
strated in 1978 by NASA's highly successful Seasat program. Such
information is needed to better understand how the atmosphere
drives the circulation of the oceans, how the oceans in turn influ-
ence the atmosphere and ultimately, the role of the oceans in cli-
mate.
Current plans call for NASA and the French Space Agency
(CNES) to collaborate on TOPEX in order to more fully exploit the
scientific value of the data. In exchange for this scientific collabo-
ration and the flight of a French altimeter and tracking system,
CNES will launch TOPEX in mid-1991 using Ariane. TOPEX is
also being planned in concert with the World Ocean Circulation
Experiment (WOCE), a major international oceanographic field pro-
gram being planned under the auspices of the World Climate Re-
search Program (WCRP). WOCE will combine satellite observations
from TOPEX with traditional in situ observations to enable the
first comprehensive determination of the three-dimensional current
structure of the global oceans. When further combined with ocean
surface winds from the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) planned for
flight on the U.S. Navy Remote Ocean Sensing System (N-ROSS)
in late 1990, unique measurements of the oceans' driving force
(winds) and the resulting ocean response (topography) will have
been obtained.
During FY 1986, a Request for Proposals (RFP) to select a single
satellite contractor and an Announcement of Opportunity to select
a Science Working Team are planned to be issued. Once these se-
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lections have been made, NASA will be in a position to initiate full
scale development of TOPEX, thus permitting a May 1991 launch.
The resulting high degree of overlap with N-ROSS and WOCE will
permit a truly unique set of coordinated spaceborne and in situ ob-
servations to be obtained.
In FY 1987 detailed design work in all areas of the project-sat-
ellite, sensors, ground data system, etc.-will be focused on prepar-
ing for a Critical Design Review (CDR) in early FY 1988 such that
hardware fabrication can be initiated.
8. MATERIALS PROCESSING IN SPACE, $40,900,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Research and analysis .................................................................................. $11,400,000
Materials experiment operations ............................................................... 29,500,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 40,900,000
The Materials Processing in Space program emphasizes the sci-
ence and technology of processing materials to understand con-
straints imposed by gravitational forces and the unique capabilities
made possible by controlling these processes in the space environ-
ment. Ground-based research, technology development, and pay-
load definition activities in FY 1986 are being concentrated on six
major processing areas: metals and alloys, electronic materials,
glass and ceramics, biotechnology, combustion, and fluid dynamics
and transport phenomena. These activities will provide the scientif-
ic basis for future space applications of materials processing tech-
nology as well as provide a better understanding of how these proc-
esses occur on the ground. Definition studies will be performed for
Shuttle experiment candidates in areas such as containerless ex-
periments, combustion science, solidification and crystal growth,
and blood storage. Also included are maintenance of capabilities
for experimentation in drop tubes, towers, and aircraft. Studies and
science support for Joint Endeavor and Technical Exchange Agree-
ments are included in this program.
Materials Experiment Operations is a consolidation of ongoing
activities which provide a range of experimental capabilities for all
scientific and commercial participants in the Microgravity Science
and Applications program. These include Shuttle mid-deck experi-
ments, the Materials Experiment Assembly and the Materials Sci-
ence Laboratory, which is carried in the orbiter bay. These capa-
bilities will enable users to develop different experiments in a cost-
effective manner and allow a better understanding of the technical
risks associated with experiment concepts before attempting to de-
velop more complex hardware. In addition, reflight of investiga-
tions on Shuttle/Spacelab missions and the mid-deck is provided
for in Materials Experiment Operations.
RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS (MATERIALS PROCESSING)
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Ground-based investigations, analysis and studies ................................ $11,400,000
The research and analysis activity provides the scientific founda-
tion for all current and future projects in the Microgravity Science
and Applications program. Emphasis is placed on ground-based re-
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search which is expected to evolve into space investigations with
potential for future applications. This activity also supports tech-
nology development for future ground and space capabilities, and
commercialization activities leading toward privately-funded space
enterprises. Most research projects are initiated as a result of pro-
posals from the scientific community which have been extensively
reviewed by peer groups prior to selection. The FY 1986 funding is
being used to support ongoing research in infrared detector materi-
als, spherical shell technology, floating zone crystal growth, separa-
tion and synthesis of biological materials, fluid flow effects in mate-
rials processing, combustion science, and containerless processing
techniques. Coordinated activities with the NASA Office of Com-
mercial Programs will continue with studies of institutional ar-
rangements associated with joint NASA/industry ventures, infor-
mation activities directed toward industry involvement in micro-
gravity science and applications projects, and early negotiations
and continuing technical support with companies interested in un-
dertaking joint space endeavors with NASA.
Ground-based research and analysis will be continued in FY 1987
in the areas of metals and alloys, electronic materials, glass and ce-
ramics, biotechnology, combustion, and fluid dynamics and trans-
port phenomena. Research will be conducted to define the role of
gravity-driven influences in generic processing methods. Effort will
continue at the centers for bioprocessing research located at the
University of Arizona and the University City Science Center in
Philadelphia, PA as well as the Microgravity Materials Science Lab
at the Lewis Research Center.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Materials experiment operations ............................................................... $29,500,000
The materials experiment operations program provides a wide
range of opportunities for scientific and commercial experiments in
microgravity science and applications. Development of Shuttle mid-
deck and cargo bay experiments are supported under this activity.
Preliminary data analysis on Shuttle experiments already flown
has shown promising results.
FY 1987 funding is required to continue basic and applied re-
search activities using mid-deck and cargo bay experiments leading
to several flights over the next few years. Investigations will be
conducted in glasses, electronic materials, biotechnology, metals
and alloys, and combustion. Development will begin on a number
of Physics and Chemistry Experiments (PACE) as well as continued
development of several pieces of advanced equipment in the areas
of electronic crystal growth, biotechnology, metallic casting, and
particle combustion.
9. COMMUNICATIONS, $114,500,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Research and analysis .................................................................................. $14,000,000
Search and rescue ......................................................................................... 1,000,000
Technical consultation and support studies ............................................ 3,200,000
Experiment coordination and operations support .................................. 1,300,000
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Advanced communications technology satellite progam ....................... 95,000,000
Total ......................................................................................................... 114, 500, 000
The Communications Research and Analysis program continues
to provide development of component and device technology re-
quired by NASA, other government agencies, and U.S. industry for
advanced communications satellite systems. Special emphasis is
being given to pursuing technologies with high potential for im-
proving spectrum utilization, satellite switching, and intersatellite
link technologies, since these technologies are the key to future
growth of the communication satellite and terminal markets. In
addition, the mobile communications technology program will con-
tinue to address the development of critical enabling technologies
needed to insure growth of a commercial mobile satellite service in
the U.S. This effort, in cooperation with U.S. industry, Canada, and
other government agencies, will help implement a first generation
commercial system at the end of the decade.
The Search and Rescue program is an international cooperative
program that demonstrates the use of satellite technology to detect
and locate aircraft or vessels in distress. The United States,
Canada, France, and the Soviet Union developed the system, in
which Norway, the United Kingdom, and Sweden also participate.
A four satellite system is now in service (two U.S. and two U.S.S.R.
satellites) and has been credited with saving over 500 lives in nu-
merous worldwide incidents. The list continues to grow weekly.
The resources requested reflect the fact that the primary responsi-
bility for this program has been transferred to NOAA.
The technical consultation and support program will continue to
provide for studies of radio interference, propagation and special
systems required for the growth of existing satellite services and
the extension of new satellite applications. Support to the Depart-
ment of State, the Federal Communications Commission, the Na-
tional Telecommunications and Information Administration, and
other Agencies in the development of frequency and orbit sharing
techniques and strategies for upcoming World Administrative
Radio Conferences (WARC's) is continuing.
The experiment coordination and operations support program as-
sists other federal agencies and public sector organizations in the
development of experimental satellite communications for emer-
gency, disaster and public service applications. Operation of the
Applications Technology Satellite (ATS) 3 is continuing through
contracts with the University of Miami.
The objective of the Advanced Communications Technology Sat-
ellite (ACTS) program is to prove the feasibility of certain advanced
communications satellite technologies through a flight test pro-
gram. These technologies, including a multibeam antenna, base-
band processor, RF matrix switch, traveling wave tube amplifier,
and low noise receiver, will be applicable to a wide range of com-
munications systems in the 1990's. Funding in 1987 will be used to
continue development work.
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RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS (COMMUNICATIONS)
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Research and analysis .................................................................................. $14,000,000
The Communications Research and Analysis program empha-
sizes the development of high-risk technology required to maintain
U.S. preeminence in the international satellite communications
market, to enable new and innovative public services, and to meet
the communications needs of NASA and of other government agen-
cies. This program focuses on the "interconnectivity technologies"
of on-board switching, intersatellite links, and antennas, as well as
the conventional RF technologies. Advanced studies are performed
to determine the future satellite communications needs of the
country, and to define the technology required to meet those needs.
The technology is developed and tested through an advanced proof-
of-concept (POC) program. The POC devices and components are
then integrated into a multiple terminal, satellite communications
network in a laboratory where they undergo comprehensive eval-
uation.
In 1986, work is continuing on intersatellite laser link technolo-
gy. This advanced technology has the potential to significantly im-
prove intersatellite communications by allowing high data rate
transmission in the Space Station era. Technology development is
also underway in the area of monolithic microwave integrated cir-
cuits (MMIC), which have significant potential for applications in
multiport spacecraft matrix switches, low noise receivers, and mul-
tibeam antenna arrays and beamforming networks. A number of
industry studies are being sponsored to assess new areas of commu-
nications technologies required for the 1990's.
The mobile communications technologies activity is aimed at ac-
celerating the introduction of a commercial mobile satellite service
in the U.S., and developing power, bandwidth and orbital-slot effi-
cient ground segment technology and networking techniques
needed to insure its growth. An innovative cooperative agreement
between NASA and industry was signed in FY 1985 as the basis for
this effort. In early FY 1986, our technology development program
received support of the industry at a major government/industry
briefing. We are continuing to work with other government agen-
cies to define an experimental test program aimed at emergency
response and public service applications.
In FY 1986, development efforts on ground segment technology is
continuing. Definition of low cost, high gain rooftop vehicle anten-
nas that can at least double the number of orbital slots available
has been completed and development of engineering hardware
models is underway. Design is continuing on terminal and network-
ing techniques that will result in power/bandwidth efficient voice
transmissions (approximately six times greater than the new cellu-
lar terrestrial technology) and information (voice plus data)
throughput increases. NASA will continue to work with the private
sector and other government agencies to define a field test planned
for late 1986. To achieve this, and to foster cooperation during the
experimental phase, seven Memoranda of Understanding have
been signed. These represent almost 30 government agencies.
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During FY 1987, advanced studies and selected technology devel-
opment will be continued in the focussed high risk areas of satellite
switching, RF (radio frequency) systems, intersatellite links and
mobile communications. Work in these technology areas will sup-
port U.S. industry, NASA, and other government agencies and ad-
dress national economic and security interests.
FY 1987 mobile communications technology activity will focus on
field tests of advanced concepts in an operational-like environment.
These initial tests, which will involve NASA, other agencies, U.S.
industry, and Canada, are a critical first step in tying together the
advanced technology elements under development for a future
mobile satellite communications experiment.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Search and rescue ......................................................................................... $1,000,000
The Search and Rescue program, developed by NASA and its
international partners, has demonstrated the feasibility of using
satellites to significantly improve the ability to detect and locate
general aviation aircraft and marine vessels during emergencies.
The Search and Rescue satellite systems has met all specifications
and was declared operational in July 1985. The system has received
world-wide acclaim and has been credited with saving over 500
lives to date. In addition, the system is demonstrating the potential
to save millions of dollars annually in search logistics costs.
In FY 1986, work is continuing to improve system software effi-
ciency, develop low-cost 406 MHz hardware, and initiate develop-
ment techniques that will enhance the ability of the system to
quickly locate those in distress.
In FY 1987, an experiment will be undertaken to evaluate the
use of geostationary satellites for instant alerting of search and
rescue forces. Work will also continue on the development and
tests of other technologies with the potential to further enhance ca-
pabilities for effective search and rescue.
TECHNICAL CONSULTATION AND SUPPORT STUDIES
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Technical consultation and support studies ............................................ $3,200,000
Technical consultation and support studies provide the technical
basis for regulatory and policy development to assure the orderly
growth of existing and new satellite services. Unique analytical
tools are developed and used to solve problems of inter- and intra-
satellite/terrestrial system interference. Emphasis is placed on
orbit and spectrum utilization studies, which include the develop-
ment of frequency and orbit sharing techniques and strategies,
design standards, and the determination of the effect of propaga-
tion phenomena and man-made noise on performance, design, and
efficient use of the geostationary satellite orbit and the radio spec-
trum.
NASA studies and participation in the Space World Administra-
tive Radio Conference (SWARC) in the summer of 1985 contributed
to the successful outcome of the conference. Propagation measure-
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ments, carried out during FY 1985 and FY 1986 with balloons,
drone aircraft, and helicopters, are providing new insight to indus-
try on the effects of trees and foliage on mobile satellite communi-
cations. NASA continues to respond to and support the rulemaking
by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) to establish a
commercial and land mobile satellite service. The rulemaking, an-
ticipated for early 1986, is expected to result in a new multibillion
dollar industry with both domestic and foreign markets and a com-
mercial service owned and operated by the private sector by the
late 1980's.
During FY 1987, studies and analyses will be performed to sup-
port preparations for the second session of the SWARC which is
scheduled to be held in Geneva in 1988. Plans will be developed for
the fixed-satellite service at that time and proper preparation is
critical to U.S. objectives for maintaining flexibility in orbiting and
operating communications satellites. NASA will complete prepara-
tions for and will participate in the 1987 SWARC on mobile com-
munications services. Studies will continue for the purposes of
identifying techniques to increase the efficient use of the limited
orbit/spectrum resources and to understand and alleviate the ad-
verse effects of propagation phenomena on space communications.
EXPERIMENT COORDINATION AND OPERATIONS SUPPORT
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Experiment coordination and operations support .................................. $1,300,000
The objective of this program is to support and document a wide
range of user experiments and demonstrations in the application of
satellite communications. Past experiments on experimental statel-
lites such as the Applications Technology Satellite (ATS) series and
the Communications Technology Satellite (CTS), have been success-
fully providing users with the experience necessary for making in-
formed decisions regarding their communications functions.
NASA's stimu'-us in encouraging use of these unique facilities has
led to wider application of commercial satellites, which can better
meet the needs of potential users.
ATS-1, a 19-year old experimental satellite that provided human-
itarian telecommunications service to 23 Pacific island nations for
the past 14 years was shut down when it would no longer respond
to station-keeping commands. NASA is currently assessing replace-
ment options. The remaining ATS satellite, ATS-3, will continue to
provide two-way voice and data transmission for a number of ex-
periments being conducted in North America, the Antarctic, and
the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, in support of the National Science
Foundation, the Department of the Navy, the Department of Com-
merce, a number of universities, and private industry. It continues
to be an important link for emergency communications in the west-
ern hemisphere as was demonstrated during the recent Mexico
City earthquake and Columbia volcanic eruption.
In FY 1987, operational support for ATS-3 will continue; NASA
will maintain approval and policy control of the ATS program.
NASA will continue planning support for educational, scientific,
and public service communications experiments for organizations
within the western hemisphere, and will support similar experi-
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mental activities of Pacific basin organizations within the footprint
of the ATS-3 coverage. Efforts in support of a replacement system
for ATS-1 will continue with low-cost, prototype ground terminal
development, analyses of viable alternative satellite systems, and
verification systems tests.
ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE PROGRAM
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Advanced communications technology satellite program ..................... $95,000,000
The objective of the Advanced Communications Technology Sat-
ellite (ACTS) program is to prove the feasibility of certain advanced
communications satellite technologies through a flight test pro-
gram. The specific technologies to be validated include: (a) the use
of multiple fixed and scanning spot antenna beams; (b) frequency
reuse; (c) beam interconnectivity at both intermediate frequencies
and at baseband; (d) advanced system network concepts; and (e) dy-
namic rain-compensation techniques. These technologies will be ap-
plicable to a wide range of communications systems in the 1990 s.
The ACTS spacecraft will be launched from the Shuttle into geo-
stationary orbit. The spacecraft will consist of a commercial com-
munications bus and a multibeam communications package, includ-
ing a multibeam.antenna, baseband processor, RF matrix switch,
traveling wave tube amplifier, and low noise receiver. The ground
segment will consist of a NASA ground station and a master con-
trol station. Following launch and checkout, a two-year program of
user-funded experiments will be initiated, during which time ACTS
system technologies will be tested, evaluated, and validated. Over
40 organizations, including DOD, have requested consideration for
experiment opportunities on ACTS to date.
FY 1987 funding will continue design and development of the
spacecraft bus, the communications electronics package, the base-
band processor, the multibeam antenna, and the development of
the NASA ground station and the software needed for the master
control station.
10. INFORMATION SYSTEMS, $18,200,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Data systems .................................................................................................. $9,300,000
Information systems ..................................................................................... 11,900,000
General reduction .......................................................................................... -3,000,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 18,200,000
The objectives of the Information Systems program are to: devel-
op and demonstrate advanced capabilities of managing, distribut-
ing, and processing data and information; implement information
system standards and provide common software in order to lower
data system costs; and develop the basis for data services to provide
improved access to, and rapid delivery of, space data and advanced
data systems in support of the Nation's satellite programs and
space science and applications projects.
This program provides for timely development of data system ca-
pabilities to meet the needs of flight missions and major space sci-
ence and applications programs. The early demonstration of capa-
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bilities has a high potential for reducing ground data system devel-
opment risks and for providing timely delivery of data to research-
ers.
The FY 1987 Information Systems funding is required to provide
support for space science and applications programs. Funds are re-
quired to continue development of planetary, earth resources, and
astrophysics data systems projects which are being implemented at
the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the Goddard Space Flight Center,
and participating academic institutions; to continue implementa-
tion of on-line data directories and catalogs; to operate the large-
scale computers in the Space and Earth Sciences Computing Center
(SESCC) and the archives at the National Space Science Data
Center (NSSDC) both facilities located at the Goddard Space Flight
Center; to develop common software to support ongoing research in
the space and earth sciences; and to continue development of data
management and data archiving to support flight projects, disci-
pline program offices, and other NASA program offices. The FY
1987 funding levels will also provide the university/research com-
munity with improved access to NASA computational facilities and
data archives by expanding network communications links, by in-
creasing online data storage capacities, and by developing stand-
ards for data and protocols.
11. TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION, $13,300,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Technology dissemination ........................................................................... $7,600,000
Technology applications .............................................................................. 5,700,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 13, 300, 000
The objective of the NASA Technology Utilization Program is to
enhance the national economy and industrial productivity through
a series of interactive processes and mechanisms designed to trans-
fer aerospace technology evolving from NASA's R&D programs to
non-aerospace sectors of the U.S. economy. Almost every part of
U.S. industry is touched by the transfer process, especially in such
areas as automation, electronics, materials, and productivity. In
the public sector, medicine, rehabilitation, transportation, and
safety are but a few of the areas receiving benefits. The specific ob-
jectives of the programs are:
-accelerate application and use of aeronautics and space tech-
nology by the U.S. private sector;
-facilitate multiple secondary uses and application of NASA
technology by the public and private sectors and academia;
-continue to improve NASA's technology transfer process; and
-promote applications of NASA's expertise and capabilities to
non-aerospace needs of the Nation.
NASA Tech Briefs is the Agency's principal technology an-
nouncement publication designed to promote and encourage the ef-
fective secondary use of new aerospace advancements. Conversion
of NASA Tech Briefs to a commercially viable, private sector publi-
cation was accomplished on schedule with the first commercial
issue released in February 1985. A subsequent agreement was
reached with the private sector publisher and the Joint Committee
on Printing in December 1985 for continuation of a commercial
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version of the NASA Tech Briefs journal for the next five years.
This commercialization effort (a) allows the continued free distribu-
tion of this quarterly journal to current subscribers (100,000 scien-
tists, engineers and business representatives in U.S. industry), and
(b) provides for circulation growth to meet the demand throughout
industry, which is estimated at two to three times the present read-
ership.
Thousands of U.S. industrial firms are being provided computer-
ized access to NASA information through the NASA-sponsored dis-
semination center network. Technology transfer services growing
out of this information access have focused a wide array of technol-
ogies on technological problems specified by industrial clients.
These firms, especially those in the industrial manufacturing and
research sectors, have found dissemination center information and
technology transfer services to be beneficial in the development of
new or improved products or processes. COSMIC, the NASA-sup-
ported center for computerized software dissemination, realized sig-
nificant growth in sales and lease of NASA-developed computer
programs for industrial use. Overall, the entire predominantly uni-
versity-based dissemination network received approximately $7
million from industry last year for information products and tech-
nology transfer services, underscoring the continued interest and
importance which this activity has throughout industry.
In applications engineering, emphasis during 1986 continues to
be concentrated on developing new opportunities in automation,
electronics and materials technology, and solidifying ongoing
projects and studies in the allied medical fields (bioengineering and
rehabilitation). The development of the Programmable Implantable
Medication System was accelerated as Siemens Industries pur-
chased Pacesetter, Inc. and the FDA approved human trials for
morphine and insulin. During the same period INTEC, the manu-
facturer of the implantable defibrillator, was purchased by Cardiac
Pacers, Inc. (CPI). The FDA has given CPI the authority to com-
mercialize this life saving device. CPI is committed to accelerate
the marketing of the device and development of the next genera-
tion of defibrillators. There are over 800 of these devices currently
implanted in humans. In the automation, electronics and materials
area, three new projects in materials technology were started at
the Lewis Research Center. Each project has a major manufacturer
involved. Two feasibility studies in electronics and automation
were successfully completed and the next phase of engineering de-
velopment initiated. Additionally, a materials project designed to
measure residual stress in steel components without having a cali-
bration standard was transferred to the U.S. industry. The Nation-
al Space Technology Laboratories aquaculture treatment tech-
niques to convert raw sewage to drinking water is all but complete
as a pilot project with Federal and state support in the city of San
Diego, California. The Library of Congress and NASA jointly
agreed on preliminary specifications for a book deacidification facil-
ity at Fort Detrick, Maryland.
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TECHNOLOGY DISSEMINATION
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Technology dissemination ........................................................................... $7,600,000
In FY 1987, NASA will continue to enhance, restructure, and
refine NASA technology dissemination systems capabilities and
techniques to highten relevance and potential applicability of avail-
able technologies for industrial user needs, and provide technical
information and technology transfer services to expand user mar-
kets in the U.S. Technology dissemination efforts will be coupled
with activities, where possible, of state-supported economic and in-
dustrial development programs to serve broader industrial markets
nationwide, with particular emphasis on small and medium size
manufacturing and high technology business firms. Enhancements
in the NASA dissemination system will continue by expanding the
use of remote interactive and high speed data base search methods.
Moreover, selected computer interface improvements will be ex-
plored. Increased use of telecommunications will also be pursued to
provide rapid and effective delivery of technologies to meet the
critical needs of U.S. industrial firms engaged in a wide range of
scientific, engineering, manufacturing, and commerical pursuits.
Industrial profile analyses will continue to be conducted. Market
planning strategies will be pursued for emerging aerospace technol-
ogies, thus enhancing NASA's ability to accelerate the flow of re-
search and development results to-and their effective use in-the
U.S. industrial marketplace. Additionally, special emphasis will be
placed on providing broader coordination and support to NASA's
Industrial Application Center network through access to NASA
laboratory expertise engaged in ongoing research and development
activities that have a direct bearing on the nonaerospace industrial
sector's technology needs. These coordination and support activities
will include an expansion of the NASA Technology Counselor net-
work as well as establishment of a Technology Transfer Institute.
This effort will enhance the computerized systems interfaces with
technology databases and heighten cost effectiveness and efficiency
throughout the nationwide network.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Technology applications .............................................................................. $5,700,000
The Technology Applications Program is designed to respond to a
national "pull" for technology that is needed by U.S. industry,
state or federal government in order ` meet the specific objectives
of the user. Goals are defined in terms of enhancing the quality of
life, increasing the marketability of U.S. industry and utilization of
a national resource. This is accomplished by the transfer of new
technology and information resulting from NASA R&D efforts to
the non-aerospace segment of the economy. The main thrusts of the
technology transfer effort will be in automation, electronics, mate-
rials, bioengineering and rehabilitation.
Additionally, in FY 1987, NASA will continue its efforts to reen-
gineer, adapt, or otherwise apply existing aerospace technologies
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and capabilities to problem areas of national significance in both
the public and private sectors of the economy. In the public sector,
special emphasis will be placed on enhancing and expanding tech-
nology applications and projects to meet needs identified in biomed-
ical and rehabilitation areas. This will be done in conjunction with
user agencies such as the National Institute of Health, the Veter-
ans Administration, and other organizations concerned with the el-
derly, disabled and the handicapped. These areas of increased em-
phasis in FY 1987 will augment continuing technology applications
program activities in other areas of public and human concern,
such as public safety, transportation and the environment.
With regard to the private sector and its industrial entities, ap-
plications engineering activities will be pursued directly with them
to determine their long range requirements and needs and deter-
mine how NASA's aeronautics and space technologies can be ap-
plied to solve recurring operational problems. Special emphasis will
be directed to the involvement of applications projects essential to
development of new products and processes to revitalize industries
critical to the U.S. economy's research and development and manu-
facturing sectors, in addition to reshaping productivity capabilities
of industries threatened by foreign competition. Important to this
undertaking will be the development of proactive relationships
with the U.S. private sector in all aspects of industrial activities.
12. COMMERCIAL USE OF SPACE, $27,000,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Commercial applications R&D ................................................................... $25,100,000
Commercial development support ............................................................. 1,900,000
Total ......................................................................................................... 27,000,000
The objective of the commercial use of space program is to in-
crease private sector awareness of space opportunities and encour-
age increased industry investment and participation in high tech-
nology, space-based research and development. Expansion of the
level of private sector investment in commercial space activities
will help the U.S. to retain its leadership in science and technology
and accrue associated benefits to our nation. This program will be
built on shuttle and related space-based operational capabilities.
The program is responsive to the President's national space strate-
gy and national policy on the commercial use of space, both of
which direct NASA to expand private sector investment and in-
volvement in space activities.
The goal of the commercial use of space program is to provide a
national focus in support of the expansion of U.S. private sector in-
vestment and involvement in civil space activities, while emphasiz-
ing new high technology commercial space ventures and promoting
the development of new markets for the space transportation
system (STS) and other NASA space services. The specific objec-
tives of the program are to:
-Establish close working relations with the private sector and
academia to encourage investment in space technology and the
use of the in situ attributes of space-vacuum, microgravity
and radiation-for commercial purposes.
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-Facilitate private sector space activities through improved
access to available NASA capabilities.
-Encourage an increase in private sector investment in the com-
mercial use of space independent of NASA funding.
-Develop a national commercial space policy and provide for
NASA-wide implementation.
FY 1986 activities include the implementation of the national
policy on the commercial use of space, the maintenance of an orga-
nizational focal point for commercial programs at NASA, and the
initiation of efforts specifically intended to foster commercial use of
and access to space. These specific efforts include the establishment
of additional centers for the commercial development of space
(CCDS), increasing accessibility to NASA facilities and equipment,
small focused research efforts on processes having commercial po-
tential, and the incorporation of other functions designed to facili-
tate private sector utilization of space for commercial ventures.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Commercial applications R&D ................................................................... $25,100,000
FY 1987 activities will provide a continuation and some enhance-
ment of the FY 1986 program initiatives. These efforts are designed
to encourage significant private investment in commercial enter-
prises that take advantage of the unique characteristics of space,
such as hard vacuum and microgravity.
In FY 1987, the third round of CCDS selections will occur, which
will complete the constellation of centers at around fifteen to eight-
een. These consortia of industry, academia and non-NASA govern-
ment participants are expected to effectively encourage the devel-
opment of high technology space-related research having direct
commercial interest and application. FY 1987 will also see a
number of projects begun in FY 1985/86 move into final assembly
stages or completion. In particular, the middeck galley rack will fly
in FY 1987, carrying as its first payload the experiment of a U.S.
company participating in commercially-oriented research through
a NASA/industry joint endeavor agreement. In addition, the pro-
tein crystal growth system, building upon and expanding the capa-
bility of current rudimentary systems, will greatly increase the
number and type of protein crystals which can be produced on a
single STS mission. The production of these crystals in sufficient
quality and size is a crucial step in drug design, enzyme engineer-
ing, molecular computing development, and biochip engineering.
Joint endeavor and other space act agreement activities are ex-
pected to substantially increase as the CCDS move forward in their
research activities and as companies further define their research
interests and programs. As of January 1986, NASA has executed 65
space act agreements with U.S. companies, of which 52 are re-
search related (joint endeavor agreements, technical endeavor
agreements, and industry guest investigators), nine are commercial
hardware related, and two represent divestitures of government
programs (expendable launch vehicles).
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FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Commercial development support ............................................................. $1,900,000
These efforts will endeavor to increase the awareness of space as
a potentially attractive environment for commercial development.
Through studies, surveys, and outreach efforts, U.S. industry, par-
ticularly the non-aerospace sector, will be informed of and ac-
quainted with the opportunities to work with NASA in space. FY
1987 will see the complete consolidation of all NASA user develop-
ment activities. These efforts are associated with identifying and
developing working partnerships with U.S. firms that will allow
these firms to assess whether there are profitable product-related
opportunities enabled through space-based R&D. An interactive
network of all participants involved in user development will be in
operation together with a reporting system which should minimize
user costs and duplication while maximizing the effective applica-
tion of existing NASA personnel and financial resources.
13. AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, $376,000,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Research and technology base ....................................................................
$272,900,000
Systems technology programs ....................................................................
103,100,000
Total .....................................................................................................
376,000,000
The objective of the aeronautical research and technology pro-
gram is to conduct an effective and productive program and con-
tribute materially to the enduring preeminence of U.S. civil and
military aviation by: (1) conducting disciplinary and systems re-
search at the leading edge of technology in those areas critical to
the continued superiority of U.S. aircraft; (2) maintaining the re-
search centers in positions of excellence in facilities and technical
staff; (3) assuring timely transfer of research results to the U.S.
aeronautical industry; (4) assuring appropriate involvement of uni-
versities and industry; and (5) providing aeronautical development
support to other government agencies and U.S. industry. Addition-
al emphasis has been given to emerging technologies with potential
for order-of-magnitude advances in capability or performance. The
far-term focus of the program provides results well in advance of
specific applications and provides long-term, independent research
and technology which is not driven by the development and oper-
ational pressures often encountered by the Department of Defense
(DOD) and industry. Both fundamental research in the aeronauti-
cal disciplines and systems research directed at interaction among
disciplines, components, and subsystems applicable to general class-
es of advanced aircraft are included. The program involves partici-
pation by aeronautical manufacturers from the industrial base to
ensure that the technology is compatible with practical design con-
siderations and to effect a rapid transfer into superior military and
civil aircraft.
The FY 1987 estimate is based on an increased effort to aggres-
sively pursue the highest payoff techologies with potential for
order-of-magnitude advances in capability or performance. A
unique opportunity in high-speed flight is focusing substantially in-
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creased emphasis in generic hypersonic technologies supporting the
transatmospheric research and technology program for a potential
future aerospace plane. Subsonic transport and rotorcraft needs are
addressed primarily through fundamental research aimed at these
critical technology areas. Key high-performance aircraft technology
efforts are accelerated, and a small effort in supersonic cruise tech-
nology is being maintained. The estimate also reflects the need to
continue important efforts in the fundamental aeronautical disci-
plines and systems research and to support specialized facilities es-
sential to aeronautics research.
The base research and technology program includes generic re-
search which is broadly applicable to all classes of aircraft (general
aviation/commuter, transport, rotorcraft, supersonic cruise,
figther/attack, and hypersonic) and focused research which is spe-
cific to one class of aircraft. Systems technology programs are more
focused in applications and/or have the characteristics of specific
projects, i.e., advanced turboprop, X-wing, and oblique wing. Fund-
ing for the technical operations of wind tunnels, propulsion facili-
ties, computational facilities, simulators, and flight research oper-
ations is covered in the most appropriate discipline elements of the
research and technology base. In FY 1987 research and technology
base funding will support the operating cost for the numerical aer-
odynamic simulation (NAS) program, and systems technology fund-
ing covers the final NASA commitment to the X-wing program. A
brief summary of some of the major thrusts for both the research
and technology base and systems technology programs follows.
In fluid and thermal physics research, strong emphasis will con-
tinue on three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
methods that will increase the speed and efficiency of flow solvers
by two orders of magnitude and on novel techniques and devices to
reduce aircraft drag by up to 60 percent. Benchmark experiments
for CFD code validation and turbulence modeling will be strength-
ened.
Applied aerodynamics research efforts in high angle-of-attack
aerodynamics will include wind tunnel and flight evaluations to
improve the understanding of performance in both the low- and
high-speed flight regimes and to correlate with predictions. Re-
search efforts in test techniques will address laser holographics and
nonintrusive measurement techniques which will provide an order-
of-magnitude improvement in test accuracy.
In propulsion and power research, continued attention will be
given to the technologies for small engines which will enable up to
50-percent improvement in fuel efficiency. Internal computational
fluid mechanics efforts will address the physical modeling of com-
plex internal flows and the validation of codes as part of the goal
to reduce calculation times by an order of magnitude. Supersonic
combustion ramjet (scamjet) and combined cycle engine research
will be strengthened to address the technologies critical to the
flight of high-speed vehicles from takeoff to orbital speeds.
Materials and structures research will increase in the area of
composite materials, which can provide up to a 50-percent weight
savings for future aircraft. Initial efforts will focus on thermoplas-
tics and ceramic-matrix composite materials, as well as structural
concepts exploiting their anisotropic properties. Research emphasis
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will also be increased in high-temperature materials and structures
and thermal-barrier coatings with high-erosion resistance. A fo-
cused effort will be initiated in rotorcraft airloads to correlate
noise and vibration predictions as part of the goal to reduce noise
and vibration by 80 percent.
Information science research will continue to focus on flight-cru-
cial software and concurrent processing to provide an order-of-mag-
nitude improvement of efficiency and reliability. Controls and guid-
ance and human factors research will focus on the application of
artificial intelligence technology to enhance the operations of
future aircraft. Increased emphasis will be placed on controls re-
search for highly maneuverable aircraft. Human factors research
will continue to address the critical man-machine interface issues
which affect the safety and operational limitations of aircraft.
Flight systems research will provide focus on highly maneuver-
able aircraft capable of high angle-of-attack operation at low
speeds, high-speed maneuverability, and short takeoff and vertical
landing. Analytical and experimental investigations will be con-
ducted on thrust-vectoring concepts to enhance high angle-of-attack
maneuverability. Supersonic vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/
STOL) concepts will be studied as the initial part of a joint United
States/United Kingdom program. Other studies, conducted as part
of the systems analysis effort, will determine the overall benefit of
synergistic integration of component and subsystem technologies
for hypersonic aircraft applications.
Rotorcraft systems technology efforts will include publication of
an external noise prediction methodology aiming toward a three
order-of-magnitude increase in accuracy and wind tunnel testing of
an advanced bearingless rotor. Activities in technology for next-
generation rotorcraft with more than a twofold increase in speed
will be focused on completion of flight testing of the X-wing rotor
system on the rotor systems research aircraft to include conversion
from rotary to stopped-rotor flight mode.
Areas of continued emphasis in high-performance aircraft re-
search are high angle-of-attack, with initial testing up to 20 de-
grees, integrated propulsion/flight controls to allow 10-15 percent
performance improvements, supermaneuverability, short takeoff
and vertical landing technology, and forward swept wing technolo-
gy. The oblique wing technology program, being conducted jointly
with the Navy to exploit the potential for high performance at sub-
sonic and supersonic speeds, will include the detailed design and
fabrication of the oblique wing and associated modifications of the
NASA F-8 aircraft. Flight testing is planned to begin in FY 1989.
Ceramic and ceramic-matrix research for turbine engines with op-
erating temperatures up to 2300 degrees Fahrenheit will continue,
along with the development of the analysis tools to accurately pre-
dict the life and assess the durability of turbine engine hot section
components.
In the advanced turboprop program, aimed at a 30-percent reduc-
tion in transport fuel consumption, flight testing of the large-scale
single-rotation propeller to build a performance data base for high-
speed propeller aerodynamics and structures will be conducted.
Geared counter-rotation propeller model tests will also be conduct-
ed. The general aviation/commuter engine research will include
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the definition of reference engines to focus and drive component
technology development to large-engine performance levels and to
provide a quantitative measure of the performance impact of ad-
vances as they are made.
In the NAS program, the initial operating configuration and the
second high-speed processor for the extended operating configura-
tion, allowing four to six times more computing power, will be in-
stalled in the new NAS facility. All subsystem upgrades will reach
full capability early in FY 1989.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Fluid and thermal physics research and technology ............................. $39,500,000
Applied aerodynamics research and technology ..................................... 57,100,000
Propulsion and power research and technology ..................................... 35,700,000
Materials and structures research and technology ................................ 39,000,000
Information sciences research and technology ....................................... 26,800,000
Controls and guidance research and technology .................................... 24,500,000
Human factors research and technology .................................................. 24,000,000
Flight systems research and technology .................................................. 21,500,000
Systems analysis ........................................................................................... 4,800,000
Total ......................................................................................................... 272,900,000
Fluid and thermal physics research and technology
The fluid and thermal physics research and technology program
is a combined analytical and experimental research effort directed
at external aerodynamics. One of its principal objectives is the de-
velopment of computational methods, which will increase the
speed/efficiency of three dimensional (3-D) flow solvers by two
orders of magnitude for the prediction and/or simulation of com-
plex fluid flows over aircraft. A second objective is the validation of
prediction and simulation methods, with particular focus on accu-
rate 3-D turbulent models for attached/separated flows by means
of a coordinated experimental test program. This activity provides
improved insight into the fundamentals of flow physics, as well as
the detailed flow measurements required for verification of the
computations. Other program objectives include establishing a de-
tailed aerodynamic data base for new high-performance transport
aircraft configuations and conducting drag reduction research with
emphasis on developing specific devices and design techniques to
reduce overall aircraft drag by up to 60 percent. Rapid progress is
being made in the development of computational and experimental
techniques that will lead to reduced development time and costs for
future aircraft and will provide the basis for achieving new and
higher levels of aircraft and missile performance.
The goal of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) research is to de-
velop advanced computational methods for predicting the aerody-
namic flow field for complete aircraft/missile configuration under
all conditions of attitude, speed, and altitude. To this end, the pro-
gram includes the development of computer codes for simulating
turbulence and for solving complex fluid dynamics problems in-
cluding steady and unsteady, inviscid and viscous flow over two-
and three-dimensional geometries from low subsonic to hypersonic
speeds. Improved algorithms for Euler and Navier-Stokes codes are
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being developed; in particular, a transonic thin-layer Navier-Stokes
solution for fighter-like wing-body configurations has been perfect-
ed. Vectorizable algorithms are being developed for efficient use of
new supercomputer technology to make possible early utilization of
the advanced capabilities provided by the initial operations of the
numerical aerodynamic simulation (NAS) program. In this respect,
significant progress has been made in linking gas dynamics and
chemical kinetics in codes that will simulate the viscous, real-gas,
external flows about hypersonic flight vehicles. The advancement
of CFD research relies heavily on a detailed understanding of flow
physics which provides input for more accurate mathematical mod-
eling of the flow. Increased effort has, therefore been devoted to
the modeling of turbulence, which dominates many complex flows
and remains one of the most vexing of all aerodynamic phenom-
ena.
Increased emphasis has been placed on drag reduction research
because drag reduction equates directly to fuel savings and im-
proved aircraft range/payload performance. Significant progress
has been made in skin friction drag reduction research. Passive
techniques have provided appreciable drag reductions in pressure
gradient flows, and the performance of the riblet and large eddy
break-up devices has been shown to be additive at high Reynolds
numbers. In natural laminar flow research, the effects of engine
noise-induced acoustic disturbances on the maintenance of laminar
flow have been investigated in flight. The results indicate that the
benefits of laminar flow achieved by wing surface contouring will
not be negated by engine noise. Laminar flow control research on
the JetStar leading-edge flight test aircraft has progressed to the
investigation of environmental effects under realistic operational
conditions. The test aircraft has operated from the Atlanta and
Pittsburgh airports, and the simulated operational environment
testing will be moved to Cleveland for winter environment investi-
gations.
Experimental and analytical aerodynamics research is centered
around the testing and analysis of aircraft components and configu-
rations. Although analytical methods for attached and vortical
flows have been improved dramatically, experimental tests must be
performed to validate new designs and prediction techniques and to
obtain off-design data that cannot yet be calculated. Analytical
techniques for separated, high angle-of-attack flows have emerged
as useful design tools. Advanced supercritical technology and tran-
sonic computational methods have been generated and integrated
into wing and canard design methods for high performance air-
craft. As a result of recent progress in subsonic airfoil research,
special purpose designs can now be rapidly and accurately generat-
ed. Recent examples include a medium-speed, benign-stall general
aviation airfoil and a high-speed, shock-free airfoil.
In FY 1987, support of NAS operations will increase to reflect ac-
celerated utilization of enhanced NAS capability. The CFD pro-
gram will continue to emphasize improved 3-D configuration anal-
ysis and design. This will be principally accomplished through the
development of numerical algorithms with an order-of-magnitude
improvement in speed and efficiency over current solvers. Particu-
lar focus will be given to validating Navier-Stokes prediction codes
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for unsteady rotorcraft aerodynamics and codes incorporating real
gas effects and finite-rate chemistry to predict aerodynamic per-
formance, heat transfer, and engine/exhaust flows for hypersonic
vehicle concepts. In addition, development of applications codes
will be broadened to include greater integration among aerodynam-
ics, structures, propulsion, and controls.
Increased emphasis will be placed on experiments designed to
validate CFD techniques and to provide data for flow modeling.
Data will be acquired to improve the modeling of complex flows
which experience separation, vortical motions, and streamwise/
transverse curvature.
Research to achieve significant reductions in overall aircraft
drag will emphasize in FY 1987 the flight testing of a number of
skin friction reduction concepts. Transonic and supersonic flight
tests will be performed on riblets, which are longitudinal grooves
that have shown significant turbulent drag reductions in wind
tunnel tests. Another surface geometry modifier which has shown
promise in ground-based testing is the large eddy break-up (LEBU)
device. Transonic flight tests of the LEBU will be accomplished on
the Langley B-737 aircraft. Supersonic viscous flow research will
be increased with detailed wind tunnel investigation of boundary
layer transition sensitivity to incident noise, roughness, waviness,
and other disturbances. Additionally, a supersonic stability predic-
tion method will be calibrated in the pilot low-disturbance wind
tunnel. Other efforts in viscous drag research will include the F-14
variable sweep transition flight experiment on a natural laminar
flow wing glove, completion of the JetStar laminar flow control
flight tests, and supersonic laminar flow fundamental experiments
on the Langley F-106 and the Ames-Dryden F-15 aircraft. New re-
search into the reduction of induced drag (drag due to lift) and
form drag will be initiated, to be followed shortly by research on
wave drag reduction in which leading-edge modifications will be
studied. Theoretical efforts in drag reduction will include develop-
ment of a fully three-dimensional subsonic/supersonic viscous flow
design code and the generation of near-field acoustic theory to
model the interaction of noise with boundary layers.
A significant milestone in experimental aerodynamics projected
for FY 1987 will be the completion of the Ames fluid mechanics
laboratory. Fundamental tests and analyses will be conducted in
this facility in unsteady boundary layers, vortical flows, advanced
test techniques, and a variety of other flow physics phenomena.
The theoretical efforts will be closely integrated with the corre-
sponding experiments, which will be conducted primarily for the
validation of computational aerodynamic methods and the explora-
tion of fundamental flow mechanisms. The acquisition of detailed
data to support turbulence model development will be pursued. Im-
proved analysis/design capability for supercritical flows and vorti-
cal flows will be developed. In the Ames fluid mechanics facilities
and in other aerodynamic research facilities, such as the national
transonic facility, a major effort will be made to improve the tran-
sonic performance of advanced aircraft and missile configurations
and to improve the understanding of high Reynolds number flows.
Wing vortical flows will be analyzed in detail to develop prediction
methods for high angle-of-attack flows and other complex phenom-
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ena. Supercritical technology and analytical transonic methods will
be developed and applied to wing and canard design at cruise and
maneuver conditions for advanced aircraft. Leading-edge exten-
sions and cavity flap concepts will be explored to capitalize on
vortex-thrust and vortex-lift phenomena. Airfoil research will in-
clude basic aerodynamic tests of a swept porous laminar flow con-
trol airfoil and complete performance testing of a natural laminar
flow airfoil. A high-lift data base will be established for an ad-
vanced four-component airfoil, with special attention given to con-
fluent boundary layer behavior.
Applied aerodynamics research and technology
The objective of the applied aerodynamics research is to gener-
ate, by conducting analytical and experimental programs relevant
to specific vehicle classes, advanced technology to improve perform-
ance and flight dynamics of future aircraft and missiles. The pro-
gram is directed at specific technology goals associated with par-
ticular types of vehicles: (1) increased efficiency for subsonic air-
craft through airframe/propulsion integration, stall-spin resistance,
improved takeoff and landing performance, and a 60-percent reduc-
tion in cruise drag; (2) accurate prediction and reduction of rotor-
craft noise and vibration, and improvement of rotorcraft perform-
ance permitting a fivefold increase in productivity; (3) high angle-
of-attack maneuverability, sustained supersonic performance, and
short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) capability for high per-
formance aircraft; (4) a 50-percent increase in lift-drag ratio for su-
personic cruise aircraft; and (5) a 40-percent increase in hypersonic
lift-drag ratio for hypersonic/transatmospheric vehicles. These pro-
grams utilize a broad variety of test facilities and are supported by
continuing development of test techniques and instrumentation.
The objective of the test techniques research is to improve experi-
mental capability and to achieve an order-of-magnitude improve-
ment in the accuracy of wind tunnel data. In addition, the program
includes aeroacoustic research that develops the basic understand-
ing required to examine specific noise problems such as the effect
of advanced turboprop noise on structure and laminar flow.
In subsonic powered-lift research, the current emphasis is on a
large-scale testing of new concepts, including some in cooperative
programs with industry, the Department of Defense (DOD), and
allied governments. A large-scale model of the subsonic Grumman
698 tilt fan (V/STOL) aircraft is being readied for cooperative
NASA/Navy testing in the 80x120-foot wind tunnel. Planning is in
progress for cooperation with the DOD in further technology devel-
opment for future aircraft such as the advanced technology being
considered by the U.S. Air Force.
The emphasis in the rotorcraft aerodynamics research program
is to provide technology required for low vibration for safety, speed,
durability, and comfort and for the design and certification of civil
and military helicopters producing 80 percent less noise than cur-
rent helicopters. Basic acoustic analysis is showing promise for the
reduction of certain types of noise, but higher order computer codes
and experiments are needed to provide the accuracy required for
design and certification of improved rotorcraft. In vibration re-
search, cooperative efforts with industry have shown the need for
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structural detuning between the rotor and the fuselage and the
need for better modeling of fuselage modes. Fundamental to these
efforts are several small-scale wind tunnel tests for rotor airloads
and interference. In full-scale flight research, the rotor systems re-
search aircraft will complete a high-speed rotor performance
survey. Support for the advanced light helicopter (LHX) and the V-
22 programs continues, using the upgraded 40x80-foot wind tunnel
and the XV-15 tilt rotor aircraft. In general aviation research,
with spin-resistant design technology sufficiently developed to sup-
port the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification of
single-engine airplanes, the focus is shifting to twin-engine aircraft.
The natural laminar flow research for drag reduction continues,
emphasizing propeller slipstreams and three-dimensional fuselage
shapes. Newly developed liquid crystal coatings will aid this effort
by providing instantaneous measurement of fluctuations of bounda-
ry layer transitions.
The high-performance research program is examining three high
payoff areas for aerodynamic investigation: (1) sustained supersonic
cruise; (2) high angle-of-attack maneuverability; and (3) vertical lift
operation. For supersonic cruise, nonlinear, attached-flow computer
codes for optimum design of supersonic configurations are being de-
veloped. Store carriage and separation at supersonic conditions are
also being investigated, with emphasis on cavity flows with experi-
mental validation. In high angle-of-attack research, analytical
methods for calculating the typical vortex and separated flows
from aircraft at high maneuver angles are being developed, with
subsonic tests being used for correlation. Active control with blow-
ing and passive design techniques are both being investigated for
improving the control problems associated with this maneuver con-
dition. In addition, the use of multiaxis thrust vectoring is being
explored after successful free-flight tests in the 30X60-foot wind
tunnel. These fundamental efforts are closely coupled with the re-
search flight experiments conducted under the systems technology
element for high-performance flight research. In supersonic fighter
STOVL, a generic ejector lift model is investigating augmentation
concepts, and an ejector lift/vectored thrust fighter model is being
constructed in large scale by Canada for testing by NASA in a co-
operative program. In addition, in-house studies of other supersonic
STOVL concepts are underway for tandem fan and remotely aug-
mented lift system concepts.
Activites in hypersonics were expanded in FY 1986 in both the
experimental and theoretical areas. The Langley Research Center
program addresses the experimental wind tunnel model testing of
advanced configurations that show promises for application in at-
mospheric cruise and airbreathing launch vehicles. The Ames Re-
search Center activities concentrate on the application of computa-
tional fluid dynamics to the simulation and analysis of complex
flow fields.
In support of the above efforts, new testing capability and tech-
niques are being pursued. The national transonic facility is con-
tinuing to demonstrate capability for cryogenic wind tunnel testing
in order to simulate full-scale conditions with independent control
of compressibility, viscosity, and aeroelasticity parameters. Models
tested to date include the Space Shuttle, the EA-6B for the Navy,
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and the Pathfinder I, a generic transport with interchangeable
components. Increased emphasis is being placed on nonintrusive
measurement devices, such as lasers, with large payoffs in accuracy
and productivity. In the aeroacoustics research effort, flight testing
has been conducted to determine the effect of engine acoustic loads
on the natural laminar flow of a nearby wing, and an effort is in
progress in supersonic plume flow to examine the acoustic fatigue
loads on the aft end of high-performance fighters.
FY 1987 activities in rotorcraft aerodynamics research will in-
clude the acquisition of aerodymanic interference data on a main
rotor/fuselage/tail rotor test apparatus in the 40X80-foot wind
tunnel. A bearingless main rotor will be tested to define high-speed
dynamic stability and loads. A simplified method of higher har-
monic control for vibration reduction will be tried on a full-scale
rotor in the 40X80-foot wind tunnel. Initial runs of a three-dimen-
sional, viscous, transonic, unsteady flow analysis will be made for
rotor blade tips.
High-performance aerodynamic research in sustained supersonic
cruise will continue to develop analysis and experimental correla-
tion of supersonic wing design and store carriage and separation.
High angle-of-attack maneuverability research will investigate sta-
bility and control at angles to at least 80 degrees and will focus on
three areas: (1) development of a data base for improved under-
standing of flow and flight dynamics phenomena and for subse-
quent support of planned flight research on the F-18 vehicle for
high angle-of-attack testing; (2) aerodynamic data necessary for pi-
loted simulations of maneuvers using thrust vectoring for control;
and (3) the effect of vortex flaps on the control system require-
ments.
In powered-lift technology, the large-scale fighter model of an
ejecter lift/vectored thrust model will be tested in the 40x80-foot
wind tunnel in a cooperative effort with Canada. Several studies
and tests on critical technology areas such as sustained supersonic
cruise and ground-effect penalties in hover will be undertaken in
support of the U.S./United Kingdom program in supersonic
STOVL. Simulation of the proposed STOVL concepts will deter-
mine required levels of control power and flying qualities.
The FY 1987 general aviation research will emphasize the acqui-
sition of aerodynamic data in support of research on automatic con-
trol of engine-out conditions on twin-engine airplanes. It will also
include research on unconventional configurations using forward
sweep, canards, and aeroelastic tailoring. Criteria for fuselage de-
signs having natural laminar flow will be developed. In the area of
test techniques and instrumentation, the national transonic facility
will continue development of advanced cryogenic instrumentation
with emphasis on accurate boundary layer diagnostics, sensing of
model attitude and structural deformation, and the development of
an ultra-high force balance. In other test techniques activity, laser
holography visualization will permit the calculation of turbulence
quantities. Adaptive walls will be operational in the Langley Re-
search Center 0.3-meter and the Ames Research Center 2-foot wind
tunnels. Fluorescent techniques will be developed for sensing tem-
perature, density and skin friction parameters. The liquid crystal
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coatings for boundary layer research will be extended to supersonic
and hypersonic flows.
The FY 1987 aeroacoustics research for fixed wing aircraft will
continue the study of supersonic plume dynamics. This effort will
be used in the analysis of ground and F-15 flight experiments that
are investigating the structural fatigue loads associated with the
acoustics of the dual-engine installation.
Hypersonic cruise/transatmospheric concepts will be designed,
tested, and analyzed to establish a data base for this evolving vehi-
cle class. Wind tunnel models will be constructed and tested over a
wide speed range (through hypersonic Mach numbers), to high alti-
tudes over a range of Reynolds numbers at the Langley Research
Center. The computational fluid dynamics program at the Ames
Research Center will be expanded to include real gas effects and
the effects of flow-field separation on realistically complex aerody-
namic shapes.
Propulsion and power research and technology
The objective of the propulsion and power research and technolo-
gy program is to provide the understanding of the governing physi-
cal phenomena occurring at the disciplinary, component, and sub-
system levels that will support and stimulate future improvements
in propulsion system efficiency, performance capability, fuel flexi-
bility, reliability, and durability. Research is being performed on a
wide variety of subsystems with application ranging from the gen-
eral aviation class through the hypersonic/transatmospheric class
of aircraft. Ongoing disciplinary research on instrumentation, in-
ternal computational fluid mechanics and aerothermodynamic con-
cepts is providing the foundation necessary to support progress at
the component and subsystem levels. These efforts will lead to
major propulsion system improvements for all types of aircraft.
Hypersonic propulsion research has as its objective the maturing
of supersonic combustion technology to support development of
future systems. Near-term goals are the demonstration of good
high-speed performance and, through a series of well thought-out
experiments, the development of an understanding of the concept's
governing principles. In FY 1985 a step-strut scramjet engine
module operating at Mach 4 demonstrated a 21-percent increase in
thrust over previous configurations and eliminated the combustor-
inlet interaction previously observed. Tests will be run in FY 1986
to verify performance at Mach 7. Piston-driven shock-tunnel simu-
lations for scramjet combustor conditions were carried out and
showed good correlation with well established theoretical predic-
tions proving it a useful tool for obtaining skin friction, wall heat
transfer, and flow visualization. The reaction enhancement proper-
ties of silane were also demonstrated, providing a means to expand
the envelope of conditions in which reactive tests can be conducted.
Checkout measurements of temperature and concentration of nitro-
gen and oxygen in a subsonic flame using coherent anti-Stokes
Raman spectroscopy were successfully completed proving this in-
strument ready for use on a supersonic flame.
For supermaneuverability and powered-lift applications, in which
the goal is the development of technology to support propulsion
systems capable of powered-lift and in-flight thrust vectoring capa-
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bility, work is focusing on understanding ejector applications and
the effects of thrust vectoring. The vectored-thrust model intended
for determining thrust-vectoring performance and inlet ingestion is
scheduled for testing in the Lewis Research Center 9x15-foot wind
tunnel. Fabrication of a new powered-lift test rig at the Lewis Re-
search Center will be completed in FY 1986 for later testing of the
air ducting of a representative ejector system. Fabrication of a
short diffuser for a supersonic 2-D inlet is near completion and
will be tested to determine if engines can be installed farther for-
ward on aircraft to get them closer to the center of gravity for im-
proved control.
In small engines the objective is to achieve a specific fuel con-
sumption reduction of 50 percent and, in addition, a multifuel capa-
bility for rotary engines. Near-term emphasis for the rotary engine
is to obtain sufficently improved understanding of the physical
processes to enable accurate performance predictions and determi-
nation of advanced engine operating boundaries. For small gas tur-
bines the specific fuel consumption goal can be met through the
use of improved materials and advanced aerodynamic design, the
concepts of near-term focus. The computer modeling for perform-
ance and heat transfer analyses of direct injection stratified-charge
rotary engines has been completed, and the finite-element stress
model for determination of the rotor and housing stesses was made
operational. Castings of graphite-reinforced magnesium, for hous-
ing, which will provide increased stiffness for improved sealing,
were successfully fabricated. The baseline performance character-
ization and evaluation of a high flow rate, low fuel injection, and
high-voltage ignition system stratified-charge rotary test rig were
initiated and will be completed in FY 1986.
Instrumentation research is progressing toward advanced high-
temperature sensors and optical nonintrusive measurement sys-
tems. The first optical instrumentation system that allows flow
measurement of all three velocity components through a single
viewing port has been fabricated and successfully bench tested. The
system is capable of measuring complex flows in turhomachinery
passages, thus making possible a fundamental understanding of
secondary flows. The system will be used to generate detailed sec-
ondary flow measurements during compresssor tests in FY 1986.
An advanced optical pressure sensor that is capable of operation at
temperatures up to 840 degrees Fahrenheit was also demonstrated.
Internal computational fluid mechanics (ICFM) is emerging as a
highly important tool for improved understanding of flow physics
and for application in aeropropulsion systems. This will prove in-
creasingly true as the ability to calculate complex three-dimension-
al flows with fast, validated techniques improves. Toward this end,
improvements are sought in algorithm speed, ability to predict im-
portant physical phenomena, and proper validation of the predic-
tion techniques. In FY 1985 a three-dimensional inviscid code was
developed and used to analyze a radical flow turbine to determine
secondary flow components, and rigorous viscous subsonic com-
pressible flow analysis for two-dimensional and axisymmetric ducts
has been developed that allows calculation of fully developed tur-
bulent flows. The Institute for Computational Mechanics in Propul-
sion is now operational, and the first two institute members are on
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site at Lewis Research Center performing algorithm development
research. The Lewis Research Center operates a Cray XMP com-
puter system to provide state-of-the-art high-performance computa-
tional facilities for aeronautics research in fluid dynamics and heat
transfer.
The hypersonic propulsion activities will continue with design
and fabrication of the large-scale scramjet engine hardware to
show that the technology which was recently demonstrated can be
applied to larger-scale engines. Low-speed performance will be veri-
fied with wind tunnel tests at both subsonic and low supersonic
speeds. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy will be used to
obtain instantaneous measurements of turbulence and heat release
for aid in future model development. This will be the first time this
information is obtained in a turbulent supersonic flame. Hydrogen
injection into a Mach 18 flow will be investigated using the newly
validated shock tunnel to obtain combustion and mixing rates for
developing an understanding of the physics at extremely high
speeds. The joint NASA/Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA) program on combined cycle engines will continue
into the fabrication phase.
In supermaneuverability and powered-lift propulsion technology
for vertical and short takeoff and landing applications, determina-
tion of the performance of the U.S./Canadian ejector model for
thrust augmentation will be conducted in FY 1987. The ejector
system will be calibrated at the Lewis Research Center prior to
testing with air flow in the 40X80-foot wind tunnel at the Ames
Research Center. The complete General Dynamics E-7 ejector
system will be tested at the Lewis Research Center on the new
powered-lift rig to determine the details of pressure drop and flow
distribution on a representative configuration. Testing of the vec-
tored-thrust model for hot gas ingestion evaluations will be com-
pleted in FY 1987.
Under small engines, designs will be completed on rotating and
stationary components for small gas turbines utilizing materials
such as ceramic and ceramic composites that will enable the
system to operate at higher temperatures with minimal cooling for
increasing cycle efficiency and reducing cooling penalty. Develop-
ment will begin on analytical 3-D viscous codes with moving co-
ordinates which will guide new designs for high-efficiency compo-
nents for high-temperature and stress conditions. In intermittent
combustion research, the digital electronic high-pressure fuel-injec-
tion system design will be completed and fabrication begun. Com-
parison between the baseline performance of the rotary test rig
and computer model will be complete and improvements to the
code undertaken. High wear-resistant inserts will be cast into the
graphite-reinforced magnesium housings to provide a better seal
surface.
In the area of advanced instrumentation research, with its focus
on high-temperature sensors for use with ceramics and other high-
temperature materials, research will be continued on development
of technology for high-temperature electronic devices based on sili-
con carbide. Emphasis is on improving crystal purity, obtaining a
new crystalline structure capable of operation at 600 degrees centi-
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grade, and the successful fabrication in FY 1987 of a silicon-carbide
diode.
Research emphasis in ICFM will be placed on advanced algo-
rithm development to decrease computation time for high-speed
flows, by investigating efficient techniques for use with parallel
processors, and to extend state-of-the-art external flow algorithms
to internal flows, in particular, those with periodic unsteadiness as
occur in turbomachinery. Additional emphasis will be placed on
grid generation techniques to eliminate errors that can develop in
calculations of high-speed flows by small grid errors occurring in
the extremely thin shock layer regions. In addition, advanced com-
putational techniques will be applied in areas of special interest in-
cluding unsteady flows with shear layers to investigate the effect of
shear layer excitation on mixing control; critical physical phenom-
ena for high-speed flows to determine the characteristics and
extent of imbedded regions, such as subsonic pockets; two-phase
mixing flows to study ways to improve combustion and determine
stability boundaries; reacting flows including chemical kinetics and
heat transfer; and detailed experimental studies of highly sheared
flows. Benchmark validation experiments will be performed for
high Mach number flows in complex ducts, variable geometry su-
personic inlets, and unconventional variable geometry nozzles with
expansion on the vehicle afterbody.
Materials and structures research and technology
The objectives of the materials and structures research and tech-
nology program are to: (1) investigate and characterize advanced
metallic, ceramic, polymer, and composite materials; (2) develop
structural concepts and design methods to exploit the use of ad-
vanced materials in aircraft; (3) advance analytical and experimen-
tal methods for determining the behavior of aircraft structures in
flight environments; and (4) generate research data to promote im-
provements in performance, safety, durability, and economy in air-
craft. Areas of emphasis include high-temperature engine and air-
frame materials and structural concepts; composite materials appli-
cation, life prediction, and thermal and dynamic response, includ-
ing aeroelasticity; and more accurate and efficient integrated
design methods for airframes and engines.
Significant improvements in the performance of turbine engines
and airframe structures can be realized through research in the
rapid solidification of metals. Ongoing studies are directed toward
developing a greater understanding of the interrelationships
among alloy composition, microstructure, processing parameters,
and mechanical properties. This is particularly important in the
exploitation of the innovative rapidly solidified superalloys and in-
termetallics now under study for high-temperature application.
The opportunity for an operating temperature increase of up to
200-degrees Fahrenheit appears possible. Furthermore, recent re-
sults indicate that rapidly solidified aluminum powder alloys can
be processed to achieve 20 percent greater strength-to-weight ratios
with acceptable toughness for advanced airframe application.
Advances in structural mechanics are required for design verifi-
cation of efficient, fault-tolerant advanced composite aircraft struc-
tural concepts subjected to various loads and discontinuities. Com-
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putational structural mechanics, a major thrust beginning in FY
1986, is focused around the development of advanced structural
analysis and computational methods that exploit advances in com-
puter hardware such as the application of multiple processors and
concurrent processing capability. Initial studies address analysis
problems of large displacements in flat and curved stiffened com-
posite panels.
Analytical studies with experimental validation testing have con-
tinued to show that composite panels can exhibit substantial post-
buckling strength of up to 80 percent of the unbuckled strength
under combined compression and shear loading. Interior damage
mechanisms for quasi-isotropic laminates subjected to bending have
been characterized with and without open cutouts. Advances in
nonlinear analysis capability to predict compressive strength in
thick sections continue to be made with significant progress in code
development.
The aeroelasticity program continues to develop and validate the
technology required for active control of structural response for in-
creased aircraft performance through relaxed static stability, flut-
ter suppression, and gust load alleviation. Theoretical and experi-
mental studies on unsteady aerodynamics, with major emphasis on
the transonic region, have developed the capability for accurate
analysis of a thick supercritical transport wing. Advanced nonlin-
ear code development has been successfully extended to include
strong shock conditions and the effect of oscillating control surfaces
and has been correlated with wind tunnel results.
Research on composite materials places high emphasis on the
toughness and durability of highly loaded structures. New materi-
als, including semicrystallines and hybrids, have been developed to
be 50 percent more resistant to impact and fracture through a
better understanding of the relationships between material/struc-
tural mechanics and the molecular structures. Research on ad-
vanced structural concepts and configurations that exploit the ad-
vantages of composite materials continues. The primary effort is fo-
cused on the prediction and correlation of structural behavior of
post-buckled stiffened composite panels and development of failure
theories for composite structures.
The research program to develop ceramic materials for hot sec-
tion components for gas turbine engines is continuing. Ceramics
provide for higher temperature capability than metals (up to 2300
degrees Fahrenheit) but currently suffer from reliability problems.
During FY 1986 processing studies for flaw-free silicon-nitride and
silicon-carbide materials continued to show advancement. Research
into the fabrication of ceramic composites for greater toughness
was initiated. Considerable progress has been made in the under-
standing of the chemistry, kinetics and effects on strength of hot
corrosion attack on silicon nitride. Fracture mechanics research
has concentrated on the development of reliable crack growth char-
acterization methods for monolithic ceramic materials at elevated
temperatures. Initial results show promise for the development of
improved models in these areas.
Hypersonic materials and structures research is a new area of
emphasis in FY 1986. Innovative airframe and propulsion concepts
are being explored. In both areas, research will be directed toward
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the development of new lightweight structural material systems
that will withstand the extremely high temperatures and pressures
encountered in the hypersonic flight regime. These systems include
metallic and intermetallic composites for engine application and
advanced titanium honeycomb, metal matrix and box-stiffened fu-
selage substructure concepts for airframe application. Advanced 3-
D analysis codes which deal with complex thermal/structural/flow
interactions are a major thrust of the research for this area. Analy-
sis tools ranging from conceptual design evaluation through detail
structural optimization will be developed.
Research on high-temperature engine materials will emphasize
improved durability and reliability of ceramics, thermal barrier
coatings for turbine blades, and advanced intermetallics. Research
efforts will focus on the development of a detailed understanding of
the sintering, hot isostatic pressing, and powder processes in order
to limit the number of strength-reducing flaws in high-temperature
ceramic materials and achieve at least a doubling of the Weibull
failure modulus. Increased emphasis will be placed on the develop-
ment of tough ceramic and advanced intermetallic matrix compos-
ites and studies of matrix/fiber interface effects. New thermal bar-
rier coatings with twice the resistance to erosion and foreign object
damage will be identified. Advanced intermetallic alloys will be de-
veloped with a 40-percent ductility and strength increase at elevat-
ed temperatures.
Studies to understand the fundamental fatigue and fracture be-
havior of experimental and engineering materials will continue in
order to develop reliable life prediction methods. The work will
concentrate on the determination of the fatigue behavior of powder
aluminum alloys and the development of fracture theories for these
ductile metals. Special attention will be given to developing nonlin-
ear analysis that predicts the growth rates of very short cracks.
Advanced metallic fabrication concepts such as superplastic form-
ing of high-strength aluminum will be developed to provide 40 per-
cent lighter weight efficient airframe structures.
Composites research and technology efforts will emphasize tough-
ness, durability, and processability of materials and low-cost, effi-
cient, and highly loaded advanced structural concepts. In addition
to the development and characterization of newer thermoset and
thermoplastic resin systems, materials research will concentrate on
advanced material forms and fabrication technology, such as 3-D
weaving, to achieve a 100-percent increase in resistance to impact
and interlaminar strength. Primary emphasis of the program will
be to understand the interaction and relationship between new
fiber and resin system properties and structural characteristics and
failure modes, and to develop micromechanical behavior models.
In the structures area, significant effort will be devoted to the de-
velopment of concepts and configurations which effectively utilize
the anisotropic properties of composites to achieve the most effi-
cient structural designs by a factor of two in terms of cost, weight,
and damage tolerance. The major thrust of this effort will be the
development of structural sizing and analysis methods based on
structural tailoring for stiffness and strength at both the local and
global levels. Local tailoring at sites of load introduction and dis-
continuities can have a significant impact on increased resistance
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to damage and weight advantages associated with joints, attach-
ments, and local stress risers. Global or component level structural
tailoring for stiffness and strength, including aeroelastic effects,
provides major advances in structural weight efficiency and be-
comes interdisciplinary because of the attendant effects on flight
controls and aerodynamics. The unconventional placement of com-
posite material with highly directional properties to achieve the de-
sired effects will require significant advances in understanding
properties, loading effects, failure characteristics, and the develop-
ment of 3-D analysis and prediction methods. New testing methods
will be required to define failure models and verify analysis proce-
dures.
The dynamics and aeroelasticity program will continue to em-
phasize the development of improved analytical tools for predicting
unsteady aerodynamic pressures, particularly in the transonic
speed range, and the aeroelastic response of wings and engine tur-
bine blades. Analysis methods will be verified through systematic
tests of both idealized and true-scale airfoils and will concentrate
on nonlinear 3-D flow effects. This effort will provide the basis for
a significant advance in the development of active control technolo-
gy.
In the area of integrated analysis and optimization, efforts will
concentrate on the development of methods in computational struc-
tural mechanics for the analysis of complex aerospace vehicles.
Emphasis will be placed on methods for predicting nonlinear tran-
sient dynamics and on the devlopment of new solution techniques
that take advantage of advanced computer hardware/software con-
cepts, e.g., parallel processing and hybrid analysis techniques. In
addition, work will continue in the development of methodology for
multidisciplinary design of aircraft vehicles. The number of param-
eters taken into account in the optimization procedures will be ex-
panded to include vehicle aerodynamic shape and active controls,
as well as structural design constraints. A focused study will be ini-
tiated to validate the approach on an advanced fighter configura-
tion.
An augmented effort will concentrate on the detailed airload ex-
periments needed to correlate predictions of rotorcraft noise and vi-
bration. Pressure-instrumented blades will be flown on the Boeing
Model 360 and the UH-60 helicopters. Also, detailed pressure
measurements will be taken of the new high-speed conditions in
the 40X80-foot wind tunnel on a full-scale rotor. Simultaneous
acoustic and load measurements will be taken for the first time.
This activity will be the beginning of the use of powerful computer
codes and the comprehensive data bases that will lead to concepts
for the desired 80-percent noise reduction and the reduction of vi-
bration to transport levels. Promising noise and vibration reduction
techniques will be pursued to demonstrate quiet, "jet-smooth" oper-
ation. The previous rotorcraft structural dynamic modeling results
will form the basis for this effort. The other major technical thrust
in this program will involve the development of rotorcraft-coupled
rotor-airframe dynamic response prediction capability. This will
then enable airframe structural optimization for complex vibration
and acoustic loads. This activity will include the dynamic testing of
all critical rotorcraft components to generate a comprehensive data
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base for validation of advanced analytical methods. The program
will also allow unique rotor and airframe concepts to be defined
and evaluated and will encompass efforts to enhance basic under-
standing of aeroacoustics, blade dynamics and aeroelasticity, and
effective utilization of advanced materials for airframe design con-
cepts.
In FY 1987, more emphasis will be placed on hypersonic re-
search. Material and structural concepts to enable a high-speed,
high-temperature vehicle will continue to be developed. Innovative
fabrication schemes for ultra-lightweight, high stiffness and
strength structures will be explored. Thermal/structural/flow anal-
ysis and multidisciplinary optimization techniques will be expand-
ed to cover the entire flight regime. Evaluation of tankage concepts
for cryogenic fuels and methods for active thermal management of
integrated engine/airframe designs will be developed.
Information sciences research and technology
The objectives of the information sciences research and technolo-
gy program are to explore the fundamental principles underlying
aerospace computing, to understand the relationship and tradeoffs
between algorithms and computing architectures, and to develop
advanced computational concepts and system architectures. The
program supports research in concurrent processing, reliable com-
puting, software engineering, and large-scale scientific computa-
tional facilities for aeronautics research.
Concurrent processing research addresses system architectures
and algorithms for computationally intensive problems in aeronau-
tics, such as computational fluid dynamics, computational chemis-
try, and structural dynamics. The benefits obtained from these
computations are both essential and substantial but remain limited
by the performance of the most advanced equipment and software.
The concurrent processing work is concentrating on exploiting par-
allel processing techniques to increase computational power for
aeronautics computations. In 1985 the ability to simulate parallel
processing and architectures was demonstrated. This demonstra-
tion proved the concept and is the basis for continuing work along
this line to improve the fidelity and the scope of the simulation.
That simulation provides a powerful tool for developing improved
computer software and architectures. Work is also underway to de-
velop parallel and distributed computer systems that are practical
for aerospace vehicles.
The Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science (RIACS)
is just beginning the final year of its three-year start-up phase and
has established itself in the nation's computing research communi-
ty. Much of the effort is concentrated on analysis of new parallel
processing computers. An Intel hypercube machine is now being
used to support the research into the class of highly parallel ma-
chines that do not share common memory.
Software engineering work concentrates on the production of re-
liable software and computers. A study and experiment concerning
the fundamental basis for fault-tolerant designs led to a surprising
finding that redundant versions of software did not give nearly the
expected improvement in reliability due to the fact that software
faults are not independent. This important finding is the basis for
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additional studies and experiments with software and fault-tolerant
designs. Work is underway to develop techniques for testing and
verifying reliable software.
A major objective of the computer science and applications pro-
gram is to provide state-of-the-art high-performance computational
facilities for aeronautics research. Ames Research Center operates
a Cyber 205 and Cray XMP-22 at the central computer facility.
This system provides vital computational support to researchers in
fluid dynamics, chemistry, and thermal and structural analysis.
In concurrent processing, work will focus on using concurrent
processing to speed solutions to increasingly complex aerospace
computational problems. RIACS will direct its energies on technol-
ogy to greatly improve the productivity of aeronautics research sci-
entists through computational systems employing artificial intelli-
gence and very high-performance computing architectures. Com-
puter science researchers at RIACS will work in conjunction with
computational physics experts in advancing capabilities to solve
aerospace computational problems.
Efforts initiated in FY 1985 will continue to involve universities
in fundamental computer science research. Research areas include
multiprocessor parallel architectures, distributed processing archi-
tectures, and multiple-instruction/multiple-data architectures for
supercomputers. Techniques to automate the production, evalua-
tion, and validation of software to enable the cost-effective produc-
tion of highly reliable software are research topics.
Cooperation with DOD in software development will include
interfaces with the Software Engineering Institute and software
technology for adaptable reliable systems programs. Development
of software engineering techniques needed to produce reliable and
affordable software will continue with some emphasis on maximiz-
ing the benefits of utilizing the Ada programming language.
Support of the supercomputer facilities at Ames Research Center
will be continued. Marshall Space Flight Center will complete de-
velopment of a digital highspeed network to link agency supercom-
puter facilities at Lewis Research Center, Ames Research Center,
and Langley Research Center. That capability will merge with the
program support communications network and will become an
operational network at the conclusion of the development.
Controls and guidance research and technology
The objectives of the controls and guidance research and tech-
nogy program are to: (1) develop advanced controls and guidance
theories and analysis methods for extending the performance enve-
lope and reliability of highly augmented future aircraft; (2) investi-
gate emerging controls, guidance, artificial intelligence and display
technologies which offer future alternative approaches for contin-
ued aviation safety, effectiveness, and efficiency; (3) develop archi-
tectures for flight-crucial systems for future aircraft and devise an-
alytical methods and techniques for assessing the reliability and
performance of complex integrated fault-tolerant systems; (4) devel-
op methods for more efficient and safe transport aircraft operations
in the national airspace system; and (5) explore new concepts for
achieving integration of multidisciplinary technologies. Major ge-
neric program elements are control theory, guidance and display
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concepts, and flight-crucial systems. Vehicle specific program ele-
ments address subsonic transports, rotorcraft, high-performance
aircraft, and hypersonic vehicles.
Control theory research includes activities on analytical meth-
ods, criteria and guidelines, controls modeling, and applications.
Methods for analyzing and simulating reconfigurable/restructura-
ble control systems continue to be a major focus, with the objective
of automatic failure detection and identification, parameter estima-
tion, and contoller design to accomodate unanticipated failures in
real time. Centralized and decentralized failure detection and iden-
tification (FDI) techniques are being investigated. The initial as-
sessment of centralized FDI techniques indicates the orthogonal
series generalized likelihood ratio method offers the most potential.
Handling qualities criteria research, which has concentrated on
new time domain methods for superaugmented aircraft, will be ter-
minated at the end of 1986.
Guidance and display concepts research investigates advanced
methods for achieving desired flight-path guidance in all-weather
conditions and advanced display technology to improve the presen-
tation of information to the flight crew. In the guidance concepts
area, progress has been made in formulating approaches to utilize
and apply artificial intelligence and expert systems technology in
various aircraft applications. For military airplanes, the main
thrust involves flight evaluations of "automated wingman" and ad-
vanced lead-pilot advisor concepts; for civil aircraft, the main em-
phasis is on an expert system to assist air traffic controllers. Dis-
play concepts research has focused on flat-panel displays, graphic
display generation, and three-dimensional display techniques. A
two-primary-color, thin-film, electroluminescent, flat-panel test
specimen display was fabricated successfully for the first time
using superimposed red and green phosphor layers.
Flight-crucial systems research has concentrated on the develop-
ment of a technology base for the design, validation and assess-
ment of highly reliable guidance and control systems which are
critical for successful flight. The avionics integration research labo-
ratory facility at the Langley Research Center is the focus for a sig-
nificant part of this research, which has extensive industry and
university involvement. Two new reliability analysis computer pro-
grams have been developed to improve assessment methodology for
flight-crucial systems. One of these, the semi-Markov unreliability
range evaluator, has received very favorable comments from indus-
try because it is very fast and can directly utilize experimental
data. The other, the hybrid automated reliability predictor, extends
the capability of a previously released program which is widely
used by aircraft manufacturers and guidance and control compa-
nies.
Controls and guidance research applicable to subsonic transports
includes activities on advanced transport operating systems, air-
borne Doppler radar wind-shear detection, advanced digital control
system architectures, and flight safety. A unique transport control
system concept, called the total energy control system, was flight
tested successfully in the transport systems research vehicle. This
multi-input, multi-output control system design demonstrated that
throttle activity due to flight path perturbations could be reduced
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by integrating a full-time autothrottle to control the total energy of
the aircraft with the elevator to distribute the energy between
speed and flight-path angle. Extensive planning and coordination
with the FAA has taken place to establish a practical integrated
four-dimensional flight management/time-based air traffic control
system program which would include experimental flight oper-
ations at one of the FAA's regional centers.
Rotorcraft guidance and controls research involves unique con-
cepts to improve the overall effectiveness and utilization of rotor-
craft for military and civil missions. A highly portable, low-cost
beacon landing guidance system using airborne radar technology
has been developed and successfully flight tested. The tests demon-
strated that the system could provide precision instrument ap-
proach capability for helicopter operations at remote sites. In con-
junction with this activity, NASA also has worked with the U.S.
Air Force in the development and flight testing of a portable tacti-
cal approach guidance system which shows great promise for use in
a battle-damaged airfield mission scenerio for both fixed-wing and
rotorcraft applications.
Controls and guidance research directly applicable to fighter/
attack aircraft includes the integrated airframe/propulsion control
system architecture program aimed at the development of valida-
tion methodology for complex integrated control systems and the
multidisciplinary dynamics integration effort focused on functional
integration of aerodynamic, structural, propulsive, and control
system dynamics. In addition, research is underway on advanced
automated air combat guidance laws for high-performance aircraft.
Included are both heuristic and expert system approaches involv-
ing artificial intelligence techniques for automation of fighter/
attack aircraft control and other functional tasks.
Hypersonic vehicle controls and guidance research is directed
toward guidance and outer-loop control concepts which can signifi-
cantly affect the performance and efficiency of hypersonic cruise
vehicles operating at very high altitudes. Conventional guidance
and control techniques may not be optimum at the upper atmos-
pheric environment at which these vehicles will operate, and new
considerations, such as extremely high temperatures, may dictate
completely new primary guidance and control modes. Initial plan-
ning and conceptual research are now underway in this area.
In the control theory area, research on reconfigurable/restruc-
turable control systems has the goal of extremely highly reliable
adaptation to failures. The emphasis on failure detection and iden-
tification techniques will shift from selected centralized methods to
decentralized techniques and adaptive methods. Complementary re-
search on systems identification aims to achieve real-time methods.
Initial activities to merge expert systems techniques with modern
control theory design methods will begin in the field of analytical
design methodology.
Guidance and display concepts research includes the application
of artificial intelligence technology to military and civil aircraft op-
erations. The major focus will be the "automated wingman" pro-
gram undertaken in cooperation with the Defense Advanced Re-
search Projects Agency. The "automated wingman" concept has
the potential for making substantial improvements in the effective-
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ness of multiaircraft strike forces through the application of artifi-
cial intelligence technology. The approach for conducting flight re-
search in this program, involving a ground computational facility
and a remotely augmented vehicle, offers the potential capability
for rapid prototyping of complex aircraft and multiaircraft systems
in a cost-effective manner.
In the flight-crucial systems area, research will stress validation
techniques, assessment technology, software reliability, lightning
effects, and advanced architectures. Recent software reliability re-
search has indicated a potential fallacy in classical software reli-
ability assumptions which could have a significant effect on the use
of N-version software as a means for achieving extremely reliable
systems. Increased emphasis will be applied to develop a credible
software reliability model based on validated assumptions. In the
advanced architecture area, the proof-of-concept hardware and soft-
ware of the advanced information processing system, a distributed
fault- and damage-tolerant architecture designed for real-time aero-
space applications, will be tested to assess its ability to achieve
high levels of function reliability, through graded redundancy and
software function migration, and its capability for graceful degra-
dation in the presence of faults.
Controls and guidance research directed at subsonic transports
includes advanced transport operating systems, highly reliable digi-
tal control system architectures, and safety. The major focus in ad-
vanced transport operating systems will be four-dimensional (4-D)
flight management system equipped aircraft integration with the
air traffic control system. Research will establish preliminary algo-
rithms needed to allow a transport to automatically fly the opti-
mized trajectory from cruise to the terminal area metering fix,
flight crew interfaces, and ground controller procedures to inter-
mix 4-D and non-4-D equipped aircraft. This research will be per-
formed in close coordination with the FAA, as will the research on
airborne systems for the detection and avoidance of wind-shear
safety hazards.
Rotorcraft controls and guidance research involves the applica-
tion of artificial intelligence and expert systems technology to the
difficult military rotorcraft mission of all-weather nap-of-the-earth
(NOE) operations. The objective of this research is to develop flight
path management and planning concepts for terrain following/ter-
rain avoidance and manually controlled helicopter flight, leading
to automated flight with assumed sensor-derived data. A rule-based
expert system will be developed for invoking on-board mission re-
planning during NOE flight, and pilot/system interface concepts
will be formulated. This research will be performed in cooperation
with the U.S. Army.
Controls and guidance research directed at fighter/attack air-
craft applications will stress the efforts underway on integrated
airframe/propulsion control system architectures and multidiscipli-
nary dynamics integration and will be expanded to include super-
maneuverability considerations. Reconfigurable/restructurable con-
trol system concepts and artificial intelligence/expert systems tech-
nology will be investigated as potential solutions to the critical
problem of transient thrust loss during propulsive control super-
maneuvering flight.
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Hypersonic vehicle guidance and controls research will explore
new and unconventional guidance and outer-loop control modes for
flight path control to achieve optimum performance and efficiency.
In addition, concepts to integrate aerodynamic and propulsion con-
trols for hypersonic cruise vehicles will be formulated.
Human factors research and technology
The objective of the human factors research and technology pro-
gram is to provide the capability to design crew interfaces with
new cockpit technologies (e.g., expert systems, voice interaction,
flat-panel and virtual-image displays) which will permit maximum
advantage to be taken of the potential of these technologies to
enable increased capability, efficiency and safety in rotorcraft, air
carrier, and general aviation. This is accomplished by developing
an understanding of crew capabilities, limitations, and tendencies
in interacting with these systems and delineating guidelines for im-
plementing that understanding. There are four areas of emphasis
in the human factors program: (1) flight management, (2) human
engineering methods, (3) rotorcraft, and (4) subsonic transport/com-
muter/general aviation.
The flight management research program has continued to focus
on crew interaction with cockpit automation and advanced infor-
mation input/output methods. Having developed an expert system
for fault monitoring and diagnosis of electrical systems, expert sys-
tems are under development for hydraulic and propulsion systems,
so that crew capability to perform supervisory control functions
over multiple expert systems can be evaluated. Another expert
system has been developed for designing and selecting type fonts
and symbols for electronic displays. A rule-based system has been
initiated which will aid in the design of electronic display formats
by providing an interactive data base on what is known in that
area. Techniques have been developed for designing flight comput-
er data bases consistent with how pilots organize the relevant data
and for measuring the consistency of crew-computer interaction
protocols in various computer modes.
Human engineering methods are focused on developing tech-
niques for design and evaluation of cockpit equipment and oper-
ations. Current work is in workload measurement and simulation
technology. A new model was developed for constructing simulator
scenarios with predicted workload levels. This will enable increased
flexibility in evaluating alternative cockpit technologies. In simula-
tion technology, a methodology has been developed to optimize sim-
ulator motion systems by predicting the effect of motion washout
algorithms on crews.
In the rotorcraft area, the focus is on providing the technology
for single pilot capability in poor visibility for both military and ci-
vilian missions. A wide field-of-view head-up display is being devel-
oped. In addition, workload measures are being developed to assess
the effects of potential cockpit improvements.
In the subsonic transport/commuter/general aviation area, the
focus was on jet lag in air transport crews and on the potential use
of data-link by general aviation pilots in instrument flight rules.
Management of the aviation safety reporting system (ASRS) for the
FAA has continued. Also, a high-resolution, 2-D model of wind
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shear was developed using computational fluid dynamic to simulate
actual wind-shear conditions. Simulations of the Dallas-Fort Worth
wind-shear accident were provided to the National Transportation
Safety Board (NTSB). The man-vehicle system research facility, a
high-fidelity simulation facility with a B-727 cockpit and an ad-
vanced concepts cockpit, became fully operational and was used for
evaluation of sidearm controllers and wind-shear simulation
models.
The focus of the FY 1987 human factors research and technology
program will shift from air transport and generic research to rotor-
craft and high-performance aircraft. The generic human/automa-
tion interface research will be focused on problems associated with
these specific classes of aircraft. The rotorcraft program will devel-
op voice interaction capability, automated crew aids, and innova-
tive information management concepts to enable night NOE flight
and increased capability for commercial operations in foul weather.
This will include the development of methods to evaluate alterna-
tive cockpit designs. Rotorcraft human factors research will utilize
the Cobra surrogate trainer pilot night vision system facility. Pre-
vious accomplishments in automation interface and workload anal-
ysis will be applied specifically to rotorcraft cockpit design. Of par-
ticular importance will be the further development of techniques
for consistent pilot-matched system interactions and reliable meas-
ures of automation-induced cognitive workload. Continuing studies
of vestibular models for simulator motion systems will be especially
important for accurate and cost-effective NOE rotorcraft simula-
tion. The high-performance human factors research will focus on
developing "electronic copilot" features for crew control of emerg-
ing artificial intelligence capabilities such as the automated wing-
man concept. It will also begin exploring the crew-related aspects
of hypersonic/transatmospheric vehicles. Continuing expert system
interface studies will offer increasingly quantified insight into
pilot/automation interaction issues so that verified methods and
models are available to guide hardware and software designers.
This work benefits from a high degree of synergism with the space
human factors program. In air transport, the jet lag program will
be completed; management of the ASRS will continue; and guide-
lines will be developed for crew monitoring and control of multiple
integrated expert systems. The manned vehicle systems research
facility (MVSRF) will be used in support of the FAA for evaluation
of threat alert and collision avoidance system displays. It will also
be used for high-fidelity full-mission evaluation of human/automa-
tion interaction design guidelines. The ASRS data base of aviation
incidents will be especially useful for identifying the most signifi-
cant system and crew factor which require experimental investiga-
tion. It is expected that the extensive data on automation-induced
incidents will be particularly important for guiding research in the
advanced technology cockpit of the MVSRF.
Flight systems research and technology
The objective of the flight systems research and technology pro-
gram is to provide the necessary research and technology develop-
ment for an improved and validated base of advanced technology
for application by industry to future generations of the entire spec-
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trum of aircraft. In many cases, joint funding is provided by NASA,
DOD, and FAA. The program is organized into the following main
categories: (1) aviation safety, (2) convertible engine rotorcraft pro-
pulsion, (3) high-performance aircraft, and (4) flight support. The
activities within this program encompass advanced engineering
techniques and the establishment of the feasibility of concepts to
ensure rapid application of promising new technology essential to
meeting one or more of the following goals: (1) reducing aircraft ac-
cidents resulting from weather effects (heavy rain, wind shear,
lightning, turbulence, and icing); (2) developing convertible engine
propulsion concepts which provide both thrust and shaft power
that will enable military aircraft to retain the low-speed advan-
tages of helicopters while allowing highly maneuverable high-speed
flight; and (3) establishing a technology base for the design of
future fighter aicraft with unprecedented maneuverability at high
angle-of-attack (up to 90 degrees) flight conditions.
The objectives of the activities in aviation safety are to provide a
better understanding of aeronautical safety hazards and their con-
sequences and to provide criteria for design of aircraft systems and
operating techniques. They involve the development of analytical
models to predict ice accretion and its effects on aircraft handling
qualities and airfoil performance for both rotary- and fixed-wing
aircraft, development of ice protection systems, establishment of a
flight-validated lightning strike data base for development of
design criteria for advanced materials and digital avionics systems,
and the quantification of the effects of heavy rain on aircraft aero-
dynamic and propulsion system performance. NASA has completed
the technology development of an electro-impulse deicer concept,
reported the results in an industry symposium, and assisted the
Army in resolving the A-10 inlet icing problem. The instrumented
F-106 severe storms research aircraft is completing the character-
ization of direct lightning strikes to the aircraft in convective
weather. The resulting first-of-a-kind data base is providing the
basis for the development of threat models for use by FAA and in-
dustry for materials and avionics protection. Wind tunnel investi-
gations of heavy rain effects are providing an initial data base for
modeling the resulting degradation of aircraft performance.
The objectives of the convertible engine rotorcraft propulsion
technology program are to provide technology readiness in experi-
mental propulsion systems for rotorcraft and V/STOL aircraft in-
corporating advanced convertible engine concepts providing both
shaft and thrust power requirements. The steady state power
modes have been demonstrated, and the crucial transient conver-
sion requirement for application to compound configurations, such
as the X-wing, has been successfully accomplished. The convertible
engine concept will provide designers of future rotorcraft and V/
STOL aircraft a new dimension with a single powerplant capable of
providing turboshaft power and turbofan thrust power simulta-
neously or individually. This program will be completed in 1986.
The objectives of the high-performance aircraft program are to
refine and validate aerodynamic predictive tools at high angle-of-
attack flight conditions, and to demonstrate the performance bene-
fits and utility of propulsive flight control. Negotiations have also
been conducted with the United Kingdom for cooperative investiga-
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tions of several design concepts for a supersonic advanced short
takeoff and vertical landing (ASTOVL) aircraft capability.
The objectives of the flight support program are to provide a va-
riety of support services to flight research projects using standard
aircraft for chase, airspeed calibration, remotely piloted research
vehicle air drops, and flight crew readiness training. Replacement
of the Ames-Dryden aging F-104 high-performance support aircraft
with Navy-loaned full-scale development F-18 aircraft has been ini-
tiated.
In FY 1987, the aviation safety program will emphasize coordi-
nated wind tunnel analytical, and flight research investigations
and analyses leading to an understanding of ice accretion and its
effects on fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft performance and handling
qualities. Research to establish a flight-validated severe storms/
lightning effects data base will be completed and the results report-
ed to the FAA and industry. Wind tunnel and analytical investiga-
tions will be continued to establish a data base for analysis and un-
derstanding of the effects of heavy rain on aircraft aerodynamic
and propulsion system performance.
The high-performance aircraft program will continue in FY 1987.
Wind tunnel and analytical research will be conducted to investi-
gate the potential benefits and aerodynamic, propulsion system,
and structural interactions resulting from multiaxis thrust vector-
ing at high angle of attack. Simulator and design studies will be
completed to establish a data base for the potential integration of
aerodynamic and propulsive flight controls on the NASA F-18 high
alpha research vehicle. Wind tunnel research will be completed to
support the flight validation of the aerodynamic performance bene-
fits of a leading-edge vortex flap for enhanced maneuvering per-
formance. In the U.S./U.K. ASTOVL program, propulsion system
and airframe design studies will be conducted to identify the ad-
vantages and disadvantages of alternative propulsion system con-
cepts for a supersonic V/STOL aircraft. The study results will be
used to guide the research activities required to develop the tech-
nology base for the most promising aircraft/propulsion system con-
cepts.
Flight test support of flight research projects will continue a va-
riety of both fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft. In the main, these
standard aircraft will be flown as chase aircraft in support of re-
search helicopters and aircraft described under high-performance
aircraft systems technology (X-29A, F-15, F-18, YAV-8B). The test
support activity also provides for flight crew training, maintenance
of flight data facilities, aircraft instrumentation, and flight data
processing.
Systems analysis
The objective of the systems analysis effort is to examine the
technology needs and opportunities for future vehicle concepts and
to provide performance data and sensitivity analysis for effective
long-range planning. The studies identify high-payoff, emerging
technologies that can lead to new plateaus or major improvements
in civil or military vehicle performance, creation of new markets,
and potential economic benefits. The following vehicle classes are
addressed by the studies: subsonic, rotorcraft, supersonic cruise,
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high performance, and hypersonic for a variety of civil and mili-
tary applications.
The systems analysis studies for the subsonic aircraft, which in-
clude general aviation, commuter, and transport aircraft, concen-
trated on the benefits associated with laminar flow and advanced
turboprop concepts in FY 1986. The studies addressed the econom-
ics of commuter aircraft and small subsonic advanced propfan
transports utilizing advanced technologies. Studies were conducted
to assess the impact of very advanced materials and structures for
subsonic transport applications.
The study efforts for sustained supersonic cruise technology are
examining innovative configurations incorporating advances in
aerodynamics and propulsion system technologies for advanced
military and civil aircraft and the payoff of efficient, economical,
advanced processing methods that exploit the full weight-savings
potential of advanced metals. Supersonic throughflow fan engine
concepts are also being examined.
An ongoing study effort is assessing the benefits of new emerging
technologies to the fighter/attack class of aircraft. Also, as part of
a cooperative U.S./U.K. ASTOVL program, multidisciplinary anal-
ysis and design studies are exploring concepts that utilize high
thrust-to-weight engines and thrust-vectoring control. The concep-
tual studies will form the basis for selection of the most promising
concepts for technology development.
Studies in FY 1986 for hypersonic vehicles concentrated on per-
formance and weight estimates associated with turboramjet, ejector
ramjet, and air-turboramjet concepts. Studies have been initiated
to assess unique far-term hypersonic propulsion concepts.
In FY 1987, studies will investigate the benefits of emerging
small-engine technologies for applicability to general aviation and
commuter aircraft. Rotorcraft systems analysis will be assessing
the potential impact on civil transportation opened by the high-
speed tilt rotor and X-wing concepts. These concepts have tremen-
dous potential for both the civil and military markets, especially as
emerging new technologies, such as convertible engines and folded
or stowed rotors, are developed.
The studies for sustained supersonic cruise in FY 1987 will focus
on defining the technology requirements and vehicle characteris-
tics necessary to meet projected opportunities and requirements.
Technologies will be identified and assessed for long-range, eco-
nomically viable high-speed aircraft with particular emphasis on
aerodynamic, structural, and propulsion concepts for speeds rang-
ing from Mach 2.5 to 5.0.
Technology integration studies for advanced fighter concepts will
focus on new capabilities enabled by key emerging technologies.
Thrust-to-weight ratio of fighter engines is expected to double over
the next decade. Combined with advances in lightweight materials
and structures, this could result in small lightweight fighters with
high overall thrust-to-weight ratio. Configurations will be assessed
that vector and/or deflect the thrust for control augmentation and
direct lift generation.
In terms of our military posture, hypersonic speed and high-alti-
tude performance characteristics in both airplanes and missiles
have obvious advantages for national defense as well as for hyper-
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sonic transports, which could cut the trip time in half relative to a
Mach 2 or 3 transport. Aircraft productivity will be improved with
increasing Mach number. Vehicle design matrices incorporating
projected technology advances are required to determine the per-
formance potential and technology needs. Prospective vehicles and
their mission capabilities will be assessed along with their sensitivi-
ty to technology options. These formulations will employ the syner-
gistic integration of aerodynamic, aerothermal, propulsion, struc-
tural, and controls technologies with emphasis on propulsion op-
tions and will be used to guide NASA's technology development in
this important area.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Rotorcraft systems technology ................................................................... $18,700,000
High-performance aircraft systems technology ...................................... 26,000,000
Advanced propulsion systems technology ................................................ 28,400,000
Numerical aerodynamic simulation .......................................................... 30,000,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 103,100,000
Rotorcraft systems technology
The rotorcraft systems technology program conducts research on
two fronts. The first thrust consists of efforts in the broad systems
technology areas of comprehensive noise prediction and full-scale
wind tunnel tests. The goal of this thrust is to predict overall vehi-
cle noise to ?1.5 decibels accuracy and to acquire airloads for new
design techniques for "jet-smooth" vibration. The second thrust in-
volves the X-wing rotor demonstration test on the rotor systems re-
search aircraft (RSRA).
In the noise program conducted with the American Helicopter
Society (AHS), an updated, comprehensive noise prediction code
was released to industry. Accuracy is expected to be ?3 decibels in
most cases for existing designs. Also, the first prediction of blade-
vortex interaction noise was made using new analytical tools. A
full-scale flight test of a Hughes 500 helicopter, with engine noise
muffled, was initiated to determine the contribution of individual
sources to varying noise levels due to turbulence and wind.
In full-scale testing, an Army LHX main rotor was tested in the
newly upgraded 40 X 80-foot wind tunnel. The first full-scale test of
main rotor/tail rotor aerodynamic interference was also run in the
40X80-foot wind tunnel. Acquisition of a pressure-tapped main
rotor and a hingeless rotor will be started for an FY 1987 tunnel
entry to investigate high-speed airloads and rotor-dynamic stabili-
ty. These data previously did not exist for correlation for noise and
vibration prediction/reduction.
In the joint DARPA/NASA RSRA/X-wing rotor investigation,
the prime objective is to perform an X-wing conversion from rotary
to stopped-rotor flight and return to rotary-wing flight. The flight
research program will also investigate the dynamic stability, per-
formance, and rotor control characteristics of the X-wing rotor
system. Completed to date are the RSRA airframe modification; the
propulsion and pneumatic system; the propulsion system testbed
(PSTB) facility; an integrated, mobile data acquisition facility; a
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prototype, digital fly-by-wire flight control computer; and high-tem-
perature composite rotor blade components. Testing has been initi-
ated in the PSTB, wind tunnel, and flight control computer labora-
tory.
1986 the fabrication and assembly of the X-wing rotor system
will be completed, and the rotor system will be installed on the
PSTB and subsequently on the aircraft. Preceding flight, the X-
win rotor system will be extensively tested on the PSTB, an "iron
bird q' ground-based facility, and the reliability of the flight control
system will be extensively tested in the vehicle management
system laboratory which was specifically developed to test the
unique X-wing flight control system. Supporting research includes
upgraded piloted simulations in the Ames Research Center's verti-
cal motion simulator and upgraded scale-model wind tunnel tests.
These tests will concentrate on the flight mode in which the air-
craft "converts" from rotary to stopped-rotor at speeds near 200
knots.
The NASA/AHS program will continue with the release of new
subroutines for rotor loads and rotor wakes. Blade vortex interac-
tion noise will be emphasized to determine the benefits of airfoil
nose shape using more powerful 3-D predictions. Aerodynamic in-
terference will also be incorporated in the comprehensive predic-
tion code. Prediction accuracy is expected to approach ?1.5 deci-
bels for takeoff and flyover conditions for existing designs. Ad-
vanced designs and landing conditions will await better analysis.
In FY 1987 the X-wing flight test program is planned to be com-
pleted. The program will also be generating ground-based piloted
simulation PSTB data, and vehicle management systems data in
support of the flight investigation of the X-wing rotor on the
RSRA. This fast-paced, advanced technology program will require
extensive, coordinated testing in 1987 which is crucial to the suc-
cess of the flight investigation and will require special NASA capa-
bilities to support the contractor's efforts. In particular, the flight
testing will culminate in the historic demonstration of conversion
from rotary to stopped-rotor flight for cruise and a reconversion to
rotary flight for landing.
High-performance aircraft systems technology
The objective of the high-performance aircraft systems technolo-
gy program is to generate validated engineering methods and
design data applicable to the development of advanced high-per-
formance, high-speed aircraft applications. The program objectives
are accomplished by analysis, ground-based simulations, wind
tunnel experimental research, and flight research tests of advanced
aircraft concepts and systems.
In the joint NASA/Air Force advanced fighter technology inte-
gration (AFTI) program, the AFTI/F-16 automated maneuvering
attack system flight phase is being completed. The AFTI/F-111
mission adaptive wing project will complete the flight research ac-
tivity to validate predicted performance improvements, including
range increase of 25 percent, resulting from its variable camber
airfoil. In the F-15 highly integrated digital electronic control
(HIDEC) program, which builds on the capability developed during
the digital electronic engine control and F-100 engine model deriv-
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ative programs, flight research testing has begun to validate 10- to
15-percent aircraft performance improvements through integrated
digital electronic controls. In the NASA/DARPA X-29A forward-
swept wing flight demonstration program, the aircraft will com-
plete the baseline flight program in 1986 to validate predictive
tools and exploit the advanced technologies designed into the ex-
perimental aircraft. The F-18 high angle-of-attack flight testing
will begin in the third quarter of FY 1986 on an unmodified F-18.
The goal of the program is a flight-validated data base for design of
highly maneuverable aircraft with a 90-degree angle-of-attack capa-
bility. Initial flight tests will focus on the development of a flight-
validated aerodynamic data base for correlation with wind tunnel
and analytical predictions. Design studies and wind tunnel testing
are leading to the modification of an F-106 aircraft to validate the
predicted improvements on aircraft takeoff, landing, and maneuver
flight performance resulting from use of vortex flap technology.
Flight testing of a YAV-8B Harrier is continuing for validation of
wind tunnel, analytical, and simulator predictions of V/STOL air-
craft characteristics.
During FY 1986 the turbine engine hot section technology
(HOST) program continues to address the issues involved in engine
durability. The objectives are to establish predictive methods for
the structural response and life of hot section components by devel-
oping analysis methods, instrumentation and verification test
methodology. During this year the new high-temperature struc-
tures and fatigue laboratory at Lewis Research Center began oper-
ation. This unique national facility allows for the study of the be-
havior of turbine blade and burner liner materials under realistic,
complex, thermomechanical loading conditions. Improved numeri-
cal schemes for 3-D aerothermal flow interaction with combustor
liners have been developed and benchmark experimental tests con-
ducted. Progress on the development of specialized 3-D nonlinear
analysis methodology to predict component response and life has
been substantial. Constitutive laws have been developed which ac-
tually predict single crystal blade response. The ability to predict
coolant passage heat transfer during blade rotation has been
achieved, greatly increasing our understanding of cooling effects.
Improved theories of salt deposition on rotating airfoils have been
developed, leading to better models for coating performance in cor-
rosive turbine environments.
As part of the activity to develop higher performance longer life
turbine blade materials, the ceramic research program has contin-
ued to make progress in FY 1986. Critical processing variables in
the preparation of silicon-nitride and silicon-carbide powders have
been determined. Hot isostatic pressing of sintered ceramic bodies
has shown a 100-percent improvement in flaw reduction. A new
nondestructive evaluation approach, laser-acoustic microscopy, has
demonstrated the ability to accurately find 50-micron surface flaws
in silicon nitride. In this year an advanced brittle design code, de-
veloped in-house at Lewis Research Center using Batdorf statistics,
has demonstrated greater accuracy in describing ceramic material
failure response. This code has been released to industry and is
seen as a major advance. Initial studies on the application of ce-
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ramic composites for turbine blades have shown promise for the de-
velopment of "tough" ceramics.
The objective of the joint NASA/Navy oblique wing program is
to establish a flight-validated data base for application of the tech-
nology to future civil and military aircraft. For over forty years
NASA has investigated oblique wing technology, including wind
tunnel tests, simulations, aircraft design studies, and low-speed
manned and unmanned flight tests. These studies have indicated
significant performance advantages for an oblique wing aircraft, as
compared to a conventional swept wing, for missions requiring both
efficient subsonic cruise and supersonic dash performance. In addi-
tion, the concept offers significant improvement in aircraft carrier
airplane spotting ratios for Navy flight deck operations.
The oblique wing technology development will be completed by
the design, construction, and flight evaluation of an aeroelastically
tailored composite oblique wing at transonic and supersonic speeds.
The NASA F-8 digital fly-by-wire (DFBW) test aircraft will be uti-
lized as the research testbed for the flight program. This aircraft
provides for easy installation of the oblique wing, as well as a well
defined, readily modifiable, highly flexible, digital flight control
system. A wing preliminary design contract has been awarded and
will provide the basis for the final design and initiation of the fab-
rication of the wing, pivot mechanism and required modifications
to the F-8 DFBW testbed. This activity will lead to the start of the
flight test program in 1989.
The flight research activity in FY 1987 will involve a variety of
high-performance aircraft to investigate advance concepts. Several
projects will continue their flight phases during this period. The F-
15 HIDEC will complete flight test validation of performance im-
provements resulting from propulsion system variable operating
line control. The NASA/DARPA X-29A aircraft program will be
expanded to include Air Force participation in a follow-on flight re-
search program on the first aircraft within the established enve-
lope (angle of attack less than 20 degrees). The second X-29A air-
craft will be modified to include a spin chute to enable flight re-
search testing of the forward swept wing technologies above 20 de-
grees angle of attack. The F-106 aircraft will conduct flight tests of
the vortex flap concept for correlation with wind tunnel and ana-
lytical predictions. The F-18 high angle-of-attack testing will con-
tinue. Included will be measurements of forebody aerodynamics
with vortex interactions and correlations with wind tunnel and an-
alytical predictions. The YAV-88 Harrier flight test program will
complete the baseline aerodynamic and engine bleed flow experi-
ments and initiate flight investigations to support supersonic
STOVL aircraft concept design studies.
During FY 1987, the turbine engine hot section technology will
continue to concentrate on developing improvements in high-tem-
perature instrumentation, methods for structural analysis, aero-
thermomechanical environment modeling, and life prediction. Re-
search will continue on the development of an accurate model for
dilution jet effects on combustor flow. Additionally, an improve-
ment laser anemometer system for the measurement of high-tem-
perature flow in the combustor will be completed. Heat transfer re-
search will concentrate on developing an advanced turbine airfoil
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turbulent flow model, including rotor-stator interaction. Once de-
veloped, the more accurate heat loads can be applied to predict the
airfoil structural response characteristics. Studies of the nonlinear
3-D response of combustor components under high heat gradients
will continue. Time-dependent crack propagation prediction meth-
odologies will be emphasized leading to a greatly improved life pre-
diction ability of liners, vanes, and blades.
The research on monolithic silicon-nitride and silicone-carbide ce-
ramics will continue to develop improved understanding of the
processing steps necessary to achieve highly reliable turbine
blades. The corrosion response of ceramic in the aggressive gas tur-
bine engine environment will be modeled. This next year will see
increasing emphasis on ceramic matrix materials. Processing varia-
bles for silicon carbide with embedded continuous ceramic fibers
will be a major focus. Related deformation and fracture mechanics
will be studied and initial constitutive analysis begun. Nondestruc-
tive evaluation techniques will be continued with emphasis on near
surface flow detection.
In 1987 the contract for final design, fabrication, and ground
qualification testing of the oblique wing and F-8 DFBW aircraft
system interfaces/modifications will be awarded. In-house NASA/
Navy wing aerodynamic design and direct project support research
and technology activities will be continued. The in-house program
will include wind tunnel investigations, simulations, and the appli-
cation of advanced aerodynamic and structural analysis computer
codes.
Advanced propulsion systems technology
The objective of the advanced propulsion systems technology pro-
gram is to explore and exploit advanced technology concepts for
future aircraft propulsion systems in high-payoff areas through the
focusing of fundamental research and technology efforts and inte-
gration of advanced propulsion components.
Activities in the advanced turboprop systems program are devot-
ed to establishing concept feasibility and providing the broad re-
search and technology data base necessary for achieving the con-
cept's full potential. Information on aerodynamic performance, aer-
oelastic stability, and acoustic environment will be obtained for the
data base and used partially to support flight test programs for ver-
ification and for obtaining data under actual flight conditions. The
9-foot diameter large-scale advanced propeller (LAP), to be used
during flight tests, and the 2-foot-diameter aeroelastic model of the
LAP have been fabricated. Wind tunnel tests of the aeroelastic
model confirmed stability up to a Mach number of 0.85, the highest
planned during flight testing. The LAP was static ground tested at
the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base for takeoff performance,
blade stress levels, and stall flutter, and all were found to be as
predicted. During FY 1986 the LAP will be tested in a high-speed
wind tunnel for performance and flutter boundaries. One-ninth
scale model tests of the propeller test assessment flight test aircraft
with the turboprop installed have provided flutter and high-speed
drag characteristics. In 1986 the aircraft model will be used to de-
termine low-speed stability and control characteristics, and a
ground test will be performed on the LAP mated with the flight
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gearbox and turboprop power section. Ground tests of the General
Electric unducted fan engine, a gearless counter-rotation propfan
concept, were initiated in September 1985 and will be completed in
March 1986. Initial results show propulsion and aeroelastic per-
formance as predicted, as well as good propeller speed control. Pro-
peller/wing installed aerodynamic data for analytical code verifica-
tion was obtained in a wind tunnel investigation. To develop a firm
understanding of how propeller parameters, such as sweep and
spacing, affect acoustics, a parametric study is being conducted
with 2-foot-diameter geared and gearless counter-rotation propel-
lers. These tests show that good performance can be maintained at
reduced noise levels.
In the general aviation/commuter engine systems technology
program, aimed at raising the performance level of small turbine
engines to more proportionately match that of large engines, work
is focused on providing fundamental measurements to lead to a de-
tailed understanding of how improvements can be made. The mul-
tistage compressor facility was used to obtain fundamental data
such as velocities, pressures, and surge margin for verification of 3-
D analytical codes. Turbine blading was installed in the new
experimental facility for determining loss mechanisms in small tur-
bines. Tests were continued to prove centrifugal compressor scaling
laws and will be completed in FY 1986. In the joint NASA/Air
Force program for cruise missile technology, the combustor was as-
sembled for experiments to evaluate temperature profiles. Small
engine systems studies to identify efficient cycles and high-yield
technology areas were completed and will provide the foundation
for a long-range plan for advanced small turbine engines.
In FY 1987 advanced turboprop systems reasearch will empha-
size the flight test of the LAP in a propeller test assembly for con-
cept verification and broadening of the data base to flight condi-
tions and supporting technology for cabin acoustics and turboprop/
airframe installation aerodynamics. The LAP, nacelle, and turbo-
prop power section will be installed on a modified Gulfstream II
aircraft for flight testing in FY 1987. The flight tests will evaluate
large-scale structures, aeroelastics, propeller source noise, and un-
treated cabin environment at a variety of flight conditions up to a
Mach number of 0.85 and an altitude of 35,000 feet. More funda-
mentally, cabin acoustics research is being performed and will in-
clude development of analytical techniques to predict cabin envi-
ronment for various inputs of propeller source noise and cabin
treatment concepts that have the potential to achieve attenuation
levels required for high-speed propellers. Installation aerodynamics
research will include analytical and experimental technology devel-
opment to determine high-speed performance and low-speed stabili-
ty and control for configurations of practical interest not yet stud-
ied in detail, including wing- and aft-mounted, single- and counter-
rotation concepts.
The general aviation/commuter engine technology effort will
continue to focus on developing fundamental understanding and
obtaining an analytical and experimental data base for use in
future advanced small engines. Fabrication of the large low-speed
centrifugal compressor, to be used for definition of the flow field,
will be completed. Combustor pattern factor studies to understand
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how to improve the temperature profile for longer turbine blade
life will be undertaken, and laser measurements to aid in under-
standing loss mechanisms in turbine flow fields will be made. Re-
generator/recuperator heat transfer studies will be started. Based
on the small engine systems studies, an overall technology develop-
ment plan will be developed.
Numerical aerodynamic simulation
The numerical aerodynamic simulation (NAS) program objective
is to significantly augment the nation's capabilities in computation-
al fluid dynamics and other areas of computational physics by de-
veloping a preeminent capability for numerical simulation of aero-
dynamic flows. This program will provide the computational capa-
bilities required to obtain solutions to problems which are current-
ly intractable. Ongoing research and technology base efforts in
computational aerodynamics will benefit significantly from the ad-
vanced computational capabilities to be provided by the NAS pro-
gram. The combination of these programs will provide pathfinding
aeronautical research for the future, allowing solutions of the full
Navier-Stokes equations, providing first-principle prediction of vis-
cous flow about simple aeronautical shapes, and enabling the pre-
diction of performance of complete aircraft. The NAS program will
develop an extensive user-friendly system to assist engineers and
scientists in all aspects of problem solution, from problem formula-
tion through graphical presentation of results. The heart of this
system is the high-speed processors, which will be upgraded when
new supercomputer systems, at least four to six times more power-
ful than existing machines, become available. These machines will
provide the large-capacity/high-speed computational capability re-
quired in advanced fluid dynamic research and applications.
The NAS program study and planning phase was initiated in the
research and technology base in FY 1983, with system development
beginning in FY 1984. The system design review was held in FY
1984 and formalized the design of the NAS system. The system
software development contractor began development of the net-
work language and protocols during FY 1984. Major hardware pro-
curements were initiated in FY 1984, leading to assembly of the
initial operating configuration during FY 1985. Full-scale develop-
ment of the NAS network hardware began with the delivery of the
integrated support processor complex (front-end computers and
supporting equipment) in mid-FY 1985. The first high-speed proces-
sor, a Cray 2 supercomputer, was delivered late in FY 1985 and in-
tegration into the NAS network begun. The first part of FY 1986 is
an intense test and integration period leading to operational status
of the NAS initial operating configuration (IOC) during the third
quarter of FY 1986. During FY 1986 construction will be completed
for the NAS facility.
FY 1987 will be the key year in the development of the NAS
system. The NAS building will be occupied and the second high-
speed processor (HSP-2), which will be four to six times more pow-
erful than HSP-1, will be installed. Secure (classified) processing
will be initiated with the move into the new building. During FY
1987 the IOC, built around HSP-1, will be used to obtain the first
solution for subsonic and transonic viscous flow about complete air-
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craft configurations. It will also be used to provide pathfinding vis-
cous flow solutions to supersonic/hypersonic airframe/propulsion
integration for advanced configurations being studied in the na-
tional aerospace plane program and to obtain complete flow field
solutions for complex nonequilibrium, chemically reacting, and ra-
diating flows about candidate aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicles.
The acquisition and installation of the HSP-2, which constitutes
the NAS extended operating configuration (EOC), will complete the
initial planned architecture of the NAS system. It will serve as the
foundation for the upgrading of the major subsystems in the build-
ing toward the EOC. The mass storage subsystem will be expanded
to handle the additional archival storage required for support of
the HSP-2. The graphics subsystem development will be acceler-
ated to accommodate both high-speed processors. During this
period, system software development will continue, and all new
components will undergo extensive test and integration.
14. TRANSATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, $45,000,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Transatmospheric research & technology ................................................ $45,000,000
NASA, in conjunction with the Department of Defense, is devel-
oping the technology base for a potential national aerospace plane.
The objective of the NASA transatmospheric research and technol-
ogy program is to accelerate the development of the critical ena-
bling technologies for a potential revolutionary new class of hyper-
sonic/transatmospheric vehicle in the future. Such a vehicle could
be capable of horizontally taking off from and landing on conven-
tional runways, using airbreathing propulsion up to, or near, orbit-
al speed, and providing rapid and low-cost access to space. This
augmentation of previous NASA in-house research and technology
base efforts would accelerate the development and validation of
key technologies through fabrication of components and subsys-
tems by testing in ground-based facilities and small-scale flight ex-
periments. The critical technologies include efficient airbreathing
propulsion with emphasis on scramjet techniques that provide net
thrust from takeoff to near orbital speeds; reusable thermal struc-
tures that can withstand repeated combinations of extreme peak
heating and long-duration heat loads; and complete integration of
the propulsion system with the airframe for a minimum weight
system with good performance throughout a broad range of accel-
eration, cruise, and maneuvering flight conditions. A necessary pre-
cursor to possible future year decisions on a demonstrator research
aircraft program, these validated technologies could form the criti-
cal data base required for design and integration of complex pro-
pulsion and structural systems into a vehicle configuration capable
of transatmospheric flight.
This program is an outgrowth of the ongoing aeronautics and
space research and technology programs. It is a multicenter pro-
gram (Ames, Langley, and Lewis) directed at generating the tech-
nologies required to provide the variety of options afforded by air-
breathing transatmospheric vehicles. The opportunities for exploit-
ing this regime for advancement of national interests are broadly
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recognized-including launch vehicles, hypersonic transports, and
military applications.
Supporting activities ongoing in the NASA research and technol-
ogy base include research in airbreathing hydrogen-fueled scramjet
propulsion technology, advanced high-temperature materials and
thermal structural concepts, and computational fluid dynamics-
the three critical technologies for transatmospheric vehicle applica-
tions. The FY 1987 program will focus on development of analysis
and prediction techniques and validation of the performance for
airbreathing propulsion concepts, actively cooled high-temperature
structures, cryogenic insulated tankage, configuration aerodynam-
ics, and propulsion system/aircraft integration characteristics.
15. SPACE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, $168,200,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Research and technology base .................................................................... $133,600,000
Systems technology programs .................................................................... 37,400,000
Standards and practices .............................................................................. 9,200,000
General reduction .......................................................................................... -12,000,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 168,200,000
The overall goal of the space research and technology program is
to advance the technology base in support of NASA's role as an ef-
fective, productive, and long-term contributor to the continued pre-
eminence of the United States in space. The specific objectives of
this program are to: (1) support a broad-based advanced technology
program designed to provide new concepts, materials, components,
devices, software, and subsystems for use in United States space ac-
tivities; (2) assure preeminent national capability through exten-
sive participation in the program by the NASA centers, other gov-
ernment agencies, universities, and industrial research and tech-
nology organizations; and (3) support a strong institutional base to
maintain NASA centers in positions of recognized excellence in
critical space technologies. The space research and technology pro-
gram is comprised of two major elements: (1) the research and tech-
nology base to support advanced disciplinary technologies that pro-
vide the necessary base of understanding to create new opportuni-
ties for future national, civil, military, and commercial space mis-
sion objectives; and (2) systems technology programs which extend
research and technology base efforts by providing system-level and
in-space experiment capabilities which permit the generation of
data not possible in ground facilities and the in situ validation of
advanced technology in support of its transfer into space projects.
The FY 1987 program in space research and technology will con-
tinue to be directed toward providing the broad base of innovative
technology essential to the conduct of future space missions. As
such, it supports agency goals in space transportation, space sta-
tion, and space science and applications, as well as providing syner-
gistic support to military and commercial space user needs.
In aerothermodynamics, continued program emphasis will be on
developing analytical and predictive techniques for the transition
regime and linking between continuum and rarefied flow regimes.
Additional emphasis will be placed on investigating aerodynamic
and aerothermodynamic performance of aeroassist orbit transfer
vehicles (AOTV) and transatmospheric vehicles. The space energy
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conversion program will continue its emphasis on high-capacity
power and thermal systems for evolutionary space station needs
and on technology for high-specific power, low-weight systems for
low-earth and geosynchronous orbits and planetary missions. Pro-
pulsion technology will be directed toward understanding perform-
ance and life parameters for advanced cryogenic engines, stressing
component and integrated diagnostic instrumentation techniques;
orbit transfer engine technology to enable development of space-
based, throttleable, reusable systems; and technology for gaseous
oxygen-hydrogen propellant systems for evolutionary growth sta-
tion or OTV auxiliary propulsion needs. The electric propulsion
effort will address auxiliary propulsion applications, with continu-
ing attention on fundamental life and performance limiting mecha-
nisms and thrusters. Materials and structures activities will contin-
ue with research in large-area space structures, emphasizing erec-
tables and deployables, and analysis of dynamic response and con-
trols interaction. The work on improved thermal protection sys-
tems and related thermal-structural analysis methodology for OTV
aerobraking and other advanced transportation vehicle concepts
will continue. The effects of the space environment, particularly
atomic oxygen interaction on lightweight materials for spacecraft
and platforms, will continue as a major thrust. In space data and
communications, emphasis will be placed on advanced information
processing, high-capacity, high data-rate storage systems to in-
crease the capabilities of on-board data systems and advanced
microwave and optical communications technology. The informa-
tion sciences program will emphasize software technology, reliable
computing, concurrent processing, radiation-tolerant electronics,
and sensing technology for potential spacecraft and space station
applications. Emphasis in the controls and guidance area will be
placed on precise control of large, flexible space structures; the pre-
cision pointing of large spacecraft; and adaptive guidance concepts
for future transportation systems. Human factors efforts are aimed
at the enhancement of astronaut productivity through improved
crew stations with "human engineered" information management
techniques and extravehicular work stations.
Efforts in space flight research and technology will continue to
be directed toward the orbiter experiments program, which will ex-
ploit the operational flights of shuttle to investigate the aerody-
namic and aerothermodynamic phenomena of the current shuttle
as a means of validating experimental and predictive techniques
for the design and development of future space transportation sys-
tems; the design definition for the aeroassist flight experiment to
provide the data base for future space-based orbital transfer vehi-
cles; the cryogenic fluid management flight experiment to develop
the technology base for space station operations and a space-based
orbital transfer vehicle; the development of a shuttle common car-
rier for structure and control/structure interaction experiments
(called STEP-space technology experiments platform); and the in-
space experiments program which will provide access to space on
NASA vehicles for the conduct of user (industry and university)
space experimentation. The systems analysis area will focus on the
identification of requirements and high-leverage technologies for
the development of future space missions, such as a priority earth-
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to-orbit transportation vehicle and the evolutionary space station.
The analysis efforts provide scope and direction to the base re-
search programs and identify system-level technology programs re-
quired to assure transition of identified technologies into flight pro-
grams.
In systems technology, the advanced earth-to-orbit technology
program will focus on providing system-level data for modeling per-
formance and life and on evaluating advanced technology compo-
nents designed to improve life and reduce maintenance costs in ad-
vanced engines. The components will be installed on a testbed
engine and instrumented to provide the overall understanding and
data base on performance in the realistic hot-fired engine environ-
ment. This is a joint program in which the Office of Space Flight
will provide a non-flight space shuttle main engine as the testbed
engine. The control of flexible structures flight experiments ad-
dress structural dynamics and controls issues which must be under-
stood prior to the deployment of large space structures having pre-
cision control requirements. This program will focus on developing
and validating analytical methods for predicting coupled structural
dynamics and control response for multibody space structures. A
flight test program will be conducted with a series of four or more
shuttle sorties, building progressively from modeling and modal
characterization of large space structures to more complex flexible-
body interactive control issues. The first flight article, the mast
flight system, will address beam dynamics and control and will be
flown on the shuttle in FY 1989. The automation and robotics pro-
gram will provide the fundamental technology for space telerobo-
tics and system autonomy to enhance operational capability and
decrease the cost of space operations.
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY BASE
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Aerothermodynamics research and technology ...................................... $11,200,000
Space energy conversion research and technology ................................ 20,400,000
Propulsion research and technology ......................................................... 21,000,000
Materials and structures research and technology ................................ 18,900,000
Space data and communications research and technology ................... 13,600,000
Information sciences research and technology ....................................... 10,200,000
Controls and guidance research and technology .................................... 7,500,000
Human factors research and technology .................................................. 2,300,000
Space flight research and technology ....................................................... 22,400,000
Systems analysis ........................................................................................... 6,100,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 133,600,000
Aerothermodynamics research and technology
Future aerospace vehicles, such as aeroassisted orbit transfer ve-
hicles (AOTV), the aerospace plane, and the hypersonic cruise and
maneuver vehicles, will have to be capable of sustained hypervelo-
city flight in rarefied atmospheres. The design of these vehicles
presents some formidable performance prediction challenges. To
meet these challenges, the aerothermodynamics program is pursu-
ing the following objectives: (1) develop advanced numerical algo-
rithms for continuum, transitional, and free molecular flow re-
gimes; (2) develop accurate and detailed finite-rate chemistry and
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turbulent flow models; (3) correlate ground and flight (shuttle orbit-
er experiments) experimental data with calculations; (4) establish a
detailed aerothermal loads data base and integrated analysis tech-
nique; and (5) provide a fully integrated design and analysis capa-
bility to support future vehicle/mission requirements.
Progress in the ability to predict flow fields about vehicles enter-
ing/maneuvering in the earth's atmosphere has been greatly accel-
erated by the rapid increase in computational capability in
memory and speed, as well as efficient algorithm development. The
predominant emphasis in continuum flow calculations has shifted
from the inviscid (Euler) flows to the more realistic viscous shock
layer methodology to the full Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes
equations. One of the latest and most promising techniques is a
thin-layer Navier-Stokes algorithm developed at the Ames Re-
search Center. This "breakthrough" method has been applied to
the axisymmetric flow past an AOTV, and the results indicate a
substantial increase in computational speed-a significant benefit
toward design optimization of future AOTV's.
For rarefied flow regimes, the direct simulation Monte Carlo
(DSMC) technique has been found to be particularly well suited to
understanding and modeling complex flow problems as represented
by the interaction of vehicle airframe, ambient rarefied atmos-
phere, propulsion system exhaust, and material outgassing. In the
DSMC, the gas is modeled by thousands of simulated molecules.
Velocity components, internal energy states, and position coordi-
nates of these molecules are stored in the computer and are modi-
fied with time as the molecules are followed through representa-
tive collisions and boundary interactions in simulated physical
space. To date, the DSMC technique has been successfully applied
to a number of complex flows including a hypersonic reentry prob-
lem and the analysis of large solid-propellent rocket engine ex-
haust plumes. These advances in computational capability, for both
the continuum and rarefied flow regime, will allow us to accurately
and confidently predict the detailed flow field environment experi-
enced by advanced aerospace vehicles and thus will be a key ele-
ment in the successful design of these vehicles.
The direct correlation of flight data, ground experiments, and
computations is critical to the development of verified predictive
tools required for preliminary configuration analyses and vehicle
performance optimization. The completion of recent flights of the
space shuttle has provided just such an opportunity for correlation
of ground and shuttle data over a diverse range of flight conditions.
Flight-derived aerodynamic heat transfer data for the orbiter lee-
side centerline and wing surfaces have been compared with appro-
priate ground test results. Flight heating levels are, in general, less
than those which are inferred from the ground test results. This
result is apparently due to laminar-to-turbulent transition of the
flow in the separated region occurring at a much larger Reynolds
number in flight than in the wind funnel.
A detailed aerothermal loads data base is essential to permit
proper vehicle structural design while avoiding the tendency to
overdesign which can introduce significant mass/volume penalties.
Consequently, there has been continued emphasis on the develop-
ment of an integrated fluid-thermal-structural analysis technique
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using a finite-element approach that will allow rapid, accurate,
structural analysis and optimization of advanced vehicle concepts.
The use of finite-element modeling in both the fluid and solid
structure will produce a unified analysis with common terminolo-
gy/methodology throughout. However, the finite-element approach
typically requires the solution of large systems of equations and ex-
tensive numerical integration which make the analysis of com-
pressible flows prohibitively expensive. Recent advances in solution
algorithms are overcoming these limitations by taking full advan-
tage of computer vectorization schemes. Two- and three-dimension-
al inviscid and viscous flow codes are achieving competitive speeds
on modern vector computers. A recent application was successful in
describing the complex flow in the shuttle's wing-elevon region
where other techniques had failed.
Continued emphasis will be placed on computational aerothermo-
dynamics in FY 1987. In the development of advanced continuum
flow simulations, generalized three-dimensional geometry model-
ing, adaptive grid generation, and accurate chemical reaction,
models necessary to describe the complex configurations and envi-
ronments of future hypersonic vehicles will be actively pursued. In
the area of DSMC techniques, the current methodology will be ex-
tended to cope with entry velocities anticipated for AOTV and
lunar return aerobraking missions and for complex vehicle configu-
rations. This will involve the addition of ionization reactions and
the mechanisms for nonequilibrium emission and absorption of ra-
diation.
The shock layers about the airframes of high-altitude, high-speed
vehicles are characterized by nonequilibrium distributions in chem-
ical composition and energy states of the low-density shock layer
gases. These nonequilibrium conditions, particularly nonequili-
brium radiative heating, will have very significant influence on
aerodynamic and aeroheating environments experienced by these
vehicles. To successfully design flight control and thermal protec-
tion systems will require a detailed understanding of, and predic-
tive capability for, these phenomena. Computational chemistry, in
which the chemical and physical properties of matter are computed
from first principles, is making significant contributions to the fun-
damental understanding of the chemical and physical processes oc-
curring at high-temperature/low-density conditions. In FY 1987,
emphasis will be placed on computing chemical and physical prop-
erties of air species to simulate the specific conditions of nonequili-
brium shock layers. Energy profiles and rate constants for electron-
ion and electron-neutral molecule collisions will be computed.
FY 1987 will also be a period of increased activity in hypersonic
research ground facilities. The 3.5-foot hypersonic tunnel at the
Ames Research Center, currently undergoing reactivation, will be
the focus of much of this effort. This tunnel provides a test capabil-
ity from Mach 4 to 14 and covers much of the hypersonic flight
range of anticipated airbreathing vehicles. The initial research pro-
gram will be a joint Ames/Langley Research Center effort to inves-
tigate hypersonic airframe/propulsion interaction effects. This will
involve early use of the Ames numerical aerodynamic simulation
facility to provide numerical solutions to complex flow problems
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and for computational configuration analysis coupled with testing
in the 3.5-foot tunnel to provide experimental verification.
Space energy conversion research and technology
The objectives of this program are to increase the performance,
capacity, and cost effectiveness of space electric power generation
and energy storage subsystems; provide the technology for efficient,
reliable, and low-cost management and distribution of electrical
and thermal energy for space systems; and advance the technology
of life support systems for large manned space platforms. In FY
1985, two significant advances in photovoltaic cell technology were
achieved. First, the demonstration of a 50-micron lithium counter-
doped silicon cell with less than ten percent power degradation
after exposure to the equivalent of ten years' radiation in geosyn-
chronous earth orbit was demonstrated. This compares with great-
er than 25 percent degradation with current operating systems.
Second, the superiority of indium phosphide solar cells under 10
million electron volt proton irradiation to any other available space
cell, including silicon and gallium arsenide (GaAs), was also demon-
strated. A multiyear program was initiated to optimize the efficien-
cy of such cells while maintaining their radiation performance and
to demonstrate a 20.4 percent efficient gallium arsenide concentra-
tor cell operating at 80 degrees centigrade and sunlight concentra-
tion of 100 times normal levels. Efficiencies above 21 percent are
ultimately anticipated. Concentrator photovoltaic systems enable
significant reductions in the solar array area and correspondingly
in requirements for drag makeup. By focusing the sun s energy,
they allow high levels of power to be produced with a relatively
low number of cells, permitting the use of efficient but costly cell
materials such as GaAs. In addition, concentrators provide protec-
tion against damage by natural solar radiation. Concentrator sys-
tems appear to be attractive for use in the low-earth-orbit (LEO),
relatively high-power space station detached platforms, particular-
ly the planned polar orbiting platform, where radiation levels are
more severe. In late 1984, the successful deployment and retraction
of a 105x13-foot lightweight solar array demonstrated the technolo-
gy for power-to-weight ratios of 66 watts per kilogram. A multiyear
contract effort was started in 1985 to advance the power-to-weight
ratio capability to 130 watts per kilogram. Doubling of the power-
to-weight ratio will provide for additional scientific capability by
reducing the weight and size of photovoltaic power systems for
weight-limited geosynchronous and planetary spacecraft. Both
welded and soldered interconnects to 2x4cm silicon solar cells sur-
vived after 60,000 cycles in a simulated LEO thermal environment
(+80 to - 80 degrees centigrade), equivalent to a ten-year exposure.
Testing of a thin, flexible coating demonstrated atomic oxygen du-
rability of the protective coating on Kapton solar array blanket
material equivalent to 21 years of life for space station orbit.
Changes in the chemistry and design of nickel-hydrogen batteries
have resulted in a sixfold increase in the cycle life and show prom-
ise of meeting a 50,000-cycle requirement of LEO systems. As a
result of these advances, nickel-hydrogen batteries are now a prime
candidate for energy storage on the space station and associated
scientific platforms.
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In space nuclear power research, a high-temperature liquid
metal cooled reactor/thermoelectric conversion system was selected
for a Department of Defense (DOD)/Department of Energy (DOE)/
NASA ground engineering system test. In research on dynamic
conversion systems, development of a Stirling engine for use with
solar dynamic and/or advanced nuclear power systems continued.
The free-piston Stirling engine offers the potential to provide high
efficiency and long life. Projections of power requirements for the
evolutionary space station are increasing dramatically, and solar
dynamic or nuclear systems are expected to be required to meet
these higher power needs. In 1985, the largest free-piston Stirling
engine ever built was successfully operated with a linear alternator
conversion system. In the thermal management area, technology
for use of 50-meter pumped heat pipes/contact radiators for cooling
of the space station habitat was demonstrated. Technology for cap-
illary heat pipes for cooling experiments has been successfully
ground tested in conjunction with the space station thermal bus
system and in zero gravity experiments on the space shuttle. Ex-
perimental efforts continued to provide fundamental data on the
fluid dynamics and droplet formation processes for liquid droplet
and liquid belt radiators. Under the power management program,
the development of critical technologies for the space station power
management subsystem was completed. This included technology
for 20-kilohertz alternating current resonant power distribution,
100-kilowatt class fast-switching transistors and diodes, high-fre-
quency lightweight transformers and capacitors, and high-power
roll ring power transfer devices. In the advanced life support tech-
nology area, efforts continued on regenerative techniques aimed at
achieving a higher degree of closure of the water-air-waste cycle for
extended duration manned missions. Technology development has
been successfully completed on the electrochemical and solid amine
carbon dioxide concentrators and is continuing on low-energy
water filtration and supercritical waste oxidation systems.
Prior to FY 1986, the principal focus of the space energy conver-
sion program was to develop the power and life support technology
that would be applicable to the initial space station. This goal had
largely been accomplished by the end of FY 1985. In FY 1986, the
program was redirected to address the needs of other advanced
manned applications and planetary programs and to emphasize in-
novative technologies that will enable distant, future, ambitious
space missions such as lunar base and manned planetary missions.
In FY 1987, technology development for high-capacity, long-life
solar dynamic and space nuclear power will dominate. Added em-
phasis will be placed on technologies such as advanced radiators,
liquid metal heat pipes, and high-power lightweight power systems,
all of which are essential for the high-power systems of the foresee-
able future. In addition, development of innovative technologies
will be continued. Revolutionary concepts, such as laser power
transmission, use of extraterrestial resources and supercritical
water reclamation systems, may be necessary to accomplish ambi-
tious future missions such as planetary exploration and sample
return. In space nuclear power, technology development will con-
tinue for advanced dynamic and passive thermal-to-electric conver-
sion systems which offer the potential to reduce the weight and nu-
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clear fuel requirements to one-third of current technology systems.
Development of high-temperature receivers, thermal storage, con-
centrators and high-efficiency conversion systems which will
double the operating temperature and offer a fourfold reduction in
area will continue. Since it is expected that all commercial and
most military and NASA scientific satellites will continue to use
photovoltaic power systems, a major effort to increase the efficien-
cy and life and reduce the cost and weight of these photovoltaic
and associated energy storage systems will continue.
Propulsion research and technology
The objective of the propulsion research and technology program
is to provide the analytical tools and design activity necessary for
improving the life, performance, reliability, and maintainability of
chemical and electrical propulsion systems for future space trans-
portation vehicles, manned and unmanned platforms, and space-
craft systems. The program includes efforts directed at providing
longer life, reusable, fault-tolerant propulsion systems for future
lower cost earth-to-orbit (ETO) operations; high-performance, vari-
able thrust propulsion for increased orbit transfer mission flexibil-
ity and capability; efficient, long-life, on-board auxiliary propulsion
for precise attitude control, stationkeeping and drag makeup func-
tions; and very advanced concepts capable of greatly exceeding the
performance limits of conventional chemical propulsion systems.
Advanced technology for high-thrust (500 thousand to 2 million
pounds) high-pressure, resuable propulsion systems is focused on
extending the service life of engine components subjected to severe
internal dynamic environments, both mechanical and thermal, typ-
ical of engines of this class and on understanding and controlling
heat transfer in order to enable long combustor service life. These
technology advances are directly applicable to next generation hy-
drogen-fueled and hydrocarbon-fueled engines. Improved single-
crystal turbine blades constructed by an advanced processing tech-
nique have demonstrated extended low-cycle thermal fatigue life
compared to existing directionally solidified blade designs in
burner rig testing. A new theory for predicting the life of parts sub-
jected to both low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue has been developed
and will be verified initially in laboratory scale tests. A cryogenic
bearing thermal model design tool is now in operation and is being
validated by bearing tester temperature measurements. Isotope
and fiberoptic bearing-wear detectors have been successfully dem-
onstrated in laboratory testing and will be installed in pumps for
evaluation in real engine hardware as a part of the advanced
earth-to-orbit systems technology program. Finally, in liquid-
oxygen/methane combustion tests, experimental heat transfer data
has been generated and used to better understand the effect of
carbon deposition on heat transfer models for high-combustion
pressure operating conditions.
Orbital transfer vehicle propulsion requires very high-perform-
ance, variable thrust, long-life concepts, and on diagnostics for the
condition monitoring of critical high wear-rate components. Vehicle
studies have clearly indicated that multiple, small, lower thrust en-
gines are optimum for aeroassist compatibility and man rating.
Subcomponent OTV technologies are currently the focus of the re-
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search and technology base program. Enhanced heat transfer com-
bustor wall designs, key to high-pressure combustion operation,
have been successfully demonstrated in laboratory scale tests. The
compatibility of turbine blade materials with oxygen has also been
demonstrated in the laboratory. This is an alternative technique
for providing more turbine power for higher combustion pressure
operation. High-expansion-ratio nozzle performance prediction will
be enhanced through a test program just getting underway that is
designed to obtain experimental nozzle performance data. A pro-
gram to assess advanced materials and fabrication techniques for
lightweight high-expansion-ratio nozzles is also underway. Tech-
niques for improving the efficiency of small turbopumps, such as
partial admission turbines, high-velocity-ratio diffusing interstage
crossovers, and soft wear ring seals, have all shown promise in rig
test programs.
Auxiliary propulsion technology is focused on demonstrating the
performance and durability of gaseous-oxygen/gaseous-hydrogen
thrusters; electrothermal thrusters, including low operating power
arc jets; and iron thrusters operating with inert gases such as
xenon and argon. Oxygen-hydrogen thrusters designed for long life
and high-performance space station auxiliary propulsion require-
ments have been successfully tested at 25 pounds of thrust for over
two hours, delivering higher-than-predicted performance. Electro-
thermal thruster heating elements, based on tungsten alloys, have
demonstrated increased life capability, and the stable operation of
arc jet thrusters, operating with a 500-watt and less power level,
has also been demonstrated.
Studies are continuing to identify very advanced propulsion con-
cepts and to define the technology that would offer system perform-
ance far in excess of conventional propulsion systems. Experimen-
tal efforts aimed at reducing cathode erosion in magnetoplasma-
dynamic (MPD) thrusters continue for pulsed designs. Evaluation
of steady-state MPD thrusters is being initiated. In addition, the
design, fabrication, and test of a laser-heated hydrogen-powered
thruster is underway.
Technology efforts for advanced, high-pressure, reusable ETO
propulsion systems will continue to be directed toward the develop-
ment of analytical models designed to simulate internal engine en-
vironments and to predict the life of components operating in those
environments; the development of components designed for longer
operating service life, including advanced bearings, advanced tur-
bine blade materials and thermal barrier coatings, rotor damping
devices, improve combustion preburners and main combustors; and
the development of high-performance hydrocarbon-fueled combus-
tors. Advanced instrumentation will continue to be developed to
more accurately measure the internal dynamic environments of
high-pressure engines, as will diagnostic sensors designed to moni-
tor the condition of high wear-rate components. These technology
advances will provide the basis for the design of longer life, higher
performance engines with automated between-flight inspection,
servicing and checkout operation, leading to lower cost access to
space.
Technology for variable-thrust orbit transfer propulsion will con-
tinue to focus on subcomponent research with the objective of gen-
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erating analyses and design criteria for engine components critical
to achievement of performance, life and maintainability goals for a
space-based, man-rated orbital transfer vehicle. Critical compo-
nents include high-performance, long-life, enhanced transfer com-
bustors; highly efficient variable flow rate turbopumps; and inte-
grated diagnostic instrumentation. Test rigs will be used to vali-
date analytical models and advanced component designs as they
evolve. These technologies are key to the operational capabilities of
a space-based OTV that will provide lower cost routine transporta-
tion to geosychronous orbit and beyond.
Auxiliary propulsion technology efforts will focus on gaseous-
oxygen/gaseous-hydrogen thruster development; long-life resistojets
with multiple gas operating capability; and high-performance low-
power arc jet thrusters. The technologies leading to very high-per-
formance, durable, on-board propulsion systems will provide the
basis for reducing propellant resupply, extending the useful life-
time of earth-orbiting satellites, and allowing more useful payloads
to be carried on-board (science, transponders, etc.) because of re-
duced propellant requirements.
Advanced propulsion studies will continue with the objective of
identifying promising concepts that offer performance capabilities
far in excess of today's conventional propulsion systems. In addi-
tion, work will continue toward reducing cathode erosion of high-
performance MPD thrusters and toward the design, fabrication,
and test of a thruster designed to operate on laser-heated hydro-
gen.
Materials and structures research and technology
The objectives of the materials and structures research and tech-
nology program are to provide for the construction, performance,
efficiency, durability, and economy required for large-area space
structures, antennas and space platforms, advanced space transpor-
tation systems, orbiting spacecraft, planetary probes, and shuttle
payloads. Major technical areas of emphasis in materials include
initiation and basic understanding of advanced materials; develop-
ment of computational chemistry methodology; characterization of
long-duration space environmental effects on materials; and the de-
velopment of ceramic, metallic, and advanced carbon-carbon ther-
mal protection systems. Structures technology is directed toward
development of advanced truss structural concepts; reliable meth-
ods for deployment/erection and repair of space structures; new
structural and tankage concepts for advanced earth-to-orbit rocket
and airbreathing space transportation systems, and orbital transfer
vehicles; and efficient analytical methods for design and evaluation
of advanced space structures, including integrated structures/ther-
mal controls analysis, optimization techniques, and structure/con-
trols interaction methodology.
A key element for structural dynamics research during FY 1986
was the implementation of a focused program for the dynamic re-
sponse and passive/active control of flexible space structures. This
activity encompasses a variety of large space structures that in-
clude joint-dominated deployable beams, flexible platform struc-
tures, and antenna structures. The major program goal is to devel-
op validated structures/controls analysis methods which will then
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allow detailed design studies that can assess technology merits be-
tween utilizing structural stiffness, passive damping techniques,
and active control methods to attain specified system performance
and accuracy requirements. As part of the ongoing space construc-
tion research activities, an in-space shuttle-bay structural assembly
experiment was conducted early in FY 1986. This experiment in-
volved the construction of a joint-dominated truss from the cargo
bay of the space shuttle by two astronauts to obtain data to evalu-
ate on-orbit assembly and repair techniques. Preliminary data
show good agreement with ground-based studies in the neutral
buoyancy facility. A data base of assembly and repair timeliness is
essential for space station and other large space construction in the
future.
In FY 1986, ground testing of a 15-meter deployable hoop-column
antenna to understand its modal vibration response will continue.
The data obtained from this complex, cable-stiffened structure will
serve as a basis for the development of future analytical dynamic
models. Additionally, research in structural dynamic response is re-
sulting in the completion of the nonlinear analysis of a generic,
multibody, flexible, large space structure. This research is neces-
sary to enhance understanding and lead to the development of suit-
able active and passive control technology for stable structures.
Materials research in FY 1986 focused on the effects of the space
environment. Material behavior must be understood to ensure
long-life survivability of space structures. The area of atomic
oxygen interaction with materials received considerable attention.
Ground-based facilities to simulate space effects were established in
preparation for a December 1986 flight experiment to validate ana-
lytical models. Emphasis was placed on developing space-durable
polymeric composite materials and protective coatings and the
study of methods for nondestructive testing and evaluation. Sup-
porting research was conducted to understand the mechanisms con-
trolling surface properties of materials in a space environment.
Increased emphasis was placed on the technology requirements
for an aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicle and an aerospace plane
vehicle. Part of the assessment process for advanced thermal pro-
tection systems (TPS) concepts included exposure to an arc jet to
simulate the reentry environment. Extensive research for advanced
TPS will continue in FY 1986. The effort is focused on advanced
silicon-carbide composite concepts and other ceramics in the form
of tailorable advanced blanket insulation. Three-dimensional weav-
ing procedures were developed, resulting in blankets of significant-
ly greater durability.
The effect of the space environment on structural materials for
spacecraft, space station, and orbital transfer and transatmospheric
vehicle applications will be a major program activity. Included in
this activity will be research on the durability of polymeric materi-
als, thermal control coatings, films, adhesives, and seals. The radi-
ation damage mechanism in epoxy matrix composites tested in a
ground-simulated space environment for geosynchronous earth
orbit will be identified. This program continues the accelerated
testing of these materials in the combined space radiation environ-
ment of electrons, protons, vacuum and ultraviolet. Analysis of
both ground-based and flight data on atomic oxygen effects will be
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carried out to determine mechanisms involved. New protective
coatings will be developed. Thermal control coatings research to
allow full benefit of composite structures for large-area space appli-
cation and the study of the dimensional stability of composite
structures in the space cyclic-thermal environment will continue.
Basic research on materials for space power systems, particularly
in the area of fluid heat exchanger capability, will be increased to
better understand material compatibility issues to ensure long-
term system life.
Advanced carbon-carbon and ceramic composite concepts will
remain a major focus in the thermal protection systems program.
Activities in the ceramic thermal protection system areas will con-
tinue to be directed toward the further development of flexible ce-
ramic blanket-type insulation for application to advanced orbital
transfer vehicles and for further upgrade of material currently
used on the shuttle. The new system will cost less and will be more
durable. Both rigid and flexible TPS will be evaluated for use on a
rapid-response aerospace plane.
Research in advanced space structures will establish structural
concepts, deployment schemes, and packaging techniques that will
permit structures on the order of 100 to 200 meters in size to be
carried into orbit in one shuttle flight and automatically deployed.
Erectable concepts and assembly methods for structures between
100 and 1000 meters in size will be developed. Research on a multi-
jointed flexible 20-meter beam will be performed to establish the
technology base for the control of flexible structures dynamic re-
sponse with the goal of conducting in-space structural dynamics
flight experiments to validate the technology. This activity will re-
quire both analytical and experimental research to develop proce-
dures to characterize structural configurations during ground tests,
as well as during space tests. Active and passive damping tech-
niques to reduce structural vibration will be developed in parallel
with the development of methods for predicting and reducing the
dynamic response of structural configurations for large-area space
platforms and antenna structures.
A coordinated program for research on advanced analytical
methods will be conducted in FY 1987. This program is aimed at
developing, testing, and verifying solution algorithms utilizing su-
percomputers. New, extremely fast and efficient structural analysis
methods are essential to the design, analysis, and performance of
large-area space structures, aerospace plane vehicles, and other
space structures. Advanced analytical methods that include deploy-
ment dynamics and mechanisms simulation will be continued for
analysis of large, flexible space structures and platforms. Addition-
ally, research to develop improved integrated fluid-thermal-struc-
tural analysis capability will continue with focus on generic con-
figurations to allow for the development of highly efficient, stable
structures for high-speed flight. New innovative concepts and join-
ing processes for fabricating lightweight high-temperature struc-
tures for advanced space transportation vehicles, including earth-
to-orbit vehicles, will be developed.
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Space data and communications research and technology
The space data and communications research and technology
program is directed toward controlling, processing, storing, and ma-
nipulating space-derived data and enabling new concepts in satel-
lite communications.
The objectives of the data systems efforts are to provide the tech-
nology to enable affordable utilization of space-derived information;
to increase substantially the capability of on-board processing for
future missions; and to provide computational systems anticipated
for evolutionary space station. Development work is nearing com-
pletion on the massively parallel processor to be used in Landsat
data reduction and the ten-terabit optical-disk juke-box system to
be used to support a nationwide space science data base network.
Development of the high-bandwidth terabit optical-disk buffer
system intended for space station and other flight applications is
underway. Individual elements of the technology needed to produce
the buffer have been demonstrated and are now being assembled
into a demonstration unit. Work is underway to obtain, evaluate,
and assemble processors from the very advanced integrated circuits
that are now becoming available for space applications. Advances
in on-board processing and storage will allow the migration of
ground-based data processing to the space station, thus enabling
substantial savings in operations costs.
The communications technology effort provides the necessary re-
search and technology required to maintain and ensure the U.S.
preeminence in satellite communications. Fundamental research in
microwave tubes has led to the development of a 100-watt, 60-GHz
(gigahertz) traveling wave tube to provide high-bandwidth micro-
wave communications capabilities for intersatellite links for the ad-
vanced tracking and data relay satellite systems. An eight-beam
overlapping-cluster microwave feed has been developed to demon-
strate that antennas with contiguous mulitiple beams can be de-
signed with very low sidelobes for optimum ground cover and fre-
quency. Also, a 15-meter hoop-column antenna was designed and
successfully tested with the eight-beam feed. Large-aperature feed
and antenna technology is aimed at opening new space communica-
tions markets for mobile applications and for the very large base-
line interferometer (VLBI) science mission. Recent results from our
large-aperature feed and antenna experiments provide the opportu-
nity for on-orbit antenna shape adjustment capability which could
significantly reduce the cost of assuring precision shape. An X-
band dielectric resonator oscillator with excellent temperature sta-
bility and low-phase noise has been developed which replaces the
more expensive and error-prone frequency multiplier chains previ-
ously employed in spacecraft transponders for application to the
Mariner Mark II series of planetary exploration spacecraft. A 20
GHz monolithic microwave integrated-circuit transmit module has
been successfully built and tested. This module consists of five-
switched line phase shifter circuits with control logic, a buffer am-
plifier for phase compensation, and a power amplifier contained on
a single chip. This technology is necessary for the development of
low-weight and cost-effective phased array feeds for large antenna
systems.
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In data systems, the program provides computing technology for
upcoming NASA missions with emphasis on the needs of space sta-
tion and associated platforms. The data systems program takes sub-
stantial advantage of related development work done by DOD or
other government agencies and is coordinated with those agencies.
Very high-performance, high-speed processors will be assembled for
NASA applications from modular components from the DOD very
high-speed integrated circuits (VHSIC) program. A very highly reli-
able processor for use in high radiation environments will be as-
sembled and tested to extend the life and performance capabilities
of low-earth-orbit and planetary spacecraft. Spaceborne processors
to meet very specific and demanding requirements of scientific in-
struments will be developed as special adaptations to processors for
other government applications. The high-bandwidth terabit optical-
disk buffer will be demonstrated for application to space station de-
velopment. Work in developing high-speed fiber-optic modules for
space applications in conjunction with the Air Force will continue.
This technology is applicable to space station and the earth observ-
ing system for the distribution of high rate data between subsys-
tems. Work will be initiated to investigate applications for very
fast and high-capacity associative memory technology.
In FY 1987, the 60-GHz traveling wave tube (TWT) will be mated
with a multiple-depressed collector with an expected twofold en-
hancement in efficiency. Also, a 60-GHz TWT will be specifically
designed for power levels and bandwidths commensurate with a
demonstration of communications between satellites at rates in
excess of 300 million bits per second. A programmable adaptive
phased array feed will be employed with the 15-meter hoop-column
antenna to prove the theoretical concept of using phase and ampli-
tude of the feed to compensate on-orbit for surface deformations of
the antenna in order to provide the ideal far-field antenna pattern.
Work will also be intitiated on unique adaptive feed concepts with
frequency reuse and contiguous multiple beams, a goal with revolu-
tionary implications for large antenna systems technology. The
major goal of the monolithic microwave integrated circuit research
for FY 1987 will be to build a prototype 20-GHz feed, complete with
the necessary phase and amplitude integrated circuits and control
logic, and test this on an appropriate antenna in the Lewis Re-
search Center's near-field facility. This work will ultimately enable
the devlopment of cost-effective, low-weight electronically steerable
antennas, a technology that will dramatically increase the science
returns of both low-earth-orbit and planetary missions. The X-band
transponder demonstration technology will be completed and tran-
sitioned to the Office of Space Science and Applications for applica-
tion to the Mariner Mark II series of missions. Included in this will
be the successful design and demonstration of an engineering
model of a 5-watt X-band solid-state power amplifer with record ef-
ficiencies of approximately 40 percent. Two-dimensional laser array
technology for optical communications both in near-earth and plan-
etary applications will continue. In particular, a new solid-state op-
tical detector employing a superlattice-type construction will be
built and tested. This device could allow operation of future optical
communications systems at bandwidths in excess of one gigabit per
second.
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Information sciences research and technology
The objective of the information sciences research and technolo-
gy program is to provide advanced concepts, techniques, system ar-
chitectures, hardware components, algorithms, and software for
space information systems. The program contains disciplinary ac-
tivities in computer science and sensor systems. The computer sci-
ence program is improving the state of knowledge of fundamental
aerospace computing principles and advancing computing technolo-
gy in space applications such as spacecraft operations and informa-
tion extraction from images. Advances in information science are
necessary to cope with the explosive growth in the quantity and
complexity of space-acquired data. Sensor research is focused on ex-
tending the capabilities of active and passive sensing systems in
terms of NASA's unique requirements for spectral range, sensitivi-
ty, and resolution to enable future science and applications mission
objectives.
In computer science, research in the fundamentals of data base
logic have resulted in the development of a common user interface
for accessing data from several data bases, even when the data
bases being accessed have very different structures. This work pro-
vides the foundation that will enable NASA space data users access
to multiple data bases independent of their physical distribution or
structure. This research will reduce the cost of data base intensive
research that would otherwise be unaffordable.
New approaches to software management will be evaluated in
ongoing software production facilities. An experiment to test the
validity of a simulation-based cost model for the software life cycle
will be starting. Studies of parallel algorithms and principles of
concurrency are underway and are yielding information on how to
use the largely unexploited capabilities of parallel processors. The
development work on the massively parallel processor is now con-
cluding. That processor is now transitioning from its developmental
role into an operational one to support research requiring very
powerful computing capabi l ities. Researchers a t 1 4 n
uiversities, 8
research laboratories, and 3 NASA centers are using this computer
to evaluate its unique capabilities for image processing.
In the sensor technology program, a Raman-shifted, efficient, ul-
traviolet excimer laser under development will be used to demon-
strate the feasibility of active remote monitoring of stratospheric
ozone from the ground-based light detection and ranging (LIDAR)
facility for eventual space application for the earth observing
system (EOS) mission. In the area of solid-state lasers, results of ex-
perimental measurements of potential laser materials and dopant
ions indicate that materials which exhibit broad fluorescence emis-
sion will also be capable of tunable laser operation over broad
wavelength regions, a feature of importance in active remote sens-
ing. In addition, research is being done on two-dimensional arrays
of semiconductor lasers with emission energy densities greater
than a kilowatt per square centimeter to replace flashlamps for
laser pumping for use in missions such as EOS.
In conjunction with the California Institute of Technology, a su-
perlattice diode has been built which offers the potential of inte-
grating the detector with the laser and other active devices on the
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same chip and having the device voltage-tune over wavelength re-
gions of interest enabling wavelength adaptive space sensor capa-
bility. The development of an antimony doped silicon array has ex-
tended the capability of space infrared sensors to 30 micrometers
with an order of magnitude lower readout noise. This device will
find application on the large deployable reflector mission. An X-ray
imaging spectrometer has been invented that will analyze X-rays
in the 1- to 30-kiloelectron volt region which is an important sci-
ence objective of the advanced X-ray astronomical facility.
In computer science, the knowledge-based techniques that have
been demonstrated as applied to hyperspectral scene analysis for
geologic remote sensing will be expanded and shared with other
users to demonstrate the usefulness and portability of the approach
to the analysis of space-acquired data. The distributed access and
view integrated data base work will focus on applying this capabil-
ity to selected pilot space data systems.
A major emphasis is being placed on the coordination of NASA
and DOD software technology programs. ADA has already been se-
lected as the language for space station, and efforts will be contin-
ued to maximize the benefits from use of that language. Special ef-
forts will continue to coordinate NASA technology with the DOD
software technology for adaptable reliable systems program and
the DOD Software Engineering Institute. Software engineering re-
search leading toward improved techniques and tools to produce
and manage large and complex software development tasks will
continue. Software engineering advances will be combined in a
showcase aerospace software production environment which will
reduce the cost of all future space software development efforts.
The Center for Aeronautics and Space Information Sciences at
Stanford University will continue as a center of excellence in aero-
space computing, conducting research and educating students in
concurrent processing, networking, information management, and
large-scale system architecture.
In the sensors program, work will continue on detector arrays for
background-limited observations for space-based astronomical ob-
servations. Techniques such as impurity band photodetectors and
stressed photodetectors will be investigated for extending the sensi-
tivity out into the very far infrared and into the upper part of the
submillimeter portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Supercon-
ducting mixing devices with wide-band gap materials will be inves-
tigated for use at midsubmillimeter wavelengths. Research on
arrays of mixers for simultaneous spatial and spectral imaging will
be initiated. Submillimeter sensing technologies are targeted at at-
mospheric and astronomical sensing missions. These technology ef-
forts are aimed at providing scientists with the remote sensing ca-
pability in the submillimeter region of the electromagnetic spec-
trum. Pumping of solid-state lasers with various geometrical arrays
of semiconductor diodes will be pursued for active remote sensing.
Also, new solid-state crystals with large degrees of tuning band-
width, together with doubling crystals, will be investigated for
reaching previously unattainable wavelengths. These laser sensing
technologies will be evaluated on the lasers in space technology ex-
periments and are targeted for application on EOS.
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Controls and guidance research and technology
The space controls and guidance research and technology pro-
gram goals are to generate the practical design methods and tech-
niques required to enable precise pointing and stabilization for
future NASA spacecraft and payloads; to maintain precise struc-
tural shape control for highly flexible large space systems; and to
guide, navigate, and control advanced space transportation vehi-
cles. Emphasis is being placed on advancing the methodology of
combining both ground-based testing and future space-based testing
with modern control theory to validate advanced flexible body mod-
eling techniques and control laws.
Recent program accomplishments include the successful demon-
stration of distributed active control in improving disturbance sup-
pression damping by a factor of five or more, a result important to
the NASA planned pinhole occulter project and planned mobile
communication satellite ventures; the completion of the spacecraft
control laboratory experiment test article for the testing of new
spacecraft pointing control algorithms important to large flexible
astrophysical reflector telescopes; system identification programs
which can accurately determine, on orbit, the vibration modes in
large space systems, such as growth space station; the successful
breadboard test of a unique three-dimensional shape and motion
sensor useful for determining the behavior of large flexible struc-
tures in space, such as will be tested in the control of flexible struc-
tures flight experiments; and the invention of a novel soft-mount-
ing isolation device which uses a newly available piezoelectric poly-
mer as the control actuator for supporting precisely pointed pay-
loads on space station. Practical guidance laws were generated
from optimal navigation control theory for a wide range of aero-
maneuvering orbital transfer vehicles. Also, in the transportation
system vehicles area, a very successful laboratory test was complet-
ed for the all solid-state fiber-optic rotation sensor, satisfying a
wide spectrum of transportation vehicle requirements for a reli-
able, long-life, autonomous, precision navigation capability. A
broad technology plan was completed to guide the overall transpor-
tation vehicle program's future activities.
Specific FY 1987 controls and guidance research activities will
include further theoretical exploration of modern control theory
methods associated with system identification, distributed control
and adaptive control, and definitive testing of competing methods
in ground test facilities. The goal is to identify and validate the
most effective control concepts for in-space tests aboard the control
of flexible structures flight experiment. The unique three-dimen-
sional shape and motion sensor is being extended to a multitarget
capability for a precise shape measurement of realistic three-di-
mensional large space structures such as the land mobile satellite
and space station. The precision soft-mount elements, useful for
space station mounted payloads, will be fabricated and breadboard
tested under realistic space station disturbance environment.
In the advanced transportation systems area, the technical chal-
lenge will be met for solutions for aeromaneuvering vehicles under-
going skip trajectories, synergistic plane changes, and precise land-
ings involving large downrange and crossrange capability. The ad-
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vancement of the very promising all solid-state fiber-optic rotation
sensor for navigation will be continued to provide transportation
vehicle and interplanetary spacecraft requirements for long life
and reliability. A substantial effort will be devoted to examining
the concept of the control-configured space transportation vehicle,
a vehicle which depends largely on the rapidly advancing areas of
controls technology for its performance, stability, and economy of
operation.
Human factors research and technology
The objective of the space human factors research and technolo-
gy program is to provide the technology base for productivity, effi-
ciency, and safety in increasingly complex manned space oper-
ations, including the space station and a potential national aero-
space plane. The research is focused on crewstation design and pro-
ductivity enhancements for extravehicular activity (EVA). The ob-
jective of the crewstation design effort is to determine the require-
ments for effective interfaces between human operators and ad-
vanced automation. This issue has become very challenging due to
the increasing levels of machine intelligence and autonomy sought
by system designers. Instead of performing low-level sensor integra-
tion and determining actuator positions, the human operator is be-
coming a supervisor of intelligent systems. For example, an expert
system interface has been designed for an orbital refueling system
with fault diagnosis and explanation strategies developed from sim-
ulated operational experience.
Effective information transfer between the system and the opera-
tor is fundamental to the operation of highly automated systems.
Current research has guided development of a wide field-of-view
stereo helmet-mounted display for remote manipulation, algo-
rithms for machine vision, and guidelines for improved proximity
operations displays.
One thrust of the crewstation design effort is to ensure that
human/computer interaction technology developed outside the
agency is adapted to NASA's unique aerospace needs. As part of
this effort, a project is underway to develop comprehensive guide-
lines derived from research by industry, the military, and acade-
mia. An advisory group has been created and has formally re-
viewed initial sections of the guidelines. Formal publication is
planned for FY 1987.
A second broad thrust is the development of rapid prototyping
methodologies for crewstation design. The idea is to bring together
very advanced research concepts in working demonstrations and to
obtain user evaluations early in the research and development
process. This encourages focused research which addresses the
needs of the user community. Rapid prototyping is being applied to
a wide field-of-view stereo display for enhanced situational dis-
plays. The device is a major breakthrough in engineering design
because it has achieved very high functionality at very low weight,
power, and cost. It will significantly augment visual feedback in
teleoperations tasks on space station. Currently, two versions of the
display system have been built based on liquid crystal technology.
Liquid crystal display technology allows low cost, high function-
ality, and ruggedness. An advanced version of the video processor
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has been built and holographic optics are being designed. Holo-
graphic optics will reduce the weight of the system and allow very
compact packaging.
To encourage rapid prototyping at the system level, a space sta-
tion proximity operations workstation mockup is being built to
bring together a wide array of advanced research concepts, includ-
ing voice interaction automated systems, intelligent system inter-
face software, three-dimensional perspective displays, spatial aural
displays, and exterior window concepts. Currently, the display and
control hardware is being assembled in a cylindrical module. Re-
searchers in each of the above areas have projects which they are
preparing for integration into the module. These include an expert
system for human interface to the in-orbit refueling system, inno-
vative display formats for space traffic control and EVA monitor-
ing, and a working helmet-mounted display. The space station
proximity operations workstation will be used to test advanced con-
cepts for human/automation interface. Proximity operations sce-
narios will be utilized for these studies.
Interaction with automated (expert) systems is a third major
thrust of the crewstation design effort. Effective coordination in
automated and human-controlled functions is required for NASA's
increasingly complex missions. Improved crew interface to automa-
tion will allow reduction of ground support requirements and
greater crew productivity, even as operational demands increase.
In particular, studies are underway to determine how best to inter-
act with automation which shares system expertise, authority, and
control with the human operator. One of these studies uses an or-
bital refueling system simulator and expert system for explanation
of operator/automation interface experiments. This study has
shown that operators require explanation of higher level situation-
al implications of "out-of-tolerance" conditions.
A very successful research project in laser anthropometry sup-
ports both crewstation design and EVA performance. The system is
installed and in full operation. This unique tool allows the three-
dimensional position of an astronaut to be recorded rapidly and ac-
curately; the data are then reconstructed into geometric form for
analysis of astronaut activities. This allows automated tests of pro-
posed workstation layouts, as well as determination of the feasibili-
ty of specific EVA tasks. The laser anthropometry system is being
augmented by addition of a strength and motion data base. Experi-
ments are underway to obtain data for the upper body.
Other support for EVA includes a space helmet-mounted display
which can be used to display suit status and EVA task guidance
information. This system has been prototyped and is currently un-
dergoing integration tests and initial format development. The
space human factors program is also contributing to the agency's
development of a hard spacesuit. A hard spacesuit will allow astro-
nauts to exit the spacecraft without several hours of prebreathing,
because it operates at the same high atmospheric pressure as the
spacecraft cabin. The high-pressure demonstrator suits are being
built and tested.
Research in FY 1987 will emphasize crew workstation design
with a lesser effort in EVA aids. A comprehensive set of human
factors guidelines which are specific to NASA's missions will be
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published and distributed to space station contractors. The prox-
mity operations mockup will be a mature facility for support of
rapid prototyping, and advanced research concepts will be brought
in for systems-level evaluation and comment by users. By FY 1987,
research on the wide field-of-view stereo display will be ready to
support an advanced virtual display capability. The virtual display
is a major leap beyond current computer display technology. It
allows computer-generated graphics and text to be displayed any-
where in the user's workspace, which greatly improves the infor-
mation transfer capability of spatial information displays.
Expert system interface analyses will develop multilevel system
models and other strategies to enable systems and users to commu-
nicate efficiently about system status and fault diagnosis. Laser an-
thropometry work will include the completion of efforts to model
the strength and motion parameters of the upper body, and similar
modeling work for the lower body will be initiated. Software en-
hancements will improve the user interface to the anthropometry
data base. Efforts will begin to integrate the anthropometric data
base with other human factors computer-aided design tools. Oper-
ational formats will be developed for the space helmet display and
evaluated for application to EVA tasks. Research to support the
high-pressure hard spacesuit effort will focus on new approaches to
flexible but durable gloves that can be used comfortably at high in-
ternal pressures. Higher suit pressures cause gloves to be less flexi-
ble, which increases chaffing and other discomforts. High-pressure
gloves have also suffered unacceptable fatigue failures.
Space flight research and technology
The objective of this program is to provide a research-quality
flight data base for the validation of ground-based research and
technology efforts required for the development of future space sys-
tems and operations. This objective is accomplished through the
utilization of the space shuttle as an in-space research laboratory.
Flight data obtained from this effort provide a foundation for the
development, refinement and verification of analytical theories and
ground facility performance, test methods, and techniques. This
program encompasses the design, development, and flight test of
experiments and the development of special purpose, reusable,
flight research facilities for use in space.
Under the orbiter experiments program (OEX), shuttle flights
have included key aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic experi-
ments on orbiter vehicle 102. These experiments included low- and
high-altitude research-quality air data systems for the measure-
ment of air density from the upper atmosphere to touchdown and
an infrared scanner in the vertical stabilizer to measure entry
heating on the shuttle upper wing and fuselage surfaces. Also,
during FY 1986, the second flight of an adaptive autopilot will have
demonstrated autonomous rendezvous with a real target. This ex-
periment has demonstrated an automated rendezvous and docking
capability that will provide significant benefits to future space op-
erations and, in particular, to future space station operations. In
late FY 1986, flight testing of advanced termal protection system
test panels is scheduled to be initiated. These panels will provide
actual flight data on durable, high-performance concepts which
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could become candidates for future aerospace vehicles. The orbiter
acceleration research experiment will provide accurate aerodynam-
ic acceleration measurements during orbit and reentry and will
make significant contributions to the data base for the rarefied and
transitional flow regimes. This data base will be used to predict
drag forces more accurately on large space structures to enable ac-
curate prediction of propellant usage for orbit maintenance and at-
titude control. This experiment has completed critical design
review in preparation for hardware development and a planned
flight in the 1988 time frame.
An aeroassist orbital transfer vehicle (AOTV) offers the potential
of utilizing atmospheric forces rather than a propulsion system to
achieve desired orbital changes. For some missions, the propellant
savings of an AOTV, as compared to a conventional configuration,
is estimated to be sufficient to allow nearly double the payload for
the same size vehicle. The AOTV flight experiment will release a
test vehicle from the orbiter payload bay to be raised in orbit, then
accelerated into the atmosphere to simulate the aerobrake maneu-
ver, and recovered into the payload bay. During the maneuver,
data on aerodynamic, aerothermodynamic, and thermal protection
system response will be achieved. Ground-based wind tunnels are
not capable of simulating the aerobraking environment. This ex-
periment is currently in concept definition in preparation for the
Phase C/D (design, development, and flight test) initiation in FY
1988.
The cryogenic fluid management flight experiment, which pro-
vides basic understanding of the storage, acquisition, and transfer
of cryogenic fluids in zero gravity, will complete systems level pre-
liminary design efforts, the Phase I ground safety reviews, and the
installation of the cryogenic systems analysis model on the Cray
computer. This technology is critical to the design of future cryo-
genically fueled orbital transfer vehicles (OTV) and for the on-orbit
supply and resupply of cryogens to both spacecraft and platforms
in that it will provide the technology to design cryogenic systems to
minimize propellant boiloff during storage and transfer and thus
provide operating efficiencies that will significantly reduce the
transportation costs associated with space-based OTV's.
The definition of a hypersonic technology flight experiment will
be initiated in 1986 to provide experimental flight data applicable
to high-speed aerospace vehicle performance in the high Mach
number and altitude regimes to validate aerodynamic and aero-
thermodynamic computational capability and the behavior of ad-
vanced material components and actively cooled thermal structures
components.
The development of a space technology experiments platform
(STEP) was initiated in FY 1985 to provide a dedicated support
system which will be used to conduct flight experiments to study
the control of flexible structures in space. STEP is configured to ac-
commodate a broad range of experimental objectives to study the
effects of microgravity, wide thermal excursion, and absence of at-
mospheric damping which are characteristic of the space environ-
ment. STEP, as a reusable payload support system and standard or-
biter interface, will provide a cost-effective means for routinely
conducting a variety of experiments on-board the shuttle.
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The long-duration exposure facility awaits retrieval by the shut-
tle and subsequent data analysis. The ion auxiliary propulsion
system remains in flight-ready status for flight on an Air Force sat-
ellite. A conceptual design of a plume experiment was initiated,
and two heat-pipe experiments, the capillary pump loop and the
space station heat-pipe advanced radiator element, are scheduled to
complete flights in FY 1986.
A new focus in FY 1987 is the expansion of the flight experi-
ments program supporting base research and technology activities.
This will be accomplished by a directed activity that will extend
flight experiment opportunities to the aerospace and academic
communities.
Significant activity will occur in the orbiter experiments pro-
gram: the aerodynamic/aerothermodynamic instrumented flight
initiated in FY 1986 will continue through a six-flight series con-
cluding in approximately mid-1987; the thermal protection system
panels, also installed on the orbiter in FY 1986, will continue
flights on orbiter vehicle 102 through FY 1987 and conclude in FY
1988; and the hardware development for the orbital acceleration re-
search experiment will be initiated.
The aeroassist flight experiment will continue through systems
design definition. The hypersonic technology flight experiment will
continue requirements definition and design activities leading to a
potential flight in the 1988-1989 time frame.
The cryogenic fluid management flight experiment, the space
technology experiments platform, and the solid-state laser light de-
tection and ranging in-space technology experiment will initiate
hardware development in FY 1987 to prepare for future flight
dates. The plume survey experiment will complete preliminary
design in preparation for hardware development leading to flight
in 1990.
Systems analysis
The objectives of the systems analysis program are to: (1) conduct
systems analyses to identify technology requirements for spacecraft
systems, space transportation systems, and large space systems for
the national space program; (2) integrate these requirements into a
comprehensive technology plan; and (3) provide data to establish
the ability to develop these technologies in a timely manner. Close
coordination with NASA flight program offices and other users is
maintained to ensure proper prioritization of enabling high-lever-
age technologies.
Spacecraft systems are subdivided into planetary systems, com-
munications, earth sciences, and astronomy applications. In FY
1986, the planetary systems analysis has focused on technology
needs for high priority missions, with continued emphasis on comet
and planetary sample return missions. In communications, the em-
phasis is to identify, assess, and prioritize high-leverage enabling
and enhancing technologies. These studies show that a concerted
technology program could potentially double payload fractions,
thereby increasing the spacecraft mission accomplishments and re-
ducing costs. In earth sciences, the focus is on earth observing sys-
tems (EOS) where interactions between instruments and subsys-
tems will be addressed on an interdisciplinary basis to achieve a
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total spacecraft system technology i.lan. In astrophysics, activities
will include the design of a subscale large deployable reflector
optics breadboard. This work will be supplemented by a pre-Phase
A study with the Office of Space Science and Applications. The
Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology capabilities in large
space structures will be used to support missions and technology
tradeoff studies in most of the spacecraft system areas under study.
The space transportation systems analyses are focused in three
areas: advanced earth-to-orbit vehicles (ETO), aeroassist orbital
transfer vehicles (AOTV), and advanced space transportation sys-
tems conceptual design and analysis methods. The ETO area in-
cludes the technology to support replacement shuttle (Shuttle II),
the heavy-lift launch vehicle and very advanced (post-2010) future
space transportation systems. The FY 1986 ETO studies/analyses
are focused on Shuttle II and the impact of liquid-oxygen/hydrocar-
bon (LOX/HC) engines on reusable ETO configurations. The FY
1986 ETO studies also include the definition of nonintrusive instru-
mentation and measurements applicable across the speed range
during ascent and entry of an ETO vehicle. Shuttle II efforts will
identify and prioritize enabling and high-leverage technologies re-
quired for a transportation vehicle that operates between earth
and the space station for logistics, crew change-out, up and down
payloads and, in some cases, platform and satellite servicing. This
vehicle will be consistent with the national space transportation ar-
chitecture. The LOX/HC engines/vehicle integration and design
studies are being used to assess the impact on reusable transporta-
tion vehicle performance and cost. The use of LOX/HC engines,
which require very high-density propellants and thus significantly
smaller propellant tanks, has the potential for large reductions in
dry weight and large reductions in cost per pound of payload to
orbit. AOTV technology and environment studies are continuing in
FY 1986 but are concentrated on cislunar transportation systems-
in particular, on the identification of the class or classes of AOTV's
that will be required to operate between lunar orbit and low earth
orbit (LEO). The application of aeroassist braking to the OTV on
return to LEO has the potential for a 50-percent reduction in pro-
pellant requirements and cost and a corresponding increase in pay-
load to orbit. These studies are consistent with the renewed inter-
est in lunar and planetary colonization and mining. Finally, con-
ceptual design and analysis methods are needed to conduct re-
quired trade studies in a most efficient and cost-effective manner.
This involves the update and development of the necessary analyti-
cal and numerical tools including the computer-aided engineering
software and the technology and cost data base.
In the area of large space systems, both manned and unmanned,
the analysis program is undergoing a transition in focus from tech-
nology for IOC space station to technology for evolutionary growth
configurations in the late 1990's and beyond. Additionally, analysis
activities have been started to identify in-space research and tech-
nology programs which would utilize the space station as a re-
search facility in space, and to begin identifying technology re-
quirements for a manned geosynchronous platform, a manned
lunar base, and a manned Mars expedition.
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In FY 1986, there are three specific activity areas in the large
space systems analysis program: (1) systems analysis methods; (2)
future space stations including the evolutionary growth space sta-
tion in low earth orbit, a manned geosynchronous platform, a
manned lunar base, and a manned Mars mission; and (3) in-space
research, technology, and engineering program planning. The ob-
jective of the systems analysis methods is to maintain development
of advanced analytic simulation/emulation computer-based capa-
bilities for determining the operational characteristics of large
space systems, predicting nominal and worst-case failure modes,
and identifying critical system/subsystem interfaces. The objective
of the second activity area, future space stations, is to address mis-
sion and system requirements to identify associated technology
needs and trends. Specifically, efforts will continue for developing
generic space system models to permit the conduct of sensitivity
trades for large in-space systems.
Additional tasks will investigate technology needs for such activi-
ties as construction of lunar structures, propellant and oxygen pro-
duction from lunar oxides and Martian permafrost and atmos-
phere, food production for lunar and Martian missions, and in-
flight training for long-duration interplanetary missions. The ac-
tivities in the third area are associated with developing a technical
basis for conducting in-space research, technology, and engineering
experiments using the space station as a laboratory facility. Three
areas are being investigated for potential in-space experiment pro-
grams: fluid behavior, space environment, and structural dynamics
and control.
In spacecraft systems, the analysis effort has identified technol-
ogies that will be needed to support the spacecraft technology
driver missions. Efforts will continue to build upon these initial re-
sults by conducting detailed follow-up to the 1985 large deployable
reflector (LDR) workshop; analyzing large space structures with
focus on LDR and improving mobile communication satellite
(termed MSAT) capability; assimilating the EOS technology work-
shop results and issuing a comprehenisve technology plan; and con-
ducting mission analysis and system technology studies on plane-
tary and sample return missions.
The transportation systems analysis effort in FY 1987 will con-
tinue the definition of key areas for technology growth in orbital
transfer vehicles and advanced systems for delivery of payloads to
low earth orbit. The analyses will focus on concepts and technology
requirements for a lunar orbital transfer vehicle, a heavy-lift
launch vehicle, and the replacement shuttle. The continued devel-
opment of design and analysis tools and the technology base for ad-
vanced transportation vehicles will enable the development of eco-
nomical space systems in the future.
In large space systems, with the planning and definition activi-
ties associated with the early space station nearing a point in time
when applicable technology will be baselined, the sytems analysis
program will be refocused to address the needs and opportunities of
a broader menu of space systems including large antennas, un-
manned platforms, and evolutionary space stations. The primary
intent of the extended perspective is to ensure that the research
and technology base program is structured to support the needs of
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these missions as they are being projected for the turn of the cen-
tury. Additionally, the FY 1987 program will continue to expand
the efforts started in FY 1986 to include planning for using the
space station as a facility in space for technology development.
SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Chemical propulsion systems technology ................................................. $8,100,000
Control of flexible structures flight experiment ..................................... 11,300,000
Automation and robotics technology ........................................................ 18,000,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 37,400,000
Chemical propulsion systems technology
The objectives of the advanced earth-to-orbit systems technology
program are to validate technologies being developed for advanced
high-performance reusable engines by utilizing a testbed engine as-
sembled from existing space shuttle main engine hardware for the
purpose of providing experimental data to validate analytical
models and to evaluate advanced component concepts emanating
from the propulsion research and technology base program. Exten-
sive instrumentation will be installed on the first engine assembly
in order to experimentally establish a data base which character-
izes the internal dynamic environment of these types of engines.
Research quality instrumentation capable of accurately measuring
both transient and steady-state pressures, temperatures, flow rates,
stresses and strains is being provided as it becomes available from
the research and technology base program. The data will be used to
validate computer codes that have been developed to simulate
these dynamic environments and their effect on operating compo-
nents. In later engine assemblies, advanced technology components
designed for extended life and/or higher performances will be eval-
uated under engine system operating conditions. Advanced turbine
blade materials and coatings, damping seals, and advanced longer
life bearing designs that have been evaluated initially in rig testing
under the research and technology base program are examples of
some of the earlier advanced component hardware that will be in-
stalled in the engine for testbed verification testing. In addition,
advanced sensors being developed and evaluated in test rigs under
the research and technology base program for monitoring the wear
of high wear rate components will also be installed in engine com-
ponents for system level test evaluation. These efforts will lead to
the eventual assembly and test of a complete engine condition
monitoring system.
The testbed engine provides the lowest risk path for verifying the
behavior of improvements from the research and technology base
program. Many promising products are emerging from the base
program that will be ready for testbed engine testing in the FY
1988-1990 time frame. The testbed engine program will provide the
experimental tools needed to evaluate longer term, higher risk
technology items that will lay the foundation for advanced high-
performance reusable engines essential for the support of national
transportation needs being identified in current national security
directive studies. The Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology
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portion of this program funds the analyses, design and fabrication
of advanced technology components that have been identified as
ready and needed for testbed evaluation. The Office of Space Flight
funds are used to acquire engine component hardware, to install
advanced technology items in the component hardware, to assem-
ble the testbed, and to conduct test operations.
The design and fabrication of research instrumentation and ad-
vanced technology components are scheduled to be compatible with
the availability of the SI-C test stand at the Marshall Space Flight
Center and engine hardware being acquired by the Office of Space
Flight for testing starting in FY 1988.
The design and fabrication of research instrumentation to be in-
stalled on the initial instrumented engine includes high-response
pressure and temperature sensors and nonmoving parts cryogenic
flow meters. Advanced technology items being designed and fabri-
cated for installation in later engine builds include fiber-optic de-
flectometer bearing-wear sensors, turbine temperature sensors
based on fiber-optic pyrometer concepts, advanced single-crystal
turbine blades, thermal barrier coated turbine blades, advanced
damping seal configurations, and longer life bearing designs.
Control of flexible structures flight experiment
The objective of the control of flexible structures (COFS) program
is to provide experimental validation of analytical methods of pre-
dicting coupled structural dynamics and controls response for com-
plex multibody space structures with flexible components, inter-
faces, and dissipative mechanisms. As the agency initiates planning
and implementation for large space systems (space station/plat-
forms/antennas), there are basic unknowns in the areas of struc-
tural dynamics, controls, structural interaction, structural perform-
ance, and deployment dynamics which must be resolved in order to
develop this new class of spacecraft with the assurance of meeting
safety, performance, and cost goals. The size and flexibility of these
systems require a ground research program, including analysis and
test methods, and space-based experiment activity addressing the
key technology unknowns through graduated testing of flexibile
elements of large space structures. This program will provide a
validated technology data base that will enable these next genera-
tions of large flexible spacecraft to be developed. The research data
base will allow the design and development of integrated complex
control systems and structural configurations for difficult advanced
mission goals to be achieved.
In order to meet the requirements of the control of flexible struc-
tures program, a comprehensive research activity which includes
analytical methods development, ground-based testing, and in-space
experiments was initiated in 1985 to provide a focus for control
structures interactive technology.
The space shuttle provides the opportunity to test and validate in
space the dynamics, controls, structural concepts, theories, and
system components required by future large space structures mis-
sions. An in-space experiment program is planned building progres-
sively from modeling and dynamic characterization of large space
structures to more complex flexible-body interactive controls/struc-
ture issues. The approach provides for structural dynamic function-
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al complexity in a baseline configuration, through the design of a
generic flight test article that addresses fundamental large space
systems (LSS) discipline issues. These critical issues will include
flexible structural configurations that have fundamental frequen-
cies below one hertz, complex nonlinear joint effects, structural dy-
namic/control systems interactions, and inherent low structural
damping effects. This model can be tailored to validate discipline
research objectives addressing the major concerns of LSS space-
craft, independent of any specific configurations ultimately chosen
for new missions.
The first flight article, COFS I, is a large (60-meter) deployable/
stowable truss-beam structure (termed mast) with will be flown in
space cantilevered from the orbiter. Actuators and instrumentation
necessary for excitation, measurement, and control of the low-fre-
quency modes of mast are an integral part of the mast flight exper-
iment. The mast test article will be mounted on the space technolo-
gy experiments platform, integrated with the orbiter, and trans-
ported to space. Specific objectives of the COFS I flight experiment
are to determine the degree to which analytical methodology and
ground testing can predict flight performance of next-generation,
low-frequency structures; evaluate mathematical modeling of large,
lightweight, complex systems; evaluate control/structure interac-
tions; evaluate sensor/measurement techniques applicable to low-
frequency systems with low motion/deflection tolerances; evaluate
deployment kinematics in zero gravity (g) versus one g; evaluate
damping effects in zero g; and evaluate LSS control laws and con-
trol mechanizations.
The second flight article, COFS II, will incorporate gimbals and
an antenna-like appendage to the COFS I mast hardware and will
provide the opportunity to study the more complex structural dy-
namics and control characteristics of large, flexible, three-dimen-
sional spacecraft configurations. Technology needs that will be ad-
dressed by COFS II include maneuver control, articulation, print-
ing, shape control, alignment, systems identification, deployment
dynamics, and adaptive controls.
A third activity, COFS III, will be focused on the validation of
control-structure interactive analysis and design methodologies for
multibody spacecraft. Scale model investigations will be conducted
on future large space platforms to determine modeling sensitivities,
vibration suppression techniques, appropriate ground test methods,
and capabilities.
In FY 1986, fabrication of the COFS I flight article will be initi-
ated, and scale model "mini-mast" testing will begin. In FY 1986, a
COFS II project plan will be developed, and the request for bids for
the COFS II flight test article will be developed. Also in FY 1986, a
COFS III project plan will be developed to support fundamental re-
search and technology development in multibody dynamics and
control.
Ground-based experiments initiated earlier will be continued in
FY 1987 to accurately characterize/synthesize the dynamic behav-
ior of the structure and to develop control laws and methods to
control its configuration and motion. Additional analysis and
ground-based experiments will focus on expanding the newly devel-
oped technology for application to more complex multibody and
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three-dimensional structures. The preliminary design review and
the critical design review of the mast flight test article will be com-
pleted in FY 1986. Flight test article delivery will occur at the end
of FY 1988. The characteristics of the mast truss-beam flight test
article will be defined through initiation of a mathematical model
to be validated later in the ground-based and then space test pro-
gram beginning in FY 1989. In FY 1987, a COFS II program plan
will continue with flight article definition. Planning for COFS II
will begin with definition of a generic configuration for an anten-
na-like structure and a related ground test program plan. In FY
1987, the fabrication and testing of scale models of large multibody
spacecraft will be initiated.
Automation and robotics technology
The objective of the automation and robotics technology program
is to exploit the potential of artificial intelligence and of telerobo-
tics to decrease the cost of ground control and to increase the capa-
bility and flexibility of space operations. Artificial intelligence will
be used to reduce the size of ground control and operations, and te-
lerobotics will be used to enable increased capability in space serv-
icing, assembly, and repair. The goals of the program are to de-
crease mission operations manpower by 60 percent; replace 50 per-
cent of extravehicular activity (EVA) with telerobotics; and enable
remote servicing, assembly, and repair.
The program focuses on systems automomy and telerobotics. The
objective of the systems autonomy effort is to develop a generic set
of software tools for the design of expert systems for increasing
automatic and intelligent control of complex dynamic space sys-
tems. The objectives of the telerobotics focus are to evolve the level
of autonomy of remote operations from teleoperation to robotics
and to increase the operational capability of remote manipulation
from its current state as a crane on the shuttle orbiter to the capa-
bility for on-orbit assembly, servicing and repair, and for planetary
exploration.
Integration of advancing technologies in each area, systems au-
tonomy and telerobotics, is described by a sequence of evolutionary
ground demonstrations scheduled from 1987 to 1996. In systems au-
tonomy, the initial demonstration (1988) is of a rule-based expert
system for control of a single-mission operations subsystem in
which reasoning is limited to standard procedures and knowledge
of the task world is complete and unambiguous. The second demon-
stration (1990) will be of a model-based expert system for coordinat-
ed control of multiple subsystems, and it will be capable of reason-
ing about nonstandard procedures and of diagnosis of anticipated
failures. The third demonstration (1993) will be of hierarchical con-
trol of multiple subsystems and will be capable of reasoning about
emergency procedures, planning under uncertainty, and recovery
from unanticipated failures. The 1996 demonstration will consist of
distributed control of multiple subsystems and will have the capa-
bility for fault prediction, real-time replanning, and learning. In te-
lerobotics, the initial demonstration (1987) will be of a two-armed
remote manipulator for satellite module replacement and fluid
transfer tasks. Autonomy will be implemented in terms of pre-
planned sequences of task primitives, e.g., open, close, screw in, etc.
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The second demonstration (1990) will include automatic acquisition
and despin of a spacecraft and servicing it using dexterous coopera-
tive arms, automatic sequence planning, and autonomy at the task
element level, e.g., remove panel. The 1993 demonstration will com-
prise task level (e.g., replace module) commands, automated replan-
ning for error conditions, and automated planning using a comput-
er-assisted design (CAD) data base. The 1996 demonstration will
extend to repair involving cutting and fabrication.
Underlying both sequences of demonstrations are five core tech-
nology areas: sensing and perception, control execution, task plan-
ning and reasoning, operator interface, and system architecture
and integration. Intergrated plans have been developed for the
demonstration sequences, and research is underway in the five core
technology areas. Coordination with the Defense Advanced Re-
search Projects Agency (DARPA) assures leverage of relevant tech-
nologies being developed under their strategic computing initiative.
Intercenter memoranda of agreement have been signed to facilitate
the transfer of technology from the technology development cen-
ters to the user centers.
In sensing and perception, an intermediate-level computer vision
system called PIFEX (programmable image feature extractor) has
been developed which can detect hardware edges and vertices. Such
a visual system will be necessary to enable autonomous recognition
of objects from a well defined data base, as well as autonomous cap-
ture and despin of tumbling satellites. In control execution, com-
puter vision and force/torque feedback has been used to automati-
cally guide a pin to a close tolerance hole and insert it. This is nec-
essary for autonomous module insertion when the telerobot is oper-
ating under conditions of communications time delay. In operator
interface, a six degree-of-freedom force-reflecting controller has
been developed. Using this technology, the same controller can be
used with a number of different space arms. In task planning, an
artificial intelligence planner has been developed which, given a
set of goals and a knowledge base of relevant actions, can generate
a sequence of actions in a satellite's payload to implement those
goals. This capability is the basis for the systems autonomy focus.
Ongoing and planned work is to evolve this initial autonomous
planning capability to a wider set of applications with a reduced
set of constraints. In system architecture and integration, a joint
venture with DARPA has been initiated to develop a spaceborne
symbolic processor to enable on-orbit execution of artificial intelli-
gence software.
The initial telerobot demonstration will take place in late FY
1987. It will comprise a two-arm telerobot which can perform
simple servicing and assembly tasks on cooperative spacecraft
using hand and power tools. It will include initial autonomous ca-
pability in terms of task primitives such as: open, close, screw in,
etc. In FY 1987 the two-armed, fixed-base telerobot, as well as the
operator control station and the spacecraft mockup, will be con-
structed, debugged, and demonstrated.
The initial systems autonomy demonstration will be in final
preparation in FY 1987 and will take place early the next year. It
will comprise automated control (i.e., an intelligent aide) for a
single-mission operations subsystem integrated communications.
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An expert system for integrated communications control will be de-
veloped and debugged for use in the shuttle mission control center
at Johnson Space Center. The consoles and programs for demon-
strating the expert system using real-time shuttle data in an off-
line (parallel) mode to actual subsystem control by human control-
lers will be developed.
Research and development in each of the five core technology
areas will continue. In sensing and perception, the focus will be on
multiple-class three-dimensional object recognition and tactile/
proximity sensing in order to reduce reliance on the human opera-
tor's vision system. In task planning, the emphasis will be on spa-
tial planning of manipulator trajectories and on reasoning about
nonstandard procedures in order to reduce reliance on the human
operator's cognitive capabilities in task planning. In control execu-
tion, telerobot control of flexible manipulators and control of multi-
ple-arm degrees of freedom will be developed to enable telerobot
servicing of a wider class of spacecraft and payloads. In operator
interface, predictive displays and simulation aids for anticipated
failures will be developed to permit the operator to take over when
the autonomous system encounters difficulty. In systems architec-
ture and integration, the focus will be on developing techniques for
expert systems to control an entire system by coordinating the
needs and tasks of a number of subsystems.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Standards and practices .............................................................................. $9,200,000
The objective of the Standards and Practices program is to sup-
port NASA's goals through activities in productivity; reliability
and quality assurance; maintainability; safety; software assurance;
systems engineering; and program practices which reduce program
risk, improve product confidence, and encourage good program pro-
cedures in the technical execution of NASA programs.
During FY 1985, the Office of the Chief Engineer continued its
efforts to improve NASA's software management, assurance, and
productivity. Emphasis was directed toward developing validated
procedures to ensure the integrity of the systems to be put into
service. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) testing techniques were
extended to new materials such as composites. The results of this
effort will ensure that material and fabrication specifications can
be non-destructively verified and that degradation of materials in
use can be quantitatively documented. In FY 1986, work continues
on efforts with the NASA Centers and industry in the areas of
Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing; materi-
als, treatments and processes data bases; integrated circuit product
assurance; microcircuit radiation effects evaluations; design and
manufacturing standards; aerospace and systems safety related
matters; and other activities which support NASA-wide program
responsibilities.
In support of the goals of NASA, the FY 1987 Standards and
Practices program will continue to conduct activities related to its
objectives. The increase in funding from the FY 1986 level reflects
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a broadened NDE program, and an expansion of NASA's Software
Management and Assurancce Program (SMAP).
The efforts of the SMAP are critical to NASA's ability to eco-
nomically develop and acquire reliable software to support the
more complex, computer driven systems required by the future
missions. The objectives of the SMAP are to adapt industry and
DOD software solutions to the NASA environment, and to create
more effective implementation schemes which take advantage of
NASA's existing expertise, communications media, and recent les-
sons learned. Software standards, specialized software training, dis-
tributed software corporate memory data base, and software guide-
books will be the primary products that will facilitate improved
software business practices and software resources sharing by
NASA projects. Industry, DOD and NASA achievements in the
area of software acquisition management, reliability engineering,
and quality assurance will be monitored and assessed on a continu-
ing basis to ensure that NASA's state of software practices is as
close as practical to emerging state of the art.
The NDE Measurement Assurance Program, currently focused
on metals and composites, will be expanded to include electronics
and will explore and develop qualitative and quantitative inspec-
tion and quality control techniques for microcircuits and semicon-
ductors. New microcircuit technology is appoaching one micron-line
width and, based on past experience, contamination and particu-
lates will have a major impact on microcircuit reliability. Existing
quality control practices, especially process control and screening
techniques, are inadequate and too time consuming for new-genera-
tion microcircuits, making parts availability a major concern for
NASA. Some of the current screening methods, such as Particle
Impact Noise Detection (PIND) tests and x-rays, are not effective
NDE techniques. This program will develop techniques to accompa-
ny the advances in microcircuits, and to replace the outdated proc-
ess and quality control practices and screening techniques. The pro-
gram will concentrate on the chip level, but will explore the assem-
blies as well.
The FY 1987 funds will also continue to provide for special ef-
forts focused on finding solutions to specific technical problems
arising from programmatic activities. In addition, overall support is
required to continue to ensure that advances in technology, such as
microelectronics, robotics, computer automation, and composite
fibers, can confidently be qualified for use in NASA programs
within a timeframe that is consistent with project needs.
16. TRACKING AND DATA ADVANCED SYSTEMS, $14,100,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Advanced systems ......................................................................................... $14,100,000
The objective of the Advanced Systems Program is to perform
studies and provide for the development of tracking and data sys-
tems and techniques required to: (1) obtain new and improved
tracking and data handling capabilities that will meet the needs of
approved missions and near-term new starts; and (2) improve the
cost effectiveness and reliability needed for overall support of the
total mix of spaceflight missions.
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As a small but vital portion of the total Space Tracking and Data
Systems Program, this activity continues to be focused on assessing
and making use of the dramatic changes taking place in the state
of the art in telecommunications, electronic microcircuitry and
computer technology. Such effort is critical for proper planning
and for the application of cost effective and reliable new technology
to future support capabilities. Ongoing work includes the investiga-
tion of upcoming missions and studies of ground systems and tele-
communication links to determine design approaches and overall
tradeoffs for the lowest life cycle costs to support future space mis-
sions.
Activities planned for FY 1987 include efforts aimed at obtaining
accuracies to the one meter level for Earth-orbiting spacecraft
which would make possible a new class of high precision Earth ob-
servatory missions on the Shuttle, Space Station and on free-flying
spacecraft. The techniques to be studied include a specialized use of
the Department of Defense's Global Positioning System and Very
Long Baseline Interferometry. Work will also continue on the de-
velopment of extremely precise radiometric techniques for deter-
mining angular direction of future planetary missions to an accura-
cy of five nano-radians. Such improvements typically lead to im-
proved spacecraft navigation and the conduct of science experi-
ments not previously possible.
New methods for improving communications with spacecraft will
continue in such areas as signal coding; use of millimeter wave fre-
quencies on large diameter antennas; the development of more effi-
cient transmitters; highly reliable, low noise telemetry receivers;
and, antenna feed systems capable of multiple frequency operation,
i.e., K, X, and S-band. Improving space-to-ground link performance
can benefit many future missions by reducing mission costs
through reduced spacecraft weight and power requirements or in-
creasing the amount or quality of the data returned. Optical com-
munications technology to meet telecommunications needs beyond
the 1990's will also be investigated both for its cost-performance ad-
vantages over microwave technology and for its potential in space
data relay applications.
Use of high density tape and optical disk storage with automated
quality control of data is being investigated to meet future image
data processing requirements because the data handled from
Earth-orbital missions is expected to increase from a current peak
of 50 megabits per second to the IDRSS design limit of 300 mega-
bits per second. These future requirements result from high resolu-
tion sensors such as multispectral scanners and synthetic aperture
radars. New techniques and systems will be developed for the
transfer and processing of these high data rates. These develop-
ments include a K-band terminal for IDRSS user spacecraft, com-
puter assisted operations, digital processing of high volume data,
improved man-machine interfaces, and wide band satellite commu-
nications to distribute data to processing centers and users.
Investigations will continue on methods for reducing projected
manpower requirements for operating the mission control facilities
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and for providing the necessary real time interaction between the
spacecraft experimenters and their experiments. Other investiga-
tions are being carried out in the areas of automated mission con-
trol, greater use of distributed command terminals and the per-
formance of orbit and attitude computations on board the space-
craft.
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SPACE FLIGHT, CONTROL AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS
Authorization
fiscal year 1987
Page
No.
1
Shuttle production and operational
$745,400,000
176
capability.
2
Space transportation operations............
1,524,700,000
183
3
Space and ground networks, commu-
786,900,000
189
nication and data systems.
Total ....................................................
$3,057,000,000
1. SHUTTLE PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONAL CAPABILITY, $745,400,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Orbiter ............................................................................................................ $211,000,000
Launch and mission support ...................................................................... 161,000,000
Propulsion systems ....................................................................................... 338,400,000
Changes and systems upgrading ................................................................ 35,000,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 745,400,000
The objectives of this program are to provide for the completion
of a fully capable national fleet of Shuttle orbiters; the develop-
ment of the propulsion systems; preparation of launch site capabili-
ties; and, the potential changes and upgrading of the Space Trans-
portation System (STS).
The three orbiter fleet includes Columbia (OV-102), the orbiter
vehicle developed and flown on the four test and evaluation flights;
and, two orbiters-Discovery (OV-103) and Atlantis (OV-104) of a
lighter-weight configuration. Modifications to orbiters and the re-
lated systems integration analyses for the use of the Centaur and
its payloads will be completed during 1986. The budget provides
necessary improvements, hardware fixes and mission kits for the
orbiter fleet to satisfy flight requirements. The provisioning of or-
biter spares is an on-going activity to support the requirements for
the initial lay-in of line replaceable units of equipment at the
launch site. In addition, the budget provides for the extensive ac-
quisition of orbiter structural spares to support the orbiter fleet.
Launch and Mission Support provides for capability to support si-
multaneous processing of launch vehicles at the Kennedy Space
Center (KSC); the additional astronaut training, mission prepara-
tion and mission operation capabilities required for higher flight
rates; the modifications to the launch site facilities to accommodate
the new Centaur upper stage; and, studies and analyses of program
level improvements for the operations and management of the STS.
The first line of KSC facilities supported the launch processing and
checkout of one launch vehicle at a time from landing through
launch. The additional processing stations allow for simultaneous
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processing of orbiters and assorted flight hardware to meet the
East Coast launch rate of up to 20 flights per year. A Gulfstream II
aircraft has been modified into a third Shuttle training aircraft
(STA) to support increased training requirements and to permit the
existing two aircraft to be overhauled when structural fatigue con-
siderations make this necessary. The upgrading of the mission con-
trol center (MCC), the Shuttle Mission Simulator (SMS) complex,
the flight planning and preparation facilities and other data han-
dling systems are necessary to provide a full rate capability for
flight operations. Support for the Vandenberg launch site, includ-
ing provisioning of abort landing facilities, is proceeding.
Propulsion Systems provide for the production of the Space Shut-
tle main engine (SSME) and the development of the capability to
support operational requirements established for the SSME, solid
rocket booster (SRB), and external tank (ET). The SSME program
includes: production of the main engines necessary to outfit and
provide spares for the orbiter fleet, ground testing in support of
engine development, and an anomaly resolution capability. The
SRB production and capability development activities include: the
procurement of tooling and equipment to support a flight rate of 24
flights per year; a minimal level of selected studies to continue in-
vestigative, analytical and problem-solving activities; and the devel-
opment and initial flight hardware for the filament wound case. In
the ET program, the objectives are to improve the manufacturing
process and provide manufacturing tooling and equipment to sup-
port the 24 per year flight rate. Systems engineering support and
SSME testing in the main propulsion test article configuration are
both provided in systems support.
Changes and Systems Upgrading provides funding for potential
changes and system modifications as well as unanticipated new re-
quirements not covered in the budget estimates for the above ac-
tivities and other program elements.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Orbiter production ........................................................................................ $82,400,000
Orbiter spares ................................................................................................ 128,600,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 211,000,000
With the delivery of OV-104 (Atlantis) in April 1985 and OV-102
(Columbia) in its operational configuration in July 1985, the
number of orbiters available for flight now stands at three. Orbiter
production activities include development and installation of hard-
ware improvements necessary to achieve operational capabilities,
reduce operational costs, and meet system requirements including
improved on board general purpose computers (GPC), inertial
measurement units (IMU) and auxiliary propulsion units (APU).
Hardware fixes are being made to the brakes and nose wheel steer-
ing to improve landing performance. In addition, necessary mission
and modification kits requested for specific flights and payloads are
included. Other activities cover flight software development to ac-
commodate hardware changes and mission requirements. The
structural spares program initiated in FY 1983 maintains a contin-
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ued production capability and improves the ability to repair struc-
tural elements in the event of damage to one of the orbiters. Fabri-
cation of these major elements is underway and will continue
throughout the year. Structural assemblies include the wings, aft
thrust structure, engine compartment, crew module (including the
nose and cockpit), mid and aft fuselage sections, payload bay doors,
vertical tail, and the orbital maneuvering system pods.
The procurement and fabrication of the orbiter spares inventory
to support 24 flights per year is ongoing. A concerted effort has
been made to better define the spares requirements and production
capability at various vendors. A study is underway to determine lo-
gistics depot and maintenance requirements. An interim depot
system is being implemented utilizing NASA and contractor facili-
ties while the study is being completed and a long-term configura-
tion identified.
FY 1987 funding provides for completion of major structural
components as spares for the orbiter fleet. These structural compo-
nents include elements such as wings, vertical stabilizer, crew
module, payload bay doors, and aft thrust structure. These items
are being assembled into varying stages of completion. Ground sup-
port equipment and test hardware are also being provided to sup-
port KSC systems. Development efforts will continue on the orbiter
system improvements begun in FY 1985 and FY 1986. FY 1987
funding will also be utilized for the continuation and improvement
of flight software, the acquisition of navigational aids for the trans-
Atlantic abort sites, refurbishment of the remote manipulator
system qualification hardware and the development of the upgrad-
ed general purpose computer, and the improved inertial measure-
ment unit.
Logistics support to the Shuttle program requires the lay-in of
orbiter initial spares and rate spares to meet the buildup to a 24
per year flight rate and for support to ground processing operations
as the fleet size and flight rate increase. The funding for orbiter
spares covers not only the cost of establishing an inventory of orbit-
er flight spares and ground support equipment spares, but also the
logistics support to analyze requirements and procure these spares.
In addition, maintenance test equipment will be designed and pro-
cured to support establishment of depot maintenance capabilities.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Launch site equipment ................................................................................ $44,500,000
Mission support capability .......................................................................... 72,600,000
Mission operations capability ..................................................................... 43,900,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 161,000,000
The first line of facilities at KSC activated during DDT&E sup-
ports the launch processing and checkout of an orbiter from land-
ing through launch. A second line of processing stations is being
phased in to support parallel launch processing of more than one
orbiter through the various work area. The second high bay of the
Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF) and the second mobile launch
Platform (MLP) were activated in late FY 1982 to support parallel
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processing of two orbiters. The second set of high bays in the vehi-
cle assembly building, the software production facility, and the
second control room were activated in FY 1983 to enable parallel
processing through orbiter-ET mate. An SRB processing and stor-
age facility was activated in FY 1984 to facilitate SRB handling in-
cluding off-loading of segments from rail cars, segment rotation ca-
pability, storage capability for two flight sets (16 segments) and the
assembly of SRB aft segments. As a result of the second launch
pad's recent activation, parallel processing is possible from the
start of OPF flow through launch. A third MLP will be activated in
late FY 1986. Facility modifications supporting Centaur launches
are nearing completion.
Also under Launch and Mission Support are the necessary in-
vestments at JSC to support 24 flights per year. Among these capa-
bilities are the ability to rapidly configure the ground data han-
dling system, encompassing mission planning, simulations, and
flight design. This is accomplished through the acquisition of an
electronic data network, additional hardware, and refined and ex-
panded software.
Other investments necessary to meet STS program objectives in-
clude uprating the Shuttle carrier aircraft (SCA) engines to in-
crease load/ferry range capability and improve the long term
supportability. The uprated engines should eliminate the need for
an in-flight refueling capability from contingency landing sites. It
also includes the hardware deliveries for the extravehicular mobili-
ty units (spacesuits), other government furnished crew-related
equipment, the upgrade/capability expansion of the mission control
center, the service life extension to refurbish all T-38 aircraft, and
the ongoing program to replace and refurbish aging and obsolete
equipment. The latter incorporates technology advances to solve
maintenance and operating problems stemming from outdated
hardware and software subsystems that manufacturers can no
longer support with spares and viable operating systems. At the
same time, the use of this advanced technology will permit more
rapid reconfiguration from flight to flight, with considerable im-
provement in responsiveness to manifest and requirements
changes.
In FY 1987, the launch site equipment activity includes contin-
ued upgrade of the operational intercommunications system con-
necting all major Shuttle facilities at KSC. The current system, in-
stalled for the Apollo program, falls short in reliability and capabil-
ity to support the planned flight rate and is becoming increasingly
difficult to maintain. The new system will use state-of-the-art, digi-
tal equipment and will interconnect the facilities with a network of
fiber optic cabling. Also, during FY 1987, major components of the
launch processing systems will undergo initial stages of replace-
ment. The central data subsystem and the checkout, control and
monitoring subsystem currently require high levels of mainte-
nance, computer memory is nearing limits, and some major compo-
nents of these subsystems are no longer commercially available at
reasonable costs. In addition, the OMRF will be completed which
will provide the capability for orbiters to under go initial post-
flight checkout immediately after landing without having to inter-
rupt the pre-launch processing underway in the Orbiter Processing
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Facility. The OMRF is also planned as a dedicated area where or-
biter modifications and needed repairs can be conducted outside
the normal launch-to-launch processing flow since the Palmdale fa-
cility will no longer be equipped for this purpose. Equipment from
the orbiter assembly facility at Palmdale compatible with this new
facility will be moved to KSC for use in the OMRF. Other efforts
contained in the launch site equipment budget include addition of
structural modifications to both launch pads to protect the orbiters
from rain damage while they are awaiting launch, continued sup-
port to contingency landing sites, and completion of the Shuttle in-
ventory management system upgrade (SIMS II).
Mission support capability requirements continue establishing an
inventory of crew equipment (principally extravehicular mobility
units) to support the 24 per year flight rate capability and post-or-
bital flight testing (OFT). STS operations effectiveness work and
other support functions continue to support the STS achievement
of program-wide requirements including the 24 per year flight rate
capability.
Mission operations capability funding in FY 1987 provides for
completion of modifications to the fixed and motion base simula-
tors at JSC, initiation of the project to re-engine the SCA, and con-
tinuation of the service life extension program of the T-38 training
aircraft. FY 1987 funding also provides for replacement of obsolete
and inefficient equipment in the mission control center and the
Shuttle mission simulator.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Main engine ................................................................................................... $293,200,000
Solid rocket booster ...................................................................................... 17,600,000
External tank ................................................................................................ 27,600,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 338,400,000
Propulsion Systems provides for the production of the Space
Shuttle main engines (SSME) and the implementation of the capa-
bility to support operational requirements established for the
SSME, solid rocket booster (SRB), and external tank (ET). The
SSME program includes the production of the main engines re-
quired for the orbiter fleet, the procurement of spares, ground test-
ing operations development and certification activities to improve
operating margins, reliability and durability, and anomaly resolu-
tion capability. The SRB program includes the development and
qualification of the filament wound case (FWC) solid rocket motors,
redesign of the hardware for the reusability and operational cost
reductions, and procurement of manufacturing tooling and equip-
ment to support fabrication and transportation at the 24 per year
flight rate. In the ET program, the objective is establishing the
manufacturing capability, primarily tooling equipment and process
improvements, to support the 24 per year flight rate. Systems sup-
port primarily provides for the testing of the SSME in the main
propulsion test article configuration in addition to providing sys-
tems integration engineering support.
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The main engines continued their record of excellent flight per-
formance during the eight 1985 flights of the Shuttle. Engine per-
formance was nominal during all flights except for a premature
engine shutdown on STS-51F resulting from instrumentation fail-
ure. The total SSME ground test experience now exceeds 1,264
tests, totaling approximately 258,000 seconds of test time. This ex-
perience includes 240 tests, exeeding 51,000 seconds of operation, at
the full power level (FPL).
During the course of FPL testing over the past several years, it
became apparent that design margins were inadequate for routine
FPL flight operation and that the current SSME configuration re-
quired an unacceptable amount of maintenance at that power
level. Consequently, the SSME program was restructured into
three areas: (1) flight support, (2) product improvement and (3) ad-
vanced development.
The flight support element, involving both production and oper-
ations, is charged with producing all engine hardware, conducting
the acceptance and flight anomaly resolution tests which are di-
rectly related to the flight program, providing all logistics support
(including engine/component overhauls), and conducting the flight
readiness assessments.
The product improvement element continues the work begun in
FY 1983 to reduce the SSME operating costs and increase the
SSME operating margins. Work to reduce the operating costs is
concentrated in design modifications to the high pressure oxygen
and hydrogen pumps. The testing of the modifications to the two
pumps is well underway and has shown good progress toward
achieving better pump life. Modified design pumps are expected to
complete certification testing in March 1986 and will be phased
into the fleet beginning in mid FY 1986. A redesign of the hot gas
manifold is underway to provide better flow conditions, and hence
lower resistance and lower pump loads. These manifold changes
will be available for test in FY 1986 and for subsequent introduc-
tion into the fleet beginning in FY 1990 during routine engine
overhuals.
The objective of the advanced development element is to assure a
viable technology program for the development of SSME class
rocket engines, (i.e., high thrust, high performance, cryogenic fuels)
and components; to provide an independent means to evaluate the
technical advances arising from the supporting research and tech-
nology program by means of a technology testbed; and to provide
an alternative source for SSME hardware. Contractor selection for
the alternative SSME hardware is scheduled to be completed
during FY 1986.
The SRM FWC second development motor (DM-7) static test
firing was successfully tested in April 1985, and the qualification
motor has been processed and is being prepared for static test in
mid FY 1986. The structural test article (STA-2A) successfully
passed all but the final load test cycles. The test article failed at
118.5% of engine ignition limit loads. Replacement test articles are
being prepared for repeating this load cycle in February 1986. The
first flight articles delivery to Vandenberg was completed by July
1, 1985.
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Transition to the production mode in the ET program is well un-
derway. Production readiness activities continue to smooth this
transition and favorably improve production capability. Rearrange-
ment of existing tools and new tools to eliminate manufacturing
"choke points" and smooth the production flow for the buildup to
24 tanks per year has been emphasized and is nearing completion.
In systems support, preparations are underway for the test of
three clustered engines at full power level in the main propulsion
test stand at NSTL. This test will provide for a verification of the
main propulsion system operations at full power level using the
main propulsion system test hardware mounted in the aft end of
the simulated orbiter.
In FY 1987, funding for the SSME provides for those activities
necessary to support the engine production, flight schedules, and
ground testing. Product improvement testing will continue as will
certification of new SSME component design modifications. Other
on-going activities also provided for within the SSME budget esti-
mates include development and production of the Block II control-
ler, anomaly resolution testing, updating of the SSME hardware to
the improved component configuration, and advanced development
effort.
In the SRB, efforts will continue on the improvements to the
thrust vector control system to prevent salt water intrusion and to
provide rate tooling to support the 24 per year flight rate in FY
1989. The construction of the new assembly and refurbishment fa-
cility will be completed, and efforts will start on the installation of
equipment. Producibility improvements will also continue in order
to reduce the turnaround time required for assembly and refurbish-
ment of boosters.
In the ET program, enhancement of manufacturing processes
will continue through production readiness efforts. The major
thrust for FY 1987 will be continuing procurement and installation
of tools and equipment to support the build-up to a production rate
of 24 per year.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVELS
Changes and systems upgrading ................................................................ $35,000,000
Management, technical flight experience, and cost reviews of the
Shuttle program have stressed the need for providing an adequate
allowance for changes and modifications which inevitably are re-
quired in a large, complex, and technically demanding space
system.
The Changes and Systems Upgrading budget represents the esti-
mated requirement for potential changes and systems modifica-
tions and unanticipated developments which are not included in
the program element budget estimates. Such funds are necessary to
provide for programmatic and technical changes, such as modifica-
tions to the orbiters to improve flight performance and system reli-
ability, changes and upgrading of ground systems to reduce turna-
round time between missions, and replacement/modification of
hardware elements to achieve increased operating economies.
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The funding requested for FY 1987 will provide for those changes
which are considered to have the highest priority. The objectives
are to improve reliability, increase operating efficiency, and reduce
costs. Changes and upgrading areas of interest include modifica-
tions to flight and ground systems; design and development of
hardware/software systems which meet requirements for improved
safety, reliability, performance and cost-effectiveness; and changes
which will reduce operational costs by extending operational life,
by facilitating improved mission-to-mission turnaround time, and
by improving mission performance margins.
2. SPACE TRANSPORTATION OPERATIONS, $1,524,700,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Flight Operations ..........................................................................................
$360,600,000
Flight hardware ............................................................................................
879,100,000
Launch and landing operations .................................................................
285,000,000
Total .....................................................................................................
1,524,700,000
Shuttle Operations direct appropriated funding is combined with
the reimbursements for standard service received from other U.S.
Government, commercial, and international users to support the
launch and flight operations requirements of the Space Shuttle.
Through 1985, 19 operational Shuttle missions were successfully
flown. These missions demonstrated many of the Shuttle's capabili-
ties including deployments of spacecraft and their upper stages,
satellite repairs, satellite retrieval and operations using the remote
manipulator, a dedicated Spacelab, extravehicular activity oper-
ations, a night landing, and a widening of the Shuttle's perform-
ance envelope. In FY 1986, 14 missions were scheduled to be flown,
17 were scheduled for FY 1987, and 18 flights were planned for FY
1988.
The Flight Operations activity is divided into three major ele-
ments: mission support, integration, and support. Mission support
includes a wide variety of planning activities ranging from oper-
ational concepts and techniques to detailed systems operational
procedures and checklists. Integration includes launch support
services and sustaining engineering for orbiter systems, cargo ana-
lytical integration, and systems integration. The support element
includes base operational support at JSC and systems activity at
JSC, Headquarters, and the Goddard Space Flight Center.
The Flight Hardware program element provides for the procure-
ment of external tanks (ET), solid rocket motors, booster hardware,
and propellants; spare components for the Space Shuttle main
engine (SSME); orbiter spares; ET disconnect and SRB rate gyros,
logistics support for the ET, SRB, and SSME flight hardware ele-
ments; and maintenance and operations of flight crew equipment.
Included in the funding request for tanks and boosters are the long
lead time raw materials, subassemblies, and subsystems necessary
to sustain the production of elements in a manner consistent with
the increasing flight rate.
Launch and Landing Operations provides for the pre-launch
preparation, launch, and landing operations of the Shuttle and its
cargo.
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The Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) program provides for the
procurement of expendable launch vehicles and launch support
services. The Department of Defense and the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration are continuing to utilize the Delta,
Scout, Atlas and Atlas Centaur expendable launch vehicles on a
fully reimbursable basis. There are no direct appropriated fund re-
quirements for the Expendable Launch Vehicles program. The pri-
vatization of these systems continues to be actively pursued.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Mission support ............................................................................................. $117,000,000
Integration ..................................................................................................... 115,600,000
Support ........................................................................................................... 128,000,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 360,600,000
Flight Operations is divided into three major areas of activity:
mission support, integration and support. Mission support includes
a wide variety of planning activities ranging from the development
of operational concepts and techniques to detailed systems oper-
ational procedures and checklists. Tasks include flight planning,
preparation of systems and software handbooks, flight rules, de-
tailed crew activity plans and procedures, development and imple-
mentation of the mission control center (MCC) and network system
requirements for each flight, and operations input to the planning
for the selection and operation of Shuttle payloads. Specific flight
planning activity encompasses the flight design, flight analysis, and
software activities. Flight design products include conceptual flight
profiles and operational flight profiles which are issued for each
flight as well as support to the crew training simulations and flight
techniques. The software activities include the development, formu-
lation, and verification support of the guidance, targeting, and
navigation systems software requirements in the orbiter and MCC.
In addition, the flight-dependent data located in the erasable
memory (mission-to-mission changes) is developed in the flight
design process for incorporation into the orbiter software, Shuttle
mission simulator, and MCC systems. Integration includes vehicle,
payload and system integration and launch support services. Sup-
port includes base operations support to Shuttle operations at JSC
and systems level support at JSC, Headquarters, and Goddard. The
Space Transportation System operations contract (STSOC), a con-
solidation of work currently being performed by 16 firms under 22
separate contracts, has been awarded. This contract is an incentive
fee contract similar to the SPC at KSC as it is mission oriented
with fee determinatoin based on cost management as well as per-
formance. The STSOC contractor will be responsible for major
functions of such facilities as the MCC, Shuttle Mission Simulator
(SMS), Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL), Software
Production Facility (SPF), and the Mockup and Integration Labora-
tory (MAIL).
The Flight Operations portion of the Shuttle Operations budget
continues to support that activity predominately associated with
the effort at JSC to plan for and conduct the on-orbit portion of
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STS missions from launch to landing. Included in this activity is
the pre-flight planning and mission design necessary to conduct
and control a successful mission; maintenance and operation of on-
board avionics software and mission control systems; maintenance
and operation of the training and flight proficiency aircraft and fa-
cilities for crew training; integration of the orbiter, payload, and
STS; sustaining engineering for the orbiter and flight operations
systems; post flight data analysis and anomaly resolution; and sys-
tems-wide management activities required for mature STS oper-
ations. As a result of the pre-flight planning and integration cycle,
FY 1987 activities will include the planning and training for flights
in FY 1988 and the initial phases of the flight design process for
flights in FY 1989.
With implementation of the consolidated STS operations contract
(STSOC), there has been a realignment of work among three Flight
Operations categories-mission support, integration, and support as
described below:
Mission support encompasses all of the STSOC effort funded in
Flight Operations, performing the functions directly related to
flight preparation and execution. Major items no longer included
are spacecraft software (except flight-to-flight reconfiguration), air-
craft operations, and the non-STSOC portion of engineering sup-
port, notably engineering analyses, materials and subsystem test-
ing, and payload/orbiter operations safety reliability and quality
assurance.
The tasks performed by the STSOC contractor include project
management, maintenance and operations, sustaining engineering,
flight preparation requirements and analysis, flight preparation
production, and direct mission operations and training support.
Project management includes the overall management functions
of project, resource, configuration, information, and logistics man-
agement; plus contract administration, procurement, personnel, se-
curity, safety, reliability, and quality assurance.
Maintenance and operations includes contractor maintenance
and operations services for the STS major facilities and assets; i.e.,
mission control center, Software Production Facility, flight oper-
ations trainers and crew simulators, Shuttle Avionics Integration
Laboratory, and the flight and training planning facilities.
Sustaining engineering includes anomaly investigation, require-
ments analysis, planning, and feasibility studies, leading to design,
development, integration, and testing of improved hardware and
software systems. The objectives are to correct system deficiencies,
decrease operating/security costs, implement new NASA require-
ments, and maintain reconfiguration production tools consistent
with the flight software for the same systems and facilities for
which the contractor has maintenance and operations responsibil-
ities.
Flight preparation requirements and analysis includes engineer-
ing and analysis support for the preparation of each STS flight, in-
cluding flight profile design and analysis; navigation flight prep-
arations; crew activity planning training preparation; systems sup-
port analysis; and STS program, payload vehicle and scheduling
support.
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Flight preparation production includes generating the products
required for STS flights as well as postflight products. The work
stations included in this process are flight design, flight data file,
MCC, Software Production Facility, Trend Monitoring System,
Shuttle Mission Simulator, Mockup and Integration Laboratory,
and Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory. Postflight reconstruc-
tion, including the Shuttle Telemetry Conversion Facility and dis-
tribution of postflight products, is generated to serve engineering
and management needs.
Direct mission operations and training support includes the sup-
port to and conduct of all mission training, the flight in real time,
and the selected testing related to mission control and supporting
operations, SAIL operations support, navigation system quality as-
sessment, Manipulator Development Facility, 1-G trainer and
mockup operations.
Integration now includes spacecraft creation in addition to re-
taining payload analytical integration, systems integration, orbiter
sustaining design engineering, and launch support services, which
provides development contractor expertise on-site at the launch
site for pre-launch processing. Payload and systems integration as-
sures compatability, safety, and integrity among all flight ele-
ments, including the verification of interfaces. Orbiter sustaining
design engineering ensures vehicle maintainability, reliability, and
provides for anomaly resolution during operations, as well as iden-
tification of operational requirements and their design solutioins
for improved flight systems.
Support continues to include: base operations activities related to
Shuttle Operations; the "Getaway Special" payload canister project
managed by the Goddard Space Flight Center; Headquarters pro-
grams assessments for agency-wide activities; and efforts of the
STS Program Office associated with achieving program objectives
such as the planned flight rate, schedule reliability, and manage-
ment efficiencies. The major additions to this category are aircraft
operations and the non-STSOC portion of engineering support such
as engineering systems support furnished by Draper Labs, crew
and bio-systems laboratories, and the White Sands Test Facility.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Orbiter ............................................................................................................ $232,700,000
Solid rocket booster ...................................................................................... 357,900,000
External tank ................................................................................................ 288,500,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 879,100,000
The Flight Hardware program element provides for the procure-
ment of external tank (ET) and solid rocket booster (SRB) hard-
ware, and propellants; spare components for the main engine
(SSME); orbiter spares including ET disconnects and SRB rate
gyros; sustaining engineering and logistics support for ET/SRB/
main engine flight hardward elements; and maintenance and oper-
ation of flight crew equipment. Included in the funding request for
tanks and boosters are the long lead time raw materials, subassem-
blies, and subsystems necessary to sustain the production of these
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elements in a manner consistent with the increasing flight rate.
Production phasing of these elements is based on the current flight
traffic model and is structured to maintain a smooth and efficient
buildup of the production capability. In the ET, an efficient and
non-disruptive production process continues to be implemented
which enables manufacturing, assembly, and checkout operations
to proceed on a basis that provides for timely delivery of flight
hardware to the launch site. The orbiter line element includes: or-
biter spares for replenishment of line and shop replaceable units,
the manpower for supporting this logistics operation and the repair
capability for flight hardware; SSME overhauls, flight support, and
procurement of replacement spare parts; provision for the fixed
level of annual support for the liquid hydrogen plant; and, replace-
able spares, field support, and maintenance of crew-related equip-
ment. Some examples of orbiter spare equipment are fuel cells,
tiles for thermal protection, tape recorders, leading edge support
structures, wheels, brakes and pyrotechnics. The crew-related
equipment activities include support to the pre-flight training and
flight usage of the extravehicular maneuvering unit, emergency
portable oxygen systems, radiation instrumentation, survival
radios, closed-circuit television cameras, medical support, and food
and other galley-related items. The majority of the crew equipment
tasks have been consolidated contractually into the flight Equip-
ment Processing Contract (FEPC). Boeing has been selected as the
FEPC contractor and will consolidate the functions previously per-
formed by 16 contractors. Transition to the FEPC will begin during
FY 1986.
Requirements for orbiter flight spares, crew equipment spares,
and logistics are based on calculations involving flight rates, main-
tenance schedules, operational hours, turnaround times, and lead
times to procure or repair flight hardware. The budget provides a
replenishment line and shop replaceable units, as well as the man-
power to support the overhaul and repair activity to support the
projected flight rate. Main engine hardware provides for manufac-
turing and delivery of overhauled engines, engine component
spares and flight support. Flight hardware requirements activity
for the SRB and ET include the procurement of the materials and
labor required for refurbishment and fabrication of units which
will be flown after FY 1987, as well as the support of the produc-
tion of units which will be flown in that year.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Launch operations ........................................................................................ $245,800,000
Payload and launch support ....................................................................... 39,200,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 285,000,000
Launch and Landing Operations provides for the launch prepara-
tions and the launch and landing operations of the Shuttle and its
cargo. The orbiter, ET, SRB, SSME, and payloads are checked out,
integrated, and launched from KSC at Cape Canaveral, Florida.
The SRB's are retrieved from the Atlantic Ocean after separation
from the Shuttle. Shuttle landing support is furnished at KSC and
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contingency landing sites as required. The major facilities used for
Launch and landing operations include: the launch control center,
Orbiter Processing Facility, vehicle assembly building, mobile
launch platforms, SRB processing and storage facility, payload
processing facilities, launch pads, and the Shuttle facility.
Funding for Launch and Landing Operations provides the propel-
lants (excluding SRB propellants), manpower and support services
required to accomplisah the integration and processing of the Shut-
tle and its payloads. Under launch operations, manpower is provid-
ed to process, integrate, and check out the orbiter, ET, solid rocket
motors and boosters, and the SSME into the proper launch configu-
ration preparatory to each flight. Support manpower is also includ-
ed to conduct the SRB retrieval operations, engineering support, lo-
gistics, central data system support, facility and equipment modifi-
cations, spares procurement and the maintenance and operation of
the ground systems, structures and equipment. Funding for pay-
load and launch support provides for the processing and integra-
tion of the payloads, propellants for launch operations and base
support, and Shuttle landing operations at the Dryden Flight Re-
search Facility.
Contractual arrangements at KSC which consolidate responsibil-
ity and incentives based on performance have provided the frame-
work for achieving a truly operational STS with improved produc-
tivity and increased reliability. The KSC base operations contractor
has successfully completed its second full year of providing support
to Shuttle programs as well as institutional organizations at KSC.
The Shuttle processing contract (SPC) is an incentive fee, mission-
oriented contract for processing the STS both at KSC and at the
Vandenberg launch site (VLS) in California. (The VLS activities
are funded by the DOD.) The SPC has completed its second year of
operations at KSC and has successfully processed and launched 10
missions, 8 of which were launched in FY 1985. In addition, the
SPC initiated processing of the orbiter Discovery in late FY 1985
for the first launch from the VLS.
Launch operations funding in FY 1987 provides for manpower
and support services necessary for processing launches from KSC.
This includes manpower to process the build-up of the SRB's, mate
the boosters and tanks; process the orbiter; mate the orbiter to the
integrated SRB's and tank; process and checkout integrated flight
elements through launch; retrieve the SRB's for refurbishment;
and support landing of the orbiter either at KSC or at a contingen-
cy landing site when required. Funding also supports the manpow-
er required for sustaining engineering, spares provisioning, logis-
tics, launch processing system operation and maintenance, and
maintenance/modifications of all other Shuttle-related ground sup-
port equipment and facilities.
Payload and launch support funding provides propellants for
launch operations and base support, and contractor support for the
assembly of individual payloads into a total cargo. This element in-
cludes providing launch site support managers to payload custom-
ers, verifying cargo-to-orbiter interface, and providing operations
maintenance and logistic support to cargo support equipment such
as cargo integration test equipment and multi-mission payload sup-
port equipment and to the payload support areas including the
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Vertical Processing Facility, operations and checkout building, and
cargo hazardous servicing facilities. Support required for maintain-
ing the Dryden Flight Research Facility as a contingency landing
site is also included.
3. SPACE AND GROUND NETWORKS, COMMUNICATIONS AND DATA
SYSTEMS, $786,900,000
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Space network ............................................................................................... $374,300,000
Ground networks .......................................................................................... 222,000,000
Communications and data systems ........................................................... 190,600,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 786,900,000
The purpose of this program is to provide vital tracking, teleme-
try, command, data acquisition, communications and data process-
ing support to meet the requirements of all NASA flight projects.
In addition to NASA flight projects, support is provided on a reim-
bursable basis for projects of the Department of Defense (DOD),
other Government agencies, commercial firms, and other countries
and international organizations engaged in space research.
Support is provided for Earth orbital, planetary and solar system
exploration missions, research aircraft, sounding rockets and bal-
loons. Included in Earth orbital support are the Space Shuttle,
Spacelab flight missions, and Hubble Space Telescope. The various
types of support provided include: (a) tracking to determine the po-
sition and trajectory of vehicles in space; (b) acquisition of scientific
and space applications data from on-board experiments and sen-
sors; (c) acquisition of engineering data on the performance of
spacecraft and launch vehicle systems; (d) reception of television
transmissions from space vehicles; (e) transmission of commands
from ground stations to the spacecraft; (f) communication with as-
tronauts; (g) transfer of information between the various ground fa-
cilities and control centers; and (h) processing of data acquired
from the launch vehicles and spacecraft. Such support is essential
for achieving the scientific objectives of all flight missions, for exe-
cuting the critical decisions which must be made to assure the suc-
cess of these flight missions, and in the case of Shuttle missions, to
ensure safety of the crew.
Tracking and acquisition of data for, the spaceflight projects is
presently accomplished through the use of a worldwide network of
NASA ground stations, and by the first of a system of three track-
ing and data relay satellites in geosynchronous orbit working with
a single highly specialized ground station. Ground facilities are
interconnected by terrestrial and communications satellite circuits
which are leased from communications carriers, both domestic and
foreign. This interconnection provides the communications capabil-
ity needed between spacecraft and the control centers from which
the flights are directed.
To meet the support requirements levied by the wide variety and
large number of flight projects, NASA has established three basic
support capabilities to meet the needs of all classes of NASA flight
missions. These are the Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network
(STDN), which supports Earth orbital missions; the Deep Space
Network (DSN), which supports planetary and interplanetary flight
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missions; and the Space Network including the Tracking and Data
Relay Satellite System (TDRSS), which will provide all low Earth
orbital mission support when it becomes fully operational.
The STDN will provide Earth orbital support until the TDRSS
becomes operational. At that time the STDN phasedown will con-
tinue with the closure of six ground stations. This was planned for
mid-1986. Two STDN stations (Merritt Island and Bermuda) will be
retained to provide prelaunch, launch and Shuttle landing support.
The DSN, under the management of the Jet Propulsion Labora-
tory (JPL), provides a single network to support geosynchronous,
highly elliptical, and planetary and solar system exploration mis-
sions, as well as supporting those spacecraft, now in low Earth
orbit, which are not compatible with TDRSS.
Computation facilities are maintained to provide real-time infor-
mation for mission control and to process into meaningful form the
large amounts of scientific, applications, and engineering data
which are collected from flight projects. In addition, instrumenta-
tion facilities are provided for support of sounding rocket launch-
ings and flight testing of aeronautical research aircraft.
The Space Flight, Control and Data Communications appropria-
tion includes the Space Network, Ground Network, and Data Proc-
essing and Communications elements of the program, and provides
funds for: (a) the cost of TDRSS service; (b) operations and mainte-
nance of the tracking, data acquisition, mission control, data proc-
essing and communications facilities; and (c) the engineering serv-
ices and procurement of equipment to sustain and modify the vari-
ous systems to support continuing, new, and changing flight project
requirements.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Tracking and data relay satellite system (TDRSS) ................................ $301,500,000
Space network operations ........................................................................... 43,700,000
Systems engineering and support .............................................................. 29,100,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 374,300,000
The Space Network consists of the Tracking and Data Relay Sat-
ellite System (TDRSS) and a number of NASA ground elements to
provide the necessary tracking, telemetry, command, and commu-
nication services to low Earth orbital spacecraft. The TDRSS itself
will consist of a three-satellite system, including an on-orbit spare,
all in geosynchronous orbit and a single ground terminal located at
White Sands, New Mexico. The satellites communicate with the
user spacecraft in space and relay information to and from the
ground terminal. From the ground terminal, satellite and ground
communication links interconnect the NASA elements of the net-
work and any remotely located user facilities.
The FY 1987 request includes funding for: repayment of the
loans extended by the Federal Financing Bank (FFB) for TDRSS
development; payments to the TDRSS contractor for TDRSS serv-
ices and for maintenance and operation of the White Sands com-
plex; manpower and services necessary to operate and maintain
the other NASA elements of the network; and systems engineering,
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equipment replacement, engineering analyses and other support
activities such as mission planning and documentation.
Funding is also included to continue studies and analyses for as-
suring the availability of TDRSS support beyond the current
TDRSS contract period which ends in 1993. By that time, given the
projected TDRSS spacecraft lifetimes, the existing TDRSS replace-
ment spacecraft will have been launched. In addition, limitations
on the present system associated with the ground station at White
Sands, New Mexico dictate that a backup capability is urgently
needed for that portion of the system. Three additional spacecraft
and a second ground terminal will be required to provide TDRSS
services through the 1990's.
Tracking and data relay satellite system
The Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) objective
is to provide communication services between the user spacecraft
and ground facilities. The Tracking and Data Relay Satellites
(TDRS) provide space-to-space communications to and from the
user satellites and relay these communications to the ground via a
single ground terminal which is interconnected with the other ele-
ments of the Space Network. From their position in geosynchro-
nous orbit, the TDRS can provide nearly a six-fold increase in the
orbital coverage provided by the existing complex of ground sta-
tions and can accommodate extremely high user data rates ranging
up to 300 megabits per second.
The TDRS-1 was launched in April 1983, but due to an upper
stage failure was delivered to an incorrect orbit. Subsequently,
through a sequence of complex maneuvers, the spacecraft was
placed into its nominal orbit. Since that time, it has supported
Shuttle missions, including Spacelabs, and free flyer missions in-
cluding Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), Earth Radiation Budget
Satellite (ERBS), Landsat, and Solar Mesopheric Explorer (SME).
Problems with the spacecraft timing circuitry led to cancellation of
the second TDRS launch that was scheduled for early 1985. Modifi-
cations have been made to all remaining spacecraft to correct the
problem, and the launches of the second and third spacecraft were
scheduled for January and July 1986, respectively. With the loss of
TDRS-2 in the Challenger accident, the next two TDRS satellites
will be rescheduled and launched when the Shuttle is again oper-
ational. TDRS-1 will become the on-orbit spare when the second
and third spacecraft achieve operational status.
Under the terms of the TDRSS service contract, loans were ex-
tended by the Federal Financing Bank (FFB) to the Space Commu-
nication Company (SCC), the owner-operator of the TDRSS, for pro-
gram development. Under the terms of the loan agreement and as-
signment, NASA repays these loans directly to the FFB. In addi-
tion, NASA will make payments to SCC for TDRSS services for
maintenance and operation of the White Sands Ground Terminal
and other support to be provided during the year. Current plan-
ning provides for launch of the initial four (now three) spacecraft
using the IUS and the launches of the two subsequent spacecraft
using an upper stage to be competitively procured.
Of the amount requested in FY 1987, approximately $227 million
is for loan payments to the FFB for TDRSS development. Approxi-
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192 I
mately $50 million of the request provides for TDRSS service pay-
ments, TDRSS integration with an upper stage and other changes
and support activities. Another $24 million is included in the re-
quest for the maintenance and operation of the White Sands
Ground Terminal.
Space network operations
The objective of Space Network Operations is to provide for the
operation and maintenance of the associated NASA ground sys-
tems and facilities which, when combined with TDRSS, provide a
full array of reliable tracking, telemetry, command, and communi-
cation services to user spacecraft in low-Earth orbit. Each of these
NASA elements perform specific functions for the Space Network.
The NASA Ground Terminal (NGT) monitors TDRSS perform-
ance, provides fault isolation monitoring for the network, and
serves as the communications interface between White Sands and
all other facilities. The Network Control Center (NCC) schedules
TDRSS services for all user spacecraft, and the Flight Dynamics
Facility (FDF) provides orbit determination, trajectory analysis,
and position location for flight missions supported by the Space
Network and for selected missions supported by the DSN. The Bila-
teration Ranging Transponder System (BRTS) provides precision
position location and orbit determination information for the
TDRS. The Simulation Operations Center (SOC) and the Compat-
ibility Test Vans (CTV) provide necessary pre-launch testing, simu-
lations, and interface verification for both user spacecraft and the
various network elements to assure the operational readiness of
the network to support a given mission.
The individual elements are designed to function as an integrat-
ed operational system. Currently, the overall system is providing
service to a variety of missions, including Shuttle and Spacelab, as
previously noted. Effort is also continuing on achieving an oper-
ational configuration that will be capable of supporting an expand-
ed workload in the late 1980's.
The funding request provides for contractor personnel to operate
the network systems 24 hours per day, seven days per week, and
for the related hardware and software maintenance. Funding also
provides for a variety of support activities such as operational anal-
yses, mission planning and documentation. In addition to the mis-
sions currently being supported by the Space Network, the support
workload will increase significantly in FY 1987 with the launch of
the Hubble Space Telescope.
Systems engineering and support
The objective of Systems Engineering and Support is to provide
the engineering services and hardware required to sustain and
modify the NASA elements of the Space Network. Engineering
services are supplied through both the maintenance and operations
contract and a number of small, highly specialized engineering
service contracts.
Preparations are underway to assure ground system readiness
for full network operation once the total complement of three
TDRS's, including the on-orbit spare, are operational. There is also
continuing activity to sustain system reliability for current users as
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well as preparations to meet upcoming support requirements. In
the Network Control Center (NCC) display, processing and commu-
nication equipment is being replaced and software development is
underway to improve TDRSS user access and operational reliabil-
ity. At the Network Ground Terminal (NGT), there is a continuing
effort to automate functions to improve operational reliability and
to achieve operating efficiencies. Preliminary effort, associated
with the implementation of a second ground terminal for the
TDRSS, is also underway.
Funds requested will provide for engineering support in the
areas of systems engineering, performance and operations analyses,
minor modifications, network integration testing and interface ver-
ification, sustaining engineering support, test equipment, and
vendor maintenance for specialized equipment and subsystems
within the Space Network. Design and analytical studies will be
conducted on a wide array of items ranging from subsystem modifi-
cations to meet new mission requirements or to correct system defi-
ciencies to the analysis of the radio frequency environment for po-
tential impact on TDRSS and other network systems. Funds are
also requested for continued software development for the NCC
and ongoing hardware implementation, replacement and modifica.
tion.
The FY 1987 funding request will support definition activities
which will lead to implementation of a second ground terminal to
be located in the vicinity of White Sands, New Mexico. Construc-
tion of a second ground terminal will be initiated in 1987 from the
CofF appropriation. Experience to date with the existing terminal
indicates that to maintain continuity of service over an extended
period of time, a backup to the existing White Sands Ground Ter-
minal (WSGT) is essential to eliminate a critical single point of fail-
ure in the control and support of space programs.
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Spaceflight tracking and data network systems implementation ....... $3,400,000
Spaceflight tracking and data network operations ................................ 53,000,000
Deep space network systems implementation ......................................... 44,000,000
Deep space network operations .................................................................. 94,100,000
Aeronautics, balloons, and sounding rocket support systems imple-
mentation ................................................................................................... 11,200,000
Aeronautics, balloons, and sounding rocket support operations ......... 16,300,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 222,000,000
As of January 1, 1986, the Ground Networks included the Space-
flight Tracking and Data Network (STDN), consisting of nine geo-
graphically dispersed ground stations which support Earth orbital
missions; the Deep Space Network (DSN) consisting of three sta-
tions approximately 120 degrees apart in longitude, which support
planetary and solar system flight missions and some Earth orbital
missions; and instrumentation facilities, both fixed and mobile,
which support the Aeronautics, Balloon and Sounding Rocket
(AB&SR) programs. In addition, sounding rocket and balloon
launches are conducted at selected worldwide locations.
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Funding for the ground networks provides for operation and
maintenance of the worldwide facilities, as well as engineering and
procurement of equipment to sustain and modify network systems.
The workload in FY 1987 includes ongoing support to the Space
Shuttle, and spacecraft including Voyager, Galileo, Ulysses, Pio-
neers, Dynamic Explorer, International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE),
Nimbus and the International Sun-Earth Explorers, as well as
preparation for support of such upcoming missions as the planned
Voyager-Neptune encounter, Magellan (formerly Venus Radar
Mapper), and the Mars Observer. Support will also be provided to
aircraft programs such as the F-16 and F-111 and the X-29A for-
ward swept wing.
Spaceflight tracking and data network systems implementation
The Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network (STDN) systems im-
plementation program encompasses the procurement and imple-
mentation of services and hardware to sustain network facilities
and equipment to ensure reliable tracking, command, and data ac-
quisition support to ongoing scientific and applications satellite
missions and the Space Shuttle. The network is currently support-
ing many missions with highly complex requirements for tracking,
data acquisition, command and control including Shuttle and
Spacelab missions. With the closure of six STDN ground stations
planned for mid-1986, this program will be limited to sustaining ca-
pabilities at Bermuda, Merritt Island, Florida and the Wallops
Flight Facility.
The FY 1987 request includes funds for the replacement of obso-
lete and difficult-to-maintain equipment at those facilities that
remain open after the TDRSS is operational. These facilities will be
used for prelaunch, launch and landing support at Bermuda and
Merritt Island, Florida, and for limited orbital support from the
Wallops Flight Facility for the Space Shuttle. The requirements for
support from these sites will continue for the foreseeable future.
Equipment replacements and modifications are required in FY
1987 to maintain a level of proficiency to support the continuing
workload and to assure the reliability of the major systems. Ac-
cordingly, funds are required to replace obsolete equipment, for re-
liability modifications and to achieve operating efficiencies in the
network. The funds requested also provide for procurement of
major subsystem spares, for the provision and modification of test
equipment, and for minor equipment modifications resulting from
changes in support requirements.
Spaceflight tracking and data network operations
The primary function of the Spaceflight Tracking and Data Net-
work (STDN) system is to support NASA Earth-orbital spaceflight
missions, including the Space Shuttle. This network also provides
launch support to NASA planetary missions, and on a reimbursa-
ble basis, spaceflight missions of other United States government
agencies (NOAA and DOD) and other nations.
As of January 1, 1986, the STDN consisted of nine geographically
dispersed ground stations. Eight of these stations are located at:
Greenbelt, Maryland; Merritt Island, Florida; Kauai, Hawaii;
Guam; Ascension Island; Dakar, Senegal; Bermuda; and Santiago,
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Chile. These global facilities have the capability to electronically
track the spacecraft, send commands for spacecraft and experiment
control purposes, and receive and display engineering and scientific
data from the spacecraft. In the case of manned flights, they main-
tain voice communications for crew operations and safety and
other project-related purposes. The ninth station, located at Yarra-
gadee, Australia, provides only air-to-ground voice communication
with the astronauts.
During FY 1986, the tracking and data acquisition support func-
tion will be transferred from the station at Greenbelt, Maryland to
the Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. When the second TDRS
satellite is operational, the following STDN stations will cease op-
erations and be closed: Ascension Island, Guam, Hawaii, Santiago
and Yarragadee. Dakar will close when the third TDRS satellite is
on station to support the ascent phase of STS missions. The two re-
maining stations at Merritt Island and Bermuda will provide pre-
launch, launch and STS landing support.
The FY 1987 funding requirements provide for the maintenance
and operation of the remaining STDN stations. Included in the
funding request are the related logistics support, network planning,
scheduling, engineering, documentation and software programming
costs associated with the operation of the network stations. Logis-
tics support in the form of spare parts and some equipment repairs
is provided to a variety of OSTDS users including the Deep Space
Network (DSN), NASA Communications Network (NASCOM),
Space Network, Wallops Flight Facility, and project control cen-
ters.
Deep space network (DSN) systems implementation
The role of the Deep Space Network (DSN) is to provide the com-
munication link between each of NASA's distant planetary and
interplanetary spacecraft and the Earth. The DSN is responsible
for receiving science and engineering data and providing the navi-
gation, command and control capabilities from the ground to a
wide variety of spacecraft ranging in distance from low Earth orbit
to over 5.3 billion kilometers from Earth. When the three STDN
stations were consolidated with the DSN stations in Australia, Cali-
fornia and Spain in February 1985, the DSN also assumed support
responsibility for several spacecraft already in Earth orbit and for
any spacecraft not supportable by the TDRSS. Several of these sup-
port requirements include missions in low Earth, highly elliptical
and synchronous Earth orbits.
The systems and facilities required to support spacecraft at the
limits of the solar system are highly specialized and include the
use of large aperture antennas electronically configured in a
phased array to receive the extremely weak radio signals. The an-
tennas use ultrasensitive, cryogenically cooled receivers and power-
ful transmitters. Extremely stable hydrogen maser time standards
are required for precise navigation of distant spacecraft. Advanced
data handling systems are required at both the DSN complexes and
the Network Operations Control Center (NOCC).
Since the Galileo spacecraft will be the first to utilize a receiver
in the X-band frequency spectrum, the ground network must be im-
plemented to transmit commands in this frequency range. By mid-
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1987, a 34-meter antenna at Spain and Australia will be imple-
mented with this capability. Not only will Galileo utilize this new
frequency for spacecraft telecommunications, but it will also use a
new precision tracking capability to perform experiments designed
to detect perturbations in the gravity field caused by collapsing
quasars. As all new deep space missions will utilize X-band, it is
planned to implement this capability on most of the remaining an-
tennas in the DSN by 1992.
The four major objectives for the DSN in the late 1980's are as
follows: (1) to provide communications channels to scientific space-
craft at ever-increasing distances and to provide the capability to
receive images at these great distances; (2) to increase the frequen-
cy range and data rate capability of the ground network to accom-
modate new spacecraft requirements; (3) to provide support for a
new set of spacecraft which will include highly elliptical Earth or-
biters and synchronous Earth orbital missions (both types will be
in orbits at altitudes that are beyond the support area of TDRSS);
and (4) to provide the improved navigation capabilities required for
precise spacecraft targeting and probe delivery.
These objectives represent a significant challenge to the DSN, as
it will be supporting many more spacecraft than in the past, many
of which will be at extremely great distances. The most distant
planetary encounter will be of Neptune by Voyager-2 in 1989. This
encounter will occur some 4.5 billion kilometers from Earth. At
that time, Voyager-2 is expected to transmit the first high resolu-
tion images ever received from a spacecraft at such a distance. An
expansion of the 64-meter antennas to 70 meters which is under-
way, along with multiple antenna arraying of radiotelescopes in
New Mexico, Japan and Australia, will provide the increased
signal capturing capability for the first look at Neptune.
Upcoming missions which will be supported by the network in-
clude Galileo, Ulysses, Magellan and Mars Observer.
Funding in the FY 1987 request provides for continuing the evo-
lution of the DSN, taking advantage of the latest technologies to
meet the increasingly complex support requirements. Included are
new capabilities needed to meet the more stringent navigation and
spacecraft-ground telecommunications requirements while reducing
overall maintenance and operations costs.
Funds are included in the 1987 budget to implement the new ca-
pabilities required for the mission. These are: (1) high telemetry
data rates which will require telemetry system modifications and
(2) spacecraft signal dynamics which will require extensive changes
to the receiver system.
The X-band transmission capability required for Galileo will re-
quire extensive additions to the new 34-meter antenna feed systems
at Spain and Australia and the addition of a transmitter to these
antennas which are currently in a "listen only" configuration. Ex-
tensive improvements to the ground tracking systems are required
in 1987 to provide the navigation accuracy required for the Galileo
probe release. This mission event requires that the position of the
spacecraft be precisely known in order that the probe, when re-
leased, will follow the correct ballistic trajectory into the Jovian at-
mosphere.
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Work will continue in 1987 in preparation for the Voyager-2
spacecraft encounter of the planet Neptune which will occur in
1989. This activity consists of implementation of an X-band receive
capability for the Very Large Array at Socorro, New Mexico (which
will be arrayed with the Goldstone, California antennas) and the
64-meter antennas at Parkes, Australia and Usuda, Japan (which
will be arrayed with the the DSN antennas at Canberra, Austra-
lia).
To improve the operability, maintainability and reliability of the
DSN, significant modifications, including replacement of obsolete
equipment, will be made during 1987 at the signal processing cen-
ters at the three DSN complexes and at the Network Control
Center at Pasadena, California.
Deep space network operations
The three Deep Space Network (DSN) complex locations-Gold-
stone, California; Canberra, Australia; and Madrid, Spain-are ap-
proximately 120 degrees apart in longitude to permit continuous
viewing of planetary and solar system spacecraft. Each complex
has one 64-meter and two 34-meter diameter antennas including
one 34-meter antenna under construction at Madrid. A centralized
control center for the network is located at the Jet Propulsion Lab-
oratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California. The DSN also operates 26-
meter antennas at all three stations having completed the consoli-
dation of STDN station resources under the network consolidation
program. These 26-meter antennas are used to track spacecraft in
the vicinity of the Earth which cannot utilize TDRSS.
The Voyager-2 spacecraft encounter with Uranus in January
1986 provided the first detailed information on that distant planet.
Voyager-1 is now about 3.8 billion kilometers from Earth on a tra-
jectory that will take it out of the solar system. The Pioneer-10
Spacecraft is now beyond the orbit of Neptune, and is the first
man-made object to leave the solar system. It now takes just under
ten hours for a radio signal, traveling at the speed of light, to make
the round trip between Earth and Pioneer-10. The Pioneer-11
spacecraft, some 2.9 billion kilometers from Earth, continues to be
tracked. The Pioneer-6 through-8 spacecraft are provided support
during solar conjunctions and gravity wave experiments.
The DSN facilities are also used on a noninterference basis for
ground based measurements in support of experiments in plane-
tary radar mapping and in the field of radio astronomy. The ultra-
sensitive network antennas are being used in an attempt to learn
more about pulsar high energy sources, quasars, and other inter-
stellar and intergalactic phenomena.
Additional 34-meter antennas have been completed at both Gold-
stone and Canberra. These antennas have been electronically com-
bined with the other antenna facilities at their respective complex
to increase the receiver gain available at these two stations. Both
of these stations were crucial to capturing imaging and science
data from the Voyager-2 encounter with Uranus. The DSN com-
plex at Canberra, because of its southern hemisphere location, had
the best view of Voyager-2 at Uranus. At that location, an addi-
tional facility was used at the time of encounter. The additional fa-
cility was the Australian 64-meter Radio Observatory at Parkes,
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which was electronically combined with an array of DSN antennas.
The European Space Agency (ESA) used this same Radio Observa-
tory facility in support of their Giotto mission to Halley's Comet in
March 1986. The arrival of Giotto at Halley's Comet at a time close
to the Voyager-2 Uranus encounter required close coordination be-
tween NASA, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Re-
search Organization (CSIRO) in Australia, and ESA in order to
assure mission success.
The DSN operations funding provides for the maintenance and
operation of the consolidated network facilities, control center, and
the support and engineering effort associated with both implemen-
tation activities and continuing operation of the network. The ex-
pected workload in 1987 on the DSN consists of support for the two
Voyager spacecraft, the six ongoing Pioneer spacecraft (Pioneer 6,
7, 8, 10, 11 and Pioneer Venus), Active Magnetosphere Particle
Tracer Explorer, International Sun Earth Explorer-1 and -2,
Nimbus-7, Dynamics Explorer, Galileo, the Ulysses encounter with
the planet Jupiter, and International Comet Explorer. Provision
has also been made in the DSN to provide emergency backup sup-
port for Space Shuttle, TDRSS and Hubble Space Telescope.
Aeronautics, balloons and sounding rocket support systems imple-
mentation
The objectives of the Aeronautics, Balloons, and Sounding Rocket
(AB&SR) Systems Implementation program are two fold. First,
fixed and mobile instrumentation systems are provided to meet the
tracking, data acquisition, and range safety requirements of the
aeronautics research conducted at the Wallops Flight Facility
(WFF) in Virginia, the Dryden Flight Research Facility (DFRF) and
Moffett Field Flight Complex (MFFC) in California, and the scien-
tific investigations conducted with balloons and sounding rockets at
Wallops; the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico; Poker Flats,
Alaska; Palestine, Texas; and other selected sites around the world.
Second, tracking and data acquisition support will be provided at
Wallops to selected near-Earth orbiting satellites which cannot be
supported by TDRSS. This function is being moved from Greenbelt,
Maryland, to Wallops in April 1986 and will permit the closedown
of that type of operation at Greenbelt.
The aeronautical research efforts and scientific experiments
using sounding rockets and balloons are programs of a continuing
nature which generally require about the same level of support
from year to year. Support for these programs requires fixed and
mobile instrumentation systems; namely, radar, telemetry, optical,
communications, command, data handling and processing systems.
To maintain these facilities, replacement parts must be acquired
and test and calibration equipment routinely replaced. Due to the
age of some of the radar, telemetry, and impact prediction equip-
ment, a phased replacement and refurbishment program is under-
way to assure reliable real-time data collection and handling sup-
port to meet current and future requirements.
Aeronautics, balloons and sounding rocket support operations
Fixed and mobile instrumentation systems are maintained and
operated to support sounding rocket, balloon, spacecraft, and aero-
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nautics programs conducted by the Wallops Flight Facility (WFF),
the Ames Research Center (ARC) at its Dryden Flight Research Fa-
cility (DFRF), and Moffett Field Flight Complex (MFFC). These in-
strumentation systems include radar, telemetry, data processing,
data handling, and communications systems, as well as special pur-
pose optical equipment.
The Sounding Rocket program continues to be an active program
with approximately 110 launches in FY 1985, most of which were
conducted at WFF. In addition, there were approximately 190 bal-
loon flights during the same period. At WFF, the aeronautics pro-
grams are primarily related to investigation of aircraft handling
characteristics, advanced control and display concepts, spin and
stall tests, terminal area guidance and traffic control systems, and
storm dynamics studies. During 1985, approximately 275 research
missions were conducted. In addition to support of sounding rocket,
balloon, and aeronautics programs, instrumentation at WFF will
continue to be utilized to support the shuttle orbital flights with C-
band radar support.
ARC operates aeronautical test ranges at DFRF and MFFC
which provide radar, telemerty, optical, and communications sup-
port for the performance of aircraft research and development pro-
grams. A variety of programs are conducted at these facilities in-
volving high performance aircraft such as the F-111, F-18A, F-16,
F-104, F-8, X-29A, and unique research vehicles such as the tilt-
rotor research aircraft, composite rotorcraft, and the X-wing air-
craft. Nearly 500 aeronautical research missions were supported at
DFRF and approximately 275 at MFFC during FY 1985. DFRF con-
tinues to serve as an alternative landing site for the Space Shuttle.
The FY 1987 funding requirements provide engineering and tech-
nical services for maintenance and operation of fixed and mobile
radar, telemetry, optical, communications, and data handling and
processing equipment and facilities to support the ongoing sound-
ing rocket, balloon, orbiting satellites, and aeronautical research
activities. It includes the first full year of funding for the transfer
of operations from Greenbelt, Maryland to the Wallops Flight Fa-
cility.
COMMUNICATIONS AND DATA SYSTEMS
FISCAL YEAR 1987 FUNDING LEVEL
Communications systems implementation ............................................... $6,200,000
Communications operations ........................................................................ 82,000,000
Mission facilities ........................................................................................... 6,900,000
Mission operations ........................................................................................ 29,300,000
Data processing systems implementation ................................................ 25,100,000
Data processing operations ......................................................................... 53,100,000
General reduction .......................................................................................... -12,000,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 190,600,000
Funds requested for the Communications and Data Systems pro-
gram provide for the implementation and operation of facilities
and systems which are required for data transmission, mission con-
trol and data processing support.
Communication circuits and service provide for the transmission
of data among the remote tracking and data acquisition facilities,
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launch areas, and the mission control centers. Real-time informa-
tion is crucial to determining the condition of the spacecraft and
payloads for the generation of commands for spacecraft and pay-
load control. Data received from the various spacecraft must be
processed into a usable form before transfer to control centers and
experimenters. Missions supported include Shuttle, Spacelab,
NASA scientific and application projects and international coopera-
tive efforts.
Major activities underway include the implementation of. (1) the
Program Support Communications Network (PSCN) which provides
for the day-to-day communications among NASA field centers and
Headquarters; (2) a mission control and data capture system for
Hubble Space Telescope and (3) Mission Control and data process-
ing capabilities for support of upcoming missions such as Space-
labs, Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) and Upper Atmosphere Re-
search Satellite (UARS). In addition, preliminary studies have been
initiated to evaluate Space Station support requirements.
Communications systems implementation
The objective of the Communications Systems Implementation
program is to provide the necessary capability in NASA's Global
Communications Network to meet new program support require-
ments, to increase the efficiency of the network, and to keep
NASCOM at a high level of reliability for the transmission of data.
NASCOM interconnects the tracking and data acquisition facilities
which support all flight projects; it also links such facilities as
launch areas, test sites, and mission control centers.
The major effort underway in NASCOM is the phased replace-
ment of the digital voices and data message switching system at
the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC).
The FY 1987 funding requirements will provide the sustaining
equipment and modifications to support the NASCOM network and
continue implementation of the replacement digital voice and data
message switching system at GSFC. Effort will continue on the use
of advanced digital techniques for Time-Division-Multiple-Access
(TDMA) via satellite. With the completion of the 15 MBS system at
14 locations in FY 1986, implementation and augmentation for a 60
MBS capability at selected NASA Centers will be initiated in FY
1987 to meet growing requirements.
On-line operation of the Control and Status System (CSS) is
scheduled for mid-1987. This system will provide real-time perform-
ance information and automate the manual switching function for
the baseline Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communica-
tions system. The baseline TDRS communications system ties to-
gether the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Johnson Space
Center (JSC), Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), and the
TDRSS ground terminal in New Mexico.
Communications operations
NASA's Global Communications Network (NASCOM) intercon-
nects, by means of leased voice, data, and wideband circuits, the
tracking and data acquisition facilities which support all flight
projects. NASCOM also links such facilities as launch areas, test
sites, and mission control centers. Goddard Space Flight Center
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(GSFC) operates the NASCOM and serves as its major switching
control point. In the interest of economy, reliability, and full utili-
zation of trunk circuitry, subswitching centers have been estab-
lished at key domestic and overseas locations. The NASA flight
projects require the transfer of data between the mission control
centers and the sites because of the need for real time control of
spacecraft and on-board experiments. In addition, there are re-
quirements to provide experiment data expeditiously to users for
analysis. NASA's Program Support Communications Network
(PSCN) interconnects by means of leased voice, data, and wideband
circuits the NASA Centers, Headquarters, and major contractor lo-
cations for the transfer of programmatic and administrative infor-
mation. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) operates the PSCN
and serves as its major switching control point.
The FY 1987 funding requirements for Communications Oper-
ations will provide the circuits and service required to operate and
maintain the NASA Global Communications Network. Internation-
al communications satellites and cable systems will continue to
provide digital wideband services to all the overseas tracking sta-
tions. Domestic satellite systems and terrestrial networks will con-
tinue to service the continental United States stations. The initi-
ation and transfer of selected domestic satellite services to the
TDRSS C-Band transponders will be undertaken with other govern-
ment users reimbursing NASA for their portion of the service. It is
anticipated that NASCOM's TDMA based network and the PSCN
backbone network will also utilize the TDRS satellite C-Band capa-
bility.
In addition, funds are included for the Program Support Commu-
nications Network (PSCN) which provide for the circuits and facili-
ties for programmatic and day-to-day operations such as facsimile,
teleconferencing, data transmission, and computer-to-computer
data sharing for NASA Centers and Headquarters. In FY 1987
funds are required to operate and maintain the PSC network hard-
ware and wideband satellite and terrestrial circuits at all NASA lo-
cations and selected contractor sites. The network will support all
NASA programs and projects such as the Space Transportation
System, Hubble Space Telescope, and Space Station management
information system. In addition, the network will support adminis-
trative and institutional information systems.
Mission facilities
The Mission Facilities Implementation Program provides the sys-
tems capability for the command and control of NASA's unmanned
scientific and applications satellite programs. Command and con-
trol of the spacecraft and on-board experiments are carried out via
Payload Operations Control Centers (POCC's) and related Mission
Support Systems (MSS).
The POCC's are responsible for the receipt, processing, and dis-
play of spacecraft engineering data and the transmission of com-
mands. Four POCC's currently monitor and control numerous
spacecraft. In addition, a new dedicated control center will be oper-
ational in FY 1986 to control the Hubble Space Telescope sched-
uled for launch in late 1986. Related mission support systems in-
clude a Johnson Space Center/Goddard Space Flight Center Shut-
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tle POCC Interface Facility (SPIF) and a Mission Planning System
to plan and schedule spacecraft support.
The FY 1987 funding requirements will provide for Hubble Space
Telescope post launch software enhancements based upon on-orbit
performance of the spacecraft and science instruments. Certain
control center parameters related to focusing of the telescope and
calibration of the optics can only be determined and implemented
after the Hubble Space Telescope is in orbit.
In addition, FY 1987 funds will provide for modifications to the
existing Multisatellite Operations Control Center (MSOCC) for con-
trol of the Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO), Cosmic Background Ex-
plorer (COBE), Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), and
various Shuttle attached payloads. In FY 1987, control center de-
velopments to permit spacecraft payload operations from user fa-
cilities will also be initiated. This new concept, which is planned
for use with Space Station, will provide operational efficiencies for
experimenters.
Mission operations
The Mission Operations Program in FY 1987 will provide for the
operation of five Payload Operations Control Centers (POCC's) and
the related software and support services necessary for the moni-
toring and control of ten in-orbit spacecraft.
These POCC's, which are the control facilities for spacecraft/pay-
load operations, have the capability for receiving, processing, and
displaying spacecraft engineering and telemetry data for sending
commands to the spacecraft. Commands transmitted to the space-
craft include both emergency commands resulting from decisions
made by the spacecraft analysts as well as preplanned command
sequences generated in advance to carry out the mission objectives.
Each POCC is operated 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. For
Shuttle launches with attached payloads, for which GSFC has re-
sponsibility, there is a specialized GSFC Shuttle Payload Interface
Facility (SPIF) which processes and provides for the display of
Shuttle-unique data that is necessary for payload control.
The FY 1987 budget request includes funds to operate POCC's
and supporting facilities for control of on-orbit missions and control
center software development for supporting upcoming missions. In
FY 1987 the new Hubble Space Telescope POCC will be operational
and a major activity that will be conducted in this facility after
launch is the operational checkout and calibration of the spacecraft
and scientific instruments. Also in FY 1987, software development
activities will continue to increase for the COBE and UARS mis-
sions. Software to enable POCC control of the GRO will continue
along with SPIF software development.
Also included in the FY 1987 budget request are funds for soft-
ware and related support services which include maintenance of a
software library, computer-generation of command sequences,
equipment maintenance, engineering, logistics and documentation
services.
Data processing systems implementation
The Data Processing Systems Implementation Program provides
for the procurement of equipment and related services for the large
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data processing and computation systems at the Goddard Space
Flight Center (GSFC) which support both the operational and pay-
load requirements of space missions. To meet operational require-
ments, these systems determine spacecraft attitude and orbit and
generate on-board commands to the spacecraft subsystems. In sup-
port of spacecraft payloads, the systems process the data from sci-
ence and applications experiments for subsequent transfer to the
experimenters for analysis.
Major computation capabilities include the Flight Dynamics Fa-
cility which performs the real time attitude, orbit computation and
flight maneuver control functions and the Command Management
System which provides memory management for on-board comput-
ers. There are three major systems for processing data: 1) the Te-
lemetry On-Line Processing System (TELOPS) which routinely sup-
ports a number of Earth-orbiting spacecraft; 2) the Image Process-
ing Facility which generates products for Landsat and Nimbus 7
and, 3) the Spacelab Data Processing Facility (SLDPF) which sup-
ported the Spacelab 1, 2, 3 and D1 missions and the Shuttle Imag-
ing Radar-B experiment.
Significant activities in this program continue at the Goddard
Space Flight Center to keep the large systems viable and respon-
sive to project support requirements. Implementation continues on
a new system to process data from numerous and varied experi-
ments which comprise the payloads of early Spacelab missions and
new payloads associated with later missions. The early Spacelab
missions may be described generally as multi-discipline missions
consisting of a mixture of experiments in areas such as life science,
microgravity, space plasma, etc., whereas the later Spacelab mis-
sions place emphasis on a single discipline and are called Dedicated
Discipline Laboratory (DDL) missions. Examples of DDL missions
are the Attached Shuttle Astronomy Payload (ASTRO 1, 2, & 3),
the Earth Observation Missions (EOM) 1 and 2, and the Shuttle
High Energy Astrophysics Laboratory (SHEAL).
Also included is the development of a test bed facility to be used
for prototyping, testing and evaluating maturing technologies re-
sulting from the Advanced Systems Program. Promising technol-
ogies for application to future support will be investigated in the
areas of remote payload operation and control, expert systems,
high speed data processing, high level languages, and advanced
data base management systems.
The FY 1987 budget request will provide funding for continuing
the phased replacement of the existing computation systems at the
Goddard Space Flight Center which provide real-time support to
NASA spacecraft. Included in the support are such critical activi-
ties as real-time attitude and orbit determination, memory man-
agement for on-board computers, and flight maneuver control.
The funding request provides for continuing the phased replace-
ment program for the Command Management System (CMS) and
the Orbit Computation System (OCS) at GSFC. The initial phase
for replacing the CMS system has been completed and this funding
provides for initiating the final phase of the replacement plan.
Also, funding is included for replacing custom displays and large
application software programs for the OCS. In addition, the request
provides for the improvement/upgrade of the Flight Dynamics Fa-
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cility (FDF) and for systems studies in autonomous navigation as
part of the test bed/prototyping activity.
Funds are required in FY 1987 to continue the implementation
of an institutional packet telemetry processing system with the
Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) as its first user. This facility will
capture, error check, and ship real-time, quick-look and production
scientific data to various users. The system is necessary to handle
the "packet" telemetry and to assure support over the long mission
lifetime of GRO and other spacecraft. The "packet" telemetry con-
cept allows the scientific data of an experiment to be handled with
minimum involvement by the ground system, thus reducing ground
data processing time as well as ensuring faster delivery of data to
the experimenters.
Funds are also required in FY 1987 to continue the augmenta-
tion of the SLDPF to support missions such as International Micro-
gravity Laboratory (IML), ASTRO-2 and -3, EOM-3, SHEAL, Sunlab
1 and the Shuttle Radar Lab (SRL-2).
The FY 1987 budget request includes funds to continue the up-
grade of the existing TELOPS in order to develop a generic time
division multiplexed (TDM) system of which the Upper Atmosphere
Research Satellite (LIARS) will be the first user. The handling of
UARS data will serve as a baseline for providing such support to
other users allowing for tradeoffs between development costs and
support risks for future missions.
There is a continuing requirement to procure and maintain an
adequate supply of unique spare parts to replace failure-prone and
high-maintenance electronic modules, to provide test equipment,
and to undertake minor modifications and hardware fabrication as-
sociated with new equipment, and reconfiguration. Funds are also
included in the request for continuing the evaluation of Space Sta-
tion support requirements and the capabilities needed to provide
such support.
Data processing operations
Information received in the form of tracking and telemetry data
from the various spacecraft must be processed into a usable form
before transfer to control centers and experimenters. This transfor-
mation and computation process is performed as part of the data
processing function and applies to a wide variety of programs,
ranging from the small explorer satellites to complex imaging type
satellites such as Landsat and Nimbus.
In addition to the actual processing of the data, upcoming
projects require extensive prelaunch orbit analysis including space-
craft position and attitude predictions. Analyses are also required
to develop operational sequences and procedures to be used during
the actual operation of these complex spacecraft.
Telemetry data is the primary product of spacecraft and it is
through reduction and analysis of this data by the experimenters
that the planned objectives are achieved. Data is processed to sepa-
rate the information obtained from various scientific experiments
aboard the spacecraft, consolidate information for each experiment-
er, determine spacecraft attitude, and correlate these measure-
ments with spacecraft position data. Three facilities, the Image
Processing Facility (IPF), the Telemetry On-Line Processing System
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(TELOPS), and the Spacelab Data Processing Facility (SLDPF),
have been established at the Goddard Space Flight Center to pre-
process different types of raw experimental data.
The IPF, initially established to handle image data from the
Landsat-1, has supported Landsat-2 and Landsat-3 and presently is
processing residual data from these spacecraft as well as current
data from the Nimbus mission. These spacecraft are being support-
ed with an all-digital system using high density recorders and com-
puter compatible tapes. This equipment is being used currently to
process archived Landsat data now required for climatic and mete-
orological studies. This data was processed initially into film and
picture products; however, the scientific community requires the
data to be reprocessed with the output in the form of digital tapes.
The digital data can be manipulated in the scientist's computer
with specific algorithms to enhance the interpretation of the data
and related phenomena.
The Telemetry On-Line Processing System (TELOPS) handles the
non-image data. TELOPS receives satellite data in a digital form
from the tracking stations via the NASA Global Communications
Network lines and is able to electronically store large volumes of
telemetry data, thus eliminating most of the tape and tape han-
dling operations. Facility management, maintenance and oper-
ations, and software development support for the image and non-
image data processing facilities are also provided. The operation of
the Spacelab Data Processing Facility is included along with soft-
ware development and maintenance required for attitude determi-
nation, flight maneuvers, and mission simulations.
The FY 1987 budget request includes funds to operate the Image
Processing Facility (IPF), the Hubble Space Telescope Data Capture
Facility (HSTDCF), and the Telemetry On-Line Processing System
(TELOPS). Also, funds are necessary for operation of the SLDPF
which includes maintenance of unique hardware and software for
Spacelab and Dedicated Discipline Laboratory (DDL) missions.
Application software development, prototyping, and system test-
ing activities are continuing or will be initiated in support of up-
coming space science and applications missions such as Cosmic
Background Explorer, Gamma Ray Observatory, Shuttle Attached
Payloads, and the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. For on-
orbit spacecraft, software development and maintenance is re-
quired on a continuing basis in order to perform attitude control
maneuvers and for data processing activities.
CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES $166,300,000
The Construction of Facilities (CoF) authorization of appropria-
tions provides contractual services for the repair, rehabilitation
and modification of existing facilities; the construction of new fa-
cilities; the acquisition of related facility equipment; the design of
facilities projects; and advance planning related to future facilities
needs.
The funds authorized for 1987 provide for: the continuation of
prior year's endeavors in meeting the facilities requirements for
Space Flight; modification of aeronautical research and develop-
ment facilities; repair, rehabilitation and modification of other fa-
cilities to maintain, upgrade and improve the usefulness of the
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NASA physical plant; minor construction of new facilities; and fa-
cility planning and design activities.
The projects and amount in the budget reflect Space Flight re-
quirements that are time sensitive to meet specific milestones.
Other program requirements for 1987 include the construction of a
central computing facility at the Johnson Space Center; construc-
tion of a spacecraft systems development and integration facility at
the Goddard Space Flight Center; construction of an engineering
support building, and modification of the uninterruptible power
system in the space flight operations facility at the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory; construction of a human performance research labora-
tory at the Ames Research Center; construction of an integrated
test facility at Dryden Flight Research Facility; construction of an
addition for the nondestructive evaluation research laboratory, and
modifications to the 8-foot high temperature tunnel at the Langley
Research Center; construction of a power systems facility at the
Lewis Research Center; and the construction of a second tracking
and data relay satellite system ground terminal facility in New
Mexico.
The FY 1987 program continues to meet the objectives of pre-
serving and enhancing the capabilities and usefulness of existing
facilities and ensuring safe economical and efficient use of the
NASA physical plant. This authorization continues the necessary
rehabilitation and modification program begun in prior years and
continues a repair program. The purpose of the repair program is
to restore facilities to a condition substantially equivalent to their
originally designed capability. The minor construction program
continues to provide a means to accomplish smaller facility projects
which accommodate changes in technical and institutional require-
ments.
Funds authorized for facility planning and design cover advance
planning and design requirements for potential future projects,
master planning, facilities studies, engineering reports and studies
and the preparation of facility project design drawings and bid
specifications.
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Project
Construction of Central Computing
Facility, Johnson Space Center.
Space Station Facilities, as follows:
A. Construction of Addition to
the Systems Integration and
Mockup Laboratory, Johnson
Space Center.
B. Construction of Power Sys-
tems Facility, Lewis Research
Center.
C. Modifications to Test Stand
300 for Space Station Hydro-
gen/Oxygen Propulsion Sys-
tems Development, Marshall
Space Flight Center.
Construction of Addition to Orbiter
Processing Facility Annex, Ken-
nedy Space Center.
Construction of Spacecraft Systems
Development and Integration Fa-
cility, Goddard Space Flight
Center.
Construction of Engineering Sup-
port Building, Jet Propulsion Lab-
oratory.
Modification of Uninterruptible
Power System in Space Flight Op-
erations Facility, Jet Propulsion
Laboratory.
Construction of Human Perform-
ance Research Laboratory, Ames
Research Center.
Construction of Integrated Test Fa-
cility, Dryden Flight Research Fa-
cility.
Modifications to 8-Foot High Tem-
perature Tunnel, Langley Re-
search Center.
Construction of Addition for Non-
Destructive Evaluation Research
Laboratory, Langley Research
Center.
Authorization
fiscal year 1987
Page
No.
$9,000,000 208
5,000,000 209
5,800,000 209
2,100,000 210
3,400,000 210
8,000,000 211
9,800,000 212
2,600,000 212
9,400,000 213
17,500,000 214
9,700,000 214
2,000,000 215
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1
Project
Authorization
fiscal year 1987
Page
No.
11
Construction of the Second Tracking
22,000,000
216
and Data Relay Satellite System
Ground Terminal Facility in New
Mexico, White Sands Test Facility.
12
Repair of Facilities at Various Loca-
24,000,000
216
tions, Not in Excess of $750,000
Per Project.
13
Rehabilitation and Modification of
30,000,000
217
Facilities at Various Locations,
Not in excess of $750,000 Per
Project.
14
Minor Construction of New Facili-
7,000,000
218
ties and Additions to Existing Fa-
cilities at Various Locations, Not
in Excess of $500,000 Per Project.
15
Facility Planning and Design ..............
14,000,000
219
General reduction ...................................
-15,000,000
1. CONSTRUCTION OF CENTRAL COMPUTING FACILITY, JOHNSON SPACE
CENTER, $9,000,000
This project provides for the construction of a 66,500-square foot
facility to meet the immediate data processing requirements of the
Johnson Space Center (JSC). All existing computer-related areas
are fully utilized or over-extended. This new facility will provide
the space to accommodate planned additional large-scale computer
systems and support equipment to consolidate the center's adminis-
trative automated data processing functions; provide space for
Space Shuttle engineering and development computers; and sup-
port the initial automated management information systems for
the Space Station program.
This project provides for the construction of a three-story steel
framed building on the east side of Second Street, north of Building
45. Site work will include the construction of a connecting tunnel
to the JSC utility tunnel system, storm drainage, sanitary sewer,
waterlines, communications, and a service drive with parking. The
building will include three access zones for computer security, ap-
proximately 47,000 square feet of raised computer floor area, and
office space. Also included is a tape library, operations support
areas, an elevator with a load capacity of 10,000 pounds, and a
loading dock. Electrical power, cooling, lighting, communications,
fire detection and alarm and suppression equipment to support
large scale computer systems will be provided.
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1 ;
209
2. SPACE STATION FACILITIES AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS
(A) CONSTRUCTION OF ADDITION TO THE SYSTEMS INTEGRATION AND
MOCKUP LABORATORY, JOHNSON SPACE CENTER, $5,000,000
This project provides for the construction of an addition to the
Systems Integration and Mockup Laboratory, Building 9, to house
the Space Station large scale mockups and trainers. Approximately
20,600 square feet of high bay and 6,000 square feet of one-story
area will be added. It is essential that this space be provided now
so that critical system integration and development can be accom-
plished to support the initial operational capability (IOC) of the
Space Station.
The Space Station hardware will be constructed in space without
it ever having been completely assembled on Earth. This unique
approach requires that extensive systems engineering and integra-
tion capabilities be provided on the ground. To provide this capabil-
ity, an extensive system of mockups and trainers is required.
Delay of the project will result in inadequate space for Man-Sys-
tems Test Bed, the Mobile Remote Manipulator Development Facil-
ity and associated mockup and test articles required by the Space
Station development program.
This project provides for the construction of a 26,000-square foot
addition to the System Integration and Mockup Laboratory of
Building 9. Site development includes the relocation of under-
ground utilities, construction of a concrete ramp on the west end of
the addition, electrical power, and parking. The high bay addition
of 20,600-square foot will be a steelframe structure with precast, ex-
posed aggregate facing panels. Also included is a one-story steel-
frame of 6,000 square feet that will provide space for technical sup-
port, mechanical and electrical equipment, restrooms, and storage.
Additional air-conditioning and heating, fire detection and suppres-
sion, electrical power and lighting will also be provided. Modifica-
tions to Building 9 include relocating the large access door to the
west end of the addition and extending the rails for an existing 20-
ton capacity traveling crane to be used in the high bay addition.
(B) CONSTRUCTION OF POWER SYSTEMS FACILITY, LEWIS RESEARCH
CENTER, $5,800,000
The Power Systems Facility (PSF) will provide the capability for
development, testing and evaluation of prototype power systems
hardware for the Space Station Program. The facility will be used
to test systems in support of the initial operational capability (IOC)
and follow-on operational phases of the Space Station, simulate
anomalies during flight, and support testing needs for future re-
finements. The PSF will have a total area of approximately 31,000
square feet and will include a high bay test area with Class 100,000
Clean Room capability, a loading-unloading-workshop area, labora-
tory rooms and will be capable of testing both photovoltaic and
solar dynamic power systems. Existing facilities were evaluated
and determined to be inadequate for meeting the power systems
hardware development and testing requirements.
This project will provide a new PSF located in the LeRC West
Area near the existing solar array field. Adjacent to this test area
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will be a 2,300-square foot loading-unloading-workshop area. The
test area and the loading-unloading-workshop area will each be
provided with 10-ton overhead cranes to facilitate test build-up and
equipment handling. Supporting laboratory areas, consisting of
6,500 square feet, will include a battery room, solar dynamics labo-
ratory and simulator, electrical load, control, and computer rooms,
controls laboratory and software support center, power processing
laboratory, terminal room, fuel cells and simulator room, and a
vacuum tank area. The remaining 11,900 square feet will be gener-
al support area. Standard utility services of water, steam, service
air, electrical power, communication, and safety systems will also
be provided.
(C) MODIFICATIONS TO TEST STAND 300 FOR SPACE STATION HYDROGEN/
OXYGEN PROPULSION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT, MARSHALL SPACE
FLIGHT CENTER, $2,100,000
This project modifies Test Stand 300 at Marshall Space Flight
Center (MSFC) for testing on the integrated propulsion systems of
relatively low thrust in the range of a few pounds to a few hundred
pounds at simulated altitude and thermal conditions. The existing
propulsion system technology employs hydrazine fuels. The goal of
the advanced development program is to provide technology which
will employ fuels of higher specific energy, such as LOX/HZ, with
minimal environment contamination. To develop and test these
oxygen/hydrogen propulsion systems, a test stand capable of pro-
viding orbital vacuum simulation, and test firing is required. Test
Stand 300, with the modifications provided by this project, can best
provide these capabilities.
This project will modify Test Stand 300, site 4530, to include the
addition ofd Z48-inch diffusion pump and isolation valve, a stainless
steel low temperature cryogenically cooled thermal shroud in the
20-foot diameter space vacuum chamber and other related work.
Work will also include relocation of an existing 35,000 gallon liquid
hydrogen dewar and a 14,000 gallon liquid nitrogen dewar. It also
includes vacuum jacketed piping, pumps, and related cryogenic
transfer equipment for oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Electrical
modification includes the installation of new data acquisition
equipment, remote controls, instrumentation, electrical power and
fire protection systems. The project will also provide modifications
for instrumentation systems in the test control and data recording
centers.
3. CONSTRUCTION OF ADDITION TO ORBITER PROCESSING FACILITY
ANNEX, KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, $3,400,000
This project provides for the construction of a three-story addi-
tion to the annex of the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF) for ade-
quate support space for the operational processing of the Space
Transportation System (STS) Orbiter. It consist of approximately
36,000 square feet with the first floor providing a central marshal-
ling/locker area for technical and quality control personnel, and
the second and third floor housing OPF support personnel. This
project eliminates the existing trailers north and west of the
annex, now used by personnel involved in Orbiter processing.
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These crowded and undesirable working conditions cannot sus-
tain the quality of performance and efficient processing needed for
an operational orbiter fleet. This project also allows for the reloca-
tion of nonessential personnel from the hazardous environment of
the existing high bays to more suitable accommodations.
4. CONSTRUCTION OF SPACECRAFT SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT AND
INTEGRATION FACILITY, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, $8,000,000
This project provides the first increment of construction of an ad-
dition to the Building 7/10/15 complex to provide a Spacecraft Sys-
tems Development and Integration Facility. This facility will ac-
commodate simultaneous multi-year development and integration,
and/or major long term refurbishment of two spacecraft each up to
the size of a full shuttle payload, in a work space equipped with
requisite stringent environmental controls. Present GSFC facilities
are too small for full size shuttle payloads, and the high through-
put prelaunch processing facilities at the Kennedy Space Center
are not intended nor available for this longer term work. The
second and final increment to complete the facility is planned for
FY 1988.
GSFC is the appropriate site for the development of these large
instruments because it is the lead center for the development, fab-
rication, integration, and management of science and applications
spacecraft in Earth orbit. GSFC also possesses the required person-
nel that are skilled in the related state-of-the-art technology.
The project will provide the initial increment of construction of a
technical addition of approximately 78,800 gross square feet to the
north side of the Building 7/10/15 complex. Long lead structural
steel, foundations, some site work and closing in of the building
shell will be emphasized during this phase of work. Domestic
water, sanitary and storm sewers, communications, steam, chilled
water, and electrical power are available and will be extended from
existing distribution systems within the appropriate increments.
The facility addition when completed will include: a 12,500-
square foot, 106-foot high bay, laminar flow, clean room; a 1,000-
square foot change room for personnel changing into cleanroom
attire; a 25-square foot flight hardware storage area (includes 5,000
square feet of bonded storage area for long term storage of payload
components); a 10,000 square foot two-story support area (includes
a 3,500-square foot automatic data processing room for simulating
data flow to and from payloads); and an 11,500-square foot staging,
shipping and receiving area. This facility will be supported by the
existing integration, environmental test, control centers, and data
processing capability located in the adjacent Building 7/10/15 com-
plex and elsewhere at GSFC.
The clean room is sized to simultaneously accommodate two full
shuttle bay payloads up to 60 feet long, 15 feet in diameter and
maximum Shuttle cargo weight. It will also house related ground
support equipment and provide adequate access aisles. Two cranes
will be installed within the clean room with hoisting capabilities of
35 tons each. Class 100 filtered air (90,000 cubic feet per minute)
will enter the clean room at the north side through a floor-to-ceil-
ing, wall-to-wall, high efficiency particulate air filter bank. This fil-
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tering system will produce a cleanliness level of at least class
10,000 within all work stations.
This facility will also include a 35-ton crane in a staging, ship-
ping and receiving area; a passenger/freight elevator; and dual
electrical power system to provide redundancy; and a fire protec-
tion and utility control system which will be connected to the
center wide utility control system.
5. CONSTRUCTION OF ENGINEERING SUPPORT BUILDING, JET
PROPULSION LABORATORY, $9,800,000
The project provides for the construction of a multi-story, 75,000-
square foot engineering support building at the Jet Propulsion Lab-
oratory. The proposed building will contain 40,600 square feet of
administrative and engineering space, 17,400 square feet of techni-
cal laboratory space and a 17,000-square foot cafeteria with indoor
and outdoor seating for 550 people. This building will provide space
to house scientists, engineers and their staff who are presently lo-
cated in expensive off-site leased space, on-site trailers and obsolete
sub-standard buildings.
This project will provide significant savings by moving out of
leased space, and eliminating substandard buildings and trailers.
Intangible benefits will accrue by providing a more efficient operat-
ing environment for personnel resulting in increasing productivity.
This project will have a simple payback of less than 8 years.
The multi-story 75,000-square foot Engineering Support Building
will be constructed of a lightweight steel frame with concrete floors
on steel decking. The building is to be enclosed with insulated pre-
cast concrete panels and tined heat absorbing glass. The first floor
will house a cafeteria of approximately 17,000 square feet, which
includes a kitchen, food storage, and preparation, serving and
dining areas. An outside eating area will also be included. All other
floors will house office and laboratory areas, with the necessary
air-conditioning, utilities, and fire protection systems.
6. MODIFICATION OF UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SYSTEM IN SPACE
FLIGHT OPERATIONS FACILITY, JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, $2,600,000
This project provides for the replacement of the Uninterruptible
Power System (UPS) and upgrade of the secondary power distribu-
tion system in the Space Flight Operations Facility (SFOF), Build-
ing 230. The UPS supports all the critical computer equipment in
the facility and is essential for a transient free and continuous
source of electrical power. The existing UPS is 21 years old and is
no longer manufactured. Spare parts are no longer available. A
major failure of this UPS would disrupt the functioning of critical
computer and communications equipment required for the oper-
ation and control of all planetary exploration spacecraft. The
project will also correct low voltage conditions in the secondary
power distribution system serving the computing equipment.
This project replaces the existing UPS prior to the Galileo Mis-
sion's encounter with Jupiter in 1988 and 1989 and the VRM
Venus encounter in 1988. A delay of the project could jeopardize
these missions, as well as numerous other planned missions which
require SFOF support. The FY 1987 time-frame provides an excel-
lent opportunity to shut down the UPS between critical missions.
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The replacement UPS will be comprised of three 500 KW mod-
ules, one of which will be redundant, providing a total system
rating of 1,000 KW. The new system will include solid state con-
trols, system and control redundancy, and forward and reverse
bypass transfer. It will provide 15-minute battery backup, individ-
ual module isolation, provisions for periodic testing with load
banks, and local and remote alarms. The system will be energy effi-
cient and designed for efficient maintenance. It will also have a 25
percent growth and safety factor. The replacement of the existing
UPS equipment will be accomplished within the same area by a
phased equipment replacement process.
In addition to the UPS replacement, the building's electrical dis-
tribution system will be modified to provide additional capacity
necessary to support current and anticipated programmatic growth
and increased numbers of computers. This will be accomplished by
changing the secondary distruction system from 208 to 480 VAC.
The voltage regulators supplying regulated power to the computer
systems will be replaced with new state-of-the-art units.
7. CONSTRUCTION OF HUMAN PERFORMANCE RESEARCH LABORATORY,
AMES RESEARCH CENTER, $9,400,000
The Human Performance Research Laboratory will provide oth-
erwise unavailable laboratory and high bay space required to sup-
port NASA's commitment to meet the human factors research
needs of a permanent manned presence in space. The 68,500-square
foot facility will also provide the space into which the existing dis-
ciplinary human factors labs and support areas, already limited by
the over-crowded conditions of buildings N239/239A and five trail-
ers, will be relocated. This project will ensure that human factors
resources are used to full advantage during future manned space
missions and that levels of safety in manned space flight are en-
hanced through reductions in the incidence and severity of human
error.
Space Station architecture and task assignments research cannot
be accomplished without a facility for mockups, laboratory re-
search, and simulation. Failure to accomplish this research can
jeopardize the full success and productivity of the Space Station.
The proposed launch date dictates the earliest possible construction
to allow maximum development time prior to final design of the
Space Station.
This project provides a new 68,500-square foot two-story laborato-
ry and high bay steel frame and concrete building adjoined to exist-
ing building N-257 by a covered breezeway. The high bay area
comprising approximately 12,000 square feet will house the Space
Station mock-ups that will be used for human performance evalua-
tions. Additionally, the high bay will house a staging and assembly
area, mock-up support areas, and an evaluation development labo-
ratory. Support areas adjacent to the high bay include a space
human factors lab, aeronautical human factors lab, perception and
cognition lab, and a central computing laboratory. The second floor
will house the human-machine interactions lab, performance as-
sessment lab, additional computer laboratories, along with office
and technical support areas. Individual HVAC systems will be pro-
vided for the central computer areas. Laboratory, office, and tech-
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nical support areas will be provided with a separate HVAC system.
The project will include site work, parking, paving, electrical,
plumbing, and support utilities including diesel driven emergency
power, conditioned power for laboratory and computer equipment,
two separate grounding systems, fire detection and dry pipe sup-
pression system, and a local communications network for remote
computer terminal links to the main frame central computers.
8. CONSTRUCTION OF INTEGRATED TEST FACILITY, DRYDEN FLIGHT
RESEARCH FACILITY $17,500,000
The Integrated Test Facility (ITF) is essential for NASA to main-
tain its pre-eminence in aeronautical research. The last decade has
seen an exponential growth of electronic digital control for aircraft
systems. Vehicles are being designed with integrated systems for
flight control, fire control, flutter suppression, flight management,
etc. The ITF will accommodate checkout of each component and
the interaction between components during closed loop operations
of the overall integrated system. An adequate ground testing facili-
ty for these highly integrated and interactive systems does not cur-
rently exist at the Dryden Flight Research Facility. This project
will provide aircraft test areas and computer laboratory space re-
quired for the complex testing of these highly interactive systems
in both the aircraft of today, and those of tomorrow.
NASA currently has no facility capable of integrated system test-
ing. Existing facilities can provide complex tests on simple systems,
but not complex tests on complex systems.
This project provides for construction of a 112,000-square foot In-
tegrated Test Facility composed of six (6) aircraft hanger-type test
bays totaling 53,000 square feet and an ajoining 59,000-square foot
two-story masonry structure housing computer, laboratory, office,
and technical support areas. Each of the six test bays will be large
enough to house conventional and/or experimental type fighter or
research aircraft, or three bays can be opened to accommodate
large aircraft. Each test bay will be provided with: data bus and
discrete interface control and logic points, power (115VAC,
208VAC, 28VDC, 270VDC Hz and 60Hz), cooling air for aircraft sys-
tems, hydraulic support systems, ambient heating systems, indus-
trial waste collection systems, fire suppression, shop air, overhead
cranes, and shielding. At least one bay will be provided with elec-
tro-magnetic impulse shielding to protect sensitive electronic sys-
tems from externally generated electromagnetic radiation. The lab-
oratories and shop areas, will be provided with power, HVAC,
plumbing, fire detection and suppression, a central 4,000 psig hy-
draulic system manifolded throughout the complex, compressed air,
lighting, and emergency power. Also to be provided is a building
grounding system including separate aircraft test system grounds,
lightning protection, paving, taxiways, parking, and landscaping.
9. MODIFICATIONS TO 8-FOOT HIGH TEMPERATURE TUNNEL, LANGLEY
RESEARCH CENTER, $9,700,000
This project will complete necessary modifications to the 8-foot
High Temperature Tunnel (HTT) to advance supersonic and hyper-
sonic research capability. The project, when completed, will provide
a unique national research facility capability for hypersonic pro-
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pulsion and aerothermostructural research for transatmospheric
vehicles and missiles at altitudes from 50,000 feet to 130,000 feet
with nominal Mach numbers between 4.0 and 7.0. This follow-on in-
crement of construction involves: (1) replacement of high pressure
methane compressors, (2) installation of high-speed video cameras,
(3) the addition of a flow mixer and two new interchangeable noz-
zles to expand test simulation capability from the existing nominal
Mach 7.0 down to Mach 4.0, and (4) installation of additional con-
trols and instrumentation.
Without the following modifications the existing tunnel cannot
provide the capability of testing at the Mach 4.0 and 5.0 conditions
which is absolutely crucial for transition research between ramjet
and scramjet-flight.
Modifications include fabrication and installation of a new alter-
nate Mach number mixing chamber to condition the gas flow at
the basic Mach 7 flow before expansion to lower Mach numbers
when required. Two additional nozzles nominally rated at Mach 4.0
and 5.0, respectively, will be provided for attachment to the alter-
nate Mach number mixer to provide lower Mach flows to the exist-
ing Mach test chamber flow. An existing 6000 psig air supply line
will be extended, enhanced controls will be provided, 25-year old
methane compressors will be replaced, and a new high-speed com-
puter controlled video camera system will be installed in the
tunnel to improve productivity by allowing for real time data vali-
dation and verification.
10. CONSTRUCTON OF ADDITION FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION
RESEARCH LAB., LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER, $2,000,000
This project will provide a two-story addition to Building 230 to
accommodate a Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) Laboratory ca-
pable of housing state-of-the-art instrumentation for research in
quantitative materials characterization. Aerospace material selec-
tion is important for all major structures and other critical compo-
nents such as solar power systems, optical systems, and thermal
control surfaces. This facility will include a laboratory for remote
strain and high-resolution sensing, and for development of an
energy probe capable of remotely monitoring large space structures
to study geometry, vibrational modes, local stress fields, velocity,
and accelerations. It will also provide space for supportive NDE re-
search for aircraft parts, materials evaluation, and recertification
programs.
This facility will provide new capabiltiy for non-destructive eval-
uation (NDE) research programs which are focused on improving
the interpretability of research data by advancing the state-of-the-
art in instrumentation, physical measurement, and analysis.
A delay in the construction of this laboratory addition will cause
unacceptable delays in the development of the NDE and quantita-
tive physical characterization (QPC) programs for measurements
required to insure the integrity of advanced space systems.
The project will provide a 16,600-square foot two-story addition to
Building 1230 to house state-of-the-art research equipment for ma-
terials evaluation. Included will be a 1,600-square foot high-bay re-
search area.
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In addition to the high-bay there will be laboratories for process
control, remote strain sensing development, sensor instrumenta-
tion, acoustic emission, and electromagnetic interaction, and ap-
proximately 2,000 square feet of office and support space. Associat-
ed heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, and other related utilities
will be provided as needed.
11. CONSTRUCTION OF THE SECOND TRACKING AND DATA RELAY SATEL-
LITE SYSTEM GROUND TERMINAL FACILITY IN NEW MEXICO, WHITE
SANDS TEST FACILITY, $22,000,000
This project provides for construction of 118,000-square feet of ad-
ditional Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) Space
Network ground segment facilities. This new ground terminal will
be a backup to the present White Sands Ground Terminal, which is
a single node in the control of the Nation's vital space programs.
An 84,000-square foot terminal building and a 6,000-square foot
power plant will be sited three miles north of the existing ground
terminal at NASA's White Sands Test Facility in New Mexico. An
associated 28,000-square foot technical support facility will be sited
adjacent to the existing terminal.
Delay of this project will delay the backup capability needed for
the TDRSS ground segment, and continue the present ground ter-
minal as a single point of failure for orbital spacecraft tracking
and data support with potential for severe impact of national im-
portance.
This project provides the necessary facilities for a complete
TDRSS ground terminal at a location on White Sands Test Facility
(WSTF) three miles north of the existing ground terminal. Included
is an 84,000-square foot Main Terminal Building for radio frequen-
cy equipment and related electronics, equipment and software
maintenance, engineering documentation, and related support.
Three antenna foundations and a water supply tank will be provid-
ed, and a 6,000-square foot emergency power plant will be installed
as backup to commerical power. A security fence will surround ap-
proximatley 40 acres containing the main terminal building, the
foundations for three 60-foot diameter antennas, the water tank,
and the backup powerplant. Also included are the connections to
the commerical utilities, a three-mile access road, area paving,
grading, and drainage. A 28,000-square foot support building will
also be provided at the site of the existing ground terminal for
technical support logistics and procurement and for personnel of-
fices, training, and guards associated with these ground terminals.
12. REPAIR OF FACILITIES, NOT IN EXCESS OF $750,000 PER PROJECT, AT
VARIOUS LOCATIONS, $24,000,000
These resources will provide for large repairs to facilities at
NASA field installations and Government-owned industrial plants
supporting NASA activities. Included in the request are those facil-
ity repair needs for FY 1987 that can be foreseen at the time of the
submission of these estimates, and are not to exceed $750,000 per
project. The thrust of this program is to provide a means to restore
facilities or components thereof, including collateral equipment, to
a condition substantially equivalent to their originally intended
and designed capability. The request includes the substantially
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equivalent replacement of utility systems and collateral equipment
necessitated by incipient or actual breakdown. This work also in-
cludes major preventive measures which are normally accom-
plished on a cyclic schedule of greater than 1 year.
The major thrust of this repair program, as well as the rehabili-
tation and modification programs, is to preserve the Agency's $3.6
billion (as of September 30, 1985) physical plant. The major distinc-
tion between these classes of work is whether or not the intended
work is to bring the facility and its components to a condition sub-
stantially equivalent to its designed capacity, efficiency, and capa-
bilities. If such is the case, the work is classified as repair. An anal-
ysis of each of the projects for which funds are requested indicates
that this work must be addressed and progressively accomplished.
Otherwise, risks are increased and future costs of the specific work
will be greater. More importantly, there will be increased break-
down and costly unscheduled repairs required.
This program includes only facility repair work having an esti-
mated cost not in excess of $750,000 per project. The work is of
such a nature and magnitude that it cannot be accomplished by
routine day-to-day facility maintenance and repair activities, or by
related routine facility work efforts that are provided for in other
than CoF estimates. A repair project, estimated to cost more than
$750,000, would be reflected elsewhere as a separate major line
item project.
Based on relative urgency and expected return on investment,
the projects which comprise this request are of the highest priority.
Deferral of this mission-essential work would adversely impact the
availability of critical facilities and program schedules.
Summary of project amounts by location:
Ames Research Center .................................................................................... $2,150,000
Dryden Flight Research Center .................................................................... 350,000
Goddard Space Flight Center ........................................................................ 2,180,000
Jet Propulsion Laboratory ............................................................................. 1,030,000
Johnson Space Center ..................................................................................... 2,440,000
Kennedy Space Center .................................................................................... 3,175,000
Langley Research Center ............................................................................... 3,030,000
Lewis Research Center ................................................................................... 2,580,000
Marshall Space Flight Center ....................................................................... 2,570,000
Michoud Assembly Facility ........................................................................... 400,000
National Space Technology Laboratories .................................................... 2,200,000
Wallops Flight Facility ................................................................................... 1,745,000
Miscellaneous projects not exceeding $150,000 each ................................. 150,000
13. REHABILITATION AND MODIFICATION OF FACILITIES, NOT IN EXCESS
OF $750,000 PER PROJECT, AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS $30,000,000
These resources will provide for the rehabilitation and modifica-
tion of facilities at NASA field installations and Government-
owned industrial plants supporting NASA activities. Included in
this request are those facility rehabilitation and modification needs
for FY 1987 that have been fully identified at the time of the sub-
mission of these estimates, and are estimated not to exceed
$750,000 per project. The purpose of this program is to restore or
enhance the condition of a facility so that it can more effectively
accomplish its designated purpose or increase its functional capa-
bility.
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Based on the initial investment costs, the NASA Capital Type
Property totals approximately $7.2 billion, of which the physical
plant comprises some $3.6 billion. A continuing program of reha-
bilitation and modification of these facilities is required to:
a. Protect the capital investment in these facilities by minimizing
the cumulative effects of wear and deterioration.
b. Ensure that these facilities are continuously available and
that they operate at peak efficiency.
c. Improve the capabilities and usefulness of these facilities and
thereby mitigate the effects of obsolescence.
d. Provide a better and safer environment for all personnel.
This program includes only facility rehabilitation and modifica-
tion work having an estimated cost not in excess of $750,000. The
work is of such a nature and magnitude that it cannot be accom-
plished by routine day-to-day facility maintenance or by related
routine facility work efforts that are provided for in other than
CofF estimates.
Based on relative urgency and expected return on investment,
the projects which comprise this request are the highest priority
requirements. Deferral of this mission-essential work would ad-
versely impact the availability of critical facilities, program sched-
ules, and energy conservation objectives.
Summary of project amounts by location:
Ames Research Center .................................................................................... $1,795,000
Dryden Flight Research Center .................................................................... 1,195,000
Goddard Space Flight Center ........................................................................ 2,110,000
Jet Propulsion Laboratory ............................................................................. 2,070,000
Johnson Space Center ..................................................................................... 3,865,000
Kennedy Space Center .................................................................................... 3,035,000
Langley Research Center ............................................................................... 2,895,000
Lewis Research Center ................................................................................... 2,970,000
Marshall Space Flight Center ....................................................................... 3,840,000
Michoud Assembly Facility ........................................................................... 2010000
National Space Technology Laboratories .................................................... 1,440,000
Wallops Flight Facility ................................................................................... 1,430,000
Various locations ............................................................................................. 665,000
Miscellaneous projects not exceeding $150,000 each ................................. 680,000
Total ............................................................................................................... 30,000,000
14. MINOR CONSTRUCTION OF NEW FACILITIES AND ADDITIONS TO EXIST-
ING FACILITIES, NOT IN EXCESS OF $500,000 PER PROJECT, AT VARIOUS
LOCATIONS, $7,000,000
These resources will provide for minor facility construction at
NASA field installations and Government-owned industrial plants
supporting NASA activities. Each project included in this program
is estimated to cost not more than $500,000 and involves either the
construction of new facilities or additions to facilities. The FY 1987
request of $7,000,000 will improve the usefulness of NASA's physi-
cal plant by changing the utilization of or augmenting the capabili-
ties of various facilities. Included in this request are those pro-
grammatic and institutional projects that are essential to the ac-
complishment of mission objectives.
The configuration of NASA's physical plant necessarily must re-
spond to changes in utilization and adaptations required by
changes in technology or in mission needs. Demands are generated
by research, development, test, and similar activities.
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Included in the FY 1987 minor construction program are those
facility projects for institutional or technical facility needs which
could be fully identified at the time of submission of this budget
estimate. Items of work totalling $7,000,000 are included in this re-
source request and have been distilled from a list totalling over
$16,000,000. Projects were selected on the basis of the relative ur-
gency of each item and the expected return on the investment.
During the course of the year, rearrangement of priorities may re-
quire changes in some of the items to be accomplished. Such
changes will be accommodated within the resources allocated.
Summary of project amounts by location:
Ames Research Center .................................................................................... $495,000
Goddard Space Flight Center ........................................................................ 840,000
Jet Propulsion Laboratory ............................................................................. 480,000
Johnson Space Center ..................................................................................... 450,000
Kennedy Space Center .................................................................................... 1,220,000
Langley Research Center ............................................................................... 645,000
Lewis Research Center ................................................................................... 485,000
National Space Technology Laboratories .................................................... 820,000
Wallops Flight Facility ................................................................................... 695,000
Various locations ............................................................................................. 870,000
Total ............................................................................................................... 7,000,000
15. FACILITY PLANNING AND DESIGN, $14,000,000
The funds requested in this estimate are required to provide for
the following advance planning and design activities related to fa-
cilities activities and projects:
a. The accomplishment of necessary development and master
planning for field installations and, where not otherwise provided
for, the provision of continuing engineering support and special en-
gineering management and other services.
b. The preparation of preliminary engineering reports, costs esti-
mates, and design and construction schedules.
c. The accomplishment of facilities siting and other investiga-
tions, studies and reports.
Regular requirements encompass the basic purpose outlined
above. The "other requirements," while also in support of "regu-
lar" purposes, cover those special needs related to large, complex
projects or specific programs considered to represent high potential
future construction requirements for which early definition is es-
sential. The large projects require more planning and longer lead
time. Much of this planning must be completed prior to inclusion
of the project in a budget request.
1. Regular Requirements ....................................................................................... $9,300,000
A. Master planning ......................................................................................... 330,000
B. Sustaining engineering support ............................................................... 1,520,000
C. Preliminary engineering reports and related special engineering
support ........................................................................................................... 2,450,000
D. Final design ................................................................................................. 5,000,000
2. Other requirements ............................................................................................ 4,700,000
A. Space Shuttle facility planning and design ........................................... 900,000
B. Payload facility planning and design ...................................................... 600,000
C. Space Station support facilities planning and design .......................... 3,200,000
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RESEARCH AND PROGRAM MANAGEMENT $1,433,000,000
SUMMARY OF THE BUDGET PLAN BY FUNCTION
Personnel and related costs ........................................................................ $980,865,000
Travel .............................................................................................................. 33,700,000
Operation of installation ............................................................................. 418,435,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 1,433,000,000
The Research and Program management authorization of appro-
priation funds the performance and management of research, tech-
nology and test activities at NASA installations, and the planning,
management and support of contractor research and development
tasks necessary to meet the Nation's objectives in aeronautical and
space research. Objectives of the efforts funded by the Research
and Program Management authorization of appropriation are to (1)
provide the civil service staff with the technical and management
skills, to conduct the full range of programs for which NASA is re-
sponsible, (2) provide base maintenance of facilities and manage its
use in support of research and development programs, and (3) pro-
vide effective and efficient technical and administrative support for
the research and development programs. For FY 1987,
$1,433,000,000 is authorized.
The 21,800 permanent and temporary civil service personnel at
eight major installations and headquarters are funded by the Re-
search and Program Management appropriation. This civil service
workforce is NASA's most important resource and is vital to future
space and aeronautics research activities. About seventy percent of
the Research and Program Management funding is needed to pro-
vide for the salaries and related costs of this civil service work-
force. About two percent of this funding is for travel, critical to
manage successfully the Agency's in-house and contracted pro-
grams. The remaining amount of the Research and Program Man-
agement budget provides for the research, test and operational fa-
cility support, and for related goods and services necessary to oper-
ate the NASA installations and to accomplish NASA's approved
missions.
NASA field centers report to the Program Associate Administra-
tor responsible for the major portion of their technical programs.
The principal roles assigned each installation based on demonstrat-
ed capabilities and capacities to meet NASA's overall program
goals are as follows:
Office of Space Flight
Johnson Space Center.-Management of the integrated Space
Shuttle program, including orbiter production and operation; selec-
tion and training of astronauts and mission specialists; operations
including mission planning, operational procedures and flight con-
trol; and management of the integrated Space Station program and
definition/development of Space Station hardware.
Kennedy Space Center.-Launch of Space Shuttle flights; man-
agement of the ground operational phase of the Space Transporta-
tion System; the preparation and launch of payloads on the Space
Shuttle and expendable launch vehicles; and Space Station oper-
ational readiness planning.
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Marshall Space Flight Center.-Management of the Space Shut-
tle main engine, solid rocket booster and external tank projects;
management of NASA's activities on the Spacelab project; manage-
ment of large automated spacecraft projects such as the Hubble
Space Telescope; conduct and development of experiments in mate-
rials processing in space; and definition /development of the Space
Station common module and laboratory outfitting.
National Space Technology Laboratories.-Support Space Shuttle
engine procurement and testing; support Earth resources research
and technology transfer; and support service functions for other
Government agencies located on site.
Office of Space Science and Applications
Goddard Space Flight Center.-Develop and operate the Earth
orbital flight experiments and automated spacecraft to conduct sci-
entific investigations and demonstrate practical applications;
manage tracking and data acquisition activities for Earth orbital
missions; manage the Delta launch vehicle program; manage and
launch sounding rockets and balloons; operate an instrumented
flight range for aeronautical and space research; and define/devel-
op the Space Station platforms and payload accommodations. The
Wallops Flight Facility is an operational element and component
installation of the Goddard Space Flight Center.
Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology
Ames Research Center.-Conduct short haul aircraft and rotor-
craft research and technology; conduct computational fluid dynam-
ics; act as lead center in computational aerodynamics and for the
Transatmosperic Research and Technology program; support plane-
tary probe research, life sciences, aeronautical flight research and
testing; and operate an alternate landing site for Space Shuttle
operational missions. The Dryden Flight Research Facility, an
operational element and component installation of Ames located in
the Mojave Desert, is the site of advanced flight testing and alter-
nate site for Shuttle landings.
Langley Research Center.-Conduct long haul aircraft research
and technology, emphasizing fuel conservation, safety and environ-
mental effects; aerospace structures technology; environmental
quality monitoring by remote sensing; advanced space systems
technology; and research in the areas of structures and materials,
guidance and controls and airframe/propulsion integration of the
Transatmospheric Research and Technology program.
Lewis Research Center.-Conduct of aeronautical and space pro-
pulsion research and technology; responsible for research on pro-
pulsion for the Transatmospheric Research and Technology pro-
gram; conduct of space communications research and technology;
support of space energy systems research and technology; responsi-
ble for definition/development of the Space Station power system;
and development of the Centaur cryogenic upper stage for use in
the Space Shuttle; and management of the Centaur expendable
launch vehicle program.
The FY 1987 budget provides the necessary resources to apply
these in-house capabilities to program activities. A summary de-
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scription of, and the funding required by, functional category, in-
clude:
PERSONNEL AND RELATED COSTS, $980,965,000
1. Compensation
a. Permanent Positions.-This part of Personnel and Related
Costs covers the salaries of the full-time permanent civil service
workforce and is the largest part of this functional category. .
b. Other Than Full-Time Permanent Positions.-This category in-
cludes the salaries of NASA's non-permanent workforce. Programs
such as students participating in cooperative training, summer em-
ployment, youth opportunity, and temporary clerical support are
covered in this category.
c. Reimbursable Detailees.-In accordance with existing agree-
ments, NASA reimburses the parent Federal organization for the
salaries and related costs of persons detailed to NASA.
d. Overtime and Other Compensation.-Overtime, holiday, post
and night differential, and hazardous duty pay are included in this
category. Also included are incentive awards for outstanding
achievement and superior performance awards.
2. Benefits
In addition to compensation, NASA makes the employer's contri-
bution to personnel benefits as authorized and required by law.
These benefits include contributions to the Civil Service Retire-
ment Fund, employees' life and health insurance, payments to the
Medicare fund for permanent employees, and social security contri-
butions for non-permanent personnel. Payments to the Civil Serv-
ice Retirement Fund for re-employed annuitants and for severance
pay to former employees involuntarily separated through no fault
of their own are also included.
1. Transfer of personnel
Relocation costs, such as the expenses of selling and buying a
home, and the movement and storage of household goods are pro-
vided under this category.
2. Office of Personnel Management Services
The Office of Personnel Management is reimbursed for certain
activities such as security investigation on new hires, recruitment
advertising, and career-maturity surveys.
S. Personnel training
Training is provided within the framework of the Government
Employees Training Act of 1958. Part of the training costs consists
of courses offered by other Government agencies, and the remain-
der provides for training through nongovernment sources.
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223
TRAVEL, $33,700,000
PROGRAM TRAVEL
The largest part of travel is for direction, coordination, and man-
agement of program activities including international programs
and activities. The complexity of the programs and the geographi-
cal distribution of NASA installations and contractors necessitate
the need for this category of travel. As projects reach the flight
stage, support is required for prelaunch activities, including over-
seas travel to launch and tracking sites. The amount of travel re-
quired for flight projects is significant as it is directly related to the
number and complexity of the launches and associated ground op-
erations.
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT TRAVEL
Travel to scientific and technical meetings and seminars permits
employees engaged in research and development to participate at
both Government-sponsored and nongovernment-sponsored semi-
nars. This participation allows personnel to benefit from exposure
to technological advances which arise outside NASA, as well as al-
lowing personnel to present both accomplishments and problems to
their associates and provides for the dissemination of technical re-
sults to the U.S. scientific community. Many of the Government-
sponsored meetings are working panels convened to solve certain
problems for the benefit of the Government.
MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS TRAVEL
Management and operations travel provides for direction and co-
ordination of general management matters and travel by officials
to review the status of programs. It includes travel by functional
managers in such areas as personnel, financial management, and
procurement. This category also includes the cost of travel in and
around the Installations; travel of unpaid members of research ad-
visory committees; and initial duty station, permanent change of
assignment, and other family travel expenses. Payments to inter-
agency motor pools are included in Operation of Installation func-
tion (Management and Operations subfunction).
OPERATION OF INSTALLATION, $418,435,000
Facilities services .......................................................................................... $231,694,000
Technical services ......................................................................................... 86,380,000
Management and operations ...................................................................... 108,361,000
General reduction .......................................................................................... -8,000,000
Total ..................................................................................................... 418,435,000
Operation of Installation provides a broad range of services, sup-
plies, and equipment in support of the centers' institutional activi-
ties. These are divided into three major subfunctional areas: Facili-
ties Services (the cost of renting real property, maintaining and re-
pairing institutional facilities and equipment, and the cost of custo-
dial services and utilities); Technical Services (the cost of automatic
data processing for management activities, and the cost of educa-
tional and information programs and technical shops supporting
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institutional activities); and Management and Operations (the cost
of administrative communications, printing, transportation, medi-
cal, supply, and related services). A description of each major sub-
function follows:
1. Rental of real property
Rental of real property includes the rental of building space di-
rectly by NASA or through the General Services Administration to
meet offsite office, warehousing, and other requirements which
cannot otherwise be provided in existing buildings at the NASA In-
stallation. Most of the funding is required for rental of the NASA
Headquarters complex of buildings in the District of Columbia, and
nearby Maryland and Virginia that are either Government-owned
or leased, for which NASA must provide rental payments to the
General Services Administration in accordance with P.L. 92-313.
Also included in this item is rental of trailers required to accomo-
date special short-term needs.
2. Maintenance and related activities
Maintenance and related activities include the recurring day-to-
day maintenance of facilities (ground, buildings, structures, etc.)
and equipment which is accomplished by non-Civil Service person-
nel. This involves the mowing and care of grassy areas, care of
trees and shrubs, elevators, cranes, pressure vessel inspections,
painting and protective coatings, general buildings maintenance,
and the maintenance of installed mechanical, electrical, and other
systems. In addition, this item includes feasibility studies, project
design, construction supervision, inspection, and other institutional
facility engineering functions. Included also are any applicable
costs associated with recurring facility work as well as materials,
hardware, and equipment used in facility maintenance activities,
whether accomplished by Civil Service personnel or contractors. In
the cost of equipment, related maintenance and other services are
reflected for office, shop, laboratory and other facilities equipment
as well as administrative internal communications and television
monitoring equipment.
3 Custodial services
Custodial services include janitorial and building cleaning serv-
ices, pest control, fire protection services, security services includ-
ing badging and identification, lock and safe repair, trash and
refuse handling, window blinds and light fixture cleaning, and
laundry and dry cleaning of facility related items.
~. Utilities services
Utilities services include the purchase of utilities such as elec-
tricity, natural gas, fuel oil, coal, steam, propane, and other fuel
commodities as well as water and sewage treatment services. Also
included are the related maintenance and operating costs of the
utility plans and systems.
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1. Automatic data processing
a. Equipment.-This category provides for the lease, purchase
and maintenance of general purpose data processing equipment
which supports institutional operations at each installation. Ex-
cluded is equipment dedicated to specific research or operational
systems which is funded from the Research and Development or
the Space Flight, Control and Data Communications budget.
b. Operations.-Operations services include programming, com-
puter operations and related services for institutional applications
including payroll, financial management, security, maintenance,
personnel, logistics, and procurement records and reports.
2. Scientific and technical information and educational programs
a. Libraries.-The technical libraries are established to provide
installation staff with books, periodicals, technical reports and
other scientific documentation.
b. Education and Information Programs.-The educational and
informational programs provide for the documentation and dis-
semination of information about the Agency's programs to the gen-
eral public, the educational community at the elementary and sec-
ondary levels, and the mass communications media. Assistance to
the mass communications media includes the assembly and exposi-
tion of newsworthy material in support of requests in the form of
press kits, news releases, television and radio information tapes
and clips, and feature material.
c. Shop and Support Services.-Shop and support services include
general fabrication shops, reliability and quality assurance activi-
ties, safety, photographic services, graphics, and audio-visual
material.
MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS
1. Administrative Communications.-Included in this category
are costs not dedicated to a specific program or project, and cover
leased lines, long distance tolls (including FTS charges), teletype
services, and local telephone service.
2. Printing and Reproduction.-Included in this category are the
costs for duplicating, blueprinting, microfilming, and other photo-
graphic reproductions. Also included in this category are Govern-
ment Printing Office costs, contractual printing and the related
composition and binding operations.
3. Transportation.-Transportation services include the operation
and maintenance of all general purpose motor vehicles used by
both civil service and support contractor personnel. The cost of
movement of supplies and equipment by commercial carriers and
payments to interagency motor pools are also in this category.
4. Installation Common Services. -Installation common services
include support activities at each installation such as: occupational
medicine and environmental health; mail service; supply manage-
ment; patent services; administrative equipment; office supplies
and materials; and postage.
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A BILL TO AUTHORIZE APPROPRIATIONS TO THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS
AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT,
SPACE FLIGHT CONTROL, AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS, CONSTRUC-
TION OF FACILITIES, AND RESEARCH AND PROGRAM MANAGEMENT,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Section 101
Subsections (a), (b), (c), and (d) would authorize to be appropri-
ated to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, funds,
in the total aggregated amount of $7,694,400,000, as follows: (a) for
"Research and development," a total of 16 program line items ag-
gregating the sum of $3,038,100,000; (b) for "Space flight, control
and data communications," a total of 3 line items aggregating the
sum of $3,057,000,000; (c) for "Construction of facilities," a total of
15 line items, but not more than the sum of $166,300,000; and (d)
for "Research and program management," $1,433,000,000.
Subsection 101(e) would authorize the use of appropriations for
"Research and development" and "Space flight, control and data
communications" without regard to the provisions of subsection
1(h) for: (1) items of a capital nature (other than the acquisition of
land) required at locations other than NASA installations for the
performance of research and development contracts; and (2) grants
to nonprofit institutions of higher education, or to nonprofit organi-
zations, whose primary purpose is the conduct of scientific re-
search, for purchase or construction of additional research facili-
ties. Title to such facilities shall be vested in the United States
unless the Administrator determines that the national program of
aeronautical and space activities will best be served by vesting title
in any such grantee institution or organization. Moreover, each
such grant shall be made under such conditions as the Administra-
tor shall find necessary to ensure that the United States will re-
ceive benefit therefrom adequate to justify the making of that
grant.
In either case, no funds may be used for construction of a facility
in accordance with this subsection, the estimated cost of which, in-
cluding collateral equipment, exceeds $500,000, unless the Adminis-
trator notifies the Speaker of the House, the President of the
Senate and the specified committees of the Congress of the nature,
location, and estimated cost of such facility.
Subsection 1010 would provide that, when so specified and to the
extent provided in an appropriation Act, (1) any amount appropri-
ated for "Research and development," "Space flight, control and
data communications," or for "Construction of facilities" may
remain available without fiscal year limitation, and (2) contracts
for maintenance and operation of facilities, and support services
may be entered into under the "Research and program manage-
ment" appropriation for periods not in excess of twelve months be-
ginning at any time during the fiscal year.
Subsection 101(g) would authorize the use of not to exceed
$35,000 of the "Research and program management" appropriation
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for scientific consultation or extraordinary expenses, including rep-
resentation and official entertainment expenses, upon the author-
ity of the Administrator, whose determination shall be final and
conclusive.
Subsection 101(h) would provide that of the funds appropriated
for "Research and development," "Space flight, control and data
communications," and "Research and program management," not
in excess of $100,000 per project (including collateral equipment)
may be used for construction of new facilities and additions to ex-
isting facilities, and or repair, rehabilitation, or modification of fa-
cilities. This section also provides that not in excess of $500,000 per
project of "Research and development" and "Space flight, control
and data communications" funds may be used for any of the above
for unforeseen programmatic needs.
Subsection 101(i) Would provide that funds appropriated for "Re-
search and development" may not be obligated or expended for the
purpose of reassigning any technical work responsibilities on a per-
manently manned Space Station until 30 calendar days during
which either House of Congress is in session following submission
of a report by the NASA Administrator to Congress which would
include a full justification in terms of anticipated costs, benefits,
management factors, and impacts on facility and personnel re-
sources for any such proposed reassignments.
Section 102
Section 102 would authorize upward variations of the sums au-
thorized for the "Construction of facilities" line items (other than
facilities planning and design) of 10 percent at the discretion of the
Administrator or his designee, or 25 percent following a report by
the Administrator or his designee to the Committee on Science and
Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on
Commerce, Science and Transportation of the Senate on the cir-
cumstances of such action, for the purpose of meeting unusual cost
variations. However, the total cost of all work authorized under
these line items may not exceed the total sum authorized for "Con-
struction of facilities" under subsection 101(c), paragraphs (1)
through (13).
Section 103
Section 103 would provide that not more than one-half of 1 per-
cent of the funds appropriated for "Research and development"
and "Space flight, control and data communications" may be trans-
ferred to and merged with the "Construction of facilities" appro-
priation, and, when so transferred, together with $10,000,000 of the
funds appropriated for "Construction of facilities," (other than the
funds for facilities planning and design) shall be available for the
construction of facilities and land acquisition at any location if the
Administrator determines (1) that such action is necessary because
of changes in the aeronautical and space program or new scientific
or engineering developments, and (2) that deferral of such action
until the next authorization Act is enacted would be inconsistent
with the interest of the Nation in aeronautical and space activities.
However, no such funds may be obligated until 30 days have passed
after the Administrator or his designee has transmitted to the
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Speaker of the House, the President of the Senate and the specified
committees of Congress a written report containing a description of
the project, its cost, and the reason why such project is in the na-
tional interest.
Section 104
Section 104 would provide that, notwithstanding any other provi-
sions of this Act-
(1) no amount appropriated pursuant to this Act may be used
for any program deleted by the Congress from requests as
originally made to either the House Committee on Science and
Technology or the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science
and Transportation,
(2) no amount appropriated pursuant to this Act may be used
for any program in excess of the amount actually authorized
for this particular program by subsections 1(a), 1(b) and 1(d),
and
(3) no amount appropriated pursuant to this Act may be used
for any program which has not been presented to either such
committee,
unless a period of 30 days has passed after the receipt by the
Speaker of the House, the President of the Senate and each such
committee of notice given by the Administrator or his designee
containing a full and complete statement of the action proposed to
be taken and the facts and circumstances relied upon in support of
such proposed action.
Section 105
Section 105 would require the Administrator of NASA to submit
to Congress, on the date of the submittal of NASA's budget request
to Congress for fiscal year 1988, budget estimates for the recom-
mended level of program activity and subactivity funding for fiscal
years 1989 and 1990 of a permanently manned Space Station.
Section 106
Section 106 would express the sense of the Congress that it is in
the national interest that consideration be given to geographical
distribution of Federal research funds whenever feasible and that
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration should explore
ways and means of distributing its research and development funds
whenever feasible.
Section 107
Section 107 would provide that the government of the United
States should request, on behalf of the American people, that the
Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature of the Interna-
tional Astronomical Union officially designate seven of the ten
moons recently discovered by the Voyager II spacecraft near the
Planet Uranus in the names of the crew members of the Space
Shuttle Challenger, who died in the January 28, 1986 explosion.
They are: Francis R. Scobee, Commander; Michael J. Smith, Pilot;
Judith A. Resnik, Mission Specialist; Ellison S. Onizuka, Mission
Specialist; Ronald E. McNair, Mission Specialist; Gregory B. Jarvis,
Payload Specialist; and S. Christa McAuliffe, Teacher Observer.
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Section 108
Subsection 108(a) would express the sense of the Congress that
NASA should move to expeditiously conduct a competition for al-
ternative sources of production for Space Shuttle solid rocket boost-
ers. The Administrator is directed to report to the Committee on
Science and Technology of the House of Representatives and the
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the
Senate every ninety days following the date of enactment of this
Act for a period of one year, describing the agency's progress in
this endeavor.
Subsection 108(b) clarifies that nothing in this section shall be
construed to direct the Administrator to select and qualify a second
source of production for solid rocket boosters if the result of the
competition described in subsection 108(a) would not produce signif-
icant savings for the agency.
Section 109
Section 109(a) would amend section 201 of the National Aeronau-
tics and Space Act of 1958. Subsection 201(a) would establish a Na-
tional Aeronautics and Space Council in the Executive Office of the
President, composed of the Vice President, who would be Chair-
man; the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration, who would be Vice Chairman; the Secretaries of
State, Defense, and the Chairman of the Users' Advisory Group es-
tablished by subsection 201(g).
Subsection 201(b) provides that the President may designate such
other additional advisory members of the Council as he may deter-
mine, including representatives of federal offices having statutory
scientific, operational, or regulatory responsibilities for space ac-
tivities.
Subsection 201(c) provides that the President shall designate one
member of the Council to preside over Council meetings during the
absence, disability, or unavailability of the Chairman and Vice
Chairman.
Subsection 201(d) would allow each member of the Council to des-
ignate another officer of his department or agency to serve on the
Council as his alternate in his unavoidable absence.
Subsection 201(e) provides that it shall be the function of the
Council to advise and assist the President, as he may request, with
respect to functions in the aeronautics and space field, including:
(1) survey all significant aeronautical and space activities, includ-
ing the policies, plans, programs, and accomplishments of the
United States, including all departments and agencies of the
United States engaged in such activities, and other nations; (2) de-
velop a comprehensive program of aeronautical and space activities
to be conducted by departments and agencies of the United States:
(3) designate and fix responsibility for the direction of major aero-
nautical and space activities; (4) provide for effective cooperation
among all departments and agencies of the United States engaged
in aeronautical and space activities and specify, in any case in
which primary responsibility for any category of aeronautical and
space activities has been assigned to any department or agency,
which of those activities may be carried on concurrently by other
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departments or agencies; and (5) resolve differences arising among
departments and agencies of the United States with respect to
aeronautical and space activities under this Act, including differ-
ences as to whether a particular project is an aeronautical or space
activity.
Subsection 201(f) would authorize the head of any Federal de-
partment or agency represented on the Council to transfer, on a
nonreimbursable basis, positions and related funds of such agency
to the Council to assist it in carrying out its duties under this Act.
Subsection 201(g) provides that (1) the Council shall establish a
Users' Advisory Group composed of non-Federal representatives of
industries and other persons involved in aeronautical and space ac-
tivities; (2) the Vice President shall name a Chairman of the Users'
Advisory Group who shall be a member of the Council; (3) the
Council shall from time to time, but no less than once a year, meet
with the Users' Advisory Group; (4) the function of the Users' Advi-
sory Group is to ensure that the interests of industries and other
non-Federal entities involved in space activities are adequately rep-
resented in the Council; and (5) the Users' Advisory Council shall
be assisted by personnel detailed to the Council.
Subsection 201(h) would exempt the Council and the Users' Advi-
sory group from section 14(aX2) of the Federal Advisory Committee
Act.
Section 110
Section 110 would require the Administrator of NASA to review
the findings and recommendations of the National Commission on
Space (established pursuant to the NASA Authorization Act, 1985
(P.L. 98-361)) and to submit to Congress a long-range plan for im-
plementation of those recommendations by February 1, 1987, in-
cluding a broad assessment of the impact of such implementation
on personnel, budget and other resources.
Section 201
Section 201 would amend Section 24 of the Commercial Space
Launch Act (P.L. 98-575) to authorize appropriations to the Office
of Commercial Space Transportation, Department of Transporta-
tion, totaling $586,000 for fiscal year 1987.
Section 301
Subsection 301(a) would express the sense of Congress that the
United States must restore its space transportation capabilities
without deemphasizing other space programs.
Subsection 301(b) would authorize such appropriations as are nec-
essary to return the Space Shuttle fleet to flight status and to
achieve the next launch of a Space Shuttle in the first quarter of
calendar year 1988.
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Section 302
Subsection 302(a) would direct the Administrator of NASA to
promptly begin the construction of a fourth Space Shuttle as a re-
placement for the Challenger and that this construction be accom-
plished to the maximum extent possible by use of existing structur-
al spares previously authorized and funded.
Subsection 302(b) would authorize the appropriation of such addi-
tional funds as may be necessary to begin the construction required
by subsection 301(a) and further states that funds authorized to be
appropriated by subsections 101(a), 101(c) and 101(d) of this Act
shall not be used for this construction.
Subsection 302(c) would direct the Administrator of NASA to ex-
plore the availability of private funding for the construction of a
replacement Orbiter and to accept such funding, if found to be
available, if it would be in the best interests of the United States to
do so and if such funding represented an amount tantamount to
the reasonable fair market value. Any such funding which was so
accepted would replace appropriated funding obligated or expended
for a replacement Orbiter.
Subsection 302(d) would amend Title II of the National Aeronau-
tics and Space Act of 1958 by adding section 208 which would allow
the Administrator to accept gifts or donations of services, money,
or property (real or personal, tangible or intangible), and to use
such gifts and donations for construction of a Space Shuttle Orbit-
er. This authority of the Administrator will terminate five years
after the date this section is enacted. All such gifts or donations
which are not needed for such construction shall be used by the
Administrator for an appropriate purpose in tribute to the crew of
the Space Shuttle Challenger and in furtherance of the exploration
of space. Finally, the name of any such Orbiter, consturcted with
gifts and donations authorized by this section, shall be selected by
the NASA Administrator from among suggestions submitted by
students in elementary and secondary schools.
Section 303
Subsection 303(a) would express the sense of Congress that to
ensure reliable access to space the United States should use the ca-
pabilities of both expendable launch vehicles and the Space Shuttle
for placing government payloads into orbit.
Subsection 303(b) would authorize the appropriation of such addi-
tional sums as are necessary for fiscal year 1987 to procure launch
services for United States Government satellites by expendable
launch vehicles.
Subsection 303(c) would clarify that no funding for the procure-
ment of launch services for government satellites by expendable
launch vehicles is authorized under Title I.
Section 304
Subsection 304(a) would establish the policy of the United States
to be that the Space Shuttle is the primary United States launch
system for manned missions and missions needing its unique capa-
bilities and will be available for other missions.
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Subsection 304(b) would require the Administrator of NASA to
develop a Space Shuttle manifest which meets existing NASA com-
mitments to its customers and would establish priorities for various
classes of payloads to be (in descending order); (1) payloads deemed
critical to the national security; (2) significant civil government
missions, including those having limited launch opportunities; (3)
government payloads other than those referred to in (1) and (2)
above; and (4) all other payloads, including foreign and commerical
payloads. NASA scientific missions involving cooperation with for-
eign space agencies are considered United States government mis-
sions.
Subsection 304(c) would require the NASA Administrator to
submit his planned Space Shuttle flight manifest to Congress no
later than November 1, 1986.
Section 305
Section 305 would require the NASA Administrator to submit,
before December 2, 1986, to Congress a ten year plan which pro-
vides a schedule of planned reimbursements from the Department
of Defense for Space Shuttle services and a schedule for the provi-
sion of such services.
Section 401
Section 401 sets forth the short title of this title to be the "As-
sured Access to Space Act."
Section 402
Section 402(1) sets forth that the assurance of reliable access to
space is critical in order to meet national security, scientific, and
commercial objectives of the United States space program.
Section 402(2) sets forth that the United States space program
(including government and industry) must provide the assurance of
reliable and continued access to space.
Section 402(3) sets forth that the United States should demon-
strate its reliability by honoring existing launch commitments.
Section 402(4) sets forth that in order to ensure reliable and con-
tinued access to space, the United States should utilize the capabil-
ity of expandable launch vehicles and the Space Shuttle.
Section 402(5) sets forth that the provision of launch vehicles and
services by the private sector is an important complement to
United States launch capability, and Congress remains committed
to the findings contained in the Commercial Space Launch Act
(Public Law 98-575).
Section 402(6) sets forth that the United States cannot concede
the commercial launch business to foreign competition.
Section 403
Section 403 sets forth the purpose of the title which is to assure
reliable and continued access to space by providing for the use of
commercial expendable launch vehicle capability in order to meet
national security, scientific, and commercial objectives of the
United States space program.
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Section 404
Section 404(a) would provide authority to the Administrator of
NASA to purchase, through competitive procurement, expendable
launch vehicle services, not vehicles, for the purpose of launching
government payloads, as aggregated by the Administrator. The
services so purchased shall be provided to other government agen-
cies on a reimbursable basis.
Section 404(b) would direct the Administrator of NASA to imple-
ment section 404 in a manner which fosters the development of an
expendable launch vehicle industry and complements the medium
launch vehicle procurement planned for national security payloads.
Section 404(c) would require the Administrator of NASA to
report to Congress on his plan to implement section 404 no later
than January 15, 1987 and requires the report to include an esti-
mate of the launch service requirements and procurement plans
for the five years following enactment of this Act.
Section 405
Section 405 would amend section 15(b) of the Commercial Space
Launch Act (P.L. 98-575) by redesignating paragraphs (2) and (3) as
paragraphs (3) and (4) respectively and inserting a new paragraph
(2) which provides access to government launch facilities on an ad-
ditive cost basis by excluding from the definition of direct costs
those costs associated with meeting the space transportation needs
of the United States.
Section 406
Section 406 would amend section 5(aXl) of the Commercial Space
Launch Act to provide that the Secretary of Transportation shall,
pursuant ~to authorization and subject to the availability of appro-
priations, encourage and facilitate commercial space launches by
the private sector, in consonance with the space policies of the
United States as established in public law.
Section 407
Subsection 407(a) would amend section 202(2) of the shuttle pric-
ing policy (Title II, NASA Authorization Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-170;
42 U.S.C. 2466)) to read "the efficient use of the Space Transporta-
tion System;". Section 204(a) of the Shuttle pricing policy is amend-
ed to direct the Administrator to implement a pricing system to re-
cover reimbursement in accordance with the pricing policy under
section 202 from commercial and foreign users of the Space Trans-
portation System, which except as provided in subsection 204(c)
shall include a base price of not less than $74,000,000 for each
flight of the Space Transportation System in 1982 dollars, and in
no case shall be less than the price for a comparable launch on a
United States expendable launch vehicle. Section 204(b) of the
shuttle pricing policy is amended to require the Administrator to
report to the Congress each year, along with the President's annual
budget request, on the implementation of the Shuttle pricing policy
under this section. Section 204(c) of the Shuttle pricing policy is
amended to authorize the Administrator to set an amount lower
than the amount determined under subsection (a), or provide no-
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cost flights for any commercial or foreign users of the Space Trans-
portation System who are involved in research, development or
demonstration programs with NASA. All other subsections of sec-
tion 204 are eliminated. Section 205 of the Shuttle pricing is
amended to set forth the effective date of this section as applying
to flights of the Space Transportation System during the period be-
ginning on and after January 1, 1988.
Subsection 407(b) sets forth the applicability of the amendments
made by subsection 407(a) to not affect contracts entered into
before the date of the enactment of this Act.
Subsection 407(c) would require, not later than three years after
the date of the enactment of this Act, the Administrator to deter-
mine the effectiveness of the amendments made by subsection
407(a) and whether or not there has been demonstrated a competi-
tive domestic expendable launch vehicle capability, and to report
his determinations to Congress. The existence of three contractual
commitments between commercial users and a launch service pro-
vider, made in good faith, to launch nongovernmental payloads,
shall create a presumption of a competitive domestic expendable
launch vehicle capability.
EFFECTS OF LEGISLATION ON INFLATION
In accordance with Rule XI, Clause 2(1) of the Rules of the House
of Representatives this legislation is assessed to have no adverse
long-run inflationary effects on prices and cost in the operation of
the national economy. NASA expenditures are labor intensive,
with approximately 80 percent of spending directly for jobs and the
remainder for materials. NASA employs about 21,800 civil servants
and supports about 126 thousand contractor and support services
employees. Assuming a multiplier effect of 2.5, the total short-run
employment effect on the United States economy is about 370 thou-
sand jobs. This represents less than one-half of one percent of the
total civilian labor force in the United States-too small to have a
significant national effect. There could however be some specific
cases of industrial and regional employment and price changes in-
fluenced by NASA expenditures.
CHANGES IN EXISTING LAW MADE BY THE BILL, AS REPORTED
In compliance with rule XIII, clause 3 of the Rules of the House
of Representatives, changes in existing law made by the bill, H.R.
5495 as reported, are shown as follows (existing law proposed to be
omitted is enclosed in black brackets, new matter is printed in ital-
ics, existing law in which no change is proposed is shown in
roman):
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TITLE II-COORDINATION OF AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE
ACTIVITIES
[NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE COUNCIL
[SEC. 201. (a) There is hereby established, in the Executive Office
of the President, the National Aeronautics and Space Council
(hereinafter called the "Council") which shall be composed of-
[(1) the Vice President, who shall be Chairman of the Coun-
cil;
[(2) the Secretary of State;
[(3) the Secretary of Defense;
[(4) the Secretary of Transportation;
[(5) the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration; and
[(6) the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission.
[(b) The President shall from time to time designate one of the
members of the Council to preside over meetings of the Council
during the absence, disability, or unavailability of the Chairman.
[(c) Each member of the Council may designate another officer
of his department or agency to serve on the Council as his alter-
nate in his unavoidable absence.
[(d) Each alternate member designated under subsection (c) of this
section shall be designated to serve as such by and with the advice
and consent of the Senate unless at the time of his designation he
holds an office in the Federal Government to which he was ap-
pointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.
[(e) It shall be the function of the Council to advise and assist
the President, as he may request, with respect to the performance
of functions in the aeronautics and space field, including the fol-
lowing functions:
[(1) survey all significant aeronautical and space activities,
including the policies, plans, programs, and accomplishments
of all departments and agencies of the United States engaged
in such activities;
[(2) develop a comprehensive program of aeronautical and
space activities to be conducted by departments and agencies of
the United States;
[(3) designate and fix responsibility for the direction of
major aeronautical and space activities;
[(4) provide for effective cooperation among all departments
and agencies of the United States engaged in aeronautical and
space activities, and specify, in any case in which primary re-
sponsibility for any category of aeronautical and space activi-
ties has been assigned to any department or agency, which of
those activities may be carried on concurrently by other de-
partments or agencies; and
[(5) resolve differences arising among departments and
agencies of the United States with respect to aeronautical and
space activities under this Act, including differences as to
whether a particular project is an aeronautical and space ac-
tivity.
[(f) The Council may employ a staff to be headed by a civilian
executive secretary who shall be appointed by the President by and
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with the advice and consent of the Senate. The executive secretary,
subject to the direction of the Council, is authorized to appoint and
fix the compensation of such personnel, including not more than
seven persons who may be appinted without regard to the civil
service laws or the Classification Act of 1949 and compensated at
not to exceed the highest rate of grade 18 of the General Schedule
of the Classification Act of 1949, as amended, as may be necessary
to perform such duties as may be prescribed by the Council in con-
nection with the performance of its functions. Each appointment
under this subsection shall be subject to the same security require-
ments as those established for personnel of the National Aeronau-
tics and Space Administration appointed under section 203 (bX2) of
this Act. Other provisions of law or regulations relating to Govern-
ment employment (except those relating to pay and retirement)
shall apply to council employees reporting directly to the chairman
to the extent that such provisions are applicable to employees in
the office of the Vice President.]
SEC. 201. (a) There is hereby established, in the Executive Office of
the President, the National Aeronautics and Space Council (herein-
after referred to as the "Council') which shall be composed of the
following voting members-
(1) the Vice President, who shall be Chairman of the Council;
(2) the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, who shall be Vice Chairman of the Council;
(3) the Secretary of State;
(4) the Secretary of Defense;
(5) the Chairman of the Users' Advisory Group established by
subsection (g).
(b) The President may designate such other additional advisory
members of the Council as he may determine, including representa-
tives of Federal offices having statutory scientific, operational, or
regulatory responsibilities for space activities.
(c) The President shall from time to time designate one of the
members of the Council to preside over meetings of the Council
during the absence, disability, or unavailability of the Chairman
and Vice Chairman.
(d) Each member of the Council may designate another officer of
his department or agency to serve on the Council as his alternate in
his unavoidable absence.
(e) It shall be the function of the Council to advise and assist the
President, as he may request, with respect to the performance of
functions in the aeronautics and space field, including the follow-
ing functions:
(1) survey all significant aeronautical and space activities, in-
cluding the policies, plans, programs, and accomplishments of
the United States, including all departments and agencies of
the United States engaged in such activities, and other nations;
(2) develop a comprehensive program of aeronautical and
space activities to be conducted by departments and agencies of
the United States;
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(3) designate and fix responsibility for the direction of major
aeronautical and space activities;
(4) provide for effective cooperation among all departments
and agencies of the United States engaged in aeronautical and
space activities and specify, in any case in which primary re-
sponsibility for any category of aeronautical and space activities
has been assigned to any department or agency, which of those
activities may be carried on concurrently by other departments
or agencies; and
(5) resolve differences arising among departments and agen-
cies of the United States with respect to aeronautical and space
activities under this Act, including differences as to whether a
particular project is an aeronautical and space activity.
(f) The head of any Federal department or agency represented on
the Council is authorized to transfer, on a nonreimbursable basis,
positions and related funds of such agency to the Council to assist it
in carrying out its duties under this Act.
(g)(1) The Council shall establish a Users' Advisory Group com-
posed of non-Federal representatives of industries and other persons
involved in aeronautical and space activities.
(2) The Vice President shall name a Chairman of the Users' Advi-
sory Group who shall be a member of the Council.
(3) The Council shall from time to time, but no less than once a
year, meet with the Users' Advisory Group.
(4) The function of the Users' Advisory Group is to ensure that the
interests of industries and other non-Federal entities involved in
space activities, including in particular commercial entities, are
adequately represented in the Council.
(5) The Users' Advisory Group may be assisted by personnel de-
tailed to the Council.
(h) The Council and the Users' Advisory Group shall not be sub-
ject to section 14(a)(2) of the Federal Advisory Commiteee Act.
Sec. 208. (a) The Administrator may accept gifts and donations of
services, money, and real, personal, tangible, and intangible proper-
ty, and use such gifts and donations for the construction of a space
shuttle orbiter.
(b)(1) The authority of the Administrator to accept gifts or dona-
tions pursuant to subsection (a) shall terminate five years after the
date of the enactment of this section.
(2) All gifts and donations accepted by the Administrator pursu-
ant to subsection (a) which are not needed for construction of a
space shuttle orbiter shall be used by the Administrator for an ap-
propriate purpose-
(A) in tribute to the dedicated crew of the space shuttle Chal-
lenger, and
(B) in furtherance of the exploration of space.
(c) The name of a space shuttle orbiter constructed in whole or in
part with gifts or donations whose acceptance and use are author-
ized by subsection (a) shall be selected by the Administrator of the
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration from among sug-
gestions submitted by students in elementary and secondary schools.
GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SECRETARY AND OTHER AGENCIES
SEC. 5. (a) The Secretary shall be responsible for carrying out this
Act, and in doing so shall-
[(1) encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space
launches by the private sector; and]
(1) pursuant to authorization and subject to the availability of
appropriations, encourage and facilitate commercial space
launches by the private sector, in consonance with the space
policies of the United States as established in public law; and
* * * * * * *
SEC. 15. (a) * * *
(bXl) * * *
(2) For purposes of paragraph (1), direct costs shall not include
costs associated with meeting the space transportation needs of the
United States.
[(2)] (3) The Secretary may collect any payment for launch
property or launch services, with the consent of the agency estab-
lishing such payment under paragraph (1).
[(3)] (4) The amount of any payment received by the United
States for launch property or launch services, including utilities,
under this subsection shall be deposited in the general fund of the
Treasury, and the amount of a payment for launch property (other
than launch property which is excess) and launch services (includ-
ing utilities) shall be credited to the appropriation from which the
cost of providing such property or services was paid.
AUTHORIZED APPROPRIATIONS
Sec. 24. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary
$4,000,000 for fiscal year 1985. There is authorized to be appropri-
ated to the Secretary to carry out this Act $586,000 for fiscal year
1986. There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to
carry out this Act $586,000 for fiscal year 1987.
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
AUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1986
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TITLE II SHUTTLE PRICING POLICY FOR COMMERCIAL AND
FOREIGN USERS
SEC. 202. The purpose of this title is to set the reimbursement
pricing policy for the Space Transportation System for commercial
and foreign users which is consistent with the findings included in
section 201, encourages the full and effective use of space, and is
designed to achieve the following goals-
(1) the preservation of the role of the United States as a
leader in space research, technology, and development;
[(2) the efficient and cost effective use of the Space Trans-
portation System;]
(2) the efficient use of the Space Transportation System;
[SEC. 204. (a) The Administrator shall establish and implement a
pricing system to recover reimbursement in accordance with the
pricing policy under section 202 from each commercial or foreign
user of the Space Transportation System, which except as provided
in subsections (c), (d), and (e) shall include a base price of not less
than $74,000,000 for each flight of the Space Transportation
System in 1982 dollars.
[(b) Each year the Administrator shall submit to the President
of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the
Senate, and the Committee on Science and Technology of the
House of Representatives, a report, transmitted contemporaneously
with the annual budget request of the President, which shall
inform the Congress how the policy goals contained in section 202
are being furthered by the shuttle price for foreign and commercial
users.
[(c)(1) If at any time the Administrator finds that the policy
goals contained in section 202 are not being achieved, the Adminis-
trator shall have authority to reduce the base price established in
subsection (a) after forty-five days following receipt by the Presi-
dent of the Senate, the Speaker of the House, the Committee on
Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, and the
Committee on Science and Technology of the House of Representa-
tives of a notice by the Administrator containing a description of
the proposed reduction together with a full and complete statement
of the facts and circumstances which necessitate such proposed re-
duction.
[(2) In no case shall the minimum price established under sub-
section (c)(1) be less than additive cost.
[(d) The Administrator may set a price lower than the price de-
termined under subsection (a) or (c), or provide no-cost flights, for
any commercial or foreign user of the Space Transportation
System who is involved in research, development or demonstration
programs with the national Aeronautics and Space Administration.
[(e) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a), the Admin-
istrator shall have the authority to offer reasonable customer in-
centives consistent with the policy goals in section 202.
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[SEC. 205. This title shall apply to flights of the Space Transpor-
tation System beginning on and after October 1, 1988.]
SEC. 204. (a) The Administrator shall establish and implement a
pricing system to recover reimbursement in accordance with the pric-
ing policy under section 202 from each commercial or foreign user of
the Space Transportation System, which except as provided in sub-
section (c) shall include a base price of not less than $74,000,000 for
each flight of the Space Transportation System in 1982 dollars, and
in no case shall be less than the price for a comparable launch on a
United States expendable launch vehicle.
(b) Each year the Administrator shall submit to the President of
the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Com-
mittee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, and
the Committee on Science and Technology of the House of Repre-
sentatives, a report, transmitted contemporaneously with the annual
budget request of the President, which shall inform the Congress on
the implementation of the shuttle pricing policy under this section.
(c) The Administrator may set a price lower than the price deter-
mined under subsection (a), or provide no-cost flights, for any com-
mercial or foreign user of the Space Transportation System who is
involved in research, development, or demonstration programs with
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
SEC. 205. This title shall apply to flights of the Space Transporta-
tion System beginning on and after January 1, 1988
OVERSIGHT FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Pursuant to Rule XI, Clause 203) of the Rules of the House of
Representatives, and under the authority of Rule X, Clause 2(bxl)
and Clause 3(f), the following statement is made concerning the
Committee's oversight findings and recommendations.
The results and findings from those oversight activities are incor-
porated in the recommendations found in the present bill and
report and in the Committee's recent report entitled "Assured
Access to Space During the 1990's," Union Report 99-509, House of
Representatives.
CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET ACT INFORMATION
The bill provides for new authorization rather than new budget
authority and consequently the provisions of section 308(a) of the
Congressional Budget Act of 1974 are not applicable. No authoriza-
tion for State or local financial assistance is included in the bill.
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CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE COST ESTIMATE
U.S. CONGRESS,
CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE,
Washington, DC, September 16, 1986.
Hon. Don Fuqua,
Chairman, Committee on Science and Technology,
US. House of Representatives, Washington, DC.
DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: The Congressional Budget Office has pre-
pared the attached cost estimate for H.R. 5495, the National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration Act, 1987.
If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be pleased to
provide them.
With best wishes,
Sincerely,
RUDOLPH G. PENNER, Director.
1. Bill number: H.R. 5495.
2. Bill title: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Act,
1987.
3. Bill Status: As amended and ordered reported by the House
Committee on Science and Technology, September 11, 1986.
4. Bill purpose: This bill authorizes the appropriation of $7,694.4
million for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) and about $0.6 million for the Office of Commercial Space
Transportation within the Department of Transportation for fiscal
year 1987. The bill also reestablishes the National Aeronautics and
Space Council.
The authorization includes $3,038.1 million for space flight, con-
trol, and data communications and $3,057 million for research and
development, including $410 million for the space station. The bill
also includes $166.3 million for construction of facilities and $1,433
million for research and program management. The total amount
authorized is the same as the President's fiscal year 1987 budget
request and about $69 million below the fiscal year 1986 NASA ap-
propriation after adjustment for the Balanced Budget Act reduc-
tion and supplemental appropriations.
In addition to the specific funding authorizations, the bill also
authorizes 1987 funding for returning the space shuttle to flight
status, beginning construction of a replacement orbiter, and pro-
curing expendable launch vehicle (ELV) services for U.S. govern-
ment satellites.
5. Estimated cost to the Federal Government: The following table
shows funding amounts specifically authorized by H.R. 5495 and es-
timated outlays based upon those amounts.
Specified authorization levels:
Function 250: Civilian space ....................................................... 6,990.7 ..............................................................................
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Function 400:
Aeronautics ........................................................................ 703.7 ..............................................................................
Commercial space .............................................................. .6 ..............................................................................
Total specified authorizations ........................................ 7,695.0 ..............................................................................
Estimated outlays ................................................................................. 5,063 2,115 490 24 3
In addition, the bill authorizes fiscal year 1987 funding in such
amounts as is required to return the shuttle system to flight status,
achieve the next launch by the first quarter of calendar year 1988,
and begin construction of a new orbiter. The estimated authoriza-
tion levels and outlays associated with these requirements would
be as follows:
Estimated authorization levels:
Orbiter ......................................................................................... 250 ..............................................................................
Renewed launch capability .......................................................... 22 ..............................................................................
Total estimated authorizations ................................................ 272 ..............................................................................
Estimated outlays ................................................................................. 166 80 26 ......................................
Note: The costs of this bill fall within budget functions 250 and 400.
H.R. 5495 also authorizes such sums as may be necessary in
fiscal year 1987 to enable NASA to procure expendable launch ve-
hicle services for U.S. government satellites. NASA currently has
no plans to do so and the bill does not specify the type of ELV to be
procured. Should NASA implement this provision through the pro-
curement of additional Delta rockets, the fiscal year 1987 budget
authority requirements could be as high as $125 million, with esti-
mated outlays as high as $80 million. If NASA were to procure
Titan rockets or a new line of complementary ELVs, then the
budget authority requirements and outlays would most likely be
significantly higher.
Basis of estimate
The authorization levels in the first table are the amounts speci-
fied in the bill. The outlay estimates assume that all funds author-
ized will be appropriated prior to the beginning of fiscal year 1987
and that spending will reflect historical patterns.
The authorization levels and outlays for renewed launch capabil-
ity and a new orbiter are CBO estimates based upon data provided
by NASA. CBO assumes that all funds estimated to be necessary
will be appropriated prior to the beginning of fiscal year 1987.
Outlay estimates assume that spending will reflect historical pat-
terns for orbiter construction. CBO estimates that about $2 billion
in additional funding would be required over fiscal years 1988
through 1992 to complete construction of the orbiter, assuming a
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delivery date in mid-to-late fiscal year 1991. Costs could differ de-
pending upon the planned delivery date.
6. Estimated cost to State and local governments: None.
7. Estimate comparison: None.
8. Previous CBO estimate: None.
9. Estimate prepared by: Paul DiNardo.
10. Estimate approved by: C.G. Nuckoz (for James L. Blum, As-
sistant Director for Budget Analysis).
OVERSIGHT FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, COMMITTEE ON
GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS
No findings or recommendations on oversight activity pursuant
to Rule X, clause 2(b)(2), and Rule XI, clause 2(l)(3), of Rules of the
House of Representatives have been submitted by the Committee
on Government Operations for inclusion in this report.
COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATION
A quorum being present, the Committee favorably reported the
bill H.R. 5495 by voice vote, and recommends its enactment.
NASA RECOMMENDATIONS
FEBRUARY 11, 1986.
Hon. BILL NELSON,
Chairman, Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications, Com-
mittee on Science and Applications, Committee on Science and
Technology, House of Representatives, Washington, DC.
DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: Submitted herewith is a draft bill, "To au-
thorize appropriations to the National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration for research and development; space flight, control
and data communications; construction of facilities; and research
and program management; and for other purposes," together with
the sectional analysis thereof.
Section 4 of the Act of June 15, 1959, 73 Stat. 75 (42 U.S.C. 2460),
provides that no appropriation may be made to the National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration unless previously authorized by
legislation. It is a purpose of the enclosed bill to provide such requi-
site authorization in the amounts and for the purposes recommend-
ed by the President in the Budget of the United States Government
for fiscal year 1987. For that fiscal year, the bill would authorize
appropriations totaling $7,694,400,000, to be made to the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration as follows:
(1) for "Research and development," amounts totaling
$3,003,100,000, (none of these funds may be utilized for the Ad-
vanced Communication Technology Satellite flight program);
(2) for "Space flight, control and data communications,"
amounts totaling $3,069,000,000;
(3) for "Construction of facilities," amounts totaling
$181,300,000; and
(4) for "Research and program management," $1,441,000,000.
In addition, the bill would authorize such sums as may be neces-
sary for fiscal year 1988, i.e., to be available October 1, 1987.
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The enclosed draft bill follows generally the format of the Na-
tional Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act,
1986 (P.L. 99-170). However, the bill differs in substance from the
prior Act in several respects.
First, subsections 1(a), 1(b), 1(c), and 1(d), the authorizations for
the four NASA appropriation accounts, differ in the dollar
amounts and in some of the line items for which authorization to
appropriate is requested. There is a new budget line item under
"Research and development" entitled "Transatmospheric research
and technology."
Second, in addition to providing authorization of appropriations
in the amounts recommended by the President in his Budget for
fiscal year 1987, the bill also would provide authorization for such
sums as may be necessary for fiscal year 1988. It is specified that
all of the limitations and other provisions of the bill applicable to
amounts appropriated pursuant to section 1 shall apply in the
same manner to amounts appropriated pursuant to section 6.
Finally, the last section of the draft bill, section 7, has been
changed to provide that the bill, upon enactment, may be cited as
the "National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authoriza-
tion Act, 1987," rather than "1986."
Where required by section 102(2XC) of the National Environmen-
tal Policy Act of 1969, as amended (42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(C)), and the
implementing regulations of the Council on Environmental Qual-
ity, environmental impact statements covering NASA installations
and the programs to be funded pursuant to this bill have been or
will be furnished to the House Committee on Science and Technolo-
gy, as appropriate.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration recom-
mends that the enclosed draft bill be enacted. The Office of Man-
agement and Budget has advised that such enactment would be in
accord with the program of the President.
Sincerely,
WILLIAM R. GRAHAM,
Acting Administrator.
A BILL TO AUTHORIZE APPROPRIATIONS TO THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS
AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT,
SPACE FLIGHT, CONTROL AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS, CONSTRUC-
TION OF FACILITIES, AND RESEARCH AND PROGRAM MANAGEMENT,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
SEC. 1. That there is hereby authorized to be appropriated to the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration to become avail-
able October 1, 1986:
(a) For "Research and development," for the following programs:
(1) Space station, $410,000,000;
(2) Space transportation capability development,
$465,500,000;
(3) Physics and astronomy, $539,400,000;
(4) Life sciences, $74,700,000;
(5) Planetary exploration, $323,300,000;
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(6) Space applications, $526,600,000;
(7) Technology utilization, $13,300,000;
(8) Commercial use of space, $32,000,000;
(8) Aeronautical research and technology, $376,000,000;
(10) Transatmospheric research and technology, $45,000,000;
(11) Space research and technology, $180,200,000;
(12) Tracking and data advanced systems, $17,100,000.
(b) For "Space flight, control and data communications," for the
following programs:
(1) Space shuttle production and operational capability,
$745,400,000;
(2) Space transportation operations, $1,524,700,000;
(3) Space and ground network, communications and data sys-
tems, $798,900,000.
(c) For "Construction of facilities," including land acquisition, as
follows:
(1) Constuction of additon to Orbiter Processing Facility
Annex, John F. Kennedy Space Center, $3,400,000;
(2) Construction of addition to the Systems Integration and
Mockup Laboratory, Johnson Space Center, $5,000,000;
(3) Construction of Central Computing Facility, Johnson
Space Center, $9,000,000;
(4) Modifications to Test Stand 300 for Space Station Hydro-
gen/Oxygen Propulsion Systems Development, George C. Mar-
shall Space Flight Center, $2,200,000;
(5) Construction of Spacecraft Systems Development and In-
tegration Facility, Goddard Space Flight Center, $8,000,000;
(6) Construction of Engineering Support Building, Jet Pro-
pulsion Laboratory, $9,800,000;
(7) Modification of Uninterruptible Power System in Space
Flight Operations Facility, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
$2,600,000;
(8) Construction of Human Performance Research Laborato-
ry, Ames Research Center, $9,400,000;
(9) Construction of Integrated Test Facility, Dryden Flight
Research Facility, $17,500,000;
(10) Modifications to 8-Foot High Temperature Tunnel, Lang-
ley Research Center, $9,700,000;
(11) Construction of addition for Non-Destructive Evaluation
Research Laboratory, Langley Research Center, $2,000,000;
(12) Construction of Power Systems Facility, Lewis Research
Center, $5,800,000;
(13) Construction of the Second Tracking and Data Relay
Satellite System Ground Terminal Facility, New Mexico,
$22,000,000;
(14) Repair of facilities at various locations, not in excess of
$750,000 per project, $24,000,000;
(15) Rehabilitation and modification of facilities at various
locations, not in excess of $750,000 per project, $30,000,000;
(16) Minor construction of new facilities and additions to ex-
isting facilities at various locations, not in excess of $500,000
per project, $7,000,000; and
(17) Facility planning and design not otherwise provided for,
$14,000,000.
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(d) For "Research and program management,"
$1,441,000,000.
(e) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection 1(h), appropria-
tions hereby authorized for "Research and development" and
"Space flight, control and data communications" may be used (1)
for any items of a capital nature (other than acquisition of land)
which may be required at locations other than installations of the
Administration for the performance of research and development
contracts, and (2) for grants to nonprofit institutions of higher edu-
cation, or to nonprofit organizations whose primary purpose is the
conduct of scientific research, for purchase or construction of addi-
tional research facilities; and title to such facilities shall be vested
in the United States unless the Administrator determines that the
national program of aeronautical and space activities will best be
served by vesting title in any such grantee institution or organiza-
tion. Each such grant shall be made under such conditions as the
Administrator shall determine to be required to ensure that the
United States will receive therefrom benefit adequate to justify the
making of that grant. None of the funds appropriated for "Re-
search and development" and "Space flight, control and data com-
munications" pursuant to this Act may be used in accordance with
this subsection for the construction of any major facility, the esti-
mated cost of which, including collateral equipment, exceeds
$500,000, unless the Administrator or his designee has notified the
Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the
Senate and the Committee on Science and Technology of the House
of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science and
Transportation of the Senate, of the nature, location, and estimated
cost of such facility.
(f) When so specified and to the extent provided in an appropria-
tion act, (1) any amount appropriated for "Research and develop-
ment," for "Space flight, control and data communications" or for
"Construction of facilities" may remain available without fiscal
year limitation, and (2) maintenance and operation of facilities, and
support services contracts may be entered into under the "Re-
search and program management" appropriation for periods not in
excess of twelve months beginning at any time during the fiscal
year.
(g) Appropriations made pursuant to subsection 1(d) may be used,
but not to exceed $35,000, for scientific consultations or extraordi-
nary expenses upon the approval or authority of the Administra-
tor, and his determination shall be final and conclusive upon the
accounting officers of the Government.
(h) Of the funds appropriated pursuant to subsections 1(a), 1(b)
and 1(d), not in excess of $100,000 for each project, including collat-
eral equipment, may be used for construction of new facilities and
additions to existing facilities, and for repair, rehabilitation, or
modification of facilities: Provided, That, of the funds appropriated
pursuant to subsection 1(a) or 1(b), not in excess of $500,000 for
each project, including collateral equipment, may be used for any
of the foregoing for unforeseen programmatic needs.
SEC. 2. Authorization is hereby granted whereby any of the
amounts prescribed in paragraphs (1) through (16), inclusive, of
subsection 1(c)-
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(1) in the discretion of the Administrator or his designee,
may be varied upward 10 percent, or
(2) following a report by the Administrator or his designee to
the Committee on Science and Technology of the House of Rep-
resentatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science and
Transportation of the Senate, on the circumstances of such
action, may be varied upward 25 percent, to meet unusual cost
variations, but the total cost of all work authorized under such
paragraphs shall not exceed the total of the amounts specified
in such paragraphs.
SEC. 3. Not to exceed one-half of 1 percent of the funds appropri-
ated pursuant to subsection 1(a) or 1(b) hereof may be transferred
to and merged with the "Construction of facilities" appropriation,
and, when so transferred, together with $10,000,000 of funds appro-
priated pursuant to subsection 1(c) hereof (other than funds appro-
priated pursuant to paragraph (17) of such subsection) shall be
available for expenditure to construct, expand, and modify labora-
tories and other installations at any location (including locations
specified in subsection 1(c)), if (1) the Administrator determines
such action to be necessary because of changes in the national pro-
gram of aeronautical and space activities or new scientific or engi-
neering developments, and (2) he determines that deferral of such
action until the enactment of the next authorization act would be
inconsistent with the interest of the Nation in aeronautical and
space activities. The funds so made available may be expended to
acquire, construct, convert, rehabilitate, or install permanent or
temporary public works, including land acquisition, site prepara-
tion, appurtenances, utilities, and equipment. No portion of such
sums may be obligated for expenditure or expended to construct,
expand, or modify laboratories and other installations unless a
period of thirty days has passed after the Administrator or his des-
ignee has transmitted to the Speaker of the House of Representa-
tives and to the President of the Senate and the Committee on Sci-
ence and Technology of the House of Representatives and to the
Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation of the
Senate, a written report containing a full and complete statement
concerning (i) the nature of such construction, expansion, or modifi-
cation, (ii) the cost thereof including the cost of any real estate
action pertaining thereto, and (iii) the reason why such construc-
tion, expansion, or modification is necessary in the national inter-
est.
SEC. 4. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act-
(1) no amount appropriated pursuant to this Act may be used
for any program deleted by the Congress from requests as
originally made to either the House Committee on Science and
Technology or the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science
and Transportation,
(2) no amount appropriated pursuant to this Act may be used
for any program in excess of the amount actually authorized
for that particular program by subsections 1(a), 1(b) and 1(d),
and
(3) no amount appropriated pursuant to this Act may be used
for any program which has not been presented to either such
committee,
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unless a period of thirty days has passed after the receipt by the
Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the
Senate and each such committee, of notice given by the Adminis-
trator or his designee containing a full and complete statement of
the action proposed to be taken and the facts and circumstances
relied upon in support of such proposed action.
SEC. 5. It is the sense of the Congress that it is in the national
interest that consideration be given to geographical distribution of
Federal research funds whenever feasible, and that the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration should explore ways and
means of distributing its research and development funds when-
ever feasible.
SEC. 6. In addition to the amounts authorized to be appropriated
under section 1 of this Act, there is hereby authorized to be appro-
priated to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, to
be available no earlier than October 1, 1987, such sums as may be
necessary:
(a) For "Research and development,"
(b) For "Space flight, control and data communications,"
(c) For "Construction of facilities," and
(d) For "Research and program management."
All of the limitations and other provisions of this Act which are ap-
plicable to amounts appropriated pursuant to subsections (a), (b),
(c), and (d) of section 1 of this Act shall apply in the same manner
to amounts appropriated pursuant to subsections (a), (b), (c), and
(d), respectively of this section.
SEC. 7. This Act may be cited as the "National Aeronautics and
Space Administration Authorization Act, 1987."
SECTIONAL ANALYSIS
A BILL TO AUTHORIZE APPROPRIATIONS TO THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS
AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT,
SPACE FLIGHT, CONTROL AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS, CONSTRUC-
TION OF FACILITIES, AND RESEARCH AND PROGRAM MANAGEMENT,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Section 1
Subsections (a), (b), (c), and (d) would authorize to be appropri-
ated to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, funds,
in the total amount of $7,694,400,000, as follows: (a) for "Research
and development," a total of 12 program line items aggregating the
sum of $3,003,100,000; (b) for "Space flight, control and data com-
munications," a total of 3 line items aggregating the sum of
$3,069,000,000; (c) for "Construction of facilities," a total of 17 line
items aggregating the sum of $181,300,000; and (d) for "Research
and program management," $1,441,000,000.
Subsection 1(e) would authorize the use of appropriations for "Re-
search and development" and "Space flight, control and data com-
munications" without regard to the provisions of subsection 1(h)
for: (1) items of a capital nature (other than the acquisition of land)
required at locations other than NASA installations for the per-
formance of research and development contracts; and (2) grants to
nonprofit institutions of higher education, or to nonprofit organiza-
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tions, whose primary purpose is the conduct of scientific research,
for purchase or construction of additional research facilities. Title
to such facilities shall be vested in the United States unless the Ad-
ministrator determines that the national program of aeronautical
and space activities will best be served by vesting title in any such
grantee institution or organization. Moreover, each such grant
shall be made under such conditions as the Administrator shall
find necessary to ensure that the United States will receive benefit
therefrom adequate to justify the making of that grant.
In either case, no funds may be used for construction of a facility
in accordance with this subsection, the estimated cost of which, in-
cluding collateral equipment, exceeds $500,000, unless the Adminis-
trator notifies the Speaker of the House, the President of the
Senate and the specified committees of the Congress, of the nature,
location, and estimated cost of such facility.
Subsection 1(f) would provide that, when so specified and to the
extent provided in an appropriation act, (1) any amount appropri-
ated for "Research and development," "Space flight, control and
data communications," or for "Construction of facilities" may
remain available without fiscal year limitation, and (2) contracts
for maintenance and operation of facilities, and support services
may be entered into under the "Research and program manage-
ment" appropriation for periods not in excess of twelve months be-
ginning at any time during the fiscal year.
Subsection 1(g) would authorize the use of not to exceed $35,000
of the "Research and program management" appropriation for sci-
entific consultation or extraordinary expenses, including represen-
tation and official entertainment expenses, upon the authority of
the Administrator, whose determination shall be final and conclu-
sive.
Subsection 1(h) would provide that of the funds appropriated for
"Research and development," "Space flight, control and data com-
munications," and "Research and program management," not in
excess of $100,000 per project (including collateral equipment) may
be used for construction of new facilities and additions to existing
facilities, and for repair, rehabilitation, or modification of facilities.
This section also provides that not in excess of $500,000 per project
of "Research and development" and "Space flight, control and data
communications" funds may be used for any of the above for un-
foreseen programmatic needs.
Section 2
Section 2 would authorize upward variations of the sums author-
ized for the "Construction of facilities" line items (other than facili-
ties planning and design) of 10 percent at the discretion of the Ad-
ministrator or his designee, or 25 percent following a report by the
Administrator or his designee to the Committee on Science and
Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on
Commerce, Science and Transportation of the Senate on the cir-
cumstances of such action, for the purpose of meeting unusual cost
variations. However, the total cost of all work authorized under
these line items may not exceed the total sum authorized for "Con-
struction of facilities" under subsection 1(c), paragraphs (1) through
(16).
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Section 3
Section 3 would provide that not more than one-half of 1 percent
of the funds appropriated for "Research and development" and
"Space flight, control and data communications" may be trans-
ferred to and merged with the "Construction of facilities" appro-
priation, and, when so transferred, together with $10,000,000 of the
funds appropriated for "Construction of facilities" (other than the
funds for facilities planning and design), shall be available for the
construction of facilities and land acquisition at any location if the
Administrator determines (1) that such action is necessary because
of changes in the aeronautical and space program or new scientific
or engineering developments, and (2) that deferral of such action
until the next authorization act is enacted would be inconsistent
with the interest of the Nation in aeronautical and space activities.
However, no such funds may be obligated until 30 days have passed
after the Administrator or his designee has transmitted to the
Speaker of the House, the President of the Senate and the specified
committees of Congress a written report containing a description of
the project, its cost, and the reason why such project is in the na-
tional interest.
Section 4
Section 4 would provide that, notwithstanding any other provi-
sion of this Act-
(1) no amount appropriated pursuant to this Act may be used
for any program deleted by the Congress from requests as
originally made to either the House Committee on Science and
Technology or the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science,
and Transportation,
(2) no amount appropriated pursuant to this Act may be used
for any program in excess of the amount actually authorized
for this particular program by subsections 1(a), IN, and 1(d),
and
(3) no amount appropriated pursuant to this Act may be used
for any program which has not been presented to either such
committee,
unless a period of 30 days has passed after the receipt by the
Speaker of the House, the President of the Senate and each such
committee of notice given by the Administrator or his designee
containing a full and complete statement of the action proposed to
be taken and the facts and circumstances relied upon in support of
such proposed action.
Section 5
Secton 5 would express the sense of the Congress that it is in the
national interest that consideration be given to geographical distri-
bution of Federal research funds whenever feasible.
Section 6
Section 6 would authorize to be appropriated to the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration for fiscal year 1988 such
sums as may be necessary: (a) for "Research and development," (b)
for "Space flight, control and data communications," (c) for "Con-
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struction of facilities," and (d) for "Research and program manage-
ment." All of the limitations and other provisions of the Act appli-
cable to amounts appropriated pursuant to subsections (a), (b), (c),
and (d) of section 1 would apply in the same manner to amounts
appropriated pursuant to subsections (a), (b), (c), and (d), respective-
ly, of this section.
Section 7
Section 7 would provide that the Act may be cited as the "Na-
tional Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act,
1987."
COST AND BUDGET DATA
The bill will authorize appropriations for fiscal year 1987 in the
amount of $7,694,400,000. In accordance with the requirements of
Rule XIII, Clause 7, of the rules of the House of Representatives,
the Committee's estimate for the next five years of NASA budget
request is as follows:
Fiscal year:
1987 .......................................................................................................... $7,694,400,000
1988 .......................................................................................................... 8,255,000,000
1989 .......................................................................................................... 9,063,000,000
1990 .......................................................................................................... 9,456,000,000
1991 .......................................................................................................... 9,949,000,000
These estimates do not include provisions for any new program
or program augmentation that may be recommended nor do they
include any provisions for administrative adjustments that may be
required.
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