JERUSALEM'S TEMPLE MOUNT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86T01017R000100380001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 15
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 6, 2011
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 6, 1986
• Content Type: MEMO

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DATE O 2 ' i 2
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Central Intelligence Agency
116 FEB 1986
MEMORANDUM FOR: Philip C. Wilcox, Jr.
Director, Israel and Arab-Israeli Affairs
Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs
Department of State
Chief, Geography Division, OGI
SUBJECT: Jerusalem's Temple Mount
1. The attached memorandum describes the history and
significance of the Temple Mount and summarizes the policies of
various concerned parties regarding its status. The memorandum
includes a chronology of recent incidents on the mount, and an
unclassified map of the Haram al-Sharif with an accompanying
2. The research and analysis for the text were done by
Office of Global Issues. r j
3. If you have any questions concerning this memorandum,
- I - - -
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Attachment:
The Temple Mount: History, Significance, and Policy
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SUBJECT: Jerusalem's Temple Mount
OGI/GD/NE/
(Jan 1986)
Original - Addressee
1 - April Glaspie, State
1 - Barbara Bodine, State
1 - Alan Kreczko, State
1 - Gary Dietrich, State
1 - George Demko, State
1 - DIA
1 - SA/DDCI
1 - Executive Director
1 - DDI
1 - DDI/PES
1 - NIO/NESA
1 - CPAS/ISS
1 - D/NESA
1 - Ch/NESA/AI
1 - Ch/NESA/AI/I
1 - Ch/NE/I
1 - Ch/FBIS/NEAD/AEI
1 - D/OGI, DD/OGI
1 - Ch/OGI/FSIC/PI
1 - Ch/OGI/TNAD/TA
1 - Ch/GD
1 - CH/GD/NE
8 - OGI/PG
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Central Intelligence Agency
Washington. D. C. 20505
The Temple Mount: History, Significance, and Policy =
Summary
The recent incidents involving Jews and Muslims on
Jerusalem's Temple Mount are only two of many such incidents that
have taken place there since the Six Day War in June of 1967.
Muslims have controlled the Temple Mount continuously since
retaking it from the Crusaders. Many Jews claim the site should
be theirs, based on the earlier presence of two temples. Some
Fundamental Christians and extremist Jews claim that a new temple
must be built on this site as a precursor for the coming of the
Messiah. Such conflicting beliefs and claims have often
culminated in violent and near-violent incidents between
groups. In a situation such as this, facts mean little, and
beliefs--whether of ancient traditions or current rumors--mean
everything.
Physical Setting
The Haram al-Sharif (Noble Enclosure), which now occupies
the Temple Mount (Mount Moriah), is an irregular, four-sided
enclosure of about 144,000 square meters situated in the eastern
and southeastern sections of Jerusalem's Old City (Figure 1).
With its southern and eastern walls incorporated into the walls
of the Old City itself, the Haram al-Sharif occupies about one
sixth of the Old City. The western and northern walls of the
compound abut homes and schools in the Muslim Quarter; the
southern portion of the western wall--the "Wailing Wall" (Hakotel)--
is exposed. When Solomon's temple occupied this site, it looked
down upon the city from its relatively high elevation (740 meters
above sea level.) Since then, the main residential area has
shifted northward, so that now most of the old City is higher
than the Temple Mount.
The Dome of the Rock (Qubbat al-Sakhra) today dominates the
Haram al-Sharif. Built in 687-691, this mosque is situated over
a rock believed to be the one on which Abraham attempted to
sacrifice his son. Many scholars believe that the mosque also
occupies the site of the two razed Jewish temples. The Dome of
the Rock sits upon a 3 meter high, 23,000 square meter platform
near the center of the Haram al-Sharif, and is reached by
ascending one of eight staircases--each with a columned arcade at
its top. The structure itself is a regular octagon, adorned with
ornamental Turkish tiles. Although refurbished many times, most
recently by King Hussein, the integrity of the original structure
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The al-Aqsa Mosque (Masjid al-Aqsa) stands adjacent to the
southern wall of the compound, where once probably stood the
palace of the ancient Kings of Judah, and later, at least one
Byzantine Church. Unlike the Dome of the Rock, the original 25X1
al-Aqsa did not survive crippling earthquakes in 746 and 1034;
the present structure was completed in 1036. Al-Aqsa is adjoined
to the west by the Mosque al-Maghariba, which is now a museum.
Just northwest of al-Aqsa is the "Wailing wall", an exposed
portion of the Temple Mount platform retaining wall. Dating back
to the period of the Second Temple, this is the closest that a
devout Jew may get to the Temple Mount. From the seventh
century, when Jews resettled in Jerusalem, to 1948, the alley in
front of the wall served as a place for Jewish prayer. Between
1948 and 1967, Jordan did not permit Jews to pray there.
Following the Six Day War, however, Israel razed the 700 year old
Muslim neighborhood fronting the wall, thereby clearing a large
plaza for prayer. F_ 25X1
Access and Security
Only three of the 11 functioning gates to the Haram al-Sharif
are opened regularly. The Mograbi Gate is opened daily for
entrances and exits; most tourists come in this way. The Israeli
Defense Forces (IDF) position guards (usually reserves) at the
access ways to the Western Wall plaza, from which the ramp to the
Mograbi Gate is reached. These IDF guards check personal effects
such as handbags, purses, and cameras. Armed Arab members of the
Israeli national police stand guard on the ramp: one policeman
is usually halfway up; at least two,others at the gate itself
again check hand-carried parcels.
The other two functioning gates--Bab al-Qattanin and
Bal al-Silsila--are opened for exiting the mount only, although
some tourists may talk their way inside. These gates are usually
guarded by Arabs, although in times of trouble, IDF guards are
also present nearby.
Access may be gained to the Temple Mount through less
orthodox methods as well. Following the Goodman incident in
1982, many journalists entered the compound by climbing over the
wall from roofs of adjoining Jewish Quarter houses; houses and
schools in the Muslim Quarter offer similar accessibility. In
addition, some extremist groups have attempted to penetrate
the Temple Mount through the underlying maze of cisterns and
tunnels--many of which are not fully explored.
Security on the mount itself is maintained by at least two
members of the IDF Border Police (first assigned here following
the 1984 Lifta Gang incident), and by many waqf-appointed
(unarmed) Arab guards. IDF guards also watch the compound from
surrounding high places.
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Significance to Jews
The significance of the Temple Mount to the Jews dates back
some 3000 years to the latter days of David. After seeing a
vision of an angel beside a threshing floor owned by Ornan the
Jebusite, David bought the threshing floor and erected an altar
upon it. (I Chron. 21:15-25) Later, this piece of land became
associated with the land of Moriah, where Abraham had attempted
to sacrifice his son Isaac (Gen. 22:2)--an event that took place
some 600 years before David's time and which is linked to God's
covenant with the Jewish people. After David's death, his son,
Solomon, built a temple on the site, into which he moved the Ark
of the Covenant. Solomon's temple was razed by Nebuchadnezzar,
modestly rebuilt following the Babylonian exile, later improved
upon by Herod, and finally destroyed by the Romans in 70 AD. 25X1
Although most Jews today accept the status of the Temple
Mount, interpretation of certain biblical passages (particularly
in Ezekiel and Daniel), has convinced several groups of Jews that
a new Jewish temple must be built in order to hasten the coming
of the Messiah, Redemption, and Armageddon. A new temple would
not, however, necessitate the destruction of the Dome of the
Rock--some existing plans propose incorporation of the mosque
within the temple, or the construction of a pylon supported
temple above the Dome of the Rock. Others, however, call for the
complete removal of the Islamic shrines. One of the more popular
posters sold in the Jewish quarter today is that of an aerial
photograph of the Old City with the Dome of the Rock air brushed
out and a photo of a temple model superimposed on the mount. 25X1
Jewish groups advocating a Jewish presence on the Temple
Mount include:
1. Faithful of the Temple Mount - An
organization of religious nationalists led
by Gershon Solomon, which holds prayer
demonstrations at the Mograbi Gate every
major holiday. The group hopes to rebuild
the temple, but for the time being, is
dedicated to enabling Jews to pray on the
mount, possibly in a synagogue adjacent to
the Dome of the Rock. Members of this group
were involved in this January's incidents on
the mount.
2. El Har Hasem - A minor group seeking to
restore Jewish rites on the Temple Mount.
3. Ateret Cohanim - A yeshiva. This religious
school, located in the Muslim Quarter, is
dedicated to studying the rituals of the
temple, preparing to assume the role of
temple priests when the temple is rebuilt.
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4. Lifta Gang - A religious group from the Mei
Neftoah area of Jerusalem arrested in March
1984 for their sabotage attempt on the Dome
of the Rock.
5. Jewish settler underground - A group of some
25 religious Jews, many from West Bank and
Golan Heights settlements, and many of them
Gush Emunim members, arrested in April
1984. Most of the group were charged with,
among other things, plotting to blow up the
Christian Significance
For most Christians, the Temple Mount's importance is
incidental to the life of Christ. The New Testament tells of
Jesus' presentation here as an infant, his conversation with the
temple elders at age 12, his driving out of the money changers,
and his teachings in the temple during his last week. Christ
does foretell the temple's destruction (Math. 24:1-3, et al), but
many religious scholars interpret these passages figuratively.
Most Christians visiting Jerusalem do not regard the Temple Mount
as an objective of pilgrimage, but as a major historical
curiosity.
Many Fundamental Christians, however, believe that a new,
literal, temple must be built upon the Temple Mount, in order for
Christ to return (Some Fundamentalists believe that biblical
prophecy dictates that the temple must be rebuilt only to be torn
down again). This belief is based on interpretation of both Old
and New Testament verses. Several groups of Fundamental
Christians have been formed to encourage the return of the
temple, and in this, they have found ready allies with Jewish
groups dedicated to the same cause. These Christian groups
include:
1. Jerusalem Temple Foundation - A Jerusalem-
based organization that has reportedly
helped Jewish groups purchase homes in the
Muslim Quarter near the Temple Mount.
The foundation's board consists of
Stanley Goldfoot, (an ex-Faithful of the
Temple Mount member, ex-Stern Gang Member,
and ex-South African), and five U.S.
evangelical Christians.
2. Temple Mount Foundation - A Los Angeles-
based organization that, according to US
press, helped fund the defense of the Lifta
Gang.
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3. International Christian Embassy, Jerusalem -
An internationally-based group whose prime
goal is to encourage Christian support for
Israel. Although a peaceful organization,
its official spokesman said in 1984 that the
Muslims are usurpers on the Temple Mount,
and that it should be returned to the Jews,
even if it means Armageddon.
Muslim Significance
Muslims, too., accept the tradition that Abraham attempted to
sacrifice his son here. However, according to the Koran (Sura
XXXVII:99-113), the sacrifice was to be of Abraham's first-born,
Ishmael, father of the Arab people. When the Arabs conquered
Jerusalem in 639, Caliph Umar punished the Byzantine patriarch
for neglecting such a holy site. According to some schools,
Caliph Abd al-Malik Ibn Marwan began construction on the Dome of
the Rock in order to make Jerusalem a more important place of
devotion than Mecca, then the seat of a rival caliph. The
tradition arose at this time that the site had been further
blessed, when after his death in Arabia, the Prophet Muhammad
miraculously appeared on the Temple Mount before ascending into
Heaven on his horse. (Muhammad's footprints and pieces of hair
may be seen in the Dome of the Rock.) The Dome of the Rock is
today the third holiest shrine in Islam, after the Kaaba in
Mecca and the Prophet's tomb in Medina.
Policies on the Temple Mount
The Haram al-Sharif is today administered by the waqf--the
Islamic religious foundation. Although the waqf does not permit
Jews or Christians to pray on the Temple Mount, no general
restrictions are imposed on entrance to the mount and its
shrines, except during prayer hours, on Fridays, and during
Although the waqf permits Jews on the Temple Mount (and
indeed, many Jewish tourists take advantage of this almost
daily), Israel's Chief Rabbinate does not. Shortly after the Six
Day War, the Chief Rabbis decided that no Jew should set foot on
the mount for fear of inadvertently transgressing on the site of
the Holy of Holies--the area in which the Ark of the Covenant was
stored. Jews hold the key to the Mograbi Gate--the main gate
used by tourists. There a guard and sign warn Jews not to enter
the compound. Other rabbis have disagreed with this decision,
however, claiming that visitation of parts of the Temple Mount
requires ritual immersion and purity, while other parts were
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Israeli Government policy is to maintain the status quo on
the mount. To allow Jews to pray on the mount is to invite
possible acts of violence from the Muslim World. Similarly, to
allow new Muslim construction on the mount would bring increased
criticism by Israeli Jews, with probable increased protest action
by extremist groups.
Most violent and near-violent incidents that have occurred
on the Temple Mount since 1967 have been perpetrated by extremist
Jewish groups or individuals. Often, these incidents lead to
general strikes and riots by Palestinians in Israel and the
occupied territories. At least in one case, a general strike was
extended to 15 Arab nations. The incidents in January this year
were not the first to precipitate major discussion in the United
Nations. Each such incident has the potential of disrupting the
quest for Middle East peace, and as long as the various religious
groups hold on to their beliefs and longings for this piece of
land, similar, if not more volatile incidents are likely to
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Chronology of Major Incidents on the Temple Mount Since June 1967
18 August 1969
21 August 1969
Jewish youths penetrate Haram al-
Sharif compound and chant Torah
verses.
Michael Rohan, a deranged, born-
again Christian from Australia, sets
fire to the al-Aqsa Mosque. General
protest strike by Arabs follows.
After discussion of incident, UN
Security Council calls upon Israel
to obey Security Council resolutions
forbidding any change in the status
of Jerusalem.
13 Jewish religious students force
their way onto the Temple Mount.
Clashes with Arabs praying in
al-Aqsa result in two injuries.
Alan Harry Goodman, an American-
Israeli Kahane follower, shoots his
way onto the Dome of the Rock
platform, killing two guards and
wounding 30 bystanders. Arabs
commence throwing rocks, wounding
tourists on the mount. Riots and a
one-week general strike ensue in the
West Bank and Gaza; 15 Arab nations
join in one-day strike. Israeli
courts sentence Goodman to life in
prison on 7 April 1983.
4 March 1983 Explosives found at Bab al-Nadhir.
27 January 1984
Israeli police prevent some 45 Kakh
members from the West Bank
settlement of Qiryat Arba from
establishing a "settlement" on the
Temple Mount. Led by Rabbi Yisra'el
Ari'el (formerly of Yamit), the
group hoped to reach the mount via a
blocked tunnel near Solomon's
Stables.
Palestinian guards frighten off men
attempting to scale the Temple Mount
wall near the Golden Gate. Israeli
police discover explosives left by
the fleeing men. Demonstrations in
the West Bank follow the next day.
In March, the Lifta Gang is arrested
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8 January 1986
14 January 1986
for attempting to blow up Dome of
the Rock. Israeli Government
decided to place two members of the
Border Police on the mount to guard
agains similar attempts. This
action in itself precipitates Arab
strikes in the West Bank and East
Jerusalem.
Israeli police arrest an insane
rabbinical student who attempted to
storm the Temple Mount in a car via
a goat trail.
Waqf-approved visit to the Temple
Mount by Knesset members leads to
riots on the mount as Tehiya members
try to force their way into
Solomon's Stables and take
pictures. Israeli Border Police
quells riot with tear gas.
Knesset members and other Jews again
visit the Temple Mount. Certain
members of the delegation begin to
pray from the Torah, and again try
to enter Solomon's Stables. Riots
again erupt, resulting in more tear
gas by Israeli Police. Mufti claims
he will no longer grant Knesset
groups permission to visit area.
Incident is brought before the UN.
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The Temple Mount -- Key to Map
1. Bab al-Ghawanima - Gate, named for Ghanim family. Closed.
2. Minaret al-Ghawanima.
3. A1-Madrasa* al-Jawiliyya.
4. Antonio Fortress remains - Formerly the Baris Fortress.
6. Bab al-'Atim - Gate of Gloom or the Dark Gate, also called
Bab Feisal. Closed.
7. Fountain of Sultan Suleiman.
8. Dome of Suleiman Pasha.
9. Al-Madrasa al-Dawidariyya.
10. Bab Hitta - Low Gate, also called Hutta Gate and Gate of
Forgiveness. Closed.
11. Minaret of Israel.
12. Bab al-Asbat - Gate of the Tribes. Closed.
13. Bab al-Serai - Palace Gate. Closed.
14. Al-Madrasa al-Manjikiyya.
15. Fountain of 'Ala 'al-Din al-Basair.
16. Bab al-Nadhir - Prison Gate, also called Gate of the
Inspector and Bab al-Majlis. Closed.
17. Fountain of Sheikh Budayr.
18. Kursi Suleiman - Solomon's Throne. Small mosque. Muslim
legend says that Solomon sat here as he observed his jinn
constructing the great buildings at Jerusalem, Baalbek, and
Palmyra.
19. Hakotel Haqatan - Small Western Wall.
20. Bab al-Hadid - Iron Gate. Closed.
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*Islamic religious college.
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21. Al-Madrasa al-Arghuniyya.
22. Al-Madrasa al-Khatuniyya.
23. Bab al-Qattanin - Cotton Merchant's Gate. Open for exiting
only.
24. Bab el Mat-hara - Gate of Latrines. Closed.
25. Al-Madrasa al-Uthmaniyya.
26. Fountain of Sha'lan.
27. Qubbat al-Khadr - Dome of St. George (or Elijah).
28. Dome of the Spirits.
29. Qubbat al-Mir'aj - Dome of Ascension. Restored in 1200.
Commemorates Muhammad's ascent into Heaven. Copy of
Byzantine dome on the mt. of olives marking Christ's
ascension.
30. Dome of the Prophet.
31. Sabil Qait Bai - Fountain built by Mamluk Sultan Qait Bai
in 1487.
32. Fountain of Qasim Pasha.
33. Sundial - Dates from Turkish times.
34. Qubbat al-Sakhra - Dome of the Rock. See text. Access
originally gained by four gates at four cardinal points:
34 A. Bab al-Gharbi - West Gate. Only gate now open.
34 B. Bab al-Janne - Gate of Paradise.
34 C. Bab Mahkmet David - Gate of David's Judgment.
34 D. Bab al-Qible - South Gate.
35. A1-Nahawiyya Dome.
36. Dome of Joseph.
37. Burhan al-Din - Summer Pulpit. Also called Minbar Omar.
Minbar erected in 1456.
38. Qubbat al-Silsila - Dome of the Chain. Miniature prototype
of Dome of the Rock. Built in the 8th century. Arabs used
this as a treasury, Crusaders as a chapel to St. James.
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39.
Golden Gate - Sha'ar Ha Rahamim. Also called Porta
Aurea. Muslims call this Bab al-Dahiriyeh - Gate of
Eternity. Seventh Century Byzantine gate built upon
earlier gate believed to be that through which Christ
entered the city. Arabs walled the gate up in 810.
Opened twice a year by Crusaders. Permanently blocked by
Turks in 1530, incorporated into city walls in 1540. Some
Fundamental Christians believe Christ will reenter the city
through this gate.
40. Bab al-Silsila - Chain Gate; Sha'ar Ha shalshelet, also
called Bab al-Wad. This is a double gate, one portal of
which is called Bab al-Salaam--the Peace Gate. Open part-
time.
41. Minaret of the Gate of the Chain.
42. Wilson's Arch - part of the ancient bridge linking the
Temple Mount with the Upper City. Named for archeologist
Wilson. Located under Bab al-Silsila.
43. Synagogue Hakotel Hama'aravi.
44. Dome of Moses.
45. Al-Madrasa al-Tankiziyya. Also called Mahkameh - The
Tribunal. Built in 1330. Served as law court during
Turkish period. Possibly stands on site of Jewish Council
of Sanhedrion.
46 Hakotel Hama'aravi - Western Wall, or "Wailing Wall". See
text.
47. Olive Tree of the Prophet.
48. Al-Kas - The Cup. Fountain built in 709. Used by Muslims
for ritual washing before prayer. Connected to numerous
underground cisterns.
49. Masjid al-Burak - Small underground mosque connected with
Mohammed's ascent into Heaven on his horse.
50. Barclay's Gate (filled).
51. Bab al-Maghariba - Gate of the Moors. Also called Mograbi
Gate. Only gate used regularly as entrance to Haram al-
Sharif.
52. Dome of Yusuf Agha.
53. Minaret al-Fakhriyya.
54. Masjid al-Maghariba - Mosque of the Moors. Now a museum.
Contains library and Islamic antiquities.
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55. Al-Madrasa al-Fakhriyya.
56. Robinson's Arch - One part of ascending ramp leading into
the Outer Court of Herod's Temple.
57. Masjid al-Aqsa - Al-Aqsa Mosque. See text. Compound also
includes:
57 A. Jami'an Nisa - Women's Mosque, also called White
Mosque. Believed to be the Templar's fencing school.
57 B. Jami al-Arba'in - Mosque of the Forty Martyrs. Was
a Crusader Chapel to St. Zacharias.
57 C. Jami Umar - Mosque of Omar. A Turkish addition.
58. Double Gate - Old gate from the Temple period. Filled.
59. Triple Gate - Also called Hulda's Gate. Old gate from the
Temple period. Filled.
60. Single Gate - Old gate from the temple period. Filled.
61. Solomon's Stables - Huge vaultings built by Herod as
supporting substructure. Used as stables by Crusaders.
62. Seat of Muhammad.
63. Cradle of Jesus-Small Byzantine crypt.
64. The Pinnacle - Tradition says that this is the pinnacle
from which the Jews threw St. James, first bishop of
Jerusalem.
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