SOMEONE IN YOUR SHOP MAY BE INTERESTED IN THE ATTACHED BOOKS ON PARAPSYCHOLOGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86M00886R001100080016-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 21
• Document Creation Date: December 21, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 28, 2008
• Sequence Number: 16
• Publication Date: February 2, 1984
• Content Type: MEMO

STAT
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IE ECU I V ", SECRETARIAT
);OUTCNG SL(P
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CVICS
FOP, I
SkiS ENSE
DATE INITIAL
't ~?e+r;arks
executive Secretary
_a Febt?41r~r~
Date
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71ie Director of Central Int-cilicc-n(c
11'a;hin3on. D.C. 20505
i tx i C;'i;' i':
2 February 1984
Someone in your shop may be interested
in the attached books on parapsychology.
i
William J. Casey
Attachments:
Three books
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The Director of Central Intelligence
lMlshington. D. C. 20505'
2 February 1984
Dear Adolph,
Thanks very much for sending me the material on
parapsychology. We do follow the field and the Soviets
put a fair amount of effort into it. Psychobiology
is still another frontier which I have not yet scanned
but thank you for bringing it to my attention.
On to victory!
Yours,
William J. Casey
Mr. Adolph W. Schmidt
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DCI
EXEC
BEG
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University of Pittsburgh
FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Department of Biological Sciences
13 January 1984
The Hon. William J. Casey, Director
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D.C. 20505
Dear Sir:
The enclosed books are sent at the request of A. W. Schmidt of
Ligonier, Pennsylvania.
Encounters with Parapsychology.
Sincerely yours,
G1 ~'t~ CrwwG//
R. A. McConnell
Parapsychology and Self-Deception Research Professor of Biophysics
in Science. Biological Sciences Department
University of Pittsburgh
An Introduction to Parapsychology in Pittsburgh Pa. 15260
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,8ja
January 10, 1984
The Honorable William J. Casey, Director
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D.C. 20505
Dear Bill:
In the early 1950s a cliche developed in the private founda-
tion field that among many other responsibilities "foundations should
be the risk bearers of philanthropy." The A. W. Mellon Educational
and Charitable Trust of Pittsburgh, of which I was a Trustee, took
this seriously enough that in 1952 it began the support of research
being conducted by Professor Robert A. McConnell at the University of
Pittsburgh in the field of "Psi Phenomena" which encompasses the con-
troversial areas of extrasensory perception, psychokinesis, precogni-
tion, and mental telepathy. Upon dissolution of the Trust in 1980
sufficient funds were allocated to support this work until Dr. McCon-
nell's retirement in June 1984.
Dr. McConnell is a physicist by training. During World
War II he established a reputation in electronics. Rather than con-
tinuing in this established and rewarding field, he decided to pioneer
in the risky, suspect field of Parapsychology. McConnell believed
these phenomena involved a physical force, but how to isolate it,
describe it, and reduce it to repeatable experiments?
The culmination of his career labors has been the publication
of three books:
1.) Encounters with Parapsychology - 1981
2.) Introduction to Parapsychology in the Context of
Science - 1982
3.) Parapsychology and Self-Deception in Science - 1983
In Volume 1 above, page 41, McConnell describes the work of L. L.
Vasiliev and Parapsychology in the Soviet Union (1962). I have asked
McConnell to send all three books to your office. .~ realize 9nii have
die times to rAv3.a..,theseitl~og.ys~u..~se.~r,.ex ~l #x~i. t-ho
_rh~pp,escientistin your R & A branch for addition to your Psychol
ogy and Parapsychology re searrc~i mate it a.s : -`~-`
eadin however I have enclosed a hotostat of
t;ba- r st r-ha~ter Vaove ~ e P
-lume 3 barau o logy The wild card in a stacked deck: A look at the near future of mankind."
This s pp~'~'f~t
I have read. Dr. McConnell first presented it at a lecture at
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STAT
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Cambridge University in August 1982. Some sentences from Military
Predictions: "A new military philosophy will evolve. War will be
seen as psychological rather than physical conflict.... Supposedly,
by armed force one destroys the enemy's will to resist. Thus,
military force is a physical tool to achieve a psychological purpose.
By the year 2000, it will seem strangely stupid that so blunt and
counterproductive a tool could have been used for so long as the
primary instrument of war..... The leaders of the industrialized
countries will become less concerned with unusable weapons of mass
destruction and more interested in psychological warfare ..... The
next frontier of science is psychobiology."
I hope it is not too late to wish you a New Year of
Sincerely,
Adolph W. 'Schmidt
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PARAPSYCHOLOGY
THE WILD CARD IN A STACKED DECK:
A LOOK AT THE NEAR FUTURE OF MANKIND
R. A. MCCONNELL
This paper was prepared for delivery in shortened form as an invited lecture
at the August, 1982, combined celebration at Cambridge University of the one-
hundredth anniversary of the Society for Psychical Research and the twenty-fifth
anniversary of the Parapsychological Association.
In this paper I attempt an informal synthesis of a range of topics, each one of
which is complex and controversial, and all of which, taken together, will largely
determine the course of history. For brevity, I use examples coupled to generaliza-
tions and I ignore ecological problems, such as species extinction and ocean pollu-
tion, whose effects will not be seriously felt before 2000 A.D. What I offer is not
authoritative opinion but an invitation to the reader to ask questions and to think
for himself.*
It is well known to my fellow parapsychologists that I am with-
out discernible psychic ability. When I enter the laboratory front
door, psi phenomena- hustle out the back. Occasionally, I have
caught them peering curiously at me through a window when they
thought I was not watching, but I must say that ours has not been
a very satisfying relationship for a physicist trained in engineering
electronics.
Hence, although I speak to you today as one who is fully con-
vinced-by his own experiments and by the observations of
others-that psi phenomena do occur, ' I want to assure you that
the predictions I shall offer do not depend upon psychic precogni-
tion but upon logical inference.
One can measure the courage of a futurist by the length of his
reach. I shall talk about this decade and the next, which will carry
*As a compact introduction to the physical constraints upon our future, I
suggest W.J. Davis The Seventh Year: Industrial Civilization in Transition. (W.W.
Norton, 1979)
;Extrasensory perception and psychokinesis.
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118
us to the end of the twentieth century. I believe that what occurs in k
these few years will be as momentous as all that has happened in
the 400 years since Queen Elizabeth the First. So steep is the curve
of history that, if parapsychology is not dominant by the year 2000,
it may disappear forever as a science. These are two of many
surprising conclusions that I reached while preparing this lecture.
I shall begin by reviewing some of the certainties of the next 18
years, with which most of you, I am sure, are already familiar.
Energy is not the only determinant of man's future, but it is
pivotal, as I shall briefly explain. Energy is the capacity for doing
work. Controlled energy moves ourselves and our cars; heats and
lights our homes; digs and processes ores; creates steel, aluminum,
plastics, and glass; runs our factories; makes the fertilizer for our
fields; and plants and harvests our crops. Energy, flowing freely in
nature, determines our climate and supports plant and animal life.
Energetic systems obey the inexorable laws of thermodynamics.
Hence, an understanding of physical science is essential for know-
ing what.in the future is inevitable and what might be avoided. In
the final analysis, it is these laws upon which most of my predic-
tions are based and that give those predictions their measure of
certainty. The first law of thermodynamics says that energy and
mass can be stored and transfdrmetiut not created. The ,second.
says that there is a natural tendency toward chaos, so that order in
one place can be achieved only at the expense of disorder some-
where else.
There are three ultimate sources of energy on the earth: geother-
mal, nuclear, and solar. Controlled leakage of heat from the
earth's core will supply less than one percent of expected energy
needs in the. year 2000 and, hence, for many purposes, can be
ignored. Nuclear energy, recently liberated by man, offers special
problems and special opportunities, some of which I shall mention
later. In the past, and for the future, the sun has been, and will
remain, our principal source of energy.
Of solar energy currently incident upon the earth:'
30% is reflected back to space.
47% is absorbed and appears only as heat.
1. (Notes start on page 141).
Energy Resources 119
23% maintains the water evaporation cycle.
2/10 of one percent moves the wind and the waves.
A mere 2/100 of one percent goes into photosynthesis, which
created fossil fuels and makes possible most plant and ani-
mal life.
Where do the industrialized countries of the world get their en-
ergy? About 92% comes from the fossil fuels: coal, gas, and oil.
Only 5% comes from renewable sources: water, wind, and wood.
About 3% comes from nuclear fission.
One thing is, certain. We cannot continue indefinitely to use
fossil fuels at our present rate. This is shown in Figure 1, which
portrays the rate of fossil fuel production, worldwide, throughout
the history of man. Each mark on the x-axis is one thousand years.
At a glance it can be seen that we are living in a very special age
that can neither continue nor repeat. We are near the beginning of
a rise in fossil energy production that started 250 years ago and
that could reach its peak in another 150. This curve assumes that
we shall shift emphasis from oil and gas to coal without restriction
within the next 50 years. For reasons to be mentioned later, I do
not think that will happen. Instead, the production of fossil fuels
may peak early in the next century.
To understand the nature of the energy situation, we shopld look
closely at the curve of Figure 1, which has the typical shape for the
production of any nonrenewable resource. At its beginning, such a
-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3
TIME BEFORE AND AFTER PRESENT
(103 years)
Figure 1. Fossil fuel production throughout history. (M. King Hubbert.
U.S. Energy Resources: A Review as of 1972.)
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120
The Wild Card in a Stacked Deck
Table 1
Fossil- FUEL PRODUCTION
(Speculative)
curve rises more or less exponentially because of positive feed-
back. Eventually, any exhaustible resource becomes scarce, the
cost of production increases, and the amount of production peaks
and then falls away. As it melts toward zero, the production curve
for a nonrenewable resource may become negatively exponential.
Regardless of its exact shape, the area under.the curve represents
The total recoverable resource, whether it be oil, coal, or copper.
If we want to predict the future production of any important raw
material taken from the earth, the first thing we might ask to know
is the year of peak production. Is it still ahead, or have we passed it?,
The second thing to know is how fast the curve is rising or falling.
In the last 20 years geologists have developed approximate ideas
about the production curves for many natural resources. Consider
fossil fuel production as shown in Table 1.. Oil production in the 48
United States reached its peak about 1970.- Worldwide__oil fro
duction :will. peak about 9" he largest fraction of the world's
energy still comes from oil. It is evident that this fuel will be
desperately short from now on.
Gas is an ideal fuel for almost every purpose but moving vehi-
cles. At our present rate of consumption, there seems to be
enough of it to carry us into the next century.
For the longer run, there is coal, together with oil shale and tar
sands. Unfortunately, the extraction of these solid fossil fuels
creates wastelands and uses vast quantities of fresh water, which is
in short supply. In addition, it is now evident that the burning.of
hydrocarbon fuel is increasing the carbon dioxide in the earth's
atmosphere by a measurable amount each year. I shall discuss that
later.
What are the prospects for nuclear fission, for which there are
still abundant uranium reserves? The physical barriers to the fur-
ther development of fission power would seem to be capital and
operating costs and difficulties in handling and storing radioactive
materials. Most technically sophisticated scientists ny ow'agree that
+~ r
nuclear fission is a scientific success but an engineering nightmare
andd tt a ii must ' eaban oned as_quickly_ aspoossible. Even "the
ravest now doubt that the Devil can deliver on His half of our
Faustian bargain.
Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission have quite different prospects.
Fusion is, in fact, the only long-range hope we have for a future,
energy-rich civilization, but it is not yet known whether it will be
technically and economically feasible. In any case, fusion cannot
U.S.A.
Remainder of
Industrial World
Peak
Year
Fraction of
Total Energy
Peak
Year
Fraction of
Total Energy
(1970)
(1970)
Oil
1970
44%
1995
62%
Gas
1990
33%
2015
5%
Coal
2050
18%
2100
28%
make an important contribution to.world.energy consumption until.
well into the twenty-first, century,. It will be of no help in the next
18 years.
The two most promising energy sources today are conservation
and the_rays_.rom the 51in. Together with fusion (if it becomes
ar icable), these sources might form a satisfactory basis for a
technological civilization reaching into the indefinite future.
If.the long-range energy prospect is not hopeless, you might be
tempted erroneously to assume that energy problems will not be
very important in the next 18 years. Social tensions are created by
the difference between expectations and realizations. Expectations
arise based on past experiences and upon observation of what
others have achieved. A forced shifting to new energy sources and
the resulting general but unequal decline in standard of living can
be expected to result in great differences between the expectations
and realizations in large segments of society and to cause; in turn,
profound and ubiquitous social unrest.
FOOD PRODUCTION
As shown in Table 2, the only 'grain exporting countries of any
consequence are the United States, Canada, Australia, and New
Zealand. Before World War II, all main areas of the world except
western Europe were self-sufficient in food. Today, largely be-
cause of population growth, over 100 countries depend upon North
American grain. Judging from the trend shown between 1970 and
1980, what will the situation be ten years from now?
? To answer that question, let us ask another. How do Canada and
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Table 2
ANNUAL WORLD EXPORTS (+) AND IMPORTS (-)
OF GRAIN IN MILLIONS OF METRIC TONS.
(L.R. Brown, Science, 214, 998 [27 November 1981)
1934
to
1970
1980
1938
North America
+5
+56
+131
Latin America
+9
+4
-10
Western Europe
-24
-30
-16
Eastern Europe and USSR
+5
0
-46
Africa
+1
-5
-15
Asia
+2
-37
-63
Australia and New Zealand
+3
+12
+19
the United States produce so much grain? The answer lies in their
possession of four major advantages:
1. Great areas of flat land with fertile soil, matched nowhere
else on earth.
2. A long growing season with adequate precipitation. That is
what the Soviet Union does not have.
3. Farm machinery and the ability to maintain it.
4. Fertilizer and gasoline.
The last two items depend upon energy. Before 1910, farms
were without electricity and gasoline. Consequ*ntly, fuel and fer-
tilizer energy input was close to zero. Today, in the United States,
it takes 10 calories of outside energy to produce one food calorie.3
That 9-calorie subsidy has been coming from fossil fuels, which will
be more expensive in the future.
This situation can be summed up in one sentence. We have come
to the end of the agricultural revolution. Those who look to a
second "Green Revolution" for salvation are almost, certain to be
disappointed. All of the grain hybrids so far developed require
energy-intensive cultivation.'
Energy cost will not be the only factor limiting future food pro-
duction. Over the last 20 years, worldwide, the net land under
cultivation has been increasing at an average rate of one-half of
one percent a year. Now that cheap energy for clearing land and
Water
for irrigation is gone, the rate of increase is dropping fast. There is
much unused land, but most of it is poor for farming.'
Up to now, 10% of all arable land in the U.S.A. has been lost by
urbanization. In Florida, which produces half of the world's grape-
fruit and one-quarter of the world's oranges, all prime farmland
will be devoted to other purposes by the year 2000 if present trends
continue.'
Meanwhile, arable land over most of the U.S.A. is being de-
graded by overuse, by salinization and waterlogging from irriga-
tion, by wind and water erosion, by chemical fertilization, and by
strip mining. It has been estimated that one-third of the top soil of
U.S. croplands has been lost by erosion.'
In croplands the world over, the depth of topsoil is usually less
than 25 centimeters to start with. New topsoil forms by natural
processes at a rate of perhaps 1.5 tons per year per acre. Accept-
able rates of erosion range from 1 to 5 tons per acre per year. In a
14-year Missouri experiment, land planted sequentially to corn,
wheat, and clover lost an average of 3 tons per acre per year
through erosion; while for comparable land, planted continuously
in corn, the loss to erosion was 20 tons per acre per year.8
Crop rotation is no longer practiced on most large farms in the
United States. In southern Iowa, for example, the cost of reducing
topsoil loss to acceptable levels was found to-be three times the
short-term benefit of ignoring erosion.. Farmers, acting individu-
ally, cannot affordtto save their land.9
In nonindustrialized countries, as the population density rises,
land is degraded by various mechanisms that generally proceed by
positive feedback to total desolation. If present trends continue, by
the year 2000 "desertification" by over-grazing will have claimed
additional pastureland equivalent to a square 3000 kilometers on a
side.10
For reasons such as these it seems certain that the land available
for growing food will increase only a little by the year 2000 and
that its average productivity will have decreased.
WATER
Much has been printed about the worldwide depletion and con-
tamination of fresh water supplies. I shall confine my illustrational-
comment to the U.S.A.
Underground water stored in past geological ages currently sup-
plies 50% of U.S. drinking water and 20% of all fresh water needs.
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These excerpts from the fresh-water conservation literature sug-
gest that before the year 2000, because of overuse and contamina-
tion, water for agricultural, industrial, and domestic purposes will
become a major economic concern in large areas of the U.S.A.
where heretofore it has been regarded.as in unlimited supply. The
rising real cost of water will contribute significantly to our falling
standard of living.
In west Texas the latter figure rises to 75%. As a result of ground
water withdrawal in excess of its natural replacement rate, many
areas of the United States are suffering from salt water intrusion,
surface subsidence, or simply a disappearing water table. In some
areas of California where ten years ago water was available at 20
feet, it must now be pumped from 1800 feet."
In '32 counties of the west Texas High Plains where 6 million
acres are watered from 70,000 wells, it is projected that irrigation
will largely cease by 1995 owing to increasing energy costs and
falling water levels. Thereafter, the land will be useful only for
dryland farming.12
Contamination of both underground and surface water is a
problem of growing severity. The dumping of industrial wastes
into rivers and lakes in the United States has affected wildlife and
in some cases rendered surface water unfit for human consump-
tion. The chief poisonous chemicals have been mercury, insecti-,
cides, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Phosphorus from fertilizer
runoff and sewage, including detergents, is destroying lakes by
eutrophication.13
Ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic liquid wastes are produced
in the U.S.A. at the rate of 35 to 50 million metric tons per year.
For the most part, this waste is injected into abandoned wells or
stored above ground. In either case, in time, much of it enters the
underlying aquifers. There are 25,700 industrial liquid-waste im-
poundment sites in the United States, of which an estimated 50%
contain hazardous chemicals and 70% are without lining. Concen-
trated chemical wastes too hazardous to be disposed of by leaking
into streams, by injection into wells, or by open storage, have been
loaded into steel barrels and left to rust unattended on vacant land.
In one site in Kentucky 100,000 drums were found to have been
dumped in a 17-acre field by one waste-disposal company.14
Because of industrial wastes, most of the states east of the Mis-
sissippi River and some to the west have major problems with
ground water contamination. On Long Island, New York, danger-
ous levels of organic chemicals forced the closing of 36 wells sup-
plying two million people. In San Gabriel Valley, California, it was
necessary to close 39 wells supplying domestic water to 400,000
people. The extent of the water contamination problem is un-
known and discovery is often only by accident, because some of
the most dangerous chemicals are tasteless even at admittedly toxic
levels.15
Industrial air pollution only ten years ago was regarded as a local
problem to be solved by high smokestacks and windy weather.
Now we have discovered that sulfur and nitrogen emissions from
high stacks can affect areas a thousand kilometers away. Acid-rain
from coal burning power plants in the Ohio River valley is damag-
ing forests and lakes in New England and Canada.16 .
The Adirondack Mountains of New York State have 217 sizeable
lakes. In the 1930s the acidity of these lakes ranged in pH mostly
from 6 to 9 and only 4% had a pH of less than 5. By 1975, 51% of
all lakes showed a pH of less than 5, and 46% were devoid of
fish.'7 In Sweden, 15,000 lakes are now fishle"ss due to acid rain.18
By the year 2000, either conditions downwind from industrial
areas will be much worse than they are now or methods of con-
trolling noxious emissions from power and chemical plants will
have substantially raised the cost of living.'9
CARBON DIOXIDE
It is now certain that the carbon dioxide content of the atmos-
phere of the earth is increasing as a result of. the burning of fossil
fuels. In the last 20 years carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has
risen worldwide at the rate of one-quarter of one percent per
year.20
A substantial body of expert opinion predicts that this carbon
dioxide increase will raise the earth's temperature because of a
"greenhouse" effect in the upper atmosphere. A typical estimate
for the rise in temperature by the end of the century is 1? Centi-
grade on the average, and 3? or 4? in the polar regions. Thereafter,
if this warming continues, the Arctic ice pack will melt-perhaps
sometime in the next century. It is believed that such melting will
be irreversible because, with a decreasing albedo, more of the
sun's rays will be absorbed in the Arctic areas, thus providing
positive feedback for further temperature rise.21
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Table 3
U.S.A. DEPLETION PARAMETERS FOR SOME
IMPORTANT METAL ORES.
(Data are by R. A. Arndt and L. D. Roper as re-
ported in L. D. Roper: Where Have All the Metals
Gone? Blacksburg, Virginia: University Publications,
If the Arctic ice pack melts, there will be major worldwide
changes in temperature and rain patterns because of the loss of
weather-driving power in the polar-tropical heat engine. In my
own thinking, I assign a probability of 0.8 to the proposition that
most of our coal reserves can never be used without precipitating a
world catastrophe.
Forests are usually thought of as useful to man as sources of
lumber and fuel, but they are even more important in their eco-
logical function. Particularly in the tropics, where rains can be
seasonal and torrential, forests slow the flow of water, thereby
preventing floods and the loss of soil and providing dry-season
irrigation. The cutting of forests is the first step in the destruction
of the river systems that they feed.
One-fifth of the world's land surface is now covered by dense
forests. Between now and 2000 A.D., industrialized countries are
projected to lose only a little of their forests. Nonindustrialized
countries, however, will lose 40% of what they now have as they
clear the land for fuel and farming '22
One example of the problem can be studied in the Himalayan
watershed. About 500 million people in India, Pakistan, and Ban-
gladesh live in the alluvial valleys fed from the Himalayan high-
lands. The Himalayan forests control the monsoon floods and
make life- possible in the lower valleys. However, the mountain
people are increasing in number by 2% a year. They see no choice
but to cut down the forests to allow food planting and animal
grazing, thereby slowly converting forest ecosystems into alpine
barrens. Meanwhile, downstream, where the bulk of the people
live, the effects are alternate flooding and lowering of the water
table, and the silting of reservoirs. As a result, the once rich allu-
vial plains are losing their productivity even while their populations
are continuing to grow. It is an unfolding tragedy from which no
escape is foreseen.
Is the future really as bleak as I have painted it? Are those of us
who love technology completely out of place from now on?
Let us suppose that nuclear fusion can provide us with all the
energy we need, and that we abandon carbonaceous fuels and
1976.)
Half-gone
Date
Gone by
2000 A.D.
Gold
1916
95%
Lead
1958
70%
Mercury
1916
80%
Platinum
1941
90%
Silver
1938
80%
Zinc
1968
70%
Aluminum
1966-1986
60-90%
Iron
1962-2021
40-80%
Nickel
1972-2010
40-85%
Tungsten
1962-1981
65-95%
drive our vehicles with hydrogen made from water. Can we conti-
nue as an industrial civilization?
For, the answer to that question let us look at the United States
reserves of some of the metals that are needed for a technological
way of Ufe. At the top of Table 3, I have shown some highly
depleted metal ores about which we have relatively precise
knowledge. At the bottom, are moderately depleted ores for which
we cannot yet make accurate predictions.
Even though United States metal ores are largely gdne, severe
worldwide metal shortages will not occur until the next century.
The immediate importance of these impending shortages is that
they signal a time of change. The price of metals is rising sharply,
both because rich ores are becoming scarce and because the energy
to extract them is rising in cost. As the real price of metals rises for
the industrial world, our standard of living must fall.
Physically speaking, industrial civilization represents order in a
chaotic world. To maintain that order, the second law of thermo-
dynamics requires a continuous input of high-temperature energy
and low-entropy raw materials. Our roads would be gone in ten
years if they were not constantly repaired with asphalt, which is a
byproduct of oil and coal. At present rates, the average United
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128
States citizen consumes 20,000 times his own weight of raw materi-
als in his lifetime-excluding food and water.24 One hundred years
ago consumption was less than one-tenth as great. We have, in the
vernacular of the farmer, been living high on the hog. All too
soon, we shall be down to the feet and tail.
What I have tried to convey so far are three ideas:
1. The earth's capacity to produce food will be about the same
in the year 2000 as it is today. Thereafter, food production will
decline through degradation of the land and a shortage of water.
2. The real costs of the material things it takes to run an indus-
trial civilization are escalating, with no end in sight. Real costs (as
opposed to paper-money costs) bear an inverse relationship to
standard of living. 25
3. What Lord Clark called the Age of Heroic Materialism will
soon be over.26 We must prepare for a future totally different from
the present.
In this paper up to now, I have pictured the physical constraints
under which we shall exist in the year 2000. I have said nothing yet
about people-how they will live and what use they might have for
parapsychology.
POPULATION
The accompanying Figure 2 shows the relative rates of popula-
tion growth for the industrialized and nonindustrialized countries
of the world. If these rates are sustained to the year 2000, the
world's population will be one-third larger than in 1982 and will be
growing at the rate of 100 million per year. Ninety percent of this
projected growth will be in the poorest nations. At present, the
nonindustrialized population is larger than the industrialized by 3
to 1. By 2000 A.D., this ratio will be 4 to 1.
These projections from the U.S. Census Bureau are optimistic
in that they assume that food production can be increased by the
use of fertilizer, mechanization, and pesticides, regardless of cost,
and they neglect altogether the possibility of worldwide political
disorder.
My own more pessimistic expectation is that the world popula-
tion in 2000 A.D. will be less than projected by at least a half
billion as the result of mass starvation and associated disease. I
shall return to this question later.
NON INDUSTRIALIZED
INDUSTRIALIZED
COUNTRIES
01 1 1 i __I 1
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Figure 2. Trends of population growth in the industrialized and nonindus-
trialized countries. The rate rise in the industrialized population began
with the invention of the steam engine. The rate rise of the nonindustrial-
ized population began shortly after World War-I, when the Rockefeller
Foundation began its distribution of white man's medicine among primi-
tive people. (Projections are from the U.S. Bureau of Census and assume
no mass starvation.)
A dear friend, who is a professional ecologist, expressed regret
that I planned to include in this paper a discussion of financial
relations between industrialized and nonindustrialized countries.
"Money," he said, "is really a meaningless term when you are
talking about species survival. The introduction of this highly dis-
putable discourse on monetary policy weakens the total effect by
raising issues that can only obscure the point you have made so
well."
This comment challenged me to explain in a few words why I
believe that consideration of international finance is essential for
an understanding of the world situation. I said to him:
I am not discussing "species survival," but human survival.
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enough so that by the year 2000 even the poorest countries will be
able to repay what they owe if they can do it with ten-cent dollars.
Secondly, if anything goes wrong in. the meantime. these banks
know that their home countries will bail them out, either directly
or through the International Monetary Fund. If Lockheed, Chry-
sler, and New York City were too big to be allowed to fail, so are
Bank of America and Chase Manhattan.
The United States Federal Reserve Board has already tacitly
agreed to save any large bank that is in trouble because of loans to.
nonindustrialized countries. Just before the Monetary Control Act
of 1980 was passed, a joint committee of the U.S. Congress surrep-
titiously added the "obligations of ... a foreign government or
agency thereof" to the list of assets that Federal Reserve Banks
may purchase from a private bank that is in danger of collapse.
In case you are wondering what motivates a banker to make bad
deals with his depositor's money, the answer is not far to seek. On
every promise to be repaid at a distant time in cheaper dollars, the
bank takes its profit in present-day dollars.
As time goes on, it becomes increasingly clear that most of the
nonindustrialized countries lack the cultural or genetic heritage
needed to profit by the capital they have borrowed in attempting
to industrialize themselves. In any case, they are now trapped
forever behind the closed door of the Age of Cheap Energy. It is
absurd to pretend that they can repay their principal indebtedness
Homo sapiens differs from other species by engaging in complex
symbolic communication. The present crisis, whatever else it may
be, is obviously economic. The "symbol" used in economic com-
munication is money.
Money is a tool for distributing the right to consume, for reward-
ing productivity, for encouraging the creation or consumption- of
capital, and for binding the. past to the future. Money is an integral
element of civilization and can often be more important than mili-
tary power in determining who will do what to whom.
According to textbook economic theory, the money managers in
a so-called free-economy can choose between full employment or
monetary inflation, or can perhaps find a politically acceptable
compromise with a. little of both. That may have been true when
energy and raw materials were cheap. No politician today dares to
say what is obvious: From now on, except for brief interludes, we
shall have both high unemployment and rapid inflation regardless.
of the party in power. This portentous situation would exist even if
we were not trying to keep some of the nonindustrialized countries
financially afloat. As it is, their deepening misery will contribute to
our own.
The bankruptcy of a nation, although never publicly announced,
occurs, in fact, when a nation can no longer pay interest and prin-
cipal as they fall due. When that happens, the debtor nation takes
out a new loan to replace the old. This is called "rescheduling" the
debt.
Iran, Nicaragua, Peru, Turkey, and Zaire have passed into bank-
ruptcy in the last five years. Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia,
Egypt, Mexico, the Philippines, South Korea, and Thailand (as
well as several East European countries) will suffer bankruptcy
before 1990.
By what magic are such countries able to borrow more money?
In the past, money was often lent by one sovereign country directly
to another, but that had unsavory political implications. Today,
wealthy nations may make outright gifts to the World Bank and to
political allies, but the bulk of the new money needed to sustain
nearly bankrupt countries is coming from private banks at unrealis-
tically low interest rates.
Why would a banker lend money to a potentially bankrupt coun-
try? The answer comes in two parts. First, bankers expect that
monetary inflation will allow such countries to pay their debts in
depreciated currency. It is hoped that conditions will improve
except at confiscatory discounts.
Under present policy, the debts of the. nonindustrial ized coun-
tries will eventually be paid by the citizens of the industrialized
countries by the device of printing paper money. Meanwhile, the
banks cannot lose. This arrangement 'can most kindly be called
"collusive self-deception among bankers, economists, and politi-
cians." Whether this is good or bad, I leave to you to decide. Its
success depends upon its concealment from the voters, which is
patently undemocratic and deceitful.
COMPETENCE
For many generations human knowledge has been growing
quasi-exponentially, i.e., at a rate more or less proportional to
existing knowledge. This fact and the availability of cheap energy
have increased productivity and allowed the trade union worker to
demand an ever rising material standard of living as his just due,
while working ever fewer hours per week.
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The one thing most certain about exponential growth is that it
must end. In the last ten years the curve of human knowledge has
left the exponential track. To predict the future of science and
technology, it would help to know why it took man so long to learn
what little he knows and why the further growth of knowledge is
faltering just when it is needed most.
The answer lies in the inadequacy of the human brain. If one
thousand of the greatest scientists of the past had never lived, our
energy-consuming culture would not exist. Their genius made
possible an industrial civilization that is too complex for the ma-
jority of our citizens to understand. Now that this civilization is in
trouble, its voting members have neither the competence nor
moral courage needed to guide it upward--or so it appears in
1982.
Much of the remainder of my paper will be' concerned with these
two qualities: competence and moral courage; for they will deter-
mine not only what happens to the curve of scientific knowledge
but also how the human experiment will end.
Competence is directly a matter of the brain and its body. Moral
courage is a matter of the spirit. The discouraging fact-at least in
America as I see it-is that both body and soul are being degraded
rather than enhanced in this time of crisis.
As a 'consequence of both biological and spiritual factors, I be-
lieve that, even if by some good fortune we avoid nuclear war, the
curve of human, knowledge will have reversed its curvature by the
year 2000. Here are some falling leaves that show which way the
wind is blowing.
As most of you know, admission to United States universities is
heavily dependent upon "Scholastic Aptitude Tests," administered
nationwide to high school seniors by the Educational Testing Ser-
vice of Princeton, New Jersey. These examinations are constructed
and stabilized so that they provide a standard of scholastic achieve-
ment that has been unchanged for 30 years. The scores from these
tests have a mean value in the vicinity of 500 and a standard
deviation of roughly 100.
It is well known that the nationwide performance on these tests
has been falling since 1963. I shall focus upon the eight-year pe-
riod, 1972-1980, when the average score fell 29 points to reach 424
on the verbal test and fell 18 points to become 466 on the mathe-
matical test. I have chosen these eight years for attention because
the number of students taking the tests and the average socioeco-
nomic status of U.S. high school students changed very little in
that period.
This drop in scores was investigated by a blue-ribbon panel of
educators and statistical experts. Their report 27 concluded that the
drop reflected a serious decrease in scholastic skills that was primar-
ily cultural and not directly genetic in cause. They suggested a
variety of possible causal mechanisms, but they were unable to
assess quantitatively any of them.2B I believe that most of the prob-
able causes of this score decline can be subsumed under the head-
ing "moral degradation," a term that I shall define later.
Such a drop in the quality of training of our future leaders must
lead to lowered productivity in science, business, and government,
And hence, contribute to a fall in our standard of living. To
sharpen your thinking on this matter, you may care to reflect on
the fact.that in this eight-year period the number of students with
verbal scores over 650 dropped 46%.
There is another downward trend in the quality of the American
people that is somewhat slower but even more serious, namely,
that caused by the difference in fertility between the upper and
lower socioeconomic classes. -
As shown by Arthur R. Jensen, 70 to 80% of the variance of the
Stanford-Binet intelligence of. the Caucasian population of the
U.S.A. is of genetic origin.29 The heritability of intelligence in
other racial groups is unknown but presumably not much different.
Social-class differential fertility is important because, between phy-
sicians and manual laborers, for example, there is a spread of
roughly 40 IQ points, or 2.5 standard deviations.
The capacity for abstract thinking measured by the Stanford-
Binet is not the only important personality trait, but.it is crucial in
an industrial civilization-and it is something that can be quanti-
fied with reasonable accuracy. Although the evidence is not always
easy to examine, every other important human trait-and many,
such as skin color, that are unimportant-are also largely deter-
mined by our genes. To argue otherwise is to deny Mendel and
Darwin.
Geneticist William Shockley, a most unjustly vilified man with a
profound concern for the suffering poor, has pointed out that in
the 1970 United States census, Negroid rural-farm women had on
the average 5.4 children, while Negroid women college graduates
had 1.9 children-a ratio of nearly 3 to 1. A similar differential
fertility exists between lower- and upper-class. Caucasian women.
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At the present time, 10 to 20% of Americans are so genetically
impoverished that they are permanently unemployable in our com-
plex civilization. This is partially concealed by the fact that, when
unemployables cease looking for work, they no longer appear in
employment statistics. These hopeless cases congregate largely in
the cities. Welfare payments rob them of self-respect. They are
growing in numbers. A similar problem exists in every industrial-
ized country. As things are going now, long before 2000 A.D., this
alienated subpopulation will tear our civilization apart.
In my opinion, current events compel the conclusion that' even
the leadership class of Western civilization is genetically inade-
quate for the task created by its geniuses. If we continue our
present dysgenic policy of selective breeding of the poor, what will
the outcome be?
MORALITY
How the people of the industrialized countries will behave from
now until 2000 A.D. is predictable from their current behavior. I
have suggested that the deterioration of high school scholastic per-
formance in the U.S.A. indicates moral degradation. By moral
degradation I mean a shift of emphasis from the reality principle to
the pleasure principle. This includes shifts from temperance to
profligacy, from providence to prodigality, from diligence to lazi-
ness, and from discrimination to promiscuity.
The signs of moral decay are everywhere in American society: in
the brutalization of mass entertainment, in the growth of the nar-
cotic trade, in the increase in violent crime, and-worst of all-in
the dereliction of duty within the professions.
Only heinous and bizarre crimes are still reported in big-city
newspapers. If you live, as I do, in a middle-class neighborhood in
a relatively low-crime city, you can estimate what is happening by
extrapolating from the street holdups, purse snatchings, car thefts,
and house break-ins that have occurred within shouting distance of
your own home over the past year. No one walks alone at night. If
you do not have a gun in your house, you are grateful that most of
your neighbors do.
It was not like this 50 years ago, but I do not think that people
are inherently more wicked today. Rather, they have lost their fear
of the law, their self-respect, and the religious beliefs that guided
their grandparents. As a civilization, we have lost our values and
are in a process of dissolution.
STARVATION
The widely acclaimed Global 2000 Report to the President" ap-
peared in 1980 as a 1200-page, 3-volume, cooperative study pre-
pared by 13 agencies of the Executive Branch of the United States
Government on the topics of population, natural resources, and
environmental conditions in the year 2000. As stated on page 1 of
volume 1 of that report, although world population will be larger
by two and a quarter billion than it was in 1975, there will be no
starvation.
I call this the miracle of the loaves and fishes. Let me explain
how it is done-first the fishes. The following quotation is from
page 7 of -volume 1 of the Report:
The Global 2000 Study food [sector] projections [2, 89] assume that
the catch from traditional fisheries will increase as fast as world
population; while the fisheries [sector] projections indicate that this
harvest will not increase over present levels on a sustainable basis [2,
105].
Thus, by bureaucratic legerdemain, the miracle is accomplished.
Let us go on to the problem of grain production.
Because it was known that the earth's arable land can increase
by only 4% by the year 2000,31 the miracle of the loaves was
performed by increasing the yield per acre. Figure 3, from the
Global 2000 Report, reveals the gimmick-which, as you can see,
is a drafting tool called a straight edge.
On the y-axis, plot metric tons of grain per hectare. On the
x-axis, plot time from 1960 to 2000. Up to 1977, plot the actual
yields. Then lay down the straight edge and-Voila! the pen is
mightier than the plowshare. The farmer will pour out more fertil-
izer, pesticides, water, and fuel oil, while the plant geneticist will
foment another Green Revolution, back-to-back with the first.
This linear extrapolation is wholly without supporting evidence.
In light of the environmental and human limitations I have. just
discussed, it seems likely that, instead of rising gloriously to meet
the 21st century, this grain fertility curve is about to level off and
perhaps dive downward.
My expectation is that there will be mass starvation in many of
the nonindustrialized countries. It has already begun in sub-Saha-
ran Africa and in Bangladesh. It is reasonable to suppose that
there will be more than 500 million premature deaths by starva-
tion before the year 2000. At least one in four of those extra
mouths is not going to be fed.32
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2.25
6
Figure 3. World grain production per hectare of land under cultivation,
past and as projected to prevent mass starvation. (Global 2000 Report,
Volume 1, Page 8.)
The prospect of the starvation of 500 million people in 18 years
is hard to grasp. We cannot imagine 500 million countable objects,
and most of us have never been hungry enough to imagine the
details of death by starvation. What seems certain is that these
deaths are unavoidable. Nothing we can do as individuals will
make a difference, and, as a civilization, we do not seem to care.
I do not wish to belabor this point. I did not come to Cambridge
to deliver a sermon. Lower mammals by the millions die of starva-
tion every year on this earth. That is nature's way, and we care not
a whit. Why should we feel differently about human deaths? That
is a question of some interest to which I shall return later.
POLITICAL PREDICTIONS
Against this background, I offer the following predictions for the
next 18 years:
Political terrorism, monetary inflation, unemployment, theft,
rape, arson, murder, and riots by the poor will increasingly domi-
nate life in Europe and the United States.
Starvation and disease will dominate life in the nonindustrialized
countries that are without oil reserves.
'Europe will become dependent upon natural gas from the USSR
and, as a result, will lose its political independence while providing
the high technology that the Soviet Union, as a totalitarian bureau-
cracy, cannot produce for itself.
The Soviet Union will become internally unstable as the people
of the Russian Soviet Republic are increasingly outnumbered by
the other Soviet Republics. This is already a matter of prime con-
cern to the Soviet ruling elite.
Because of its cultural heritage and the nature of its centralized
political power, the international behavior of the Soviet Union
will be more unpredictable than that of any other country of
importance.
China, because of its isolation, can be expected to try peacefully
to solve its own problems.
Small wars and the threat of total war will be constantly present.
Democracy as we know it, will disappear?everywhere except in
Australia, New Zealand, and possibly in some of the Scandinavian
countries.
The nonindustrialized nations without oil reserves will remain as
politically impotent as they are today.
When it is realized that their problems are unsolvable, starvation
in the nonindustrialized countries will be ignored except as it af-
fects the industrialized world.
Starvation will lead to mass migrations. One of the most impor-
tant political problems faced by the U.S.A. will be the uncon-
trolled illegal immigration of aliens. Already today, in extended
commercial areas of Los Angeles, San _Antonio, Miami, and New
York City, one hears no spoken English.
Scientists will search for a suitable chemical contraceptive for
incorporation into the food given to those countries that have not
controlled their numbers.
The major internal tensions in Europe and the United States
will be between the "haves" and the "have-nots," i.e., between
the smart and the stupid. An increasingly technological civiliza-
tion will place an increasing premium upon intelligence. The
economic gap between the competent and the incompetent will
continue to grow despite government transfers of wealth to the
genetically disadvantaged. .
MILITARY PREDICTIONS
As the interdependence of the industrialized countries increases
and as class struggle intensifies, the distinction between external
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and internal foes will become less clear. Armies will become police
forces. Anarchy, rather than international war, will be most
feared. It will be increasingly recognized that an industrial nation's
internal troubles are always psychological, whatever else they may
be.
A new military philosophy will evolve. War will be seen as psy-
chological rather than physical conflict. After World War II, the
British, French, and Dutch empires were dismantled, not by mili
tary force, but by psychological warfare waged by culturally infe-
rior societies. Ayatollah Khomeini tried to explain this to the
American people, but we are slow learners.
The object of war is not the destruction of economic wealth but
the subjugation of people and the imposition of exploitative trade
relations. In the coming Age of World Poverty, trade will be in-
creasingly coercive. Imperialism, or slavery at a distance, may oc-
casionally require the systematic eradication of those cultural ele-
ments in satellite lands that cannot be psychologically subdued.
Counterforce may be needed to destroy concentrations of military
power borrowed from industrialized countries by demagogues in
poor countries. However, the use of military force is only indi-
rectly related to the objective of war. Supposedly, by armed force
one destroys the enemy's will to resist. Thus military force is a
physical tool to achieve a psychological purpose. By the year 2000,
it will seem strangely stupid that so blunt and counterproductive a
tool could have been used for so long as the primary instrument of
war.
As international dependence grows, it will be recognized that,
even aside from nuclear retribution, one cannot destroy one's en-
emies without destroying one's own economy. The leaders of the
industrialized countries will become less concerned with unusable
weapons of mass destruction and more interested in psychological
warfare.
The distinction between psychological values and psychological
weapons will gradually disappear. Psychological values will become
weapons, and the use of psychological techniques as weapons will,
create values.
The militarily minded will believe that war between balanced
powers, such as the U.S.A. and the USSR, can still be won by
revolutionary technology based upon advances in pure science. To
learn how the next war might end, travel to the frontier of science
and gaze out with imagination into the unknown. In 1939. nuclear
fission was a newly discovered laboratory curiosity. Six years later,
it gave us Hiroshima.
The next frontier of science is psychobiology. The previous fron-
tier, physics, has produced a military stalemate that will be broken
either by nuclear oblivion or by psychological supremacy. Some
are saying that the next war will be won by the nation that first
understands the machinery of the brain.
PARAPSYCHOLOGICAL PREDICTIONS
Before I discuss the possible importance of parapsychology in
the year 2000, let me summarize what I predict will be the techni-
cal status -of the field at that time. I shall give what I regard as
reasonable extrapolations from present knowledge. These judg-
ments represent my estimate of unfolding 'reality, regardless of
whether I like it or not.
1. By 2000 A.D., if not sooner, we shall have what critics will
generally agree are repeatable experiments in extrasensory percep-
tion and psychokinesis.
2. We shall have a useful, middle-level theory of psychokinesis
and perhaps of extrasensory perception.
3. A majority of both physicists and psychologists under the age
.of 30 will accept extrasensory perception and psychokinesis as es-
tablished natural phenomena.
Long before 2000 A.D., among professional parapsychologists it
will be generally agreed that:
4. Within a favorable cultural setting, perhaps half of all chil-
dren can demonstrate near-perfect scores in free-response picture-
drawing ESP tests, but this ability is difficult to preserve beyond
adolescence.
5. There are a few people who can levitate small objects for
several seconds.
6. Psychokinetic control of some hysterical-neurotic subjects is
possible from a distance by operators who have special psychic
ability and who use what today are-called hypnotic techniques.
7. What is now called prayer is to some degree effective-
whether for good or for evil-and does not require the invocation
of a supernatural entity, but is strongly dependent upon the psy-
chic endowment of the practitioner. In other words, it may make
good sense to ask a living saint to pray for you.
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THE WILD CARD
What impact, if any, can the embryo science of parapsychology
have upon the future of mankind? The answer is to be found, not
in our present knowledge of psi phenomena, but in the needs those
phenomena promise to fill. I see two broad areas in which parapsy-
chology might change the immediate course of history: one mili-
tary; the other philosophical.
Among the many conceivable military applications of parapsy-.
ch6logy, I shall mention only one. As previously described, I be- I
lieve that the concept of war is about to undergo a dramatic
change, with a shift of emphasis from physical force to psychologi-
cal manipulation. Attempts will surely be made-if they are not
already underwa to use
_y- psychokinesis.-to control the minds of J
,enemy personnel. On the basis of present knowledge, I see no
reason to doubt that mind control by psychokinesis is possible in
principle. Of one thing we can be sure: if psi phenomena are 1'
useful, they will be used by the military, whether or not the scien-
tist approves.
I am not much interested in what the military sees as progress.
Far more important are the possibilities for human ethical ad-
vancement. What are the philosophic implications of psi? These
offer the only hope I know-and slim it is-for a continuation of
the human experiment.
What parapsychology offers . is not the promise of a scientific
validation for the detailed beliefs of any religion but, rather, 'the
possibility of an understanding of the nature of human conscious-
ness. Upon such understanding we "might perhaps build a code of
ethics to which all could subscribe.
What does it mean that throughout history the phenomena of
parapsychology have been in the province of religion? Perhaps
organized religion is nothing more than the cultural- expression of
psi phenomena, and the truth behind religion may be waiting for
discovery by science.
We live in desperate times when we know not how to prevent a
half billion deaths by starvation, nor even whether those lives are
worth saving. I have called parapsychology the "wild card" in our
future because its potentialities are unknown. What I do know
with certainty is that, as a species, Homo sapiens is doomed unless
we experience a moral rebirth within the next several decades.
Old-time religion is dead. I can imagine no basis for a new religion
except self-knowledge through science.
As parapsychologists we have been asking: What are the natural
relationships between people? From our research we already know
that those relations extend beyond the interpersonal isolation of
Cartesian dualism. Yet it is upon Cartesian dualism that Western
civilization was built. I think we may safely conclude that our
philosophic outlook will be changed by parapsychology, and with
it, our ethical standards. However. I am not about to write the
textbook for a new philosophy. That is for you to' do in the
laboratory. 33
1. M. King Hubbert. U.S. Energy Resources, a Review as of 1972. [Part 1, as
prepared for the U.S. Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Serial
No. 93-40 (92-75).] U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974. (Out of print. How-
ever, see Science, 213, 156, or see L.C. Ruedisili and M.W. Firebaugh. Perspec-
tives on Energy: Issues, Ideas, and Environmental Dilemmas. Oxford University
Press, 1975.)
2; The date, 1970, was predicted in 1956 by M. King Hubbert (U.S. Energy
Resources, a Review as of 1972). Subsequent offshore and Alaskan drilling may
shift the date of peak U.S. production to 1985.
"The first reaction of the petroleum industry to.[Hubbert's] prediction was
one of incredulity and dismay; the second was an attempt to prove it could not be
so." (p. 68) As Hubbert wryly remarked (p. 70): "There is some basis for the
surmise that [my] innocuous drawing [showing the complete cycle of crude oil
production in the U.S.A:] did more to increase (on paper at least) the petroleum
resources of the United States within the next five years than the combined
exploratory efforts of the petroleum industry in the preceding century."
The referenced report is the saga of one man's determination to discover in
advance, by graphical analysis, the true value of one of the most important
statistical parameters in the evolution of the oil industry. The date of peak pro-
duction in the U.S. was crucial for domestic producers because it marked the end
of an era of expansion and the beginning of a time when a company the size of
Gulf Oil would try to make ends meet by retailing clocks, jewelry, ;and other
bric-a-brac through its monthly billing system. Hubbert's report cart be read with
profit by anyone interested in self-deception in science.
3. J.S. Steinhart and C.E. Steinhart. Energy use in the U.S. food system.
Science, 184 (19 April 1974), 307-316.
4. N. Wade. Green Revolution (II): Problems of adapting a Western technol-
ogy. Science, 186 (27 December 1974), 1186-1192.
5. United States Council on Environmental Quality and the Department of
State. The Global 2000 Report to the President, 2, 97. U.S. Government Printing
Office (1980).
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6. M.R. Cutler. The peril of vanishing farmlands. (A guest article by an
Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.) New York Times,
1 July 1980, p. A19.
7. D. Pimentel, E.C. Terhune, R. Dyson-Hudson, S. Rochereau, R. Samis,
E.A. Smith, D. Denman, D. Reifschneider, & M. Shepard. Land degradation:
Effects on food and energy resources. Science, 194, (8 October 1976), 149-155.
8. united States National Agricultural Lands Study. Interim Report No. 4:
Soil Degradation: Effects on Agricultural Productivity. p. 17 (1980 ed.). U.S.
Government Printing Office. Stock No. 041-011-000726.
9. P. Rosenberry, R. Knutson, & L. Harmon. Predicting the effects of soil
depletion from erosion. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 35(3), 131-134
(1980).
10. Global 2000 Report, 2, 277.
Although it has been suggested that desertification is often the result of
secular weather changes rather than human misuse, the fact of its occurrence is
beyond dispute. (C. Holden. Science, 205 [28 September 1979], 1357-1360.)
11. United States General Accounting Office. Ground Water: An Overview.
CED-77-69. Washington, D.C., 1977.
David Sheridan (United States Council on Environmental Quality). Deser-
tification of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office (1981). Stock No.
041-011-00065-3.
J. Walsh. What to do when the well runs dry. Science, 210 (14 November
1980), 754-756.
12. K.B. Young & J.M. Coomer. Effects of Natural Gas Price Increases on
Texas High Plains Irrigation, 1976-2025. U.S. Department of Agriculture Eco-
nomics Research Service. Agricultural Economic Report No. 448. Washington,
D.C., February 1980.
13. T.H. Maugh, U. Restoring damaged lakes. Science, 203, (2 February
1979),425-427.
14. T.H. Maugh, II. Toxic waste disposal a growing problem. Science, 204 (25
May 1979), 819-823.
R. Jeffrey Smith. EPA sets rules on hazardous wastes. Science, 207 (14
March 1980), 1188.
15. United States Council on Environmental Quality. Contamination of Ground
Water by Toxic Organic Chemicals. (January 1981). U.S. Government Printing
Office. Stock No. 041-011-00064-5.
16. R. Jeffrey Smith. Acid rain bills reflect regional dispute. Science, 214 (13
November 1981), 770-771.
17. C.L. Schofield. Acidification of Adirondack Lakes by Atmospheric Precipi-
tation. New York Environmental Conservation Department, Fish and Wildlife
Division, 1976. (Project F-28-R04).
18. N.R. Glass, G.E. Glass, & P.J. Rennie. Effects of acid precipitation.
Environmental Science Technology, 13 (1979), 1350-1355.
19. It is not at all certain what choice will be made. When confronted with
hard, simple, example facts, such as those coricerning fish in Adirondack lakes,
the selectively educated mind will see those facts, not as a warning to consider the
ramifications of an ecosystem thrown out of balance, but as the thumb-twiddling
of impractical intellectuals-in this case, as an over concern with a certain quan-
tity of fish. Mr. David Stockman, Director of the United States Office of Manage-
ment and Budget, has general oversight of environmental regulation in President
Reagan's administration. He said this: "I kept reading these stories that there are
170 lakes dead in New York that will no longer carry any fish or aquatic life. And
it occurred to me to ask . . . well how much are those fish worth ... ? And does
it make sense to spend billions of dollars controlling emissions from sources in
Ohio and elsewhere if you're talking about a very marginal volume of dollar
value, either in recreational terms or in commercial terms." (Science, 211 [20
March 19811, 1329.)
20. C.D. Keeling, R.B. Bacaston, A.E. Bainbridge, C.A. Ekdahl, Jr., P.R.
Guenther, & L.S. Waterman. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna
Loa Observatory , Hawaii. Tellus, 28 (1976), 538-551.
C.D. Keeling, J.A. Adams, Jr., C.A. Ekdahl, Jr., & P.R. Guenther.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at the South Pole. Tellus, 28 (1976), 552-
564.
21. W.W. Kellogg. Is mankind warming the earth? Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists, 34(2), 10-19 (February 1978).
W.S. Broecker, T. Takahashi, H.J. Simpson, & T.H. Peng. Fate of fossil
fuel carbon dioxide and the global carbon budget. Science, 206 (26 October 1979),
409-418.
R.A. Kerr. Carbon budget not so out of whack.' Science, 208 (20 June
1980), 1358-1359.
United States Council on Environmental Quality. Global Energy Futures
and the Carbon Dioxide Problem. (January 1981). U.S. Government Printing
Office. Stock No. 041-011-00054-8.
G. Kukla & J. Gavin. Summer ice and carbon dioxide. Science, 214 (30
October 1981), 497-503.
22. Global 2000 Report, 2, 117-135.
23. Global 2000 Report, 2, 319-321.
24. Global 2000 Report, 2, 384.
25. "Real costs" are measured somehow in terms of capital and labor and are
distinguished from paper-money costs, which depend upon the use of the printing
press.
26. Kenneth Clark. Civilization: A Personal View. British Broadcasting Corpo-
ration (1969). (A condensation of the scripts from Lord Clark's 1969 television
series of the same name.)
27. Willard Wirtz (Chairman). On Further Examination: Report of the Advi-
sory Panel on the Scholastic Aptitude Test Score Decline: New York: College
Entrance Examination Board (1977).
28. My teacher friends disagree with this committee and say instead that the
operational causes of the decline in scholastic achievement are (1) consolidation
of neighborhood schools into large systems, (2) unionization of teachers, and (3)
adoption of "modern" methods of instruction. These administrative mistakes
have led to alienation and a breakdown in the socialization of children.
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144,
29. A.R. Jensen. Straight Talk About Mental Tests. New York: Free Press
(1981). (A comprehensive introduction for the educated layman by the leader of
his field.)
30. My paper was written largely from independent sources, and I welcomed
The Global 2000 Report as a means to validate my conclusions. It did not quite
work out that way.
Global 2000 was prepared in response to a 1977 Presidential directive to
study the "probable changes in the world's population, natural resources, and
environment through the end of the century."
This objective was not met. As explained in volume 1, the task was subdi-
vided and computer models were independently prepared without linkages. I
quote:
There has been little direct interaction among the agencies' sectorial
models. . . . Difficulties also arise from multiple allocation of resources.
Most of the quantitative projections simply assume that resource needs in
the sector they cover-needs for capital, energy, land, water, minerals-will
be met. . . . Some of the Study's resource projections implicitly assume that
the goods and services provided in the past by earth's land, air, and water
will continue to be available in larger and larger amounts, with no mainte-
nance problems and no increase in costs. . . . In general, the agencies as-
sume a continuation of rapid rates of technological development and no
serious social resistance to the adoption of new technologies.... The Study
assumes that there will be no major interruptions of international trade as a
result of war, disturbance of the international monetary system, or political
disruption. (pp. 6-8)
Volume 1 (only 47 pages) is essential reading. In volume 2, one might start
with "Appendix B: Advisory Views, A Critique of the Study" (pp. 713-721),
followed by "Other Global Models" (pp. 603-681). Chapter 13 (pp. 227-449) on
the environmental impact of the Study's projections was prepared post hoc, en-
tirely by private consultants, and is a valuable source for information about envir-
onmental problems. It makes clear the futility of multi-model, no-linkage analysis.
I was briefly puzzled that, although this report offers seemingly irrefutable
evidence in volume 1 and in chapter 13 of volume 2 that there will be mass
starvation by the year 2000, that fact is denied (volume 1, page 1). Then I realized
that if the United States Government were to publish this truth, people every-
where would be polarized into two camps, each howling for the blood of the
other. As it is, the unthinkable will not be thought, and people will exercise their
anxiety upon more immediate problems.
Perhaps the most regrettable feature of the Report is its implicit recom-
mendation, based upon an implied assumption. The recommendation is that we
should consume all we want between now and 2000 A.D. The implied assumption
is that on that date God will send space ships to carry us off to a new planet. To
future historians this hope may be known as "the white man's cargo cult."
31. Global 2000 Report, 1, 2.
32. There are dreamers who believe that a half-billion population shortfall in
2000 A.D. can be achieved, instead, by voluntary birth control among the poor
countries of the world. If such an educational effort were to succeed, its effect on
the reduction of starvation would be minimal, while its dysgenic effect could be
calamitous. We have already learned in the advanced countries that it is the most
industrious and intelligent who voluntarily control family size. It is not likely to be
different in the backward countries.
33. One reaction from a colleague who read this lecture was: Your final
section leaves me disappointed. I thought you would have some dramatic solution
to it all. You could at least apologize. A paragraph at the end would do it."
My. reply: "Stand aside, old timer, and let others with more courage take
the helm. Just be sure you tell them all that you have learned."
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