STENOGRAPHIC TRANSCRIPT OF HEARINGS BEFORE THE SPECIAL SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON EXPENDITURES IN THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86B00269R000900080001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 21, 2003
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: April 15, 1948
• Content Type: TRANS

ppi9ved For Releas
HEARINGS
BEFORE THE
Special Subcommittee :ef the
COMMITTEE ON' "EXPENDITPRES
IN THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS
Volume~
F.Washii gtb ,I!, D.
p1FtJN.QTIONS OF CENTRAL INTELLI FENCE A
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FUNCTIONS OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Subcommittee of the Committee
on Expenditures in the Executive Departments
House of Representatives
Statement of Rear Admiral R. K. Hillenkoetter,
Director of Central Intelligence,
Central Intelligence Agency
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P a g e
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FUNCTIONS OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
THURSDAY, APRIL 15, 1948
House of Representatives,
Special Subcommittee of the
Committee on Expenditures in the
Executive Departments,
Washington, D. C.
The subcommittee met at 4 p.m., pursuant to notice, in
room 1401 of the House Office Building, Hon. Clarence J.
Brown, chairman of the subcommittee, presiding.
Those present were: Representatives Brown (presiding),
Hoffman (chairman of the Committee) and McCormack.
Mr. Brown. The committee will be in order.
This is a meeting of a special subcommittee of the House
Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments, of
which I am Chairman and Congressman Hoffman and Congressman
McCormack are the other members. This subcommittee is
authorized to launch an investigation of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency and learn whether the Secretary of State and other
high officials were promptly warned that a revolution was
impending in Colombia, and that their attendance at the Bogota
conference might endanger their lives and bring embarrassment
to the United States.
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I think that I should point out at this time that the
Central Intelligence Agency was created through the enactment
of the Unification Bill, Public Law No. 253, at the first
session of the 80th Congress, or about ten months ago, and that
the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments
handled that legislation.
The Central Intelligence Agency was created for the exact
purpose of keeping top American officials advised as to
activities in foreign countries which might in any way affect
or endanger the welfare of this nation.
.The head of this Central Intelligence Agency is Admiral
R. K. Hillenkoetter, and he will be the first witness.
STATEMENT OF REAR ADMIRAL R. K. HILLENKOETTER,
DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE, CENTRAL
INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Admiral Hillenkoetter. Mr. Chairman and members of the
Committee, I am appearing before you to explain our performance
of duty regarding the outbreak in Bogota, Colombia, and, of
course, to attempt to answer any other questions you may have
about the CIA.
Front time to time in the past two years, this Agency, and
its predecessor group, have been the object of attack in the
press. Some of these attacks have been in the nature of
inspired fishing expeditions in the hope of drawing some
public answer from us which might indicate the scope of our
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operations. To all press dispatches and magazine articles
I have made it my invariable rule to answer "no comment." I
have felt that the public prints are no place to discuss the
operations of an intelligence organization if it is to achieve
effectiveness and maturity. Public controversy inevitably
tends to blow such cover of our personnel as has been pain-
stakingly developed.
I was, therefore, somewhat disturbed by certain unfounded
charges made against us in the Wisconsin primary, and the
subsequent charges made in the Nebraska Primary that we had
failed in our mission in Latin America by not informing the
State Department of impending outbreaks in Colombia. These
charges, both verbal and in the press, have unanimously taken
the position of stating that the Central Intelligence Agency
did not inform the State Department of the possible outbreaks
in Columbia -- that we allowed the Secretary of State and the
Secretary of Commerce and other high. Government officials to
endanger themselves and the lives of other members of our
delegation because we had not informed them of possible
troubles.
No one, however, until your Committee was convened, has
seemed to want to ask what to us appears to be the $64 question,
namely, did the Central Intelligence Agency know of the situa-
tion in Colombia and did they inform responsible officials of
the State Department?
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I concur on that general observation,
that we expected cooperation but the Central Intelligence
Agency has an unusual mission to perform and we recognized
that, and we wanted to give the Central Intelligence Agency
independence of action and put it in a status where it could
employ dynamic action for the national security.
Mr. Hoffman. I want to go one step further after agree-
ing with all of that, and I want to call attention to Public
Law 253 of the 80th Congress, the first session, page 4.
Section 102, subdivision (d), and the subsections under (d),
which impose in no uncertain terms a duty upon this Agency
to turn this information which it collects over to the
Security Council, which is created by Section 101. The mem-
bers of that Security Council are the President of the United
States and these various secretaries.
This statute was passed subsequent to any other statute
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Mr. McCormack.
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15
to which the Admiral referred in his testimony and his state-
ment to us, and would by implication under a familiar rule
of law repeal that previous statute, so that any directive
Issued by any other agency of the government contrary to this
is void and without effect.
Mr. McCormack. I think we all agree in substance, any_
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 1963 Approved For Rel&w4Wd/I
Our proposals were then put before the
United Nations. Unhappily, they were not
seized upon with faith. Had they been,
they would have provided safe, international
control of the entire development of atomic
energy all the way back to the mines where
the ores of the fissionable elements were
produced. The sword which now hangs
over the heads of all men would have be-
come a universal plowshare for peace. But
Soviet negotiators employed every parlia-
mentary tactic to block the adoption of the
Baruch program and for reasons we could
not then fathom. Later these reasons
emerged.
Diplomacy failed in 1946 in spite of the
fact that we had offered to give up our
atomic advantage, indeed, it was a monop-
oly, if nations would only agree to a safe,
inspected plan of international control of
this great new force. As a matter of fact,
the nations did agree except Russia and its
satellites. Diplomacy, compelled to accept
the defeat of the Baruch plan, has since ac-
cepted many other rebuffs, without wavering
in the hope that eventually reason would
prevail. ... '
In the 15 years since the Baruch proposal,
there have been a procession of diplomatic
negotiations; negotiations for total atomic
control, for atomic weapon disarmament, for
general,_ disarmament, for the cessation of
nuclear weapons. testing, and for the found-
ing of an"international agency to deal with
the peaceful atom.' The statesmen have been
kept busy, `Their ,meetings on this subject
have taken place, usually, in Geneva where
they. have :become.:-almost institutionalized.
Our_consulate:general' at Geneva is staffed
about as completely as are some of our em-
bassies. ?- There is entertaining back and
forth between the delegations. There is pro-
tocol, rotating, chairmanship, agendums, and
proposals which; after a few months, no one
apparently ever looks, at again. For in-
stance, the recent Russian offer of three on-
site inspectionshas.been described as "new"
and a "breakthrough." It had been pro-
posed and rejected as inadequate back in
1960.E
Meanwhile, certain events have occurred
that are irreversible. First. Our monopoly
has'been lost: Gone forever is the opportu-
nity to state; as "President Truman did with-
in a week of Hiroshima, "The atom bomb
is too dangerous to be loose in a lawless
world. We=must" constitute ourselves trus-
tees of this neW: force-to prevent its misuse
and to turn it into the channels of service
to mankind. It Is an awful responsibility
which ' has -come to us." It was indeed,. We
can no longer demand, as then we could,
that other nations join us in shackling this
terrible threat by, internationalizing its con-
trol. We are no longer able to insist upon
that aim for,., the salvation of humanity.
Second: ;Our wartime ally in the East began
a series of attempts to deceive us as to his
intentions. Vyshinsky, the principal Soviet
representative at the United Nations, said
that the Soviet nuclear program, in contrast
to our own, was solely concerned to remove
mountains and after the -channels of rivers.
The fact was that Russia had been engaged
in developing atomic weapons clandestinely
..for ,'months before her first test. Fortu-
.lately, we had. uncovered this deception by
anec~~rof the Soviet Government were worth.
Bfj though the Russians have not always
succe ed In deceiving us, our capacity-for
self-d tlon has been monumental. We
were led into a moratorium on test-
'to. say,` on discontinuing. im-
'proveme pf .,Our nuclear, weapons. :We
ceased o bests-for 3 years .in good: faith,
A131k- %0N01~66U900080001-3 1883
ucd to '`p-_rod~ice test explosions under- lion except in a very few, known deposits.
ground. When they had reached the point The greatest of these was in the Belgian
where tests in !the atmosphere were essen- Congo and, but for it and the friendly reas-
tial to their.-program, they violated the onableness of the Belgians, we could not
moratorium--without even so much as a have achieved atomic superiority as early
diplomatic blush-and staged the longest as we did. Furthermore, of the known rich
test series including the largest explosions deposits, all but one were in the possession
ever detonated. It took us more than 6 of the free world. The Eisenhower atoms-
months to recover from that shock to our for-peace plan accordingly was a proposal
credulity, even to resume our own tests. that we would match the rest of the world
We continued negotiating in Geneva on in contributing uranium to a peaceful
nuclear test suspension even after that and stockpile, that stockpile to be administered
are about to begin a new round of talks. by the United Nations for the purpose of
Presumably, we are again prepared carefully bringing the blessings of cheap electrical
to consider the next round of Soviet assur- energy to the newly developing countries
ances that this time they mean it, all based As in every other move we made, the Rus-
upon mutual good faith. I sincerely hope sians and their satellites dragged their feet
we will not be trapped into another mutual sb successfully that 3% years elapsed be-
accord which will again prove to be unilat- tween the President's inspiring speech to
eral. But that is not the way to bet. the General Assembly in December . 1953
You will recall the statement by President and the date in September 1957 when the
Kennedy on October 22, that Soviet Foreign International Atomic Energy Agency at last
Minister Gromyko had called on him at the was organized. In the meanwhile, as a 're-
White House and had made statements to suit of worldwide
which were false. Yet we still negoti- nium has been found to o b prospecting efforts, ura-
him ate for an agreement on nuclear "weapon earlier bbe far ar less rare than
test cessation to be based upon veracity. I once deplored had been belit failure The whole idea of suspending nuclear of a anding so that t theese to reach a point
weapon tests is prejudicial to us. I might of understanding
uranium m would d these large amounts
b
digress for a, moment to try and explain the United be us plwhere aced they the hands
l& be
this. Tests are conducted to see whether sforever r from use b by y men to kill ill other
new inventions will work. These new ideas secure e
are not only new weapons but new weapons men. Today, one ne might view that failure
systems, that is, the weapon together with as an intervention of Providence. For now,
with the United Nations employing planes,
its carrier. We have to know whether they
cannon, work together. As we have voluntarily , tanks, and bombs in the hands of
foresworn aggression, we will be the defend- military contingents commanded by officers
- ever who, not long ago launched an unauthorized
err if, may God forbid, a nuclear war
con
comes. The 'weapons of the defender;must in Katanga, it well i t means
their
weapons of the aggressor. - They must be hands.
Like many Americans, I am a supporter
more numerous because many may not sur- of the basic concept of the United Nations,`
vive a surprise attack. They must be more but I am grieved by the events - in the
sophisticated and specialized for they can Congo-Katanga tragedy where our policy so-
be launched only after the attacker's -weap- eloquently enunciated as being-"self-deter-
ons are on the way and they, accordingly, urination, not coercion," is at such variance
must be far more accurate for, initially,?we with our actions. It may'nat be.inexplica-
must hope that our weapons will intercept ble but certainly it has not been explained
and blunt the attack. The aggressor will ' ?the American people. `
be aiming at cities. By comparison, our I have come to the disillusioned conclu-
targets will be pinpoints. They must be as lion that diplomacy, though well inten
clean of fallout as possible for they :will be tioned, seems - incapable of exorcising the -
detonated high above our own: territory. demonic threat of nuclear war. within,$
Thus, If we do not continually improve our hopeful time span. If diplomacy has failed, ,
weapons systems, our position as'defenders or should one say, has not succeeded, ought
would place us at a marked, perhaps- d 'fatal. we not turn to science? It was science,t
disadvantage even if a fool-proof test'mora- which 'led mankind into the nuclear~`age1`
torium - could be arranged, for ';t,l*rer'?are science which fissioned the atom, which
stockpiles of aggressor-type weapons`in"ex warned that our Nazi enemies mightmake
istence. nuclear weapons before we did, And which
There is, of course, a public demand for then initiated our weapon program. It was
a suspension of nuclear weapon testing. science which successfully solved the great
The demand was generated by .a campaign problem of separating uranium 235 from
over several years and supported by -prop- uranium 238; it was science that made the
aganda employing statements, some of which _ dread weapons; and it was science that con-
were half-true or not true at all. These firmed the selection of the doomed cities lit
dealt with the effects of fallout. The ef- Japan. With so much of responsibility and- .
fects were pictured as: '(1) lethal and as (2) so much of competence, it seemed reasonable
genetically horrible. This would be all too to look to science for the answer.
true of the effect of fallout from a nuclear In furtherance of the atoms-for-peace
war, but false as applied to the experienced plan and speaking at a meeting of your sis-
fallout from nuclear tests at the rate they ter organization, the World Affairs Council
have been conducted. Our weapon tests in Los Angeles in 1954, I proposed conven-
are designed to maintain us in a posture ing a world congress of scientists to pro-
which will discourage a nuclear war. If we mote peace through atomic energy The,fol-
stop improving our military devices, our lowing year we had that congress in Switzer-
chances of discouraging a nuclear war begin land. It was the largest scientific gathering
to slide from that moment. ever to take. place. It was attended by many
eace
ms-for
t
'
p
o
s a
President Eisenhower
hundreds of scientists from all over the
plan took this fact into account as well as world, and they came together for the first
the absence of good faith. It did not postu- time since before World War II. It was an
late that virtue. It was based upon condi- inspiring and useful meeting, so successful
tions which would require no demonstra- that it was repeateA-i? mss While 5a s
conditions was the fact to which :1 earlier Were published and millions of wor r, rare
+_ ?_- c
-referred, that in 1953_ uranium was::believed ...,.:k
n -
o
n
14
e
tr
th
g
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 1884 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 7
prgved For ~2eleasa 29R,4/P,1( g: ,~R I ggq 6gWo gOQ$iq 4A in that condition, a
be fought w t ru y apocalyptic weapo e' 1 e
Both conferences were staged with great some individual provided, in himself, an chain reaction can originate, transforming
formality in the ornate palace of the old ambivalence of interest, accidental to the all of them.
League of Nations. There were daily ses- overall design. And though the aim of the So it may be that in such a conference of
sions for 2 weeks, and many scholarly papers conferences was the exchange of data and humanists, an idea born of an inspiration,
were presented. Peace, however, was not on of ideas for future achievement which would which we cannot now even imagine, may
the agenda. advance the whole world toward the goal of produce a, new phenomenon. And if such
Only last June, some 700 people, most of the fullest use of the benign possibilities of a conference accomplished nothing, it would
them professional scientists, came together the atom, there was lurkingy behind the at least be an attempt by rational human
bein
m
e...
e
- __
to leave no available h
- -
-
h
gs
u
a r
urc
e de
nes th art
now
at t
ress
p
us looked with hope to what might evolve curbed, could cancel every peaceful prospect The event in any case, having done our
-___
tm
st i
In the hand
f n a -
u
o
s
o
was described as a great disappointment. It there something that might yet be done to
er wrote from ? n dearth discover whether somewhere in human in- RECENT CRITICISMS OF U.S. CUBAN
Y _ _e
e
v
w
v Leaving aside for the moment the failure majority of all men and women in every
a sure way The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. RYAN
passionately
land must desire
,
of direct steps to secure peace, there are some
, ivho find hope in what is described as a to peace? of Michigan) . Under previous order.,o
"thaw" in the attitude of the Soviets, ascrib- Dr. Paul Tillich, the venerable theologian, the House, the gentleman from 'New Jer
k
s.) 4 _,
great show, of removing their rockets and having found the secret to unlock the fiery remar
new forces bound by Divine Providence within IVIr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Speaker,
ere testin
th
f
b
b
C
g
ey w
rom
u
bom
ers
a, multi-million-ton nuclear bombs in Siberia. the atom-so that life could develop-man there has been a great deal said- abou
Obviously, the latter, although it passed al- and his will, initially, being the will to natind or not eminating.frOi`Cuba:
-
-
--?-- ----- ---?- ----- T
lator there are reliably reported to be 15,000 natural laws, something more than diplo-
some means of equat- making a political issue out of Cuba; ah
macy or than science
hb
ors,
Soviet troops still there as good neig
, although this report may be false. At any ing man's progress in the use of nature with those less interested in our Nation's secil-
f
rom larc.aupo
may give Mao no bombs. But experience I? think there is. Beforeit is, too late, I iacrured mucutrou
or should have that a dicta- would like to see one more conference among istration. It is about time that we looked
ht
t
h
as
aug
us
,, torship "can sharply. focus its scientific and "the nations, different from the Conferences to the future rather 'than , pointing ou
the expenserof others' and, in this manner, which I spoke a moment ago, different from - Mr. Speaker, a recent talk-on the'oo
-
--
d
t
t
f
C -'------
en
s statemen
o
Sep ember iJ~ 1.71
Communist deology occurs, I should not be is a conference in which men might -con-
i
their Rider what we will lose if an atomic war when he- recognized that rash talk w
---, he
h,-
te
ti
C
ese
s
ng
to
at hand than has been predicted-perhaps of art and culture and civilization,, a con- who did not have the .responsibility and
the great landmass controlled by China. It the years into which we are heading. -their heads." I cannot help but feel tha'
hi
ff
if
T
-
nk would be the e
ect
he `surprising if this were not so. What do You t
would
There is enough in open literature about our Government were to announce that we this statement is aS applicable today
,~q:. ~
ons to inform the -Chinese of proposed to convoke a great world congress it was then. ;~~W -- -
atomic wea
p
, the early designs of bombs. Such primitive in the area of the humanities; that to it No one in this Congress can. look bac
and who are highly competent. stature of Alberti Schweiter, U1 Paul iuucu, -
of Father John LaFar of Louis Finkelstein, suit of this administration's ability
In consequence, the threat of atomic war of Reinhold Niebuhgr , e and Theodore Hes- keep its head and its nerve, the ?IIni
f
b
i
ibl
h
f
ti
m
ron
ers o
ay soon
s
e across t
e
a
e v
" number of nations whose ambition to achieve burgh, that they would come together to con- States has gained immeasureably . in
prestige and status by becoming members of sider whether some plan might not be for- prestige and stature throughout the
the "nuclear club" is persuading them to mulated for the peoples of the earth by world, to the detriment of the Commu-
spend a large part of their resources on such which man's international morality could nist bloc. The Monroe Doctrine still re-
weapons. be kept abreast of his discoveries in the mains the cornerstone of U.S.-.foreign
As the danger grows, one is inclined to physical universe? -
policy in the Western Hemisphere- =It
to avert the coming of a gathering, by their backgrounds, their Showing signs of "hot heads "a
'eourse~we may taker u
mechanical or human, forces will be un- deal with a situation which demands prag- The numbers game, being.pla
leashed impossible to recall, nullify, or abort? matism, that, in any case, they will have few irresponsible individuals?Ak
there were represent- -individuals,
:which I have referred "'
t:. This type of irres b
i the fl-IA. of In rebuttal to this i wo ld s. bthit .''.,n ponstl
novas from ever
cot
y
y
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 1886 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -
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"
inferences from them.
A sense of outrage"
is proper for a "moral point of departure,"
but statistics are the appropriate factual
point of departure, as in the writings of
Marx and Engels on the agony of the 19th-
century English working class-writings that
are by no means lacking in a sense of moral
outrage, either.
These objections, however, do not affect
Mr. Harrington's two main contentions: that
mass poverty still exists In the United States,
and that It is disappearing more slowly than
is commonly thought. Two recent dry,
graceless, and technical reports bear him out.
One is that Commerce Department study,
already mentioned. More important is "Pov-
erty and Deprivation in the United States,"
a bulky pamphlet issued by the Conference
on Economic Progress, in Washington, whose
national committee includes Thurman
Arnold, Leon H. Keyserling (said to be the
principal author of the pamphlet), and
Walter P. Reuther.
In the last year we seem to have sud-
denly awakened, rubbing our eyes like Rip
van Winkle, to the fact that mass poverty
persists, and that it is one of our two gravest
social problems. The other is related:
While only 11 percent of our population is
nonwhite, 26 percent of our poor are. Two
other current books confirm Mr. Harring-
ton's thesis: "Wealth and Power in America"
(Praeger), by Dr. Gabriel Kolko, a social
historian who has recently been at Harvard
and the University of Melbourne, Australia,
and "Income and. Welfare in the United
States" (McGraw-Hill), compiled by an im-
posing battery of four soclo-economists
headed by Dr. James N. Morgan, who rejoices
In the title of program director of the Survey
Research Center of the Institute for Social
Research at the University of Michigan.
Doctor Kolko's book resembles Mr. -Har-
rington's in several ways: It is short, it- is
based on earlier studies, and it is liberally
inclined. It is less readable, because it is
written in an academic jargon that is merely
a vehicle for the clinching statistic. Al-
though it is impossible to write seriously
about poverty without a copious use of
statistics-as this review Will demon=
strate=lt is possible to bring thought and
feeling to, bear, on such .raw material. Mr.
Harrington does this more successfully than
Doctor Kolko, whose prose is afflicted- not
only with, academic blight but also with
creeping ideology. Doctor Kolko leans so far
to -the. socialist side that he.sometimes falls
on his nose,. as when he clinches the in-
equality of wealth in the United States with
a statistic: "In 1959, 23 percent of those
earning less than $1,000 [a year] owned a
car, compared to 95 percent of those earning
more than $10,000." -
The real point is just the opposite, as any
citizen of - Iran, Ghana, Yemen, or the
U.S.S.R. would appreciate-not that the rich
have cars but that almost a quarter of the
extremely poor do. Similarly, although Dr.
Kolko has two- chapters on poverty that con-
firm Mr. Harrington's argument, his main
point is a different and more vulnerable one:
"The basic distribution of income and wealth
inthe United States is essentially the same
now as it was in 1039, or even 1910." This
Is -a. half fact. The rich are almost as rich as
ever and the poor are even poorer, in the
percentage of ,the national income they re-
ceive:-' Yet, as-.will become apparent later,
there have been major changes in the dis=
tribution of wealth, and there has been a
general. improvement in living standards, so
that the poor are much fewer today than
they were in 1939. "Most low-income groups
live ..substantially better today," Dr. Kolko
Admits. "But -even- though their real wages
"V6, piour,ted, their percentage of the na-
tlonal I icpme has not changed." That in the
last haIl century the 'rich have :kept'their
.riehes`and:the poor their poverty'is indeed
assuming enough general increase in wealth,
that the relatively poor might by now have
achieved a decent standard of living, no
matter how inferior to that of the rich. As
the books under consideration show, how-
ever, this theoretical possibility has not been
realized.
Inequality of wealth is not necessarily a
major social problem per se. Poverty is. The
late French philosopher Charles Peguy re-
marks, in his classic essay on poverty, "The
duty of tearing the destitute from their
destitution and the duty of distributing
goods equitably are not of the same order.
The first is an urgent duty, the second is a
duty of convenience. When all men are pro-
vided with the necessities what do we care
about the distribution of luxury?" What
indeed? Envv and emulation are the mo-
tives--and not very good ones-for the equal-
ization of wealth. The problem of poverty
goes much deeper.
"Income and Welfare in the United States"
differs from the other works reviewed here
in length (531 big pages) and in being the
result of original research; 2,800 families
were interviewed "in depth." I must confess
that, aside from a few interesting bits of
data, I got almost. nothing out of it. I as-
sume the authors think poverty Is still an
important social problem, else why would
they have gone to all this labor, but I'm not
at all sure what their general conclusions
are; maybe there aren't supposed to be any,
in the best tradition of American scholar-
ship. Their book is one of those behemoths
of collective research financed by a founda-
tion (in this case, largely by--Ford) that
daunt the stoutest hearted lay reader (in
this case, me). Based on "a multistage area
probability sample that gives equal chance
of selection to all noninstitutional dwelling
units in the coterminous United States
[and that] was. clustered geographically at
each stage and stratified with interlaced con-
trols," it is a specimen of what Charles Lamb
called biblia abiblia- things that have the
outward appearance of books but are not
books, since they cannot be read. Method-
ologically, it employs something called- the
"multivariate analysis," which is explained
in appendix E. Typographically, appendix
E looks like language, but it turns out to be
strewn with boobytraps, all 'doubtless well
known in the trade, like "dummy variables,"
"F ratios," "regression coefficients," "beta
coefficients" (and "partial beta coefficients"),
and two kinds of "standard deviations"-
"of explanatory variable A" and "of the de-
pendent variable."
My experience with such works may be
summarized as follows: (alpha) the coeffi-
cient of comprehensibility decreases in direct
ratio to the increase in length, or the longer
the incomprehensibler, a notion that Is illus-
trated here by the fact that Dr. Kolko's short
work is more understandable than Dr. Mor-
gain and others long one; (beta) the standard
deviation from truism is inversely related
to the magnitude of the 'generalization, or
the bigger the statement the more obvious.
(Beta) is Illustrated by the authors' five
general proposals for action ("Implications
for Public Policy"). The second of these is:
"Fuller employment and the elimination of
discrimination based on prejudice would con-
tribute greatly to the independence of non--
white persons, women, teenagers, and 'some
of the aged." That is, if Negroes and- the
rest had jobs and were. not discriminated
against, they would be better off-a point
that doesn't need to be argued or, for that.
matter, stated. The authors have achieved
such a. mastery'of- truism ,that they some
times achieve. the same Monumental effect
even in nonmagnitudinous statements , a8:
"table 28-i shpws that 'the proportion of
parents who indicated ',that their children
will attend prlvate'colleges-is approximately
twice as large for 'those- with Incomes over
February
$3,000." Could be.
What is "poverty"? It Is a historic,:
relative concept, first of all. "There are n(
definitions I in America) of what man e
achieve, of what a human standard of -1:
should be," Mr. Harrington writes. "Thc
who suffer levels of life well below those tb
are possible, even though they live bett
than medieval knights or Asian peasants, a
poor. - Poverty should be defined in ten
of those who are denied the minimal levi
of health, housing, food, and education tb
our present stage of scientific knowledge sp
cifies as necessary for life as it is now liv
in the United ' States." His dividing It
follows that proposed in recent studies"
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: $4,0
a year for a family of four and $2,000 for 1
individual living alone. ' (All kinds of i
come are. Included, such as food grown ai
consumed on farms.) This is the cutoff It
generally drawn today.
Mr. Harrington estimates that betwe
40 and 50 million Americans, or about
fourth of the population, are now living
poverty. Not Just below the level of cor
fortable living, but real poverty, in the ol
fashioned sense of the word, that they a
hard put to it to get the mere necessitli
beginning with enough to eat. This isdif
cult to believe in the United States of 191
but one has to make the effort, and. it is nn
being made. The extent of our poverty, h
suddenly become visible. - The same thi7
has happened in England, where workin
class gains as a result of the Labor Parti
post-1945 welfare state blinded almost ever
body to the continued existence of mass po
erty. It was not until Prof. Richard M.,71
muss, of the, London School of Economic
published a series of articles in the Statesman last fall, based-on his new boo
"Income Distribution and Social -Chan
(Allen & Unwin), that even the liberal ;pit
lie in England became aware that the`prp.
lem still persists on a scale that is statisi
tally significant," as the economists 'put?
. Statistics on poverty are even trickier th#
most. For example, age and geography map
a difference. There is a distinction, whit
cannot be rendered arithmetically, betwei
poverty and low income. A childless 'you'
couple with $3,000 a year is not poor in ti
way an elderly couple might be with ti
same income. The young couple's statistid
poverty may_be.a temporary inconvenfenc
if the,husband is a graduate. student ort
skilled worker, there are prospects -of oat
affluence or at least comfort. But the o
couple can look forward only to diminishir
earnings and increasing medical - expense
So also geographically: A family of four ifr
small town with $4,000 a year may be.;bettf
off than a like family In a city-lower ren
no bus fares to got to work, fewer occasiox
(or temptations) to spend-money.
Even more so with a rural family. A
though allowance is made for thb value c
the vegetables they may raise to feed then
selves, it is impossible to calculate how muc
money they don't spend on clothes, say, c
furniture, because they don't have, to, keg
up with the Jone:es. Lurking in the crevici
of a city, 11Ke piranha fish In a Bra:
stream, are numerous tempting_oppor
which can strip a budget to its '.bones, n'
surprisingly short time. The'xubtlety Maxi
complexity of poverty statistics maybe:dis
covered by a look at Dr. Kolko's,statemen
that in 1959 "23 percent of those earning lea
than $1,000 owned a car." Dogs this,Includ
college students, or are they included In thel
families' statistics?. If the f>rst:is'true;thei
Dr,,Kolko's figu;e.loses Wlln1, Air;tts.,mean
ing If,.the,second.Is,.then ilt almost t<
meaningful, since lt,:$ays thatH a fourth'Q
those earning less than $2Qr&" ~eic pre:al>
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dling by our President of the October
confrontation. It is inexcusable that
some people would Jeopardize our Na-
tion's interest in a desire to find a non-
existent issue with which to belittle our
great President.
Some of our Republican friends are
very unimpressed by Mr. McNamara, by
Mr. McCone and President Kennedy, but
they are very impressed by every state-
ment ever made by Moise Tshombe. Is
it too much to ask that they place at
lease the same faith and confidence in
their own government as they do in
Mouse Tshombe in Katanga?
I believe any Member of the U.S. Con-
gress possessing such intelligence has
not only a duty but a very grave obliga-
tion to present such evidence instead of
keeping it under a paper cloak and a
pointless dagger. I am sure the chair-
man of the Foreign Affairs Committee
will give all the time necessary to anyone
possessing such vital information.
In the meantime I prefer to look to
more informed authorities.
. This business of everyone running
around with a do-it-yourself CIA kit
might be all right, but such psuedo su-
per=spies certainly should not take prec-
edence over the hard intelligence of pro-
fessional experts. If such evidence
really exists it should-be produced and
properly; evaluated by, the proper au-
thorities. - - - -
Yesterday two of the most able men in
our Government, Secretary of Defense
Robert S. McNamara and CIA Director,
John- A. McCone-who, by the way,
served very effectively under the Eisen-
hower _ ministration-effectively laid
to rest the wild speculations concerning
the continued . presence of offensive
weapons in Cuba.
Ably: assisted by John Hughes, special
assistant to the Director of the Defense
Intelligence Agency, Secretary Mc-
Namara conclusively. showed that, in his
own words:
There are no offensive' weapons systems in
Cuba and I am satisfied of this beyond any
reasonable doubt.
I respectfully remind those armchair
strategists who have not presented their
intelligence, to the proper agencies that
Robert S. McNamara is the man chosen
by President Kennedy and confirmed by
the Congress to administer the defense
policies of this Nation.
CIA Director, McCone, in testimony
before the Senate Preparedness Sub-
committee, stated that all rumors and
reports of the continued presence of
offensive weapons in Cuba have been
meticulously checked. He asserted that
so far these findings have been negative.
Mr. McCone concluded his statement
with a, reminder with .,which all respon-
sible, Members of Congress will agree.
He saic#
The U.B. Government must be provided
the most accurate, responsible, and. balanced
evaluation of the Soviet military presence I#
Cuba. Bignifieant information concerning
conditions .1n: Cuba received by' citizens or
Government officials should be transmitted
to the';iateIIigence community_promptly.for
evalua$Ion. iii our' oontinutng close scrutiny
of t$1sve.Bi_ation.- r is y,, a . ~}
I am confident that President Kennedy
will take every necessary step to protect
this country and its neighbors from any
offensive threat to our security from
Cuba. The President will not be pro-
voked into hasty or ill-considered action,
nor do I believe it is the desire of re-
sponsible Members of Congress to so pro-
voke the administration. The continued
leadership and wisdom of President
Kennedy and his cabinet will see the
achievement. of our long-range goal-a
free Cuba, restored to and welcomed into
the American family of nations.
POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
RYAN of Michigan). Under previous
order of the House, the gentleman from.
New Jersey [Mr. THoMPSoN] is recog-
nized for 60 minutes.
Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey. Mr.
Speaker, a new book, entitled "The Other
America: Poverty in the United States,"
published by Macmillan, makes the point
that mass poverty still exists, in the
United States, and that it is disappearing
more slowly than is commonly thought.
In this connection two recent reports
are of especial interest. The first is by
the Department of Commerce which
showed that, while the average family
income increased from $2,340 in 1929' to
$7,020 in 1961, almost all of the substan-
tial recent advances were made by fam-
ilies with incomes over $7,500 and that
the rate at which real poverty is being
eliminated in this country has slowed
down greatly since 1953.
The second report titled "Poverty and
Deprivation in the United States," was
issued by the Conference on Economic
Progress.
Because I consider that the problem
of mass poverty is of significant national
interest, and believe it should be widely
discussed in order that steps can be
taken to come to grips with it, I include
as part of my remarks an article by
Dwight MacDonald which appeared In
the January 19, 1963; issue of the New
Yorker magazine :
OUR INVISMI POOR
(By Dwight Macdonald)
In his significantly titled "The Affluent
Society" (1958) Prof. J. K_ Galbraith states
that poverty in this country is no longer
"a massive affliction [but] more nearly an
afterthought." Dr. Galbraith Is a humane
critic of the American capitalist system, and
he is generously indignant about the con-
tinued existence of even this nonmassive
and afterthoughtist poverty. But the in-
teresting thing about his pronouncement.
aside from the fact that it is inaccurate,
is that it was generally accepted as obvious.
For a long time now, almost everybody has
assumed that, because of the New Deal's
social legislation and-more important-the
prosperity we have enjoyed since 1940. mass
poverty no longer exists In this country.
the discipline of modern economic life, ex-
cessive procreation, alcohol, insufficient edu-
cation." He reasons that such poverty must
be due to .individual defects, since "nearly.
everyone else has mastered his environment;
this proves that It is not intractable."
Without pressing the simlarity of this con-
cept to the "social Darwinism" whose fal-
lacies Dr. Galbraith easily disposes of else-
where in his book, one may observe that
most of these characteristics are as much
the result of poverty as Its cause.
Dr. Galbraith's error Is understandable, and
common. Last April the newspapers reported
some exhilarating statistics In a Department
of Commerce study: The average family in-
come increased from $2,340 in 1929 to $7,020
in 1961. (These ilgures are calculated in
current dollars, as are all the others I shall
cite.) But the papers did not report the
fine type, so to speak, which showed that
almost all the recent gain was made by fam-
ilies with Incomes of over $7,500, and that
the rate at which poverty Is being eliminated
has slowed down alarmingly since 1953. Only
the specialists and the statisticians read the
fine type, which is why Illusions continue to
exist about American poverty.
Now Michael Harrington, an alumnus of
the Catholic Worker and the Fund for the
Republic who Is at present a contributing
editor of Dissent and the chief editor of the
Socialist Party biweekly, New America, has
written "The Other America: Poverty in the
United States" (Macmillan). In the ad-
mirably short space of under 200 pages, he
outlines the problem, describes in imagina-
tive detail what it means to be poor in this
country today, summarizes the findings of
recent studies by economists and sociologists,
and analyzes the reasons for the persistence
of mass poverty in the midst of general pros-
perity. It is an excellent book-and a most
important one.
My only serious criticism is that Mr. Har-
rington has popularized the treatment a bit
too much. Not in the writing, which is on
a decent level, but In a certain vagueness.
There are no index, no bibliography, no ref-
erence footnotes. In our overspecialized cul-
ture, books 'like this tend to fall into two
categories: Popular (no scholarly "appara-
tus") and academic (too much). I favor
something intermediate--why should the
academics have all the footnotes? The lack
of references means that. the book is of
limited use to future researchers and writers.
A pity, since the author has brought to-
gether a great range of material.
I must also object that Mr. Harrington's
treatment of statistics is more than a little
Impressionistic. His appendix, which he
calls a coming to grips with the professional
material, doesn't live up to its billing. "If
my Interpretation is bleak and grim," he
writes, "and even If it overstates the case
slightly, that is intentional. My moral point
of departure is a sense of outrage. In such
a discussion it is inevitable that one gets
mixed up with dry, graceless, technical mat-
ters. That should not conceal the crucial
fact that these numbers represent people and
that any tendency toward understatement
Is an intellectual way of acquiescing in suf-
fering." But a fact is a fact, and Mr. Har-
rington confuses the issue when he writes
that "these numbers represent people." They
do-and one virtue of his book is that"he
never forgets It-but in dealing with sta+
tistics, this truism must be firmly repressed
dwindled to two hard-core categories. One than from the head, as. he seems to do
is the. "insular. poverty"., of those, who live when he charges -those statisticians who
In the rural South or in depressed areas like "understate" the numbers,of'tlfe poor with
Weat;.Virginia..The other category. is "case having found "an intellectual way ofacqui-:
poverty,"..which he says,is -"commonly.a,nd ' escing in suffering." This istmoral bullying
properly related, to [such] charactertstica of. and it ;reminds me,-;.touter propprtlons
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7 February 1962
fEi +.OFANNDU F'ORR: Mr. Houston
SUBJECT: Taxability of Award for Article in Studies
in Intelligence
1. Section 74 of the Internal Revenue Code states that with
certain exceptions prizes and awards are includable in gross income.
The exception made is where the prime or award is presented primarily
in recognition of religious, charitable, scientific, educational, artistic,
literary, or civic achievements. The exception pertains only if:
(1) the recipient was selected without any action on his part to enter
the contest or proceedings; and (2) the recipient is not required to
render substantial future services as a condition to receiving the
prize or award.
2. An example of an excludable prize or award would be the
Pulitzer prize since it recognizes past achievement and constitutes
a gift rather than taxable income (Rev. Rul. 54-110, 1954-1 CB Z8).
On the other hand, an essay prize won by a participant in a contest
is includable in gross income (U.S. v. ArshaYrx Arairikian, (CA-4)
52-1 USTC ?9366, 197 F. Zd 442). The prize is taxable even though
the contest is sponsored by a nontaxable organization (F. V. Waugh,
9 1"CM 309, Dec. 17, 595 (AM)).
3. An award for an article in Studies in Intelligence is presented
for a past contribution to the publication and'does not require the
recipient actively to pursue the award or to perform substantial
future services. 'T'herefore, the award would be exempt from income
tax and considered a gift.
OGC/JBU:cdk (7 Feb 62)
Orig
;-~r-
1 - &Mlyj. C.
. Y
1- Signer
1 .. Chrono.
1 -, Circ.
STAT
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his family and many friends present at the One Washington newspaper has just re-
services. ferred to the crime situation as a "tawdry
"Sincerely, story." These are nothing more than just
"HucII. SCOTT." nice words but at least they portend a bit
(Telegram received from Edward H. Cush- of progress on the part of a few to speak
man, as follows:) out and face up. The Reverend Frederick
"Regret inability to attend McGranery Brown Harris, Senate Chaplain and promi-
memorial service. Please convey our sincere nent Protestant minister, has just said,
condolences to Regina. "Terrorism grips all sections of the most
"EDWARD H. CUSHMAN." prominent city in the world." He said,
"Cringing fear has invaded the streets * * *
The SPEAKER. Without objection, no woman dare walk alone after dark * * *
it is so ordered. _ the time has come to bear down." A high
There was no objection. State Department official said he had "lived
INCREASE OF CRIME IN THE
NATION'S CAPITAL
(Mr. WINSTEAD asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and include a news-
letter by the Honorable THOMAS G. ABER-
NETHY, of Mississippi.)
Mr. WINSTEAD. Mr. Speaker, much
.has been said in recent weeks about law-
lessness and crime in our Nation's Capi-
tal. In this connection, I am inserting
into the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a news-
letter by my very able friend and
distinguished colleague, Congressman
THOMAS G. ABERNETHY, Democrat, of
Mississippi. I am sure you will find it
most interesting and enlightening.
In addition, I am including a brief sta-
tistical report which appeared in the
February 18, 1963, issue of U.S. News &
World Report, entitled "Crime and Im-
morality-Some Hard Facts About
Washington, D.C."
IN THE NEws
(By Congressman ABERNETHY)
Washington, 'your Capital, capital of the
free world, city beautiful, and said to be the
citadel of democracy, is now more often
referred to as a jungle. Gripped in a reign
of lawlessness, Washingtonians dare not fre-
quent most sections after dark. Even be-
hind barred windows and bolted doors a
restful night is difficult.
Among its 22,675 crimes last year-increase
of almost 7;000 in 5 years-were the stabbing
of a Congressman's secretary as she knelt
alone and prayed in a Capitol Hill church.
In the same neighborhood another secre-
tary was mugged, thrown to earth, beaten
and robbed; a Congresswoman escaped a
hoodlum's attack but was robbed; and a
marauder broke into and entered a former
Congressman's home, abused his wife, left
her with a broken arm and robbed. Two
years ago one of my own page boys was
attacked and robbed within 4 blocks of the
Capitol. Offenses are high, convictions few
and executions for murder or rape are negli-
gible-only two in 10 years. Police are
hindered by local court decisions which make
it quite easy for criminals to beat the rap.
This situation has been compounded by a
recent order of the city Commissioners,
denying police the right to hold a suspect
for investigation which makes it much
easier for the guilty to escape.
Local papers at long last are reporting a
lack of discipline in the public schools, a
situation existent for years but which school
administrators, city fathers, and local press
have either denied or refused to admit. The
big race riot of last fall, which caused them
to emerge from stoic silence, broke out fol-
lowing the city championship game when an
all Negro football team lost to an all white
team. Future championship' contests were
promptly canceled, leaving the Nation's
Capital, the exemplary city, to be the only
city in America which cannot with safety
risk the staging of a championship high
school football game.
in foreign cities" but none "as lawless as
Washington. He said he would respond to
a knock at night only after "looking through
a crack." He plead for another 1,000 police-
men. Good for him.
Washington.is not only a leader in crime.
From its 400 liquor store outlets and several
thousand taverns and cocktail bars the city
leads the Nation in per capita consumption
of alcohol. On the Holy Sabbath many sec-
tions bear evidence of a rowdy Saturday
night-streets littered with trash, bottles
and broken glass; jails filled with punks and
drunks; and hospital waiting rooms filled
with victims of the switchblade. Yes, all
of this as the elite and would-be elite pa-
rade through the National Gallery of Art
for a cultural view of Leonardo da Vinci's
Mona Lisa.
In the midst of this state of high crime,
race riots and littered mess, whites are flee-
ing to the environs of nearby Maryland and
Virginia, fast restoring this city to a segre-
gated status. The Department. of Justice
has not yet resorted to a means of forcing
these white folks to Stay put and live in
this integrated mess. No civil rights suits
have been filed, no citations for contempt,
there is no military occupation, no heli-
copters checking from above, no aerial map-
ping, and not much law enforcement. They
are as quiet as can be down in the Depart-
ment of Justice. In fact, most of the higher-
ups down there have fled to Virginia, too.
There is, however, a move on foot to en-
large the Police Department, to shore up
its Canine Squad, to tighten antiloitering
laws, curb gun totin', impose a curfew on
juveniles, loosen court decisions which "hog-
tie" the Police Department and some other
curative steps. At long last there is some
genuine recognition of-the lawless cesspool
which exists in this Capital City. Of course,
there are still many who refuse to face up,
who contend the situation is only a social
problem. And, they lay it all on the Con-
gress for not having given the city more
money.
Oh yes, there are a few streets Which
have not yet been enveloped into the jungle,
but given time at the present pace it won't
be long.
One need not wear an armor of steel on
visiting Washington; but if he ventures an
after dark stroll this mode of dress is rec-
ommended.
[From U.S. News & World Report, Feb. 18,
1963]
CRIME AND IMMORALITY-SOME HARD FACTS
ABOUT WASHINGTON, D.C.
CRIME: ON THE RISE
Among the 16 U.S. cities with 500,000 to 1
million population, Washington last year
ranked: First in aggravated assaults; second
in robberies; fourth in murders; and sixth
in housebreaking.
In terms of the increase in crime-1961
over the 1858-60 average, the record shows
this: United States as a whore up 14 percent,
Washington, D.C., up 41 percent.
Of all persons arrested in Washington for
serious crimes last year, 84.6 percent were
Negroes.
In the total population of Washington,
54.8 percent are Negroes.
February
14
BABIES: 1 OUT OF 5 ILLEGITIMATE
Washington leads all other big cities in
the rate of illegitimate births. The Wash-
ington rate: 210 out of every 1,000 live births
in 1961.
Few other cities show a rate even half
that high. Of 4,251 illegitimate children
born in Washington in 1981, 3,893 were non-
white, 358 white.
Girls in Washington public schools, ages
12 to 15, gave birth to 265 illegitimate babies
during the last school year-250 nonwhite,
15 white. The count, by ages of the moth-
ers: 12-year-olds, 5 babies; 13-year-olds, 35
babies; 14-year-olds, 112 babies; 15-year-
olds, 113 babies.
VENEREAL DISEASE: A MAJOR PROBLEM
Even among schoolchildren, 'venereal
disease has become widespread in Washing-
ton. In the age group 15 to 19, the venereal
rate is 5,728 per 100,000 population. Na-
tional average: 416 per 100,000 in this age
group. -.
AGRICULTURAL AID GRANTED TO
CUBA
(Mr. FASCELL asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include
extraneous material.)
Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Speaker, the an-
nouncement that the United Nations
decided yesterday to grant agricultural
aid to Cuba is an extremely unwelcome
and discordant action. It puts the
United Nations and the United States at
odds over policy toward Cuba. -
The U.S. official position is that it has
been and is opposed to the granting of
the funds for this particular project even
though it was originally approved in
May, 1961. 'I support fully the U.S. posi-
tion. The United States must ctntinue
to oppose this and similar projects and
use its influence within the United
Nations to achieve our objectives.
The United States did not push for a
vote on this issue with the Governing
Council because obviously it did not have
the votes to stop the allocation of funds
based on earlier approval of the project.
The U.S. position in opposition to the
project is understandable. What is dif-
ficult to understand, however, is the
position of the other nations who favor
the granting of the funds for this project
to Cuba. The Communist Government
of Cuba refused to cooperate with the
United Nations in the recent crisis con-
cerning the on-site inspection for the
determination that all offensive missiles
have been removed. In view of this fact,
and since the unresolved issue of deter-
mination can only be solved by on-site
inspection, a big question mark on the
threat to peace and security remains;
the possibility of this threat is in direct
conflict with the efforts of the United
States and the United Nations and, ac-
cordingly, while this condition persists,
there does not seem to be much logic
to the positions of the other. nations who
seek to improve Cuban economic condi-
tions by providing the funds on a 6-
month test basis for a Cuban crop
diversification program.
I fully support the investigation of this
and related issues which has been under-
taken in the other body and announced-
by Senator CRuxcn. This Is a matter,
in which all of us-the Foreign Affairs-
Committee which has jurisdiction and`
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we have two dis-
and was a man of unquestioned integrity "The date for the memorial to Judge c- t e e
and not only great energy but very great Granery has not been fixed as yet. As you tinguished visitors from other districts, the
to my home in Bermuda. As you left, and t he of distinguished New Jersey, who sits on my
judge
industry, e really n work
He my visit will
when he became a judge of this courrt from the
had a great deal of work to do, and he turned will be presiding on the bench I am asking southern district of New York, Judge Wil-
it out, so I can second everything that has you to explain to the family and the friends fred Feinberg, who served early in Judge Mc-
been said. I didn't know him as well as of Jim why the judge, senior, in age, is not Granary's career on the bench as his law
Judge Bolger or some of the others, but I present. It would be the last worldly tribute clerk, and I am
as sure thapleagave when Be-
knew him quite well in connection with our that I could extend to him. Granery just
official position, and I did form a very, very "Jim filled a very unique place in my own, Feinberg was appointed to the bench as I
high opinion of him and I certainly felt very life's history and expefience. The difference had when Judge Luongo was appointed, who
badly when I heard of his recent death. of some 20 years in tenure was never a gap now honors the bench of this court. I have
ask
been
d by Judge GLARY. Thank you; Judge Kirkpat- affnor a ection. to our mutual respect and are here today toeexp essl to M s11McGranery-
rick.
There is a circuit judge here who likewise "There will be many present in the court- and the family their sincere regret at the
was one of the finest judges ever to sit on room who will go on record as to his quali- passing of a gentleman who was a colleague
any court in the country. He was supposed flcations, attainments and performances in of ours for a number of years.
to be up here with us but was delayed, and his numerous activities. You knew him be- The eastern district of Pennsylvania came
I am going to ask whether Judge Ganey will fore I did and as a younger man; I knew into being by reason of the act of Congress
r}ot say a few words. him after he had matured and was writing of September 24, 1789. The first judge was
Judge GANEY. Chief Judge Clary and my his life's history by his deeds. Between the appointed on September 30, 1789, Francis
former colleagues, I really had no knowledge two of us we span his career from the cfadle Hopkinsbn. The 19th in succession to Fran-
that the chief was going to call on me, or to the grave. He and I had some of the cis Hopkinson was appointed-a judge on the
in two mature ac- 7th of August. 1946, James P. McGranery.
I should have sat down for a few moments strongest ties that can jo
me of the very happy recol- tive spirits together in harmony and friend-
d
so
and recorde
lections I had of former Judge McGranery. ship. I like to think of the day he came
He occupied a chamber next to mine, and on into our court family. We had both served
many occasions we traded opinions, and we in the Congress, but at different times; we
sometimes didn't agree, but with all our had adjoining chambers; we had many expe-
differences of opinion with respect to some riences in the political world on opposite
things, we agreed in most. We had a very, sides, it is true, but of the same general
very happy association together. character and purpose; we had mutual
I could go on and laud Jim McGranery, but friends and some not so friendly toward
were I to do this I think it would dim the either of us. But I particularly enjoyed
luster of those beautiful tributes that have his alert mind; his grasp on the realities
been paid to him by those who have just of life; his freedom from bunk and hypoc-
preceded me. However, I should be ungra- risy. He never mouthed virtue to slay it
cious if not remiss if I did not extend to Mrs. on the altar of fake performance. In my
McGranery, Regina Clark McGranery, and long career at the. bar and my close asso-
her lovely children the generous sympathy ciation with judges as prosecutor and asso-
and deepest regrets from the court of ap- ciates, I can truly say I never knew a judge'
peals at his passing. to be more dedicated to securing justice,
Thank you. although at times I felt that his zeal for
Judge CLARY, Thank you very much, Judge justice, as he understood it, was . such as
would have been moderated if circumstances
We understand, of course, that the District
Court of the United States in its earlier days
and until the Judiciary Act of 1912 was con-
cerned primarily with admiralty, criminal,
and bankruptcy. We do know, however,
that every one of the district court judges
sat in the circuit and heard, in addition to
those, all of the civil cases which were filed
in the district.
Judge McGranery, as has been said, has
served this court and served it well. It has
a long and honorable history, and he added
luster to the history of this court. It was
a pleasure for me and to all of us to have
served with him. He was a fine gentleman
of complete integrity, and I can echo every-
thing that Judge Welsh has said in that
beautiful tribute to him, that he hated hum-
bug and hypocrisy. He left us on a challeng-
ing assignment, and while many years ago,
over 10 years ago, we ceased hearing his
booming hello and his wonderful sense of
One part of Juage m.curanery b
u=~~==_==u r~"--~ have been in
guished life has not been touched upon, and felt that that was one of the reasons why humor at our meetings, we
that is his membership in the Caveat Club. he was willing to give up the judicial duties, contact from time to time, and we re-
and the fun he had at the inner meetings for the battle in the area was not subject joiced in his success in his practice in Wash-
of the Caveat Club. to the ethics and limitations imposed on a ington and we were delighted every Christ-
It certainly is a real tribute to the memory judge. Perhaps my own nature and weak- mas to receive that wonderful card that Mr.
of Judge McGranery that we have here today ness enables me to understand this charac- Gray spoke about showing his growing and
the president judge of the Orphans Court of teristic in him. wonderful family.
Philadelphia and vice chancellor of the "But now he has gone from our midst. Jim has gone, but his memory will live
Caveat Club, Judge Charles Klein, the chair- But, Tom, the word 'gone' is a relative term. long in the annals of this court and every-
man of the board, Walter Gibbons, Judge it is true, his physical presence is gone; no where that Jim served in public life.
Winnet, Mr. Barton, Mr. Wobensmith, Jerry more shall we see his sprightly form or hear We are taught early that there are four
Walker, Jim Mallie, and others. A lot of fun his cheery speech. That is due to his change reasons for existence and only four in this
was had together and work was done to- from the mortal to the immortal. But the world: To know God, to love Him, and to
gether at those meetings, and I thank all of real Jim, the Jim that we saw, heard and serve Him. That, Judge James P. Mc-
you gentlemen for attending this memorial loved, is not the Jim that lies In Arlington. Granery did o- the utmost. The ultimate
service to our late colleague. That shall molder away to dust. And it aim of life, we are taught, is to be happy
Judge Wood has already expressed his deep is no fantasy of the imagination to say to with God forever In heaven. That he is now
sorrow to Mrs. McGranery for his Inability you that on account of the lessons brought fulfilling that destiny is our fond hope and
to be here, and Judge Body has also asked about by the sorrows of life, its heartbreaks prayer, and as we come to the close of this
me to express his regrets that he can't be of the natural and the intense joys of the ceremony, on behalf of all the judges here
with us today, Mrs. McGranery. Judge Grim, spiritual, that I feel that what left Jim assembled, Regina and children, I extend
however, did drop me a note. Judge Grim when his spirit took its flight, Is the Jim I our deepest sympathy, and I know that you,
was unable to be here, and he wrote as. shall see with my own spiritual eyes in a the children, and Jim will have our prayers.
follows: very few years, and perhaps less. There is I direct that a transcript of this proceed-
"Since I shall be unable to be present at neither time nor space in the realm of heart- ing be made, filed of record in the court,
the court session this Friday in honor of beats and as I say goodby to Jim today, and copies furnished the family of the late
Judge McGranery, I am taking this oppor- in a very short time I will say hello and judge McGranery. The original letters
tunity to write to you about it. we will. not be strangers to each other and which I have here, one also from Senator
"Please express to Mrs. McGranery and the i would not write this way to you, Tom, if ScoTT, who called to express his deep regret
fine McGranery children my condolences for I thought you did not understand. My that he couldn't be here, I direct be at-
their great loss and my regret at my in- heart goes out to Regina and the family tached o- the copy to be -furnished Mrs.
ability to attend the special court session. and we remember them in our prayers. McGranery.
"Judge McGranery was a very fine and May the darkness of the Christmas of 1962 The court will now stand adjourned.
vigorous judge and a thorough gentleman. be but the prelude to the spiritual illumina- (Adjourned at 12:45 p.m.)
His presence on this court brought honor to tion of 1983 and the future years for (The letter received from. Senator HUGH
"
Best wishes to you, _o-_??
to have served with him.
"Sincerely, "Sincerely yours,
"ALLAN." "GEORGE A. WELSH."
Of the judges nearest to Judge McGranery, We have also been honored today by the
one had adjoining chambers the other way presence of Mrs. McGranery, her three chil-
from Judge Ganey's, and I refer to our be- dren, and Judge McGranery's family.
loved colleague Judge Welsh. Judge Welsh I see here many of the lawyers who knew
on his departure from Philadelphia handed him,
f Wills of Masterson s I see is'h The Register
er
me this letter:
ate business commitments in Washington
will prevent me from attending the me-
morial services for our longtime friend,
James P. McGranery.
"We all miss him greatly, and it is most
fitting that his memory be observed in these
proceeding. I extend my warm sympathy to
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 2112 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February Y~
of technibaPpanI U.V pro Orion leape X004,/IO~le/SOEAKIA RDP86B00269R000900080001-3
who could impartially evaluate the var-
ious programs as they come up for con-
sideration. The overburdened appropri-
ations committees would thus be better
informed and would be in a better posi-
tion to make recommendations for the
elimination of wasteful practices and for
the cutting back of those programs
where such may be possible without en-
dangering our national security and do-
mestic welfare.
In studying and evaluating all phases
of the budget process, such a committee
would be in a better position to consider
the budget as a whole rather than in
piecemeal fashion as is now the current
practice. It could develop a fiscal pro-
gram aimed at keeping expenditures
within the bounds of anticipated rev-
enues.
Congress already has benefited from
services provided by joint committees in
the fields of atomic energy, taxation,
economic policy, and so forth. Just as
there is now a joint tax committee to
study revenue questions under consider-
ation, the creation of a similar joint
committee to study the programs for
which billions, of dollars must be appro-
priated annually ,.would bring about
greater efficiency and economies in this
area and would render an invaluable
service to our Nation's taxpayers.
I am persuaded also that such a com-
mittee will accomplish much in bring-
ing about more harmonious working re-
lationships between the appropriations
committees of both Houses.
Enactment of H.R. 1120 is now long
overdue. I am convinced that its pas-
sage will contribute much toward better
management of our taxpayer's money.
It will enable the Congress to find many
areas where waste and extravagance can
be eliminated and will return to this
body a measure of the control over the
national purse strings which it has lost.
I, therefore, urge your early consider-
ation and affirmative action on this bill.
CORRECTION OF RECORD
Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, the
RECORD of February 7 contains several
minor typographical errors in my re-
marks which appear on pages 1874-1879.
I ask unanimous consent that the per-
manent RECORD may be corrected as fol-
lows:
Page 1877, column 3, line 49, for "mini-
mum" read "medium".
Page 1878, column 1, 22d line from the bot-
tom, insert a period after the word "gravel"
and capitalize the "o" in "of".
Page 1878, column 1, 21st line from the
bottom, delete the quotation marks and the
period after "course", and insert a comma,
and substitute a lower case "t" in "The".
Page 1878, column 1, 15th line from the
bottom, insert quotation marks after the
word "it".
Page 1878, column 2, line 8. for "subject"
read "subsequent".
Page 1878, column 2, line 12, at the end of
the line, delete the question mark and insert
a period.
Page 1878, column 2, line-38, before "con-
crete" insert "word".
the request of the gentleman from New
York?
There was no objection.
INVESTIGATION OF TV PROGRAMS
(Mr. WHITTEN asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to re'vise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. WHITTEN. Mr. Speaker, I have
received complaints from many citizens
with regard to the "Today" show, which
was presented on February 8 by the Na-
tional Broadcasting Co. Although I did
not see this television program myself,
detailed descriptions have been for-
warded to me.
According to those who contacted me,
this program was not merely in poor
taste but reflected upon the character
and integrity of the Governors of two
States and a former Member of this
body, now deceased, who saved the Un-
American 'Activities Committee from
oblivion and who rendered outstanding
services not only in the development of
our Nation but in pointing out the
dangers which were building up, many
of which have come to pass.
Further, it is my information. this pro-
gram ridiculed the Lord's Prayer and
was an affront to the religious beliefs of
God-fearing Americans.
Certainly, the privilege of going into
the homes of the American people
through the medium of television is one
which should carry. with it full responsi-
bility for decency, which this program
did not have. The right and privilege
of television broadcasts should be ex-
tended or permitted to continue only
upon acceptance of responsibility to see
that such programs are educational,
wholesome, and not destructive.
I have joined with others of my col-
leagues in a request for a full investiga-
tion and appropriate action by the Fed-
eral Communications Commission at the
earliest possible moment.
PROTECTION OF LABOR UNION
MEMBERS
(Mr. MINSHALL asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. MINSHALL. Mr. Speaker, the
growth of our national economy and the
welfare of our citizens depend on the
continued strength of American produc-
tivity.
During the past few years we have seen
our economy weakened, our defense ef-
fort hobbled, and our access to a free
press denied, by repeated and lengthy
strikes, many of them contrary to the
wishes of a majority of the members of
the striking union.
The right of labor union members to
arbitrate, and, if necessary, to strike, for
better working conditions or benefits, is
an essential and important part of Amer-
ican freedom. I will always defend that
basic right.
of union members be strengthened
They must be guaranteed a voice in de.
termining ' whether or not to strike.
It is time to Protect employers frolr
needless production losses arising out of
strikes called without majority vote bs
union workers.
It is time to minimize industrial strife
interfering with the flow of commerce.
It is time-past time-to guarantee
every American labor union member the
right to an impartial secret strike ballot.
Toward that end I am today introduc-
ing a bill to protect all labor union mem-
bers as well as all other Americans, from
economic penalties imposed by strikes
called without the majority consent of
the union workers involved.
A majority vote by secret ballot is all
that my bill provides.
THE 45TH ANNIVERSARY OF
LITHUANIA'S INDEPENDENCE
(Mr. OSTERTAG asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD, and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. OSTERTAG. Mr. Speaker, it is
highly fitting and appropriate that to-
day's opening prayer was given by a
Lithuanian priest in observance of the
45th anniversary of Lithuania's inde-
pendence this coming Saturday.
When the Lithuanian nation declared
its independence on February 16, 1918,
the people of that little nation reached
a goal they had been seeking for many
years. For 120 years, from 1795 to 1915,
they had been under Russian domina-
tion; then during World War I, they
finally gained freedom. But this free-
dom lasted only to World War II, when
the nation was overrun by the Red army
and again fell under Russian domina-
tion.
The United States recognized inde-
pendent Lithuania on July 27, 1922, and
has never given any recognition to the
incorporation of this brave nation into
the Soviet Union. We continue to main-'
tain diplomatic relations with the form-
er independent Government which has
a legation in Washington, D.C. Lithu-
ania and all the Baltic States have had
their sovereignty violated and their free-
dom suppressed by the Soviet Union.
The aggression and tyranny which the
Baltic States have suffered is a sharp
contrast to the freedom of the United
States and the Western nations.
On Saturday, the free world will ob-
serve this anniversary of Lithuanian in-
dependence, and Lithuanians all over the
world will join in prayerful observance
of this commemorative date. Though
the Lithuanians have again been living
under the bondage and tyranny of the
Soviet Union for more than 20 years,
they have never lost hope of freedom.
This 45th anniversary of Lithuanian in-
dependence should be honored by every
American who holds sacred the ideals of
liberty and independence. We of the
free world remain steadfast in our dedi-
cation to extend freedom to alithe en-
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 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2111
the Members of , eQe4/RaY%9enCA&-1R 8 9PeQMOAUQQO marily to the im-
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tinue to be vitally interested. it would months concerning the united Nations practicality of having such a large num-
appear timely to have a complete re- venturing into policy areas where it does ber of persons from these four commit-
assessment of the U.S. positions in the not belong. This is just such an in- tees serve on this committee. Since the
specialized programs of the United stance. I feel that we should now seri- passage of this act attempts have been
Nations. ously reappraise our financial role in made to amend it by providing for a
This recent act by the Governing supporting U.N. policies which run Joint Committee on the Budget which
Council of the 18-nation United Nations counter to our own solemn hemispheric would be composed of a limited number
Special Fund is symbolical of the diff'i- commitments. of members from the appropriations
culty of the U.S. position in the world of committees of the two Houses. The Sen-
today. We cannot control the direction THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE ate has on a number of occasions given
or the destiny'of all sovereign nations; its sanction to such proposals, but the
while we exercise tremendous influence BUDGET House has withheld its support in every
in the United Nations, and should do so, (Mr. RODINO asked and was given instance.
we certainly by no means positively con- permission to extend his remarks at this The objective of my bill is to bring
trol the direction and the decisions of point in the RECORD and to include ex- about an improvement in appropriations
the United Nations. This control issue traneous material.) procedures which will produce real sav-
is symbolical of the daily and continual Mr. RODINO: Mr. Speaker, at the be- ings and economies in Federal spending
paradox- of the necessity to exist with ginning of this session of Congress I in- programs.
other nations on one hand and win the troduced H.R. 1120, a bill to amend the The need for such economies is im-
obvious struggle in which we are en- Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 perative in these days of rising Federal
gaged on the other. to provide for more effective evaluation costs when deficits are mounting and our
The difficulty will not be resolved, nor of the fiscal requirements of the execu- national debt has reached an unprece-
the paradox removed, however, if the tive agencies of the Government of the dented height. The most recent budget
United States, as some people suggest, United States. presented by President Kennedy for the
were to withdraw into complete isola- Basically, this bill provides for the fiscal year 1964 calls for programs which
tion or to withdraw from the United Na- creation of a Joint Committee on the will cost $98.8 billion-exceeding ex-
tions. Walking out or walking away is Budget, to be composed of 16 members penditures made in any previous year,
no way to win this struggle or any other. as follows: 9 members of the Committee even the peak years of World War II.
So, while we do not like what has hap- on Appropriations of the House of Rep- By far the largest area of expenditure-
pened and have every right to be an- resentatives and 7 members of the Com- $55.4 billion-of course, will go to main-
gered, disgusted, and frustrated, we must mittee on Appropriations of the Senate. tain a strong national defense. Defense
resolve not to let this cloud our judg- This joint committee would have au- needs, however, which are so urgent in
ment as to what is best in the eventual thority to inform itself on all matters these days of world crises must be met,
long-range interest for the United States relating to the annual budget of the and we cannot afford to risk our price-
and the free world. agencies of the Federal. Government. Its less freedom for the sake of a balanced
it could very well be that we should functions would 'include study and anal- budget. 'Similarly, there are many es-
withdraw, or limit, or make conditional ysis of the details of individual program sential domestic programs which are ex-
our participation in the special funds operations and of the actual administra- panding to meet growing needs of our
or specialized agencies in the United tion of these programs to insure that citizens for housing, education and
Nations. It may be that we should pro- current practice conforms with legisla-. health services.
pose and undertake definite new policy tive authorization. The committee would The. necessity of finding ways and
positions. There may be other alterna- make its findings available to the Appro- means of economizing is all the more
tives. All our participation is on a con- priations Committees and other commit- urgent in view of the President's recent
tinuing, flowing, moving, day-to-day tees of both Houses as well as to indi- proposals for tax reduction and revision
basis, requiring constant reexamination vidual Members of Congress. Along with which are aimed at providing additional
and reassessment. We must do this if this, it would recommend such changes stimulus to our sluggish economy. If
our ultimate objective is worthy and is in existing laws which might be insti- such proposals are enacted into law they
ever to be reached. tuted to bring about greater efficiency will cost the Government some $10 bil-
Therefore, this particular issue and and economy in Government. Further- lion in revenues annually and will thus
the general problem must always be more, it would report to the Appropria- widen the growing gap between revenues
placed in the perspective and in the con- tions Committees its findings relative to and expenditures and will add to the
text of the achievement of the U.S. total budget requirements which would burden of our national debt which today
ultimate objective-the settlement of dis- meet our defense and civilian needs and stands at $304 billion. Enactment of my
putes among nations without war, but yet be consistent with sound fiscal pol- bill will constitute an important step to-
with honor; the victory of freedom over icy. It could also recommend that joint ward bringing spending more in line with -
slavery in a peaceful world composed of hearings be held by the two Appropria- revenues and eliminating annually re-
sovereign and independent 'countries, tions Committees without affecting the curring deficits.
politically stable and economically viable. independence of committee deliberations The vastness and complexity of budg-
and decision. etary operations make it impossible for
This measure is not a new one. Re- the two appropriations committees ade-
AGRICULTURAL AID TO CUBA peated unsuccessful attempts have been quately to study and scrutinize individ-
(Mr. SELDEN (at the request of Mr. made during the past 12 years to secure ual programs. With a mere handful of
FASCELL) was given permission to extend legislation setting up a Joint Committee employees as contrasted with the staff
his remarks at this point in the RECORD on the Budget. Provision for the crea- of nearly 500 employed by the Bureau of
and to include extraneous material.) tion of such a committee was embodied the Budget and thousands more of fiscal
Mr. SELDEN. Mr. Speaker, United ir1 section 138 of the Legislative Reor-, and technical specialists employed by the
Nations plans to provide economic prof- ganization Act of 1946. This act author- executive agencies, these two committees
ect aid to the Castro regime constitute ized the Committee on Ways and Means are severely handicapped in analyzing
flagrant contempt for the inter-Ameri- of the House, the Senate Committee on the thousands of programs for which
can policy laid down at Punta del Este. Finance, and the Appropriations Com- - funds must be approved each year. They
The United States and other nations mittees of both Houses "to meet jointly are forced to rely for the most part on
of the Western Hemisphere are commit- at the beginning of each regular session reports and testimony presented by the
ted, to a policy of economic sanction of Congress and after study and consul- executive agencies whose primary ob-
against Castro. The United Nations, by tation, giving due consideration to the jective is commonly obtaining larger
its proposed Food and Agriculture Or- budget recommendations of the Presi- , sums each year to promote their own
ganization project, will undermine and dent, report to their respective Houses a particular programs. The creation of a
nullify the policies of the Organization legislative budget for the ensuing fiscal Joint Committee on the Budget would
of American States. year."- This provision has never been provide a permanent nonpolitical corps
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 Wed r leas 00 C Fj~P 269 000900 01-
?r4e mot-
Following the outbreaks and rioter at the time,
of the Pain American Conference at Bogota, charges were
made that this Government did not receive adequate Intel-
ligence in connection with the situation generally in
&olombia at that time .
It w us alleged that intelligence had fat lad. to
Inform the State Dipartent ax. high officials
GovE _ ~< it concerning the possibilities of uprisin
anti-American eentiint and s filar disturbances at
Bogota early in April.
Buse of theae lea, a alb-Gtr.
House Ca .ttee on Exparidttures in the Executive
mtts, cisting of Representative Clarence Bro%
an sub-c r d.ttee Chaim, and : re tative Cla
part-
(t.,Ohio),
(R.,, Mich.) and John McCormack (D., Mass.) as its members.
conducted an investigation of these charges with th
Director of Central Intelligence, Rear Ads. R. R. hillen-
koetter as the main witness.
`h. a sub-committee learned that, c c
2 January 19*8, m&W messages were transmitted by CIA to
t of State in Washington
situation in Colombia.
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Eof Cl 60 1
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Subsequent thoughtful editorials wd articles in
the preens have proved that the charges again t Central
Intelligence were in tact grouxdless, and that tlie
had been on the alert in Bogota and bad m ppli .
Depar t with sufficient information for than t
been on the alert amt azW possibility.
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