SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT VERNOV, S.N. - VERNOV, S.N.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R001859520007-4
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: November 2, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 1, 2001
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

The Nature of the Particle Beams in the Core S/056/60/039/002/042/044
of an Extensive Air Shower Boo6/BO70
F'- 1013 ev, a value 0-3 per muon is obtained for the probability of
e
"tctron-positron pair production in the filter of lead+graphite
(- 10 t-units over the second row of ionization chambers). The number of
particles in the avalanche cares recorded in the second row of chambers,
lex ) inAE, agrees with the number of pair production calculated from
muons (4 th)'
AE ev 2.109 2.109 - 2.10 10 2.10 10
4ex 39 7 2
ith 40 5 3
Also the absence of multiplication on the passage of the beam through
0.8 t-units of lead glass agrees with the assumption.that a high-energy
muon beam is concerned. The authors thank L. G. Smolenskiy and
B. A~ Zelenov for help in the experiments ia-na-T. F. Sem for help in
the calculatio s. There are 1 table and 5 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATIONi Institut yadernoy fiziki Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo univer-
siteta (Institute of Nuclear Physics of theMoscow State University)
SUBMITTED: June 20, 19
Card 3/3

835 .,-: rl
S/004/6o/0W/03/t4/".
AUTHOM Vernov, S.N., Corresponding Membp'r
TITM ~t I a th rona of the Earth and What Causes Corpuscular
Radiation of-tlle EIM7
PERIODICALa Znaniye-Sila, 1960, No. 3, PP. 37 - 38
TEXT : The author states that the magnetic field of the earth (ionstitutes
a "trapP for electrically charged particles, which then fcrm two radiation belts
around the earth. The outer belt consists of low-energy electrani;, the inner
belt of high-energy protons. Experiments showed that the Intensity of these
particles increases along the magnetic power line. The border of the radiation
field formed by these particles Is the power line of the magnetic field of the
earth. This way our planet influences the surrounding cosmic space -3rd the corona
of the earth is actually the result of a corpuscular radiation of tile latter.'Mere
is no definite explanation as to the cause of corpuscular -adiation. It is assimned
that radiation is due to neutrons which, when nearing the jarth's surface,
disintegrate into eleatrons, protons and neutrons.
ASSOCIATION, AN SSSR (AS USSR)
Card 1/1

VEJUIOV, S. N. , DMINMEV, V. A. , FaiRYTOV, B. A. I YY;~l G. B.,
Ghala.-1-30U, P42 Khva, Ly-Don.
"On Yfu-Meson Beams in EAS and the InvestiGation of 14u-Z-1t.-son
Spectrum."
report sutmitted for the Intl. Conf. an Cosmic Ray!3 anA Earth Storril (RTAT)
Kyoto, Japan 4-15 Supt. 1961.

- I -VE , S. N-,, GORCHAKOV, Ye. V., LOGACHEV, Yu. I., TNESTEROV) V. E., PI,--,ARENKO, U. F.,
SAVEIM, I. A. and SHAVRIN, P. I.
"Investigations of Radiation During Flights 9f Spsjcc-
Vehicles and Rockets"
Report presented at the International Conference on (,osmic Rays
and Earth Storm, 4-15 Sep 61, Kyoto, Japan.

VERNOV S 11. KUZ'141N, A.I., KRIUMIYO G.F., SFRVZR, G.V.j SMF:R, TUX.,
"Cosmic Ray Outbursts on November 12-15, iq6t3.,,,
report presented at the Intl. Conference on Cosmic Rays and
Eart Storms ) 4-15 Sept 1961o
uh , Kyoto., Japan

v i
L. 0,
T:~'X'tq to
D. C. 1-y C;i.L"

--VFM!ji~OVS~.., otv. red.; DOFQ~W,, L.I., kand. fizik0-rAt43M.naukj otva reda,
PODOLISKIY, A.D., red. izd-va; GOLUB', S.P., tekhn, red,
[Collection of articles) Sbornik statei. 14oskva,, Izd-vo Akad.
nauk SSSR. No,4. 1961. 258 P. (MIRA 15:6)
1. Akademiya nauk SSSR. 14ezhduvedomstvengyy komitet po provedeniyu
Mezhdunarodnogo geofizicheskogo goda. VII razdel progrwmW MGG.
Kosmicheakiye luchi. 2. Chlen-korreopondent Akademii nmik SSSR (for
vernov).
(Cosmio rays)

29008
(10~q /94 x) S/020/61/140/004/0()8/023
B104/B108
AUTHORSt y9XRgv,_q. 1j., Corresponding Member of the AS USSR, Savenko,
I. A., Shavrin, P. I., and Pisarenko, N. F,
TITLE: Outer radiation belt of the Earth at 320 km altitude
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Dcklady. v. 140, no. 4, 1961, 787 - 790
TEXTt The second Soviet satellite whose orbit was at an altitude of 307 -
339 km had an automatic sGorage system which enabled it to measure contin-
uously the radiation intensity in latitudes of +650. The scintillation
counter consisted of a (1:)Y-16(FEU-16) photomulTiplier and a NaI(Tl) cxystaL
The energy threshold of this counter was 25 kev. An CTC-5(STS-5) Geiger
counter was also used. Measurements showed that the counting rate of the
scintillation counter, from the equator to latitudes of _+40 - 50', increased
from 3 - 5 Pulses/cm 2. sec to 10 - 12 pulses/cm 2. see. In latitudes from
~000 to +650, the counting rate increased to 20 - 600 pulses/em2.see in
most caZs. The authors assume that this increase in x-ray intensity is
caused by particles Of the radiation belt of the Earth. To prove this
Card 1/2

2 9W8
Outer radiation belt of the Earth .....
3/020/61/140/004/008/023
B100108
statement, the relations between the zones of higher Intensity of the
northern and southern hemispheres are studied. It is shown that the zones
of higher intensity on the northern and southern hemispheres are connected
by lines of force of -the geomagnetic field. The position of the telt of
enhanced intensity at 320 km from the Earth is determined b th, geoma et-
.y :3 gn
ic field. The indications of the two counters were compared to determine
composition and energy of the radiation. The authors are convinced that
the enhanced intensity recorded is due to electrons of the outer radiation
belt, w1iich are slowed down in the casing of the satellite. The authors
thank A. Ye. Chudakov, I. P. Ivanenko, and V. Gorchakov for discussions,
There are 2 figures, 1 table,and 6 references: 3 Soviet and 3 non-Soviet.
The three referonces to English-language publications read as follows:
E. H. Vestine et al., Planet. Space Sci., 1, 265 (1959); J. B. Cladis et
al. , J. Geophys. Res. 343 (1961 ); J. A.. Welch et al. , J., Geophys. Res,,
6-4, 909 (1959).
ASSOCIATIONt Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet im. M. V. Lomonosova
(Moscow State University imeni M, V. Lomonosov)
SUBMITTED: June 7, 1961
Card 2/2

291U
0 za /'~ a) S/020/61/140/305/006/022
I I B125/B138
AUTHORS: Vernov, S. N., Corresponding Member AS USSR, Savenko. 1 AL.
Shavrin, P. I., Pisarenko, N. F,
TITLE: Discovery of an inner radiation belt at 320 km altitude in
the region of the South-Atlantic magnetic ancmaly
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Doklady, v. 140, no. 5, 1961: 1041,-1044
TEXT: The paper reports on the discovery and investigation of the inner
radiation belt by the second Soviet satellite. The radiometric apparatus
(gas discharge counter CTC-5(STS-5) and scintillation counter $3Y-16(FEU--16)
with NaI(Tl) crystal) carried on the satellite recorded increased radiation
intensity above the magnetic anomaly in the South Atlantic. The scintilla-
tion counter recorded particles with a threshold of 25 kev and the total
release of energy in the crystal. Analysis of the data leads to the
following conclusions: The increased radiaticn intensity revealed to the
authors by the flights of the second Soviet satellite at 320 km altitude
above the Brazilian magnetic anomaly isattributabl e to the inner radiation
belt. Since no inner radiation belt has been found north of the geomagnetic
equator, the reflection points there lie higher than in the anomalous
Card I

29111
S/020/61/140/005/00E/022
Discovery of an inner radiation... B125/B138
region. At low geomagnetic latitudes, it is the proton component of the
inner radiation belt which prevails in the anomalous region. The intensity
of x-radiation caused by the deceleration of electrons in the casing of the
Space ship rises at higher latitudes and the intensity of the pro-.on
component decreases. An outer radiation belt appears at magnetic latitudes
> 400. There is also an intermediate region between the outer and inner
radiation belts. In this intermediate region, the bremsstrahlung intensity
is only a half or a quarter as much as in the intensity max.Lma of the inner
or outer radiation belt at that altitude. The gap between -the inner and
outer radiation belts, which is very distinct on the northern hemisphere
(measurements made from the third Soviet satellite),is practically ~b3ent
in the region of the Brazilian anomaly. This fact, togetheir with data on
the size of the gap on the n(orrthern hemisphere and near the equator, migh,
explain the formation of the inner radiation cf the Earth. There are 2
figures, 1 table, and 5 references: 2 Soviet and 3 non-Soviet, The three
' publications read as follows- A. J_ Dessier,
references to English-languatre
J, Geophys. Res., 64, No 7, 713 (1959); S. Yoshida, G. H. Ludivig.. j. A
'.-an-Allen, J. Geo,'Tys. Res., 6 , '10 3, 807 (1960); J, A. Van-Allen. L. A.
-"rank, Nature, LOJ, 430 (1959r, 118A, 210 (1059)~
Card 2/3 -

2YlU
3/020/61/140/005/006/022
Discovery of an inner radiation .... B120138
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet im, M. A. Lomonosova
(Moscow State University imeni M.. V. Lomonosov)
SUBMITTED: June 30, 1961
Card 3/3

33306
S/560/61/000/010/004/016
D299/D302
AUTHORS: Vernov. S. F.., Savenko, I. A., Shavrin, PO I01
NeBterov, V. Ye., and Pisarenko, N. F.
TITLE: Outer radiation belt of the earth at 320 km
altitude
SOURCE: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Iskusstvennyye sputniki
Zemli. no. 10. Moscowt 19619 34-39
TEXT: The investigations carried out by means of the 2nd
and 3rd Soviet artificial satellites indicated the existence of
an outer radiation belt, sharply delimited by the high-latitude
region. The scintillation- and Geiger-counters on board the
2nd Soviet Sputnik permitted a detailed study of the outer radi-
ation belt in the vicinity of the earth and its delimitation as
a function of longitude. The autonomous memory-device on board
the Sputnik yielded continuous data on radiation intensity at
altitudes of 306 - 339 km over the entire terrestrial globe for
Card (~74)

33306
S/560/61/000/010/004/016
Outer radiation belt of... D299/D302
0
latitudes of + 65 , The scintillation counter consisted of a
cv1indrical N"EJ(Tl)-single crystal and of the photomultiplier
03Y-11. (FEU-16). The Geiger counter was of type C i C-S (STS-5),
Which is a halide-counter, A figure shovis the radiation inten-
sity recorded by means of the scintillation counter at various
points of the globe. It was proved that the sharp increase in
counting rate, which could not be explained by the latitude
effect, is due to the radiation belts of the earth; this was
done by analyzing the connection between the regions of in-
creased intensity in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, by
studying the connection between these regions and the earth's
magnetic field, as well as the conposition and energy of the
radiation. Thus, the zones of increased radiation in the Nor-
thern Hemisphere are related to those in the Southexm Hemisphere
by the lines of force of the geomagnetic field which determines
the position of the radiation belt at an altitude of 320 km.
In order to determine the composition and to estimate the energy
Card 2/4

33306
B/560/61/000/010/004/016
Outer radiation belt of. D299/D302
of the radiation, the readings of the scintillation- and Geiger-
counters were compared. Hence, it was found that the radiation
in question is gamma-radiation with energies of the order of
100 - 300 kev. The mean energy of the secondary electrons,
arising in the single crystal by interaction with the gamma-
radiation, is of the order of 105 ev. The clear connection be-
tween the zones of increased intensity in the Northern and
Southern Hemispheres and the nature of the radiation and its
energy are proof that the recorded increase in intensity is due
to electrons of the outer radiation belt. In general, no direct
relation was observed between the intensity and the strength of
the magnetic field, This is apparently due to the short life-
time of electrons of the outer radiation belt at the altitudes
under consideration compared to the drift-time around the earth.,
An estimate of the lifetime of electrons with E = 300 kev
yielded the value of 106 _ 108 see.; hence, the hypothesis of
local acceleration of electrons within the geomagnetic field is
Card 3/4

33306
S/560/61/000/010/004/016
Outer radiation belt of... D299/D302
more likely than the neutron hypothesis of electron origin.
f-Abstracter's note: The designation "Van Allen Belt" is not
used at all in the Russian text.2 There are 2 figures, 2
tables and 5 references: 2 Soviet-bloc and 3 non-Soviet-bloc.
The references to the English-language publications read as
follows: E. H. Vestine, W. L,, Sibley, Planet Space Sci., 1,
285, 1959; J. B. Cladis, A. J. Dessler, J. Geophys. Res., 66,
3439 1961; J. A. Welch, W. A. Whitaker, J. Geophys. Res., 64,
909, 1959.
SUBMITTED: May 23, 1961
Card 4/4

3:3307
-3, 0 0,/ /61/000/010/005/016
8/560
D299/D302
AUTHORS: VVn",, S. N., Savenko, 1. A., Shavrin, P. 1.9
and Pisarie_Mt N. F.
TITLE: Observation of inner radiation belt at an
altitude of 320 km in the region of the south-
Atlantic magnetic anomaly
SOURCE: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Iijkusetvennyye sputniki.
Zemli. no. 10. Moscow, 1961, 40-44
TEXT: In contradistinction to the other zones of increased
radiation-intensity (which form the outer belt)q the magnetic
anomaly near the Brazilian coast cannot be related to the outer
radiation belt owing to its geographical position and to the
presence of a large number of penetrating particles in the radi-
ation. A map shows the regions of increased intensity and, in
particularg the points at which the intensity exceeded 3.6
Card 0/3

33307
S/560/61/000/010/005/016
Observation of inner... D299/D302
counts- cm72. sec.-'I; all these points wexe concentrated in the
southern Atlantic. The readings of the Geiger- and scintilla-
tion-counters are listed in a table and shown in a figure.
Conclusions: (1) The increase in radiation intensity, observed
at an altitude of 320 km above the Brazilian magnetic anomaly,
13 due to an inner radiation belt. This belt is not observed
to the north of the geomagnetic equator. (2) At low geomatnetic
latitudes, the proton component of the inner belt prevails in
the region of the anomaly). With higher latitudes, the X-ray
intensity increases (arising from electron bremsstrahlung on
the space-ship hull), whereas the proton Somponent decreases.
(3) At magnetic latitudes higher than 40 S, the outer radiation
belt appears. (4) A transition region is found between the
outer and inner radiation belts, where the intensity of the
bremsstrahlung is weaker--by a factor of two and four respec-
tively--than at the maximum of intensity of the internal and
external belts. (5) The cut between the inner and cluter radia-
Card 2/3

33307
S/560/61/000/010/005/016
Obeervation of inner... D299/D302
tion belts, very clearly observed in the Northern HemfLephere by
means of the 3rd Soviet Sputnikp is practically non-existent in
the region-of the Brazilian anomaly. TheEie facts may shed
light on the origin of the outer radiation belt. There are 2
figures, 1 table and 7 references: 3 Soviet-bloc and 4 non-
Soviet-bloc. The references to the Englieh-language publica-
tions read as follows: A. J. Deesler, J. Geophys. Res., 64,
7139 1959; S. Yoshida, G. 11. ludwig, J. A. Van Allen, J. Geo-
phys. Res., 65, 8070 1960; J. A. Van Allen, L. A. Frank, Nature,
1839 4309 1959; J. A. Van Allen, L. A. Frank, Nature, 184, 219,
1959.
SUBMITTED: May 23, 1961
Card 3/3

3435L
S120 Y61/001/006/00' 21021
C/1 /90 D055 DI 13
:3, *$L 0 Y-4~
AUTHORS: Vernov, SAT.; Chudakov, A.Ye.; Vakulov, P.V.; Gorchakov, Ye.V.;
-Logachev1_7U__-1-
TITLE: Radiation measurements in the outer radiation belt on
February 12, 1961, during the rocket flight towards Venus
PERIODICAL: Geomagnetizm i aeronomiya, vol 1, no 6, 1961, 872-874
TEXT: The article deals with data on the Earth's outer radiation belt
collected when the Earth-Venus rocket launched, on February 12, 1961, was
30,000 - 45,000 km from the Earth's center. The special equipment installed
in the hermetic container consisted of a scintillation counter and M e're -5
(STS-5) gas-discharge counter. The distribution of matter around the NaJ(Tl)
crystal and the gas-discharge counter is shown in a table. By reducing the
dimensions of the crystal and increasing the resolving power of the elec-
tronic system of the counter, the radiation intensity in the belt was cor-
rectly registered. Fig. 1 shows the overload characteristics for the
counting channels of the scintillation (1) and gas-discharge (2) counters.
Card 14

S/203/61/001/006,/002/021
Radiation measurements ... D055/D113
These channels could register up to 106 and 105 pulsations/sec. respectively.
To penetrate the crystal of the scintillation counter and the working volume
of the gas-discharge counter, electrons must have an energy of :;;P 3 Mev,
protons - an energy of > 32 blev and the bremsstrahlung quanta - an energy
of >_- 30 kev. Curves on fig.2 represent the counting speed of the scintil-
lation counter (1), that of the gas-discharge counter after corrections were
made according to the curves in fig. 1 (3) and the energy release in the
crystal in relation to the distance from the Earth's center (2). As all three
curves were more or less parallel, the mean energy release in the crystal
for one reading of the scintillation counter was 130 kev and ~remained
constant between 32,000 and 40,000 km and the mean energy of the brems-
strahlung quanta did not vary with distance. The constancy of the mean--
energy release showed that no great changes occurred in the spectrum of elec-
trons of the outer radiation belt. A diagram (fig. 3) shows the paths of
the interplanetary rocket (curve 1) and those of' another three Soviet rockets
(curve 2). A comparison of radiation and ionization data concerning the
interplanetary rocket and the space rockets no. I and 21showed that the
outer radiation belt was stable for a period of 2 years when no magnetic
perturbances were recorded. However, this period was not long enough to
Card 2/6

S12031611001100610021021
Radiation measurements D055/Dll3
evaluate solar effects on the outer belt, but could be taken as an indicatim
of the absence of such an effect. The space rocket no 3 was launched during
a moderate magnetic storm (the change in the vertical and horizontal cornpo-
nents of the terrestrial magnetic field was about 250 and 150le respectively~
The external side of the belt was not measured, but the total energy re-
lease in the crystal during the entire fliaht coincided with that calcu-
lated for the rocket no 1 and was 1.5 times less than that of the rocket
no 2, i.e. no changes occurred in the mean state of the outer zone during
the flight of the rocket no 3 during a moderate maCnetic storm. Since
measurements were started a few hou-_3 after the be,-inning of a marnetic
storm, the radiation intensity in the belt had not yet decreased. On the
other hand, it is also possible that not all magnetic storms cause the
radiation intensity of the Earth's outer radiaticn belt to decrease. There
are 4 figures, 1 table and 3 non-Soviet references. The three EnL;lish-
language references are: W.H. Hess, J. Geophys. Res.,1960, 65, no 10, 3107;
P. Rothwell, 3.E. McIlwain. J. Ge0DhY3. Res., 1960, 65, no- 3, 799;
R.L. Arnoldy, R.A. Hoffman, J.R. 'Ninckler, J. Geophys.Res., 1960, 65, no 5,
1361.
Card 3/0

S/203/61/001/006/002,/021
Radiation measurements DOr5/Dll3
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet, In3titUt yadernoy
fiziki (Moscow State University, Institute of Nuclear Physics)
SUBMITTED: September. 9, 1961
Card 4/0

BWKNINp Nikolay Nikola7evich; PARIN, Vasil-tv Vasillvevicbj GAZENKOp
Oleg Georgiyevicb, kand.med.nauk;.-VWOV# Sergey Nikolayevich;
STAROSTENKOVA, M.M.t otv.red.;
IUMOVA, A.S.v tokhn.red.
[Medicine and cosmic flight] Meditsina i kosmichaski,% polety;
abornik. Moskvap Izd-vo 'Znaniap" 1961. 30 p. (VassoiuAnoo
obshchestvo po rasprostraneniiu politicheakikh i nauchnykh
znanii. Sar.8t Biologila i maditsinap no.9)
(MI.U 14: 6)
1. Prezident Akademii meditsinakikh nauk SSSR (for Blokhin).
2 D stviteltrqy chlen Akademii weditainakikh nauk SSSR (for
KrM. 3. Chlon-korrespondent AN SSSR (for Vernov).
(spuz MICILE)

2ts590 3/565J61/000/009/004/004
IT 7,L1 00 B144/B101
AUTHORs Vernov, S. ff., Corresponding Member AS USSR
TITLEs Space radiations
PERIODICALs Meditsins, i kosmicheskiye polety; abornik, no. 9, 1961, 26-31
TEXTj The paper briefly summarizes the present knowledge of cosmic radia-
tions and their effect on space flight. The existence of cosmic radiation
increasing in intensity with rising distance from the earth has been
known for some time. Skobelitayn showed that this radiation contains
scarce particles having energies of more than 1018 ev, whereas even with
the large particle accelerator at Dubna only 10-109 ev can be obtained.
The higher the energy, the stronger is the effect on living beings. The
radiation belts near the earth, which were recorded by the first artificial
satellite and are due to the geomagnetic field, were unexpected. It is
presumed that planets, such as Mare and Venue, and other celestial bodies
with a magnetic field have radiation belts. The results obtained from the
second space rocket have shown that the moon has-no magnetic field. These
belts form "reefs" endangering space-ships. Their radiation intensity is
so strong that space-craft flying through them needs special protection,
Card 1/2

2~590 3/,*'j65/61/000/009/004/004
Space radiations B140101
particularly in long-period flights. Flights on satellites below the
radiation belts have proved harmless to organisms. The radiation intensitf
on orbits, such as that of I'Vostoic" (apogee 302 km), was determined. The
instruments of the third satellite recorded an additional radiation at
altitudes of several 100 km, which did not exceed the dose permissible to
laboratory workers. Thick malls will protect space vehicles against the
"reefs" moving in space. Modern technology permits to determine the radia-
tion intensity within seconds and to avoid imminent danger. Astronauts
are endangered by solar eruptions and faculae of varying intensity and
their effect on the magnetic fields followed by the formation of some kind
of artificial cosmic radiation of solar origin. Its intensity can exceed
that of ordinary cosmic radiation by a factor of from 10 to sometimes
10,000. PAtection of space-craft against theae solar "storms", occurring
about once a year, makes it necessary to increase its size a litte. Much
heavier 11stormall burst deep in the Galaxy. It is concluded that astronauts
are hardly endangered by constant cosmic radiation, but that combination
effects with other factors, such as weightlessness, have to be taken into
account. Undoubtedly, radiation can be largQy increased in some areas.
To protect astronauts against these sporadic dangers, the sun, usually
regarded as a very constant celestial body, has to be closely observed,
Card 212

VERNOVI SZON, (Wrnov, s.N.)
i Cosmic rays and the universe. Pt. 2. Term tud koal 5 no.6t2?0-273
Je 161.

27183 S/056/61/041/,302/004/028
B102JB205
AUTHORS: VernoV_q S. N., Solov'yeva, V. I., Khrenov, 3. A.,
Khristiansen, G. B.
TITLE: Fluctuations of the muon flux in extensive atmospheric
showers
PERIODICALs Zhurnal eksperimentallnoy i teoreticheskoy fiziki, v. 41,
no. 2(8), 1961, 340 - 353
TEXT: The study of fluctuations of the muon flux in extensive atmospheric
shovers is very interesting, since the fluctuations accompanying -the
formation of avalanches of high-energy nuclear-active particles in the
atmosphere, as well as the applicability of the various models of shower
formation can be estimated from their character. Thia article gives a
detailed presentation of the results of an Investigation of muon-flux
fluotuations in extensive atmospheric showers, which were ccrried out
with a special device for comprehensive studieo of suah showers, made
available by Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy univernitet (Moscow State Uni-
versity). First, the authors give a detailed description of the experi-
Card-1/5

S/056/61/041/002/004/028
Fluctuations of the muon flux... B102/B205
mental arrangement which used numerous Geiger-MUller counters in hodoe-
copio arrangement. Fig. 2 shows a muon detector. Detectors of this type.
used for measurements on the earth surface, had a total area of 4.75 m21
at a depth of 20 m water equivalent, it was 3.2 m2, and at 40 m water
2
equivalent, 6.3 m . The arrangement was designed in such a way that six-
fold coincidences could be recorded. Showers with N>105, in which the
numbers of muons with E >4-10 aev were determined, were examined more
closely. In order to eliminate the nuclear-active effect. only the
records of those detectors were taken into account, which were more than
50 m away from the shower axis. The arrangement made it possible to
measure the total number of shower particles and the number of muons in
the shower simultaneously. The showers investigated were grouped as
follows3
Card 2/5

Fluctuations of the muon flux...
A - Detectors on the earth uurface
Detectors
Detectors B
!.IS63
S10561611041100210041028
B102/B205
N
,- 107
>
N = (2 - 4) - 106
N > 4. 101
N (I - 2)- 10"
N (2 - 4). 1130
M > 4. 106
The distribution of events with respect* to the ratios q/p (q number of
recordea muons, p - average number of muons to be expected) for the
groups (A: N ~?. 5-106; 6 tN ;r 4-1061 B: 11 ~~ 4-10 6) is given in a table.
Conolusionst The slight fluctuations of the muon flux in showers with a
given number of particles, which were observed experimentally, contradict
the conception of the development of extensive air showers proposed by
T. E. Cranshaw, and A. M. Hillas in a report delivered at the Internatio-
nal Conference on Cosmic Particl6s. The fact that the experimentally
Card 3/5

S/056/61/041/002/004/028
Fluctuations of the muon flux... B102/B205
observed fluctuations of the muon flux do not exceed the theoretically
predicted fluctuations (theory takos into account only fluctuations at the
altitude at which the primary nhower-producing particle undergoes its
first interaction) corroborates theory. Calculations show that in the
case of a shower developing without fluctuation, the form of distribution
with respect to the muon number ri-in a shower with a given number of
particles is highly sentAtive to the quantity (A + B)/~ 1 . Since
and,- are known, the value of' can be estimated from the form of
distribution with,respect to nC; is the interaction mean free path of
the ultraUgh-energy particles releasing the showers. In order to obtain
the exact distribution of muon fluxes, it is necessary to improve the
experimental conditions. The authors thank I. P. Ivanenko for a dis-
cussion, and K. I. Solov1yev, V. Sokolov, Ye. Shein, V. Putintsev, I.
Vasillchikov, V. Nazarov, G. Degtyareva, N. Proshina, and I. Massallskaya,
co-workers of MGU, for assistance. There are L figures, 4 tables, and
8 references: 7 Soviet-bloc and 1 non-Soviet-bloc.
ASSOCIATIONs Institut yadernoy fiziki Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo univer-
Card 4/5 siteta (Institute of Nuclear Physics of Moscow State Uni-

S/056/61/041/OC'2/004/026
Fluqtuations of the muon flux... B'102/B205
versity)
SUBMITTED: March 13,
Mend to the Tablet Mt (3), (6)t Experimc,ntal distributionai
(2 , Mp MI distribution to be expected from the formula
W (q), (A-n ji q / p = 0
q-0
(2)
'IP, 13
Yj W (q) (A-I)i q j p = 113 11 T- A-
(8)t distribution to be expeoted from the factor given in column 5 and
from the statistical fluctuations. The last line but one gives q/p of all
events.
Card 5/5

PISARENKO, N. F.., SAVENKO,, 1. A., CHUDAKOV.. A. 1e., SHAVRIN, P. I.,
VMOVj S. N.) GCHCHAKOV.. E. 11.1 LOGACHEV, Yu. lp,, NESTEROV, V. E.
"Investigations of Radiatlion During Flights of Satellites, Space
Vehicles, and Rockets-."
Soviet Papers Presented at Plenary Meetings of Cimittee on Space Research
(COSPAR) and third International Space Sumposium, Washington, D. C.,
23 APr - 9 may 62.

-viov - -. IJ. - - --
--- - ---V= 1 '13
- -VAPMMP S. N.
.'Radiation Belts"
Report to be presented at the Varenna Summer School, Varenna, Italy,
12-13 June 1962

~ ~PN ~Ser~N-, LOGACHEV, Yu. I., GORCHAKDV, Ye. V., SAVENXD, 1. A.,
~ CMMAIKDV, Alek Ye. and NESTEMOV, V. Ye.
"The earth's radiation belt"
report to be submitted to the 13th Intl. Astronautical Congress, IAF,
Varna., Bulgaria, 23-29 Sep 1962.

41906
S/560/62/000/013/002/009
1046/1242
AUThORS Vernav-,--.;~~Savenkoj I.A., Shavrint P.I.,
Nesterov, V.-':'., -!.nd Fisarenko, N.F.
TITLE: Radiation belts of the earth at altitudes from
180 to 250 Icn
SOURCE: Akademiya nauk SSSR. IBkusgtvennyye sputniki
Zemli. no.13. 1~oscowj 1962, 67-74
TEXT: Assumina identical -Altitude.dependence of the
radir~tion intensity In the northern nnd-the southern hemispheres,
it is shown from measurenents mnde on the third orbital space ship
on December 1, 1960 (orbital data: perigee 187 km, apogee 265 km,
iAclination 650) that the r--diation intensity in the outer belt
decreases by a factor of 2 between h - 235 km and h = 185 km.
'Card 1/2

S/560/62/000/013/002/009
1046/124.2
Radiation belts of the eprth...
Comparison with the findings of the second orbital spaceship shows
that in the hit;h raditntion-intensity region in the 3outhern Atlan-
tic the bremsstrahlung intensity has increased with the 100 km
decrease in altitude and the entire region appears to hRve shifted
to the north-west. This r,nom,,.lous beh:,vior may be due to either
the magnetic storm of November 30 qnd December 1, 1960, or to some
new phenomenon on the inner bcttm,,J-,(-,y of the radiation belts. The
average bremsstrnhlung enerjy lor the outer-belt electrons is
El '-z 20lo5 eV; the correspondin- electron flux is 2-105 particles
cm-2 see-1. The radiation over--'the Bra7,ilian magnetic anomaly is
due to the protono of' the inner r"diation belt; the particle count
in thir, region (Gei~,rer coanters) drops from 10 particles CM-2
4sec-l at h-320 km (orbital ship II) to 2 particles &CM-2 asec-1
at h-220 km (orbital ship III). There are 6 figures and 2 tables.
SUBMITT21). September 12, 1961
t0ard 2/2

3(550
S104a 62/026/005/014/022
B102/BIO4
AUTHORS: Yernny- 9- -N., Khristiansen, G. B., Belyayeva, I. F.P
Dmitriyov, V. A., Xulikov, G. V., Nechin, Yu. A.,
Solov'yeva, V. I., and Khrenov, B. A.
TITLE. The primary cosmic-ray component at superhigh energies and
Bome peculiarities of its interaction with nuclei of air
atoms
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Izvestiya. Seriya fizicheskaya,
v. 26, no. 5, 1962, 651-657
TEXT: The paper is 6 report on experiments with the Moscow University
large apparatus (area 4.104 m 2) for comprehensive studi'es of extensive
air showers induced by high-energy cosmic particles. Thd charged-particle
detectors (Geiger counters in hodoscope arrangement) cover an area of
110 m 2, the muon detectors (2-3 counter layers shielded with lead and iron,
in hodoscope arrangement) more than 12 m 2 1 6.3 M2 of which are under
Card 1/4

S/04 62/026,1005/014/022
The primary cosmic-ray component ... B102YB104
40 m water equivalent. The nuclear-active-particle detectors form a
system of 128 ionization chambers (8 M2) shielded by lead and graphite
filters. The number of muons produced in charged-pion decay was
estimated (the pions were assumed to be formed in gamma-quantum - ~r
photoeffect on nuclei of air atoms). ~(r0E0/1.8(1-a)E, ~, -z- 0.5,
f; < 10-3; for E -, 1016 ev and F',' - 1'0 10 ey ('X . 0 . 5 Nj"!' (10 10 4 103.
0 0
The number N n of muons in nuclear showers was measured. For showers with
N 6 4
7-10 a mean number of 8,10
expected. The spatial muon flux
two types of showers (,n 'r).
and
(Suppl.
10
muons with E 10 ev is to be
distribution was determined for these
In the case of a simple model of air
shower production
Nuovo Cimento, 2, 649, 1958), an analysis of
the experimental data yields N - k e E0 exp(--X+xM +X0)/A; E 0 is the
energy of thd_~,primary particle, x is the depth of its first interaction,
0
.xm M~'MogE 0 of observation), N is the total number of
Card 2/4

3/04 621026100510141022
The primary cosmic-ray component B102YB104
shower particles; the number of muons k,,E f4 ; -A - 200 g/em2
2 ' 0
B 30 C 0.1. If the primary energy spectrum has the
- 9/7 and (k a 0
shaDe AE0 dE0 , at fixed N the Niu- distribution has the shape
1/' A+B
Nil,( dN/,L, 7,. being the mean free path with respect to inter-
action. Comparison between experiment and theory yields ;1, - (65C-'5) g/cm2
as an upper limit. For charged muons their energies (E,,) and numbers
(n.) were measured and calculated for several altitudes H; W is the
probability for a charged pion produced at H decays without interacting
with an air nucleus. The results indicate that in - 3% of all cases
nuclear interaction is accompanied by a production of narrow beams of
great numbers of charged pions. There are 6 figures.
Card 3/4

S/04 62/026/005/Olii/022
The primary cosmic-ray component ... B102YB104
TWululia 1[-J00m It -250.u 11 - W)M 11-3-HOM 11 - PY m fl~-S.Ifjlu 11 - tc, "It -1.7-101 -A
E" Ov 1,4-1010 1,8-1010 3,3-1010 9,3.10'0r 3,3.1011 6.3-1011 1.2.t0'2 1,7.1012
n % - -1 '30 15 0 2.5 75 t 00 100 Of)
%V
9 8 to 16 25 32 .36, 40
Teop
Card 4/4

S/04YO62/0 2 6100 5/01610 22
3, B108 '3102
AUTHORS: Vernov S. N., Dmitriyev, V. A., Khristiansen, G. B., and
_tu' -M--hib i
TITLE: Study of the high-energy muon spectrum at a depth of
40 m water equivalent
PZR70DICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Izvestiya. Seriya fizicheskaya, v. 26,
no- 5, 1962, 661-667
TEXT: The underground muon spectrum was studied with an array of
2),
with 48 Geiger-JAMIler counters
onizat'on chambers (overp.11 area, 1.75 m
(1.6 m2 ) operating at energies from 10 10 to 10 13 ev. The muon s-oectrum
was determined from the spectrum of showers induced by high-energy muor's
in the ionization chambers. The spectrum of the showers recorded, each
of which involved -~-200 relativistic particles, could be approximated by
an expon-_-ntial law with "he index -1.9 t 0.2. In the case of showers
;;L ,2000 particles, k 1.6 1 0.4. The strongest showers involved
more t1han '0,000 particles. The datG obtained show that the muc-n-energy
Card 1/2

3/04 621026100510161022
Study of the high-energy... B10BY3102
11 13
spectrum is uniform throughout the range of 10 to 10 ev. The constant
exponent e in this range is indicative of a more complex nature of muon
production in the atmosphere than has hitherto been assumed. The production
01, -
~ mnons by X-mesons, which would increase the exponent C, is also consid-
ered. There are 3 figures.
Card 2/2

S/046/62/026/006/013/020
IND B125/3102
AUTHORS: Vakulov, P. V. Vernov, 3. N'.,Gorchakov, Ye. V., Logachev,
Yu. A. G., Pisarenko.,
F., Savenko, I. A., Chudakov, A. Ye., and Shavrin, P. I.
TITLE: Radiation studies during the flights of satellites,
spaceships and rockets I
PIERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Izvestiya. Seriya fizichookaya,
V. 26, no. 6, 19062, 756-781
TEXT: This report deals with radiation measurement, made by the second
and the third Soviet spaceship, by the rocket launched toward the Venus
on February 12 1961, and by the third boviet earth satellite
(August 15, 19;8). The spaceships were equipped with scintillation
counters, gas discharge counters and elements for storing data through
24 hours. The northern and southern zones of increased radiation
intensity are undoubtedly linked by the lines of force of the geomagnetic
field. The increased radiation intensity is due to electrons of the
outer radiation belt, slowed down in the jacket of the spaceship. The
Card 1/3

SO/048/62/026/006/b13/020
Radiation studies during the flights ... B125/B102
boundaries of this belt were determined more accurately by the lower
orbiting Soviet spaceship. At 16 hours after the chromosphere flare of
June 17, 1958 had vanished but still a few hours before the magnetic
storm, charged particle intensity increased. The electron spectrum
of the outer radiation belt does not change much at an altitude,of
32,000-40,000 km, nor did the magnetic storm which occurred during the
flight of the third Soviet spaceship have any substantial effect on the
outer radiation belt. Except for a few percent, the proton intensity of
the inner radiation belt remained constant during the three weeks' flight
of the third Soviet satellite. The increased radiation intensity over
the Brazilian anomaly, observed on board of the second spaceship at an
altitude of 320 km, was due to the inner radiation belt. In this anomaly,
the proton component of the inner radiation belt is predominant at small
.-leomagnetic lalitudes. The'portion of X-rays increases with increasing
latitude. A zone of lower bremsstrahlung intensity separates the outer
from the inner radiation belt. This zone is practically a1U_-qnt in the
region of the Brazilian anomaly. 111~e equator of cosmic rayf, ietermi'ned
by the second and the third Soviet spaceship resembles remotely a sine
curve running between 110 of northern and 110 of southern latitude.
Card 2/3

S/048/62/02 6100 6/013/02 0
Radiation studies during the flights ... B125/B102
Between 600 western and 600 eastern longitude the equator of .;osmic
radiation lies north of the theoretical sine curve. The general trend of
the lines of equal cosmic radiation intensity corresponds in-general to
the distribution of magnetic rigidity. There are 16 fitures and 2 tables.
ASSOCIATION: ',,rauchno-issledovatellskiy institut yadernoy fiziki
Moskovskogo gos. universiteta im. 111. V. Lomonosova
(Scientific Research Institute of Nuclear Physios of the
2'4State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov).
Moscow -,
Fizicheskiy institut im. P. N. Lebedeva Akademii nauk SSSR
(Physicif Institute imeni P. N. Lebedev of the Aaademy of
ScienceaUSSR)
Card 3/3

h2155
S/203/652/002/001/00.3/019
1023/1293
AUTHORS: Vernov -avonko,I.A., Shavrin,P.I.., Nesterov,V.Ye,
N.F.
a I
TITLE: Earth's radiation belts at 180-250km height
PERI-ODICAL: Geomagnotizm I Aeronomiya,, v.2,-no*l,,l962, 41-47
TMI: The distribution of cosmic raTs and radiation belts at the
height of 307-339km were obtained b7 the second Soviet cosmic
3stellitee The third cosmic space-ship, launched on December 1.
1060 with a perigee of 180km, apogee of 250km and an inclination
of G50 measured the intensity and geographical position of the
radiation belts In the height range 180-250km* The apparatus
consisted of a Nal(Tl) or-ystal (a cylinder of 14mm height and
30mm diameter) with a photomltiplior and a gas countera The
r-r-ystal counted all particles above 25kev and measured the total
energy dissipation in It. The counting rates Increaae from the
equator-to higher latitudes: of the counter from 0.8 to 3*2 counts
cm sec
Card 1/3

S/203/62/002/001/003/019
1023/1223
Earth's radiation belts ...
of the photomultiplier from 3 to 12 counts , ana the energy d4As-
2 -
cm -Soo ev
sipation incrensed from 7.5xlO6 to 3.7x1O7 c_7 see e I.1han passing
radiation belts the counting rate incrensed considerably. Graphs
based on data from spaco-ship 2 and 3 are given. The geographical
distribution of the radiation intensity as measured by the
scinillation counter is also presented in a graphical form. The
radiation intensity in the outer belt as measured by spal,,6-3hip 2
is on the average 2.2 times higher in the southern hemis-?hore
(average height 330km) than in the northern (average height 3201an).
The same ratio as measured bir space-ship 3 is 4.4 (average height
in southern hemisphere - 235km, In the northern - 185km). There
;,5re variations in the geographical distribution of the belts
between the two flights. The proton flux decreased between the
two flights. There are 6 figures and 2 tables.
ASSOCIATION: Idoskovskiy gosudarstvann7y universitet ime M.V.
Card 2/3

S/203,/62/002/001/W3/019
1023/1223
Earth's radiation beltso.
Lomonosova, Institut yadernoy fiziki (Moscow State
University Im. V,.V. Lomonosov, Institute of Nucl~kar
Physics)
SUBMITTED: August 28, 1961
Card 3/3

.VFMOVP S. M.[Viernor, S. M.1; CHUDAKOV, 0. Ye.[Chudakov, 0. IEJ
Investigation of cosmic rays and the terrestrial corpuBaular
radiation by means of rockets and satellites. Dos. such.. fiz.
no.6:17-33 162. (MIRA 16:1)
(spaceships) (cosmic rays)

-- --- - - - -- -- -I--- -- --- -- - ---- -- - -- -- - ---- -- - -- -- - -- - - - - -- -- -- ---- i
4VERNOV, S.N.
Intro-cTactory note. Izv.AN SSSR.Ser.fiz. 26 no-5:546-548 Ap
162. (Cosmic rays) (Particles (Nuclear physics)) (KRA 15:5)

37549
W,00 S/048/62/026/005/013/022
B102/B104
AUTHORS: Vernov, Yu. S., and Sisakyan, 1. V.
TITLE: The problem of gamma quantum and muon emission in high-
energy multiple production
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Izveatiya. Seriya fizichookaya,
v. 26, no- 5, 1962, 642-650
TZXTz Ye. L. Feynberg (Izv. AN SSSR, Ser. fiz. 26, 5, 622) has shown
;7roduction
that at very high energies in multiple particle
gamma quanta,
muons or even electron pairs can be emitted. This effect is now
theoretically studied on the basis of approximate models. Owing to the
difficulties arising in strong-interaction procedure the problem cannot
be solved exactly, but the radiation intensities can be estimated in
perturbation-theoretical approximation. The total numbor of 'r-quanta*
emitted is calculated for a meson-nucleon plasma which radiates as a
black or gray bodyt on the basis of Landau's hydrodynamic theory.
2 ,)4/3 IE---
--30Ae (T , n(To//A,) is obtained. The angular
Approximatively N,., o/
Card 1/2

S/04 62/026/005/013/022
The problem of gamma quantum ... B102YB104
distribution is determined for.an isotropically emitting volume element,
terms of higher order than/.,./T0being ignored. Numerical estimates
for the total energy and the total number of T-juanta emitted are given.
Finally, the intensity of the electromagnetic emission is estimated with
the help of-perturbation theory. The results are only illustrative and
give the possible order of magnitude of the effect. For E L' 1015 ev,
and N -10_3N There are 5 figures.
Card 2/2

8/056j62/042/003/018/049
B102/B138
AUTHORSt VgrnQ~S. ~N., Li Don Khvat Khrenov, B. A., Khriatiansen, G.
B.
TITLE; INI uon beams in extensive air showers
PERIODICALt Zhurnal eksperimentallnoy i teoretloheskoy fizikio v. 429
no. 3, 1962, 758 - 769
10
TEXTt The underground measurements of cosmic-particle distribilt-Ions des-
cribed in Ref. I (ZhETFI U, 1252, 1959) have been continued. The spatial:
muon distributions have been measured at a depth of 40 m water-equivalent
by means of-Geiger counters in hodoscope circuit. The total area covered
2. %, -haracterized
by the counters was 1.2 m The spatial muon distribution was c
by the distance D between the muon tracks in dependence on M (number of
recording counters in the middle row), N (number of particles in the shower)
and R (distance from the shower axis on the earth's surface). The showersi
4_106
recorded were divided into two groupos R