SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT VERNOV, S.N. - VERNOV, S.N.

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• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
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• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: November 2, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 1, 2001
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

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ASTUOtOrMUCT"MERM ??fVATHfAQHT
'I, I
N=LUATT[tEE14ERGYn"GEC',rlQ'+10"ty.
Z!N
Rud!ev of vartuus compcmews of msmic rays &I differ-
ez stmosphere L-VOIS rtVttled LbG UAIC charactertsticco
of interaction processes of nuclecms with light nuclei at
vartous etterZtes. Dtigra=s " tabWattons are presented.
12 relareacefi. (R.V.J.)

v MINOVA S. jI._t_ GIIIZBLRG, V. L. , KUMOSOVA, L. V. , ROZOMONOV, L. A., and FIT ~,,
"Study )f the Primary Cosmic Radiation by Using Artificial satellites c)f tie
E3rth," a poper presented 3t thc V4,-h Internotionvl Astronoutidal Ccngress,
6-12 Oct 1957, Borcelona.

WF
.,Rtlov, E.N.
PHASE I BOOK EXPLOITATION
338
Vtoroy sovetskiy iskusstvennyy sputnik Zemli; materialy,
opublikovannyye v gazete "Pravda" (The Second Soviet Artificial
Earth, Satellite; Material Published in "Pravda") Moscow, Izd-vo
"Pravda", 1957. 47 P. 100,000 copies printed.
PURPOSE: The booklet was written to give the public information on
the second artificial earth satellite,
COVERAGE: The book consists of a number of articles on the second
sputnik originally published in the Moscow newspaper
"Pravda". Basic information on orbit, structure, equipr
ment, performan.ce, and utilization of the sputniks is
given. All these data have been repeatedly Dublished
elsewhere; therefore, only a few figures are arbitrarily
singled out here. The total weight of the scientific
apparatus, test animal, and power supply sources of the
second sputnik was 508.3 kg. The initial orbital velocity
Card 1/4 was about 8,000 m per second. The second sputnik circled

The Second Soviet Artificial Earth Satellite (cont.) 338
the earth initially in 103.7 minutes. Its radio transmitterz
operated on frequencies of 4U.002 and 20.005 megacycles, etc.
The last article quotes admiring comments of American, British,
French, and Chinese'scientists, statesmen, and journalists. The
book contains 8 figures.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Report of TASS (Telegraph Agency of the USSR) ("Pravda!',
Nov. 4, 1957) 3
The Second Soviet Artificial Earth Satellite (6 figures),
("Pravda", Nov. 13, 1957) 5
Orbit of the sputnik and its changes 5
Observations of artificial earth satellites 8
Structure of the second sputnik 12
Scientific measurements made by the artificial earth
satellite 15
Shbrt-wave radiation of the Sun 15
Card 2/14 Study of cosmic rays 17

338
The Second Soviet Artificial Earth Satellite (Cont.)
Study of biological phenomena under space flight
conditions 21
On the Observation of Artificial Earth Satellites ("Pravda",
Nov. 11, 1957) 24
The Upper Atmosphere and Its Investigation with the Aid of
an Artificial Earth Satellite, by V.I4 Kra8ovskiy, Doctor
of Physical and Mathematical Sciences ("Pravda",
Oct. 10, 1957) 25
Investigations of the Magnetic Pole of the Earth With the
Aid of the Sputniks, by S. Dolginov, N. Pushkov, Candidates
of Physical and Mathematical Sciences ("Pravda", Oct. 22, 1957)29
On the Way to the Conquest of CoaraXe Space, by 0. Gorlov,,
V. Yakoviev ('Pravd0, Nov. 4, 1957)
Biological investigations of flights in the upper layerof
the atmosphere 32
Card 3/4

338
The Second Soviet Artificial Earth Satellite (Cont.
Penetrating the Secrets-of the Universe (2 figures), by
S.N. Vernov, Corresponding Member, Academy of Sclej.-ices,
u8sit (*?ravda", Nov. 18, 1957) 38
Comments 45
Conversation of the Two Sputniks. Chinese Poem by
V
Go Mo-zho, President of the Academy of Sciences of the
People's Republic of China, translated by V. Derzhavin
("Pravda", Nov. 16, 1957) 45
Around the Earth iAnd Around the Sputniks, by G. Rassadin
("Pravda", Nov. 17, 1957) 46
AVAILABLE: Library of Congress
Card 4/4

AUTHCR -3~ ~SNU waAdHw, YU.I., CHOW79 A.ILs 54tM, IL,.G.
TITLE The Inv6stigation of the Variations of Cosm~,i RadLation
(Issledovaniye variataiy kosmieheskogo izlucheniya. Russian)
PERIODMAL Uspekhi Fize INA,, 1957,, Vol 63,, fir lb,, pp 149.- 1621 (USSOSORO)
ABSTRXT The present paper reports on the problem of the use of an artificial
satellite for the study of the variations of cosmic radiation. E~ means
of a comparatively pimple apparatus consisting of a counter and ioniza-
tion chamber the following phenomena can be studi.ed: a) the varialtAoms
of the primary cosmic radiation,, b) the variationg of the multiply char-
ged component of the primary cosmic radiation vrhLch consists of helium
nuclei wd heavier atamso c) the geomagnetio field at great distancer,
from the earth. d) the albedo of the earth for cosmic radiation, e) the
structure of currents emitted by the sun*
1, Possibilities offered.by the art~hcial earth satellites for the in-
vestig!tion or tne variationse Tne variazions or zne seconoAlv COSMIC
radiation differ easentIUV rom the variations of the primary radiatinn.
It is just for that reason that the study of the. variations of the pri,
nary radiation is desL-able* The variations recorded at sea.level are
us'ually much smaller than the variations of printary radiation. The mea-
surements obtained by means of rockets are very inacnurate because of
Card 1/4 the short stay of the rockets in high altitudes., but artificial earth

The Investigation of the Variations of Caonic
satellites offer great posnibilities in this respact.-SU.,ltaine"ous mea-
surements by countern and ionization chambers make a comparison of the
variation of intensity of the primary protons with the variation of the
int4nsity of the heavier primary nuclei poasible. The variatiour have to
be determined in the various regions of the energy spectrum of cosmi1c.
radiatidn. This is only possible on satellites with suitab.4 selected
orbits. The meaiurements of the Intensity above the polar regions are
of special interest.
11, The varioui ehenomena which can be studied ~)r an apparatus fixed in
the satellite. The authors here consider UEe caso that the satellite flies
over the poles and is half of the time in the eartb's shadow, Further,,
the measurement data can be transmitted during the entire time. of the
satellite's existence. The experimental material thus obtained on one
single day by far surpasses the hitherto existing material this field,
By a comparison of the material obtained from various revolution3 and
on various days the variations of Intensity of the cosmic radiation can
be concludede If the data for the intensity and for the ionization power
of cosmic radion over the entire surface of the globe is available, in..
Card 2/4 teresting conclusions concerning the following phenomena may be drawnO,

53-lb-TLO/18
The Investigation of the Variations of Cosmic Radiation
1,) the alteration of intensity in time (great Jxregularities of in-
tensity in connection with eruptions of the solar chromosphere.. reduc-
tion of intensity during magnetic.stormsj, the variation (one and a half
hour variation)) connected with the revolution of the satellite round
the earth, the variations of intensity qf the heavy nuclei of'primary
cosmic radiation, the long-time periodic variations, the experimintal
verification,of the conneetion between primary ard second&-y varietionso
2.) the earthmagnetic field and the interplanetR%7 magnetic field.
3.) the alteration of the-earth's al~edo for coarxic radiation. 40 the
search for electrons and photon in the primary cosmic radiation,
ilia The apparatus for the study of the variatioiw of cosmic radiation
ouUtcle tne eartnla atmosphere can determlRe tRse varlatro'na by Rea-
surIpg IN variatlons R-t-R-e-Tonization or the variations of particles
pas ng: through a countera The influence of a possible revolution of
theelatellite is pointed out, but this -variation can at least'partially
be compensated by fixing two counters to the satellite. For the radio-
technical equipavnt semiconductor triodes and ti-ratrones with a cold
cathode are used. The following elements of the apparatus are discussed
Card 3/4 wre in details: a) the counters of the charged particleB, and b) the

2_21. _-7 r
5
3
The InveBtigation of the Variation~ of Cosmic Radiation
counting method by means of semicondcutor triodes. (5 illustrations)
v
ASSOCIATION Not given
PRF.SZ2= BY
SUBMITTED
AVAILABLE LibrU7 of Congress
Card V4.;

53-1a-01/18
:AUTHOR VERWI, S.N., GINZBURG, V.L., VMWOVAp L.Y., R4ZOWWj L.A. 0
FRADKIN Moie
TITLE The Investigation of the Composition of Primary Cosmic Radiation
(Issledovaniye nostava perdchnogo kosmicheskogo izlucheniya. Russiarr)
PERIODICAL Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk, 1957, Vol 63, Nr la, pp 131 - Nr lb V?p 148 (U~S*S.Ro)
ABSTRACT According to the data available at present, cosmic radiation consists
of protons, a-particles and, to a far less extentp of heavy nuclei.
The distribution of the nuclei with Z > 2 has as yet not been investi-
gated sufficiently well and also other problems are still ',,.o be solved,
Rockets are not suited for such measurements because their time of fiight
outside the atmos;jhere is too short. By means of artificial earth satel-
liteB, however,, the necessary statistical material for the investigation
of rarely occurring heavy nuclei can be obtained. One of the most im-
portant problems concerns the numerical ratio between the currents of
the light nuclei Li,,Be, B and the nuclei C,, N, 0, F, By experimental
determination of this ratio the various theories concerning the creation
of cosmic radiation can be confirmed or rejectsdq If the particles of
the cosmic radiation in the clouds of the supernovae are accelerated,
a value > 0,1 is obtained for the ratio (Li, Be, B) / (C, N, 09 F). In
the case of this theory the ratio can also be somewhat higher, but never
..lower than 0,1. The data at present obtained for this ratio contradict
Card 1/4 each other. The problem whether or not nuclei with Z > 30 exist in cos-

53-la-9/18
The Investigation.of the Composition of Primary Cosmic Radiation
mic radiation can also be solved by means of artificial earth satellites.
The existence of such nuclei in cosmic radiation would,, on account of
its large Interaction cross section and the short range in the inter-
stellar space,, indicate an exceptionally large anount of heavy elements
existing in the sources of cosmic radiation*
The.exEerimental data on the com&ition of Erimizz radiation'.
The results of the ei~peri`Ms carried out in 1952 - 195.3 have already
been published in form of a collection of artielfis, The respective re-
sults obtained within the last years have been compiled in two tables.
The importance of the geographical location of the place of observation
in the case of equal geomagnetic latitude is pointed out, From the point
of view of determining the energy spectrum of tho various nuclear groups
in primary cosmic radiationy with the help of artificial earth satelli-
tea afford great possibilitiess because in this way the intensity of
the f1wces of the particles with various energien (even at different
widths) can bj determined by means of the same devices. This, naturallys
will considerdbly increase the reliability of the data obtained con-
cerning the eftergy spectrum of the primar.,t nuclel. One of the most in-
Card 2/4 teresting problems of primary cosmic radiation is the determination of

The Investigation of the Composition of Primary (;osmic Radiation
the amount of the nuclei of the group Li,,~ Bet B. q3-:.a-9A8
The experimental method 'for the study of the char e spectrum of nuclei
in primary cosmic radiation* Much meMods are of antage as do not
discriminate the pOt-rc-re-swith respect to their charge and mass. The
use of particle counters in the case of which, on the occasion of the
passage of a-particle, the produced pulse depends upon the charge of
the.particle., forms part of this method, The application of such devices
toan artificial earth satellite is, besides, of advantage in-so-far as
the measured data can be telegraphed to the earth. The disadvantages of
methods which are based upon the ionization of a medium by rapidly char-
ged particles, are enumerated. The CHEREKOV counter is free from such
disadvantages.,The conditions too be fulfilled when measuring by this
method, are enumerated* The apparatus is disdussed on the basis of a
drawing. During the time of observation of one vreek about 1000 nuclei
with Z >,, 6 cm., 7000 a-Particles and a corresponding number of Li-,, Be-
and B-nuclei can be registeredo For the experiments it is intended to
register the differential spectrum of the nuclei. with respect to Z in
the interval from the a-particle up to oxygeno Such a method is realize-
able only if the device is able to solve every peak belonging to the
Card 3/4 various values of Ze The use of artificial satellites offers now possi-

.The Investigation of the Composition of Primary Cosmi,,, ladiation
~ilities for the investigation of the primary cosmic radiaticn* viz.
measuir'ing of the primary proton flux, explaining of the part. played by
the "albedo" of the atmosphere of the earth, the (letermination of tha
lower limit of the electron-poritron components, the study of the Lnter-
action of the primary particles with matter and the variations with re-
spect to time of Intensity. (With 7 Illustrations and tables).
ASSOCIATION Not given
PRESENTED Br
SUBMITTED
AVAILABLE Library of Congress
C ard 4/4

AUTHORS: Corresponding Member, SOY/2o-12o-6-18/59
Academy of Sciences, USSR, Grigorov, N. L., Logachey, Yu. I.
Chudakov, A. Ye.
TITLE: Measurement of Cosmic Radiation by the Sputnik (I7,mereniye kos-
micheskogo izlucheniya na iskusetvennom sputnike zemli)
PERIODICAL: Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 19580 Vol 12o, Nr 6,
pp 1231 - 1233 (USSR)
ABSTPACT: The results discussed in this paper were obtained by
equipment incorporated in the second earth satellite. In
order to be able to record the variations of the intensity of
the cosmic radiation in a reliable manner two similar counters
for charged particles (with a length of 100 mm and a diameter
of Is mm) was mounted in the sputnik. Both devices contained
counters operating on the basis of semi-conductor triodes. The
power consumption of the whole apparatus weLs 0,15 Watts. The
batteries permitted continuous operation for 200 hours. The
relative increase of the intensity with altitude was com-
puted from the ratio of the intensity of cosmic radiation on the
"inverse loops" (passage from the North to the S3uth, at an
Card 1/3 altitude of 350 - 700 km) and the intensitJ on the.11direct loops"

Measurement of Cosmic Radiation by the Sputnik S()V/2o-12o-6-18/59
(passage from the South to the North at an a~otitude of 225 - 240
km) measured at the same geographical points.. This variation
can be caused by at least three effects: 1) An increase of in-
tensity due to a reduction of the shielding by the earth. 2)
A reduction of the intensity by the weakening of trie earth's
magnetic field 3) By a variation in the albedo of the cosmic
radiation. The dependence of the intensity upon the altitude
can be explained by the first two effects. From the data obtained
by the measurements of many loops the lines of equal intensity
of cosmic radiation (isocosmic lines) are obtained. Such iso-
cosmic lines are presented for three different counting rates.
The experimental points above all fit upon the geographical
parallels. The line of the minimum intensity of cosmic radiation
(the "cosmic equator") does not coincide wit'.1i the geomagnetic
equator. According to the evidence obtained the intensity of the
cosmic radiation sometimes increased considerably. During this
the intensity fluctuated very much. There are 4 figures and
3 references, 1 of which is Soviet.
SUBMITTED: May 4, 1958
Card 2/3

21 (7
AUTHORS: 'Memlbur' SGV/2o-122-1'-11/5Q'
Academy of Sci~,nces, USSR, Tulinov, V. F., Ch-rakhchlyanp
A. N.
TITLE; The 2'1-D::y Variations of the Intoncity of Cof=~ic
Radiations in the (2'7-dnevn'ye v--ri-tsi,
intenoivnozti kocmicheski?~h luchey v stratosfe-re)
PERIODIC.-','U-. Doklaly AkaJcmii nau'r, SSSR, !958, Vol 122, If" 5,
pp 7 03 - -1 91 (US S." 'I
ABSTR~.CT: The -.---thorc carried out a lonj series of measurements
of the inten-sity of cocmlc radiation in the strato-
cpl~ore by of :7pherical probes. Thes-3
m e i- a.-'e.,.ts form "cart of the proGram of the Inter-
nationLl Geo,~hyzical Yearl t'-cy were duly begun
on JulY 1, 1957 at two 1'atitudes: 1)
near Moocow A = 510, station Dol~,,oprulnayaa, flauchnaya
stantcijz:. Fizichpc~-ogo instituta All SSSR)(Scientific
Stt"tion of ti~.e Inctitute AS USSR) and 2)
c:.ti-d 1/14 ncmr -t%tior, Lopavok;;-~-a, Sevcrnaya

The 27-Day of thn- Int~e of Co27ic SnW/2,)-122-Fj-1 1/r-6
j
Radiationo in the
IT
1-:n-.c1rWa S'antssiya All SSOR (Ilorth~rn Scientific
Station AS U'S"SR )). The precent paper given some
recult2 obtaired by mea2urc:-.e-.ts carried out at
the latitude of 510 fro,-1 Jul.',r 1, 1957 to February 1, 1)C5,
and ,~,.t the latitiide of 640 fvo~-,' July 1, 19'37 to
October 1, 1957. TIlcz~,- measuremento were carried out
by of th- radio~.-ieteorojraar)h RX-1, which
contained a --elf-quenched counter of the
typc 51JE-6. The .ul.,,e., of this count-,-~r were trans-
mitted bj, "le-anc of La io-transmit ter. A o%ort
report ic niade on the meacure-zents of the hei~~ht
and o,
n t'ie L:~~uij-nj of the counters. Tho authors
de7crihe the rccuitt~ cclatir.;3 to t'-,c J~,4ximum of t1le
interzity ~~urve in t',,.e pressure intcrv~,.l of 50-90
g/cm2. Thece results, whir-', are r,-o,.-.n by a di i~ram,
SCIC-IM to ~ndic.rAe a periodi'Clity in"the varilations,
of tne ir;ten~;ity of cocmic r.,~di,,tion in t~(, rtr,-.to-
.3 piiere, vizz. for both of the afore~.,(mtioned latitudes.
In t'-e f~tr~7 t o c e t he p1 i t u1 e o f t'n e -.,---v 0
Card 2/,j 15 to 10 til'-,")s 'if-, as t'-.c, of t'-

The 27-Day Variations of the Intencity of Cocmic Sol,/2o-122-5-11/56
Radiations in the StrLtoc:,,'.iC-rC
wave on tea level. Therefore the v,.riations investiZLted
are to a 6reat extent c--uE;c-d by the primary c()cmic particles
of lo- ereri;ies. Acco-rdi),.~,, to the data available for
..I~L;net;c storms there i2 not in every case a con-ection
betwoon t'-,c va.,i:-~.tion of tie inton:-.ity of co,;-iic
Mdi'AiOn --rd t-0 GXirt,.,~,CC Of MI~;,"CtiC StOrm,-3.A
semineriod of the aforement4oned variations 1,-.ote4
14-3+ 1 driyc. lloxt, a procedure for the more exact
detcT.-ii.n-,,.t ion of this period is d4scussed. The authors
thank P.N.A,-eshin, V.V.Bayarevich, A.G.BednyCe:ov,
V.A.Gl~.,.dyshcv, A.!I.Intr~itova, A.F.Krnsotkin, NAT..
Komi-zolr, F.Kh.I.Ioch;,kov, I.K.,Marohanov, and G.V. Chur-
banova for preparing the appEtratuo ttnd for carrying out
the experi~~ents; they further th--,ik Ye.S.Gloklovq- L.I.
Dorman, nrd A.Ye.Chudakov for their discuss ng the
resuito obtzined .. There -are 3 fiC;urea and 5 refer-
ences, 2 of wliich are Soviet.
Ca.cd 3/4

The 27-Day Variations cf intencity oll Cos--ic S011/2o-122-r~-lllcl
.,~ C
.01
Radiations in the Stratosphere
ASS-~C TATION: Fizic,-ieok~y inctitut im. P.N.Lebedeva AkaderA4 nauk. SSSR
(Ph-tsics Institute imeni P.1l.Lobelev of the Academy
of ~ciellces USSR)
S U B11I T '-`E DMr-Y 24, 1S~,58
Card 4/14

VICPMV, S.N.; VAK=V, P.V.; GORCRAOV, Ye.v.; LOGACHEV, Tu.I.-,
A.T a.
Studying the soft component of cosmic rays beyond the sitinoaRre
linit. Isk.sput.zem. no.2:6i-69 '58. OGRA 12:5
(cosmic rays) (Artificial satellites)

Nov s-4 0.6-
st
lit!
1 J1
9.2
.1 0:1. 3VA
at 4A
9 JOB

29(o)
Akademlya nauk SSSR
PHASE I BOOK EXPLOITATION SOV/1658
Iskusstvennyye sputniki zemli, vyp. 1: Rezulltaty nauchnykh iseledovaniy, prove-
dennykh po programe MGG pri pomoshchi pervogo i vtorogo iskusstyennykh
sputnikov zemli (Artificial Earth Satellites, Nr 1: Results of Scientific
Studies Carried Out in Accordance With the IGY Program by Means of the First
and Second Artificial Earth Satellites) Hoscorv, Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1958. 95 P.
3,500 copies printed. (Microfilm and Zerox Copy]
Reap. Ed.: L.V. Kurnosova; Ed. of Publishing House: D.M. Alekseyev; Tech. Ed.:
T.V. Polyakova.
PURPOSE: This collection of articles is the first in a series to be published
regularly and is intended to disseminate to the scientific community date col-
lected in investigations performed by means of artificial earth satellites.
COVERAGE:This collection includes papers covering scientific data obtained from
the first and second Soviet artificial earth satellites. Pisong tYe areas
reported on are measurements of cosmic radiation, atmospheric density, electron
Card 1/15

Artificial Earth Satellites (Cont.) sov/j.658
concentration in the ionosphere., and biological studies of art animal occupant
of a satellite. Papers on the motions and pertqrbations of tiatellite orbits
and optical and Doppler methods of satellite tracking are aloo included. Cover-
age of the individual articles is given in the Table of Contents.
TANZ OF CONTENTS:
Preface [L.V. Khmosoval
-Vernov S._N. -Logachev, and A.Ye. Chudakov.
j__ __j N.L.Grigorov, Yu.I
Measurements of Cosmic Fadiation by Means of an Artificial Earth Satellite 5
This paper was first published in Doklady Akademii Nauk USSR Vol. 120,
Nr- 6, 1958s pp. 1231-1233. The paper presents preliminary results of
measurements of cosmic-ray intensity ob4ined vith instritments installed
in Sputnik 11. The close agreement of data from two sepamt3 instruments
indicates the validity of these results. A brief description of the
instruments and their operational characteristic are given. Since
the ascending and decending segnent of the orbit occurred at consider-
ably different altitudes, it was possible to determine the relative
Card 2/15

Artificial Earth Satellites (Coat.) sm/1658
variation of cosmic-ray intensity as a function of altitude for the same
geographic points. The intensity was found to increase conedderably between
225 and 700 km, the highest altitude achieved by the satellite. This vari-
ation is attributed to three causes: a) decreased screening by the earthj
b) reduction in the magnetic field of the earth permitting jenetration of
lower-energy particles, and a) change in the albedo, of cosmic radiation. 5
Tbere are 3 references, 1 of which is Soviet, 1 English, 1 a. trans-
lation from English.
Iddo,.V, M.L. Determination of the Density of the Atmosphere From the
Observed Decelerations of the First Artificial Satellites 9
This paper presents equations relating the elements of a satellite orbit
to atmospheric density. lim analytical procedures used in reducing
observed data on the evolution of the satellite orbit are given includ-
ing an evaluation of the approximations used in obtaining solutions to
the equations involved. It was assumed that in the range of altitudes
considered (228-368 km) the variation of density with altitude could be
approximated by the exponential function P= 0 e- - -7 - Zrr
j 0- & -
where P is the density at altitude z, P, is the density at the
perigee altitude z 77-, and H is the altitude of the homogeneous
Card 3/15

-- VERNOV I -S. N. -- and CHMAKOV , A .., _ _ _. - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- --- -- - - -- -- -
"Cosmic, Ray and Photon f4easurements frrm Satellites," paper presented at 10th
General Assembly, Int'l Astronomical Union, Moscow, Aug 1958.

87469
Sigo Oetll., 1062--) lx~e) S/169/60/ow/012/007/010
% f7,o a A005/AO0 1
Translation from: Referativnyy zhu:.mal, Geofizika, 1960, No. 1,2, p. 219, # 16270
AUTHORS: Blokh, Ya. L., Vernov Dorman, L. I., Dubrovin, M. M.
00iiiih-M-1.,
TITLE: Preliminary Results of an Investigation of the Underground VariationS
of Cosmic Rays
PERIODICAL: V sb.: Variatsii kosmIch. luchey pod zemley, na urovne rrorya I v
stratosfere. No. 1, Moscow, AN SSSR,1959, pp. 37-47 IVX
TEXT: The variations of the ,.osmic ray intensity are investigated on the
basis of data obtained from a counter telescope of triple coincidences, which was
located under the earth's surface at the depth of 40 m of wat-er equivalent. %r
the simple- correlation method the value of the barometric coefficient /3= (0~021 +
0.008) %/mb was obtained. The diurnal variation of the underground intensity -
amounts to about 0.05%. By averaging the data it Is shown that the average effe-,;i
at the depth of 40 m of water equivalent amounts to O..V during 11 events of
decreases of the Forbush type. The investigation of the disturbed diurnal va-ria-
tions in the cosmic ray intensity was also carried out. N. K.
Translator's note: This is the full translation of the original Russian abstract.
Card 1/1

21(6)
AUTHORSs
Yernov, S. H., Corresponding Member, SOY120-124-~-17162
AS USSR, Grigorov, N. L., Ivanenkof I. P., Letbedinakiy,
A. I., Murzin.) V. S., Chudakov~ A. Ye.
TITLEt A Possible Mechanism of the Production of "Torrestrial
Corpuscular Radiation" Under the Action of Ccemio Rays
(Vozmozhnyy mekhanizm sozdaniya IIzemnogo korpaskulyarnogo
izlucheniyall pod deyetviyem koamiche3kikh luchey)
PERIODICALi Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1959, Vol 124, Hr 5,
pp 1022-1025 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: By "terrestrial corpuscular radiation" the authors mean
the fluxes of particles moving in the terrestrial magnetic
field along closed orbits. According to the authors'
opinion, the following radiation production mechanism
deserves the most attentiont Under the action of cosmic
radiation, the earth, like any otberceleatial body,
becomes a neutron source. The neutrons traverse the
magnetic field without being disturbed as uncharged
particles and attain great distances from the earth.
The charged particles originating from neutron decay move
in the magnetic field along the lines of force. The particle
Card 1/4 in the course of time reaches the region of high geomagnetic

A Possible Mechanism of the Production of "Terrestrial SOV/20-124-5-17/62
Corpuscular Radiation" Under the Action of Cosmic Rays
latitudes, where fieldstrength increases considerably
with increasing latitude. In this region the velocity
vector of the particle will, as the particle approaihes
the earth, turn so long with respect to the vector
until at the latitude )~ max the angle between the
velocity of the particle and the vector I becomes equal
0
to 90 . At this point the particle returns and begins
to move in the rear direction along the same magnetic
line of force. If conditions are favourable, the decay
products of the neutrons may perform 108 and more
oscillations between the northern and the southern
turning point, Therefore, the intensity of the flux of
these particles increases by the same amount. Experimental
data indicate the existence of such a radiation. The
present paper carries out a closer investigation in order
to find out by what factors the intensity of these rays
is determined. Calculation is followed step by step. The
Card 2/4 authors calculate the intensity of the "terrestrial

A Possible Mechanism of the Production of "Terrestrial SDV/20-124-5-17/62
Corpuscular Radiation" Under the Action of Cosmic Rays
corpuscular radiation" for various heights and latitudes;
the results obtained by these calculations are shown by
a diagram. They lead to the following conclusions:
Although the number of neutrons decaying in the earth is
very small, they may cause intensive cosmio radiation. The
experimentally determined intensity is by -,,100 times
lower near the equator than calculated intensity. According
to experimental data there is no terrestrial corpuscular
radiation in geomagnetic latitudes above L.00, but in the
present paper S(k - 400) .,J(k - 00) is obtained.. This
means non-agreement by more than 105 times the amount. In
order to reestablish agreement with the exleriment, it is
useful to assume an additional flux of particles from
"magnetic traps", which are particularly strong in large
latitudes. This may be due to the existence of electric
fields, This assumption also appears to be confirmed by
the data concerning the considerable increase of
perturbations of the terrestrial magnetic field with
increasing latitude. With increasing latitude, the
interdictions imposed upon energy by Stoermar's theory
Card 3/4 are being disobeyed to an ever-increasing extent, The

A Possible Mechanism of the Production of "Terrestrial SOV/20-124-5-17/62
Corpuscular Radiation" Under the Action of.Cosmic Rays
mechanism discussed in the present paper mustapply
also in the neighborhood of astrophysical objects having
a magnetic field. Therefore, the investigation of this
radiation in the neighborhood of planets may be a means
of observing weak magnetic fields. The authors thank
D. V. Skobelltsyn for his advice and M. S. Rabinovich
for discussions. There are 2 figures and 7 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet im. M. V.
Lomonosova (Moscow State University imeni M. V.
Lomonosov)
SUBMITTED: November 21, 1958
Card 4/4

24( 7) 24(8) SOV/20-125-2-i6/64
AUTHORS: Vcrnov, S.N. , Corresponding Uem-ber, AS USSR, ,
Ohudakov, A.Ye., VakuloiP.V., Logachev, Yu.i.
TITLE: Investigation of Terrestrial Corpuscular Radiation and of
Cosmic Rays During the Flight of a Cosmic Rocket (lzucheniye
zemnogo korpuskulyarnogo izolucheniya. i kosmicheskikh luchey pri
polete kosmicheskoy rakety)
PERIODICALt Doklady Akademi-i nauk- SSSR, 1959, Vol 125, Nr 2, PP 304 - 3o7 (USS-R)
ABSTRACT: The rocket launched on January 2, 1959 in the direction of the
moon had apparat,,L-3 for recording cosmic- and ten-estrial corpuscular
radiation on boar!. By t1, P lat ter the authors mean the f l1res 0-4,
fast onarged particles in great altitudes, for which the terrestrlal
magnetic field is a ,v- talled ".magnetic tra-61. The particles were
recordei) by 2 Geiget-o-ounters and 2 sointillatio-n-counters. The
first apparatus, with scintillation counter, was a constructive
further-development of the device which the authors had built into
the third Sov-1et Syatnik. A cylindrical sodium-iodide crystal
served as a detector. The authors, above all, describe(] the results
obtained by the -oreli:minary evaluation of the data a.-c..-rtained in
altitudes of from 8" to 150000 km (from the center oC the earth).
Card 1/3 A schematical dra-ming shows, the trejeotory of the rocket vrit~

Investigation of Terrestrial Cormuscalar SO'11/20-1' 15-2-16,/64
Radiation and of Cosmic Rays During the Flight of a Cosmic Rocket
respect to the terrestrial magnetic field. The intensity maximum
is -26000 km from the center of the eartb. At a distance of 55000 km
the intensity of terrestrial corpuscular radiation becomes practically
equal to zero, and the remaining icnization in this distance is
entirely due to cosmio railati-r.. According to the autirrs' opinion
the par-tiole3 osc_-IlLite alonZ! the lines of force symmetrically to
the equatorial plan,~. The of intensity along a given line
of force in the trarm'tion f.-oqi low to high altitudes sorves as an
experimental proof for thlu ~B~numption. The particle flux is directed
not only towardn one nile, a- 0, -in any case, the -predominant part
of the particles undergoes com-pl,~,te reflection when ipproaching
the earth, and is there.for, w..t1,:4oated to oscillatioai from one
hemisphere to the The t.'11jt-.ctory of the rocket rm3where
intersecto t~ie so-called internal zone. . ~otually, the apparatus
built into the cosmic rocket ir. no range of their trajectory
record particles of high energf which are characteristic of the
inner zone. On the ot-her hand, t%e composition of radiation is very
similar to that obse:Tved by maarL9 of the third Sjutnik in polar
Card 213 regions. Next, the cmipoiltioa of radiation in the outer zone with

Investigation of Terrestrial Corcuscular SOV/W-125-2-i6/64
Radiation and of Cosmic Rays During the Flight of a Cosmic Rocket
high intensity is dealt with. In the center of the outer zone,
where particle density is the greatest, the effective energy of
electrons is minimal. In conclusion, cosmic radiation is dealt
with. Beginning with a distance of 66000 km, the intensity of
all components remains constant. The striot constants of all
components at distances of from 66000 to 150000 km indicates
the existence of a radiation upon which the terrestrial magnetic
field exercises no influence. Therefore, either the terrestrial
magnetic field vanishes at a distance of 10 earth-radii, or
there are no particles with momenta of
i-5AO 8 to 4.10 7 ev/c in interplanetary.space.The energy-flux
of the photons is very low and contributes partly nothing to
ionization. There are 2 figures and 4 Soviet refeTence3.
SOMITTED: February 25, 1959
Card 313

VERNOV) S,
PIWE I BOOK EXPLOITATION SOV/48W
Pravda
Bespi,mernyy nauchnyy podvig; materialy gazety "Pravda" o trekh swetskikh
kossicheskikh raketakh (Unparalleled Scientific Achievement: Materials From
"Pravda" on 3 Soviet Coamic Rockets) Moscow, Gos. izd-vo fiziko-matmaticheskoy
lit-ry, 1959. 202.P- 50,000 copies printed.
I
PURPOSE: This book is intended for the general reader.
COVERAGE: The book contains articles from "Pravda"J, announcing the laimching of
three Soviet cosaic rockets on 2 January, 12 September, and 4 October 1959.
Articles which',describe details and observations of the flights of the rockets
are included and are illustrated by diagrans and photographs. The book contains
nmtechpical contributions by several Soviet scientists. No personalities are
mentioned. There are no references.
TABIZ OF CCHTENTS:
FIRST SOVIET C06MC ROCM
TASS Communiquee On the Launching of a Cosmic Pocket To%mrd the Moon
1/4

Unparalleled Scientific (Cont.)
SOVAW
On the Flight of the Cosmic Rocket Tamrd the Moon. TASS Ca=unique 12
To the Scientists., Engineers, Technicians, Workmen, and the Entirt, Group
of-Workers Participating in the Creating and IA=ching of the Cosmic
Rocket 19
The Soviet Cosmic Rocket
20
Sbklovskiy, I. S. (Doctor of Physics and Mathematics). krtificial Canet 49
Vernov. S., (Corresponding Member, AS USSRJand A. Chudakov (Doctor of
Mathematics]. The Newest in the Study of Cosmic Rays 57
The Universe Reveals Its Mysteries. Investigation of Outer Space
With Rockets and Satellites 62
Card 2/4

UnparalIeled Scientific (Cont.) SOV/4890
Scientists Speak
SECOND SOVIET COMaC ROCKET
TABS Communique. On the launching by the Soviet Union of a Codmic Rocket
Toward the Moor.
Motion of the Second Soviet Cosmic Rocket. TASS Communicjw/
TABS Communique
To the Scientists, Designers, Engineers, Technicians,, Workmen., and
the Entire Group Participating in the Creation and Launching of the
Second Soviet Cosmic Rocket Toward the Moon
TABS Communique. On the First Results of the Launching of the Cosmic
Rocket to the Moon
91
105
108
115
117
li8
Card 3/4

Unparalleled Scientific (Coat.)
First Flight to the Moon
Cordial Thanks
Scieniists Speak
SOV/4890
THIRD SOVIET COSMIC ROCKET
TAM Commmique. On the Launching of the Third Cosmic Rocket by,the
Soviet Union
Third Soviet Cosmic Rocket in Flight. TABS Commmique
An Unparalleled Scientific Achievement
The Third Soviet Cosmic Rocket
Scientists.8peak
AVAIIAMZ% Library of Congress (TL796-5-R8P66)
Card 4/4 AC/dfk/f&1
3-2o-61
121
131
133
141
144
158
163
193

1519
SA27/60/002/000/001/027
D299/D304
AUTHORS: jernov, S. N., Khristiansen, G.B., Abrovimovq A. T.,
G-oryunov, N. N., Dmitriyev, V A , Kulikov, G. B.p
Nechin, Yu. A., Sokolov, S. P: (deceased), Solov'yeva,
V. I., Solov'yevq K. I.g Strugals'kiy, Z, S., and
Khrenov, B. A.
TITLE: General description of the setup used for studying ez-
tensive air showers and the provisional results ob-
tained
SOURCE: International Conference on Cosmic Radiation. Moscow,
1959. Trudy. v. 2. Shirokiye atmoefernirye livni I kas-
kadny.ye protesessy, 5-16
TEXT: A complex experimental setup wae installed at Moscow State
Universityt consisting of a simultaneously operating physical appa-
ratus plus the oorresponding radio-technical equipment and photo-
graphical recording devices. The setup Incorporates over 5000 Gei-
ger-Mldller counters (forming a hodoscope), about 150 ionization
Card 1P

S/62~46~002/000/001/027
General description of the setup..~ D299/-D304
chambers and a large diffueion chamber. The setup is designed for a
comprehensive and simultaneous inveeiigation of all the basic compo-
nents (electrons and photons, nuclear-active particles andu-mesons)
of extensive air showers at sea level. The setup was designed in 2
different configurat-ions: the first at the end of 1957, and the se-
cond at the beginning of 1959. Below, only the results obtained by
means of the first setup are considered, The setup was located in
a special building and in 10 mobile laboratories. The showers were
registered by the system of hodoscoped counters. Paj. ,t of the coun-
ters were shielded (those for detecting the nuclearactive particles
and thep-meBons) and the other counters were not shielded. The io-
nization chambers served to determine the lateral distribution of
the electron-photon component and of the nuclearacti-e component.
The microstructure of the electron component was studied by means
of the diffusion chamber. Special measures were taken to ensure
continuous and prolonged operation of the setup. The main units of
the setup were automatically controlled, in particular the au ply
units and the photography system. The operation of the setup tae a
whole) was controlled (triggered) by a selection system; in parti-
Card 2/7

31519
S/627/60/002/000/001/027
General description of the setup ... D299/D304
cular, the showers were selected in accordance with the density of
the electron flow and of thep-mesons. The setup was in operation
for about 2500 hours, yielding a large amount of experimental data
which are still being processed. The probability theory (Baye's
theorem) was used for determin-''g the (x,y'j-aY_,ea and the number of
particles N of the shower; in addition the distribution function
f(r) as well as other distribution functions were determined (r de-
noting distance). The values of x, y and N were found by means of
a special- electronic simulator. The density ddst*ribution of elec-
trone and mesons was determined by means of furi~ula
.W(p) Ll - exp(- pc~. ,p [- pa~, (ni- m,
where m. is the number of counters which operate ove:r an area C".,
and n. - the overall number of such ci:,unters. The energy E of the
electron--photon component was determined by means of ionization
Oard 3/ 7

-15
S/627/6,OYO02,/000/001/027
General deecription of the setup ... D2)QVD-',04
chambers, shielded with lead (up to 6 cm thick). A very comprehen.-
sive picture of the particles and energies was obtained for showers
whose axes fell within the system of 128 cubic detection chambers.
The setup permits observing the ceritral part of an at'llospheric
shower, whereby its several layers are simultanecu-31y observed;
this corresponds to the individual observation of the electron-
photong nuclearactive andu-meson components. The processed mate-
rial already yielded a fairly detalled picture oil the structure of
extensive air showers at sea level. Thus, the lateral distributlon
of particle flow in the individual showers was ascertained. It was
found that the lateral distribution varies (in the I to 25 m range)
from shower to shower; the average distribution is, in the range of
5 cm to 100 m, as follows:
KiN K 3,3-10-3
0,05 E) 5-5 4.0 2-5 0-5
Nphot ( >E) 10 8.0 4.0 0.8
For their experiments, the authors used a plate of lead glasa (typeT(f-1
(TF-1)) with high lead contefit.'This plate covered one half of the
diffusion chamber. 850 hours of measurement were made in the open chamber
and 440 hours in the closed one. The actual number of particles observed
in the showers is much smaller than that which would be expected if the
first assumption on the nature of the collinear beam were true. Experi-
ments performed with diffusion chamber, arranged above two rows of
ionization chambers, gave similar results. The second assumption, that
the observed beam consists of,"-mesons, is then briefly discussed. For
Card 2/3