SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT PAVLOV, I. M. - PAVLOV, I. M.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R001239610015-3
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: January 3, 2017
• Document Release Date: August 1, 2000
• Sequence Number: 15
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

S/qoq/60/000/004/009/024
E193/E183
Specific Pressure in Cold Polling (Cold Reducing) of Tubes
groove). In addition, the average magnitude of specific pressure
was determined, and an attempt was made analytically to solve the
problem of distribution of pressure in the deformation region.
The measurements of the specific pressure were carried out under
industrial conditions on a cold-reducing inall ')W.T-32 (KhPT-32).
Specially designed rolls (300 mm in diameter) permitted direct
determination of the pressure at six points of the pass with the
aid of six carbon pressure gauges of the membrane type,
constructed ~jy TsNIITMASh~ Fig.1 shows the expanded pass with
the location of the pressure gauges indicated by dots and their
distance from the wide end of the pass given in mm. Each of the
two semi-circular rolls accommodated three of these gauges in the
manner shown in Fig.2. All gauges were located in the plane of
the crown of the pass, the problem of distribution of pressure
across the groove being outside tlie scope of this Investigation.
The electrical pulses, generated by the pressure gauges, were
recorded on a photographic film with the aid of a magneto-electric
oscillograph nc. -3 -A (POB-14). The groove and the mandrel were
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Specific Pressure in Cold Rolling (Cold Reducing) of Tubes
designed to give a pass which tapered from 34 x 3.0 to 23 x 1.0 mm.
The pressure measurements were carried out during rolling of tubes
of aluminium alloys AMF(AMG), R-1 (D-1) and a-16 (D-16). The
stock (33.2 outside diameter, 3-0-3-2 mm wall thickness) was rolled
to the following final sizes: 23 x 0.75, 23 x 0.83, 23 x 1.0,
23 x 1.1, 23 X 1.5, and 23 x 1.73 mm. Both the roll grooves and
inside walls of the tubes were lubricated with mineral oil. The
magnitude of feed was determined from the number of reversals per
100 mm of the length of the stock rolled. Owing to the
difficulties encountered in measuring the pressure at normal
rolling speeds, a speed of 10-12 reciprocal revs/min was used in
the experiments. In addition to the specific pressure, the total
roll pressure was measured with the aid of a gauge accommodated in
the roll housing. Preliminary to experiments proper, a formula was
derived for the critical angle, P, in the plane of the groove
crown, and the values of this angle and of the contact angle go,
were calculated for various feeds, m. It was shown that at
small m (e.g. m = 1.5 mm) P < go for the entire length of the
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E193/6183
Specific Pressure in Cold Rolling (Cold Reducing) of Tubes
pass; this means that under these conditions the metal lags behind
the rolls in the entire deformation region. At large m,
0 > eol and the deformation region (contact zone) comprises two
zones: a zone where the metal lags behind the rolls, and the zone
of forward slip, the latter increasing with increasing m. (Fig.3).
Measurements of specific pressure, p, were carried out at
m = 4-12 mm, i.e. under conditions of 2-zone deformation region.
The results for alloy D-1, rolled to elongation i1o = 5.4, are
reproduced in Fig-4 where p (kg/mm2) is plotted against the
distance, x (mm) from the wide end of the pass, the three curves
relatin!; to data obtained at m = 6, 8 and 11 mm. It will be seen
that p varies along the pass, passing through a maximum at a
point approximately 180 mm distant from the wide end of the pass,
the magnitude of the pressure peak increasing with increasing m.
The ascending portions of the curves in Fig.4 correspond to the
rolling stage during which the wall thickness is considerably
reduced and the metal is rapidly work-hardened; the descending
parts of the curves correspond to that stage of the process during
which the reduction of the wall thickness attained rapidly
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Specific Pressure in Cold Rolling (Cold Reducing) of Tubu,
decreases. The results of some other experiments are also
reproduced graphically. In Fig-5, p (kg/n1m2) at various points
of the pass during the forward movement of the rolls, is plotted
against m (mm), the curves obtained for alloy D-1, rolled to
Po = 4.34, relating to points at a distance of 53, 99, 140 and
177 mm from the wide end of the pass. Fig.6 shows how p at
various points of the pass (distance from the wide end of the pass
indicated by each curve) varied with the magnitude of the absolute
deformation Lt, the graphs relating to the forward movement of
the rolls in rolling alloy D-1 to lio = 4.13. The effect of the
relative deformation, ( '& t/t Ad x 100%, on p is illustrated in
the same manner (and for the same rolling conditions) in Fig-7-
In Fig.8, p is plotted against the final thickness, ttp (Mm)
of the tube (the upper horizontal scale) and against the total
elongation, po, (the lower horizontal scale); the curves,
determined for alloy D-1 (wall thickness of the stock = 3.1 nun)
rolled at m = 7.8 mm, relate to points of the pass whose distance
(mm) from the wide end of the pass is indicated by each curve.
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S/509/60/000/004/009/021,
E193/E183
Specific Pressure in Cold Rolling (Cold Reducing) of Tubes
In the second part of the investigation, the average specific
pressure PC,) was determined from tho mensured magnitude of roll
pressure P., The results
.: , and calculated contact area FK-
obtained on various materials rolled on cold-reducin Y mills,
XPT-32 (KhPT-32N, X"T-11/2 (KhPT-11/2) and AnT -2 /2 (KhPT-21/2)
are reproduced graphically in Figs. 9-11, all of which relate to
the forward movement of the rolling process. Fig.9, relating to
copper, rolled on mill KhPT-11/2 (in = 6.3 mm, iLo = 4.95) shows
how pcp (kg/n=2) varied with the distance, x (mm) from the
wide end. In Fig.10 p is plotted against in (nun); the
Cfoy D-1 rolled on mill KhPT-32
curves, constructed for al
(ilo = 4.13), relate to points of the pass whose distance from tile
wide end is shown by each curve. The same relationship for brass
,r-62 (L-62) rolled on mill KhPT-11/2 to u0 = 4.95, is
illustrated in Fig.11. To explain the fact that PC was found
to be practically independent to in, the present autgors
postulated that the variation of in brings about redistribution of
the additional pressure across the pass so that although the
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Specific Pressure in Cold Rolling (Cold Reducing) of Tubes
pressure at some points may increase, its average value remains
the same. Fig.12 shows the hypothetical distribution of
pressure across the pass; for the sake of clarity, the semi-circle
representing the circumference of the groove is shown as a straight
line -jTRx long, where RX is the radius of the groove: graphs
a and 6 relate to rolling at m 4 and 12 mm respectively.
Based on the results of the present investigation, an empirical
formula for pcp was derived in the form
- (t
f
IVD tj
Pcp = 013 7.9 tx (5)
where vjB - U.T.S. (kg/mm2) of the metal rolled, corresponding to
the degree of work-hardening attained in a given point of the pass;
f - coefficient of friction between the metal and rolls; D - roll
diameter, mm; t3 - wall thickness of the stock; tx - wall
thickness of the tube at the point of the pass for which pcp is
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Specific Pressure in Cold Rolling (Cold Reducing) of Tubes
calculated. The above formula (which is applicable only when the
reduction in the wall thickness of the tube is not less than
0.04 mm) gave results which were in good agreement with the
experimental data. In the last chapter of the present paver the
distribution of pressure along the momentary deformation region
(contact zone) is analytically studied, and two formulae are
derived for the pressure in the zones before and after the neutral
point (referred to as the lagging and forward slip zones). The
values cfpressure, obtained with the aid of these formulae, agree
with experimental data only for the narrow end of the pass.
The results of the present investigation can be summarized as
follows. (1) The diagram of the distribution of pressure along
the deformation region constitutes an arched curve which is
characteristic for a 2-zone deformation'.region, and which supports
the postulated existence of a "critical" section in the plane of
the crown of the pass. (2) The specific pressure reaches a
maximum approximately in the middle of the pass. The peak pressure
is 2-2.5 times higher than the U.T.S. of the metal rolled.
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E193/EI83.
Specific Pressure in Cold Rolling (Cold Reducing) of Tubes
(3) Near the leading (wide),end Of the pass, the spec:kfic pressure
is practically independent of the magnitude of feed, m. Near
the exit (narrow) end of the pass, the. specific pressure increases
almost linearly with increasing m, the increase being more
pronounced in sections*corresponding to small wall thickness,of
the tube* With increasing total elongation (or decreasing
final wall thickness) the specific pressure increases hyperboli-
cally. (5) The average specific pkessure is practically
independent of m. (6) The average specific pressure cc-in be
calculated (with accuracy sufficient for practical purposes) from
a formula derived by the present authors.
There are 14 figures, 3 tables and 6 Soviet references~
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S/509/60/000/004/010/024
E193/EI83
AUTHORS: Pavlov, I.M., and Piryazeyt D.I.
TITLE: Axial Loads in Cold Rolling (Cold Reducing) of Tubes
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Institut metallurgii.
Trudy, No. 4, 1960. Metallurgiya, metallovedeniye,
fiziko-khimicheakiye metody issledovaniya, pp-135-140.
TEXT: Many of the mechanical failures, encountered in the
cold-reducing process (seizure of the stock, bending of the rod
supporting the mandrel, excessive wear of various parts of the
feeding mechanism) are caused by axial loads which, in addition,
constitute a factor limiting the protective capacity of the mill.
It was for theme reasons that the present investigation,
concerned with axial loads in rolling non-ferrous metals and
alloys, was undertaken. The measurements were carried out on
cold-reducing mills XrIT-I]L/2" MPT-11/2") and X11T-21/2"
(KhPr-2-1/2"), used for rolling copper and bra'ss tubes. The
axial loads, acting directly on stock, were measured with the aid
of carbon pressure gauges, mounted in a special device attached to
the end of the stocks In the came of mill KhPT-11/2, only the
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S/5oq/6o/ooo/oo4/oiO/024
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Axial Loads in Cold Rolling (Cold Reducing) of Tubes
compressive loads were measured; the device used during rolling
on mill KhPT-21/2" was designed to measure both compressive and
tensile loads. A general view of this device is reproduced in
Fig.1, which shows a cylinder (1) to which the stock (2) was
rigidly attached, and flanges (3) and (4); the compressive loads
were measured with the aid of three carbon gauges (5), similar
gauges of the membrane type having been used to measure the tensile
loads. The electric pulses generated by the gauges were recorded
with the aid of a magneto-electric oscillograph !MOE;-14 (POB-14).
In addition to the axial loads, the roll pressure was also
determined. In the case of mill KhPT-11/211, the measurements were
carried out during rolling of copper and brass tubes through six
different passes. Mill KhFT-2-172" was used to study the
variation of axial loads during rolling of brass tubes through a
tapered pass (61 x 6 - 36 x 3 mm) and through a 4-zone pass
(61 x 6 - 38 x 3 mm)- Some of the typical results are reproduced
graphically. In Fig.2, the roll pressure, ~, (kg, left-hand
scale) is plotted against the distance, x (mm) from the leading
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Axial Loads in Cold Rolling (Cold Reducing) of Tubes
end of the pass, curves I and 2 relating to the forward and
reverse movements of the rolls respectively. Similarly, curves
3 (forward movement) and 4 (reverse movement) show the variation of
the axial load 0 (kg, right-hand scale). The results,
reproduced in hgl, reltkte to copper tubes rolled on mill KhPT-114V
through a pass 40 x 3 27 x 0.8 mm, the other rolling parameters
being p0 (elongation) 3.9 and m (feed) = 8.3 mm. The results
for brass JI-68 (L-68) rolled on mill KhPT-21/2" through a 4-zone
pass 61 x 6 - 38 X 3-0 mm (ILO = 2.9, m = 4 mm) are reproduced in
the same manner in Fig-3, except that in this case PZ; is given in
tons. In Fig.4, the axial load Qj; (kg) is plotted against the
distance x (mm) from the leading end of the pass, curves I and 2
relating respectively to the forward and reverse movement during
rolling of brass L-68 through a tapered pass 61 x 6 - 36 x 3 mm
Oo = 3.5, m = 4.0 mm). The combined effect of the variation of
feed, m, and elongation, 1i0, on Qy (kg) during rolling of
copper (reverse movejoent) on mill KhPT-1-L/2", through a pass
40 x 2 - 27 x 0.8 mm, is plotted against m (mm), curves 1, 2 and
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Axial Loads in Cold Rolling (Cold Reducing) of Tubes Xj
3 relating to i1o = 3.0, 3.9 and 5.6 respectively, see Fig-5).
, (kg) during rolling of brass L-68 on mill KhPT-11/211
in Fig.6, Q7
through a Pass 36 x 3 - 24 x 1 mm GLo = 3-9) is plotted against m
(mm), curves I and 2 relating respectively to points at a distance
of 154-7 mm from the leading end of the pass (forward movement) and
126.7 mm (reverse movement). In the final experiments, the effect
of various lubricants on Q7 was studied. The results, obtained
during rolling of brass L-68 on mill KhPT-11/2" through a tapered
Pass 36 x 3 - 24 x I nun 0io = 3.9. m = 8.3 mm), are reproduced in
Fig-7, showing the variation of Q-Z due to change of the
lubricant, curves 1 and 2 having been constructed for the forward
and reverse movement of the rolls, and the experimental points
relating to an oil/graphite mixture (open circles), solidol (full
circles), emulsol (full triangles), and mineral oil (full squares).
The main conclusions reached by the present authors can be
summarised as follows. (1) In analogy to the roll pressure, the
axial loads during cold reducing of tubes vary along the pass.
The axial loads during the reverse movement are considerably higher
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s/5oq/6o/ooo/oo4/oio/024
al 93/ L" 183
Axial Loads in Cold Rolling (Cold Reducing) of Tubes
than those during the forward movement rolls, constituting 8-1000
of the roll pressure in the former,'and only 2.5-6e,'o in the latter
case. If, therefore, seizure of the stock occurs, it probably
takes place during the reverse movement of the rolls.
-fold increase in the feed increases the axial loads
(2) Two
1.3-1.8 times; a similar increase in the wall thickness o-~* the
stock Increases the axial loads by a factor of 2.3.
(3) Minimum axial loads are ensured by using an oll/graphite'
mixture for lubrication; mineral oil, used for this purpose',
raises the magnitude of the axial loads to its maximum.
There are 7 figures, 2 tables and 2 refererices: I Soviet and 2
1 German.
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71

5/509/60/000/c,04/0! 1/024
E' 19 3/ il 8 3
AUTHOP_,-~: Pavlov, and i'iryazev, D. I.
TITI,,,,- Investigation of the Uotal Roll Pressure During Cold
Rolling (Cold Reducing) of' Tubes
PERIODICAL: -kademiya nauk 6.~-~)R- Institut metallurgii.
Trudy, No. 4. 1960. Nietallurgiya, metallovedeniye,
fiziko-khitnicheskive metody i~-Iedovanjya, pp.141-149
TEXT: The object of' the present inve.-,igation was to study
the effect of various parameters of the rolling process on the
pressure exerted on the rolls during cold reducing of tubes made
of aluminium alloys LI-1 (D-1) and AMF tAMG), brasses P-62
(L-62) and )~-68 (L-68). German silver, and copper. Mills
Xr7-1 " (Khi'T-1-F"), V`7 -2-.," (Khifr-21"), 'XI-7-F-32 (KhPY-32) and
'Y"--75 Mhl'T-75) were u,- -.1 in the experiments, and the measure-
..:ents were carried out with the aid of carbon pressure gauges
accommodated in the housing of the rolls, the electrical pulses
generated by the gauges being recorded by a 14-loop oscillograph
rCjF -14 (POB-1;k ) .The long-term object of the investigation was
to gather data that could be utilized for improvement of the roll
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j/ 509/60/ 000/ 004/0 11/ 02"1
L 193/ j,183
Investigation of the rotal Roil Pressure During Cold Rolling
(Cold Reducing) of Tubes
pas-, design developed at Katedra prokatki Institut.1 stall
(Mech.mical Rolling Department of the oteel Institute), io this
end. ;he passes in the roils u,,;ed in the present investigation were
CalCUlated from the formulaedue to I.M. Pavlov et al. (Pef.3).
tz
tx= --- -
U E: -nj
-nl
(1)
z
and t
t
x x" x (2)
n.-, n2
W11 er e: tx wall thickness (min) at the given [)o2nt of the pass;
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investigation of the Total Roll Pressure During Cold Rolling
(Cold Reducing) of Tubes
tz - ~fall thickness (mm) of the stock; ~Lc = tz/ttp- total
reduction in the wall thickness; e - length (mm) of the reducing
portion of the pass; x - the coordinate (distance from the wide
e~Ind) of the given point of the pass (mm); n1 and n2 - constants
(nl 0.64, n2 =-#pO.l)- Formula (1) was used to design the
roll passes for mills KhFT-21 it and KhPT-75, formula (2) having
been used for the two other mills. Some of the results obtained
during rolling of alloy MIG (mill KhPT-32) through a tapered pass
34 x 3 - 23 x 1.0 mm (elongation 40 = 4.32, feed m = 8.0 mm),
are reproduced in Fig.1, where the roll pressure PE (kg, left-
hand scale, lower curve) and the decrease atx (mm, right-hand
scale, upper curve) in the wall thickness are plotted against the
distance x (mm), from the leading end of the pass. In Fig.2,
&- (kg) is plotted against the distance FP (mm) from the leading
end of the pass, curves I and 2 relating respectively to the
forward and reverse movement of the rolls of the mill KIWT-75,
used for rolling alloy D-16 through a 4-zone Pass 54 x 4 -
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E193/Ei83
Invescigation of the Total Roll Pressure During Cold Rolling
(Cold Reducing) of Tubes
35 x 1.75 mm (m = 10 mm). In Fig-3, P-Z (kg) during the forward
movement of the rolls (mill KhPT-A" used for rolling copper
through a pass 40 x 2 - 27 x 0.8 mm) is plotted against feed m
(mm), curves 1, 2 and 3 relating to rolling to attain elongation
ILo of 3.0, 3.9 and 5.6 respectively; the variation of PS
during the reverse movement under the same conditions is similarly
illustrated in Fig-4. The effect of elongation, igo, is
illustrated in Fig-5, where Pn during the forward movement of
the rolls is plotted against 40, graphs (a) and (b) relating
respectively to points at a distance of 99 and 140 mm from the
leAdtng end of the pass: the graphs were constructed for alloy D-1,
rolled on mill KhPr-32 through a pass 31, x 3 - 23 x I -rnm
(m = 7.9 mm). Fig.o' shows P7 (at x = 177 and 53 mm) as a
function of the absolute deformation j~~t (mm), the data having
I?ee.n obtained during rolling of alloy D-1 on mill KhPT-32
Go = 4.13). Fig.7 shows P5, (at x = 201.5 and 59-5) as a
function of the relative deformation &t/t x 1001- the curves
~ar,d 4/ U

S/509/60/000/004/011/024
E193/El83
Investigation of the Total Roll Pressure During Cold Rolling
(Cold Reducing) of Tubes
having been constructed for copper rolled through a pass 32 x 3 -
20 x I mm (p. = 4.65). In Fig.8, PE at x = 94.7 mm (curve 1)
and x. = 235.7 mm (curve 2) is plotted against the wall thickness
tz (mm) of the stock; this graph relates to brass L-62 rolled
through a pass 38 x 3 - 1-5 x I mm (forward movement). The
results reproduced in Fig.9, where PIS is plotted against the
rolling speed n (reciprocal revs/111in), relate to alloy MIG,
rolled on mill KhPT-32, through a pass 29 x 3 - 18 x 0.8 mm
(m = 7.8 mm). Finally, the results of lubricating tests are
reproduced in Fig.10, where P-y is plotted against various types
of lubricants used in the rolling of brass L-68 on mill KhPT-A
through a pass 36 x 3 - 24 x 1 mm (~to = 4.65, m = 8.3 mm),
curves I and 11 relating to the forward and reverse movement
respectively. The type of lubricant is shown as follows: open
circles - oil/graphite mixture; full circles - solidol; full
triangle - emulsol; full circle (on the extreme left) - mineral
oil T e following conclusions were reached.
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Investigation of the Total Roll Pressure During Cold Rolling
(Cold Reducing) of Tubes
(1) Irrespective of the size of tho mill and type of alloy rolled,
more favourable distribution of' the roll pressure along the pass
is obtained if instead of a 4-zone pass, a tapered pass calculated
from the formulae (1) and (2) is used. Since the maximum roll
pressure in a tapered pass is 1.5 times lower than that in a
4-zone pass, the introduction of tho former in industrial practico
should increase the output of the mill and improve the quality of'
the product. (2) A two-fold increase in the feed increases the
roll pressure by a factor of 1.3-1-5. (3) In rolling tubes to
the final wall thickness > 1.3 mm, the increase in the roll
pressure due to increased feed is approximately the same as that
due to increased elongation; when the final wall thickness is
below 1.3 mm, the effect of elongation becomes more pronounced.
(4) Doubling the wall thickness of the stock increases the roll
pressure by a factor of 1.2 during the forward movement, and by a
factor of 1.3 during the reverse movement of the rolls.
(5) Within the range of the rolling speeds studied
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Investigation of the Total Roll Pressure During Cold Rolling
(Cold Reducing) of Tubes
(10-80 reciprocal revs/min), the roll pressure remains practically
constant. (6) Best results (lowest roll pressure) are obtained
when an oil/graphite mixture is used for lubrication. However,
this lubricant is difficult to remove from the finished product,
and the application of emulsol or solidol is recommended instoad.
There are 10 figures, I table and 4 Soviet references.
Pe
"MO
Z?OX
18POP
Card 7/3A

PAVWV. I.)L; SUVOROV. 1.I.; FOMWO. TU.Ye.
Improved cylindrical torelometer with a cut-lj2 strip. Ity.
vys.ucheb.zav.; chern.met. no-5:72-75 160.
(MIM 13 -.6)
1. HDskovskly inetitut stall.
(Torsion) (%~asuring instruments)

PAVLOV, I.M.; MIS, V.Ya.
Relation of metal hardness during cold working to the reversal of the
deforwition stress. Trudy Inst.met. no.5:100-112 '60. (M14- 13:6)
(Metals--Cold vorking) (Brinell teet)

- FAVLOV, I.M.; MKIS, Y-Ta.
Dependence of the strength limit. the yield limit and the elongatiot
per unit length on stress reversal during plastic metal deformation.
Trudy Inst.met. no.5:113-126 160. (MIRA 13:6)
(Metals-Testing)
(Deformations (Mechanics)

8/:L80/60/000/005/031/033
Elll/E135
AUTHORS: Belosevich, V.K. , anS_E2%kQy-,=,j~os cow)
TITLE: The Destruction of Metal under the Influence of a
Technological Lubricant A\ During Rolling
P
BRIODICAL: Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR,Otdeleniye tekhnicheskikh
nauk, Metallurgiya i toplivo, 1960, No-5, pp 224-226
TEXT: It is pointed out that the influence of a
technological lubricant on the process of cold rolling was
investigated mainly from the point of view of its influence on the
friction coefficient and the related problem of the thickness of
sheets obtainable on a given rolling equipment. The lubricant can
also have a strong influence on the quality of the surface of
sheets. This is illustrated by examples of steel strip from steel
ce -08 (SV-08) rolled with castor and palm oil (Fig.1) and stearic
acid (Fig.2a) and titanium strip rolled with natural wax (Fig.26).
It is considered that in addition to known phenomena of surface
activity of the lubricant and the subsequent hydrostatic action of
the lubricant squeezed into fissures, the destruction of --trip can
be caused by some specific phenomena in the focal point of
deformation which, apparently, were not yet investigated.
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9193/E483
AUTHORS: Pavlov. I.M' and Mekhed, G.N.
TITLE. Determination of the Resistance to Deformation of
Metals in Impact Bending and Tension
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Institut metallurgii. Trudy,
No.7. Moscow, 1960. PP~3-14- Metallurgiya,
metallovedeniye, fiziko-khimicheskiye metody
issledovaniya
TEXT: Proper understanding of the behaviour of polycrystalline
aggregatea, deformed at elevated temperatures at high rates of
strain, has an important bearing on the problems of malectiort,
design and construction of equipment for hot plastic working of
metals. Owing to experimental difficulties, encountered in
studies of the resistance to deformation of metals subjected to
dynamic loads, data yielded by static tests or obtained by indirect
dynamic methods have been used for this purpose, leading often to
erroneous results, The object.of the investigation described in
the present paper was to explore the possibility of using a direct
method to obtain accurate data on the load-strain-time
relationship for metals, deformed under conditions of dynamic
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Determination of the Resistance ... E193/E483
loading, To this end, a specially designed impact testing
machine PSWO-1000 (VEB WPM - Leipzig) of the pendulum type was
used, in which both tensile and bending tests could be carried out,
In addition to the usual facilities for measuring the work done in
bending a notched bar (of the beam type) or in fracturing a
tensile-test pieco, the machine was equipped with photo-cells,
piezo-electric gauges and an oscillograph, With the aid of these
devices, the load-strain and strain-time diagrams could be recorded
in the form of oscillograms from which the impact strength and
inean resistance to deformation of the metal studied could be IX
calculated, as well as the duration of the deformation process.
The equipment (whose detailed description in given) was used to
conduct impact bending tests on technical iron with the combined
C,'S and Ma content of 0.02% at 20 to 1200*C, and impact tensile
tests an copper at room temperature. An oscillogram of the type
obtained in the bending tests is reproduced in Fig.6 which shows
how the load exerted on the test piece ( h, middle curve) varied
with time (upper waveform, 1 wavelength representing 1/1000 sec)
and with the distance travelled by the pendulum (lower waveform,
I waveform representing 2 mm). By dividing the area under the
Card 2/7

. 22741
S/5og/60/POO/007/002/014
E193/E483-
AUTHORS: Pavlov I.M. and Krupin, A.V,
TITLE: An Approximate Graphical Method o'f Determining the
Defect-Induced Stress Concentration in Metals
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Institut metallurgii. Trudy,
No-7. Yoscow, 1960. PP-15-19. Metallurgiya
metallovedeniye, fiziko-khimicheskiy mptody
issledovaniya
TEXT: Defects in the form of discontinuities (voids) in metals
zkct as.stress risers. The stress concentration due to such a
defect is always less if the defect is completely filled with
another substance (subsequently referred to as "fillerlt), the
existence of a bond between the filler and the parent metal being a
necessary condition-for this decrease in the stress concentration
to occur. The'results of photo-elastic studies, conducted by the
present authors on thin flat test pieces, showed that in the case
of hard and notch-sensitive metals the defect-induced stress
concentration depends on the shape of the defect and on the nature
of the filler, the quantitative measure of the in luence of these
two factors beAng given by the, so-called, shape loefficient K4P
Card 1/4

22741
5/5og/60/000/007/002/014
An Approximate G6phical Method ... E193/E483
and filler coefficient Ka It was shown also that the
integrated coefficient of ;tress concentration due to any defect is
given by K = K4 Ka . The magnitude of K 0 of a filler-free
defect can be determined experimentally or analytically; in the
case of an elliptical or circular hole it can be calculated from a
formula derived by G.Kolosov' K = 1 + 2a/b, where a and b are
the main semi-axes of the ellipse. K3 can be found from an
empirical formula Kq= __ S ___
0.62 E~' +J*
L'O
where E3 and Eo
metal respectively.
defect-induced stress
are elastic moduli of the filler and parent
Thus the integrated coefficient of any
Concentration-can be calculated from
K
0.62 LL,3 + I
The approximate values of K can be found with the aid of the
nomogram, reproduced in FiS.2, which consists of a KS (r3/Eo) curve
Card 2/4

22741
S/5og/60/000/007/002/014
An Approximate Graphical Method ... E193/E483
(left-hand side diagram) and a set of lines'passing through the
origin of the coordinate system and corresponding to various
values of K4p -(right-hand diagram). The following procedure is
used: (1) the ES/Eo ratio-is-calculated for the given case and
the corresponding value of Kq --is found from the left-hand curve;
(2) from the point determined by these two-coordinates, a
horizon'tal line is draum to intersect a line corresponding to K(p
of the given defect, the appropriate magnitude of K+ having been
determined experimentally or analytically; (31 a vertical line is
draum from the point of intersection to intersect the axis of
abs cissae on which the sought value of K is'read off. The
method proposed is illustrated by various numerical examples.
There are 3 figures and I table.
Card 3/4

22751
S/5og/60/000/007/012/oi4
C) E194/E483
AUTHORS. Pavlov, I.M, and Shelest, A.Ye,
TITLZ: Investigation of Basic Factors in Rolling Titanium
Alloys With High Reductions
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Institut metallurgii, Trudy, N0.7,
Moscow, 1960. pp.110-114. Metallurgiya metallovedeniye,
fiziko-khimicheskiy metody issledovaniya
TEXT- The authors have previously studied the hot rolling of
various titanium alloys at constant relative reductions of 20%.
They now describe corresponding studies on one of these alloys,
BT5 (VTO and type lXl8H9T (lKhl8N9T) stainless steels at
reductions of up to 60% A two-high mill with smooth 200 mm
diameter rolls fitted with ball bearings was used to roll
specimens 10 mm thick, 15 mm wide and 150 mm long. Total rolling
pressure was measured with carbon load cells in the screw-down
gear. Wire strain gauges on the shafts measured torque, their
output being amplified electronically and recorded, together with
total rolling pressure by means of an oscillograph. Specimens
were preheated to 800 -1200"C to give uniform temperature
distribution (Ref.l: V,K.Belosevich, V.F.Kalugin, H.I,Korneyev,
Card 1/5

22751
S/509/60/000/007/012/014
Investigation of Basic Factors E194/E483
I.M.Pavlov, I.G.Skugarev, A.Ye.Shelest, "Isv. AN SSSR, OTNII, 1956.
NO~10). Fig.1 shows specific pressure, kg/mm2, as functions of
rolling temperature by continuous and interrupted lines for the
titanium alloy and stainless steel, respectively; curves 1, 2 and
3 refer to reductions of 60, 40 and 20%, respectively. The
specific pressure was less than when the authors used 220 mm
diameter rolls (Ref-3: I.M.Pavlov, A.Ye.Shelest. "Nauchnyye
doklady vysshey shkoly (metallurgiya)", No.3, Izd-vo
"Sovetskaya nauka", 1958), the difference rising with falling roll
pressure. The ratio n of the contact angle a to the central
angle tp , i.e. the angle between the radius through the point of
application of the total metal pressure on the rolls (acting in the
direction of the vertical axis) and the..Wxi'al line, varies within
the range 2 -3 for both steel and alloy, first falling and then
rising with increasing reduction. The authors note the
importance of this parameter, Spread was measured by finding the
change in distance between two points on the side of the specimen
produced in rolling, The lateral spread is plotted as a functian
of temperature for 20% average reduction of type P~TlA MID)
titanium in Fig,2; for IKhl8N9T the maximum lies at 1100 and for
Card 2/5

'22751
S/5og/60/000/007/012/Cl4
Investigation of Basic Factors ... E194/E483
the alloy VT5 at 1000 -10500C, and for technical purity titanium
at 900- 95()"C- Sprend a's a function of relntive reduction is
shown for the steel and the alloy in Fig-3, left and right-hand
graphs respectively, at 800, 1000 and 12000C. The work has shown
that for VT5 alloy the specific pressure in the beta-phase region
is considerably less than in the alpha-ph~se region, the
transformation.leading to an abrupt change. The spread mechanism
in rolling titanium is mpinly through barrel formation, while with
steel it is mainly through slip along the c.ontact surface. Th c
dependence of the index of spread on temperature is also affected
by the allotropic transformati-on, the index being lower for alpha
than for beta titanium: -the narrower the temperature interval of
the transformation the sharper the change. There are 3 figures,
1 table and 11 references: 10 Soviet-bloc and 1 non-Soviet-bloc.
The reference to the English language publication reads as
follows: C.W.Starling. "Sheet Metal Industries", 35, 1958, No.379..
Card 3/5

-- PAV10V I -- I.H.; LITOVCHENKOF N.V.
of rolling reinforcement bar helical rib
Investigating the proces's
nectione. TrtWy Inst. met, no.7:11~-337 160, (HIPJ. 24:3)
Roning(Metalworky)
tinforcing bare)

S/509/60/000/007/014/014
D 0 C"11 Is B3) E194/E483
AUTHORS: Pavlov, I.M.4 Belosevich, V.K. and Belousovt A.S.
TITLE: A Procedure for Assessing Wire Drawing Lubricants
PERIODICAL: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Institut metallurgii. Trudy, No.7-
Moscow, 1960. PP-138-146. Metallurgiya metallovedeniye,
fiziko-khimicheskiy metody issledovaniya
TEXT: This article describes a laboratory method of assessing
wire drawing lubricants. The principal requirements applicable
to wire drawing lubricants are first summarized. In the
assessment the principal magnitudes measured were the wire
drawing force and the amount of lubricant on the wire surface after
drawing. The quality of the wire surface was assessed in certain
cases. The tests were made on a laboratory drawbench at speed of
15 m per min. The wire drawing forces were measured with a
spring dynamometer fitted with strain gauges, the outputs of which
were applied through an amplifier to an oscillograph. The
lubricant thickness on the surface was determined by taking samples
after each draw weighing, washing with benzene and reweighing.
The quality of the surface was assessed-visually by examination
Card V-9, C_

S/509/6 0/000/007/014/014
A Procedure for Assessing ... E194/E483
through a lens with a magnification Of X5 and in some cases a
profilograph type &IC-18 (IS-18) with diamond stylus was used. it
was difficult to obtain uniform raw material in large quantities.
For each series of tests the wire was taken from a single melt or
even from a single coil. Steel of grades 08 -10 was annealed,
etched and limed. Some of the wire was tested without liming.
Steel grade 50 was copper plated and covered with a layer of
liquid glass. Stainless steels IX18IA9 (lKhl8N9) and 2918W9
(2Khl8N9) were annealed (hardened) and etched and then coated with
lime and salt. So far the procedure was much the same as used in
practice at the "Serp i molot" works. The materials were dried
before the tests. The dried lubricants were milled and sievedo
The die geometry was the same in all cases, the half angle of the
inlet cone being 6*30' and the length of cylindrical part
4P = d/2. All the dies were made of hard alloy type IRK8 MO.
The method of finishing the dies is explained. The initial
length of the wire samples was about 10 m. Both solid and liquid
lubricants were applied by normal methods. The wire drawing
force was measured oscillographically at ten points at intervals of
Card 2/9, (_

s/569/60/000/007/014/014
A Procedure for Assessing E194/E483
about 1.5 sec, thus giving the mean force used in calculations of
the coefficient of friction. The wire drawing force itself
should not be used to assess,the quality of the lubricant, it-is
better to use the coefficient of friction, formulae for the
calculation of which have been given by other authors. In view of
the cone geometry used, the coefficient of friction was
calcula.ted from the following simplified formula
1k 21i.p b +0,7698 (0,1139+L"2.),
P + ~- 2
where PTp - the coefficient of friction;
drawing stress; p - the mean resistance ~o
cross-~gection'of the area before drawing;
area after drawing', 'a
Cos T tga-cos T
b , + - ~ ~L
Cos 2- Lq a - ens
k - the specific wire
strain; F - the
f - the cross-sectional
Card 3/9,

S/509/60/000/007/014/ol4
A Procedure for'Assessing ...
For difterent vv~iues, curves of the following type may be
constructed: k/p = V(UTp)- . In practice, the value of k may
be determined from the mean wire drawing stress and p may be
taken'as the mean of c0 and a,. In each particular case the
coefficient ef friction is determined from the calculated value of
k/p. The amount of lubricant on the surface was expressed in . X
mg/cm2. It was difficult to calculate the mean thickness because
the specific gravity-of the lubricant layer wKich includes the
lubricant and wear products in indeterminate condition could not be
determined. In addition, determinations were made of variations
in wire drawing stress (Kmax - Kmin) /Kaverage 1000-
Fig-3 shows typical graphs of the change in the amount of lubricant
on the surface and of the coefficient of friction with increasing
number of passes. The tests relate to steel lubricated with soap
powder, the upper graph gives the quantity of lubricant on the
surface in mg/cm2 and the lower graph the coefficient of friction
(note that rough scratches are formed after the seventh pass).
So long as there is plenty of lubricant the surface of the wire is
matt and profilograms of the surface give differences of about
'Card 4/k (

S/509/6o/ooo/oo7/014/014
A Procedure for Assessing E194/E483
5 microns between the peaks and values. There are no scratches
or scorings. When the amount of lubricant has become reduced,
the friction usually varies little but there is a marked change in
the surface finish, there may be sometimes one or two more passes
without scoring or heavy scratches but with bad lubricants
scratching occurs at once. As soon as scoring has commenced, the
amount of lubricant varies widely and the wire drawing stresses
and coefficient of friction increase, as does the variation in wire
drawing effort. The values obtained with some of the lubricants
when drawing steel are tabulated. It is evident that there is no
direct relationship between the coefficient of friction and the
stability of lubricant assessed-by the number of passes. Certain
changes in the coefficient of friction when the quantity of
lubricant is markedly reduced shows that it is impossible to judge
of the mechanism of friction from the absolute value of the
coefficient of friction as certain authors do, Still less is it
justified to assert that when the coefficient of friction is less
than 0.05, the friction in wire drawing is of hydrodynamic type,
The fact that after the layer of lubricant has become thin, with
Card 5/ 9L, L

S/509/60/000/007/014/014
A Procedure for Assessing ... E194/E483
most lubri--ants scratches are observed which are later converted
to deep scoring indicates that in assessing the quality of wire
drawing lubricant it is important to note the number Of passes for
the lubricant layer becomes too thin, The number of passes without
heavy scratches and scoring in the presence of a thin layer of
lubricant is also very important in assessing the lubricant.
I.L.Perlin and S.I.Gubkin are mentioned for their contribution in
this field. There are 5 figures, I table and 10 references:
6 Soviet-bloc and 4 non-Soviet-bloc., The two references to
English language publications read as follows; R.Tourett,
Wire and Wire Products. 111, 30, No.3. 1955;
W.M.Halliday. Wire Industry, XII, 24, No.228, 1957.
Card 6/-9, ~,_-

5/148/60/000/009/013/025
A16l/AO30
AUTHORSs Pavlov, I.M., Suvorov, I.K., and Fomenko, Yu.Ye.
TITLE: An investigation of scale on free-cutting steel and its
effect on friction in rolling
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya vyeshikh uohebnykh zavedeniy. Chernaya metallurgiya,
no. 9, 1960, 95-101
TEXTt Free-cutting steel causes difficulties in rolling, i.e. the
grip of the rollers is not fi rm. the rollers slip on metal, the metal cracks
and tears. Same diff'culties are experienced with this steel abroad. The
steel per GOST 141L-~4 standard contains 0.08-0.30% S, up to 0-15% P and
0.45% C. Sulphur content sometimes reaches 0.596, The causes of the trouble
in rolling have not yet been investigated and no data on the matter exist
in works on the melting, deoxidation and teeming of free-cutting steel
(Ref.1-4). The described Investigation has been carried out in rolling in
a "75011 billet mill, with free-cutting "A1211 and "A12A" and structural
steel for comparison. Scale was collected from under the rolls in the mill
Card 1/6

3/11"AJ/60/000/009/013/025
An investigation of scale A16 I7A030
and from ingots, The temperature of Bcale softening was determined in an
installation of Kafedra metallurgii chuguna MIS (The Chair of Iron Metal-
lurgy of MIS) used for testing the softening of ore and sinter (Fig.1).
The softening point of the furnace Beale was found at 10500C. The soften--
ing point changed in rolling: 10000C after the second pass; 9500 after the
third; 8500 after the fifth and the seventh; 9000 after the ninth. It
drops from 10500 in the first pass to 8500, and rises again after the
seventh. The content of C in the scale varied from O~01 to 0.02%; of Mn
from 0.6 to 0.7%; Si from 0.15 to 0.96%, The S content varied drastically:
furnace scale contained 0,.032-0.039% S, this content was maintained in the
first and second pass. but in the third p6es it rose to 0.15% and reached
0.39% in the fifth, then dropped to 0-115% in the seventh pass and to 0.10%
after the ninth, Sulphur content in structural "20" steel scale was con-
siderably lower, Curves of the sulphur content variation are shown (Fig-5).
The curve of the roller grip (Fig.1) clearly shows the influence of the
sulphur content in t.he scale .- gripping becomes difficult with a higher
sulphur content, The sulphur distribution in the metal was investigated
by Baumann sulphur prints and by chemical analysis taken from different
Card 216

S/148J60/000/009/013/025
An investigation of scale A161/AO30
portions of ingots and from rolled strip. It varied only insignificantly.
Conclusions: 1) A difficult grip is characteristic of free-cutting steel
compared with other steel grades. 2) The chemical composition of the scale
changes in the rolling process, particularly the sulphur content. 3) The
softening point of the scale collected in the rolling process is in the
range 850-10500C, and the softening point is lower with a higher sulphur
content. 4) Increased sulphur content in the scale makes the gripping dif-
ficult. 5) The segregation of sulphnr is insignificant in rolled steel and
in ingots. 6) Sulphur segregation is not clearly exprVesed in steel with
a high sulphur content; the sulphur content difference is low on a different
level and across in the agots. 7) The sulphur distribution is more even
in free-cutting steel !-,oxidized with aluminum, and the size of sulphurous
inclusions is smalle-. 8) The sulphur distribution improves in rolled
metal during the rol'inJ process. This is more clearly expressed in "A12A"
steel deoxidized ~,_th aluminum. There are 5 figures, 3 tables and '0 Sov-iet-
bloc references.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy institut stali (moscow Steel Institute
S UBM I HBO: 26 January 1960
Card 3/6

An investigation of scale
AV
jV
20
Card V6
S/ 1 If 8/60/000/009/013/025
A161/AO30
Fig. I - Rolls grip in the
1st staxd of "750" mill
1 - "A12" steel
2 - "A12A"
3 "n".3" (3t-3)
4 112011 steel

An invest~,ation of scale ...
OJ2 -
cl~
t3 'ZO
k
0g
12 -
098
Card 5/6
s/14a/6o/ooo/ooq/cI3/025
i.16VA030
Fig. 4 - The sulphur content.
in scale of "A12" steel
(in 9 passes)

An investigation of scale ...
&V
S/148/60/000/009/013/025
A161/AO30
V'r - Fig. 5 - The sulphur con-
4:8 . tent in scale from ingots
A - 'IA12" steel;
B - " Al 2A"
1 - from the bottom portion
of ingot;
2 - from the mid;
3 - from the top

ftmv &owl* VA"

A /A0 W)
AUTHORS: Pavlov, I. M.j K.r Forlo r I ko YU Ye
TITI.Et In v e s i ca t I r r, f f ie e - r.,., -3 11 e d i t Y.
PERIODICAL: I z v f~ s a 3 5! t'~ t' -n'. a a :T r
no
TEXT: As had been 5t,.t,,,i ~n r, ~R-f.
~7a,,isp, (.f the difflc-~llt trij -,i; ,s th, IJ~7h -r.-
tent in 9--ale. :t r i;,' f t3 j'4, t.rninv, :t n t i ci
~,,bri c ar t . Besidi,5, thin
'an F%13o decrease fri azni 0,i~, ii 2.~ ri,ses the ;;Ia.' t. I . 1 t
of ateel at the rollin- ttmpej iv.ir~- i!.j- -,iti r I-: I. h us. b e r, m
Da-r a o f a wo rk on !3-,- s tems Fe - I i 3' up i F! T; - 3 R f F i 3 h e 1 V Rj
D. E--- 1 ig . The des-Lil f'-ira- Ing e f t i f t,i .9 t;- 1 a 1
D e ad t o t h c- c c n,, 1 n a t r an I u r, ir, ay in r
the wozriability ~lf h~, t , L at r. t 1 t ~l t,, rol t h a
w o ii : I i n d i z a t r- -~- h - e f f f I i 1-!', r 7 n fi; r - ) ~,i
card 1/

A',' 1 IAO'4r'
-1 !7,
carried .ut this ri'l ti* o, t r fu- I r,~
li(,s,:ow Steel Insti tL. ti. . Th j t V - r, ~ t ri ip. "'ll f Ilt s h o,
f.,)ur.d --.P, ullc~,~d a-, t, I ') 1- T! 1, 1 !-,0, 1 11 !.v a~i,; t-,' 3 1.
t,~.o itaridard "Tvic ,- ; I ters t Ii,I
n a -, h,~- ( I n " L I s I r.,4 t ~i I,
Mad~. Of f I ',~ E.- L t 0 t, e 1 j r I
tr,
canni - te i llr~ a Lalviin~
d -, f f f- r~--n t th rm(, c- t r,, r ", :-,
~ c, at f ,~ r r, i Ti i i., r- u I h..
rie r f- :I , :- , r. !~- , - "T . vi
, IS I
Ti t i a d th(! 3471,-, M110- II I ;II
Much i nab 111 t y witu 1 111 a I, s
t. i n fc~ t A 'j'
The f r i ( '#' T
thaj.. in nr T
rn, a I A
I . C ~)n 1 3
1 : t v h
Carl

Ap
~ /-, C) I* Doc /c C)
n v e a t 1 jz a t i o r, c, f f r e t t r,.2, 9 1 e i A /AO ' 0
culty; lh~ ~ffe:t of tjt!jnii.r~ ad i i on n *.-7 high T~ 7
Th,-r,~ trr- rc,?s and njn
A S 3 0 C I AT 10 N 5 V -k i y r. :3 1 1 * i~ t
SUPMITTED~~ !.,qj '4.
Card 3,/"

02 2
:iJ 26
AUTHORS: Pavlov, 1. M.--and Ushakov, YE. 7.
TITLE: The Method of the Flat itucessen in the Front ~3urface,;, Kliicn
Are Filled With Lubricants
PERIODICAL: Zavodskaya laboratoriya, !360, Vol. 26, No. 12,
pp. 1403-1404
TEXT: The effect produced by the width of the collar upon the specific
pressure, and the possibility of determining the true deformation resis-
ance by means of the method mentioneJ, was investigated. In this connec-
tion, the aluminum alloyal(Dl) Aas investigated, from which spe:~imens
having a diameter of 12 and a height of 19 mm were cut, and int,') Yh4ch
0.5 mm deep recesses were drilled. The width of the recesses was v~riaLie
with their depth being constant. Paraffin was used as a lubricant, if.lt~fi
warranted largely uniform deformation. The specimens were tusted by
means ofv~15-t machine of the type P-5 (R-5) and by means of a device
warranting the parallel position of the working surfaces. The Jef(.)rim,tion
rate varied from 0.012 sec-1 at the beginning to 0.03 sec- 1 at the enJ.
At such low rates, their influence upon the deformation resistance may Ibe
Card 1/2

#I P
The Method of the Flat Recesses in the Front 31032160102610121'021--/D'~,
Surfaces, Which Are Filled With Lubricants B020056
neglected. The compres3ion diagrams for specimens with different widthn
of the recesses were drain. The dependence of the specific pressure uj),ji,
the width of the recess at various stages of deformation is shown in Fig.
In consideration of the fact that the inclination of the curves is smull,
it may be expected that the curve of the true deformation reuistance lif-
fers little from the compression diagram at low widths (e.g., 0.',, mmi~~.
This is confirmed by the curves given in Fig. 2. The difference between
the stresses determined from these two curves is not more than 4)6 of the
true deformation resistance, i.e., not greater than the possiblc exptri-
mental error. M. V. Rastegayev is mentioned. There are 2 figure~j ~:.J
Soviet references.
ASSOCIATIO14: Institut metallurgii ii:..A.A.Baykova Akademii nauk 3j~'R
(Institute of Metallurgy imeni A. A. BaykOv of the ACiiaetV
of Sciences USSR)
Card 212

I FAVLOVI CHZHAO LITI-CHUIP [Chao Ling-chlun)
Invouti-ating the relation of longitudinal and transversal
U
coform.tion to groove ahape in roning. Izv. vyr,. ucheb. zave;
chern. met. no. 1:121-129 161. (ipjjRA 14;2)
1. Moskovskly institut stall.
(Rolling ('Metal-jork)) (Deformation (Mechanics))

20264
15 o0A
6/180/6),/000/002/002/012
E073/E535
AUTHORS: Pavlov,_!_.M., Sigalov, Yu.M., Shelest, A.Ye.,
iubko' A.M-. and Gurevich, Ya.B. (Moscow)
TITLEt Investigation of the Process of Hot Rolling of
Aluminium in Vacuum nnd in Air
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye tekhnicheskikh
nauk, Metallurgiya i toplivo, 1961, No.2, pp.64-67
TEXT: The influence on the friction coefficient of scale or
an oxide film layer on the surface of a metal being rolled has been
the subject of numerous papers. However, no direct comparison was
made of the ordinary process of rolling aluminium in air and in
vacuum. Such a r-mparative study will permit direct elucidation
of the influence of oxide films on the conditions of rolling. The
authors investigated the power consumption, the speed and deforma-
tion conditions and the friction coefficient during hot rolling of
aluminium in vacuum and in air. The rolling was on TsNIIChermet
laboratory vacuum equipment permitting heating, rolling and
cooling of 15 x 20 mm, 200 mm long specimens in a vacuum down to
io-5 mm Hg. From a forged and annealed blank 150 x 10 x 12 mm
Card l/

202~%
Investigation of the Process ... s/18o/61/000/002/002/012
E073/E535
specimens were cut. These were heated in a tubular electric
furnace. The heating temperature was maintained within +150C,
Rolling was at 400*C with reductions of 20 to 70% per pa-ss. The
diameter of the rolls was 85 mm, the rolling speed 6.5 m/min. The
rolls were of steel W)(-IT (ShKh-15) (hardness 55 R c) and had a
polished surface. The pressure was measured by wire strain gauges.
Fig.1 shows a typical oscillogram in which I is the torque on the
top spindle, 2 and 5 - pressure measured by the strain gauges,
3 - recorded roll speed, 4 - recorded strip speed, 6 - torque on
the lower spindle, 7 - oscillation curve (500 c.p.s.). Fig.2
shows the dependence of the broadening = B2/Bl, % on the
relative reduction 6 B/4h, where H, B and L 1 are respectively
the height, width and length of the specimens before rolling and
h B 2 and L2 ,are respectively the height, width and length after
r;ll:Lng, B = B2 - B1 and 6 h = H - h. (Here and in the
following plots the dashed line curve refers to results obtained in
vacuum and the continuous line curve refers to results obtained in
air). Fig-3 shows the lead Sh as a function of the broadening,
Card 2/5

20264
Investigation of the Process ... s/180/61/000/002/002/012
E073/E535
whereby
S Lstrip Lroll (1)
roll
where L strip is the distance between the markings on the strip
and L is the distance between corresponding markings on the roll.
roll 2
FiS.4 shows the dependence of the specific pressure P, kg/mm on
the broadening Fig-5 shows the friction coefficient V as
a function of Fig.6 shows the torque M, kSm as a function
of Ti~S. it was found that the friction coefficient and the
required force, which depends directly on the friction coefficient,
for vacuum hot rolling of titanium, grade RT-1 (VT-1), is
considerably lower than for rolling in air, whilst for nickel and
iron (C - 0.01%) it is higher in the same way as it is for Al. This
again confirms the dependence of these quantities on the chemical
composition of the rolled metal. The following conclusions are
airived-at:
1. It was established that for Al the coefficient of friction
Card 3/5

1 2026-14
Investigation of the Process S/180/61/000/002/002/012
E073/E535
during rolling in vacuum is higher than for rolling in air, whereby
the greatest difference (by a factor of about 1.4) was observed
for smaller reductions;
2. it was confirmed that the friction coefficient during rolling
decreases with increasing specific pressure both in air and in
vacuum. There are 6 figures and 7 references: all Soviet.
SUBMITTED: August 8, 1960
Fig.1
.Card,4AI

GUREVICH,(Ya. B. (Moskva)- ZUBKO A.M. (Mosk-"); PAVLOV, I.M. (Moskva);
SIGAWV, Yu.m. tHosival
Effect of the state of specimen surfaces an the coefficient of
friction and other parameters during the rollings of iron In
vacuum. Izv. AN SSSR. Otd. tekh. nauk. Met. i topl. nc,.2:144-
145 Mr-Ap 161. (Rolling(Retalwork)) WIA 14:4)
(Friction)

PAVIDV, I.M.; GANI]Nq IN.P.; YEWRDVg B.V.; SHEMST, A.Ye.: SYUY TSI70-MIUA
----------- m*"Mwm~
Investigating the process of rolling with smooth roLls by the
&)ethod of rotating bearingse 12v*vyso uchebo zav.; charm. met.
no63:67-73 161. (MMA 14:3)
1. Ideskavskly institut sta,11 i institut rdeta.Ildgii AN SM.
(Rolling(Hetalwork))

S/148/61/000/003/'C,07/01";
A16l/A133
AUTHORS: Pavlov,__I-. M., Musikhin, A. M.
TME: Investigation of 4elical tube rolling In three-high reeling mill
PERIDDICALt Iavestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenly. Chernaya metallurgiya, no.
3, 1961, 91 - lol
TEM. The existing process investigation data are either obsolete, or they
do not elucidate some problems that arose with time. The purpose of the subject
investigation was to find some new data and study the dependence of the axial slip,
rolling time per I meter tube, metal pressure, load on the motor and power con-
sumption on the shell wall reduction on the grip cone, peripheral velocity, feed
angle, and height of the roll crest. The metal-pressure on the rolls was measured
with dynamometers with strain wire gages. Over 700 osaillograms were recorded in
rolling tubes of different dimensions and steel grades, apart from mass rolling
to determine the effect of various process parameters on the quality of the tubes.
The determined interdependences are discussed and Illustrated in three graphs.
Practical-reoommendations are made and the determined optimum values are given of
the relative shell wall reduction (15 - 25% of the roll crest height), of the
peripheral velocity of rolls, feed angle, etc. It is re,~ommended fo-r new mills
Card 1/2

S/148/61 100010C 3/007/0 15
Investigation of helical tube rolling In three-high... A16l/A133
being designed to diminish the gap between the reeling mill mandrel and the In';Or-
nal surfaae of the shell (or tube) and prevent crumpling of the front shell eqd by
turming the piercing mill through 1800 (around the vertical axis) from the preeens-
ly used position, so as to feed shells into ".he teeling mill rolls with the rear
end first and move in the reeling mill mandrel from thq front side. It Is claimed
that tha'investigation and the analysis of the results present some intereat for
production engineers as an aid for more cow-ious control of the process, and may
be utilized for further improvement of the existing rolling mill operation, as
well as in designing new rolling units with reeling mills. There are 4 figures
&r,d 4 Soviet-bloo references.
ASSOCIATION. Moskovskiy institul, stall (Moscow Steel Institvte)
SUENITTEDt June 1, 1960
Card 2/2

89493
S/136/61/000/004/006/oo6
E073/El35
AUTHORS: Pavlov, Brinza, V.N.
- -.Jt~
TITLE: Investigation of the Bonding Between Titanium and Steel
PERIODICAL: Tsvetnyye metally, 1961, No. 4, pp. 58-61
TEXT: Relatively little work has been published on the problem
of cladding with titanium. To obtain a strong metallic bond
between two unequal metals, the contact surfaces must be clean and
the surface atoms must reach a certain energy state. Heating and
plastic deformation bring about bonding between the metals. The
duration of the pressure application has a considerable influence.
Specimens of Steel 2 of 14 mm diameter with an intermediate layer of
grade f3T1-1 (VTI-1) titanium of 14 mm diameter were placed into a
split tubular sleeve. The contact surfaces of the specimens were
ground, etched and degreased. To protect titanium from absorbing
gases from the ambience, the junction spot between the tit.anium and
steel was covered with a thin layer of an insulating pasto
(magnesite powder in liquid glass), which contained additions of
magnesium chips. The specimens were heated to 700-800 OC by passing
a current through them from a welding transformer and also in a
Card I/

89493
3/136/61/000/001+/006/006
E073/E135
Investigation of the Bonding Between Titanium and Steel
specially designed vertical tubular electric furnace (located under
the press), which was preliminarily heated to temperatures at which
the specimens were plastically deformed (700-1000 00. The
temperature in the furnace was monitored by means of a regulating
transformer and was recorded with a galvanometer; the temperature of
the specimens was monitored by means of a contact thermocouple.
Prior to heatingg the specimens were preliminarily pressed together
for 1 min under the press so as to eliminate the residues of air
between the titanium and the steel. The heated specimens were
pressed in a press capable of a maximum pressure of 12 to-ons at
various temperatures~ pressures and holding times. The influence
was also investigated of the thickness of the titanium layer on the
strength of the bond between the titanium and the steel; the best -
results were obtained for a titanium layer of about 2 mm thickness
and therefore in the main experiments 2 mm thick titanium shoot was
used throughout, After cooling in air, the specimens were removed
from the tubular sleeve and used for machining from them tensile
test specimens, By means of metallographic analysis, the zone of
Card 2/-#

89493
S/l36/61/000/oo1+/oo6/Oo6
E073/E135
Investigation of the Bonding Between Titanium and Steel
contact was studied and the depth of the diffusion layer determined,
The deformation temperature influences greatly the strength of the
bond between th~ titanium and the steel. Fig.1 shows the bond
strength, kg/mm , as a function of the bonding temperature
(curve I - 12-75 kg/mm2, curve 2 - 8.50 kg/mm2, curve 3 - 4.25
kg/=2). The dependence of the bond strength on the temperature
for various pressures has approximately the same general character;
the bond strength increases with increasing temperature, reaching a
maximum at IODO OC. In the temperature range 800-900 OC a decrease
in the bond strength was observed. Apparently this is explained by
the influence of the polymorphous a to 0 transformation of the
titanium. The increase in the strength of the bond indicates
formation of a brittle intermetallic zone. Fig.2 shows the
influence of pressure on the bond strength between titanium and
steel, bond strength kg/=2 vs. pressure kg/mm2 (curve 1 - cladding
at 1000 OC, curve 2 - 900 OC, curve 3 - 600 OC, curve 4 - 700 00.
It can be seen that for all the cladding temperatures tho bond
strength increases with increasing cladding pressure.
Card 3/- 6
V

89493
S/136/61/000/004/006/006
E073/E135
Investigation of the Bonding Between Titanium and Steel
At 1000 OC and 4.25 kg/mm2 the specimens were pressed together for
durations of 1 to 5 min. Fig.3 shows the influence of the
duration (min) of pressure application on the bond strength,
kg/am2. An increase in time to 3 min results in a decrease of the
bond strength. A further increase in the duration of pressure
application (1+ to 5 min) did not have any appreciable influence on
the bond strength. Simultaneous plastic deformation of titanium
and steel produces complicated diffusion processes. The diffusion
zone progresses to a depth which depends on the temperature and
pressure of the deformation. Metallographic investigations enabled
establishing the presence of a considerable diffusion zone; the
dependence of this diffusion zone on the deformation temperature
and pressure is plotted in Figs. 4 and 5. Fig.4 shows the
dependence of the thickness of the diffusion zone of a bimetal
Ti-ste&l strip on the temperature, depth of the diffusion layer
I x 10 cm vs- 10 OOO/Tabs (curve 1 - 4.25 kg/mm2, curve 2 -
8.5 kg/mm2, curve 3 - 12.75 kg/mm2). Fig.5 shows the dependence
Card 1W 8~
5'

89493
S/136/61/000/004/006/oo6
H073/E135
investigation of the Bonding Between Titanium and Steel
on pressure, diffusion coefficient 10-9 cm2/sec vs. pressure, kg/mm2
(curve 1 - 1000 OC, curve 2 - 900 OCI curve 3 - 800 0C, curve 4 -
700 00. The experimental results confirm the data obtained by
S. Storchheim (Ref.5) on the possibility of controlling the depth of
the diffusion zone by varying the applied pressure. The follol,,fing
conclusions are arrived at: 1) The thickness of the titanium layer
did not have any appreciable influence on the strength of the bond
between titanium and steel. 2) The greatest strength of the weld
was obtained for a temperature of 1000 OC and a pressure of
12-75 kg/=2. 3) The depth of the diffusion zone depends on the
deformation temperature and the pressure, and by changing the
pressure it is possible to control the depth of the diffusion zone,
whereby the greater the pressure the less deep will be the diffusion
zone. There are 5 figures and 5 references: 3 Soviet and 2
non-Soviet.
(Abstractor's Note: This is a slightly abridged translation).
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy institut stali (Moscow Steel Institute)
Card 519S

BOCHVAR, A.A.; BELY.AYEV, A.I.; PAVIk)V, I.M.; PLAKSIN, 1.N.; CHIZHIKOV,
D.M.; PERLIN, I.L.
Petr Stepanovich Istomin; on his 80th birthday. Izv. vys. beheb.
zav.; tsvet. met. 4 no.4:161-163 161. (MIRA 14:8)
(Istomin, lletr Stepanovich, 1881-)

1 .~ 3t) C) 'U'o 4 6., 1 L4
22804
S/136/61/000/005/007/008
Elll/E152
AUTHORS: Pa,.Iov, I.M., and Belosevich, V.K.
TITLE: Investigation of lubricants for cold rolling titanium
PERIODICAL. Tsvetnyye metally, 1961, No-5, pp. 65-69
TEXT: In the work described the rolling of grade BT -17
(VT-IT) titanium and o8yn (o8KP) (rimming) steel using about 30
widely-uged lubricants and others, was studied. In a subsidiary
series of experiments a further material, C-r-50 (St-50) steel was
used. In selecting the lubricants, results of drawing experiments
in collaboration with A.S. Belousov of the "Serp i Molot" works
were taken into consideration. The annealed and pickled titanium
had a tensile strength of 58-60 kg/mm2, elongation of 21-23N and
Rockwell B hardness of 89-93; the corresponding figures for the
steel were 35, 29-30 and 40-43. The initial thickness of both
materials was 1.2 mm, thin enough to show lubricating effects
clearly (Refs. 1, 2); the initial width (30 mm) was such that
rolling could be effected at high pressures and degrees of
reduction without width being an important factor in spread (Ref.6).
A two-high mill with 220-mm diameter rolls of W~(-15 (ShKh.-15)
Card 1/3

22804
S/136/61/000/005/007/008
Investigation of lubricants for cold - Elll/E152
steel (Rockwell C hardness after hardening and low-temperature
annealing 63-64) was used, rolling speed being 0.53 m/sec and roll
pressure and torque being measured. The steel was rolled in four
passes, the titanium in five, the roll-setting for a given pass
number being constant for all lubricants. The qualitative
influence of lubricants was best represented, in the authors,
opinion, by the ratio of overall reduction to final thickness.
The results per pass qualitatively coincided with the overall
results and the latter therefore provide a better criterion for
lubricants since the lubricant influence is summated while random
variations become relatively less important. The order of
effectiveness of the tested lubricants was found to be the same for
the titanium and the O8KP steel. The most effective for cold
relling titanium were natural fats and high-molecular saturated
aliphatic acids, and also some commercially available synthetic
materials (e.g. oil number 142) whose cheapness makes them
additionally attractive. Natural wax was outstandingly effective.
Number 142 and an ultrasonic emulsion of a high paraffin content
oil ("gach") should be tested under industrial conditions. The
emulsion has the advantage of being also an'effective coolant.
Card 2/ 3

2280h
S/136/61/000/005/007/008
Investigation of lubvicants for cold..Elll/E152
cooling being an important factor in titanium rolling. The authors
recommend water-cooling of rolls on the outlet side, as for steel
atrip (Ref.9), or internal roll cooling. No hydrogen pick-up by
titanium from lubricant decomposition products during annealing
need be feared (Ref.10). Using effective lubricants, reduction of
titanium in cold rolling can be increased by 30-40%, the number of
passes required being almost halved compared with that when mineral
oils are used. The subsidiary experiments on St-50 steel, carried
out in collaboration with I.A. Chamin and I.K. Tokarl of TsNlIChM,
on an 180/370 x 400 four-high mill, confirmed the main results.
The present investigation represents a further contribution by
Pavlov to previous work in this field (Refs. 1, 2).
There are 1 figure, 3 tables and 10 references: 8 Soviet and
2 English. The English language references read:
Ref.4t E. Rabinowicz, E.P. Kingsbury, Lubricants for titanium,
Metal Progr. 1955, 67, No-5, PP. 112-114.
Ref.9: I.C. Whetzel, Rodman Sayre, Improved lubrication in cold
strip rolling. Iron and Eng., 1959, 36, pp. 123-132.
Card 3/3

PAVUN I ; SUVORCYV, I.E.
Ivvestigation of leading in rolling with nondriving rous and the
application of brakes, I 7.v,vys.uchobe save; earn.net, 4 no.5-.98-
101 t61, (MMA 14:6)
1. Moskmkiy institut stali.
(Rolling (Metalvork) )

26582 s/l48/6l/OOO/oO6/oo6/ol3
Nl~ E073/E535
AUTHORS: Pavlov, I.M., Sigalov, Yu. M., Shelest, A.Ye.,
-ZUbX`6-,-_A_.N-. and Gurevich, Ya. H.
TITLE. Investigation of some conditions of hot rolling of
titanium in vacuum and in air
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Chernaya
metallurgiya, 1961, No.6, pp.io6-llo
TEXT: The authors investigated the force, velocity and
deformation conditions dn-Ang the process of rolling of titanium in
racuum and compared the results with similar results obtained for
rolling in air. This was done to elucidate the influence of the
scale on the friction coefficient, specific pressure and other
parameters of the rolling of commercially pure titanium. From a
pre-forg*d blank, specimens 15 x 20 mm. 200 min long were cut.
Those specimens which were to be rolled in vacuum (3 x 10 5 mm Hg)
were heated in a small-chamber electric furnace with molybdenum
heater filaments; those to be rolled in air were heated in an
electric furnace with nichrome heater filaments. The specimens
were rolled in the temperature range 800-12000C on a two-high mill
Card 1/6

26582
investigation of some conditions of ... S/148/61/000/006/006/013
E073/E535
with rolls of 85 mm diameter. The average reduction was 20%. the
speed of rolling was 6.5 m/win. The rolls had a ground surface
with a hardness of 55 RC. The rolling parameters, i.e. the total
pressure, the torque, the speed of the rolled strip and the
circumferential speed of the rolls were recorded by means of an
8-loop oscillograph. Fig-3 shows the dependence of the fric ion
,-oefficient f"' and of the specific friction force i , kg/mm on
the rolling temperature, OC. Fig.4 shows the dependenace of the
friction coefficient V and of the forward slip Sh on the rolling
temperature, OC. Fig-5 shows the dependence of the specific
pressure, k /mm2, on the rolling temperature, *C. Fig.6 gives
the dependence of the specific pressure, kg mm , and the friction
coefficient V on the reduction, %. In all these graphs the
continuous line curves apply to roll--ng in air and the dashed line
curves to rolling in vacuum. In the paper the auth'ars apply
three differing friction coefficients, one f"' determined
according to the formula of S. 1. Gubkin (Ref.12i Tbeory of shaping
metals by pressure, Metallurgizdat, .''947), another f" determined
on the basis of the theoretical formiila for the torque,proposed by
C~ard 2/6

26582
Investigation of some conditions
... S/148/6l/oOo/oo6/oo6/013
E073/E535
V, Bayukov and the third, fl, determined from the value of the
forward slip. The following conclusions are arrived at:
I.- In all cases of rolling in air the curve expressing the
dependence of the friction coefficient on the temperature has a
convex-shaped section with a maximum in the temperature range
1050-11500C. If titanium is rolled in air at 800-1100%, a dense
layer of titanium dioxide scale forms which leads to an increase
2n sliding friction coefficient and spreading. At rolling
temperatures above 11000C, a dense layer of scale of a fine grain
structure forms which peels off easily from the base metal and
leads to a reduction of the friction coefficient, the friction
coefficients fl and f" are similar and their values are very
near to each other. When rolling was performed in vacuum, the
friction coefficient was considerably lower and showed a tendency
to increase with increasing rolling temperature, This is
attributed to a drop in the specific pressure with a minimum
effect of other factors.
Changes in the specific pressure p and the specific friction
force T 9 were similar during rolling in vacuum and in air. rhe
Card 3/6

2658!
investigation of some conditions _ S/148/61/000/006/006/013
E073/E535
values p and T,, and consequently also the torque, are affected
by the sudden a o 0 transformations and this explains the sharp
drop in the friction coefficient, forward slip and the slight
increase in spreading in the temperature range 850-9500C.
3~ With increasing reduction an increase is observed in the
specific pressure and a decrease in the friction coefficient.
4. The experiments revealed considerable qualitative and quantita-
tive differences in the force, velocity and geometrical factors
pertaining to rolling titanium in vacuum and in air,
Experiments carried out earlier by some of the authors (Ref.14t
Szall. 1959, No.10, 929-931) yielded differing results, namely,
the coefficient of friction and the geometrical and force
conditions depending on it were considerably higher in vacuum
than in air in the case of rolling pure iron witl~ a carbon content
of 0.01%. This clearly indicates that the investigated quantities
depend on the chemical composition of the rolled inetal. There
are 6 figures and 14 references: 13 Soviet and I non-Soviet.
ASSOCIATIONt Institut metallurgii imeni A.A. Baykova (Institute of
Metallurgy imeni A. 4. Baykov)
Card 4/6

PAVWV, IJ4.,; OSADCHIY, V.Ya.
......... I--
StIckIng of the metal to tools in sliding friction. Tov. vyv.
ucheb, zav,; cherno met, 4 no,7:105~-13-1 161. WIRA 14t8)
1. Moskovskiy institut stali.
(Metalworking machinery)
(Friction)

PAVLOV, I.H., SIGALOV, Yu.H.
Effect of vacuum and inert gas atmospheres on the properties )f
metals for their plastic deformation. Izv. vys. ucheb. zav.; chern.
met. 4 m1-8:195-197 161. (MIRA 34.9)
(Rolling (Metalwork)) (Vacuum metallurgy)

FAVIDV, I.M.; BELOSEVICH, V.K.
Negative leading during the rolling process. Izv. vys. ucheb.
zave; chern. met. 4 no.10:46-49 161. (MIM 14:11)
1. Institut metallurgii ijm Baykova.
iRolling (14etalwork))

S/145/61/000/010/007/008
D221/D304
AUTHORS: Pavlov 1 14 Corresponding Member AS USSR, and
~!n, V. N., Engineer
TITLEt Developing methods and experimental determination of
energy and force parameters in the cold rolling of
313HM (E79NM) alloy
j PERIODICAL: Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavendeniy. Mnahino-
I stroyenie, no. 10, 1961, 180-190
J
a~ TEXT: In 1960, at the "Elektrostall Plant", experimental invest I-
du gations were carried out in production conditions for determining
me( the conditions of cold rolling in a four-high mill with soft magne-
The tic alloy E79NM. The article describes the examination method for
the measuring the pressure distribution in the center of deformation,
CeI21 along the length and width of contact zone between the working and
cla,z supporting rollers, and the deformation resistance of metal. The
t 1'alL actual contact area between the metal and the roller was found from
Ye. ,
Cara Card 1/ 4
The _,r IV .1 th 0 Cr '13 427c0 -.,Ued by,Ile aboVe
txla reco,,nr P
n popat spe-
nsducere, enclati 'ec. The
WePe 048 f
0
ed

3/14 61/000/070/007/008
Developing methodg and ... D221YD304
against ingress of dampness, oil etc. by a special varnish
(PKhV). The current take-off was ensured by slip rings. The cali-
bration was made by a system of levers and weights. The torque
transducer was calibrated by direct torsion of the roller by a
known torque in a special fixture. The mean coefficient of friction
was determined by the equationct-8-r which requires knowledge of
ratio rl,2e, at the insert. Two center punches were made in the fore
and aft of the insert, and this permitted experimental measurement
2 R
of the advance. The ratio is then calculated by '~ = r and E =
'R, 06
0.1 [-Sh , where S is the advance in %; h is the height of strip af-
T Th
ter rolling in mm;A h is the absolute compression of strip in MM.
The relationship between C and 41 is shown graphically. The rela-
0(1 H
tive compression of strip under the insert is smaller than under
the main body of the roller. The curves were used to determine
C under the strip. The actual experiments are then described in de-
0(1
Card 3/4

S/14 61/000/010/007/008
Developing methods and ... D221YD304
tail. The above permitted assessment of the mentioned quantities as
well as the following magnitudes: The effect on friction by the re-
lative compression, initial thickness of strip, degree of the pre-
liminary work hardening, and the position of the resulting pressure
of metal against the rollers. Data on the position of this result-
ant, effect of pinching on the resistance of metal deformation,
total deformation of rollers in the deformation center and other
items were also recorded. The results obtained are to be published,
There are 6 figures and 5 Soviet-bloc references.
ASSOCIATION: Dloskovskiy institut stali (Moscow Steel Instittite)
SUBMITTED: July 3, 1961
Card 4/4

33167
~50 D
S/148/61/000/011/007/018
EIII/E480
AUTHORS; Pavlov akeyev D,I,
TITLE, The influence of deformation conditions on the
recrystallization process of type 08 steel
PERIODICAL~ Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Chernaya
metallurgiya,. no,ll, 1961, 110-115
TEXT, One of the authors. 1,,M,Pavlov, has previously shoim the
usefulness of studying the effect of the relation of longitudinal
and trans-verse deformation on the structure and properties of
alloys, The other has described the structure and properties of
08 steel in the initial z1ate (Ref.4,, Iz-,VUZ, Chernaya
metallurgiya, no,2, ig6o), This steel, initially in the form of
a 50 x 50 mm square billet, was used for the present work,
Before rolling, the steel was normalized at 950:C (Ar-3 = 9301C
Ar3 = 900'C) 15.5 x 50 x 55 mm plates cut from the billet
were cold-rolled with total reductions of 9 to 84%, reduction per
pass being I to 1~5 mm~ The ratio of longitudinal to transverse
deformation coefficients ,1/0 was I to 6,08 Reductions of
9 to 12% led Vickers hardness to rise from 80- 90 to 126- 128
Hardness remained independent of changes in the 4/0 ratio, but
Card 1/ 3

-61
1 '
0 /011/007/018
S/148/61 0
The influence of deformation EIII/E480
be.--ame dependent when deformation was raised to 21%, With 52%
reduction, Vickers hardness rose to 163- 174, the lower -alue
corresponding to a deformation-ratio value of unity, the higher
to one of 1.94 and measured transversely to the rolling axis
(170 along), With 84% deformation, there was little further
increase in hardness for specimens rolled with 4/0 ~- 1, but on
rolling in only one direction it rose to 201 transversely and
180 along the rolling axis, As expected from these effects
mi,:.rostructure observations showed that recrystallization of steel
rolled in one direction began earlier and proceeded faster at 600 C
than that Of steel rolled with 410 = 1, Heating to 700 C made
the structure more uniform and grains more equiaxial, With
L;/0 -. 2,grain5 were finer than with the ratio equal to 1, this
relation holding even on complete annealing at 950~c, although
recrystallization produced mainly equiaxial grains, size
differences persisted- Increase in reductions to 84% led to a
more elongated structure and a greater effect of deformation ratiL
e.g., with a/0 m 6, a grain in the end plane was only reduced
(compressed) while along the strip length it was both reduced and
longitudinally extended Recrystallization at 600-'C resulted in
Card 2/3

33147
S/148/61/000/011/007/018
The influence of deformation ... Eili/E48o
grains similar in the longitudinal and transverse planes.
Increase in reduction from 51% to 84% gave a considerably finer
grain after recrystallization. Annealing in a salt bath
(temperature fluctuations + 50C) was also carried out.
A characteristic peculiariiy of the structure is that directionality
is more pronounced in the longitudinal plane. It appears that an
increase in second and third order strains leads to earlier
recryBtallization with more centres of crystallization and finally
to a finer grain. There are 5 figures and 4 Soviet-bloc
references.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy institut stali (Ploscow Steel Institute)
SUBMITTEDt August 30, 1960
Card 3/3

PAVLOV., I.M.; YEGOROV, B.V.; SBFIMT, A.Ye.; SYU1 TSU06-KHUA
Investigating the process of rolling with smoth rolls with
the help of a split roll strain gauge. Izv.vys.ueheb.zav.;
chern.met. 4 no.9:87-9,4 161o (14111A 14:10)
1. 14oskovskiy institut stali i Institut metallurgii Akademii nauk
SSSR.
(Rolls (Iron milla)-Testing) (Strain gauges)

4ribb 1!5,S1 O-V~ Y
21159
S/032/61/027/004/019/028
B103/B201
AUTHORS: Pavlov, _1. *-._t_Belosevich, V. K., and Ushakov, Ye. V.
TITLE: Device for studying the external friction in the plastic
deformation of metals
PERIODICAL: Zavodskaya, laboratoriya, v. 27, no. 4, 1961, 462-463
TEXT: The apparatus described here is suited for measuring the frictional
force at high pressures and rubbing speeds arising in the pressure
treatment of metals. The authors achieved their purpose by making use
of a flywheel. They state that the effect of speed and pressure upon
the coefficient of friction is often difficult to be studied. In devices
known so far, samples have been shifted by hand over deforming plates in
the process of plastic deformation. The consequence has been a strongly
fluctuating rubbing speed which did not exceed 0.05 m/800. In the
authors' device (Fig. 1), samples are shifted by a mechanical system.
Sample I is compressed by plane-parallel plates in a hydraulio 30-ton press.
The parallel position of the working planes is ensured by guides 2, in
which punches 3 move. RulVw shock absorbers 4 ensure a constant pressure
Card 1/5

2n59
S/032/61/027/004/01 9/028
Device for ctudying the external ... B103/B201
on the sample. Inuide the deforming device, the sample is shifted by
means of an elastic fork 6. The sample is altogether prevontod from
banding. Fork 6 is fastened onto bar 7 which moves in guide 8 and which
carries a pressure cell which records the sample resistance to shift,
viz. the frictional force. Bar 7 is put into motion by the already
turning flywheel 9. The mobile end of bar 10 is connected to armature 13
of electromagnet 14 via 11 and 12, and, when 14 is switched on, it is
lowered to the position indicated by a dashed line. Striker 15 of the
flywheel shifts bar 7 so far ahead that the sample is pushed out of its
position between the plates. Flywheel 9 is driven by friction efep
pulley 16 which is fixed to shaft 17 of a weighted rocking lever 1b.
'Wheel 16 is pressed onto flywheel 9 by the weight. Shaft 17 is driven
by an electric motor. By means of this mechanism the sample can be
shifted at a rate of UP to 4 M/sec. Fig. 2 presents the device serving
to produce lower speeds (0-05-0-8 m/sec). The bent lever I has a shoe 2
which is pressed onto eccentric 3. The mechanism is inserted into the
Position indicated by the solid line by folding of 2. Tht rough adjust-
ment is done by means of step pulley 16 (Fig. 1), the fine adjustment
by a partial braking of flywheel 9. The frictional forces are recorded
Card 2/5

21159
S103 61/027/004/)1) /0,
Device for studying the ext*ernal ... B103Y3201
by a wire' strain gauge as violl ae by an i1mplifying recordintr apparin.L.:.-
(MYTO-2 (MPO-2) oscilloscope and ten6ometrie,eleotronic ampllfior). The
apparatus is used to study the dependence of frictional forces on the
rubbing speed, on pressurep and other factors. Fig. 3 presents, as an
example,the coefficient of friction as a function of the relativ,e
rubbing speed of aluminum on a hardened steel surface (type MIX15
(ShKhl5)) with castor oil as a lubricant, and at constant pressure
(14-1-13 -5 kg/mm,2). 'There are 3 figures and 3 Soviet-bloc referenceo.
ASSOCIATION: Institut metallurgii im. A. A. Baykova Akademii n9k SS3R
(Institute of Metallurgy imeni A. t~. Baykov of the
Academy of Sciences UpR)
Card 3/5.-,'

30656
E193/E135
AUTHORSs Favlov, I.M. and B--inza, V.N.
TITLE: A study of deformation cf titanium--lal sfeel
during rolling
PERIODICALi Tsvetnyye metally,~,no.ll, 1961, q9-64
TEXT-, The object of the present investigation was to study
the effect of various factors on the strength of bond between I,,,
components of titanium-clad steel. The method of preparation o"
test pieces is best explained with reference to Fig,l, showingz
I - two "Steel 21, plates~ 2 - two Ti plates, 3 - end spa:.ers
4 - r ivet s (prevent ing the re !a t ive movement o f the pa:k C ompc ne n*
during rolling); 5 - a separating compound film. Prior to
rolling, each pack was compressed in a 12-t press to ensurn gc~_!
contact between steel and Ti, and to expel from the pa-k az_~
air as possible. To protect the interior of the pa--k from
oxydation during pre-heating and rolling, its edges were eith-3-
arc-welded or sealed with a protective paste (unspezified),
Magnesium shavings, acting as oxygen getters. were pa~_ked in the
space between Ti plates and spacers, preheating t.-- 70(j 100-') CC
Card l/f

30656
A study of deformation of Ti-clad S/136/6i/ooo/oli/oo6/oo7
E193/E:L3'.--O
was carried out in a protective atmoBphere~ A li36011 tWo-higi,
reversible plate mill was used for rolling, The form of te3t
pieces used to determine the bond strength is shown in FIgA.
The results can be snmmarized as follow92 1) The bond
.;n:-~reased with increasing total reduction and w.ith rai%:ng
rolling temperature. This effect is illustrated in Fig.2, whayi?
bond strength (kg/mm2) is plotted against total reduction
H h
100%),. curves 1-4 relating to rolling temperatures cf' 700,
800,.. 900 and 1000 OC r9spectively. 2) The lower the initL,11
Ti/steel plate thi~knesq ratio, the higher is the bond streng'-1- ol
the clad material. Maxiurtm strength was a"tailied when Ti
aonst.-ituted 11.1% of the total thickness of the pa:-k b~,for.'
rolling. 310 The bond strength decreases slightly on
the rolling speed 1.r, 0.4 m'/3ec, after whi,:h -it remain-_k cconstanl,.
4) Al-~hough the thickness of the diffusi-on layer in.,_reases
increasing preheating tlme, the bond streng,~h is not affP:*-! k-NI
this factoz, 5) The greetter tbe total rpdu~~t:cn, the smal2i-_-
the differenc:e between the reduction cf- gte:,l and T-4 Flat=A~
Card 2

PAVIDV, I.M.
Main problems in rol--, ing, --zv. AN SS.'R. Otd. tekh. nauk. Met. i topl.
no -3:3-9 Py-Je 162. O-TIRA 15:6)
(Rolling (Metalwork))

g7"r
~~/000/007/027/040
/26 C D217/D307
AJThORS: Pavlov, I. 64gralov, Yu. M. and Gurevich, Ya. 3.
TlTi,!~: Study of the process of hot rolling titanium in vacuo
and in air
60'jHC_'-': Akademiya nauk 663R. Inotitut metallurgii. Titan i yepD
3plavy. no. 7, 1,10scow, 1962. IMetallokhimiya i novyye
s,.~lavy, 197-203
T."EXT: In order to 6tudy the influence of scale formed cn the sur-
face of the metal during heating on the coefficient of friction,
s~;ecific pressure, expansion and other parameters of rollin1g, spe-
cimens of commercially pure Ti were heated and rolled in a vacuum
of the order to 10- 5 mm Hg, and in air. The work was carried out at
a TsNIIChM laboratory vacuum plant. it was found that in every case
of rolling Ti in air, the dependence of the coefficient of friction
on temperature is cupola-shaped in character, with a maxim-am in
the temperature range 1050 - 11500C. The changes in specific prea-
Gard 112

0
3/5)8/62/000/007/027/J40
Study of the process ... D217/D307
sure and specific frictional force are identical in nature with
air- and vacuum-rolled Ti. On increasing the percent'age reduction
in area of titanium, the s~,ecific pressure increases and the co-
efficient of friction decreases. '2here are 8 fi-LLres.
CD
Card 212

)L-701
S/598/62/000/007/025/040
C C D217/D307
ihelest, k. E. , Tarasevich, 1u. F. and
Shakhov, V. "J.
Invautigation of rol1ing of cortain titanium i-illoys
000,HCE: kkademiya nauk Institut .,ietail-argii. Titan i yego
splavy. no. '~, 1%oscovi, i)62. Mletallokhimiya i novyye
splavy, 204-212
2EXT: Hot and "warm" rolling of 2i alloys contafning 1 - 2.~~" Al'
and 0.6 - 25 Mn (alloy 1), 2 - Al and 0.8 - 2c,~ Mn (alloy 2),
4 - 5.5,-1- Al and 2 - 3c;', Sn (alloy 3) was studied*and compared wi~~a
rolling of commercially pure Ti. Microstructure of the alloys, the
phenomena of gas saturation and scale formation and the liardness
of the alloys were also studied. It was found that commercially
pure Ti has a smaller tendency to oxidize than the alloys. Apart
from scale formation, the extent of gas saturation increaseS on
heating. Saturation of the surface layer of titanium with oxygen
and nitrogen leads to the stabilization of the~j-phase. At the
Card 1/2

S/598/62/000/007//02 V04 0
Inve3tigation of rollinta, ... B21 7/1)307
warm-roiling temperatures 1,7~o0C una beiow), the scale for,:.aLion
proceeds slowly or ceases, ,but gas saturation continues even aT.
these temperatures. The authors investigated thermal expansions of
titanium 37-((VT1) ana of alloy VT5 in the pure state and' after
complete gas saturation of dilatometric specimens. They found that
the gas-saturated specimens do not undergo a phase transformat--on
and have a somewhat higher coefficient of thermal expansion t-.an
the pure metal. On coolin'g', the difference between t-he coefficients
of -.hermal expansion of theCA-layer and -L!,.e basis metal can lead
to the formation of microcracks on the surface. These cracks, act-
ing as stress concentrators, deteriorate the mechanical properties
of Ti articles, and on further cold rolling, can be one of the
reasons for the failure of the metal. There are 5 figures and 8
tables.
Card 212

3F702
S/598/62/000/007/029/040
D217/D307
'2C r
iLTHORS; Pavlov, 1. M., Belosevich, V. K. and Chamin, YLL. A.
TITLE: Cold rolling of commercially pure titanium as compared
with rolling of steel and alu minum
SOURCE: Akademiya nauk SSSR. Institut metallurgii. Titan i yego
splavy. no. 7, Vloscow, 1962. Metallokhimiya i novyye
splavy, 213-218
TEXT: Commercially pure titanium (VTIT), steel '7- (08?,*P)
and aluminum ; (A) were used in this study. The lubricants used
were vegetable and animal fats, bynthetic prodacts of similar
composition (nos. 142, 151), and mineral oils, both in the pure
state and with additions (paste (593)). The infiuence of
standard lubricants on the parameters of rolling in passes with
fixed roll positions is discussed. The authors recommend new syn-
thetic lubricants of the complex ether type for cold-rolling of
Ti. Their use enables the number of passes or the number of in-
termediate annealing processes to be reduced, whilst retaining
Card 112

Cold rolling of ...
the properties of
With a total redu3tion
sheet in the cold
case of stainless
by a given set of
lubricants. There
j/'598/62/000/0U7,'Ot?')i 040
D217/D307
the metal. Cold-ro. g of technically pure 124L
of up to 50,-' is possible, which enabies
worked condition -,,o be manufactured, as in the
steel. The surface quality of Ti sheet produced
rolls can be regulated by the use of various
are 3 figures and 2 tables.
-IX
Card 2/2

FAVLOV, I.M.; ZHDGHIN, V.N., inzh.
Dependence of the strain resistance of precision alloy
E79M on various factors of cold rolling. Izv.vys.ucheb.zav.;
mashinostr. no.8:178-186 162. (MIFLA 15.12)
1. MoskovMdv institut stali. 2. Chlen-korrespondent AN SSSR
(for Favlov).
(Rolling (Wtalwork))

FAVLU'V2 I.M. -
Some basic conditions and regularities in metal-rolling procesL3ea.
Trudy Inst.met. no.9-.23-54 162. (MIP.A 16-5)
(Rolling (14etalwork))

Consecutive relationship between certain processes of die for irlg,
Trudy Inst,mt. no.9;'-t2-60 162. (MIRA 16M
(Forgb*)
.1 -. t-Z'0*4
- , z~, --~,

3/509/62/000/003/001/0'-4
D207/D308
AUT"--~OIRS Pavlov, I. ,!. and Ushaicov, Ye. V.
TIT:'E: Determin~n- -.-.e true resistance to deformaLion by ex-
~rai~olatloi-. o,;.' curves resistance -.o deformation -
coefficient of friction
Azademiya nauk SSSR. Institut metallurgii. Trudy. no.9~
"10scow, 1962. Voprosy 3lasticheskoy deformELtsiJi metalia,
67-71
T-EXT : Annea' Led Armco iron cylinders (12 mm. di-ameter and 6 mm
he4ght) were compressed between -~wD steel plates. The contact be-
tween the plates and t.',-.e samples were lubricated witi one of t-e
0 4 '.
'L L-, 'e4c acid, purif-ed vaseline, gra-
following: Cy (-U) engine o-
P.~.ite mixed with engine cil, etc. The tests were carried out on a
universal A '19 - -'~O(D:Ch-30) machine and the rate of deformation was
0.003 - 0.004 sec-1. Simultaneously with the axial stress, the la-
zeral friction was meaSUrEd at the contacts of ~',e samples with tne
U..
to deforma t4 t
pLaues. The resistance ~on (axial s ress) plotted ag-
Card 1/2

31/50 02/000/00-j/001/014
Determining the true ... D2 ON),z) 08
ainst the coeffic-.ent of fr:.ction f3r different degrees of deforma-
tion (defined here as the natural ljgar~_thm of the ratio of t.-,e in-
initial to final heicht of the sample) -ave straight lines wh.~ch
were only par-c-'ally matched by tne tneoretical' formulas of Un.-Csov,
?e-.rov and "~ziebel. Followin,;7 Pavlov and Ya. S. Gallay the
stresses were extrapolated to zero coefficient of friction and the
resultai,t values of the axial stress were called the "true resist-
ances to deformation". The resistances to deformation obtained in
.hIs way a-reed saiisfac-uorlly with the values found by the me-
thod of M. V. I'lastegayev (cYlindrical, samples with recesses at the
two plane ends filled with stearic acid -to reduce the frIction
with the steel plates). There are 5 f-gures.
Card 2/2