SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT OKERBLOM, N.O - OKHATSIMSKAYA, M.

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• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
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• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

A30 PROVIRIJIS Moll
Deformations and Stresses in Intermittent Welding. N. 0. Ckerblom ani 1. P.
U1fi-3Tu`s3ianJ-. he
Ba Sennoe Velo, 1948) No. 12,, lb-ZU). 7"Ift, -
results of a theoretical InvestiZativn of the deformation and stresses p;7oduced
durine -the welding of short seams are applibd to the conditiona of intenaittent
are-weldin with welding currents of 150 amp., voltages of 20, and welding spec
of 0.12=.~Sec. Calculated 600* isotheMB are drawn and the variations in
,-size and shape of the zones at higher temperatures are considered. The offects
of -the relative dimensions of bead, strip, and interbead Interval on defcnintic
and streas for the case of intermittent bead-welding along the t~dge of a strip
are 'examinedj and the significance of fluctuating temperaturb conditions is
discussed for various method-q of depositing the sean.-S.

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OKERBI.OM, N. 0.
Sv,arochnye napris2henila v metBlIckonstruktoUskh. Moskva, ?,%shgiz, 1950.
(2) p. disgrs.
Bibliography: p. 141-(14,3)
Velding stresaes In metBI strDetures.
DIC: TA460.04
SO: ~knufacturing and Fechanical &gineeTing In the Scvist Union, JAbrary cf
Congreas, 1953.

OWBIOVI, N .- 0. and 1. 7. EMMA.
---- -----
Gazovaja vyrezka tochrjykh detBlel. (Vestn. Mash, 1951, no. 5, P. 54-59)
Includes bibllogmplq.
Gas cutti7)g of precision parts.
DLC: TN4%1/,
SO, Yianufacturing and Mechanical EngineeAng in the Soviet L~jjon) library of
Congrese, 1953.

OMMIDN, Xtolay OskarovIcb, -professor-, doktor tekhnIcbenkM nauk;
MATSIMM, rJX..';--kKndidat tekhmAcbesld Mark, retsenzent;
BAZIUMTIT, X.G., kandidat tekhnicbeskikh nuk, rodaktor;
VASILITMA, V.P., "dattor; SMWVA, L.Y., takhaichaskly radaktor
fCalcula,tiug the deformations of metal Btructural units durbig
veIdIwJ Rascbst Urofustall metallokoustruktali pri avarke.
14oakva, Goe.==bno-tekhn.Ivd-vc saabinostroit.1-tir-y, 19.55. 211 V.
(Defornatione(Mechanics)) (KI.'RA 8:12)
(vaiaimg)

SOV/ 137-57-11 -Z1634
Translation from: Refera~ivnyyzhurnal, Metallurgiya, 1957, Nr 11, p 140iUSSR)
AUTHORS: Okerblom, N.O., Baykova, I.P.
TITLE: The Effect of the Shape and Depth of Penctration of Parent
Metal on the Magnitude of Angular and Transverse Deforma-
tions (Vliyaniye formy i glubiny proplavleniya osnovnogo
metalla na velichinu uglovykh i poperechnykh deforrnatsiy)
PERIODICAL: V sb.: Probl. dugovoy i kontakt. elektrorvarki. Kiyev-
Moscow, Mashgiz, 1956, pp 39-52
ABSTRACT: Theoretical and experimental methods were employed in
order to 0etermine how the depth and shape of the zone of pene-
tration (ZP) in a metal sheet affect the magnitude of angular
(AD) and transverse deformations (TD) during bead welding.
The following was established: a) The magnitude of AD is a
function of the ratio of width and depth of the ZP to the thick-
ness of the metal; b) the AD vary depending on the contours of
the ZP; the latter considerably affects the magnitude of the AD
when the ratio between depth of penetration and thickness of the
metal approaches unity; c) regardless of the contour of the ZP,
Card 1/2 rnaximurn values of AD are observed in the case of incomplete

SOV/ 137-57-11-21634
The Effect of the Shape and Depth of Penetration of Parent Metal (cont.)
penetration; d) as the amount of energy per unit length is incre'ased, the AD
increase initia!ly and then bvcome smaller again; v) Ow TD become greater
as the ratio of depth of penetration to the thickness of the metal and the
linear energy is increased; f) when the values of the penetration - depth /metal -
thickness ratio are sufficiently large, the variations in TD are directly pro-
portional to that ratio; g) the shape of the ZP in!luences the magnitude of TD
only at small penetration depths and limited quantities of energy per unit
length. In the case of short beads, the angular and transverse deformations
may be evaluated approximately without taking into account the deformations
resulting from heating and cooling of t):e parent metal. In order to evaluate
the angular and transverse deformations present in welded joints of consid-
erable length, time differences connected with the deposition of.the bead
weld must be taken into account.
V.S.
Card 2/2

137-5l)-4-7233
Translation from: Referativnyy zhurnal, hletallur8iya, 1958, Nr 4.. p 130 (USSR)
AUTHORS: Alekseyev, A. A. , Okeyblom, N. 0.
TITLE: The Role of Leningrad in the Development of 'Welding Techniques
and the lVeldinS Industry (Roll Lenin8rada v razvitii svarochnoy
tekhniki i svarochnogo proizvodstva)
PERIODICAL: V sb. : Svarochnoye proiz-vo. Leningrad, Lenizdat, 1957, pp
7-16
ABSTRACT: The discovery of the electric arc by V. V. Petrov. the inven-
tion of arc welding Processes by N. N. BenaTdos and N. G. Slavya-
nov, the activities in the production of electrical welding equipment
by the "Elektrik" Plant, the development of scientific research
and design operations, and the contributions of public societies
in the field of welding, the training of engineering and technical
personnel, and the publication of welding literature in Leningrad,
are described.
V.S.
1. Are welding--Development--LLSSR 2. Electric welding
Card I /I equ-pment--PrcJuction--USSR 3. Welding--Study and teaching
r __USSR

%
SOV/137-58-7-15007
Translation from: Referativnyy zburnal, .30etallurgiya, 1958, Nr 7, p 156 (USSRV
AUTHOR: Okerblom, N.O., Navrotsl6y. D.1
TITLE: New Approaches to the Problems of Strength and Ease of
Manufacture of Welded Structures (Novoye v voprosakh proch-
noBt! i t6hnologichnoBti svarnykh konstruktsiy)
PERIODICAL: V sb.: Svarochnoye proiz-vo, Leningrad, Lenizdat, 1957,
pp, 125-142
ABSTRACT- An' examination of various at~pects of employment of com-
bined welded structures (WS), the influence of the structural
shaping on the strength (S) of the WS, and the effect of stresses
induced by welding on the performance of the WS. It is noted
that the replacement of cast elements intended for turbines of
the KuybyBhev hydroelectric station at the Leningrad metal
plant by combined welded components resulted in a reduction in
the weight of parts from 527 to 338 1, a reduction of standard,
-man-hours from 21,542 to 14,664,and a reduction in cost frorn
2,479,000 to 1,563,000 rubles. The following -data are providod:
a) characteristics of mechanical S of joints composed of cross
Card 1/2 membeYB; b) the reduction in the value of Ub under the . I

SOV/137-55-7-15007
New Approaches to the Problems of Strength and Ease of Manufacture (cont.)
combined influence of abrupt stress concentrations and extremely low temp-
peratures; c) the critical brittleness temperature of specimens (parent
metal and butt, T-, and bead joints) made of steel St 3 and NL-Z; d) 5 and
plasticity under impact and static loading; e) vibration S of butt joints of
steel M16S, etc. It is pointed out that, according to static and dynamic data,
welded joints are superior to riveted connections. Endurance character-
istics for various types of steel and different welded joints are given as a
function of tbP stress -concentration factors. It is recommended that the
standards for vibrational S be established on the basis of tests performed on
specimens and structures after these have been subjected to loads rather
than on the basis of tests carried out on specimens in their original state.
A. K.
1. Structures--Welding 2. Structures-Mechanical properties 3. Welded joints
Card 2/2

SOV/ 137-58-9-19313
Translation from: Referativnyy zhurnal, Metallurgiya, 1958, Nr 9, p 16~ (USSR)
AUTHORS: Okerblorn, N.O., Xuzlminov, S.A.
TITLE: ___-_MV5-w--Trend5 in Planning of Engineering Processes for Fabrica-
tion of Welded Structures JNovyye napravleniya v proyektiro-
vanii tekhnologicheskikh protsessov izgolovleniya i3vartifth
konstruktsiyp
PERIOD-.CAL: V sb.: Svarochnoye proiz-vo. Leningrad, Lenizdat, 1957,
pp 143-160
ABSTRACT: The planning of engineering processes (EP) for fabrication
of welded structures (WS) must be preceded by the solution of a
number of problems connected with the quality of the completed
structure, the amount of labor required, the deadline for com-
pletion of a given project, the necessity of ordering special
equipment, etc. A most rational technology should be selected
only after the completion of a comparative evaluation of com-
plete sets of production figures offered by several alternate
methods. The comparisons should be performed on the basis
of computations which take into consideration all major factors
Card 1/2 affecting the properties of the metal and the dimensions and

SOV/ 137-58-9- 19313
New Trends in Planning of Engineering Processes (cant.)
the shape of the VIS. Recommendations art., given on the employment of de-
sign methods for the selection of conditions and welding process procedures,
determination of deformations in the WS, and the selection of an optimal
sequence for assembly and welding operations developed by a number of
scientific-Tesearch institutes. Methods of computational determination of
welded deformations (D) are examined and derivations of formulae for the
determination of the magnitude of D (contraction, flexure, etc.) are given.
Curves showing the D as a function of welding parameters are presented,
together witb diagrams of residual stresses. Calculations and derivations
of formulae lor over-all D are given. Analysis and formulae for determina-
tion of the D in elements of welded H-beams (during welding of the latter)
aye given; relations between the magnitudes of the D and various factors
affecting them are established.
B. K.
Structu-,es--:.-,'eldinf 2. Weld im-Analys is
Card 2/2

RYKILIN, X.N., OMM~~.jj,q., doktor tekhn.nauk,-prof.
Some trends in the development of the theory of welding processes.
Syar.proisv.-no.11:13-16 11 157. (MI]U 10: 12)
1. Chlen-korrospDnaent AN SSSR (for Dykalin).
(Wel,aing research)

SOVI 137 -58 -8-17062
Translation from~ Referativnyy zhurnal, Nfelallurg;,.a. 1938, Nr 8, p 123 tUSSR)
AUTHOR. Okerblon), N.O. -
TITLE: Deformation of Flange Plates Daring Welding of 1-!nhap(-d Mern-
bers iDeformatsiva poV.)sr,%Ikh listov pri ,var),e elementov
tavrovvkh secheniv-
PERIODICAL: Tr. Leningr. politeklin. in-ta, 1957. Nr 189. pp 7-22
ABSTRACT! A theoretical investigatior. was condut ted whie h dealt with
deformations whiLh occur in flange plates of welded I bearns
and which are governed by var)ous fat.tors that obtain during
welding ~%velding condition-,. dimensions of searn.5, and k z-(;Ss-
sectional dimensions of element" being welded". COMPUtallOnal
formulae are cornpared with experimental da!a obtained b~ dif-
ferent re5earcher!~ under laboratory as well as shop (onditions
during fabricahon of various -itructures.
1. Ba=s-'.1e1dinr, 2. Popms-Defunsation V. K.
3- Welds-Strezises
Ca3-d I/ I

SOV/ 137-58-8-17063
Translation I-rom: ReferativnN-y zhurnal, -Metiallurgiva, 1958, .7';r 8, p 123 (USSR)
AUTHORS: Oke2-blom, N.O., Savel'yev, V,N.
TITLE: Calculations Devermine Deformations in Members During
Simultaneous Execution of Two Corner Welds (Raschetnoye
opredeleniye deformatsiy elementov pri odnovremennom
vypolnenil dvukh uglovykh sbvov)
PERIODICAL: TT. Leningy. politekhn. in-ta, 1957, Nr 189, pp Z3-33
ABSTRACT: A method was developed whereby deformations produced by
performing two corner welds simaltaneously may be deter-
mined. The discrepancy between measured and calc ulated
values for the deflection of four Tee and I rnernbcr~: ,~,,ts suf-
ficiently small.
V. K.
21, 1!etzas_'.153.ding 2. Metals-Deformation
3. VeIdB-Strasses 4. Mathematics
Card III

............. .

SOV/137- 59-3- 5822
Translation from: Referativnyy zhurnal. Metallurgiya, 1959, Nr 3, 1) 126 (USSR)
AUTHOR: Okerblom, N - 0.
TITLE: Ways of Improving the Quality of Weldments
(Puti sovershenstvovaniya svarnykh konstruktsiy)
PERIODICAL: V sb.: Prochnost' svarn. konstruktsiy. Moscow- Leni ng rad,
Niashgiz, 1958, pp 5-14
ABSTRACT: IvIany technical specifications (TS) and standards (S) tend to mislead
the designer in the matter of selection of means of improving the
quality of weldments (W). 5 and TS IZ5-55 contain reduced values of
fatigue resistance to be employed in the calculation of butt welds
with finished surfaces even in the case of steel 3. In the case of W's
operating tinder vibrational loads, butt welds with unfinished sur-
faces should be employed instead of the J welds so as to ensure a
smooth transition from the weld to the parent metal. It is demon-
strated that the strength of the W's fabricated with convex welds is
not governed by the relationship between the perpendicular legs of
the welds. Analogous comments are made with regard to the
Card 1/2 TS PIM-sv. 55 regulating the design and the manufacture of welded

Ways of Improving the Quality of We'drnent5
SOV/1 37- 59- 3- `822
spans of railroad bridges. In examining and approving any TS or S, the asststance
of leading specialists should be enrolled. Residual stresses are regarded as one
of a number of factors responsible for a reduction in the carrying capacity of W:s
fabricated from metals which in the course of their service had reached the brittle
state. it is proposed that the strength of the W's be increased by nicans of pre-
liminary loading at normal temperatures (test loading, hydraulic testing, loading
during the initial period of the operation of the W's). Failure to take into account
the conditions of actual operation of the W's leads to incorrect conclusions (e.g -
recommendations made by G.A. Nikolayev and K. V. Bagryanskiy with regard to
the technology of butt welding of 1-bearns). Distortion is regarded as another
cause of a decrease in strength of structures due to a redistribution of stresses
M T.
Card 2/2

1351-56-4-14119
AUTHOR: Okerblom, N.O., Professor, Doctor of Technical 'Sciences
TITLE: A Conference on Welding in the German Democratic. Republic
(Xionferentsiya po sva-.ke v Germanskoy Demokraticheskoy
Respublike)
PERIODICAL: Svarochnoye Proizvodstvo, 1956, Nr 4, PP 40-42 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: A conference on welded structures was hold at Hallc Alrom
the 9th to Ilth October 1957. It was organized by the
Palata tekhniki (Chamber of Engineering) and the Tsentrall-
n7y institut svarochnoy.tekbniki Germanskoy Demokraticheskoy
Respubliki (The Central Institute of Welding of the German
Democratic Republic). About 1,000 participants were pre-
sent, including delegatva from Bulgaria, Hungary, '~Fist
Germany, Poland, Rumania, USSR, Czechoslovakia, Switzer-
land, Yugoslavia and Japan. The Soviet delegation from the
WTO mashinostroitellnoy promyshlennosti Sovetskogo Soyuza
(Scientific-Technical Department of the Soviet Union Machi-
ne-Building Industry) included the author of thin article.
A.H. Shashkov, Candidate of Technical Sciences' and G.A.
Card 1/3 Maslov, Dotsent. Professor G.A. Nikolayev, Doctor of

135-58-4-14/19
.A Conference on Welding in the German Democratic Repvblic
Technical Sciences; B.S. Kasatkin, and V.V. Bazhenov, Candi-
dates of Technical Sciences; were sent by other Soviet
organi2ations. The introductory report vae delivered by
State Secretary Tsisenis (Ministerstvo tyazhOlogo mashino-
stroyaniya - Ministry of Heavy Ma6hine-Building). The Con-
ference heard the following raports: Professor G.A.
Nikolayev,on "Problems of Automation in Welding Processes";
B.S. Kasatkin,,on "Automatic Welding of Heat-Resistant
Stools in Carbon Dioxide Gas Shields"; V.V. Bazhenov, on
"Field.3 of Application and Technico-Economic Characteristics
of Welding in Carbondioxide Gas Shields"; Doctor V. Gillde
(Director of the Tsentrallnyy in'ot-itut svarochnoy tekhniki -
TSIS - the Central Institute of Welding Engineering),on
"Use of High-Strength in Welding Engineering"; V. Anders,
(Technical Director of TSIS),on "Shrinkage in Girder Parts
Welded Under Flux"; A. Neyman (Head of the Otdel 4-slledo-
,.Yaniy TSIIS - the TS11S Experimental Department),on "Strength
and Endurance of Joints Wolded Under Flux and Their Calcu-
lation"; R. Nyuller, Diploma-Engineer from Magdeburgon
Card 2/3 "Influence of the Constructive Shape of Rachine Parts on

135-58-4-14/19
A Conference on Welding 'An the German Demccratic Republic
Costs in Automatic Welding" Doctor-Engineer G. Bekker
(TS11S Branch at Finsterwalle),on "New Investigations
in the Metallurgy of Automatic Welding Under Flux"; F.
Richter (Berlinskiy elektrodnyy zavod - the Berlin Elec-
trode Plant), on "Highly EfficAent Electrodes in the German
Democratic Republic"; Engineer Lakatos from Bratislavaon
"Investigation of Gray Iron Cold Welding"; Profesi3or A.
Matting from Hannover, on "Light Alloy Metal Structures";
Beme (TSIIS), on "Spot-Welded Jc4nts Under Dynamic Load
and Their Computation". The third day of the conference
vas devoted to visits to tho TSIS Laboratory and to the
Leuna Flap'; at Merseburg, The Soviet delegates also visit-
ed the Hohenturm Boiler Plant, the Bergmann-Borsig Plant
in Berlin and the Berlin Electrode Plant.
AVAILA13LE: Library of Congress
CaTd 3/3

oxm"'al, ]?). 0.
"On the Worl; nna SuE;Cgentlonn trzde hy a SWeially Or6~anlzcrl Temn (132-igsda)
All-Un-lon Conference on Pro3pect:~ ana Trends of the Development u4l Ble-Arcc
WeldIng Equipment In tbL- IZSB, from
S,mrochnoye Proizvoztvo, 1~)5B, lir 6, PP 13 - 17.
Leningrad 73ranch, NTO Mashprom)

135-58-
AUT.10.;,3: Okerblom, B.O., Doctor of Technical Sciences,, 1~~rofe33or;
-Fxyanishnikov, V.P., Candidate of 7echnical 3( ~iences; and
bhykova, I.P.t Candidate of Technical Scioncen, DotBent.
TITLLi -6-91-d-ing of .,uart-- Glass (Svarka kvartsevogo stekla)
PhAHIODICAL: bvarw~hroye Proi-.vodstvo, 1958, Vir 6, Pp 30-35 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The artinle centains general informaticn on the behaviour of
quartz Class during oxy-acetylene velding. Stresses caused
by i~eldinr are computed and stress diaerams are shomn. An
industriai welding oven, w1th gas-electric pre-heatin.- for
cilindrical obje:?tjg meaeuring up to aOO mm in diameter and
1,1,00 mm high, -is described and illustrated. --eldin- tech-
noloCzy 41o reoemmended. It is said that the residual, weldint;
stresses in glass can be 2stimated b;E the Ceneral -;,eldinc;
stre-9s and 3train theory for steel. L by N.O. Okerb1cm. :~ef.
22 and t~e heat prop,%gation theory of N.N. R~rkalin ZI-11 ez-.g
wit)i adjustmonts ascording to the physical propert-es of
quartz glass. There are 5 figures and 4 Soviet references.
Library of Congren5

SOY-135-58-10-16/19
AUTHORS- -OkITZ110M 11,0, Doctor of Technical SoisncsB, Frofasecyt
DemyantzeT,ich, V.P., and Petrov, G.L., Candidates of Tech-
nical Sciences
TI ME Problems of Electrode Standardization in Are Welding (H
7oprosu o st4ndartizatzil elektrodov dlya dugo-roy evarki)
PERIODICAL: Svarochnoye proizvodstvo, 1958, Nr 10i py 40 - 42 (USSR)
ABSTRAM With reference to an article published by A.A.TMV-din in
a previous copy of this periodical, entitled "Principal
Problems of Standardi2atiom ?or Ara-ValdinE Blectrodge", the
authors present some principal and practictl observations
dealing -with the classification and requirements of differ-
ent electrode types. As an example, 4 tables containing
approximate requirements of electrodes for welding differ-
ant steel gradeat are included. There are 4 tables.
ASSOCIATION3 LeninBradskiy yolitakhnicheskiy institut (Leningrad Poly-
technical Institute) ,
2. Arc welding-Zlectrodee 2. Zlectrodes--Standardliation
card i/I

SOV 11 ~ 5-59-12-1/17C
AUTHORS: _0~~ of Technical Sciences, Professor,
]3aykovB, I.P., Candidate of Technical Sciences
TITLE: Some Measures to Prevent Deformation in Crane Bridge "Nelding,
and Their EffectivBness (Nakotoryya mery predotvrashcheniya
daformatsiy pri svarke kranovykh mostov i ikh effektivnost')
PERIODICAL: Svarochnoye proizvodstvo, 1958, Nr 12, pp 1-5 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: For the purpose of determining the causes of deformation
during various stages of welded crane bridge construction,
com
putations and messurings of deformations were compared and
the obtained results were used to carry out theoretical ana-
lyses on the development of such deformations. Engineers
N.N. Krivenko and S.G. Sadoyan from the PTO Plant imeni S.L,
Xirov participated in the organization and performance of
the measuringB. On the basis of the analyses performed some
variants of crane building technology were developed, eli-
min3ting the existing deficiencies. Information is given on
some general theories which can be applied to the construction
of different welded structures, and are demonstrated on the
Card 1/2 example of crane bridge production. The effect of the frame

Some NeaBures to Prevent Deformation in Cranp Bridge I-Volding, and Their
FffectiveneBn
rigidity on deformations caused by -welding is analysed. In
developing the technology of assembly and welding of compli.-
cated structures the use of reverse bend and the rigidity of
the frame must be adBpted according to the technological
concli3sions obtainea.
There are 3 graphs, 2 diagrams and 2 Soviet references,
ASSOCIATION: Leningradskiy politexhnicheskiy Anstitut imeni M.I. Kalinina
(The Leningrad Polytechnical Institute Imani Mi.l. Kalinin)
Card 212

olXkrMW -3*0.,-prof.
A
Inginearing conf arenas on dof ormtions In hial coxponents.
Sudoetroonle 24 mo*8-80-81 Ac 158. ()ffn 11-. ID)
,(Hulls (Navel archi-tecture)-oongreasso)

OKMIDM, N.O., doktor takhn. na-ak, prof.
Ways vf Improving volded structures. JIzdJ IDNITO)USE 48:5-14
358- (Welding research) (MMUL 11:12)

onnwm, 11.0.
~~
'CalcuUting tho durability of volded structums considering mtresses
occurring during velAing. Trud7 M no.199:26-47 '58.
(MIRA 12:9)
(Structural frames-Welding)
(Straims aDd strooses)

OmmkNR,NA"&,;X*=TCHxNKO, 7.5.
Causa of "whIliker" cracks in weiasa 3)ipeiina joints vith tacidng,
-rings. Trua7 IPI mo.199:75-B2 358. %* AM 12 -.9)
(Pipellnes-Welding)
(Deformations (Mechanics))

j iffi
j
I Iv,
J4
i'14 Paz I
4344
17-
i 50
a lly
Aj
'I
i.

, urzm()H, N. 0.
Zfficient industrial procoBB planning for the manufactwe of
voidea structwes. ivtom. 9var. 13 no.8:9-23 Ig 160.
(MIRk 13:8)
1. leningradski7 polIt9khnIcheBkV institut Izo X.I. lalinina.
(Welding) (3fficisncry, InduBtrial)

.AUTHOR: Okerblom, W.O.
S/125 61 600/001/c01/016
A161YA133
TITL'Ej Expedient welded structure designs and mechanized welding processes
PERIODICAL: Avtomaticheskaya svarka, no. 1, 1961, 3-12
TEXT: The practice of welded structures fabrication is discussed end prac-
tical recommendations are made in view of the continually increasirg appli-
cation of welded structures in the country. Some Soviet designing organiza-
tions are making the mistake not to take into account the welding technology
and its effect on the metal properties. The author's recommendations are
listed in the following. Basic standard rules Must be established both for
the designers and technolOgiBtB, apart from organization measures.. The "ly- J,
ing electrode method" suggested in the thirties by S.G. Sarafarov in the
USSR and used in many countries must be employed for the welding of inaccess-
ible jointB between sheets in members replacing cast structures; an example
Of tSChniqUeB are the -welding apparatus of the Austrian "E'lin" worko for
'welding with lying electrode covered with a massive copper bar (Fig.1 c), or
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22232
S/1 25/61/000/001/10r)i/o - 6
Expedient welded structure designs ... A16i/A133
the Hungarian version with a magnetic field pulling liquid metal into the
corner and producing a smooth concave seam surface (the return conductor is
s of the
led through a bore in the clamping copper bar (Fig I d). Bent blank.
kind as in.(Fig..2) can be used instead of the usual rolled angle bar with
'triangle plates welded on (in crane bridge trusses) to reduce the ,rolume of
welded joints and to make possible the use of semi-automatic or autoriatic
welders. Butt straps are not suitable for machine welding and butt joints
with straps have been known for a long time as being inefficient, but they
are still used -with railroad car ntructures for joining modern stamped carri-
age elements. They could be avoided by a more expedient design of the stamp-
ed'elements. Designers must consider that straightening of many structures,
particularly of thin sheet, takes more work than welding, and fast automatic
'Welding can lose its sense. Welding deformation can be calculated in advance
-without fabricating trial structures. One example is the simple structure
shown in Fig.3 where the top side of the U-beam has to remain in the hori-
zontal position, The best of the three possible joining ways shown trill not
cause deformations. The vertical ribs are first welded to the horizontal
sheet, which will not affect the U-beam, and when the U-beam is welded after-
wards to the sheet and to the ribs, the bending effect of the horizontal
seams will be compensated by the effect of the vertical seams. The condition
Card 2/& 5__

S/125 61/'000/001/001/016
Expedient welded structure designs ... A161/A133
(in final form) for the stTaightness of the U-beam in -this case will be
)L qn
n2 -2
where ~X and ~V is a factor dependint on the heat behaviour of metal; (1, - the
welding energy per weld length unit; z distance (in cm) from the weld cen-
ter to the gravity center lines of the section; a - distance between o7oss
melds in cm] :B - length of croBs weld, cm., If the _R_ ratio cannot be varied.
the 4n value can, with relatively little change of the seam length on the
ribs. The BtraightneBs of the U-beam can be achieved by varying the (linen-,
sions and spacing of the ribs, The frequently practiced artificial means to
prevent welding warping (fixation, inverse bending, idle weld seamn, etc.)
were proved to be of little use at the LeringradBkiy zavod im. Kirova (Lenin.-
grad Plant im.KiTov) vhere large dtforantionB resultedfrom welding "balco-
nieB11 to the mair, crane bridge girders, which could not be eliminated by dis-
tance pieces (the beams sagged to the inside of the frame when the diotance
ribs -were removed) (Ref.4 and 5, I.P. Baykova et al, "Trudy LPI", flo.199,
Mashgiz, 1958, and N.O. Okerblon and I.P. Baykova, "Svar.proizvodstvo, No.12,
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