SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT NIKOLSKIY, S. I. - NIKOLSKIY, S. I.

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• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

21(l) PHME I BOOK EXPLOITATION HUM/1911
international Conference on Cosmic Radiation. Budape?t, 1956,
International Conference on Cosmic Radiation Organized by the
Hungarian Acedenq of Sciences. Budapest, 195T. 18T p.
200 copies printed,
Sponsoring Agencys Magyar Tudomanyos Akadenla
Zda.: Z. Fenyves, and A, 3omogyl
PURPOSE: This report in Intended for geophysicists concerned with
cosmic radiation,
the papers read at
COVIRMIZ: This report contains/the six plenary sessions of the
oonferenae, Some of the problems dealt wIth Include nuclear
emulsions, extensive air showers and the program of cowde
ray measurements planned for the International Geophysical
Year. most or the reports are followed by references, Soviet
scientists In the field or cosmic radiation who attended the
conference are: E,L* Andronlkashvill, N.A. Dobrotin, IsI.
Gurevlohp M, Nlko2skly and S.H, Vernov. The articles are
written In English, German and Russian without parallel trans-
CariTrs.

International Conference (cont.) HUN11911
3. Nikollakly, 3.1. The Study of Nuclear Active Components of
Extensive Atmospheric Shnwers of Cosmic Rays 50
40 Vernova Sol.,, and Zatsep1n, Q.T. Helght Dependen*e and the
Pmblm of the Core of Xxtensivo Atmospheric Showers (not Inal.)
5, Chudskovo AoYoo Cherenkov Radittion of Extensive Atmos-
phorlo Shdwers of Conde Rays 5T
60 AndronlkashvIU, Z.L., and M.P., Bibilashvillo The Study of
the Spatbl. Dispersion of Penetrating Particles of Rx-
tenelve Atmospheric Showers 63
THM 393310M
WZX3IVZ AIR 3HOWM
1. Babeckis JoLo Jurklowlazo and J,M. Nassalski. The Transi-
tion Curve of the glectron-Photon Component of Extensive Air
Showers In lead Absorbers of Thicknesses Between 0 azzid 25 cm. 73
2o Janossy, Lop To Sandor, and A, Somogy1o Investigation of
Xxtenslve Air 3howem 230 O-Above See, Lovel 96
Card 3)6

International Conference (Cont,)
HU/1911
5, FrIedluder# RoMe A High Xnergy Meson Shower WIth an
Anomlous Angular Spread 144
PnPTH suszon
1. 711JLpkowakl, A.; J. (11orulaxx, mid P. Zlelftskl. Survey of
tho ZMerlmmtal gyperfragment Data 145
2o Holao, Co. JoCo Chong, No In,, and K*C, Wang* Some Heavy
Unstable Partial* Zvents Observed With a Naltiplate Cloud
Chanber IT2
3. ftledlaoider, XN.,, and NoX. Mayor* Som Rmarks an the
Possible Cascade Deasy of theIC-Moson 177
4. Petrzllka,, Vo Now Measurements of the Life Tim of
A4 -Nesons Mw Anonal AbsorptIon Volng a aftphlto Absorber
and Nualear Noulsions IN
Kless Do Measurements or the Lire Tim ofA4 -Mesons 1
9.0 Myer, MaZo, wA 0, Iftialu. On Fermi= ?air CreatIlan
by Charged Partialees of Spin 1/2 and 0 In an Zicternal
Field 185
Card 5/ra

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AUTHOR DOVZMXO O.Z., KSLEPO B-L-o XIXOLIBXlr S-1- PA. - 2557
TITLE The Kaorgy Spectrum of Myons-fix-E5 -Broad Atx*4ph*rL* Showers
of Cosmic says.
(ftergetlehookly spektr Kyoaov v sbirokikh atzooferichookikh
11"yakk koseleheakikh luohey.- Russian)
MIODICAL Zhurual Zkoperls. I Tooret. FIzIk1 1957, Vol 32, Xr 3,
PP 463 - 466 (USSR).
Resolved: 6/1957 Reviewed: 7/1957
ABSTRACT The author@ carried out *xperlaoate for the doteralaation of
the shape of the energy spoetrun of myous at three different
distanges from the axis of a broad atmospheric shower In the
Pamir (3860 a sea level) In the fall of 1954. Besides, they
compared the speatra of myons In showers with different primary,
energies. The oaorgy of the myoas was detoralaod from their absorp-
tion In lead and In the ground. The Central scheme of the eik-
perimental order and the section of the pit dug Into the ground
are shown in form of drawings. The control system consisted of
three groups of GEIG&R-ALLER counters which sere located above
the deteatore of the penetrating partlsl*s as well as at a
distance of 100 and 300 a from then. Above the detectors of the
penetrating particles nany hodoseopie counters for the in-
vestigation of the eleatron-photon components of the shower@
CARD 1/3

The Energy Spectrum of Ryon* in
of Cosmic lays.
of the broad atmospheric shower.
(2 illustrations and 2 tables)
P1 - 2957
the Broad Atmospheric Shovers
ASSOCIATION: Physical Institute "P.N. LZUNT" of the Academy of Science
of the U.S'S.R.
PUSZN21D DT: -
SUBMITTIM 3-11- 1956.
AVAILABLE: Library of Congress.
CARD 3/3

AUTEOHo NIEWMITyS.I., SELEZVEST,Y.M. 56-5-4T/55
TITUt -The -pat,al Distribution of k;lectron- Photon-Components on tfte
Periphery of Broad Atmosphorlo Cosato Showers. (9fopredelenlys
alektrpano-fotonnoy kc-pononty.oks, periferli shirokikh atzoofernykh
livney kommichookogo, isluchonlyao Russian)
PERIODICALs Zhurnal 6kop*rta. I ',vur*t. FizIkI, 1957, Vol 32, Or 5.
PP 1250 - 1252 (U.S.S.R.)
ABSTRAM A large number of counting tube@ which were established at dif-
ferent distance* from one an4ther (of up to 1000 a) in an alti-
tude of 3860 a, were used to measure the current density of all
charged partial** of the shower. The counters were screened by
neans of a thin Al-foil and by wood.
From the formula r(r) - lin n the current density of the particles
at the distance r from the axis of the shower can be computed,
where n denotes tho number of counting tubes which bad responded,
=- the total number of counting tub*@, and 6,the surface of a
counting tube. ',Lhres groups-of broad showers with accurately
determinable axis were Investigated. lihe fir5t group comprised
such showers as contained fron 5.104 to 1.10 chirged particles.
The ener&7 of th pr nary partiol9e o"eing these showers can be
1,* 1014 @1. For the 2nd and 3r4 group the cor-
soused to be 6.
Card 1/2 :esponding fIG-ures are#

AUTHOR TATILOT, Tu.:1-,7S7STIGN~;Y_!-Tj 1u.F,,XIKOL'SXIY, 5.1.
TITLE Investigation of the Penetrating -C_c=pc-T7e-FT--oT Ve .GQ_._
Ray Air Showers(-Hussi:-)
(Iseledovartlye pronikryusYchey koz;o;enty allairokik1h atnomferiches-
kikh livney kov7:icheskogo izluoheriya -3"jaian)
PLRIODICLL Zhurnal Ekaperim. i Teoret-Fiziki,1957,Vol ~.2,ffr 6,pp 1519-1327
(U.S.S.R.)
A3STRACT The present paper inyontigates the spatial diatribAtion of ;zyons
in broad at2ospheric shovere,which are caused by pricarj, particles
with differant energy.These neasarements were carried out In an al-
titude of 386o a (Pam1r) in the sum,;or and fall of 1954.
Exp*r1mental orders The spatial distribution of the charged partic-
lea was Investigatcd by the nothod of the Individual investigation
of the showers by means of numerous counters (which were connected
with a hodoscopic devioe).The seneral scheme of the experimental
order is illustrated by means of a drawing.
The spatial distribution of-&ons In the ahowers The density of the
ayon flux In the ah6wers inveatigated did not suffice for measuring
them in an individual shower if detectors with the usual 4urface
area are used.The mean value of the density of the myon flux In the
showers with assumed number of particles was deterolned by counting
the myon passagea through the detectcr.The varying Influence exer-
cised by the anyle of emission of the pions upon the spatial distri-
Card 112 bution of thi soff and the penetrating component of the broad atzo-

KK M LIKIICNq D.D.;Matifflar, S.I.
C064dftotts rader6r of Oxt*rA" atao-16-rie 400wre of coamic rajim.
Nauch. suab. MAN SM lw.lt"-Il 1; r. (KIPA 1711)

MTAW8UU6 Loto; KRABILINIMyt Mot NIZOLIBIlTo Sol.
Ivellmdamm ro"Ism on bweestric md toqpambw effocts emus"
bevers ~r fte ass level. TruAr ME
1519's (OMA Itc?)
.(Cesslit mp) (Atmeepharts tenwratwe) (Atecapberte pewsaws)

AUTHORS: Zatseping G. T.,
Xurz1na, Ye. A.,
TI?L9: The Study of High-Energy
of an Ionization
chastits vysokoy
KruGovykh, V. V. 56-2-4/51
Rikol'skly,
Nuclear-Active Particles by Means
Chamber (Ilablyudemiye y&4erno-aktivnykh
energii pri pomoshchi ionizatsionnykh ka=er)
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal Eksperimentallnoy I Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, 10158.
Val 34, Yr 2, pp 298-300 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: In autumn 1955 the authors investif;ated at an altitude of
3860 m above sea level nuclear-active particles of high
enercy (E > 1011 eY). The apparatus used for thece me-
asurements consisted of 6 impulse-ionization chambers uhich
were mounted below a lead layer of variable thickness. The
ionization chambers consisted of brass cylinders. An
electronic device made possible the reCietration of the
intensity of the ionization Impulse In each of the 6 chambers.
BesIde the Ionization chambers there was a aysten of 972
hodoecopic counters with a total surface of ~ 10 m2.
Card 1/4 The distribution of frequencies of the Ionization bursta as

The Study of HIgh-KnerGy Nuclear-Active Particles b)r Ifeans 56-2-4/51
of an Ionization Chamber
a function of their Intensity(below different filters) it
shown In a dlat;raz. The inteCral spectra of the bursts with
N > 2000 relativistic particles can be expressed by an
exponential law:
V ( > 11) - A/Y
Here the exponent 1-' is the sare with all three spectra
(20, 50 &ad 80 cm thick lead layers)l It is on the average
7 - 1,5 1 0,16. The absolute frequencies of the ionization
bursts belon 20 cm and 50 cm of lead coincide within the
range of error, limits. The rarWe for the absor-Mon of the
nuclear active component in air Is -o120 g.cm-~. This value
is obtained in different ways. In the analysis of the
correlation of Ionization burste with atmospheric showers
the cases observed were divided into two groups:
I.- Ionization bursts which are accompanied by an atmospheric
shower of small density. 2.- Ionization bursts which are
accompanied by a broad atmos-,heric shower of more than 103
Card 2/4 particles. The result of this analysis is shown in a

The Study of H1(;h-Lnerej Ruclemr-Act.,Ve Particles bY MoRns rC-2-4/51
of an Icnization Chamber
diaeram as follows: With increasinr intcnuity of the
ionization burst aloo the prob;ibilitj of air- Encort
increasen (vozdu7hnoye soprozlider."ye). III "/, I'S of the
cases the a"thors observed bur3tO which car tct c-xplt~lned by
a sicultaneous entrance into the detector of nt least
two r.uclear active particles of hirh eneri;y. The authors
investleated the 3howerm with a number of particles from
7-io4 to 7-io5. The distribution of the frequency of the
ionization bursts produced by thtj iLuclaxr-active particles
of the wide atmosphorio shower with reapict to their density
is shown in a diaEram. The frequency of burst3 de,~r,iaaas
with increasing thickness of the leal layer. The
distribution with respect to the density of the shovers
accompanyine wide atnospheric sbov-ern can be repros-inted
by the exponential function with the exponent r - 0,9.t 002.
The spectrum of tho nuclear active component iii z, vido)
atmospheric shower of -., 10 particles can bi re,-rv9,---n'ed
in the in erval of enerties of from -1.10'1 to 1013 OV in the
form E-' 4 can
1 92. But the real spectrum be different from
Card 3/4 the one eiven here because of the einultaneoua entrance of

The Study of HiGh-Energy Nuclear-Active Partislc~, bj Meztns of an 56-2-4/51
Ionization Chamber
several nuclear-active particlea on the 3urface of the
detector.
There are 3 figurea, 1. tab.'-~, %nJ I referenou, I of which are
Slavic.
ASSOCIATION: Instituteof Pbysics P. r,. Lebordu-i AS U'3'3R
(Fiziclieoi.i.; n3t4tnt ir. P. N. Tf,Uk
SUBMITTED: July 20, 1957
AVAILA3LE: Librqry of Conerens
1. Ionization chambers-PerfomAnce 2. loniv---ion
Characteristics 3. Particlez-Stujy rryl te,~ching
Card 4/4

AUTHORS: Dantlovat T. V., Dovzhenko, 0. 1. ' SOV/56-34--3-2/55
Ylkolleklyl S. r., Rakobollskays, 1. V.
iTITLR: Cloud Chamber Investigation of the Electron-Photon
I.Donant of Extensive Ataoipherio Shov*rP Near the Axis
ffft%de of 3860 m by Maw of Vil -am Camrs
9
(Iseledovaniyo *Iektronno-fotonney kosponenty shlrokikh
stmonfornykh livney vblizi osi livnya n& vysote 3860 a e
pamoshohlym kamery Villsona)
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal Skuperin*ntallnoy i Teoreti--heakoy Fiziki, 1958,
Vol. 34, Nr 3, )P. 541-547 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The present work in a continiation of a paper by 1. A.
Ivanovskays, and others (Ref 1), and it investigates the
energy spectra of the electron-photon component in extensive
atmospheric showers. The measurement@ were carried out on the
Pamir by means of a rectangular clolil-chamber and with looo
courfers (connected to a hodoscopic device) in autumn 1955-
Seven lead plates of different thickness were mounted within
thle oloud chamber. The oases of passage of an extensive
Card 1/4 atmospheric shower were separated by means or a systes or

34
Cloud Chamber Investigation of e Ccmp:nent
of Xxtensive Atmospheric Showers Near the Lris of tk-.e T&Mwr at an Altitude
of a by Fbaw of Villam Camers,
coincidence and &nttcoin-,'.d*n-,4 p-Alegs in some groups of
counters. rhe registerpi distribjilon of tho showers on the
number of particles is shown ir a diagram. The position cf
the shower axis and the tota'L n%isiter of particles within
the shower were determined from the up&tial distribution of
the charged particles. The energy of the electrons and
photons which cause4 the shower In the '49&4 ple 9s LU41de
the chamber was 4et4roinal by means of the zoopazison of the
total number of particle@ witbtr the shower with the number
of partioles comp-atAl from the -,aszade c-az-ies for lead. In
order to -,ompare the experjrert&7 rosul'-.9 with the
predictions of eleatrcmagnetic 7ascaip thoo-7y the authors
computel the integral energy spectra of the electrons. The
results of these spectra coincide with one another in the
case of an enerCy of 103 eV for the distances of from 2 to
4 m from the axis. These ani alsc other mentioned
experimental results make possible the following final
conclusions~ Year the axis of an extensive atmospherit showqr
Ca:rd 2/4 deficiency of elAstrons and phDtons with high energi*9 ii

MV/51,134- 3 -2/5 5
Cloud Chamber Investigation of the Electron-Photon Comnonent
of ---*mrnivo Atmonnheria Showers Year the AxIr of the Sbover at an
Altitude of 5860 a by News of Villson Camers,
observed. This obviously is connected with a f)ow of photons
of low energy near the axis as well as with the fact that in
the production of the electron-photon component of the shower
nuclear-aotlys partial@@ with an energy of from 1010-1012 ey
play a part. The spectrum of the olootron-photon component in
extensive atmospheric showers caused by primary particles with
an energy of 4t2.joI4 ev rema.ine unchaneed with a change of
the observational altitude. This cau be explained by the
equilibrium of the elaotronph6ton component of extensive
atmospheric showers with nuclear-active particles of high energy
an well an by the predominant registration of extensive
atmospheric showers (which for-.ed at a certain absolute
altitude above the pbservation Tevel in the depth of the
atmosphere).
There are 0 figures, 3 tables, and 8 references, 6 of which are
Soviet
Card 3/4

SM/56-34-3--2/55
Gloud Chamber Investigation of the Bloctron-11hoton Cc.-wpon-.nt
of ~',vtpnRive Atmon-heric Showers Fear ~,. r 1 (4 ' th, Ehcvcr at an
Altitude of fA60 a by Neww of Vil I son Caciere
ASSOCIATION: Fisicheakiy institut im. P. N. Lebedeve Akademii nauk SSSR
(Physioal Institute iment P. Y. Lebedev AS USSR)
SUBUIIVED; July 16, 1957
Card 4/4

AUTHORS: Dovshenkog Oo I., Kozhevntkov, 0. A. SO'1/56-714-6-37/51
ITIkollsklye s. r. Rakobol'skayaq I. V.
TITLE: The Energy Spectrum of the Nuclear-Actlivn Particles In the
Extensive Air Showers ('E'nergeticheskiy spektr Xaderno-ektiv-
nyich chastits v shirokikh stmonfernykh livnyukh)
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal eksportmontallnoy i toorstichookoy f1tikig 1950#
Vol- 34, Nr 6, pp. 1637-1639 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: As a supplement of their previous paper (I!ef 1) the authors
investigated (at an altituee a&' 3660 m) the %bove mentionei
energy spectrum. The nuclear-actLvo particles were separated
from the total particle flow In the extensive air shower ac-
cording to the generation.of an elrctron nuclear shower In
lead plates which were located within a great rectanCular
aloud chnbor. The total thickness of the lead plates was
MOO g/cm . A criterion to given for the separation of the
cases with electron-nuclear showers from the cases with elec-
tromagnetic ehowers. The experinenta were carried out In
2 different ways. In the first one there wLs no absorber 2
above the cloud chamber, but in the second way - -100 g1cm Al.
Card 1/3 A sketch of the experimental apparatus ir given, it reeistrat-

SOT/56-34-6-37/51
The S'norgy Spectrum of the 'Nuc2ear-ActIve ?articles In the Extensive tir
Shavers
ed the extensive air 3howers with td7al particle nu=bers from
104 to 10 . As a result of the measurements carri"d out for
52 nuclear interactions the authors obtained the Integral
energy spectra of the nuclear-active particles in the energy
interval 2 - 50 BeV for distance@ from 0 - 9 m from the aria
of the extensive air shower. An the form of the energy apec-
trum was identical for both of the above-mentioned experimen-
tal variants their results were averaged. The integral energy
spectrum of the nuolear-active particles obtained for the
energy region 10 - 50 RCV may be ftep;roximated by an exponential
function of the type E- with k - 0#95 + 0#25. By comparison
of the observed number of the nuclear-active particles with
the density of the electron flow in the a-owers recorded by
the authorsO apparatus, it was posalble to estimate the share
of the nuclear-active particles with > 2 BeV In the total
flow of the charged particloo In the extensive nir showore
located within distances of 0 - 9 m from the aria. This share
amounts to 00 + 003) which in In good a.Treenent with
previous results obtained oy means of a ho4oseopic detector.
Card 2/3 There are 2 figures tnd 6 referencee, 6 of which are Soviet.

SOV/56-34-6-37/51
Tha En*rgy Spectrum 6f the Nuclear-ActIve Partial*@ In the Extensive Air
Showers
ASSocrATION: Fizicheakiy inotitut Im. P. N. Ltbadeva Akademil nauk SSSR
(Physics Inatitute Iment P. It. LebedevAS USSR)
SUBUITTED: February 26, 1958
card 3/3

21(0)
AUTHORS: Nikol In .4,y,
--k- Pomannkiy, .1. A.
TITLE: Investiration of Extensive Atn,)sphtric Showere of Conmic
Ftadi,,31on Under Deroo (Ionledoranlye shirokikh
atmoofernykh livney konnicheakogo izlucl.entya ~od plotnym
veshcheatvom)
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal eksperlmentallnoLr I teoreticherkoy fizlki, 1958,
Vol 35, 11r 3, pp 618 - 630
ABSTRACT: The present paper deals with It.vesticationa of the
absorption of atnonphoric showf.r particles in an
absorber with a low atomic numler In an n1titude of
3860 m above oea-level. (Pamir klateau# 1955). Meanure-ents
were carried out by means of a special arrangement of
ionization chambers and groupc of hodoscope counters
(Fig 1). For the description see reference 4. The
results obtained by measurements appear to prove that
In extensive air showers with ;article n=bern of
104< 1;< 105 there in, on the averagev equilibrium
Card 1/3 between the nuclear active and electron-photon components

Investigation of Extensive Atmospheric Showers of Cosmic SOT156-354-3-9161
Radiation Under Dense Substances
of the shower. This is in contradiction to the
hypothesis according to which the formation of
extensive showers Is assumed to to a result of acto
of nuclear interaction with total dissipation of the
energy of primary partioleal it also Indicaten the
comparatively insignificant part played by fluctuations.
The energy of the nuclear active component of a shower
with 1; < 0 in the lowermost third of the atmosphere
exceeds the energy of the electron-photon component by the
1,7-fold of its amount. A considerable part of thia r-nergy
.(.v 60%) to used for the production of myons and
neutrino@. The variation of the absorptl9n coefficient
of an extensive air shower as well as the charge
of the structure of the shower core in transition from
showers with IT( 1o5 to'ehowers with N>lo5 agzees
with the assumption (Rof 14) that the character of
the elementary act of nuo4 ar Interaction Is modified
at an energy of Z0 4W 3.10 eV. The measured data obtained
seem to show that the absorpti n of shower particles in-
Card 213 creases at transition to N> 109. Measurenento were

Invest i"--ation of gxterrsive AtmoO.-Ierle Showers of CO=ic 507/5(-35-3-9/o
andlation Under Donne Sulat.,ki,con
mried out with. the uf a lar,_e Z:rou~
of collaLomtora of the Inatitut AIN 55M.
(Phynics Inntitute AS fin well -is diplonnted
students of the fakulltet IMW (Faculty
of Physics of '-'occow St.,~te University). The authors
thank Profesror S.1I.Vornov# Professor IN.A.Dobrotin, an d
Profensor G.T.Zateepin for discu3nina results. There are
7 figurea, 3 tables, and 14 referencen, 11 of which Lare Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Fiziche7,kiy institut in.P.N.Lebedevag Akade-aii Yviua: 'j ~, S 71
(Ph.roics Institute i-,cni of the Acadeny of
Sciences U.SSR)
STUBUITTED: April 10, 1958
Card 3/3

gr~v// ~ ~'. - ") " . 5 - 4 4: 15 6
(7)
,I T ~r f r r-, r(O Murzinn, Te. A., Y~;, Ilf!k!;(, ';. T., Tr-ko-tlay, ". I.
T17LE: The Cbuervation of INitcl r'.1cle:- nf RtA1a%!On
'Vitl; an EnarC.7 of >loll 0-1
ch;~stltn koinicheakogo 'LzDic!.er.!ya c enerf-fyef >10 13 ev)
PFRIOPTrAL: '.,'1mrnnl ckjperinentn1'nr;.f i fiziki, 1))9,
Vol '!r 5, pp

M:AICT: the rurrent irttm-iit
!n the Full if 1.',57 y of nuclear-active
Col-mic ru'liAion -.,as nea.,vired in an
.it,ilp of ",3(.0 ri aep ?1he letcetor of nw:lear-
~!tive f,arliclcs con~,i,-t9i of 7 ion';-.0.ion ~;i..,,rzters which
tere surrouriled ~~y load. '.-Ije arre,rqo!~Aent of tne ionization
chambe,s is 3hovin by Fi richematintil d.--awDA(;. An analysis of
n-eawiring results s,;cva t.'-.e '~iiclettr-ncti,7e particles
havinG an er:o~rgj- cC rr.-)rn Vinn 2.10,2 eV tire accomlaniel In
III + cu!,cq by extennive .0jowers of t)jrjr.
31.10-' nrticlea. In 'he cn.-p- o ~p 1- 5- 10 e7 n-.;clenr-active
:.irticlaa io r,ercontar -I ~03 + Tercentnj~e
of hi(-,h-en1'rFy 1,articles aecw~ij;.niel 1,y rhowers lependa only
Card 112 to n or-all extent on tho enert,-,y of w,clear-active jarticlefi.

S"07/56-35-5-44/56
The Obeervation of Nuclear-Active Particles Of Cosmic Radiation With an
'Enerry of > 13
10 eV
A diagram showc the inte7,ral enerry srectr-im of nuclear-active
purticles observed In an altitude of 3660 n above sea level.
The energy spectrum miy be represented in the form
F(> E) , I/E1653 1 0.07 in the energy interval of between
10 12 and 1013 eV, which in in agreement with the energy 9~ec-
trum of the primary cosmic radia 1i on of corresponding energy.
Much fewer particles with jP3.10 9V were, by the way, found
than might have been expectel. The autnors thank Professor
11. A. Dobrotin ani G. T. Znt3epin for joeful discussions of
the results obtained. There are 2 fi(,ures ani 3 references, 2
of -Yhich are 3oviet.
ASSOCIATIOR: Fizichoskiy institut im. 1'. N. Lebeleva Ak~,,,Iemil nauk 3SSR
(Physics Institute imeni P. n. Lebeflev of the Acatlemy of
Sciences, TTSSR)
STTBUITTED: July 10, 1953
Card 2/2

2Q-11 *, - ~ - 1/ /59
AUT110113i Dovzhenko, 0. , Zatsepin, V. , '16111'Lin;i, le. J.
Hakobollakaya, I. , Tukisho Ye.
TITLEo Investigation of Extensive Atmospheric Showers of Coamic
Radiation (Isaledoyanlye shirokikh atmosfernykh livney koo-
mtoheskogo izlucheniyal
PERIODICALs Doklady Akademii Nauk JSSR, 1950, Vol. 118, Nr 5, pp.1399-902
(USSR)
ABSTRAM In autumn 1955 the energetic characteristics of extensive at-
mospheric showers were investigated at an altitude of 3860 m
above the sea level. 71he lay-out of the experimental
equipment is illustrated in a diagram. Extensive atmospheric
showers caused by primary p&rticlee with an energy of from
2.10 13- 10 16 eV were separated by fourfold discharges in two
groups of counters (wilh a mutual distance of two meters).
A number of about 4.10 extensive atmospheric showers were
recorded. A great number of counters was employed in these
Card 1/4 measurements. 'Me energy spectrum of the myons at a distance

20-LW-5-W59
Investigation of Extensive Atmospheric Showers of Cosmic Radiation
fluence, of the neutral pion* with enercles above 10 10 i~V on
the slectron-photon component of the shower Is assumed.
filters of various thickness of different materials were
mounted above the Ionization chambers. ThIs permitted to
measure the energy flowo which Is oardei by the electron-pho-
ton component of the shower at various Ustancee from the
shower axis and also the determination of the energy of the
nuclear-active shower particles. The energy of the particle
with the highest energy In the re of the extensive atmos-
pherto showers with lose than 4 particles amounts to 10 f.
In the mean of the energy or the electron-photon component
of the shower at the observation altitude. The remaining
nuclear-active, particles in the shower are distributed accord-
Ing to the law rj1/1P, E denoting the onergy of the nuclear
active particles and n - 009 1 Og2 holding. The cores of the
extensive atIgspheric showers with a nunber of partial@@
exceeding 10 are very complicated. There are 3 figures,
Card 3/4 and 6 references$ 6 of which are Soviet.

J1Yr'rR&NT CKA7ACTr-'USTICS UF r.XTrNS1VL AIN SffJWb.C> AS f1JNCT1f^. S uF -&AE WrAL
UF SHOVER FAMCW
S.I. NiKolskiyp A.A. Pomnektjr
1. Using com;2ostte ap,-aratus, a ;eneral cwacrtption of uldch was given at the
comic-ray conference at Vareninap a stuoy was maae (at j760 a aitltuae) of the absorp-
tion of Vis total particle ilux of extensive air showers In a dkmse matertai cLoee to
air in its wasn static nmtmro
Tho nmber or particles Wwor the absor. or was messurea by moans of tonlpa%ton
ctamberse Showers were registerod with the total mnber or particles rrca L04 to iaP.
2. An analysts has been macm a& the absorption of Qw rlux of shaver particles in
shavere.with d1frerent mabor of particles., h"riROntal data Indicats that particlet,
rlux in diovers with the mabor of particles from 105 to 5 x 10 is absorbed in a dense
matertai more Intensively that parttelo-flux in a shower with a smaller mimber of parti-
cle . This more rapia absorption or particle ilux in showers with the total ntaber at
particles ranging KrM LOS to 5 x 105 may be due to the relatively moll nmber of
nucloar-&ctivo particles in !-over@ -,:!,,.h the number of partieW 1xift4n this range,
This was notea in earlier experimnts.
repoetpresentea at the Internatimal Comic Ray Conference, Moscow, 6-11 july 1y59.

3a A number of other shower characteristics am considered* The spatial
datrIbution both of all the charged particles and the electmns In the
shower to found to only sUChtly sensitive to the number of particles in
the shower, AccordIng to the cascale theory and the nuclear-cascade scheme
of the develol=ant of extensive air showers one x lGht exj>-.ct that with an
Increase in the nu-nber of particles in the shower, the function of spatial
destribution would manifest a peak (pirmeter 3 would diAinish).
Exparlwittal data point to the oplosite. The spatial .11stribution and
energy q)ectrun or -masons are independent of the n u.-iber or pvticlta in
the shower within the range of the total number of rticlas 10 - 10 -,
Fhwever. a comp3rison of different investigations a r,02 that the dependeuz.:!
of the number of mu-msons in thm shower of the total number of particles
varies slightly when passing rrom showers with the n=nber of particles to
a lairger shower,
4e The experimental data am co-apared kith calcu4Pons T9 nuclear-cascade
avalanches caused b primary nucleons of energy 10' - 10 ev.
Report presented at the International Con-tic Ray Ccnference, Noscow, 6-U July 39

EMRGY SPECM OF TW-,. ELMTROILF-RMON M409-:St IN EXTMEZIT-1- AIL'
WEAR TIP- :Jqo-:Sa AXIS
S-Is 51kolsky, 3.1. Dovzbanko. X.V. Rakobolsk-ya
1. The study was carried out in 1957-1958 at sea 1,3vel with a cloud ch&-2ber
triggered by a system of counters.
2. The triggering counter system male It possible to select air atK;Mrs, the
axes of which fall near the cloud cbanber. In aldition, during the study, the
system was alterel so as to r5gister stost effpctively 6bow4rs with a given nu:2-
b"r or poticles: Ire 8 x 10 ; Ir : 1-2 x 1041 W*u 3 x 10 - The position of
the shover axis and the number of particles In It were detorTair--4 from the read-
Ws of the hodoscope counters. A total of 4500 showers were registemd.
3o The rectangular cloul chamber (60 x 60 ") with a depth of 30 ca hal 6
plates of lead m&kW a total thickness of 120 g/CM2. When an electron or
photon entered the cbsumber. a cascade shower was obsorved produced by the*@
particles In the lead sheets. The energy of the electrons anJ photons w"
determined from the total number of particles reglstem0 betucen the lead
ahsetg in th3 cascade showers.
4e As a result of these me&sijremqnta we have obtalaed the Integral ewrCy
spectra of a sum of electrons ;nd photons fortiuch o' the shower j;roups; the
fraction of high-energy elactrons and photons (C 1;0 ev) In tho total nuxbor

or eInctrons or all energies in the 0-3 wtre listance rartCmv fron Ove eov3r
&)ds was also detirdned. A comparison of experimrit.-I data with calculations
base-4 on cascale t$-eory shows that Pnergy Factaorv!ar the show-3r axis (0-3 m)
are dqplatol in the high-energy region (Ij - 10 ,,v).
Report presented at the Intgrnational Cos.-&a Ray Conference, Hoscow, 6-11
July 1959

2. 1.
T99 S.AXUUM OF UTWIViC AIP. SHaMS ACCMDI,'JG TO THIC Ma OF PAJtTIGW;TH9
COMICIM OF ABSOMON Of AT&SM AIR SHOW9M
O.Y.Kulikov. V.N, Nesterova. S.I. Mikolsky, U.S. Khristeansee, A.C.Chudakov
1. Uttlising the method of correlated hodoscopes. %filch permits determitianc the
position of the axis and this number of particles In a shownr. we have obtained
date an shower spectra level and at sea 14v*l.
2. At A60 a above sop level and the interval of psrticl4-mjmr variatio,,
in the shower from 311W to 107a thespectrus to toll approximated by power
3AW V x =1.6.~oa. At sea level there ~s a creator Rrobability thot
ths, spectrum will be irraguLUr In the range IOR-_- M.,- LA)f 10
N.105
mounts to 7.10-3/22 per hour (Ref 3). 4) The probability
distribution of particle recording Is assumed to correspond
to the Polason (Puasson) law. calculation results owe shown
by figure 3.
Also the number of showers recorded par hour and the mean
value of the density of charged particles was calculated, and
calculated and experimental values are compared (Table 2).
1gresuent Is good. Further, the number of shower cores of the
Card 2/4 electron-photon components for 0 4 3.5-104 and N > 3-50o4 are

Investigation of the Cores of Broad Atmospheric soV/56-36-1-3/62
Showers of Cosmic Rays by Keane of a Cloud Chamber
calculated. In the former case, calculation results In - 10,
and the experimental result to 9; In the letter case the col-
culated result Is ^w3q the experimental result 2. For the
number of nuolear-active particles with energies of loll ev
5 and 1-2 was calculated, while the experla*ntal value was 4
and 0 respectively for the two H-values. 4 photographs are
attacheds Figure 4 show*%& oloud. chamber photograph of a
penetrating electron-photon shower with W-4104, figure 5 a
nuclear interaction at an energy of nuclear active particles
of > 101, Ov and 9 . 3.3.104, figure 6 also shows a nuclear
interaction caused by charged particles In the first plate
of the chamber, at an enerqy of nuclear active particles of
A 2.1011 ev and N a 2.5-104, and figure 8 shows a nuclemr
Interaction at an energy of < 1010 ev. The authors finally
thank N. A. Dobrotin, Professor, and G. T. Zateepin for their
Interest, N. G. Birger and D. S. Chernavskiy for discussing the
Card 3/4

InvestiCation of the Core@ of Broad Atmospheric SOY/56-34-1-3/52
Showers of Cosmic Rays by Xseas of m Clou4 ChRxber
results, and 0. A. Kosheynikovo A. U. Mothayev, B. V. Subbotin,
and Y*. W. Tarnmov for helping to carry out nessurements.
There are 7 figures, 3 totbles, An4 7 references, 4 of which
are Soviet.
ASSOCIATIONt Fietcheskiy Institut im.
(Physics institute imeni
SolencesPUSSR)
SUBMITTED# June 14, 1958
P. N. Lebedevft Akedezii nauk SSSR
P. N. Lebe4ev of the Academy of
Card 4/4

AUTHORS: Z&t~*Pln, 0. Too likollsk4Zg
Posanaklyt A. A.
TITLX: Decay Processes In the Development oflualear Cascades In the
Atmosphere (Raspaduyye protmeney pri razvitii yadernykh kaskadow
Y atuosf*re)
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal *kspertuentalluoy I teoreticheakoy fIsIkI# 19599 Val 51t
Xr I(T), pP 19T - 201 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: As the energy of the primary particle Is not directly measured
in experiments on atmospheric showoreg the development of ava-
lanches must also be considered by giving the Initial conditions
In the depth of the ataosphorot The usual method of successive
genoratlams to not suitable for thorfolUtlon of saah probleaso
Nucleons and pion* are assumed to participate In the nuclear
oasaadq procews4 The effective cross section of nuclear colli-
alone to assumed to be equally large for nucleon* and plans.
The LnItIal conditions are assumed to be given In the depth x o:
N(z,x0)dZ and T(E,r.0 )dZq rospoctlv*ly, are assumed to denote the
number of nucleon* and at-mesons, respectively# with #A energy
Oard 1/4

Decay Processes In the Develoysent of Nuclear 501/56-57-1-51/64
Cascades In the, Atmosphor*
of It 9 + U In tho d*pth x00 Th:)kiRjki* equations are written
down In the form E.z . -N(zv + t[N(E#,Z)WM(z4tz) +
E
+ X)W %NWOE)PEO, 2z
. (EllZ) + I(S"X)v xx (EyoldZe. W;NP "se WjX# W%% demote the
energy spectra of the particles corresponding to the second in-
dex which orleinate In the nuclear collision of IL particle with
the energy 91 (which is designated by the first Index). ZZ ~
aKozoltof(zo) - 1-4-1011el denotes the critical energy of the
v-seconss.at which the probabilities of nuclear collision and
of decay in the depth x.1 are equal to each other; r(s. ) denotes
the density of air In g/ca3 in the depth_9o. The solution is
written in the form of series V(z,z) - a (Z-r,0% SI(ICOX)v
I(Z,Z) - *-(X-xo )CO .0
card 2A ~_ Ir., (29t). The series rosultInC by subett-
0

Decay Process*@ In the Development of Nuclear SOV/56-3T-1-51/64
Cascades in the Atmosphere
tutIng these series into the above-mentioned kinetic equations
air* represented stop by slop. in the special case z 0 - 00 the
solutions pass over into the known solution ot the method of
successive approximation*. In the present solution, all terns
of the series are positive, and the series to always conv*rgent
If the total tnerey of particles at z 0 Is finite. The solution
is, however.,mors extensive than in the case zo a 0. In son*
cast* important for the interpretation of the experimental data,
the role of the decay process can be considered in a much *in-
pler way. The authors estimate which portion of the energy of
the nuclear-active component (which to present in the showers
at the altitude of the Pamir station)'La consumed for tht forma-
tion of muons and neutrinos in the further passage through the
atmosphere. According to these calculations, at an *nerj7 spoc-
trud of the type E-2 dE of the nuolear-active component of show-
ers at the altitude of the Pamirp about 50% of its energy aust
Card 3/4 be used up for the generation of mucus and agUtrinoo, thus,

Decay Processes In the Develoquent, of Nuclear SOT/56-3T-1-31/64
Cascades Lit the Atmoopherv
being missing for the developuent of cascadess This conclusion
to almost-Indepondent of the neehanism of the, e1oneratary process
of nuclear collisions@ There are I table and 6 references# 5 of
shich aro Sorlot.
ASSOCIATION: f1slaheekly InstItut In. P. X. Lebedeve, Akadeall nauk SSSE
(Instituto of Ph vice 1x4nL P. ff. Labodev of the Academy of
sciences$ USSR) y
SUBKITTIM: rebruarY 7# 1959
Card 4/4

fil,
I t
p
71.
I,f
I I .
.~ I ;
:i,.

KIS"Ev, S.I.& NUOPUlYs, S.I.
Number of extensive air showers of cosmic rays near sea level.
Mr. eksp. I toor. fiz. 38 n*.lt257-258 Jan 160. (I(IRA 14:9)
1. Fisichoakiy Institut in. P.M.Lebedeve AN SSSR.
(Cosmic rays)

MISHNEV, S.I.; KROVSKITt S.I.
Number of extensive air showers 3f cosmic rays near sea level.
Mro eksp. I tear. fiz. 38 no.L257-238 Jan 060. (PURA 14:9)
1. Fisicheskiy Institut in. P.M.Labedeve AN SSSR.
(Coamic rays)

Pao
4-. 6 flo 0
AUTHORS: Dovzhenko, 0. 1.,
Niko I I skiy, S. 1. Rak:Joi, I
TITLE: The Energy Spectra of the Ele,~tron - PhotrAComporient ~f
Air Showers in the No iehb Gi:~' 7:11 0-To Axi
H
PERIODICAL: Zhurn%l eksperimental Inoy i tereticneakr,( f
Vol- 38, go. 5, PP. 1561-13',g
TEXT: The results given in publioatiora or. this tolic are lneyAct and
contra3iotory. The authors have therefore invostigated the q!e,.trcn
photon enerip
.,y spe,.3trum within 3 m of the shover ax4s. The ms-fh~l rf
ment and the experimental arrangement are aescribei in FiC. ' shcwq
the arrangomint of the cloud chamber in which six lead riates ;J Jlff-~rent
thicknesses (totql: 120 g1cm2) are p1riced over one another airrip, with the
surroiiniing ocunters for the two 'Cntrol a qter.-a. Only !;h(;*-ira with I,e
partiole-flux densities 9-10, 1.2-101 3
and -10 were A-1e('*e'j f,,,-
study. Of these, 2510, 1630, snJ 436 showers, respect vely, were re-tirded
Nearly 70% of all partioles lay within the chosen ra(Fus (..f 3 tn. Tne
spatial distribution of the charged particles in tho ahon8ra vi'*~.
Card 1/3

AP
vl,
, -, in 0 ~: ~
The Energy Spectra of the Electron -- Phctor, 0 Irv o
Component ef Air Showers in the Neighborki.-cli BCV.11 B070
of the Shower Axis
3
~-O is shomn in Fig. 31 this may be represontei ty Q
Wi th n - 1 .0 * 0. 1 . Fig. 4 shows the integral electron. phct~~n spectnim ef
all three shower groups# Fig- 5 shows the ratio betweer, %ne j1e17trcr.. and
tho photon flux densities in the Bhowers elth 3 ~ 3-,01 and 5 - 1.2-104.
Th4 ratio fA - Q(J* 10 9)/Q(~,O) between the three shower groupi %is ~-alcuiskl-
94 t-~ be 16+4, 1543, and 13.13, respectively. Thj data of the jrpse:~t st.rk
are compared with those c;f Refs. 2-4 In Table 1. Numericis! IiAtF% referr~r.,V,
tc the railal distribution of the parti,71ea are ei-.en In T%t -~- 1. Fi,; ~( V
-thcwn tho Integral listribution with respe,"t t~, t k,? ii j, ~7 :I rl
FhGlona of each grcup with E ~O 109 ov. FAPCrlmil~.,
ayarage over till showers alcng with thcoo moij~,urel for 12 c-ii;et ,f
,.'Croa that passed through tee cloud chamber. Pe-i%sf.,n'5 11striltutii.r. :Urer.
Are shown for both these distribution&. The experlzentAly n~servaol ~!io,
tribution doom not Qgree w1th Poiseon's. Fig. 7 shows the lritdgral'
9pectrus of el9ctrons ani photona *,thin ~ ri rif t~e Ahc%e: rivi-1, F.-,!',,
,-Icwa the spatial distributions of electrvns ard photr.)ni Yavlng f~rorgl-~',
~__ I C 9ev for r !:--- 0.3 m. '?,~,r those high-enorgy ;arti;16s tn~ di_4~i -,r,
Caz,l 213

4P
83568
The Energy Spectra of the Electron - Photon 3/056J60/038/005/001/01--io
Component of Air Showers in the Neighborhood B006/BO70
of the Shower Axis
law q(,-* 109) " r-n holds, where n - 1.2+0.5. The results obtained are
compared with those of the cascade theory, for which purpose data cf
S. Z. Bolealkly and 1. P. Ivanenko are used. The conclusions are suc=arized
49 follows: 1) No change in the fraction of high-energy electrons and
photons could be observed in the showers with an increase in tte total
number of particle@. 2) The observed fraction of high-energy electrcns ani
photons is considerably smaller than the theoretical one; and th'i is so
whether the primary snergy is assumed to be infinite, or an equii1brium
between the electron-photon and the nuclear active cocipcnents is anslized.
0. T. Zateepin, 1. P. Ivanenko, and L. 1. S%rychava are thanked for dis-
oussional and D. F. Ralcitin. O~. A._Jovoseloy, 1. Ag-1vanovekay . B, Vt
Mozharay, and L. X. Bocharoy-for their aisistance in the erperimentm.
There are 8 figures, 2 tables, and 6 references: 7 Sc7ist and 1 US.
ASSOCIATION: Fizicheakiy institut im. P. N. Lebedeva Akadem!i nauk SSSR
(Institute Cf Fhzslcs imeni P. N. Lebedev of the Araiem
of Sciences USSR)
SUBMITTED: December 18, 1959
Card 3/3

5/056j6O/O39/004/042/048
soo6/Bo56
V;FU
AUTHORS$ likoltakly, S. I., Smorodin, fn. A.
TITLICs Interpretation of Uporizental Data on the Spectrum of
Zlootron-Photop decades Having taorgiss > 1012 ov in the
Upper Strata of the Atuo6phore
PZRIODICAW Zhurnal okoperinentallnoy i tooretichookoy fitiki, 1960,
Tol. % No. 400), pp. 1156 - 1157
TEXTe At the International Conference an Cosmic Radlation (Moscow 1959)
report was given an the original results obtained for the energy
pectrum of electron-photon cascades at an altLtudo of 10 - 12 ke. It waz
:
found that the energy spectrum of theme cascades deviates considerably
from the energy ap*otrus of primary cosmic radiation within the corre-
sponding energy rand* (,v L-4dt andewt-2.1dZ, respectively). Ad the
assumption discuseed at the conference that the energy fraction trans-
ferred to tae olectron-photon component decreases with growing interaction
energy of the partial*4 im not qpnlii.4~))e tr) the IAta of ext onq ! ve -% 1r
Card 1/3

BUZIti
Interpretation of Experimental D&t& on the S/05Y660/059'/004/042/046
Spectrum of Sloctron-Photon Caao&des Ef&virg B006 3056
tnorgive ~ 10 12 my in.the Upper Watt of thelAtmosphere
shovers, the authors try to explain the data of energy spoetra. in a
different wayt they assume that the character or the slementar~' oronta of
partiols Interaction at an energy from. 1014 to 5.10 14 or changes. The
author# oaloulat*d the total energy flux ca"Ied. away by fleCtrrong and
photons with energies higher than 10 12 ov at an altitude of 10 - 12 kXr'
Tho corresponding oxperim*ntal data are given in a figure by circles.
(photoomulsion data) and. squares (ionization chamber data). The total
energy flux carried away by electrons and photons of energies > to 12 et
ist if recording is done by ionization chambers, higher than wh*n
4stornined in photoesulsions. In order to determine the expe-imentally
observed total on*rgy flux, it is necempary to extrapolate for nigh.
entrgies. If, on this occasion, It Is assuzed that the energy specir;i
retain their shape, the energy fluxes &eaeurad by the photoexult,'rin. methr
are higher than those determined by means of icalia,tior. chambera. Afiret-
sent, of experimental data may be obt aInod. oqjy by assuming that a large.
part of the ol*etrons an& photons with E)IO tv. which are abaervel tn:
Card 2/3

86906
3/056
/60/059/005/023/051
9# 8006/9077
AUTROISS Nikollskly, S.,j , Ponancklyp A. A.
TITLEs Calculation of the Averaged Characteristics of Extensiv*
Atmospheric Cosmic Ray Showers
PERIODICALs Zhurnal sk:portmentallnoy i toorstichookoy fIzIkI, 1960,
Vol. 399 N - 501). PP. 1559-1546
TRITs The present paper deals with a calculation of nuclear-casca4s
showers containing a given number of electrons at the observation level
and also with a study of the distribution of the production altitude
of extensive air showers gontalning total numbers of particles of 104.
1059 and 106 at as& lev'l*(Koscom) and at an altitude of 31�0 m (Pa
ft n1r).
The primary particles o; such showers have an energy of 10 to 10 ey.
The calculations are based on the following assuaptionse The nuclear
cascade consists of nucleons and charged ptons which cause, in nuclear
interactions, the production of neutral plonel the number of charged plons
is also decreased because ofW-9p decay. Other nuclear particles are
Card 1/4

66906
a of S/056
Calculation of the Averaged Characteristic /60/039/005/023/051
Extensive Atmospheric Connie Ray Showers 3006/3077
Supposed not to be produced. The elementary event of nuclear interaction
of primary particles with 9 0> 10 13 ev.is coisidered by means of the hydro-
dynamic model# travelling waves being taken Into account. The relations
used for describing nuclear Interactlioin events of nucleons with Eo 10 ev only by an additional assumption on the
particles corresponding to the travelling waves the are supposed to be
nucleons. for charged-pion Interactions with CO 24019
too 3"0. 4. tQ14 -2,3-101A
0 8.2-1014
3
41 floor
44 44,
41 42-
C'ar4 4/4
86906
3/056/60/039/005/023/051
B000077
Ta6ANNS 4
- son!
OE
"
Z
-
J C
ev
; (N
I
14 *out
I .
.
.
S"

too 3"0 2.8-tots 2,340" 4.1. lots
0 2.3-10" 2-tots 3.3-1012
o WO 3.2-1019 2,340" 3,94019
to 0 2.4-tow Z-ta" 3,5409s

too 36W 3.4-1014 2.2-tow 4,1-10-
0 2.5-1014 2.10" 3,S4014
W
-A =
r--j
crIevI
Pw- 4

111KOLUM, S-- I-, HURZIlLk, Y~-- A. ftnll VkMIT'l-11,117, V. 1.
"High Energy Ifuclear-Active ftrticles and the Exte"ive Air Shovem
Which Accompsm4r- Them."
Report preaented at the rnternational Conference on, COWc Phys
and larth Stars, 4-L5 September L961, Kyoto, Japan
P. 9. LeAdev Institute of Physics, Moscovt USSR

20452
8/056/61/040/002/004/047
AW BlIVE214
AUTHOIN I Demisov, To. I.. Zateopin, V. I., Aika"'
Poaanakiy, A. A., Subbotin, H. V., TukIsh, To. I.,
Takovlav, V. 1.
TITLZ# Observation of nuclear-activo partioloapda:1eatron-photon
avalanches with energies greater than I at a height of
3860 a above sea level
PLRIODICALe Zhurnal skeparinentalinoy I toor*tteh*skoy fiziki, v- 40,
no. 2, 1961, 419-425
TZXTo The nuclear-sative and olectron-photon oasponont of high-energy
cosmic railation were studied to obtain additional data an the nature of
nuclear Interaction at energies 4 1013 ov. The observations were made in
1959 on the Panir. The detector consisted of four rows of ionization
chsabors between which were placed load and carbon and over which were
10 hodowoope groups containine 12 counter* (5 50 cut each). Besides, two
cylindrical ahaabors were plaj*d at a distance of 7 a frou the aiddl* of
this.matup, a hodmzopio point and detector of the energy density of the
(lard 1/5

204a
5/05 61/040/002/004/047
Observation of nuolear-active... B1 13YB214
sleatron-photan component were at a distance of 10 a from the center
and as-rved to study the fluctuations of the partial* flux. If the acts
of the extensive ataospherio shower hits the recording area of the
detector, the number of particle@ in the shower say be determined from the
formula 2 ; 1000 Q,2where Q to the effective particle density of the
parttol* f ux per a . Assuming that in every event, nucleons and pion*
impart 1/) of their energy to the now resulting piano. the energy of the
naolear-active particles was found to be given by Z a 2.3-10SN1.04*v which
holds for the range 10 114vo.'COZ195-1014ev. In this energy range, the nuclear
interaction arose section does not decrease with the increasing energy of
tho nu4leoua involvod. from a comparison with the experiatntal data of
other papers, the Integral energy spectrum of the nucletr-active particles
12. Is n
in the range 10 .10 tv can be; axpreaged in the form r(Z),v f , where
n a 1.57� 0.1. For energies of nuclear-activo particles It% There are 20 figures and
4 tables.
Card 3/5

NUCOLISKIro S.1.9 kand.fis,-matem.aauk
I--- 6
later-hearlean sadur an condo rays. lost. AN S3M 33 no-3g
WU204 W 163* (KMA 16:3)
(Cosmic rays)

q..-'. , I? -- ..- - . I . I
I i i r . , 'i I . I . . , I . . f . . 0 . . I . . . 0 . . . ;
, ~; ~. -, - ... . . : -7 %w - -1 , . - .. I ~ - -
i H: ~ ; "' , .. . A .i .1 . . i, ? . t~ . .;
r. f -, :, -, ! -~ . '-.. -~.
I., . - I I. . 1 1.
Y, 11" 1 ~ -.1. .
,- I

AFMDC ikj--'~T R, A !!'Al
A?404q58q I I I A 76 1 8 85
Z to t p i n k i
0 r n j f c o 9 1 a I J, i a c 0 r i
a r e atmrilphrri c a
Qf 183511 1 L, r I
0 c r C'n 1' 0 r F! n
0 fl 4 T r r
u I 1-1114-se c f 1 0 1 d j 1f I AZ A Sf: 1 7 r A 7
r ;rp
Tf:, co ii r 11 I'l f b ri r I 10 n
T o 4 rt 1. c e q cl r r, pkN i i;, r q
-i it,!, F I.,-,
? n " - -1 t 4 prove t a -- iF c- t r, 14 1 -ff o r z I I p wi t -.-tT-y it T-.h r1
j
f T6 t h fr f TI -rl :1 R ftt P t 41 a t -,,i n at i -i I
A r t he
Fjt t~ ti p mp ;j r, 0 1 @ a

Ili P, A P 4 011
i%fh -
it, 2, Ix 10
v ra di it t ion w ervF1vrqTt A a a 1, on
e cn(% r qvs rvp tF I f4rI r I Ir ~M A r re Ijr
111q MIS a n p 9 f. r e r 9 on r,t n wh t: h
vau -v it pa ctr u m
q3 cl6 1Ekn f 11 rl0pr)I a "a c c
MO., tAga I s c t.cr avii r er h o n tttn ij c1@ of the
r. 1i ryy as thoilin of the V. aIAv I . Th e d a nsIty of the
n f 'I w it n w) 9 u a1% ~, Ow vY141It ~wt4tn t0 r) IA -n 4 ~~ u n dd timos
1i t 41 n pFt -) ~,!0 rspttc 9 ccl im 7.1 -tA tn 4 a r t
trill 4q Ar,
'It u rp 4
A TVIN
"J t A AF.3
010 a Ok 3 1440

9 3 3
APS002094
t e r o v a
t t tna primary
7 a A o n ert~ i a r
64
z e i ti v i
'13
'~; I Co r n k ov f 1 i a r4
4 w, 0 4 ~y !1 01r c k-t 7;T
A In 4 n a
In .4 rh 0
c0 1rj C r2 IT a
A M 41 r 0 f .1r t N
, 1, 4 r 10
w I,. r~ 0 M
n 4, ~1 howe r n n P t a 4 1
R c 0 T_.nu
3 In ipd 0 n v I El o 7
e c or I v, r. o n r Fi 7" -

t a 1 11 W-nei d 3rp4 s o d t h
P i: wi t A n e d data ubBut t e c cc sm, r a a w I t h
Z4
I G, n ft r~ i v g
ri 1clell tit rh a r L c e e r nm P q a 0 1 L f i v u
f v X4 r c c r
r
a c I i! a
t t t p 0 r., y
rl

Ion
ACCESSION M Af4037566
AUTHORs Damileves To Vog Damisovs Yoe Voj_A~kqX'sk
__So to
i TITL91 04togninati4is of the total number 0t nuclear active r4rtlisles
to extensive air sbowege with the number of particles between
3410, and to,
SOURCge Ue ekop*Co L t409o figoo V. 46. me. S. 12644 1561-1577
TOPIC TAM cosmic r4yq. nuclear particles nuclear active particle
~osfttc shower, cosmic GSV shower
A&STRACTo The dependence of the'numbor of nuclear active pectLclao
Na *a the total number of shower particle* N has been measured for
N a 34103-107a Tka experiments were conducted at the Tiam-Shas
Cosmic Ray Station of the FIAN (LoUsdaw Physics Institute of tho Acep-
deal et Scieseso SSq1k) duriag the winter and spriag of 196to Skewers
with a Sivas asweet of particles &ad as aKLs which passed east the
c4aisc of the experimental &Cray were 84144it4d by comblaimit goinat-
d4*446 &ad 4SUG6104144*40 registered by asuaters, eavacten a SLVQG
1/3
L

ACCUSION Nit$ AP4037566
area* The nuclear actLv* particles were recorded by five neutron
detectors Which differed I* effective area$ thickness of 1*&4
iabserboro &ad dLetesce free center of the stray* According to data
obtained$ the integral musber spectrum (at 3330 wistace above sea
love&) ass 64L oupcoosed by the following forsolasc
8(>M~-Qj*9'0-WSU bz"-s-e Jbr 1W M- 044 "LIM" for N >%S.W.
It is possible that, because of the effect of the chaage to the
lateral dLetrLbutlon function of shower particles near the shower
axleg the shower spectrum Lis reduced whom 9 to small; howeverg the
mount by which It is reduced does net exceed Oete The dependence
:
f NQ an N can be represented by as exponestiaL law with 48 4sposeat/
:C.wd 2/3.

ACCESSION HR: AP4037566
Of 0,7Z a 0o06. The absolute flux Of Gucl0sr active PdctLcl6s 96
to satisfactory agreement with the rd*ulta Of COccOfli tud 146cfdcu
obtained for the same threshold value. and leads to a reasonable
result for the spectrum of nuclear active particle* In showers with
energies between Zel0l and 3*109 ev to comparison to the results of
,i high energy measure"ats br mikolsky and Logone Am estimate show*
that the energy contribution of nuclear active particles to diffecest
for large and small showers* The results of various experiments as
the dependence 9 an N show that a b4ttec approximation for tke
4 2*106 than that given by 14621%ho f-here I
whole range 3810 -c X %-
iIs a constant) La obtained bi the folliwlog get of formula@$
N,,i%N#079 for if 4 $-104. M.%X -4 far 5- 04 4 M 4 2-106; ;aduo %Ns*$G
for Z~106-c 0 4 29106o Ocig. acts boot 14 focuulase is C:Go and
3 tablese
ASSOCtATIONs FisickeekLy LastLtut La. Po Me.Lebodeve AkadeaLl sauk
sssR (Pbyette Institute@ Academy of $cloaca@ 966R)
SUSKITT90i IMM VATIC ACQs GOJu&64 99CLo 00
SUB COOS$ Al 90 UIr $0w$ 006 OT11161te 015
'Card 313

MA PO-4/
P4-,T~?PJ-4. J "Pae-2/Pob 'JT
~YAJTU C
'7 j ~.Almqytip)#Icm of t1w caqr*ition nl ffiypgrL.. riv ji4rt iqi us in g
~x,-vjjt:jcns of ommilcov Upftt ~n~ ive air ~,hrjwpzs
i,$ 7h, ekrr~er. I tw-rr. F i n v lt~ , re - 1911
IAtIS-, comic rvrs cy-x;ml (- Y-0 i ~.Yt i on i tI-AM pri ni-T-i rriinic nmJiation
-rr lash. ~~u c I r --T
n "Ilix
Ix*T: A, row prucedwe is tvpurted f ~-;r t he vwi I -~TA i 1i ~)f Ov, primm*-y crt;mic
~,.I-t!icr at am-nies ablcpm 104f, OV, Mjwd rr 11-0 (if the ratio of
lin Maem M ai
0 of ,I CWrenkav FlAuh &mrpqv-viyir, Me --) f, r

?rRi AP4037611
(elav. 3860 m). 71-v- reskiltq kiyu-Heatin thwit tl-c diat-rt."xitiem of OIN
Om air shmaw elepoW stmW com
~1-; rm the ccurpogiti,).r., of t,,ve primm-y ic
LJ 11.1 tlbjRJFMVt-;A 11
4
Fj
.
1 -
-jifat ttW. prjjXMqf ln"y&a ZVI&
n,RR" MN)084t Im 8t lcw W 1-0 4M t-Li0l (110t
MTl t~WIIAO

02
AA, CIP RR kwr 5 OV I MM i D03

A P�03761
r' 1 'km-,n of the
Y-.~?nv~f,v f1sro, m n aIve air Finow3m
lov(~~, The abncinsas
lAnh-lot
hf? showe ru 4M
r1 F1 t~ jj fW 17) 1
7~4 ra n

-T 'I
MO in AP4037,611 RMCLANVU 02
CmiMinntti on of pr ~-.,d ~,~rrvmpondtng
bumbe r or e x te n a I j- iir rp, tv, v',?~I i " rw~jntalti altitudeo-

TI

It

~irroiiltlun of cosmic, mlltt"ori po i
,r rp ill nd-ing dit3trit-UTIOn F'A"11 V "r cent)

v
AT-TrIMIM NR.- AT4019951 ~j 'Y'4, 4/026/000/0017/0117
AWT1101t: Nf'RYJj%.L'
AN SFSR. Ftztchaskt~ Inadhil rrudyO, v 26 1 ~464 Koffmichankl3re luchl
~);srn*lc Tay%), 17-111
MIC 'I* AG"ll. air ahawer. cnqmW ratfiqti-n joi me~m-n s,,eromiRr~ ~)rrflvir, nuCjOAT cam-
1'. it-! I F.-In. l--,rAoacoptr vounter ',,k i ~ R~ - r Y,. a zii her ; or I x At Ion ~-~ (sun,,hr,r Cpreukm radl-
at.-O ci iimic ra.y burst, air sho-wpr cnro mu rni-4-n
~~FT'FIA--T The questum of air sht,,x-rH la tro-ate-1 31 Isng-th ;>n the ~iaAts of work dffmo
~,-rn l9t4 tc-i 1959. Pp. 1M-39 4#-m] enth metsh,.d, r-If Frl
ext*-n8l,~e tur sthowers. The
ita-ed by the 1952 PunUr o3q),ptclition IF; individual q*,-tvtlovw deal with sacb
,it hv l'cll~')wllqg: the mathod of corrolatipO h-Cxiolsenpe~4 w%;~d In dw memmrennent of simme,

Ao '-~WODN MR., A,r4049%.l
aril -. 11111a I f~pclllpmq Irv dvvot" r~-,hui -1 k c- i -r- p , s. hower s;x! ct r a with
rW_ard h. riumilise-r ol particles v (-ttiservation height POW a eLpriv). ~,.nergy apectra of
compottenta; e-lerry tIlAx fif olerlrofl-,photon rallisd dintribuUm
:L r - art. i k p parbel" WW Lhel r rminber in m1viworq wi h -a j-1, L i 11: rs af c
har-ged
1%- ~v A,itor-ation level- emerg-i and ~ '7p)-owm of At lmrnriiosi. radial di9tT'ibutlan
11,14d their numb~o; In extpru,4~ve ~iir Aliowivr-t w(t'i vurlous numherp rf charRod
(~,p ; i~ - MJ64(wl eoergy apectup. rRoiql ~11 f, r-r(mkov r3(h Plion morp ex-
~)i; girti,cles at t3bFjCTVUtIOD It-vel amf flumilatJo.) -)( 'Prorkrrv hill R LR 1,T)

ACCES31UN Mt. AT4049951
ol 1014 - jols 6v

r I:P%rV 13 a r cm uo, ik. 7'htir-
Frr,
v I A ;UiU k
m-riking thp TT-,R,a, r~0,;ifuromenu; in 777,
-k,Y
f, Arrtid out bv Lo r (Y,~ a

-
miyva~ ji
Y~i V, P
ap
1 A
J) Volkov, I'li A 8
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f4howerm fit wm leve) wads uiea. -e f, the
7be eiierK,, 4
wlllilf~; ve, P. ywb~-j tvt)tk ~ftri t-, A Jio A, 6 ~i i n LI-)rlg. art. has,

UA NON Ft z I chea kt,,; Ins tf AN `lKil-,' Ph R ' ni Ututp. RShR)
H~UT"'FD-l 00 VNIC 1 0 P CO 5 E AA
R F F q0Nf, ()44 FA 0 10

ZA-SENN? G.T.~ NlK0`KY - .1 it vi. .~
J, u - , I~.Iei ;..
Fxtens',,e air shawfars of coe=!c myr. 1tv. A19' ~ R. Ser. lr~,z.
ZO no.lls1676-18911 It 06.4. (KIPA 171]2)

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