SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT KHRISTIANOVICH, S.A. - KHRISTIANSEN, G.B.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R000722320020-3
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: November 2, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 18, 2001
• Sequence Number: 20
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

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w,@-nccof a ftxt-d immilti..: irrs racww, N. Y.)..

KHRISTIANOVICH, S. A., and others.
"rikladnaia gazovaia dinamika; pod red. S. A. Khristianovic los 19hB. 5 p.
I ha 11 kvs.,
diagrs.
Bibliography: p. 144.
Title tr.: Applied gas dynafaics.
QA930-K5
SO: Aeronautical Science and Aviation in the boviet Union, Library of Congress,
1955

101RISTIANOVICH, S. A.
n1P -ICS
451
1@41i,.111@.ientif ic Heritag 0 of N.. Ye. Zhukovskiy," Acad
#'A Owistianovich.
:."IzlAk Nauk BSSR, Otdel Tekh Nauk" No 8,
PP'1137-1151
t, delivered 19 Mar 51 at meeting dedicated
-Cr
P
AO-30th anniversary of-N. Ye. Zhukovskiy's death,
reviews latest 7-vol publicatibn of scientist's
.'C6@Qlete works in hydraulics, theory of machines
and mechanisms) theoretical and applied mechanicso*
-&Wodynamicso etc., Bibliography lists 68 titles,
',Aiastly Zhu]gRvsk*y!s warks.
205TlOl,-

; -- - I - @ I - I . -

ROMAN311KO, S.V.; KHRISTWOVICII, S.A., akademik.
Flow of viscous gases in cylindric tubes in the presence of convective heat
exchange. Dokl.AN SM 91 no.6:1289-1292 Ag 153. (HLRA 6:8)
1. Akademiya nauk SM (for Khriatianovich).
(Fluid. Mechanics) (Heat-Convection)

MMISTTANOVIGH, S.A. akademik,
N.B.Zhukovskille scientific heritage. Trudy po Ist.tekh. no.4:3-25
,34. (Shukovskil, Nikolal Igorovich, 1847-1921) (KM 7:9)

KMUSTIAN13VICH, S.A.,- ZHILTOY, Tu.P.
............... .......... ...-
(Formation of vertical fractures by means of & highly viscous
liquid] Obrasswaxis vertikollwkh treshchis pri oemoshchl ochent-
vlaskei zhidimti; daklady as. IT Nothdanarodson neftianom ken-
gresse v Rise. Moskva, Ixd-vo Akad.nauk SSSR, 1955. 33 P
I (Petroleum ongineorizz) (MLRA 8:9i

got@
e429
.T'I HTI t lay* MY
Ime V3. 19594 73 Ark 414* J8461M
X.R.'Mot.-Vec 0 73
4
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0011AW Of root mbr tho Intlusms at aim meklocso, mw, W.WVJM
condition to Introdmod uhtch eltainatig (ign tto calculation Infinite 'mild,
mtresses and phyaloally SEWssible ddtwMjjom3,alW4 the oontow 11no -of
T.WkIres, Tre toot ust o0a $394 Ossentioly (Utterent sustio,
properties t" Up awrlyinis rocit famations, Is olso tak9n Into aw4mt.
In the wWlsU~ soam the stress *4tLng an the wal to Oqw% to the Pr*Amr.
-ata ma um depth to
the evorlylve su thm
OW(wed Irk Ulm 110141tr ot A Oarking additfonal stress ocras Into P11W
Peossfiltaw by an root oumatum in this recton awl exists in ths plastic
sUtOo COICUlAtims an 000 of WA distribution of strgssog in Un plastic
and In the dawktic MUM of.va $0404

USSR/G_
eology -97110
Petroleum__ FD -
Card 1/1 Pub 41 1/16
Author : Zheltov, Yu. P. and Khristianovich, S. A., Moscow

Title : Hydraulic rupture of oil bearing strata
Periodical : Izv. AN SSSR, Otd. Tekh, Nauk 5, 3-41, May 1955
Abstract : Studies the hydraulic rupture of oil bearing strata. Since
there is a lack of experimental data the investigation 'was
based on many hypotheses and suppositions. Presents inkor-
mation on rock pressures, horizontal fissures, faults and
effect of wedges. Concludes that pressure, which must al-
ways be exerted on the rupturing fluid for the formation of
a horizontal fissure is dependent upon the differential be-
tween the local rock pressures near the well and that of the
strata pressures. The size of the horizontal fissures de-
pends on rock pressure and the position, stability and pro-
ductivene3s of the clay layer. Faults on the other hand, are
formed by the rupture of the filtering fluids and rhen the
angular rock pressure is smaller than their vertical pressure.
Drawings, graphs and formulae. Eight references, -1 USSR
Institution : Inotitute of Petroleum, Academy of Sciences USSR.
Submitted : April 5, 1955

U ;- CH D, -J,
STECHKIN B.S., akademik; MMISTIANOVIGIL, S.A., akademik; otvetstvennyy red.;
izd'""
6iiijmv -v.m., :r;-d ate M@ PAVLOTSKIT, A.A., tekhn.red.
[Gas turbine inetallmtions; gas turbines] Gazoturbiwwo ustmnovki
(gazovye turbiny). Koskya. Isd-vo Akad.nauk SSSR, 1956- 33 P-
(MIRA 10:12)
(Gas turbines)

r@,X-' :7 .- - @-rll I---F " '.
-1.1" - [_,fF -1 ;, -; Iri
. I A., (M skva); RYABMS, A.G. (Moskva); KMSTUNOVICH, S.A. (Moskva).
I
-
free surface. PrikI.
from
a
The reflection plane shock ways in vater
mat.imkh.20 no.4:532-544 Ji4g '56. (NM 10:2)
(Shock W&Tes)

KHRISTIABOVICH, S.A.(Koskva)
The shock wav* at considerable distance from the site of detonatim
PrIkl. mat. i rekh. 20 no.5:'599-605 8-0 156. (KIRA 101))'
(Shock waves)

- 11C - - -- -- --
iMSTLelOVICII, -S, Academician
"In the Path of Our Glorious Predecessors," The Svoiet Artificial Earth
Satellite, 1957, P. 32

KHRISTIANDVICH, S.A.; ZHILTOT, Yu.P.; BARMLATT. G.I.
- @.-' - - @ .
99chantsm of hydraulic fracturing of formations. Neft.khos.
35 no.1:44-53 Ja '57. (MLRA 10:2)
(Oil wells) (Petroleum engineering)

@s-jo)NOOC-H,
kA p
AUTHOR: None given 26-12-32/49
TITLEi Anniversary Celebration Meeting of the Ai, USSR (Yubileynaya
sessiya Akademii nauk SSSR)
PERIODICAL; Priroda, 1957, No 12, PP 107-111 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: On 1 November 1957, the USSR Academy of Sciences held a cel-
ebration meeting in the Moskva State University on the oc-
casion of the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution.
Academician K.V. Ostrovityanov in his opening speech "Triumph
of Lenin's theory of the socialist revolution" pointed out the
great success attained by the Soviet Union in the development
of socialist economics, culture and scientific research.
Academician A.N. Nesmeyanov, President of the AN, USSR told
the audience about the achievements of science under the guid-
ance of the Communist party. On the following day a general
assembly discussed the foundation of the Siberian branch of the
AN, USSR. It was pointed out by Academician M.A. Layrentlyev
that the Soviet government had assigned near Novosibirsk an
area of 1,100 ha for the construction of 13 scientific research
institutes. The Institute of Mathematics with a computing
center which will be equipped with 4 high-speed electronic
Card 1/3 machines to cover the needs of industry and scientific establish-

Anniversary Celebration Meeting of the AN, USSR 26-12-32149
ments. The institute will be headed by Academician S.L. Sobo-
lev. The main task of the Institute of Physics will be the
construction of new types of elementary particle accelerators,
the institute will be headed by the prominent Doctor of Physico-
Mathematical Sciences G.I. Budker. The Institute of Thermo-
physics will work on,problems of the utilization of atomir,
energy for peaceful purposes and construction of electric
power stations) its director will be I.I. Novikov, Doctor of
Technical Sciences. The Institute of Chemical Kinetics and
Combustion will be headed by A.A. Kovallskiy, Doctor of Chemic-
al Sciences. The Siberian branch will also open an Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry whose main task will be the handling
of problems concerning the chemical properties of elements
connected with the release of nuclear power. Doctor of Chemic-
al Sciences A.V. Nikolayev was appointed director of this in-
stitute. The development of the automation of industrial pro-
cesses will be handled by a special institute headed by Member-
Correspondent of the AN of the Ukrainian SSR, K.B. Karandeyev.
Academician M.A. Lavrentlyev was appointed director of the
Siberian Institute of Hydrodynamics. An important part is re-
served for the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Card 2/3 with Academician S.A. Khristianovich as director. The In-

Anniversary Celebration Meeting of the AN, USSR 26-12-32/49
stitute of Geology and Geophysics will be headed by Member-
Correspondent of the AN, USSR, A.A. Trofimuk. The Institute
of Cytology and Genetics will handle the problems of chemical
and physical influences on heredity and the cytological princ-
iples of it. Member-Correspondent of the AN, USSR, K.P. Dubi-
nin was appointed director. The Institute of Experimental Bio-
logy and Medicine will be headed by E.N. Meshalkin,.Doctor of
Medical Sciences. Also an Institute of Economics and Statistics
and an Institute of High Tension is projected. Academician
M.A. Lavrentlyev. x who was elected chairman of the Siberian
branch of the Academy of Sciences and vice-president of the AN,
USSR, gave a detailed description of.the science center in
Siberia, which will also comprise an entire settlement for the
scientists and their families, with schools, hotels, etc. In
the vicinity, an experimental plant will be constructed for
the development of modern scientific instruments. Academician
P.L. Kapitsa mentioned three facts which in his opinion will
ensure the success of the Sibirian branch of the AN, USSR.
They are: the enthusiasm of the young Soviet scientists, ex-
cellent equipment of the research establishments and good liv-
ing conditions for all scientific workers.
There is one Slavic (Russian) reference.
AVAILA13LE: Library of Congress
Card 3/3

RYZHOV, O,S.; IHRISTIANOVIGH. S.A. (Koakwa)
lon.linear reflectlon of weak shook vves. Prikl.uat. I sakhe 22
no*5:506-599 8-0 058 i8hook wavea) - (Kiyu nai)

.-KHRISTUMVICK, S. A., ZHUTOV. T. P., BARENBIAT, G. I., and MUSIMVICH, G. K.
"Theoretical Principles of Hydraulic Fracturing of Oil Strata.'!
Report submitted at the Fifth World Petroleum Congress, 30 May -
5 June 1959. Now York City.

IMISTIANOVICII, S.-A. (Novosibirsk)
"Nechanical Problems Concerning Fracturing of Oil-Bearing Strata."
report presented at the First All-Union Congress on Theoretical and Applied
Mechanics, Moscow, 27 Jan - 3 Feb 1960.

KHRISTIANOVICH, S.A. (Novosibirsk) RYUO'V,, O.S. (Moscow) GRIB,, A.A. (teningrad)
"Short Wave TheoryOf
report presented at the First All-Union Congress on Theoretical and Applied
Mechanics, Moscow, 27 Jan - 3 Feb 1960*

0. /L110 31281
S/124Z61/000/010/013/056
@40'@14 D251/LJ301
AUTHORS: Gribt A.A.,Ryzhov, O.S. and.Khriatianovich, S.A.
TITLE: Theory of short waves
PERIODICAL: Referativnyy zhurnal. Mekhanika, no. 10, 1961, 26-29,
abstract'lo Bl,@S (Zh..prikl. mekhan..i tekhn. fiz,
1960, no, lt 63-74)
TEXT: Weak shock waves are considered. It is noted that
for a series of problems devoted to the interaction of shock waves,
acoustic approximations give a qualitatively untrue picture of the
phenomena. In many cases of the established motion, sharp changes
of the parameters of flow occur in narrow regions adjoining the
shock ftont. Such flows the authors call "short-waves". In the
case of plane-parallel flow, the differential equations for dimension-
less functions are deduced. Flow not explicitly dependent on time
and also some more general flows are considered. The differential
equation defining the position of the shock front is deduced. With
1
Card 1/2

31281
S/124/61/000/010/013/056
Theory of short waves D251/D301
the help of this equation, and making use also of the integrals of
the short-wave equations, the authors find the law of motion of the
explosive wave. Comparison of the epures thus constructed with
those calculated by computer gives satisfactory results. With the
help of short-wave theory, the problems of the reflection of shock-
waves from a fixed wall and from a free surface are solved. It is
assumed that the angle of incidence of the wave is small. f-Abstrac-
ter's note: Complete translation-7
Card 2/2

-KMISTIAMVJCH@ S.A.
Studying the hydraulic fracturing mechanism. Trudy Inst. geol. i
razrab. gor. iskop. 2:159-165 160. WRA 14:5)
(Oil we-110-Hydraulic fracturing)

BITSADZE, A.V., red.; VEKIJA, I.N., red.1 KUDRYAVTSEV, L.D., red.;
HIGI101KO3 G.S., red.f-RABOTI;OV, Yu.N.p red.; YJMISTTA.NOVICH-
3.@ red.; ALEKSANDROVSKIY, BY.., red,; NAZARYMS,, T.F,.,,
red.; VYALYYJI,, A.M., tekbn, red*; LOKSHINA$ O.A.p tekhn. red,
[Some problems in mathematics aW mechanical Nekotorye pro-
blemy matematiki i makhaniki. Novosibirskp Izd-vo Sibirsk o
0
otd-n 0@
ie AN SSSR, 1961. 265 p. (MIRA 15:2
1. Akademiya nauk SSM. Sibirskoye otdeleniye.
(Mathematics) (Mechanics)

LATRWIYEY, M.A., otv.red.; HIM .G.K-., red.; BITSADZR, A.T.,
red.; T3KUA, I.N., red.; DZLUMIM, G.Tu., red.; LURIT.R. A.Z.,
red.; MANDWAVID22. G.F.. red.; HIMMOT, G.X., red.; SMW, L.I.,
red.; SOBOM, S.L..- red.; SMOLOVSKIY, T.T., red.; KHRISTIANOTICH.
-�,A.j_red.; SUMN, D.I., red.; RTTKIN, A.Z., red.1-i-a--i-O.-
TMKOTAP T.T., takhn.red,
[Problems in the mechanics of solids) Problemy mekbaniki sploshnoi
aredy; k semideitatilatiiu skademika N.I.Muskheliahvili. Moskva,
1961. 577 P. (MIRA 14:3)
1. Aksdemiya neuk SM.
(Nachanice, Analytic) (Slastic solids)

3/042/61/916/OM/005/005
1-1/ C 222
1UTHOR$$ Belo teerko-wak4_ 0, M. # Ribel f J @ A. , Moiveyer 9. N.
kLa Chushkin P. I, and Shayglev-
skly Yu. D.
TITLEs AnatoliK AlekseyevieIr-Do-rodnitsyn (on the occaston of
his 50t birthday
PERIODICALs Vapekhi matematicheskikh-nauk. -w. 16', no. 2, 1961,
leg-196
TKXV- A. A. Dorodnitsyn wgs- burn, on Decvmber 29- 1-9,10 in- -the- di-artrict
Tula-. In. 1931 he finished the study at- the Miming Fuculty of the
Petroleum- Institute Groznyy. Since 1535' he warked-in the Glavnaya
geofizicheskaya-observ-a-tor.iya (Geophysical Main Obs-erratory) in
Leningrad under the leading of'J. A. Kibell (school of N. Ye. Kochin).
In 1939-:-- candidate of 'physic al.@mathematical sciences-.@ Sincp 1941 he
was in the Tbentrallnyy aerogidrodinamichaskiy inst3.tut imevi-fl, -is.
Zhukovskogo (Central Aerohydradyn-am-4-c-Insvitute imeni N. Ye.
Zhukovskly). In 1942'-- Doctor dissertation "Boundary layer in a com-
pressible gas". In !95-5 - member of the Academy of Sciences-.cFf the
Card

Anatoliy Alekseyey1ch Dorordnitsyn ...
S/042/6i/oi6/oO2/005/005
C I'll/ C 22@2
USSR. Since 1955 he is the dirvotor -of" the Vychislitellnyy teentr
Akademli nauk SSSR (Computirg Center of the- kcademi3r of- Sciences -USSR).
Educational actly-ity: 1939-1940 -- ia@sent at the Chair of Higher
Xathematics in the Leningrad Mining Institutel 1944-1946 - Professor
at the Chair of Theoretical Aerodynamics of !he Moskovskiy aviatsionnyy
institut imeni S. Ord2honikidze (Mostow Aviation Institute--imeni S.
Orfthonikilza). Since 19411'- Professor and leader of-the Chair of Gas
Dynamics of'the Moskovakiy fiziko-tekhnicheskiy institut (Notoov
Physical -Technical Institute). Furthermore - President of'.the: Kood-ssiya
po vychislittllnoy tekhnike AN SSSR' *(Committee, of CoWPA-t-img.19chnics
of-the Academy of'Sciences USSR)j memt@er of the Komitet po@ Leninskin
premiyam (committee for Lenin Prizes); president of"the-ekspertnaya
.kax-ts,31ya VAK,po avtomatlzatsii i priborostroyamiya (Committee of
Specialists of the'VAK for Automatization and Construction- o-f-EquiTment)
Chiefr-.editor of the "Zhurnal - Tychislitellnoy matematiki 1 natexatiahss-
key fiziki (),urnal of --,uiputing mathematice and mathematical physics).
A. A. DoratLnitsyn p4rtie3.pated in the following congressest Sweden
in 1957; USA in 1958; France In 1959; Poland in 1959; Spain in 195e;
Card 2/3

S/042/61/016/002/005/005
An&-,toliy Alskseyevich Dorodnitsyn ... C ill/ C 222
Switzerland in 1960. His papers contain essential contributions in
the domainss dynamic meteorology, gas dynamics and applied mathematics.
The authors mention N. Ye. Zhukovskiy and S. A. Chaplygin. There is a
list containing the publications of A. A. Dorodnitsyn (1936-196o)
with 23 titles and a photo of him.
Card 3/3

KHRISTIANOVICH, Sergey Alekseyevich
Steam and gas installations. Nauka i zhiznl 29 no.1:15-18 Ja
162. (MIRA 15:3)
(Steam turbines) (Gas turbines)

S. A.
"Asymptotic methods in the theory of shock waves."
report submitted for llth Intl Cong of Applied Mechanics, Munich, W. Germany,
30 Aug-5 Sep 64.

ACG&';!3IO11 M s 14042027 5/0030/6h/000/006/0021/0025
AUTHORS: Khristianovinh, S. A. (Academician); Zhukov.. M. F. (Doctor of technical
s cie nc
TITLE: Low temperature plasma generators
SOURCE- AN SSSR. Vestnik, no. 6, 1964j, 21-25
TOPIC TAGSs are jet, plasma, coaxial electrode, discharge currentl are length
ABSTRACT: The details of an are Jet for producing low temperature plasmas were
presented. The are is vortex stabilized between two coaxial copper electrodes
i but is shmin to oscillate with variable lengths at kilocycle frequencies. The
stability of the are is improved upon increasing the discharge current and conse-
quently reducing the are length. Simple nondimensional expressions are derived,
ralatinG the arc power -to gas mass flow rate and the potential drop across the aro
in a multiatomic gas with the current* The volt-ampere characteristic curves
agree closely with the experimental results. Orig, art. has: 5 figures and 2
formulas.
ASSOCIATIONt Inatitut teoretiohetkoy i prikladnoy makhaniki (Inatitute or
Theoretical and App ied M@chanics)-
Card
1 '- - I 1.1
1

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ACCF
ZS.TOM PR AP404;202 7
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CODE: GP
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-M;4TT S.A.; SHEffAKIN
. Ye.l. (Novooibirsk)
DYrmmic compressibility Of hard rocks and metals. RMF no.3.-
9-15 My-Je 164. (MBIA 17 -.6)

KHRISTIANOVICH, S.A.9 akademik; ZHuKOV
@ - . --.. -_- _.,--__:__,,._ p M*F*,, doktor tekhn. nauk
Low-temperature plasma generators. Vest. All SSSR
21-25 je w64 34 no.6:
(MIRA 1798)

USSR/Nuclear Physics - Cosmic Rays 21 Nov 49
Particles,, Blementary
"Absorption Spectrum of Penetrating Particle Currents of Wide At-iospheric Showers in
Cosmic Rays," G. T. Zatsepin, I. L. Rozentall, S. A. Slavatinskiy, G. B* Khristiansen,
L. A-. Shyvayev., Phys Inst imeni Lebedev,, Acad Sci USS'@s, 3 PP
"Dok Ak Nauk SSSRII Vol LXIX., No 3
Employed usual method of variation of area of counters., connected in coincidence
scheme,, and method of variation of "coincidence multiples," to determine subject
spectrum and clarify nature of penetrating particles. Submitted 22 Jul 1949 by
Acad D. V. Skobelstsyn.
158T76

6640 observations on Atmospheric Cosmic-Ray Showers Wider
than 1000 m. G. T. Zatsepinj 1. L. Rozentall, V. P.
Zakharova, N. G. Khrebet, and G. B. Khristiansen. Daklady
Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 74, 29-32(1-9-56)7S-eFr.-'r.=n aussian)
Very wide atmospheric showers were studied at 3860 m. using a
method proposed by Skobelltsyn and Zatsepim (DQklady Akad. Nauk.
S.S.S.R. 73, 1157(1950) as a decisive test of the hypothesis on the
special structure of these showers. A hodoscopic group of counters
was placed midway between two groups of counters distant 1000 m. from
each other. Anticoincidences, marked by the silence of the central
group,when the lateral ones recorded coincidences, were counted. The
high percentage of anticoincidences observed proved that the structure
of these showers was essentially different from that described.1by the
cascade theory of the usual atmospheric showers.

Khris U arisen, (j. b. -- "Phe Spatial DisLribution of
At.@iosDheric Cand Phys-,4-ath Sci, Physics
(Refei-ativnyy Zhurnal--Fizika, Jan 54)
Gh ar@,ed Particlu-S in Eytensive
Inst, Acad Sci LSSR, Moscow 1953.
SO: Sult 16,13) 22 July 1954

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absi"A@ I Oich 'rontaimi fj dLigrAmml it. tit for

USSR/Nuclear Physics - Cosmic Rays
Feb 53
"Wide Atmospheric Showers of Cosmic Rays," N. A. Dobrotin, G. T. Zatsepin, 1. L.
Rozenthal, L. I. Sarycheva, G. B. Kristiansen, L. Kh. Eydus
Usp Fiz Nauk, Vol 1@9, No 2, pp 185-242
First showers were observed by D. V. Skobeltsyn in 1929 (Z. F. Physik, 54 (1929))
and later in 1949 he detected gigantic showers on Mt Pamir (3860n.) (DAL' 67 (1949)).
G. T. Zatsepin developed the new theory of wide showers (DAN 67) 1949)) followed
by foreign scientists. 78 references, mostly American (18) appended, Indebted
to Acad Skobelltsyn, Ye. L. Feynberg, S. Z. BelerAdy, M. 1. Pogoretskiy.
PA 251T57

DOBROTIN, H.A.; ZATSIPIN, G.T.; NIKOLOSKIT, S.I.; SARTCHNVA, L.I.; XMISTIA
GeBe
ft-ft
Investigation of the interaction of high-and superhigh-energy particles
with nucleons and atomic nuclei. Izv.AN SSSR Ser.fiz.19 n*.6:666-676
N-D 155. WaA 9:4)
l.Fizicheakiy institut imeni P.M.Lebedeva Akademii nauk SSSR i Hookovskiy
gesudaretyennyy universitet imeni H.V.Lomonoseva*
(Cosmic rays) (Naclear physics)

--rayffic-8- @_:Qsmic Rays FD-3346
Kw@ kisTl (A N E& N I
Card 1/1 Pub. 146-18/28
Author : Abrosimov A. T., Bednyakov A. A., Zatsepin V. I., Nechin Yu. A.,
Solov,yeva V. I., Khristiansen G. B. and Chikin P. S.
Title : Study of structure of broad atmospheric showers at sea level (Latter
to the editor)
Periodical : Zhur. Eksp. i Teor. Fiz., 29, No 5, 693-696, 1955
Abstract : A detailed study was carried out in Moscow during the Esummer of 1953
of the spacial distribution of various components of broad atmos-
pheric shovers at short distances from the shower axis by using the
method of correlated hodoscopes. The preliminary results of these
studies are presented in graphs. Indebted to G. T. Zatsepin and N.
A. Dobrotin for discussions and to G. V. Bogoslavskiy, B. V. Subbotin
and M. S. Tulyankina for assistance in measurements. Five references.
Institution : --
Submitted : may 3. 1955

,4@@t@
-9 R - @ MRS, , @'RF
10a F ULTRA tl_Ul I k S
WITII WJ_CIFjJ-N%,ANO
0. T. Zarepin S. 1. and G.
NY FIT
A abort mview lt4 pfcscmml of %'mr "t tho
@hfrwejj@.Are JLqcuqre4, as Is the 1:5z, olf in
rthv detection of air The xWUcaallcm of air
&110 ta- deduttims co-acerm(ag the lrtcracu,@. ,( .1U,
eflvrgy p2rUCICS with na-cleAms and sWa3lc tsw J@l tr r,,

-4r
A.)
21 (1) PHASE I BWK EXPLOITATION HU/1911
International Conference on Cosmic Radiation. Budapest, l956.
International Conference on Cosmic Radiation Organized by the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest, 1957. 187 P.
200 copies printed,
Sponsoring Agency: Magyar Tudomanyos Akademla
Ede.: 9, Fenyvesp and A. Somogyi
PURPOSE: This report is intended for geophysicists concerned with
cosmic radiation,
the papers read at
COVERAGE: This report contains/the six plenary sessions of the'
conference. Some of the problems dealt with Include nuclear
emulsionsp extensive air showers and the program of cosmic
ray measurments planned for the International Geophysical
Year, Most of the reports are followed by references. Soviet
scientists In the field of cosmic radiation who attended the
conference are: Z*L, Andronikashvili, N.A. Dobrotin, I.I.
Gurevich, 3,1. Nikolskly and S*N* Vernov. The articles are
written In English, German and Russian without parallel trans-
,arial/;gns,
C

International Conference (Cont.) HUN11911
TABLE OF CONTWITS:
FIRST SESSION
SHOWZRS AND INTENSITY MEASUR191wTS
11 Janossy,, L,,, and L. Nagy. Experiments on the Rossi Curve 10
2. MItrani, L. Measurements of the Rossi Curve at Great
Absorber Thicknesses
3, Messerschmidt, W, New Apparatus for the Evaluation of
Cosmic Radiation Measurements in Halle and Its W tial
Results lT
4. Bartels, G. Now Concepts in the Correction of Meteorologi-
c91 liffects In Cosmic Radiation 19
SECOND SESSION
XXT01SIVE AIR PHOWERS
1, Dobrotin, N,A, The Study of Nuclear Irt0raction in Ultra-
high Energies 24
2. Nikollskiy, -S.I.,, and QjDA-M=1&tIsrAen. The SpatLal -
Dispersion of Electrons In Extensive AtmoBipheric.Showers
Producing Primary Particles of Various Energies. 4o

International Conference (Cont.) HUN11911
3. Nikollskiyo S,I. The Study of Nuclear Aetive Components of
Extensive Atmospheric Showers of Condo Rays 50
4. Vernov,, &L, and Zateepin, O.T* Height Dependence and the
Problem of the 0 'ore of Extensive Atmospheric Showers (not incl.
5. Chudakov,, AYe, Cherenkov Radiation of Extensive Atmos-
pheric Shdwers of Cosmic Rays 5T
6. Andronikashvili,, B.L,,,, and M.P. Bibilashvili, The Study of
the SpatU2- .. Dispersion of Penetrating Particles of Rx-
tensive Atmospheric Showers 63
THIRD SESSION
111111 AIR SHOWUS
1. Babecki, J*L, Jurklewlex, and J,M, Massalski, The Transi-
tion Curve of the Zlectron-Photon Component of Extensive Air
Showers In Lead Absorbers of Thicknesses Between 0 and 25 cim. 73
2. Janosay, L,, T, Sandor, and A. Somogyi, Investigation of
Extensive Air Showers 230 in-Above Sea Level 96
Card 3/6

-1 Y
AUTHOR: ANTONOV,YU.N.9 VAVILOVtYU.N.t ZATSEPINtG.T.t PA - 2665
KUTUZOV,A.A., SKVORTSOV,YU.V., KHRISTIANSEN G.B.
Structure of the Periph '_-__ive@mos@jteric Cosmic Ray
TITLE: ery of &Te'=9
Showers* (Struktura periferii shirokikh atmo8fernykh livney kosmi-
oheakikh luchey, Russian)
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal Eksperim. i Teore;. Fiziki, 1957, Vol 32, Nr 29 pp*22T-2409
Russian)
Received: 5 / 1957 Reviewed: 6 / 1957
ABSTRACT: The present paper investigates the spatial distribution of the
different components of a broad atmospheric cosmic ray shower at
great distances from its axis (200 - 800 m). For a detailed study
of this problem the Pamir-Expedition of the Academy of Science of
the U.S.S.R. (su$mer and autumn 1950 and 1951) used a new method:
In different places of the observation plain the flux density of
all charged particles (and separate from it that of penetrating
particles) was simultanously determined with hodoscopic devices.
(Method of correlated hodoecopes),
SUMMary of results: The shower domain investigated here consists
of an electron-photon component andetapenetrating component
(apparently myons).With increasing distance from the shower axis
the relative share of the penetrating component increases consider-
ably and at a distance r - 800 m the flux density of penetrating
Card 1/2 particles and of electrons is equal. The spatial distribution of the

Structure of the Periphery of Extensive Atmo-- PA - 2665
spheric Cosmic Ray Showers.
1
total flux density of electrons and of penetrating particles is
determined by the formul4(r) , 1/r" with n , 2,0. On account of
the relatively slow decrease of flux densities of shower particles
the periphery of the shower plays an essential part in the
general balance of the flux of the shower particles. The mechanism
of the transition of electrons to the periphery of the shower is
reduced to the Coulomb scattering of these electrons by tho
nuclei of air atoms. The transition of @Vons to the periphery of the
shower is effeated by their Coulomb scattering and also apparently
at the expense of the emission angle in the elementary acts of the
nucleus cascade process of the positive and negative myons pro-
dusing these myons. Finally, data an the intensity ?g primary
cosmic particles with extremely high energies of 10 up to 10
are given. (10 illustrations)
ASSOCIATION: Physical Institute "PoNoLebedev" of thq Academy of Science of the
U*SGS*R*
PRESENTED BY:
SUBMITTED:
AVAILABLE: Library of Congress.
Card 2/2

SOV-120-58-1-9/43
TITLE: On the Measurement of the Resolving-Time of Hodoscopes
(0b izmerenii razresh4yushchego vremani godOBkopov)
PERIODICAL: Ptibory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, 1958, Nr 1, p.48
(USSR)
ABSTRACT: It is often important in physical experiments to _@Mow
the mean resolving time of the hodoscapic system being used
and also the resolving time of each of the channels of the
hodoscope. At the same time the number of channels in con-
temporary hodoscopic systems may reach a few thousands which,
of course7 makes it difficult to employ the usual methods of
determination of resolving times. A method is now given for
the determination of the resolving time of-a multi-9,hannel
hodoscopic syptem. Using this msth3d, the mean resolving
time of the hodoscope and its -Oarious channels can be quickly
and conveniently obtained. Suppose the hodoscope consists of'
n chnnnels, the resolving times of which are T-,,.,T 2'-"Tn
and the input to them from the sources of pulses )@1:1 -@2-'-Vn.
Card 1/4

SOV-120-58-1-9/43
On the Measuremeht of the Resolving Time of Hodoscopes.
In each of the hodoscopic channels the coincidence between
the particular source feeding this channel and some standard
pulse applied to the whole scheme is recorded. The width ot
the standard pulse is much less than the resolving time of
the channels. Suppose further that the number of standard
pulses applied to the hodoscope is C and one observes that
m channels operate and the remaining n - m do not. The
probability of this happening for given T ...T and
Is T2-- n
I'll 1) 21 .... Vn is given by Eqs.(I) and (4). This express-
ion can be looked upon as a function of the resolving times
T12 T It is clear that the most probable situation
2--"n
is that in which one-has such values for the -cl, T 21"*Tn
which, in combination make W a maximinn.' Let us consider
the following special case which is of practical importance.
Suppose that 10 V and the resolving times of the
channels T T, T are distributed symmetrically about
a mean valui' 'T*O**Ad do not differ very much from this
value. Providing m and n-m are sufficiently large the
expression (1) takes up the form:
Card 2/4

SOV-120-58-1-9/43
On the Measurement of the Resolving Time of Hodoscopes.
W(T)-cl - exp(- -rW)Texp[- -rVO(n - mj . The value of r
which malres W(T) a maximum is given by:
(2)
If now one carries out N similar series of measurements
(in.each series the number of standard pulses being the
same and equal to C ) and In tf of these the given
channel came into operation, then the resolving time of
this channel is given by the expression:
T --L- t n(l - MIN)-'
VC
Card 3/4

SOV-120-58-1-9/43
On the Measurement of the Resolving Time of Hodoseopes.
There are no figures and 3 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Nauchno-issledovatellskiy institut yadernoy fiziki
MGU (Scientific Research Institute for Nuclear Physics of
Moscow State University)
SUBMITTED: July 3. 19,57.
1. Hodoscopes-Performance 2. Mathematics--Applications
Card 4/4

SOIT/120-53-4-7/30
A'UTHORS:Bekkerman, I.M., Dmitriyev, V, A,, Molchanov, L. P,,
Yarygin, P. I.
TITLE: Ionisatiora Chambers and an Ap.L)aratus for Studyinc, Wide
Atmospheric Cosmic Ray Showers (lonizatsionnyye kamery i
apparatura dlya issledovani a shirokikh atmosfernykh
livney kosmicheskikh lucheY5
PERIODICAL: Pribory i tekhnika eksperimenta, 1958, Nr 4, PP 31-36
(USSR)
ABSTRACT: A description is given of ionisation chambers 60 litree
in volume as well as various elements of the apparatus
associated with them, such as pre-amplifier, amplitude
analyser, etc. The chambers are made of stainless steel and
are in the form of cylinders. The diameter of each cylinder
is 250 mm. The cylinder forms the outer electrode. The dia-
meter of the inner electrode . which is made of brass s 4 mm,
The len-th of the working part of each chamber is 1060imm@
0 C3
The wall thickness is 2 mm. The pressure in each of the
chambers is controlled by special manometers attached to
them. The chambers are filled with very pure argon at a
pressure of 5 atm. The EHT is applied to the central
electrode through a 470 Meg resistor and the output pulse
Card 1/3 is taken off t12-rough a 390 puff capacitor, The capacitance

SOV/120-58-4-7/30
Ionisation Chamberg and an Apparatus for Studying Wide Atmospheric
Cosmic Ray Showers
of the entire chaiiiber is 33 Puff rd the leak-a(,e resistance
from -the central electrode is 101 oh.;k. A sect0ional drawing
bf ftc@hamber is shov-m in Fig.2. In 'Uh."-s fi-gure I is the
390 put'f c-apac-itor, 21sthe left j:r sulator 73 j. S t j-.
chamber, 4 is tha central olectrodo, 5 is the right insulator
6 is the 1170 Y109 resist-or arid 7 is the inpat VIIA-L1,10. v'lg.,3
shows the characteristic curves of a ty-pirnil chamber. The
woi@Oking region begins at 500 V, The worl-ing point actually
chosen was at 1200 V. At that volta,se the rise time of an
electron pulse from the chamber is 30 IL sec, Each chamber
is followed by a preamplifier of the type shownn in Fig.4,,
This amplifier has a very low noise level and a wide region
of linearity (10 IiV to I V). The entire system consists of
four such chambers in parallel, each of the cliara-bers being
followed by a preamplifier. Pulses from vhe outputs of the
four proamplifiers are applied via coaxial cables to a
linear adding device and then to' a 4-sta-e amplifier, From
the amplifiers the pulses are fed into 40chan;@els of a dis.-
criminator, all the channels bein- the sane, The circuit of
0
Card 2/3 the discriminator is shown in .full in Fig,,6,, It converts the

SOV/lc_0-58-4-7/30
Ionisation Cliambers and an Apparatus for Studying
'44 de Atmosphoric
Cosmic Ray Showers
measured signal into a signal whose duration is proportional
to the amplitude of the measured signal (Refs 6 and 8),. The
apparatus will record pulses whose amplitudes differ by four
orders of magnitude and the minimum pulse corresponds to the
transit through a chamber of a single relativistic particle,
There are 6 figures and 9 references, of which 4 are Soviet
and the rest En-lish.
0
ASSOCIATION: Zavod "Fizpribor" ("FIZPribor" factory)
SUBMITTED: October 11, 195?.
Card 3/3

'AUTHOR: Khristianeen, G. B. 56-34-4-27/6o
TITLE: '-@n t@hq rFibittl'ono @he_ Particles in the Extennive
Ltmospheric Showers (0 prostranstyennom raspredelenii chastits
v shirokikh atmoafernykh livnyakh
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal eksperimentallnoy i teoreticheskoy fiziki, 1958,
Vol. 34, Nr 4, PP. 956 - 961 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: This work investigates the problem of the relative influence
of the various factors which cause the spatial divergence of
the charged particles in the extensive atmospherical showers:
1) The angular divergence of the secondary particles: a) In
the elementary acts of the nuclear cascade proces 'a, b) in the
acts of the spontaneous decay. 2) The Coulomb scattering (of
charged particles) at the nuclei of the air atoms; 3) the Lo-
rentz force caused by the magnetic field of the earth. The
author first investigates the spatial distribution of the
electrons; he a 'ompares the experimental spatial distribution
of the electrons (References 1-5) with the theoretical distri-
butions accordingg to Nishimura and Kannata for various degrees
of the a-development of an electron-photon avalanche. The spa-
Card 1/4 tial distribution of the electrons, composed from the mentioned

On the Spatial Distribution of the Particlen in the 56-34-4-27/6o
Extensive Atmospheric Showers
previous works (References 1-5), is illustrated in a diagram.
The experimental points fit well on the theoretical curve
for s = 1,25 unto distances of r - 3, and do not disagree
either with the course-of the curve for s= 1,25 for long di-
stances unto r = 7. The agreenent between the experimental and
the theoretical curve in that wide an interyal of the distances
of course is not casual and might be traced back to the fact
that the eneray- spectrum of the shower electrons agrees with
the energy spectrum of the electron-photon avalanche of the age
(vozrast). The spatial divergence of the electrons completely
is determined by the Coulomb scattering. If the exmff spectrum of
the, electrons in the shower agrees with the energy spectrum
of'the electrons in an electron-photon avalanche with the value
s - 1,2, then the observed wide spatial divergence of the eleo-
trons in the shower can be explained by the Coulomb scattering
of the electrons of the single electron-photon avalanches alone.
On this occasion the assumption that the cores of these avalan-
ches surpass the main core of the extensive atmospheric shower
Card 2/4 is not necessary. Subsequently the author investigates the an-

On the Spatial Distribution of the Particles in the 56-34-4-27/6o
Extensive Atmospheric Showers
gular distribution of the myons. The spatial distribution of
the myons of low energies (which are usually observed in the
experiments) esentially depends on the Coulomb scattering
of the myons and on their deflection in the magnetic field
of the earth. Also the angular divergence of the "ancestors"
of the myons in the elementary acts of the nuclear cascade
process is of essential importance for the angular divergence
of the myona. But the relative influence of all these factors
at present cannot be finally determined without additional
experimental data (particularly on the spatial distribution
of the myons, on their energy spectrum, and on the height of
their production in the atmosphere). Of particular interest
is the analysis of the data on the spatial distribution of
the myons of high energy. The action of the magnetic field
of the earth reduces to the spatial separation of the myons
according to their energy and charge. Also the Coulomb Boatte-
ring must be considered in the analysis of these data. Finally
the author thanks S.B. VeTnov and G. T. Zatsepin for the dis-
cussion of the problems invest igated,hems.2wm are 2 figures
Card 3/4 and 17 references, 9 of which are Soviet.

On the Spatial Distribution of the Farticles in the 56-34-4-27/6o
Extensive Atmospheric Showers
ASSOCIATION: Moakovskiy gosudarstvannyy uniyeraitet (Moscow State Univer-
sity)
SUBMITTED: November 11, 1957
1. Atmosphere-_Analysia 2. Partialea--Scattering
Card 4/4

f i f -c@j I./
/T
AUTHOR,:;,-
TITL%':
3" -A - 5-4/6
A., T@,:. 0 o ry tAricv
Dr@trly'@.v'
v-va Khrellov
B Fh! -ntien, G. 3.
The Structure of the -'-xt!!ns-i,.-- at -.')Pa
"truktura sh-rclcl".h i-vsrv na urovyie
morya)
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal eksperimenta-1-no '-t i t;@oretict,,eskcy fiziki, i@@8,
VOI@ 34, Nr 5, PP, io@;77--iO89
ABSTRACT: This paper investigates the lateral disLriburion of electrt-,ns.
nuclear active and nuclear passive purticles in extensive
air showers containing from 4. 104 to 4-105 particles at sea
level by means of correlated hodo,;@cores. These measurements
vierp carried out from April to '.Ky oL 195-4 in Moscow@ The
authors used the hodoeeoi3es K-O" of J,@ N@ Korablev. At first
the menatiring device i-, discussed, wliich gavp tL sufficiently
diqtribution of tlie density oi' tile chargra p--rtio.les
near the axis of any registexed shower. 3y- means o. these
data it is possible to determine the individual properties
of the shower, - thp losithn of lits axis and the number of
Card V3 the particles@ An zero approxination of the positi.--n of ths-

The @;tructure of' the ""'Ytenilve Atmospheri!@ I?ho-xer3 at Sea IM"Yel
axis the center of' the regi-on of maximal denvity of' purticle
fli.ix was takeri. Also the determinixtion of tlio spoond upproxi.-
maLion is discuseed in a few vordo, bUt the u-3e of this senond
approximati.on Is practically not The -1-cond char-
acteristic of the shower - the totti). number N of the particleii,
wus found after determining, the position of th@ axin.
Therefore the total number of the particles in the cea@ral re-
gion of the showervas uzed ---n a @;tandard of' th@- kotp) ntimber
of particles. The experimental data concernIng the spac-iRl
distribution of all_charged particles mav be approximated.
I -r/R r
by the funatior kNr e ith R - (6L) 6) m for the region
n k 1Tr
21,e, rK 11(n-I) and by the exponential functir -n for
the region r >z R(n--I) rith n@2,6 +-0.,4. The ccefiiaienta Y.
and.k , are fc-und from the normal3.zing conditions d the fun:-
tion of spacial distributiop, The hodoscopic device was also
used 17or !@he detczmination of the number @f the registered
extensive showers with a Nxed number N or DgrLjC.IeS@@ The
Priergy flux of the shower is concentrated in a small region
possessing a small radin-3 of the order of several inefreq
from the axis of the Pxtrzn@3ive air shover. The whole of the
Cara 2/3 Pxperimental furtq may be ex!)I.ainQd by thr- idee of

The Strvoture of' the Kxteni.-Ive Atmospheric Showprs at :@ea Levei
betreen the electron component Rnd the nuclear active cort-
ponent with low energles on one hand and by the energ@,--fl-ux
of the nuclear avalanche (lavina) of the ohower core or, the
other hand. There are 7 figures, A tables, and 20 referencep,
12 of which aro Soviet.
ASSOCTATION: Fiziaheskiy institut irr. P.N. Letedeva Akademil nauk 3111MR
(Physics Tnatitute iment P.H. Lebodev 7AS UeSR)
Moskovskii, gosudarstvenriyy universitet (MoscoK "tate Uni-ersity)
`UBMITTED: December 3, 1957
1.P&rUeIe9(Airborne)-M&"urwmt 2,Zlectrons-Distribution
3.Electrons-Properties 4.Mathmatics-Applications
Card 3/ 3

21(0)
AUTHORS: Kulikov, G. V., Khristiansen, G. B. SOV/56-35-3-11/61
TITLE: On the Spectrum of Extensive Atmospheri-c-Sh-owers
Corresponding to the Number of Particles (0 spektre
shirokikh atmosfernykh livney po chislu chastits)
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal eicsperimentallnoy i teorcticheskoy fiziki, 1958,
Vol 35, Ur 3, pp 635 - 640 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: In the present paper the authors describe the ex-
perimental results concerninC the distribution of air
showers with respect to the number of particles;
investigations were carried out in May 1954 on sea-
level. They concerned showera with a total number of
2.1o4 _ 2.1o5 particles. The hodoscope- -arrangement
of counters used is schematically shown by figure 1
and is described in the following. The electronic
computer of the computation center of MGU (Moscow
State University) was available for the purpose of
solving mathematical problems. The measuring space
Card 1/4 was divided into 3 concentrically arranged ranges:

On the Spectrum of Extensive Atmospheric Showers SOV/506-@35-3-11/61
Corresponding to the Number of Particles
1) central range, circular in shape, S1=78m 2 (for
N> 8.10'); S2-40OM2 , quadratic (for 11)1,6.105 ) and
S3@576m2 .also quadratic (for still larger N)(Pro-
bability of recording > 95@o). Figure 2 shows the
results obtaine by this work as well as those of
reference 7 (109 N) with N (FCcm-2sec-Isteradian-1.3). For the range
1054 N < 10 the following was found: Number of particles N
in the shower
0,8.105 1,6.10 3,2.105 6,4-105 8,0.105 12,8.105
Number of
showers with
number of par-
ticles @N 157 276 138 46 24 6
Card 2/4 The results show that in the case of numbers of particles

On the Spectrum of Extensive Atmospheric Showers SOV/56-35-3-11/61
Correoponding to the Number of Particles
varying in range between 10 6 and 107 the probability
for the occurrence of an irreaularity in the shower
size distribution curve is very grea- Theoretical
deliberations eem to show that for cosmic rays with
energies'> 1019eV a galactic or metagalactic origin
may be assumed. In conclusion the authors thank
Professor S.N.Vernov for his valuable advice and
discuBsionsp G.S.Roslyakov for supervising wcrk at
the computation center of MGU, and V.I.Solov'yeva and
D.S.Stellmal.h for their cooperation. There are 2 figures,
1 table, and 12 references, 8 of which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy liniversitet (Moscow State Uni-
versity)
SUBMITTED: April 22, 1958
Card 3/4

40)
AUTHORS: Guseva, V. V., Zatsepin, G. T., Sov /56- @5- - i
Khristian8en, G.-P.
TITLE: On the Angular Distributions of Broad Atmospheric Showers
of High Energy (Ob uglovom raspredelenii shirokikhatmosfernykh
livney vysokikh energiy)
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal eksperimentallnoy i teoreticheskoy fiziki, 1958,
Vol 35, Nr 4, PP 833-637 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The present paper deals with experimental investigations of the
angular distribution carried out for the purpose of determining
the absorption coefficients of high-energy showers (primary
particle energy @tlol7o). The experiments were carried out in
an altitude of 3860 m above sea-level. The authors used a
cylindrical cloud chamber (illumination depth 6 cm) which had
an effective surface of 615 CM2. The cloud chamber was
synchronously connected with a system consisting of many
counters (hodoscope arrangement); the photographic equipment
was arranged so that the optical axis of the stereoscopic camova
formed an angle of 300 with the vertical. The counters were
Cara 1/3 arranged in 5 groups so that there was a horizontal distance

On the Angular Distributions of Broad Atmospheric SOV/56-35-4-1/52
Showers of High Energy
500 m between each of the first three, whilst the 4. and 5.
were 300 m above.and under the central group respectively.
5 m above the central group the Wilson chamber was located.
The results obtained by the investigation are shown partly by
table 3 and figure 4. A total of 75 showers was investigated.
Results show that# contrary to the usual opinion, such showers
have already passed the maximum of their development in
altitudes of several 1000 m above sea-level.
In conclusion, the authors thank 11. A. Dobrotin and N. G. I 11irger
for their assistance and advice, and E. S. Levit for helping
to carry out measurements. There are 4 figures, 3 tables, and
7 references, 6 of which are Soviet.
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Showers of High Energy
ASSOCIATION: Fiziche skiy inst1tut im. P. N. Lebedeva Akademii nauk SSSR
(Physics Institute imeni P. N. Lebedev of the Academy of
Sciences, USSR)
Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet
(Moscow State University)
SUBMITTEDz January 7, 1958
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KHRISTIANSEN, G. B.
A STUDY OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTICIT FUNCTION OF ELE-CTRONS AND THE DENSITY OF
ENERGY FLUX OF THF. ELECTRON-PHOTON COMPONEW 114 EXTENSIVE'AIR SPOWERS
N.N. Goryunov, V.A. Dmitriyev, G.V. Kulikov, YU.A. Nechin, G.B. Khristiansen
1. The spatial distribution of density of energy fluxes of the electron-
photon component was determined from transition curves in lead obtained for
different distances from the shower axis; the spatial distribution of particle
fluxes was obtained by the method of correlated hodoscopes.
2. The spatial distribution of the density of energy flux of the electron-
photon component was obtained up to r a 60 m from the shower atis in extensive
- 2 x 10 . The form of
air showers with the total number of particles N a 104
the function is independent of the strength of the shower and, if we approxi-
mate this function by a power law of the type r-n, we obtain
n 1.2 1 0.2 0.3 m,/rzl m
n 1 5 1 0.2 1 M a%410 M
n 2:0 @70-3 10 m-erzO m
Report presented at the International Cosmic Ray Conference, Moscow, 6-11
July 1959

',1159N, G. 13.
KA_L__'V_-,L STUDIE'S OF THE HIGH.:MERGY NUCaAR-ACTIVE CGIPON"l-IT OF EXTENSIVE
AIR SFO'WERS
S.N. Vernov, N.N. Goryunov, V.A. Dmitriyov, G.B. Kulikov, Yu.A. Nechin,
G.B. Khristiansen
1. Figh-energy nuclear-active particles were detected by large bursts produced.
in ionization chambers by these nuclear-active paiticles during passage through
a co-irosite filter of lead and grarhite. The use of a composite filter permits
firstly, of separating, in the best possible fashion, the ionization produced
in the chambers by the electron-photon component (which appears in the filter
due to nuclear-active particles) from the ionization created b the electron-
photon coZnron,@nt of the shower coming from the air. On the other hand, the use
of such a filter gives rise to a situation when the ionization in the chambers
turns out to ba proportional to the total energy transferred from the nuclear-
active particle to the electron-photon component in the filter. So, the energy
of a nuclear-active Darticle can be determined from the burst in the ionization
chamber on the basis of rather ganaral consileraticns.
Report presentel at*.the -International Cosmic Ray Conference, Moscow, 6-11
July 1959

K.HPq$rIAMF1J, G. B.
THE SPECTRUM OF EXTENSIVE AIR SHOeMS ACCORDING TU DIS IWJB,@-h OF MTICLFS.
COLIFICIZENT OF ABSORTION OF &CTENSIVE AIR SHOdERS
G.V. Kulilov, N.M. Nesterova, 3.1. Nikolsky, G.B. Khristeansen, A.Z. Chudakov
1. Utilizing the method of correlated hodoscopes, which permits determining the
position of the axis aW the number of particles in a shower, we have obtained
data on shower spectra level and at sea level.
2. At 3860 m above s4a evel Ind the interval of particle-number variation
in the shower from 3..10 io 10 , thespectrum is well approximated by power
law N-X, where Y -_ 1.6-0.1. At sea level there is a greater probability that
the spectrum will be irregular in t e range 106 -@- N N,O)-@ (4,6 + 1,4)-10 .Ill N @41#60�0#15)cm-2 sec-I sterad-1
The absorption length 11of showers was also'determined; for showers
2
with N 105,A- 1156 + 22 gm/cla There are 4 figures and 2 Soviet-
bloc.references.
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Number spectrum of ... D299/D304
ASSOCIATION: pizicheakiy institut im- P. H. Lebedeva All SSSR (Phy-,
sioe Inotituto Im. P. N. Lobodov AS USSR); Nauohno-
ioalodovatelolkiy inatitut.,Fadornoy fiziki MGU (Soi-
ontifio Research Institute of Nuclear ?hyeioo Moscow
State,University)
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Lt (.7
AUTHORS: Abrosimov, A. T., Basilevskaya, G. A., Solov"yeva, V.I.,
and Khristian
TITLE; Study of extensive air showers of ultrahigh energies
SOURCE: International Conference on Cosmic Radiation, Moscow,
1959. Trudy. v. 2. Shirokiye atmoefernyye livni i kas-
kadnyye proteessy, 92-100
TEXT: Showers with number of particles ranging from 106 to 108
were investigated by the apparatus of Moscow State University. It
is noted that the experiments conducted by the authors yielded,
in conjunction with the experiments conducted by V. A. Dmitriyev
et al. (Ref. 9: ZhETF9 36, 9929 1959), several new results con-
cerning the energy characteristics of the electron.-photon and/u-
meson componente,(Ref. 10s ZhBTF, in print). The apparatus con.-
sisted of 10 mobile laboratories with 2 types of detectors: of
charged- and of penetrating particles; it permitted determining
the position of the axis and the number of particles of the shower,
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D299/D304
provided the axis fell within the limits of the apparatus and the
number of particles was sufficiently large. After the axis was
found, the number of particles N was determined by the formula
n
N N
n Z i
J=j
where
(ri) = rie 2-10-3; ri@(96 m
T(ri) = r 2,6 /0,6; r >96 m
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p(r.) being the density at the i-th observation point (at a dis-
tance r from the axis). The apparatus recorded '1000 showers during
a period of operation of 1420 houral
probability of recording was nearly
th N> 7
ration, 75 showers wil ,,10 and 8
. 4 2
corded over an area of 7 10 m ; this
intensit'y values2
7
For showers with N.?,,1-10 . the
100%o During 1484 hours of ope-
7
showers with N @A.10 were re-
-he following absolute
yielded 1.
.40-6m,-2 -1
I(>,_10 7) = 0.36 + 0.2) 1 hour sterad
7) = (1.24 + 0.43)- 10-7m,-2ho
10/3-10 ur-Isterad-
On -this basis, the exponent J'Df the number spectrum was catlaula-
ted, J'= 2.0 + 0.35. For construeting the lateral distribution
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function, 200 of the more dense showers were used, with N,05.107
the lateral-diBtribution functione of the electron and meson com-
ponents were constructed. The values for the absolute intensity Of
showers, obtained by the authorsi agree with -the results obtained
by T. E. Cranshaw et al. (Ref. 5: Phil. Mag.2 39 377, 1958) and by
G. Clark et al* (Ref. 7: Nature, 180, 406, 3539 1957; Nuovo Cim.
Suppl., 8, 6239 1958). The authors compared the experimental late-
ral-distribution functions of electrons with the theoretical va-
lues obtained on the basis of cascade shower theory, After modi-
fying the values of the constants B and t0 (entering the formulas
of cascade theory), good agreement was found between theoretioal
and experimental values. The authors conclude that in ultrahigh-
energy showers either no equilibrium exists between the electron-
photon and the nuclearactive components in the lower atmospheric
layers, or that the lateral distribution of electrons is not only
determined by Coulomb scattering, but also by angular deviatJone
of particles during the nuclear-cascade processes. There are 5 fi-
gureB and 17 references: 8 Soviet-bloc and 9 non-Soviet-bloo. The
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4 most recent references to the English.-language publications read
as follows: T. E. CranBhaw, J. F. de Beer, W. Galbraith, N. A. Por-
ter, Phil. Nag., 3, 3779 1958; T. E. Cranshaw, J. F. de Beer, W.
Galbraith, A. M.-Hillas. Phil. Mag., 3, 8111, 1958; J. Nichimura,
K. Kamata, Progre Theor, Phys.9 69 1958; T. E. Cranshaw, W. Gal-
braith, Phil. Nag., 2, 797, 804, 1957.
ASSOCIATION% FizicheBkiy institut im. P. N. Lebendeva AN SSSR
(Physics Institute Im. P. N. Lebede7 AS USSR); Mos-
kovskiy goBudaretuvenny universitet (Moscow State
University)
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3, 4/0 (is' /
AUTHORSt Vernov, S. N@, Goryunov, N. N., Bmitriyev I V 4 Ku-
likov, G. V., 'Neohin, Yu. A., Solov",yeva, V.
g-a-V'Wly' Z.B., and Khristiansen, 0. B.
TITLEt Study of lattral-distribution function of charged par-
tiolon and of the energy density of the electron-photon
component of extensive air showere
SOURCEI International@Conforenoo on Cosmic Radiation. Moucow,
1959. Trudy. Y. 2. Shirokiyo atmonfernyye livni i kao-
kadnyye proteessy, 117-122
TEXT: The data obtained by means of the diffusion chamber and the
hodooooped counters permit determining the particle diotribution 'In
the neighborhood of the shower axis as well as at large distanoea
from it. These date can be used for determining the numbor of par-
tioles and the position of the axis to an accuracy of approximately
I a by means of the hodosooped counters, And to an aoouraoy of as-
veral centimeters if the Axis lies within the limits of the diffu-
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sion chamber. The electron-photon component at largo dintanoes from
the axis was studied by means of large ionization chambern, shiel-
ded with lead. During 1000 hours of operation, 26 cases were ;e-
corded of the axis (of showers with number of particles N,>,103)
pao:int.through the core detector. All those showera were inveati-
gat d detail with reopoot to dintribution and onorgy of par-
ticles. The cases most favorable for analysis are those, lit which
the shower axis lies in the diffusion chamber. In all, 7 such oa-
ses were recorded. Por each of these showers, the lateral-distri-
bution function of particle density was constructed for distances
ranging from 5 om to I m from the shower axis. It was found that the
form of the distribution function varied from shower to shower in
the core region. In that r"gion a peculiar feature of particle
distribution was observed, namely a narrow boam (4 cm in diameter)
of particles, oonsiating-of a large number (4 to 15) of particle
with collinear track*. Prom data obtained by means of the hodoso:ped
counters and.knowing the position of the shower axis, it is pose-
ible to construct tho distribution function of charged particle& up
to a distance of r w.25 a. from the axis, for each individual
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-distribution ... D305
Study of lateral D29
shower. Then the experimental distribution functions wore compared
with the theoretical functions of Nishimura-and Kamata. The're-
sulte of the comparison are shown in a table. A difference was no-
ted in the form of the distribution of the energy flux of the ol-
ectron-photon component in the individual shower at a distance of
r- 1 m, and at large distances from the axis; this is due to lo-
cal. fluctuations in the form of the energy distribution in the core.
In each of the investigated showers, the energy flux of the else-
tron-photon component was found within a radius of 25 mi it turned
out that the elootron-photon component energy-flux was stronger
(on the average) in showers with small a, than in choworn with
large a (a being the "ags'parameter"). The system of counters per-
mitte"d recording showers with number of particles N = 104 to 107.
The data yielded'by the diffusion':chamber were used for construct-
ing t@o distribution function for.diotances r4@1 m from the shower
axia.lThe conclusion was reached that the form of the electron-
PhOtOr e"Argy d1stribution-function does not depend on the number
of pa@ticlee in the shower'. Therefore, all the data were referred
to a bhower with samt N, and the average energy-density distribu-
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tion constructed, :Approximating this distribution@by a power law of
_n
type r one obtains for the exponent n the following values (as a
function of the 4istanoe r from the axis)$
n 1,2+ 0,2, 0, 1 4-r