SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT KARGIN, V.A. - KARGIN, V.A.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R000720710019-4
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: November 2, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 13, 2000
• Sequence Number: 19
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

67268
SOV/20-129-4-36/68
Investigation of the Temperature-dependent Transformations in
Synthetic
Polymers With Rigid Chains
transformed, it was plastified according to two methods: a) by
the addition of a polymer with elastic chains (copolymer of
caprolactam with hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid), b) by
swelling in cresol. Figure 1 shows the influence exerted by
temperature on polyurea plastified by copolymer. With the addi-
tion of 75% copolymer, two processes may be observed: First,
transition to the viscous state occurs, after which vitrifica-
tion follows at a certain temperature. The behavior of polyurea
swelled in cresol is shown in figure 3. Also in this case the
viscous state occurs with an increase in temperature. On the
basis of these results the authors point out the following two
possibilities: 1) Hardening of polymers with elastic chains by
the admixture of polymers with rigid chains, and 2) reduction of
temperature by plastification in order to make working with
polymers with rigid chains possible. There are 3 figures and
5 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet im. M. V.
Lomonosova
Cardllj~"-~ Noscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov)

67926
SOV/20-129-5-36/64
AUTHORS: Iovleva_L M. M. Kozlov, P. V., Kargin, V. A., Academician
TITLE: The Solubility of Qrafted Copolymerslon the Basis of Poly-
styr-eneland Acrylic Acid(\
PERIODICAM Doklady Akademii nauk SSSRI 19591 Vol 1299 Nr 5, PP
1093-1095
(USSR)
ABSTRACT: Since grafted polymers often hature the thermodynamic prop-
erties of their initial components (Refs 1-3) the authors in-
vestigated whether in this Case actual components in the sense
of Gibb's phase rule are concerned. They determined the number
of the phases and the degrees of freedoms in a system cone a in9pr
of the copolymer of polystyrene with 5 or 22% acrylic auidi+ I
benzyl alcoholC+J, and methyl alcohol. Methyl alcohol was added
to the solutions of the copolymer of different concentrations
in benzyl alcohol, and the beginning of turbidity was determined
by means of a photoelectric colorimeter. Two phases were ob-
served: Solution of methyl alcohol in benzyl alcohol and solu-
tion of the oopolymer in benzyl alcohol. The phase diagram
(Fig 1) shows that the critical concentrations at whioh
Card 1/2 turbidity occurs, are on a straight line and that the
copolymer

lull
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PBASE I BOOK EXPLOITATION SOV/4842
Kargin, Valentin Alekseyevich, and Grigoriy Llvovich
Slonimskiy
Kratkiye ocheik' 0 fiziko-khimii polimerov (Brief Papers on
the Physicochemistry
of Polymers) Moscow] Izd-vo Mosk. univ., 1960. 173 p. 2,000
copies printed.
Ed.: S.Ya. Mirlina; Tech. Ed.: M.S. Yermakov.
PURPOSE: This book is intended for persons desiring to
familiarize themselves
with the basic scientific concepts of the physics and
chemistry of polymers.
COVERAGE: The book presents in a series of short review
articles data on the
structure, mechanical properties, and thermodynamic
properties of polymers and
their solutions. The authors note changes in the old ideas
concerning the
relationship between the structure and properties of
polymers since the diE-
covery of the globular and block structure of polymers. New
ideas in the field
are discussed in cases where they have O.ready been
generally accepted. The
authors thank S.Ya. Mirlina. There are 14 references, till
Soviet.
3
Introdup

15- 9SIO
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
25527
-1/1 22/6o/boo/oo 1/0 16/o 18
A 105 I/A 130
Perov, P. V., Candidate of Technical Scic-nces; Kargin, V. A.,
Academi C 4 2--, ':uldidate of ~:ni-mR571
e.
Prod-,i,_-tion of oriented -and nanufact--ire of
articles from 1-.
PERIODICAL: Vestnik mashinostroyeniya, no. 19060, '10-7-'i
TEXT: The information pre;sents thr~ rez-,Lilts of
lnv~stlga,,Jons and experi-
ments which have been 'a-dertaken in view of' la,_P: W'
pro,,e~-:~: and equipment data in
special literature, lncl,,~ding foreign souroeE. Methods
studied in the sobject
experiments were- 1) double blizter settling rn1zhoJ; 2)
two-dimensional
stretching of' shoc-ts; 3) chlenderlng,; 4) 7wo-dim-?nsional
multi-
axial stretching and pressing proved te~,hnlcally -ind
.1",everal
machines have been developed. Their work princ4ple il- of a In
12 radial direotions, Sheets up to 1r_ m in dl_alieter ~Lnd
:1~ mr.) t~hickness clan be
obtained, whl,Tj it !,tretc,1-iing di~grep E ~ ~50 -. 60%.
'11he raj~~r machine element is
the pulling unit Ling or a bi_.Vel git-tr c-011111ff, orle of
the gears moving on
thread on a screw, L.e,, the ge.,, works as '! n'_jt,, ~U;d
!W)V(~,, 1,11(, 201'fA14 with a grip
Card 1/_3

S./122/60/000/001/016/018
Production of oriented polyme,-hyl ... A161/A-130
attached to it. The m-1chine haz 12 suoh tu,,Its. one of tnem L~~
connect,~d t-0 a
worm gear red-acer arid drives the entire system. -n~~ strel-!iln~
effort is deter
I
mined by calculation, for prod,,~clrig ter-,sicr. stre;~s of 10
kg,/Om'-. 1, e SIUMV
principle is used in machines for pr,)du,,JL~~g squar;,- sheetF,
Pre-stretching was
determined with the formula
i
pr init
where hinit and hfil, is t h.e init-lal and the f"Inal sheet.
thickness in itim. The
formula has been derived by simple muth,~,mat_'~al transformat
ions of an equation
expressing the constancy :)f volume before -and aft.er
~:.r~retchirlg. The empirically
determined relation between the linear stret_chlnE; L (meaz~ired
with a nonius on
one of the grips) and the stretchlrZ degree fou7id wl~.h Formula
1) is:
D I-- P r
100
where D is the blank diameter. The orient.ation method ty
Compression has been
(_ Y 750 nim siZ(' and
developed as well, for producing sheets, for instance, 0 f 717~0
25 mm thickness. In both methods the t~-.,mperatuve of' material
must exceed its
Card 2/3

25527 3/122/60/000/001/016/018
Production of oriented polymethyl ... A161/A130
softening point by 15-10 0C. Heating to a higher temperature
spoils the proper-
ties, and a lower temperature cannot be used because of an
abrupt load increase
on the machine drive and micro-cracks on the material. The
strength of poly-
methyl acrylate increased with increasing stretching degree
to 50-70% consider-
ably, and after this limit the growth of mechanical
properties was only slow,
except for impact resistance (Nk) increasing evenly to the
stretching degree
E_ = 120 4 13%. The static strength of parts from oriented
material proved
double comparing with parts from nonoriented; oriented glass
did not split from
sharp nail hammered into it (nonorier,41-ed split after
penetration of the nail to
1/3 of depth)6 Oriented glass withstood bending tests in all
temperatures except
of below -60 C. Other advantages of oriented glass are:
surface crack resist-
ance dozens of times higher than of nonorien-II-ed; lower
thermal expansion. Parts
from oriented glass are produced with bending and fixing in
frames and subsequent
heat treatment to fix the shape, Cylindrical parts ire formed
in the same way.
Orientation of heat-resistant 3rganic glass decreases Its
inherent brittleness.
N. D. Sobolev is mentioned having participated in the work.
11here are 9 figures
and 1 table.
Card 3/3

S/030/60/0c)0/05/15/056
BO15/BOO8
AUTHORS; Karain, V. A., Kzentsel B. A., Rckhlin, M~ I.,
Smirnoy,
TITLEj International Symposium on Mac~yomole,.,ular
Chemistry and the
Exposition of Synthetic Materialg-in the German'Faderal
Republic
PERIODICAL: Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR, 1960, No. 5, pp~
68-74
TEXT; The Symposium was convened by the Commission of
High-molecular
Compounds of the International Association for Pure and
Applied Chem-
istry and was held at Wiesbaden (German Federal Republic)
from October 12
to 17, 1959- It was attended by some 1200 scientists from
22 eountries.
The Soviet delegation consisted of 29 representatives of
the main
branches of 'the chemistry and physics of polymers of the
USM
Problems of the physics of the polymers, high-molecular
comp'z-ands in
solutions, the elementary aots as well as the kinetics of
polyreactions,
the chemistry of organic and inorganic htgh-molot~ular
oompounds, the
natural high-molecular compounds and models were
discuseed,, G. P,. Mikhayl-ov
Card 1/2

International Symposium on Macrom6lecular 5/030/60/000/05/15/056
Chemistry and the Exposition of Synthetic B01 VB008
Materials in the German Federal Republic
reported on the investigation results of the molecular
relaxation in
polymero by means of the dielectric method. V. A. Kargin stated
that the
globules are to be oonoiderod as primary elementary structures
in the
1,S. S. Med-vadev showed that
orientation and crystallization of-zolvnrs~
the development of cationic chains is direo Y'=WR-W-ME-the
formation
of complexesIbetween the catalyst and monomer, G. Mark (USA.)
montioned
in Us report papers by Soviet scientists, especially the
investiga-
tions by K. A. Andrianov in the field of the synthesis of
organoailicon
polymers. The authors describe next the International
Exposdzion of
Synthetic Materials which was held at Dvasseldorf from October
17 to 25,
1959, and at which 21 countr~ej (over 670 firms) were
represented. The
authors state that about one half of the exhibits consisted of
machines
and the other half of finished products. Among synthetic
materialap
polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene and r 'einforced plastics are
especially
mentioned, the authors referring to the papers by V. A. Kargin
and
Plate. It is underlined finally that the work of the experts in
the field
of new processing methoda is to be regard6d as being as
important as the
creation of new polymers. There is I Soviet reference.
Card 2/2

87,642
S/191/60/000/012/001/016
A '9,2) 2'Z 0 B020/'B066
AUTHORSi Berlin, A. A., Kronman, A. G., Yanovskiy, D. M., 1~argin,
V.A.
TITLE: Impact-resistant Polyvinyl Chloride
PERIODICAL: Plasticheskiye massy, 1960, No. 12, pp. 2 - 3
TEXT: Heat resistance and impact of PVC are comparatively low which
con-
siderably confines its range of applicability in spite of its other
good
properties. It is possible to increase the impact strength of PVC by
synthesizing vinyl chloride polymers grafted with various rubbers, by
means of a chain transfer reaction. The mechanical properties of
Viniplasts obtained by this method are, however, no better than
those of
Viniplast made of PVC. The present paper investigates the physical
and
thermomechanical properties of Viniplast obtained from compositions
consisting of PVC coplasticized with a polar synthetic rubber(PSR).
Owing
to interaction of functional groups of PVC with the rubber,
interlaced
structures of grafted copolymers are formed. PVC was mixed with
stabilizers (litharge, calcium stearate) which were hot-rolled along
with
the adequate amount of PSR. Plates were cut from thin foils of the
rolled
Card 1/3

37642
Impact-resistant Polyvinyl Chloride S11911601000101210011016
B020/BO66
material, and a stack of them was hot-pressed. In the test
of Viniplast
containing 10% PSR of different types, its physical and
mechanical
properties ranged within the following limits: specific
impact strength
from 57.2 to 84.8 kg.cm/OM4 (8.6 for initial PVC)l maximum
tensile
strength from 3970 to 532 kg-cm2 (550 for PVC);
vitrification point
between 76 and 60 C (75 C for PVC). The addition of 10% PSR
to the
Viniplast, thus, increases the specific impact strength up
to the 6 to
10 fold, whereas the tensile strength is somewhat reduced,
and the
vitrification point is maintained. The dependence of the
specific impact
strength, tensile strength and relative elongation on the
rubber content
in Viniplast was investigated (Figs.1-3). The optimum ratio
of PVC:PSR
for obtaining Viniplast with high specific impact strength
is 90:10
(Fig.1). The introduction of 2.5% rubber increases the
impact strength
of Viniplast to the tai~%efold. At a rubber content of 15 -
50%, Viniplast
samples were not destroyed in the impact test owing to their
high
elasticity. With increasing rubber content, tensile strength
and
relative elongation of the material (Figs.2,3) decrease, and
the surface
of Viniplast becomes uneven and rough, beginning from a
rubber addition
of 25 - 30%. The temperature dependence of the specific
impact strength
Card 2/3

87642
Impact-resistant Polyvinyl Chloride S/19 60/000/012/001/016
B020YE066
of impact-resistant,Viniplast was studied in a rangd of
from -600 to
+600C, and it was found that a Viniplast with 5 8nd 10%
PSR exceeds a
Viniplast from PVC even at a temperature below 0 C. The
specific
properties of impact-resistant Viniplast become
particularly manifest at
room temperature. The.absolute value of the specific
impact strength could
only be determined at temperatures below zero. Table 1
gives comparative
data of this factor obtained on compositions with 90% PVC
and 10%'PSR, and
on,PVC samples. The principal physical and
thermomechanical properties of
impactrresistant Viniplast, as well as of PVC-Viniplast,
are presented in
Table 2. There are 4 figures, 2 tables, and 1 Soviet
reference.
Card 3/3

Usmov. Kb.U. : K,,RGIIJ, V.A. ; ATMIODZHkYNV, B.
1. ; 1110YATOV, 11. Sh.
Upgrading of cotton cord by moans of
ozonization. Vysokom.
soad. 2 no.1:88-91 Ja 160. 0AIRA 13:5)
11
1. Inutitut khimil polimarov All 'UzSSR.
(ozone) (cotton)

KARGIN, V.A.; UBLITOV, V.A.; MTI;LISUYA, T.K.
Polymerization on a potawgitim - carbon black
catalyst. Vysokom.
soad. 2 no.1:162-165 Ja 160. OAIRA 13-.5)
1. Moskovskly goaudaretveanyy universitet inf)ni
M.V.Lomonooova.
Khimicheskiy fakulltat.
(Polymerization) (Potassium) (Carbon black)

KARGIN, V.A.; PUTE, H.A.; SHIBAYEV, V.P.
Plasticization of polyvinyl alcohol - styrene and
polyacrylic
acid-styrene graft copolymers. Vy9okom.soed. 2
no.1:166-173
Ja 160. (14IRA 13:5)
1. Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitat.
Kbimicheskiy-
fakulltet.
(Styrene) (Vinyl alcohol) (Acrylic acid)

81621
AUTHORS:
S/190/60/002/02/10/011
B004/BO61
~Lr ~in, V. A., Kabanov, V. A.9 Zubov, V. P.
Polymethylmethacrylate~
TITLE., Synthesis of Isotactic
Polymerizatio0of the
Fr-ozen Monomer
by
PERIODICAL: Vysokomolekulyarnyye soyedineniya., 1960, Vol~ 2,
No. 2,
pp. 303 - 305
TEXT; This is a continuation of the work of the authors in
Refa. 1 and
2~ It was established there that methylmethacrylate (m) can be
polymerized in the volid state if it Is condensed in vacuo
with magnesium
vapor on a surface cooled by liquid nitrogen. The
polymerization sets in
between -100 and -1100C, proceeds rapidly and even
explosively if heat
dissipation is insufficient. The polymethylmethacrylate
obtained in this
way is a homogeneous polymer oontaining no free magnesium but
0.5 wt%
of bound DIE it fornis transparent solutions in toluene and
dich)aro-
et1lane. FiL;-- 1 snov;s the thermomechanical curve of such a
polyrf'r. Its
softening temperature of +500C is considerably lower than
that of
Card 1/2

8161-1
Synthesis of Isotactic Polymethy1methacrylate
S/190/60/002/02/10/011
by Polymerization of the Frozen Monomer B004 B061
polymethylmethaerylate synthesized in the normal manner,
The polymer
crystallizes after swelling in heptanone-2, Its X-ray
picture is shown
in Fig. 2,'Its properties agree with those of isotactic
poly:aethyl-
methacrylate obtained by polymerization of I&A with
lithium alkylene
in a nonpolar medium (Refs,. 3 and 4), The authors
conclude from this
that the order of the monomer existing in the solid phase
favors the
development of the isotactic microstructure of the
polymer chains.
They mention a paper by A~ A. Korotkov et al. (Ref, 4).
There are 2
figures and 5 references.- 3 Soviet and 2 US~
ASSOCIATIO14i li',oskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitetj
khimicheskiy
fakul~tet (Moscow State University, Department of
ChemistryT----
SUBMITTED. December 2~ 1959
Card 2/2

K-ARGIN, V.Ao_L KABAHOV, V.4.; PLATE, N.A.;
PAVLICffgllKO, H.P.
Plasticization of block copolymers of acrylic acid
and styren6.
Vysokom. soed. 2 no. 3:433-00 Mr 16o. (MIRA 13:11)
1. MoBkovskly gosudarstvenayy universitet,
Khimicheskiy
fakalitet.
(Acrylic acid) (Styrene) (Polymers)

KARGIN, V.A., akELdemik
Structure of cellulose and the place it occupies
among other
polymers. Vysokom. ooed. 2 no. 3:466-468 Mr 160.
(MIRA 13:11)
1. Moskovskly gosudarstvennyy universitet,
Khimicheskiy
fakul'tet.
(Cellulose)

L145r,
C) S t,,S-j
:-o o 2iog, A72.
S/190/60/002/004/013/020
B004/B056
AUTHORS: -Kargin, V. A., 1.1archenko, 1. Yu.
TITLE: The Problem of the Vitrification Temperature of
Crystalline Polymers \\
PERIODICAL: Vysokomolekulyarnyye soyedineniya, 1960, Vol. 2,
No. 4,
pp. 549-553
TEXT: The authors refer to a previous paper (Ref. 1), in
which they
showed that the vitrification temperature is an important
ch~tracteiistic
feature for determining the working temperature of a polymer.
In the
present paper, they describe thermomechanical investi6ations
carried out
on p2ja The latter was produced by means of various systems of
catalysta_qtitanium chloride-aluminum alkyl catalysts,
Cro3/Al2O3.!3iO2)
at the laboratory for polymerization of the authors'
institute.
From the reaction product, the atactic, amorphous fraction I
was obtained
by means of ether, and the crystalline fraction II by means
of n-heptane.
The insoluble fraction III was an isotactic polymer. The
molecular weight
Card 1/4

S/"'~6'0/002/004/013/020
The Problem of the Vitrification /190
Temperature of Crystalline Polymers B004/BO56
was determined by measuring the viscosity in decalin tit
120oC. The
L
vitrification temperature was determined by means of a
dynamometric scale
at stresses of between 0.3 and 510 kg/ cm2. The deformation
occurring
after 10 sec was also measured. Figs. 1-3 show the
deformation (in as
a function of temperature. Fig. 1 shows that in fraction I.
the ran-a of
hidhly elastic deformation is limited by the vitrification
temperature
(-10 - -150C) and the flow temperature. The vitrification
temperature
does -not depend on the molecular weight; the flow
temperature increases
with increasing molecular weight. The crystalline
polypropylene undergoes
no deformation within a wide temperature range, and becomes
viscous at
its melting point (Fig. 2). If howeverv it is rendered
amorphous by
heating above melting temperature and subsequent quick
cooling, then a
region of a highly elastic state appears in the diagram,
which, like in
the atactic polymer, begins at -100C. At high temperatures,
however,
deformability again decreases on account of
recrystallization. The
vitrification temperature was determined on the crystalline
polymer, at
a stress of 510 kg/CM2 (Fig. 3). Above -100C, the diagram
snows a low
stage that correSDonds to the highly elastic range of the
amorphous
polymer-
Card 2/4

The Problem of the Vitrification
Temperature of Crystalline Polymers
8h512
S/190/60/002/004/013/020
B000056
Legend to Fig. 3: Thermomechanical curve
of crystalline polypropylene; stress,
510 kg/cm2
--- ---------
Furthermore, the vitrification temperature was determined by uniaxial
extension of films on a dynamometer (Figs. 4 and 5)- Below the
vitrification temperature, all crystalline polymers without orientation
underwent breakage at low deformation. Polypropylene becomes brittle
~.etween -10 and -150C. Above vitrification temperature, the structure
Card 3/4
"A

84512-
The Problem of the Vitrification S/1 Y60/002/004/013ZO20
Temperature of Crystalline Polymers B004 B056
becomes orientatedf the film becoming anisotropic. Its strength
increases
t'vo or three times; so, repeated extension is possible only by means
of
higher stress above +150C. Perpendicular to the orientation axis, the
film
still remains extensible at -650C, and its strength rises to 1000
kg/CM2.
The vitrification temperature is thus lowered down to the lower
temperature holding for other polymers with flexible chains. The range
of
working temperature is thus extended. The authors thank B. A. Krentsell
for his assistance in this work. There are 5 figures and 5 references:
5 Soviet and 1 German.
.ASSOCIATION; Institut neftekhimicheakogo sinteza AN SSSR (Institute of
Petrochemical Synthesis AS USSR)
SUBMITTED: January 7, 1960
'Card 4/4

83822

S/190/60/002/005/!012/015

--C-- 2 2 0
B004/BO67

AUTHORS:
Kargin,
V. A.,
Kabanov, V~ A., Zubov, V. P.

TITLE:
Formation of Iy
otactic Polymethylmethaerylate an Photo,-
-
-
-

polymerizatiozik
.1
in the System Methylmethacrylate - fiFn
(

Chloride k\

PERIODICAL:
Vysokomolekulya
rnyye soyedineniya,
1960, Vol. 2, No. 5,

Pp. 765-769

TEXT: Proceeding from papers on the formation of
stereoregular DOlymers
(Refs. 1-4) the authors studied the influence exerted by
inorganic
salts cai)able of fixing a short-range order on the
microstructure cf a
polymer chain. The experiments were made in a special set of
ampotiles
(Fig. 1). Ampoule 1 contained methylmethaerylate, ampoule 2
ZnCl.,
and ampoule 3 benzoyl peroxide. The dehydration of the
reagents by heating
and evacuation is described. The monomer was then condensed
in ampoule 2 .
A saturated solution of ZnC1 2 was produced in the monomer
and polymerized
in ampoule 3 under the action of ultraviolet light of a
TrPK-.2 (PRK-2)
Card 1/2

83822
Formation of Isotactic Polymethylmethacrylate
S/190/60/002/005/012/015
on Photopolymerization in the System B004/B067
Methylmethacrylate - Zinc Chloride
mercury lamp at 2000. The polymer obtained, which was purified
by dis,
solution and reprecipitation, showed isotactic structure. 0It
had a dena-ty
of 1.22 g/cM3 and a vitrification temperature of about 65 C,
wherea;, the
syndiotactic polymer (Refs- 5, 6) bad a density of 1.18 - 1.1Q
g/cm) and
0
a vitrification temperature of 115 - 135 C. The authors
discuss the chantc-
in the probability of formation of d,l- or d,d- (1,1-)
configurations
during the polymerization (Figs. 2, 3), caused by the crystal
field
fixing the short-range order. Isotactic polymerization
requires a screw
Iike structure which is stabilized by ZnCl2 molecules through
comp 11 e x
I
lormation with the ester gr9ups of the polymer radicals and
with the mono
mer molecules (Fig. 4). There are 4 figures and 8 references:
4 Soviet
and 4 US.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet im. 1.1.
V. Lomonoscva
(Moscow state University imeni M, V. Lomonosov)
SUBMITTED: February 2, 19060
Card 2/2

BERESTITEV, V.A.; GATOVSKAYA. T.V. -,j ~RGITII _
Investigation of the structural changes In fibers by
measurecients of
their specific surface areas and pore volumes.
Vysokom.soed. 2
no.6:916-925 Je 160. (MIRA 13:6)
1. Fiziko-khimiches'ki3r institut imenj L.Ya.Karpova I
Nauchno-
isaledovatel'okiy i*nstitut shinnoy promyshlennosti.
(Fibers) (sorption)

83706
3/1 90J60/002/006/01 1/012
B01 5/BO64
AUTHORSi Makaruk, Kozlolr,_P. V., Karrin, V~ A~
TITLEi Investigation in the Field of Polycarbonates. II.
Eie,~-tron
Mi~~roscopi xamination of the Structure of Polyearbongtes
PERIODICAL% Vysokomolekulyarnyye soyedineniya, 1960, Vcl-:, 2~,
No. 6-c
pp. 931-936
TEM Electron microscopic examinations were made of the seocndary
structure of 2,2-bis-(41-oxyphenyl)-propane polycarbonate.
Basing on the
data of the method of experimenting and the results obtained,
the authorG
di-scuss the concept cf flexible and rigid molecule chains and,
amcng other
things, they indicate that differentiation should be made
b9tween two
types of links of polymer chains, i.e. the chemical and the
kinetic chain
link of olymer molecule chains. The examinations were made with
aYR11-100
- 0
(UEM 10 5 electron microscope. High-molecular polycarbonae
fractions were
used (molecular weight 83000 and 230000) whose secondary
;structure was
produced in three wayss 1) by evaporating the solvent from very
dilutc,
polycarbonate solutions (chlorobenzen-a, benzene), 2) by
si-.-paratlon from
Card 1/3

83706
Investigation in the Field of Polycarbonates. S/19
'60/OOr1/006/0-'1/O-,2
II. Electron Microscopic Examination of the B015~BO64
Structure of Polycarbonates
dilute solutions (toluene, m-zylene, ethylbenzene and
cyslohexanol.) In
the cooling of the solutions, and 3) by precipitating the.
polycarton;At.~;-~
with methanol from dilute solution,~ in methylene
chlorfd,~;. Fig~i.
shoi,., the struct-ure.. In thc. two first.-mentioned ways
of prrAuctic'n,
polyearbonates with a strongly a3ymmetrical., fibrous arc
ob*'ained. This structure is due to 7-. liZ.., r-f tho
primarily formed
structure of the chain packets, and undergoes no
morphologir-'al -.hr~E;" :,.,0
matter whether the shains of the packets are cry~tall-_'.,ie
or amorphcs:--s
This is in agreement with the findings of the aLthor -tn a
p~tper
(Ref, 1), and apparently explains the specific character ef
the. T-,hu.nic.al
properties of these polymerB, especially/the high impact
rengzhV'thv~
t
elasticity may be a.,,cribed to the fiber;*of the
polyr-'aTbO ~'e~
j,.,.,;_n1pi1U-at;_ng with methanol', a spherical structure
th-.'
of nolloidal 3YSteMf3 ooouzs., This structura is unstable,
ani in ~Jhe
case of heating -~he fiber structure typicial of
Dclycarlbon-1-.~- is fc._=sd
There are 12 figureq and 7 references. 4 SovJet a-ad 3
GE-man.
Card 2/3

83706
Investigation in the Field of Polycarbonates.
S/190/60/002/006/01',/012
II. E).ectror Microscopic Examination of the B015/BO64
Structure of Polycarbonates
ASSOCIATION- Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet
Xhimicheskiy
fakul'tet (Moscow State University, e-Dartmient of.
Chemistry)
SUBMITTED% February 27, 1960
1y
Card 3/3

IOVLEVA, IM.M., KOZLOV,
Thermodynamic study of the interaction between graft
copolymers and
the solvent. Vysokom.soed. 2 no.6:937-941 Je 160.
1. Moskovskiy osudarstvennyy univeraitet.
(Polymersi (styrene) (Acrylic acid)

87029
S/190/60/002/007/013/017
B020/BO52
AUTHORS: Sogolova, T. I.
TITLE: The Effect of Fillers on the Melting Points of Crystalline
Polymers
PERIODICALs Vysokomolekulyarnyye soyedineniya, 1960, Vol. 2, No.
7,
pp. 1093-1096
TEXT: High-density polyethylene (with a melting point of 1400C)
was in-
vestigated. Compounds were chosen as fillers as do not react
with poly-
ethylene, and whose melting points are considerably higher that
that of
polyethylene. These fillers veTe *!Wtv)~,uce~L into the melted
polyme_r by
ca2enderD, and 1-amained in the solid state. Hence it could be
assured that
they affect the crystallind state Qt tWt pl"Sm&t 'novever, im-
-pp,~Lr~-ng 'bhe structure of the chain molecules.,. Since the
change in the
crystalline state mainly affects the melting point, the effect
of the
filler addition on the melting point of polyethylene was
in~vestigated
fiTst. Thereforep the deformability of the crystalline polymers
with dif-
ferent filler amounts in a wide range of temperatures, was
investigated by
Card 1/3

80029
The Effect of Fillers on the Melting Points of
S/190/60/002/007/013/017
Crystalline Polymers B020/BO52
dynamometrio scales (Ref- 3)- On the basis of the
thermomechanical curves
obtained (Fig. 1), the effect of the filler on the melting
point of
crystalline polyethylene was investigated. The addition of
anthracene,
anthraquinone, coke, quartz powder, KC1, aluminum
naphthenate, asbestos
powder, FbS et al. in different amounts do not affect the
melting point of
crystalline polyethylene. The mechanical properties of
polyethylene
(strength, elongation), however, change within a wide range
(see Table).
The independence of the melting point of crystalline
polyethylene from
the use of chemically inert, solid fillers, and at the same
time the change
of a series of mechanical properties prove that solid
fillers only de-
compose the secondary structures in the polymer, the
structure of the
primary crystalline range remaining unaffected. The
decomposition of the
crystalline polymer structure by the addition of substances
which chemical-
ly react with it, was investigated in the crystalline
polyamide r -548
(G-548) (melting point of 1600) by compounds which are
solid at room
temperature and have different degrees of dissociation
(tungstic, oxalic,
and phosphoric acids). For a comparison, the weakly
dissociated formic
acid was also used. The thermodynamic curves of these
mixtures are shown
Card 2/3

87029
The Effect of Fillers on the Melting Points of
S/190/60/002/007/013/017
Crystalline Polymers B02O/BO52
in Fig. 2. It was found that the melting point of the
cry3talline poly-
amide was reduced. Finally, metal oxides (CaO, ZnO, MgO,
VO ) were used
as fillers for the crystalline polyamide. They slightly
affect the
melting point, but considerably increase the flowing point
of the polymer.
The addition of largerquantities of metal oxides as
fillers causes the
formation of materials which are highly elastic or solid
above the melt-
ing point of the crystalline initial polymer. With very
large amounts of
metal oxides in crystalline polymers, they lose their
fluidity altogether.
There are 3 figures, 1 table, and 3 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Piziko-khimichoskiy institut im. L. Ya.
Karpova
(Physico-chemical Institute imeni L. Ya. Karpov)
SUBMITTED: March 21) 196o
Card 3/3

86293,
S/190/60/002/008/004/017
B004/BO54
AUTHORS: Berlin, A. A., Kronmian, A. G., Yanovskiy, D.
V. A.
11--___
TITLE: Modification of Polyvinyl Chloride by Rubbers
PERIODICAL: Vysokomolekulyarnyye soyedineniya, 1960, Vol. 2,
No. 8,
pp. 1168-1192
TEXT: The authors attempted to make graft copolymers from
vinyl chloride
and rubbers. In contrast to the unsuccessful copolymerization
vith the aid
of latex reported on in Ref. 2, they used coarsely disperse
rubber em-ul-
sions. Photogelatins, Sulfanole, or polyvinyl alcohol were
used as emul-
sifiers. Copolymerization was conducted by two methods: 1)
S.Welling or
dissolving of the rubber in vinyl chloride at4D-7(:PC, and
subsequent poly-
merization in an autoclave after adding ammonium persulfate
as initiator;
2) rolling of the rubber with ammonium-persulfate powder at
room tempera-
ture, and subsequent copolymerization with vinyl chloride in
an autoclave
at 6o-70 0C. Viniplast was made from the reaction products by
adding
calcium stearate, lead monoxide, Neozone D, and transformer
oil, kneading
at 155-1700c, and pressing. The resulting products showed
worse physical
Card 1/2

86293)
Modification of Polyvinyl Chloride by Rubbers
S/190/60/002/008/004/017
B004/BO54
properties than pure polyvinyl chloride. On the other hand, a
joint plasti-
fication of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) of the type n~~-4 (PF-4)
viith HK (T,,K)
natural rubber, CKG(SKB) butadiene rubber, CKM (SKI) isoprene
rubber,
C-KH-26 (SKN-26) butadiene-nitrile rubber, and chloroprene rubber
(nairit),
led to the following results:
PVC combined Content of toughness tensile strength relative elonga-
% it h rubber, m2 tion , "I".
kg-cm/, kg/cm2
(without rubber) 0 8.6 550 82
natural rubber 10 9.7 354 4.4
butadiene rubber 10 6.7 350 5.u
isoprene rubber 10 3.7 357 9.7
nairit 10 16.5 437 81.5
butadiene-nitrile
rubber 10, 34.6 551 100
Rubbers with marked polarity (nairit, SKN-26) shovied double to
fourfold
toughness. Hydrogen bonds are likely to form between the polar
rubber
and PVC. There are 2 figures, 2 tables, and 7 references: 1
Soviet, 4 Us,
1 Belgian, and 1 French.
SUBMITTED: March 21, 1960
-,pard 2/2

S1 1 90/U()/'j02/C)08/016/O17
B004/BO54
AUTHORS: Kargin, V. A., Bakeyev, N. F., Li Li-shen,
Ochapovskaya,
T. S.
TITLE: Electron-microscopic Investigation of the Crystalline
Struoturesof Polystyrone and Polypropylene
PERIODICAL: Vysokomolekulyarnyye ooyedineniya, 1960, Vol. 2,
No. 8,
pp. 1280-1262
TEXT: This paper is a preliminary report on the production and
electron-
microscopic investigation of monocrystals of isotactic
polystyrene and
polypropylene. It was found as a condition for the formalion
of monocrystals
that crystallization takes place above the vitrification
temperature. There-
fore, 0.01 - O.Wo solutions of the polymers were heated to
boiling in
xylene, and cooled in a Dewar-vessel system for 2-3 veek3. In
the case of
polypropylene, trichloro ethylene heated to 870C was also used
as a solvent.
As a second variant, the polystyrene solution heateld to 1100
C was applied
to a hot collodion base, and orystalli7ation took place by
evaporation of
the solvent. Monoorystals with a size of up to 100 [L -were
observed in the
Card 1/2

Electron-microscopic Investigation of the
S/190/60/002/006/016/uil
Crystalline Structuresof Polystyrene and Poly- B004 B054
propylene
electron microscope. The polystyrene crystals showed a fibrous
structure.
The fibers were directed perpendicular to the longer diagonal
of the rhomb,
the c-axis was perpendicular to the base surface. Crystals of
a laminated
structure were formed in the case of polypropylene
crystallized from
xylene, rhombic crystals, however, from trichloro ethylene. A
preliminary
electron diffraction study showed that the molecular chain in
those crystal
had a similar folded conformation as had been found in other
polymers.
[Abstracter's note: The text refers to 8 figures, but two only
are given].S/
There are 2 figures and 8 references: 2 Soviet, 2 US, 2
British, 1 Germ-an,
and I Italian.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet
(Moscow State Universi~.y)
SUBMITTED: May 4, 1960
Card 2/2

83b8l
21
AUTHORS: Selikhova, V. I.,
S/190/60/002/009/013/019
B004/Bo6o
Markova, G. S., Kargin, V~ A,
-
T1T1,'F,-. X-Ray Investigation of Oriented
Range of Melting Temperatures
--------
I
Gutta- ercha Films in the
PER10DICAL- Vysokomolekulyarnyye soyedineniya, 1960, Vol. 2,
Ho. 9,
pp. 1398-1401
91,1-, X10 :The authors wanted to determine the temperature
ranges for the
thrGe modifications ((x, P, y) of gutta-percha. The sample
used was gutta-
percha obtained from Euonymus, with a molecular weight of
about 30,000,
The films were prepared from a gutta-percha solution in CCI 4
at room tem-
perature. Likewise at room temperature, the films were
stretched by 400%.
The X-ray structural analysis was made by a camera described
in Ref. 7 for
high temperatures, and by a YPC-70 (URS-70)Aniversal
apparatus for X-ray
structural analyses at temperatures between room temperature
and 800C,
Figs: 1-6 show the X-ray diffraction!i~ictures obtained.
Furthermore, the
authors examined the fusion of films irradiated with Co6o in
vacuum. The V~
fc1lowing results were obtained: The P.-modification is
stable up to 560C:
Card 112

83481
X-Ray Ir-restigation of Oriented Gutta-percha
3/190/60/002/009/013/010
Films in the Range of Melting Temperatures B004/BO60
At higher temperatures, fusion sets in along Vith transition
to the
a-modification which melts at 64 0C. The 7-modification is
stable at still
higher temperatures, and melts only at 76-76 0C~ The a- and
P-modifications
exhibit a bett r orientagion of chains than the
y-modification. Radiation
doses of 75-109 - 100olO roentgens do not bear any influence
on the crys-
tal structure; there occurs, however, a change in the melting
processes.
At 75P106 r, the transition of the P- into the a-modification
takes Dlace
unchangedly at 550C. The a-modificat on melts at 630 0, but no
more 1-modi-
f.ication forms on cooling. At 100ol0i r, a complete
transition of theo
P-modification into the a-modification does not even take
place at 78 C~
Evidently, this radiation dose gives rise to a cross-linking
which renders
4he relaxation of chains and the transition to the
a-modification impossi-
bie, There are 6 figures and 7 references: 2 Soviet, 3 USp and
2 British.
ASSOCIATION: Fiziko-khimicheskiy institut im~ L. Ya. Karpova
(Physico-chemical Institute imeni L. Ya. Karpov)
SUBMITTED: April 13, 1960
Card 2/2

88540
S/190/60/002/010/013/026
B004/B054
AUTHORS: _K.4KgLnz V. A. , Markova, G. S., and Kovaleva, V. P.
TITLE: A Study of the Structure and Properties of Copolymers
of
Ethylene With Propylene
PERIODICAL: Vysokomolekulyarnyye soyedinoniya, 1960, Vol. 2,
No. 10,
pp. 1531-1534
TEXT: The authors made comparative studies of regular
polyethylene and pd~y-
propylene, and of copolymers containing 4, 8, 10, 20, 54, and
73.6% of
propylene. The electron diffraction was taken by means of an
DM-4 (EM-4)
electron diffraction camera of the ropi(coi) system, and the
ring diameter
was measured by an 03A-2 (IZA-2) comparator. The electron
diffraction
pictures (edp) for polyethylene and polypropylene
corresponded to publish-
ed data (Ref. 1). In the copolymers with 4-50o of propylene,
the edp cor-
responded to those of polyethylene. Only at a content of
73.6~o of pro-
pylene, the polyethylene edp is superposed by polypropylene
edp. The edp
of the copolymers had the same structure as those of the
individual com-
ponents. Neither intermediate structuresnor changes of the
lattice param-
eters have been observed that might indicate a stress in the
crystals.
Card 1/2

A Study of the Structure and Properties of
Copolymers of Ethylene With Propylene
The spectrum analysis shoved that'the intensity
tion band of the CH group increased almost
3
88540
S/190/60/002/010/013/026
B004/B054
of the 1372 cm-I absorp-
proportionally with the Dro-
pylene content. The dynamometric investigations showed that
the copolymer
becomes amorphous with increasing irreiNlarity of the chains.
Fig. 1 shove
that the copolymer with 0 of propylene exhibits a curve,
corresponding
to regular polyethylene, for the elongation as a function of
load, where-
as the copolymer with 73.6% of propylene yielded a curve
typical of amor-
phous polymers. With increasing irregularity of the chain,
the recrystal-
lization stress decreases (Fig. 2), the minimum lying at
73.6% Of DrO-
pylene. Further, the temperature of the transition from the
vitreous into
the crystalline state decreases. There are 2 figures and 3
Soviet ref-
erences.
ASSOCIATION: Fiziko-khimicheskiy institut im. L. Ya. Karpova
(Institute of Physical Chemistry imeni L. Ya. Karpov)
SUBMITTED: May 17, 1960
Card 2/2

S/190/60/002/0'1;/020/0?7
B004/r.o6o
AUTTIORS: Kotistantinopollskaya, M~ B., Z. Ya.
Kai~gin, V. A._
----------------
TITLE. Spiral Structures of Poly;ithy,er~:-~
PERIODICAL: Vyeokomolekulyarnyye soyedineniya, 1960, V-D!~
PP. 1715 - 1716
TEXT: The authors used eleztrop analyses to zt--t,-~Y -,h-
structural modifications takipg plash? --'n
polyethy~.ere., -ichen !rin-e
sentratqd solutions were used in comnarison with
P::'evi-as
A solution of 0.2~6 polyethylene ir. toluene was heated
to 1'10~C ap.-
plied onto a colloxyline base. The pictures were 11-aken
by a
(UEMB-100) electron microscope. Unlike previous1y
d~s--.-ribed
(Refs. 1-4), wherein first packets., then planes, and
were formed, in the experiment concerned the au-1hor,
fi7~sl,
fibiil structures passing over into planes giving r1se in
~u..-r
spiral structures: Figs. 5-7. Tile appearance of -zhese
IS exL'
plained by a reduced mobility of the individual
moleou'.9r-
Card 1/3

Spiral Stru,!tures of Polyethylene S/,q
60/002/0'.1/0"0/027
Bb04X060
the polymer due to higher concentration. There are
'I figu-rez, ~irld
5 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Fiziko-khimioheskiy inst--~tut i-m,. L.
Ya. Karpc--
(Physico-chemical Instit-.1te irr~-nf. L. Ya.
Karpi~,-
SUB.MITTED: May 27, 1960
Card 2/3

lu
Pig 5
Card 3/3
s/igo/60/002/011/020/027
B004/mo6o
n'v
u
10F.
LA
Pig.6
Fig.7

85423
v- S/i9o/60/002/0'-.1/022/027
/ -) B004/Bo6o
AUTHORS: Zubov. V. P., Kabanov, V. A.., Kargi-r. V,, A-,..
Shchetinin~,, A. A.
TITLE; Effect of Pressure on the Formation of the
of Polymer Chains in the Polymeriza1..,,r1---rt Process
PERIODICAL: Vysokomolekulyarnyyesoyed4Lneniya, !960. Vol.
I- 11-~ 41.
pp. 1722 - 1727
TEXT. The ratio ki/kaof the reaction rates of the formation
of iso
tacT,ic and syndiotactic structures of a polymer ~an be
influenced by
stereospecific'catalysts,Aand also, ac3ording to T. G. Fox
(Ref.!).. 1--v
the reaction temperature. The authors wanted to study the
effect of
pTessure on the said ratio ki/k.- Proceeding from the
theory of abso-
lute reaction rates and taking into account a different
~ompressibll~ty
e7.f the initial components and the intermediate
complex7they -lbta~zied
i/ks) = 6V4p/RT , 2
the equation: ln(k a p /2RT 4 Mp 3RT - ',r.(k,
0 "/k,
(7),
Card V3

Eff'7'ect of Pressure on the Formation of the
S/190/60/002/Dli/022/027
Mi,~rostructure of Polymer Chains in the BOQ4/BO60
Polymerization Process
H- 6V-4 denotes the difference betWeen the volum-?s of the
syndi-
0
and isotactic intermediate complexes at norinal pressuT~ Aa*
%~i- differen(.e between the coefficients of
.ompressibility of th~
c.omponents, z~b the difference between the coefficients
"f' CM.
pressibility of the intermediate complexes, k... and k Os
the rate -on.
starts of iso- and syndiotactic addition at normal
pressure.. Th~~ val.-
di-,y of this equation was proved experimentally. by way of
produ-:rg
po-Lymethyl methacrylate7 in a pressure range of 2000 7500
atw. Th~
"nitrification temperature of the polymer dropped with
pressur.? incr'~ase.
Since the isotactic polymer has a vitrilication temperature
~)f 1;0 1~1)"
. , C.
c .
and the syndiotactic polymer has one in the. range of
130-35 h=-
drop of the vitrification temperature means an increase of
the isota~t-J-,
structure content, and thus, an increado of the valje of
k,/I,S 17 vas
found by the determination of density Q and by taking irtc-
ac.c-,I)nt; "h--
r=lation k,/k. Q,,)IQB(Qi - Q) that k./k ~n~:reases from
0.33
1 9
at 4, atm to 0.54 at 7500 atm. The isotactic structuTe
3ontpnt -.noreas;-a
Card 2/3

85423
Effect of Pressure on the Formation of th~- S/19
60/002/()!-/022/02'!7
Microstructure of Polymer Chains in tb~ B004YBo6o
Polymerization Process
from 0.25 at 1 atm to 0.)5 at 7500 atm, The diffc~ren:.;--
&,.,'of th= -.om
11
pTessibility coefficl:ents. of the iso-- and syndict.aztic-
-ztru-,*,.ure was
found, by way of experimental data, t,) ha-~re the val,,ie of
6.i,.1o'- 6 _1.8-10- 10 p. A pressure increase leads to a
prefeT-ential
formation of the intermediate complex wi-,h denser molecular
-par-kage,
P. P. Kobeko is mentioned. There are 2 fi.gures, I table and
5 ref
erences: 2 Soviet, 2 US, and 1 GermanL.
ASSOCIATION: lAoskovskiy gosudarstvennyy unAversitet im~
M. V. Lomonosova (moscow State Dni.versty imeni
M. V. Lomonosov)
SUBMITTED-. June 16, 1960
V~.
Card 3/3

86,327
S119 6 C/C)02 /012/011 4/019
ki b 1" B01 7X30 78
AUTHORS: Berlin, A. A Kronman, A. G. , Yanovskiy, D.
targAij, Y.A.
TITLE: New Method of Obtaining Graft Copolymers
PERIODICAL; Vysokomolekulyarnyye soyedineniya, 19060, Vol.
2, No. 12,
pp. 1839 - 1844
TEXT: A new method of obtaining graft copolymers by
interaction between
the polymers is suggested by the authors. This method
pernits to modify
halogen-containing polymers with polymers having
nitrogen-containing
heterocycles. A case in point for such a reaction is the
modification of
PVC with methylvinylpyridine rubber under the formation of
graft copoly-
mers which are salts of quaternary polymer bases. Vinyl
plastics obiained
from such polymers have an impact strength te-i times as
hi6h as that
prepared solely from polyvinylchloride. FiL;.l illustrates
the ter-nperature
dependence of some thermomechanical properties of some
polyvinyl plastics.
The two-staGe formation of trimers is explained. FiC.2
illustrates the
influence of the rubber content on the properties of
polyvinyl plastics.
Card 1/2

8632
New Method of Obtaining Graft Copolymers
s~iaol6o/002101210141019
B01 7/D070
Fig-3 shows the vitrification temperature of polyvinyl
plastics as a
function of the admixtures. It is demonstrated that
the-thermial stability
of polyvinyl plastics is not impaired by a methylvinylpyridine
rubber
content up to 250/'-. The method suggested here may be applied
to vulcanize
various halogen-containing polymers with methylvinylpyridine
rubber.
.There are 3 figures and 13 references: 9 Soviet and 4 US-
SUBIMITTED: Mlay 24, 1106o
Card 2/2

2061h
q,,13oo (116AA 6AILY)
13(o S/063/60/005/005/003/021
L'1100 (Un" P41, a6001 A051/AO29
AUTHORS: Kargin, V.A., Academician, Topchiyev, A.V., Academician,
Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Polak, L.S., Doctor
of Physico-Mathematical Sciences, Davydov, B.E., Candidate of
Chemical Sciences
TITLE; Semiconductor Properties of Polymer Materials
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal Vsesoyuznogo Khimicheskogo Obshchestva im. D.I.
Mende-
leyeva, 1960, No. 5, Vol. 5, pp. 507-514
TEXTs The authors deal with the problems of developing new classes of
poly- V
mers with certain predetermined electrophysical properties
necessary~for
industry, particularly semiconductivity. These problems have been one
of
the main subjects of scientific research in the physics and chemistry
of
polymers. An analysis of published works on the conductivity of
low-mole-
cular organic compounds has shown that their semiconductivity
properties are
connected with the Ir-electrons of the conjugated bonds in aliphatic
chains
C

2061h
S/063/60/005/005/003/021
A051/AO29
Semiconductor Properties of Polymer Materials
or rings. "Metal-likeness" is said to be the result of a
collection of the
Ir-electrons in a conjugated system, and from this stand-point
the polymer
macromolecules with conjugated double bonds are of particular
interest in
the production of materials having special electrophysical
properties, in-
cluding that of semiconductivity. A list of available data is
presented
on ordinary semiconductors comparing them to the structures and
chemical
features of polymers emicondWorslare characterized by the
electrocon-
ductivity values of ;0-0-10 ohm- -cm- , increasing with an
incre~Be i~ltem-
perature, and a concentration of the chyge carriers of about 10
-10
electrons or electronic "holes" in a cm . It is pointed out
that deviations
from stoichiometry or any irregularity of the chain of the
macromolecules,
main valencies can have the same effect as admixtures in
polymers on their
semiconductivit ~2 properties. The distance between neighboring
energy levels
being about 10- ev, the sum total of these is regarded as a
t~ompact band
about 1 ev wide and the energy value of the electron can be
anywhere with 'in
this range. This band of energy states is called a zone. For
all solid
Oa-rd-~

N614
S/063/60/005/005/003/021
Semiconductor Properties of Polymer Materialo A051/A029
bodies, i.e., metals, semiconductors and dielectrics, the
lower zone of
electronic levels is the wide, so-called valency zone of the
electrons
fastened to certain atoms. A difference is noted between the
listed three
types of solid bodies when there is a shift to a higher
energy level. Semi '-
conductors having no additional levels in the forbidden zone
are called
semiconductors with self-conductivity. In the presence of an
electrical
field the free electrons and "holes" are the charge
carriers. It is pointed
out that real bodies always contain admixtures, creating
admixture levels in
the forbidden zone of the semiconductor located either
closer to the upper
or lower zone, in both cases causing the occurrence of
additional admixture
conductivity. The admixtures are called doi,or type in the
first case and
acceptor type in the second. It is assumed that any
irregularity of the ma-
cromolecules usually creates acceptor admixtures. The
mobility of the
charge carriers is said to depend on the temperature and
concentration of
the admixtures and to decrease with an inorease in the
temperature and
amount of admixture. Special interest is shown in the
semiconductor type
discovered by de Boer (Ref,3), where part of the atoms of
the lattice is re-
placed by atoms with almost the same size but a difference
in valency. The
method by which they are produced was developed for oxide
semiconductors,

2o6ih
S/063/60/005/005/003/021

Semiconductor Properties of Polymer
Materials A051IA029

and consists in adding metals to the sample
having a valency differing by a

unit of 1 from the valency of
the main metal. It is thought possible to

form new synthetic
polymers having semiconductor properties by a similar mdh-

od of
introducing metals into the chain of the macromolecule.
Ordinary

polymers have a certain amount of electroconductivity
(Re~ 4,5), which de-

penas on the temperature, and is expressed
by exp - - where E is a
l
T

certain activation energy, T the absolute temperature, k o
tzmann's con-
~
l

stant. From this relationship the authors have attempted to
solve the

problem of establishing the connection between tho
polymer's structure and

its electrophysical or
electroconductivity properties. In solving this

problem they
based their analysis on the known aspects of the electrocondue-

tivity of low-molecular (including organic) compounds. This was
followed

by the determination of the characteristic features of
the polymer struc-

ture. The problem of electroconductivity in
organic polymers was divided

into two parts: 1) the movement of
electrons in the macromolecule, 2) trans-

fer of electrons (or
holes) from molecule to molecule. In the fi7st part,

an isolated
linear macromolecule with the same bonds 1,3 analyzed:

Oa,rd-4,44-8-

eUUA-U
S/063/60/005/005/003/021
Semiconductor Properties of Polymer Materials A051/A029
H H H H H
-9 The exact path followed by the potential of
H R H H H H
the electrical field formed by the electrons and nuclei of
this type of sys-
tem is not known, but the field changes periodically in
space, and its peri-
od is determined by the periodicity of the molecular chain
structure. An
electron is theoretically placed into this field and its
movement is regard-
ed through the Schroedinger equation for an electron in a
periodic field,
the solution of which in this case is said to be the wave
functions accord-
ing to Block (Ref.6)- Y ~ YrLpe i-h-x I WhereSO 71 (x) is a
function depending
on the wave number "q, an jLs eriodic relati-I to x; the
magnitude of the
period is determined'by the structure of the molecule: by
the length of the
interatomic bonds, etc. This solution causes a zonal
structure (Ref.4,5).
In calculating these fields the authors state that the
theory of disturbance
of quantum mechanics is used analyzing two extreme cases: a)
a strong bond,
b) a weak bond. It is pointed out that a real macromolecule
can have con-
ductivity if there are electrons in it whith sufficient
probability of shift
under the effect of an external electrical field with its
component along

2061-4
S/063/60/005/005/003/021
Semiconductor Properties of Polymer Materials A051/A029
the moleculai chain. The authors draw the conclusion that
the probable nac-
es sary condition for the existence of electroconductivity
in a macromole-
cule is the presence of multiple, particularly double
bonds. It is con-
sidered advantageous to have a maximum number of' multiple
bonds, which can
be accomplished in linear molecules and organic ringo by
alternating the
single and double bonds (polyconjugation). The presence of
a maximum number
of multiple conjugated bonds in the macromolecule with a
comparatively weak
bond of the electrons to the atoms would facilitate the
increase in electro-
conductivity. It is considered expedient to introduce atoms
with a rela-
tively weak bond of the electrons on the outer orbits, in
order to decrease
the width of the forbidden zone. The conductivity is
further dependent on
the migration of the double bonds and thus it is also
expedient to increase
the number of possible migrations of this kind, forming
comple cyclic struc-
tures of conjugated bondsf(e,g,,phthalocyanine and the
metal compound type).
In a molecule having quasi-free electrons the possibility
of electronic and
hole-type conductivity is present. The authors attempt to
give a rough eva-
luation of the cases: Thus in the case of a double bond the
Jr-electrons
are less firmly attached to the corresponding atoms or
group of atoms than

2o6ih
S/063/60/005/005/003/021
Semiconductor Properties of Polymer Materials A051/AO29
the e-electrons and more mobile, and thanks to the quantum
tunnel effect
can overcome the barrier U(r) and move to a neighboring bond
with a proba-
bil.1ty p (relative to a unit of time)
1 P~~Vexp ~_ _L "V~i~nr ~-F- ~dr~ (A), where Z is the life-span
of
Ir L -h-
the electron on a serirate bond, h- h , L is the width of the
potential
p
depression, where the electrons are locailerd, m is the
electron mass, V is
its velocity, F, is the kinetic energy. The complex function
U(r) is replac-
ed for simplicity by a rectangular potential barrier (Fig.1),
then L is de-
termined by the length of the double bond C-C, U 0 is
determined by the di-
mensions of the atom C, U0- F_ by the potential energy of the
most weakly
bonded electron. Then equation (A) becomes:
exp L
V ~_ -h- 0 17MTUT71.
we obtain 'r = 10-15 sec. Thus during
8 S= 10 ev = 10- 8 cm/sec,
At L = T-10- , U
0
the time of the electron being locat-
C ard._.7~-8-

20614
3/063/60/005/005/003/021
Semiconductor Properties of Polymer Materials A051/AO29
ed on one bond L~bout 10-15 i--. shifts over at a rate of V 107
cm/
shift 0-15
sec. The given formulas show that due to the strong dependence
of T' on U
and Umax. -F-, the electrons of the internal orbits forming the
polymer moleo-
cule, which have a greater.bond energy, will be almost
completely local-
ized and will not be able to participate in the
electroconductivity of the
macromolecule. It is stressed that the problem of the transfer
of the charge
carriers (electrons and holes) from molecule to molecule is a
difficult one.
It is assumed that the mobility of the charge carriers can be
mainly deter-
mined by the probability of the tunnel gap through the
intramolecular bar-
rier and that high temperatures are necessary so that the
electrons can over-
come these gaps between the macromolecules. The
electroconductivity of the
polymer semiconductor will depend only on the concentration of
the charge
carriers in the first approximation (at a given structure of the
polymer).
The importance of the intramolecular transfers is stressed on
the example of
the benzene molecule, which is an excellent conductor, but
liquid benzene
(a group of these molecules) is an excellent insulator. The
actual potential
barrier between the macromolecules depends on these conditions,
i.e., or the
distance between the macromolecules and their number in a unit
volume. The
card-"

S /06 3 /e?(001045 /005 /00 3 /021
Semiconductor Properties of Polymer Materials A051/AO29
chemical bonds between the molecules and their space
orientation will also
become relevant factors in future. The optimum conditions for
the formation
and movement of charge carriers in the macromolecule is partly
determined by
the formation of the polymer molecule with -polyconjugated and
aromatic rings
in the chain, but the latter do not solve completely the
problems of easing
the intramolecular barrier for them. Further mention is made of
the signi-
ficant effect of orientation on the electroconductivity of the
polymer. The
orientation of the polymer molecule also causes severe
anisotropy of its prop-
erties along and across the axis of orientation. As regards the
electrocon-
ductivity, it is assumed thattl!~,:~ orientation can lead to
two results: an increase
in the number of charge carriers passing in a unit of time
through a certain
transverse cross-section of the polymer semiconductor, and the
occurrence of
severe anisotropy of the conductivity. In a polymer with
regularly-built
chains the conductivity is present only in the chain molecules.
It is sug-
gested that the conducting elements can be simply arranged
parallel to each
other, and thus create a system with good conductivity along
the orienta-
tion axis and a slight conductivity in the perpendicular
direction. The mos".
expedient conditions are a high degree of regularity and few
transverse bonas,
since the latter would form the most perfected orientation of
the polymer
thread. This type of polymer system should have the best
conductivity along
Card /4-8--

20614
S/063/60/005/005/003/021
Semiconductor Properties of Polymer Materials A051/AO29
the orientation axis and the highest anisotropy of the
conductivity. Tho au-
thors discuss the paramagnetic properties of semiconductors,
particularly oc-
curring in their spectra of electronic paramagnetic resonance
(EPR). Since
the integral EPR spectrum is connected with the number of
electrons present
having non-paired spins in the investigated system, it is
assumed that the
Ir-cloud is characterized by a certain non-pairing, The number
of particles
with non-paired spins corresponding to the narrow signal in the
EPR spectrum
of the polymer is about 1018-1019 in one cm3. But these cannot
be conside7-
ed charge carriers in polymers with semiconductor properties
for the follow-
ing reason: the electroconductivity IncrenEes with the
temperature and the con-
centration of these particles determined by the area of the
narrow line
mentioned in the EPR spectrum drops. It is assumed that the
second wide sig-
nal might be connected with the electroconductivity. The EPR
spectrum is
considered a property of the modecule and not of the polymer on
the whole.
The signal in the EPR spectrum indicates the fulfillment of an
important, al-
though not the only, condition for the polymer (especially
synthesized or
processed), to possess semiconductor properties. The presence
of a system of
conjugated double bonds is considered important but not
adequate for the for-
mation of a polymer material, which would completely be
conducting, particu-

206U
S/063 60/005/005/003/021
Semiconductor Properties of Polymer Materials k051,YkO29
larly semiconducting. The authors claim that it is possible to
produce poly-
mers with a system of conjugated bonds in the main chain in two
ways: 1) by
transformation of the macromolecules in the chain of already
known polymers,
2) by special construction (synthesis) of the macromolecules
with a system of
conjugated bonds. Some of the specific work done an the
synthesizing of
polymer molecules with a System of conjugated bonds is gone
into. particu-
larly that of the products of thermal transformation of
polyacrylonitrile.
It is thought that dnteresting prospects lie in the production
of this poly-
mer substance characterized by a complex of electrophysical
properties, viz.,
semiconductivity. It is assumed that in the thermal
transformation the poly-
acrylonitrile undergoes chemical changes leading to the
formation of a poly-
mer, the macromolecules of which consist of cyclic chains. The
given reac-
tion schemes show that in this type of polymer semiconductivity
properties
can be expected, This corresponds to the theory developed by
Semenov (Ref.7)
in analyzing the EPR spectra of certain polymer molecules,
especially that
of polyaminoquinone. When elevating the temperature of
processing the poly-
acrylonitrile, the narrow signal of the EPR mentioned above
increases ('Fig.3)
almostly linearly in the temperature range of 325-6000C. Similar
data were
previously obtained in the thermal procesaing of
polyvinylohloride
The authors feel partially justified in assuming that in order
to produce VK
_Card_TT/T8_

206A
S/063/60/005/005/003/021
Semi-conductor Properties of Polymer Materials A051/AO29
satisfactory semiconductor properties, a strict regularity
of the structure
of the polymer chains is needed. It is also assumed that
polyacrylonitrile
forms such regular chains. Special interest is felt in
orientation as a
means for increasing the regularity of the structure of
polymers amongst
other possibilities. The authors specify that at the
present time several
new polymer materials, the macromolecules of which have a
system of conju-
gated double bonds, have been produced both in the USSR and
abroad. These
polymers have interesting magnetic properties. In this
connection the work
of Berlin (Ref.15) is noted in the synthesis of
polyaminoquinones. In the
interaction of chloranil with benzidine polymers were
obtained of the given
structure, . The authors of this synthesis assume that in
this case there
are not only intermolecular hydrogen bonds, but also bonds
of the intrachain
type, which can lead to spatial structuralizing and
impairment of the solub-
ility. Reference is also made to polymer-chelate complexes
of percyanoethy-
lene with metals (Ref.21) stating that these compounds have
a high thermal
stability, a high magnetic susceptibility, a low activation
energy, (0,26)
and er about 10-2 ohm-1-cm-1 at 200C. Special attention is
further paid to
the products synthesized by the authorB (Ref.16) of
oemi-condensation of
phthalic anhydride with n-phenylenediamine and
hydroquinone. The latter are
Card_4Z/4-&

2063j4
S106 60/005/005/003/021
Semiconductor Properties of Polymer Materials A051 YA020,
characterized by an electroconductivity of 7-10- 7ohm -'1.
cm-1with an activa-
tion energy of about 0.6 ev. Roginskiy (Ref.18) mentioned the
interesting
poss-ibilities of using the semiconducting properties of certain
organic poly-
ners as heterogenic catalysts. Semenev (Ref.20) studied this
matter further.
In conclusion the authors point out that the future profound
investigation
of the properties of polymer materials with a system of
conjugated bonds, es-
pecially those with obvious semiconducting properties, will lead
to new pos-
sibilities of creating heterogeneous catalysts with a high
selectivity.
There are 2 figures, 1 table, 5 structural formulae, I diagram,
equations
and 21 references, 14 are Soviet, 6 English, 1 Belgian.
Da7rd--44~~8-

S/069/60/022//005/003/011
B015/BO64
AUTHORS; Berestneva, Z. Ya., Konstantinopollskaya, M. B.,
----V-. _T
Kargin,
TITLE: The Crystallization Mechanism of Col)oidal Titanium
Oxide
PERIODICAL: Kolloidnyy zhurnal, 1960, Vol. 22, No. 5, PP.
557-559
TEXT: In continuation of a previo er (Ref. 1) the authors
investi-
gate the effect of surface tension at the interface between
colloidaill
particles and intermicellar liquid on the crystallization of
titanium
dioxide. Since no direct method of examining the surface
tensions of such
systems is available, surface tension was changed by changing
the compo-
sition of the intermicellar liquid, and the crystallization
process was
observed by a combination of electron microscopy and electron
diffraction 1'/
studies. The colloidal solutions were obtained by adding
titanium tetra-
chloride to doubly distilled water at a temperature from -2 0
to +1 0C'
and the sol was concentrated with an ultracentrifuge.
Practically all
electrolytes could be removed from the intermicellar liquid
by reoeatina
this operation(between -.20 and +210C, five to ten times). It
was found
that the removal of the electrolytes from the intermicellar
liqniill
Card 112

The Crystallization Mechanism of Colloidal
S/069/60/022/005/003/'Oll
Titanium Oxide B015/BO64
down the rate of crystallization of colloidal titanium
dioxide. Attf,k-
the removal of electrolytes, the usual electron microscopic.
images
were obtained for the spherical colloidal titanium dioxide
particle-'s. If,
instead of water, an organic solvent (benzene, toluene, or
heptane) was
used, electron microscopic images were obtained (Fig,, 2)
that differed
only in that the particles did not aggregate. Thus, it may be
a3suma-d that
the surface tension at the interface does not exert an
essential influence
upon the crystallization of the colloidal titanium dioxide,
On the ether
hand, it was found that an addition of water to systems
prod-aced in organic
solvents has a strong influence upon the rate of
crystallization. There
are 2 figures anl 1 Soviet reference. Y
ASSOCUATION: Nauchno-issledovatellskiy fiziko-khimic))eqkiy
institut
im. L. Ya. Karpova, Moskva
(Scientific Research Institute of Physical Chemistry
imeni L. Ya. Karpov, Moscow
SUBMITTED: February 25, 1960
Card 2/2

S/030/60/000/009/002/016
B021/BO56
AUTHORSt Kargin, V. A., Academician, Rokhlin, M,, 1,
TITLE: The Development of Science From Polymers (Results of
the
International Symposium on Macromolecular Chemistry in
Moscow)
PERIODICAL: Vestnik Akademii nauk SSSR, 196o,/~No. 9. pp. 18
- 23
TEXTt The International Symposium on Macromolecules took
place in Moscow
from June 14 to June 18, 1960. It was organized and carried
out by the
Akademiya nauk SSSR (Academy of Sciences USSR) under
participation of the
Gosudarstvennyy komitet Soveta Ministrov SSSR po khimii
(State Committee
for Chemistry of the Council of Ministers USSR). Three
reports were made
in plenary sessions, and 173 lectures were delivered in three
sections.
The first plenary session was opened by V. A. Kargin. New
data and hypo-
theses concerning the most important chemical processes
predetermining
the character of some types of polymerization mere given by
N. N. Semenov.
IM. M. Koton reported on methods of increasing the thermal
r~`s_isF17_v_i_Fy__oT__
polymer products; K. A. Andrianov spoke about the stage of
investigations
Card 1/2

The Development of Science From Polymers
S/030/60/000/009/002/016
(Results.of the International Symposium on B021/BO56
Macromolecular Chemistry in Moscow)
of the synthesis of inorganic polymers; A. V. Topchiyev on
new experi-
mental data concerning the use of oxidation catalysts for
the polym riza-
tion of olefines; A. A. Berlin on new ways of synthesizing
Rolym I
Z. A. Rogovin on methods of -mo-aifying the properties of
cellulose and
other polysaccharides. The authors find that Soviet
scientists ought to
pay more attention to the working out of problems of the
destruction and
stabilization of polymeric substances. The production of
apparatus and
their improvement must be intensified. For the purpose of
organizing
large international conferences, premises of particularly
modern equip-
ment are necessary. The Dia-projectors of the tYpe J13TH-55
(LETI-55) and
the projector of the type ITJTY(PLU) are suggested as
fundamental parts
of the equipment. The ereotion of a modernly equipped
conference building
in Moscow is described as important. First of all, the
conference rooms
of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences USSR, of the
Institut
organicheskoy khimii (Institute of Organic Chemistry), the
hall of the
Dom uchenykh (House of Scientists), and a number of halls of
other
institutions of the Academy must be modernly equipped for
the purpose of
organizing conferences. There dac 1 Soviet reference.
Card 2/2

6U47
9/076,/60/034/02/006/044
D010/3015
tiction or 0 7b Obtained Pro. Pb ... I and
It.
Mon-ol.ar D-1XIM11
PSITOLLCLL. Zhurn*l fisiow.ky 1thisaii.
1960. Tel 34, Ir 2. pp 207-294 (CS31t)
LnTRACTt On the haste of pablicotlon data it
may 4%smsuaad that aM6-yl-
naive. form - intermediate. in the hard.. ng
of Vovolackfpb-l
formaldehyde "at" with box-th,le-tatramine.
In orybeacyl-

sain-, the phonal ouclei are Connected by
dia#%hylasime- Or tli-

astbrl"I.. :r1da. . At
bLigh t..p.rat ... *. these bridge. are
Iran.-

Jrm*4 Int, etb7l:..- or amo-thin.
bridge.. In the pr .... I

-rie. or
Xytem.rlamltes, obtained from phenol and its
avoo-

"Mar -01. i-vtlg.t.4 th-0 ... hs.t.mlly
- ..I%

me ty V.Otzal snm2ymi.. The abnorption
Vootra were taken by tt,

IM-It -P*,:trcgr%;h,
and are ctvqn for

ibylilteamylamize and the
Gorr-pooding trlbsasylem~ta* (71C 1

g
he b.orptioa beols b.
".d at 11.84? in dib ... ylant.- -4 at

4 b..k
to %be dlm.lbyl-i-
'
%r
:
1.92,4 1. trib-11-in -

I/
:
&
ad trLoothIl-Ine bridco. t:.a the phenol
nuclei. Me
h

amption'L. ccuiirsed*bj, the shmorption
apr,

wzyb ... ylaxio... Th. letter ..r.
prepared by

.f
it
described earlier (Table 1. preparation co d
tons). All mpwQtr:

s
zyLaoicsm obtained from phenol and t%s
th osyb

I:s band -1.r... ellb .-.,b ...
Y1-1-- Ob-
:
il i

%aimed f .0 -1 thi. b-d It.. ,

bm a... 00
it 1. the b.t....

the sonou"l;er Vhotcls in &
dtphonyl golutt- tb~t 1. ad. to the

of the
ply-i. oybe*.yl..1-. (7.1o1. 2.

l-1c.. .
bl.l..l
,
Ifor~Amm Of ;.1y. rs Th p*lj,,yb
trvdt. 0

::
y
fr.. ph.o.1 "I Its jr--b.titt. A d.ri .t
1,r. sacr;b-

Tb
poly-
to.- plym- by IndlIld-1 or.** blmdl.g.

%
~.
.- have ~,ry trope ebi.. home T, -1u.
Ii..at... t tr he,..,
!

"anIlity. The o-substlZuted dorlvstfv*M
form trangly V&--ifl*4 .., i

P--...t
ra .4 Th. poly..yb ... yl..i-s *bt
iueVr.z

'
;
11
oul t. "d.r the effect Of beat, ..d p..s 0
V

Obt-t11d
fr-
..I table and i-l.bl. t.t. ~h.r...
po1yb.ayj:.i..

b
of phenol a re tb._.Ily J_%~ I
Z

oe att t- b- f6O C forming
and
-Z-4 2/3

products. There are 6 figures, 2
table., azi 6 rofer-ass, I af

bt.h 1.

kikh
ASIOCIATIOS'

j..tis.t pi-ti-h-

(scientific
Research I-tit-t- Of Pl*vtlcd)

April-L t955
--l 3/1

-5~
SOV/20 30 -2 - '32/69
AUTHORS:
Kargin, V, A, A--n-demici un Koz)
D-,-. P V- V-n Nay - chan
TITLE;
The Temperature of the
Vitrification of CelluicseA
PERIODICAL:
Doklady Mcademii nauk
SSSIR.' 1060, Vc.'- '30 N r

pp 356 - 3r-,q (usoii)
ABSTRACTs
The
authors proceed frcm the opiilion tl-,.at titrifica.

tion
temperature T, and the flow t emperat tire T- of

cellulose are
hi,Sher tlian its decay temperature, AE sh-vn

by refereuces I and
2~ Tv may be reduCed io ri---d

mers by plastifying additions- The
autthor2 applied

method to cellulose~ They descrabe The
pu.-1--fl-cation of

sulphite cellulose, which had an :-erage
molecular weight

of 210 426, and the production -.:)f pulverized
suaiples, "o

which triethyl 3.,henylaminohydroxide vias added ~n
vaxiius

,luantilliez-, as p1astifier The samples were
c.;~::i;)ressed

into tablets at 100 atm and 160 . z;fter which
tlieir dc

formation was dynamometrically- measured witzh
s-'o,.,,!y zising

tezziperature. Fr-)m the salient points c,f
tY,~e th~ermo-.echa-

nical curves (Fig 1) the dependence of T, on
the plastif--er
Card 1/2
content was determined (Fiy 2) and by
~,xtra1+1,,iti-On for

J. - , , .
The Temperature of the Vitrification of Cellulose
SOVI/20.130~2-32/69
zero.- concentrati on of the plastifier Tv~2200wa-, found,
From the turning point of the curve there resulted the
temperature T2, at which the cellulose acquires rubber-like
el-asticity,at 3700. From the fact that T., is about 400
above the temperature at which chemica). decomposition of
cellulose sets--in the physical properties of cellulose are
explained, There are 2 figures and 5 Soviet referenceo.
ASSOCIATIONt Moskov3kiy gosudarstvennyy universitet im. Y.
V. Lomonosova
(Moscow State University imeni 1.1, V. Lomonosov)
SUBMITTEDt October 9, 1959
Card 2/2

8b828
S/02O/6O//-,W'OO5/O14/O23
1S.%ob, 22D~o,-', B016/J3054
AUTHORS- Kar Kabano-.-,,
in. B. Academician, V~, A
an~i n 'BoVA Zubov, V P-
Paj)~
an Papisov; M~
TITLE~ Za-10-eEi-Za'ionqof Acetone
PERIODICAL; Dcklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1960, Vol. 154~ No 5;
pp, 1098-1099
TEXT~, On the basis of an approximate estimation of the thermal
effec-~ cf
the polymerization of carbonyl compounds, for instance of
acataidehyde or
acetone, the authors find that this polymerization is
-impossible in the
homogeneous liquid phase, The picture is, howeier, considerably
changed if
the transition from a moncmeric liquid to a system of arranged
monomer
molecules is effected in the initial state, i.e. if the entropy
of the
initial system is much reduced. One method of molecular
arrangemenn
freezing. Here, the entropy of rhe system is reduced during
'crystallizaticn
by the quantity of the melting entropy. This reductlon in
entropy gives
rise to a raduction of the negative polymerization ent-.opy
whi:h, at
sufficiently 2cw temperatures, may even change itu sign In this
case a
Card 1/3

8028
Pclymerizaticn of Acetone S/020/60/134/005/014/021
BO,,6/BO54
--.1ymer--2,i`1---'on accompanied by a negative thermal effect
would be possible
Gulied by such con~:4derations, the authors attempted the
polymerization of
acetone On the doub-e bond C=0 by their method (Refs 5 7), The
expert-
ments were carried out i-i an apparatus and by methods of
Refs, 5,6. The
initia4or used was metallic magnesium whose vapors were slowly
condensed
In vacuo Together with va~crs of carefully dr4ed acetone -.)n
a surfacp
cooled with liquid nitrcgen. The ratio acetone ~ magnesium.
was about
200 - I,. A vitrified molecular layer of an ac.,: tone-
magnegi um mixTure was
precipftated as a 3ondensate on he cooled wall, With growing
!.hickness cf
this layer, the temperature of t~e surface of this vitreous
layer finally
reaches a value at whish a spontaneous process of
coordinate'.77egrouping
of monomer molecules i's setting -4n In -.h-? absence of
initia-Tion centers,
this prooesa would lead to a crystallizat~.on of the
moromP:---.c glass An
instantareoua polymerization Bets in. however, due to the
rnobi-lit-.1 of
partloles originatirg In the phase transition "discrder -
crde-- The
same phenomenon is observed in a gradual temperature increase
of n,- wall
used for the condensatior,. This leads to the formation of the
acetone
polymer. an elastic white substance which is soluble in its
cwn monomer.
Pclyacctone is --rery unstable at room tempprature. and
decomposes :P-tc
Card ;/'-3

VL~~,V
Polymerization of Acetone
S/020/60/134/005/014/0211
BO I 6./BO 54
acetone, e.g. when ground between the fingers, The most stable
pclymer
samples "exist" without oxygen and moisture for a maximum of
10-12 h~
However, traces of vinyl acetate increased the stability of
the Dclymer
to a certain extent, Qualitative considerat-ions on the
formation mechanism
of a polymer chain in an arranged system of moncmer molecules
have
recently been made by N~ N, Semenov (Ref,. 8). It appears that
stabiliza-
tion of polyacetone could be achieved by blocking the active
snis of
growing polymer chains,, This indicates "hat substan,-.es not
polymerizing
under the usual conditions, might polymerize '.f a preliminary
regular
arrangement of molecules of a monomer were a-:hie7ed.. e,g.,
by a solidifi-
cation crystallization~ as in the case described above There
are 8
referencess 5 Soviet and 3 French.
ASSOCIATION, Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy univGrs,-tet -,m. ?d V
Lomonca.-,--a
(Moscow State University imeni M V Lomonr~Ec-v)
SUBMITTED,. July 23~ t960
Card 3/3

5 86396
J~.S2 ZC> 2,109,2205 S/020/60/135/002/025/036
B004/BO56
AUTHORS: -K~~~cademician, Kozlov, P. V., Asimova, R. M.,
and Ananlyeva, L. I.
TITLE: Two Types of Plasticization of Polymers With RiGid
Chains
PERIODICAL: Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1960, Vol. 135, No. 2,
pp. 357-360
TEXT: It was the purpose of the present work to explain the
two types of
plasticization of polymers with rigid chains: A) The
plasticizer is soluble
to an unlimited extent in the polymer. B) The plasticizer is
more or less
incompatible with the polymer. The fact that in both cases
plasticization -JX
occurs, must be attributed to the different action of the two
plasticizer
types. The plasticization of cellulose (molecular weight about
200,000)
was investigated by means of the incompatible plasticizers
guanidine
thiocyanate and urea. The cellulose was saturated with the
plasticizer
dissolved in ethanol, dried after 2 to 3 days, and pressed
into tablets at
130 - 1400C and 75 atm pressure. The thermomechanical curves
of the tablets
card 1/3

86396
Two Types of Plasticization of Polymers With
S/020/60/135/002/025/036
Rigid Chains B004/BO56
were drawn. Whereas in plasticizing with triethylphenyl
ammonium oxiJe
(compatible with cellulose) a decrease of the vitrification
temperature TV
occurred proportional to the plasticizer content of
cellulose, incompatible
plasticizers hardly changed TV at all. In the latter case, no
interaction
can occur between the molecules of the plasticizer and the
macromolecules
of the polymer. The authors interpret this effect on the
basis of the
structure of amorphous polymers. They assume that the polymer
has
orientated secondary structures; orientated bundles of
chains. In the case
A, which they describe as "intrabundle plasticization", the
interaction of
the plasticizer with the active groups of the polymer is more
intense than
the interaction between the polymer molecules. The secondary
structure of
the polymer is therefore destroyed, and a solid solution of
the plasticizer
in the polymer is formed. In the case B, which is described as
"interbundle plasticization", the plasticizer reacts only
with the polymer
molecules on the surface of the secondary structures. The
senondary
structure therefore remains conserved, and the polymer keeps
itshigh
mechanical strength. Its elasticity depends on the Hook
elasticity of the
secondary structure. Such a kind of plasticization is
advantageous for
Card 2/3

86396
Two Types of Plasticization of Polymers With
S/020/60/135/002/025/036
Rigid Chains B004/BO56
obtaining low-temperature resistant materials, which are
supposed to have
high elastic properties. There are 2 figures and 7 Soviet
references.
ASSOCIATION: Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet im. M. V.
Lomonosova
(Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov)
SUBMITTED: August 12, 1960
Card 3/3

S/020/60/135/004/030/037
B004/BO56
AUTHORS: KarVA,_V.__A., Academiciati, Mirlina, S. Ya.,
Kabanov, V. A.,
T-ffikheleva, G. A., and Vlaaov, A. V.
TITLE: Structure and Properties of Isotactio Polyacrylic Acid
and
of Its Salts
PERIODICAL: Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 196o, vol. 135, No. 4,
pp. 893 - 895
TEXT; The problem the authors discuss is the study of
spatially regular
synthetic polyelectrolytes which may be used as model
substances of
biological polymers. An electron-microscopic examination of
the secondary
structures of isotactic polyacrylic acid (PAA) and of its
salts has been
made by means of a JEM-5Y apparatus. PAA was obtained by
alkaline hydro-
lysis of isotactic polyisopropyl acrylate. Thermogravimetric
study showed
that PAA crystallizes as a hydrate, with two monomeric members
sharing
one water molecule. The salts were produced by potentiometric
titration
(glass electrodes, Z7-5 (LP-5) tube potentiometer) with
Ba(OH)2, NaOH,
Card 1/4

Structure and Properties of Isotactic
S/020/60/135/004/030/037
Polyacrylic Acid and of Its Salts B004/BO56
and (CH3)4NOH. The following results are given: Isotactic
PAA evaporated
from 0.01 - 0.0001~6 aqueous solution upon a colloxylin
film showed similar
globuli as atactic PAA whose amorphous character was
revealed by electron
diffraction studies. Crystallization occurred after HCl
addition to the
dilute solution (0-00001 - 0.0001%). Crystal stacks,
spiral bands, and
single crystals were observed. Crystallization in the
presence of HC1 is
explained by suppressed dissociation of the carboxyl
groups. In acid
media, PAA behaves like a spatially regular polymer.
Barium salt produced
from solutions with PH 4.2 - 10.7 exhibited globuli
within the entire
PH range. Intrinsic viscosity at PH 5 was 0-07 for PABa,
and 0.12 for
PAL. Sodium salt obtained at PH 4.2 11.5 showed globuli
in the case of
low PH, which at PH - 6-75 unrolled as a consequence of
increasing dis-
sLociation and intramolecular repulsion of the COO-
groups. Fibrils were
forming. At PH - 7 dissociation was complete, single
crystals formed, and
intrinsic viscosity reached a maximum. At higher pE, the
molecule chains
entangled again, and globuli were observed. In the case
of tetramethyl-
ammonium polyacrylate, fibrils were observed near the
neutral point, which
Card 2/4

Structure and Properties of lootaotic
S/02q/6O/135/OO4/O3O/O37
Polyacrylic Acid and of Ito Salts B004/BO56
resembled the structures of biopolymers. Observation of a
tetramethyl-
ammonium polyacrylate film in polarized light and dry air
(4o - 00 c)
showed that the film consisted of intergrown rhombic single
crystals,
100p in size, with a folded structure. Cooling down to 200
C initiated
destruction of the crystals by air humidity. Birefringence
vanished.
Re-heating, however, re-established the old crystal
otructuro. From
these phenomena it in ooncluded that in the swelled film
the mutual
position of the structural elements remains unchanged.
Hence, isotactic
PAA showed the same structural types as atactic PAA.
Howevor, due to
the regular succession of asymmetric atoins) it3otactic Pkk
showed a greatar
varioty in fibril forms approaching the regular structures
of biopolymers.
There are 4 figures and 2 references: 1 Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Moekovakiy gosudarstvennyy universitet. i=. Y_
T.
Lamonosova ( Moscow State Univerz-'_tF i=eni X. T.
Lomonosov)
Card 3/4

Structure and Properties of Isotactic
Polyacrylic Acid and of Its Salts BOO-t/Bo-:56
SUBMITTED:
0
JUlY 27, 1960-
Card 4/4

WGIN, V.A., akademiki KOELOV, P.V., XMINA, S-Ta.;
XAFRAWYA. Z.A.
Breaklown and formation of structurei in natural
proteins in the
course of their transfer through noirporous
membranes. Dokl. AS
SSSR 135 no.6:,,421-1424 D 16o. (MIRA 1-3:12)
1. Hoakovskly gosudaretvenVy univereitet
im.M.V.Lomonoeova.
(Proteins)

Name ; :P XAROrINI".V, h .
-Title : % Aca"mician, USSR AcadeW of Sciences,
Road of Chair of High Molecular Couq?ounds of the
Chemical Faculty
of the Moekva State Univereity.
.Remarks: ; Academici=-V. TARGIN is the author of an
article entitled 117he
Mechanics of Atomio Architactureall
Source -: N: Izv. #232, 29-Sep. 1961, p, 4, c. 4, top.
si 10

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YJLrGIN,, A;;C-;V. '
11 Social Potential of Science"
report presented at the 10th Pugwash Conference,
London, 2-7 Sep 61.

XMINI V. A,
Observations on the Proper Organization of Education and
its Significance
in the Modern World"
report presented at'the 10th Pugwash Conference, London,
2-7 Spe 61.

0
2 ~4
Slia~3~16~11000100410011002
B101/B206
AUTHORS: Berestnev, V. A., Nagdaseva, I. P., Fogorelko, A, N,p
Kargin, V~ A.
TITLE: Increase of thermostability of caprone fiber
PLRIODICAL: Khimicheskiye volokna, no, 4, 1961, :?6 - 28
TEXT: The authors discuss the increase of thermostability of
caprone
fiber by oxidation inhibitors. Since an addition of such
substances to
the initial polymer might impair its mechanical properties,
the authors
think it more convenient to apply such inhibitors on the
finished fiber
as a protective coat. In this case, the process may be
combined with
others such as impregnation or dyeing. The authors report on
the treatment
of caprone fiber with aqueous solutions of metal salts.
Caprone cord of
the type 10,04K) was used for tests, It was immersed in the
salt
solution for 5 - 8 see, and then dried for 5 min fit 115
1200C. Cord
fabric was immersed for the same time in the salt solution,
and dried for
5 min at 132 - 1360c. In a combination with impregnation by
latex emulsion,
the metal saltc were directly dissolved in the impregnation
solution if
Card 1/4

26108
S/185"61/000/004/001/002
Increase of thermostability- B101jB2o6
the latter was acidic. If it was alkaline, the cord was first
treated
with the salt solution, then with the impregnation solution.
After-this
treatment the cord fibers were heated for 100 hr at 1500C with
2 kg load,
and tensile strength as well as breaking elongation were
measured. Table
I gives the results. Since a mixture of CdCl 2 and CuCl2
showed the best
effect, experiments followed with.0) 0-035~1~ CUC12 + 0,065~-
CdC12 ; (2)
ditto plus impregnation solution of the type F.U-40 (RSh-40);
(3) 0-1~'O
Cucl2 + 0.1% CdCl 2; (4) ditt.o plus RSh-40; (5) 0.03% CuC12 +
CdCl 2 Plus
impregnation solution on resin-89 basis. Re;'ults; (a) The
unheated fiber
had a tensile strength of about 15.20 kg and an elongation of
27.3 - 52,9%;
(b) the heated, untreated fiber had a tensile strength of 3.1
- 3.28 kg
and an elongation of about 6.4%; (c) treatment with the
solutions mentioned
produced a tensile strength increase of the heated fiber to
11-46 - 14~49
kg, and an elongation increase to 15.8 - 18,30~',, The authors
point out
that this surface treatment is only effective for thin fabrics
exposed to
oxygen, but not for heavy products such as tires. Treatment of
the fibers
with H2S and microscopic investigation (conducted by Ye~ S.
Alekseyeva)
Card 2/4

S/183/61/000/004/001/002
Increase of thermostability ... B101/B206
showed that the fibers were covered only on the surface by
metal sulfides..
Therefore, this surface treatment of the fibers with metal
chlorides pro-
tects the surface against oxidation, and does not change the
other
mechanical Dropertio~ of the fiber. There are 2 figures, 2
tables, and
6 Soviet-bloc references.
ASSOCLMON: NIIShP (V. A. Berestnev, I. P. Nagdaseval A. N.
Pogorelko);
NIFKhI im. L. Ya. Karpova (NIFKhI imeni L. Ya. Karpov)
(V. A. Kargin)
Card 3/4

LYTKINA, M.B.; BERFSTNEV, V.A.; YEVSTI?j%TOV, V.F.;
hAIRGIN, V.A.
11 ----
Physical and mechanical properties of viscose cord.
hilim.volok.
no.6:29-33 161. (,-JRA 14:12)
1. Nauchno-issledovatellskiy institut shinnoy
proRyshlennosti.
(Rayon)

3/030/61/000/007/002/003
B105/B206
AUTHOR: Kargin, V. A., Academician, Deputy Chairman
TITLE. Discussion of the report by M. V. Keldysh
PERIODICAL: Akadentanauk SSSR. Vestnik, no. 7, 1961, 59-60
TEXT: The author mentions the development in the field of
chemistry and
particularly of polymeric synthetics during the last three
years, and refers
to the following new problems: Science must find ways of
continuously
improving the properties of high-molecular substances and
materials, which
is necessary for the development of a large polymer industry.
However, it
is still more important to establish a theory for the
processing of polymers
and to find new, highly productive processing methods. Planning
of research
is described as being very incomplete, and the following
examples are
mentioned: The Institut vysokomolekulyarnykh soyedineniy
Akademii nauk SSSR
(Institute of High-molecular Compounds AS USSR) in Leningrad
develops the
theory for problems of fiber rebearch. The activity of this
Institute can
only be judged by the good or bad properties of the fibers
developed. The
Inatitut fizicheskoy khimii Akademii nauk SSSR (Institute of
Physical
Card 1/3

S/03 61/000/007/002/003
Discussion of the report by B105~No6
Chemistry AS USSR) in Moscow was made responsible for the
state of science
in the field of coatings. The only criterion for the
achievements of this
Institute is the question as to whether these coatings will be
available or
not. A new Institut polimerov (Institute of Polymers) was
established in
Uzbekistan. If this Institute is able to produce from cotton
fibers which
are not inferior to synthetic ones, it may be considered
efficient; if not,
its existence is not justified. If it were possible to conduct
such plan-
ning, and institutes only dealt with two or three main
problems, Soviet
science would flourish. It is also considered regrettable that
instead of
real large-scale planning, only petty planning is being done,
all activities
being enumerated with indication of development stages,
completion dates,
and results. The manner of coordination is also criticized,
and -it is
stated that proper coordination would have to split up
research into one
problem among two or three institutes. These activities would
have to be
discontinued in the remaining institutes-and a special
institute established,
respectively. Unsuccessful studies conducted for many decades
should be
discontinued. However, this is almost impossible within the AS
USSR on
account of private interests turning up everywhere, which are
difficult to
eliminated There are collaborators fulfilling and
overfulfilling small
Card 213

S1030 61/000/007/002/003
Discussion of the report by B105%206
plans to general satisfaction, but nobody notices that their
study is only
of h4storical-chemical importance. Cases are known where
institutea under-
took to work in a proposed field and then tried to utilize
funds received for
continuing old research activities. The lack of a special
organization for
apparatus building, and of reserves of reagents is detrimental
to the
development of science.
ASSOCIATION: Nauchnyy sovet po vysokomolekulyarnym
soyedineniyam Akademii
nauk SSSR (Scientific Council of High-molecular ComDoundo of
the Academy of Sciences USSR)
Card 3/3

88732
S/190/61/003/001/017/02C)
B119/B216
AUTHORS: V. A., Mirlina, S. Ya. , VlaSov, A. V.
TITLE- Isotactic polyacrylic acid and its salts
PERIODICAL: Vysokomolekulyarnyye soyedineniya, v. 3, no. 1,
1961, 134-138
TEXT: The present paper treats the synthesis of isotactic
(stereoregular)
polyacrylic acid (PAA) and its properties. This PAA, the authors
hoped,
would provide a suitable model corresponding to biological
polyeleotrolyte
systems. PAA was synthesized by the following procedures
Isotactic
polyisopropyl acrylate (PPA, Ref. 1), prepared by polymerization
of iso-
propyl acrylate, was hydrolized. Hydrolyzation was carried out
in various
mediums: 1. PFA - H 20 KOH, 2. PPA-H 2O-methanol - KOH, 3. PPA -
methanol
KOEt 4, PPA - dioxane KOH, 5. PPA - H 20 - dioxane - KOH, 6. PPA
- pyridine
- KOH, 7. PPA - H 20 - pyridine - KOH, 8. PPA - dimethyl
formamide - KOH,
9. PPA - propyl alcohol KOH, 10. PPA - 1120 - propyl alcohol -
KOH,
11. PPA - propyl alcohol toluene - KOH, 12. PPA - H 20 - propyl
alcohol -
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88732
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Isotactic polyacrylic acid and its salts ... B119/B216
- toluene - KOH, 13. PPA - H20 - acetic acid - toluenesulfonic
acid. The
degree of hydrolysis was determined by potentiometric titration
or by
titration against phenolphthalein. PkA was precipitated by means
of hydro-
chloric acid. Neutralization of PAA with the corresponding bases
yielded
+ + + +
the polyacrylates of Na , K , NH 4 , N(CH 3)4, which were
studied under a
polarization microscope. PAA was also examined
thermogravimetrically and
by infrared spectroscopy comparing the results obtained with
those obtained
on atactic PAA. The following conclusions were drawnt The
systems 11 and
12 are most suitable for'th6'Hj&_rolysis of PPA. The diffraction
pattern of
isotactic PAA indicates a crystalline structure. The
thermogravimetrical
study showed that PAA crystallizes as hydrate, two monomeric
units of PAA
binding one molecule H 20, corresponding to a water content of
The
K+ and N(CH 3)4+ salts of the isotactic PLA crystallize in the
form of well
defined single crystals. The electron-microscopic and
electrochemical study
on isotactic PAA and its salts will be reportdd in the next
publication of
the authors. There are 5 figures, 1 table, and 4 referencess 1
Soviet-bloc
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887-32
S/190/61/003/001/017/020
Isotactic polyacrylic acid and its salts ... B119/B216
and 2 non-Soviet-bloc.
ASSOCIATIONs Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet im.
M. V. Lomonosova
(Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov)
SUBMITTED: July 22, 1960
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88733
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B119/B216
AUTHORSs Kargin, V. A., Mirlina, S. Ya. Kabanov, V. A.,
Mikheleva, G. A.
TITLE: Study on the structure of isotactic polyacrylic acid and
its
salts
PERIODICAL: Vysokomolekulyarnyye soyedineniya, v. 3, no. 1,
1961, 139-143
TEXTs The study presented is of scientific interest, since
polyelectrolytes
represent systems in which insignificant influences produce
considerable
structural and chemical changes, comparable to those met in
living nature.
The experiments were carried out on isotaWc polyacrylio acid,
(PAA)
(prepared according to Ref. 2) and its Ba +, Na + and N(CH3)4+
salts (obtained
by potentiometric titration with the corresponding bases). The
electron-
microscopic studies were performed in a JEM-5y electron
microscope, and
potentiometric titration in a M -5 (LP-5) electronic
potentiometer. The
molecular weight (60,000) of the polymer was determined
viscosimetrically
(using 0.5 N NaCl as solvent). Preparations for
electron-microscopy were
prepared by evaporating drops of 0.01 - 0.00001'ifo aqueous
solutions of
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Study on the structure of isotactic ... B119YB216
the substance on suitable carriers. The experimental results
were compared
with the results obtained on atactic PAA. Both isotactic PAA,
and its salts,
and atactic PAA were found to be of two basic structural types:
globular
(compact aggregates of molecules) and fibrilliform. Isotactic
PAA and its
Na +and N(CH 3)4+salts (in contrast to atactic PAA and its
salts) are able
to-*assume highly regular fibrilliform structures (bands,
helixes, single
crystals) corresponding morphologically to biolpgical polymers.
Complete
dissociation of the ionizing groups or an entirely
undissociated state were
found to be prerequisite for the formation of secondary
crystalline
structures, even at completely regular arrangement of the
.asymmetric atoms
in the polyelectrolyte chain. Titration of 1% aqueous solution
of iso-
tactic PAA with NaOff yields a pK - 0.64 and with N(CH 3)4 OH,
pK = 1c'44
(provided the dissociation constant of the ilsolated carboxyl
group
K0 = 10-4-86 ; pK = pKi - pK0). There are 8 figures and 4
references:
2 Soviet-bloc and I non-Soviet-bloc.
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83733
S/19 61/003/001/018/020
Study on the structure of isotactic ... B119YB216
ASSOCIATIONt M03kovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet im.
M. V. Lomonosova
(Tvioscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov)
SUBMITTED: July 27, 1960
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uY586
8/190/61/003/002/004/012
B130/B202
AUTHORS: Slovokhotova, N. A., Ilticheva, Z. F.j..-Kargin',
V. A.
TITLE: Effect of fast electrons on the structure of
polystyrene
1.
PERIODICAL: Vysokomolekulyarnyye soyedineniyal v. 3, no. 2,
196J19(
'~l 97
TEXT: By means of spectroscopic studies the authors
attempted t ep ain the
character of the structural changes in polystyrene on
irradiation with fast
electrons. The polystyrene films were irradiated in the
vacuum (jo-4 mm jig)
at room temperature in a 200 kv electron accelerator tube.
The electron
spectra and the infrared spectra were taken by means of
snC&A (SF-4) spec-
trometer and anH-800 (N-800) spectrophotometer,
respectively. The authors
studied skecimens of amorphous polystyrene (I) with a
molecular weight of
600,000 and 1,30OPOOO, and isotactic crystalline polystyrene
(II). To re-
move the monomeric and low-molecular fractions, polystyrene
was precipitated
several times from a toluene solution by means of methyl
alcohol. For the
complete removal of the solvent the films were dried in high
vacuum. The
infrared spectrum of non-irradiated (II) essentially differs
from that of
non-irradiated (I). After the irradiation of (II) changes
are observed in
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89586
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Effect of fast electrons ... B130/B202
the spectrum which indicate an amorphization of the
crystalline polystyrene.
Instead of the doublet in the range 1050-1083 cm-1 a band
appears at
1070 cm-1, the maximum at 917 cm-1 is shifted to 906 cm-1,
the maximum at
562 cm-1 is shifted towards lower frequencies; besides, the
intensity is re-
duced. Amorphization of isotactic polystyrene on irradiation
.' IF
djhtinct4y appears at the point, where the 917 cm-1 band is
shifted. On
irradiation of polystyrene with doses higher than 2500 Mrad
the contour of
the spectrum strongly changes at the highly intense 700 cm-1
band and at the
weak 840 cm-1 band. This indicates that double bonds of the
type R2C = CHR
and cis-RCH = RHC are formed in the polymer. Hence, the
process of cross-
linking can be explained by the scheme of L. A. Wall and D.
W. Brown (see
below). According to this scheme the hydrogen released by the
rupture of
the CH bond of the main chain hydrogenates the neighboring
ring o-," the
phenyl molecule under formation of a cyclohexadiene ring with
double bonds
and cross-linking of the neighboring molecules. Conjugate
systems with
double bonds are formed in the main chain of polystyrene. Ye.
I. Pokrovskiy
and M. V. Vollkenshteyn are mentioned. There are 5 figures, 1
table, and
12 references: 5 Soviet-bloc and 7 non-Soviet-bloc. The 3
references to
English language publications read as follows: L. A. Wall, D.
W. Brown,
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