SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT J.FRIDRICH - G.G. FRIDOLIN

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP86-00513R000513720015-7
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: November 2, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 13, 2000
• Sequence Number: 15
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT

~ ~, U.
- i ml"qlcii, Jo~-.Cf
A high-frequnmy gerwinl~um m,3sa tr--insllstor. Sldnl t6ch 14'
My 164.

41765
S/194/62/'000/008/033/100
D201/D308
9,
AUTHORS: Ifulik, Zdenbk, and Pridrich, Jan
TITLE: Insertion circuit for binary coding devices
PERIODICAL: Referativnyy zhurnal. Avtomatika i radioelektronika,
no 8, 1962 abstract B-2-164 1 (Czech. pat., al. 21 a3
32~20; 21 ai , 7/01 - no. 98854, 1,lar. 15, 1961
TEXT: A circuit tor connecting a binary code encoder device is
patented. The device has two systems of input terminals. Bach code
digit is obtained by the change of potential across a given pair of
input terminals, one for each system. The -principle of insertion
consists in that the number of terminals of the first system is
equal to the number of shift digits while the number of terminals
of the'other system corresponds to the number of basic digits,*i.e.
of digits no one of which can be transformed into the other by eye-
1-ic transposition with any number of places. The description of the
device and an example of its application are given. [Abstracter's
note: Cohplete translation.j
C~rd 1/1

FRIDRI.CH --Jaromirr-4uz-
Testing properties of portable electric ovens. Elektrotechnik 18
no-41100-102 Ap 163.
1. Elektro-Prw Hlinskoj vyzkumne stredisko Praha.

--Z/0039/64/025/006./0320/0327
11ACCESSION NR: AP4039419
AUTHOR: Fridrich, J.
TITLE: Effect of drop of imparity concentration In base diffusion layer on mesa
transistor parameters
SOURCE,t Slaboproudy obzor, v. 25, nos 6, 19641 320-327
TOPIC TAGS: transistor, mesa transistor, diffused base transistor, semiconductor,
solid state physics, solid state circuitry, solid state diffusion, diffusion
transistor, junction transistor, diffused p-n junction I
ABSTRACT: The article discusses the effects of a drop in the concentration of
impurities in the base diffusion layer upon the ba~sic parameters of a mesa tran-o
sistor. Citine data dontained in literature, the author derives the physical rola-1
tions for cutoff frequency, capacitance, breakdown voltage of the collector I -
junction, base resistance and emitter efficiency. A drop in the impurity concen-
tration creates-an electrio field which is characterized ty the factor m. The
transition period cC the minority carriers through the base region depends on the-
factor m only with low emitter current. The Inner electric field faies. with high
. V I

ACCESSION NR: AP4039419
lemitter currents. In this case, the period B does not depend upon the factor m
!and is the samo for diffusion layer transistors as well as.for those with homoge-
neous bases. The collector capacity and breakdown voltage or the collector junction
depend upon the impurity concentration gradient at the junction point. Measure-
ments of transistors with a bass diffusion layer showed that, for a voltage of up
to 10 volts, the drffusion is linear whose capacitance drops by the cube root of
the collector voltage. The breakdown voltage 04 the diffusion grows by a power of
the diffusion length and is proportional to 60' 3. These relationships were con-
firmed experimentally. The maximum of the Q factor is dependent upon the fUted
thickness of the base. Original article hast 8 figures and 60 equations.
ASSOCIATION: Vyzkumrq ustav pro adelovacl teabniku A..S,, Popova, Prague (Research
Institute for Communications Engineering)
suEmiTT.ED: Ivan& DATE A0Q1 19Jun64 ENCLs 00
SUIB COD Es 30 NO REF SOVt 000 OTMi, 014

~TIDRICIJ, Jiiromir, Inz.
Dettermination of the wire temperature in electric heating
bodies. Elektrotechnik 19 no.1:12--13 Ja'64.
1. Vyz.,nme stredisko n.p. Flektrc-Praga, 111insko.

FRIDRIGH, Rudolf
Gzechoslovak experience with anticorrosion protoction abroad.
Ropa, a uhlie 5 no-6:181 je 163.
1. Chemoprojekt, Brno.

d I
1--ACC NR, #F?()0.5006 somici; coDgt----UR/0054/66/000/003/0141/0143'
AUTHORI Lvovj 0. 1.; Fridrikhp V. L.
ORGS none
TITIM On auto-ionization-type transitions involving excitons
SOURCEs Inningrad. Universitst. Vestnik. Seriya fiziki i khWit no. 3v 19669
TOPIC TAGS1 exoitong electron transitionp inelastic ecattering
ABSTRACD The following expression is derived for the arose section of inelastic
scattering of electrons by excitonst
4: ' -hiq2
213X . 3,7exP[ 2imir
le'noneRe0(-!n
;,T--r), ( .07 + 4MV3
where no is the density of lattice pointst Nx th iton concentration rid
Alsog h-1(# 1/2'9
the effective Bohr radius of the s-like function sonol 2a) 2'
being the mean excitation energy of the exciton and q-1 the D;b~ Boreening radius.
The expression
WM
.31~athzr(.O, Tme"
in obtained for the probability of an ionizing transAion In the "collision" of tvo
Card 1/2
UDC1 5W.0

AC4t'NR, MOO,-;OO8
excitons. The rate cortstant, of auto-ionitation of mmitons is Y % 1-5 x Ir" M-3
see-1. Authors thank Prof. P. P. Pavinskiy for his interest and attention to this
work& Orige art, has& 6 formu3me
SUB CODEt 20/ SUM DATIII 27D9o63/ MIG IUWI OC3/ OM RM 008
212

S/14i/62/005/001/016/024
-)j0o E140/E435
AUTHOR: Fridrikh
TITLE: Quantitative criteria of quantification methods
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zixvedeniy.
Radiofizika, v.5, no.1, 1962, 155-164
TEXT: The article is concerned with the quantitative
evaluation of quantification (analogue-digital conversion) methods.
For discrete signals, Shannon's measure 1i frequently termed
the entropy is adequate but for a continuous signal capable of an
infinite number of states the entropy is formally identically
infinite. The author therefore proposes to apply Kolmogorov's
c-entropy. In an infinite ensemble it is necessary to combine
into one group all elements sufficiently close together in
properties. If the distance at which the elements are combined
into one group is c, and Se is the minimum number of groups
obtained after this process, then the.relative c-entropy is equal
to
Hc:(Dxt DT) = log S. (2)
Carda

s/i4l/62/005/001/oi6/024
Quantitative criteria ... E140/E435
The absolute e-entropy is defined by
H C(DX1 DT)a =inf H E(DX? DT) (3)
where inf is the lower bound of the relative c-entropy under~all
possible ways of forming the groups of magnitude E . The author
goes on to indicate the application of this concept to the
evaluation of the efficiency of quantification methods and to the
efficiency of the digital representation of the signal. Various
forms of analogue-digital conversion and various forms of digital
representation are examined: quantification by level, with
reading performed each time the signal intersects any of the
quantification levels; the same, with reading performed only
when a quantification level adjacent to the last one is
intersected; an incremental method involving an approximating
function due to the author. It appears that the last is the
most efficient. In conclusion an appendix explains the calculation
of the relative z-entropy by a graphical method.
There are 3 figures.
Card 2/3

s/l4i/62/OO5/Ool/ol6/o24
Quantitative criteria ... E140/E435
ASSOCIATION: 'Moskovskiy energeticheskiy institut
(Moscow Power Engineering Institute)
SUBMITTED: July 14, 196o (initially)
July 1, 1961, (after revision)
4r
Card 3/3

~ ;, .
Th,.wmv cF' d I s:! rnt,-3 -, o, -t,', ikngij . T rady '.' "'; , "I - "6 16', .
Co n 9 '.-,a c ", I o, i c f it ~ -., p --' '- -, ',. n a t- k f or of a -- r r t e t r , -. s f o m a I'l-I ' u P.,,; .
11--A . 7 V-54 ~~M-IA !&;';

J,- 33282-63 -----EWT(-l-)/BD&/M(a)-2-..--AFF-TC/ASD/ESD-3/1,JP.(C)/SSD Pt,4___
;ACCESSION NR: AP3004379 S/OlOf/63/008/008/,1451/1461
AUTHOR: Serebrov, L. A.; Fridrikhov, S. A.
TITLE: Kinetics of fbrmation and critical potential of positive charge spot on
a dielectric
SOURCE: Radiotekhn-4ka i elektronika, v. 8. no. 8, 1963, 1451-1461
iTOPIC TAGS: charge spot, dielectric, critical potential
ABSTRACT:. The process of formation of a positive charge spot on an element of
a dielectric target bombarded by a stationary beam of medium-energy electrons
is considered. The process is subdivided into three stages: (1) full collecting
of secondary electrons by the collector and an almost constant charging current;
Ithe charge-density distribution on. the target follows that of the current density
across the beam; (2) accumulation of surface charge and drastic fall of the
charging current, (3) secondary-electron collection is practically halted. During'
[Card.. 1

L
ACCESSION NR: AP3004379
the reduced collection of secondary'electrons, a chargp redistribution over the
spot area takes place. The accumulated charge exceeds by approximately 5070
the charge over the full-collection period. This fact permits determining the full
t-
charge of a storage element on the basis of structural data (thickness, permi
tivity, secondary-emission coefficient of the target, target-grid separation) and
mode of operation (current and size of beam, collector-grid potential). Experi-
mental verification was conducted under the following conditions: beam current,
1. 5 microampl, primary-dielectric energy, I kev; secondary-emission coefficientp;
2; collector-grid potential, 10-100 v; target-grid separation, 200 microns;
square-pulse duration, 100 microsec; target was made from 20-micron mica f
single crystals. "We are using this opportunity to thank A. R. Shultman for his
constant attention and valuable advice, and also A. T. Starovoytov v o
Nh performed~
ome measurem
S ents. Orig. art. has: 9 figures and 6 formulas.
ASSOCIATION: none
SUBMITTED: 11Jxi16-2 DATE ACQ1 2OAug63 ENGL: 00
SUIJ CODE: PH NO REY SOV: oo6 OTHER; 002
2

FD-3219
USSR/Physics Electron Scattering
Card 1/1 Pub. 153-28/28
Authors : Shulman A. R. and Fridrikhav S. A.
Title : Inelastic electron scattering in single crystals of NaCl and KC1.
Periodical : Zhur. Tekh. Fiz., 25, No 7, 1344-1345, 1955
Abstract : The energy distribution of electrons emitted by NaCl and KC1 under bombard-
ment by an electron beam was measured and the results plotted in curves. A
discrete spectrum of electrons emitted by the crystals under low energy bom-
barding electrons was revealed. Eight references, including one foreign.
Institution: ---
Submitted : March 22, 1955

109-3-4/23
AUTHORS: Shullman, A.R., Zakirova, I.R., Morozov, Yu.A. and
Fridrikhov S.A.
TITIE: The Problem of the Method of Investigation o'L Secondary
Electron Emission of Non-metallic Substances (K voprosu
o metode issledovaniya vtorichnoy elektronnoy emissii
nemetallicheskikh veshchestv)
MIODICAL: Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, 1958, Vol. III No.3
pp. 329 - 338 ZUSSR)'
ABSTRACT: Description of a method of the measurement of secondary
electron emission is given. The method is characterised by
the following features: reduction in the time necessary for
the experiments, increased accuracy, good stability of the
measuring system and the target and elimination of the ternary
electrons. The main component of the experimental equipment
used in the measurements is a spherical, glass bulb
fitted with apertures for a target and an electron gun. Dia-
meter of the sphere is 145 mm. The electron gun is of the
standard type and is provided with a focusing electrode; it
is also furnished with a reflecting diaphragm which eliminates
the scattered electrons from the beam of the gun. The dia-
phragm is given a potential near to that of the cathode. The
Cardl/4 gun is screened by means of a nickel cylinder. The target is

100-3-4/'~3
The Problem of the Method of Investigation of Secondary Elect-,vn
Emission of non-metallic Substances
the above mentioned electron gun, the collector and the anti-
dynatron grid andcontains the following units: supplies for
the electron gun,,. ~ a rotary potentiometer, supplies for the
potentiometer n'synchronous motor.;, a registering instrument.'
a delay circuit, a rectangular pulse generator, an amplifier,,
a pulse lengthener an oscillograph with a trigglxed time base;
an automatic switcling device and a synchronous motor driving
the tape of the registering device. The functioning of the
equipment and its applicability to the measurement of the
secondary electron emission was thoroughly investigated. It
was found that the equipmentenild be used for single-pulse
measurements as well as for the investigation by means of
periodically repeated pulses; in particular, it was possible
to obtain good reproducibility of the secondary emission
coefficient. The effect of the anti-dynatron grid on the
secondary emission current is illustrated by the curves of
Figs- 5s 61 7 and 8. From these, it is concluded that U 9
should be of the order of 100 V. The stability of the primary
electron current is an important factor in the equipment,
especially when the de-celerating potential U is varied;
Card3/4 21

109-3-4/23
The Problem of the Method of Investigation of Secondary ElLctron
Emission of non-metallic Substances
it was found that the primary current as a function of U 3
did not vary more than 1 to 2016. Some measurements on the
distribution of the secondary electron energies were carried
out. The resulting curves are shown_in Fi 12. The Curve 1
V where V is the
of Fig.12 was taken for Vi at U:, p ~* p
accelerating potential of the primary electrons); this curve
is in good agreement with the results obtained by R. Warnecke
(Ref.11), which are represented by Curve 2.
There are 12 figures and 12 references, of which 6 are English,
5 Russian and 1 German.
SUBMITTED: February 18, 1957
AVAILABIE: Library of,Congress
Card 4/4

AUTHORS: Fridrikhov, S. A., Goryacheva, G. N. 48-22-5-2/22
TITLE: Secondary Electron Emission From Monocrystals of Alkaline-
Haloid Compounds at Low Energies of the Primary Electrons
(Vtorichnaya elektronnaya emissiya monokristallov shchelocbno-
galoidnykh soyedineniy pri malykh energiyakh pervichny'Kh
elektronov)Data From the VIIIth All-Union Conference on
Cathode Electronics, Leningrad,October 17-24, 1957 (Materialy
VIII Vsesoyuznogo soveshchaniya po katodnoy elektronike, Le-
ningrad, 17-24 oktyabrya 1957 g.)
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk_SSSR,Seriya Fizicheskaya, 1950,
Vol. 22, Ur 5, PP. 06 493 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: In the publications sufficient data on the interaction of slow
electrons with the surface of solids are missing. The problem
is neglected with respect to semiconductors and especially to
dielectrics. A survey of publications (References 3-6) is
given. To be able to judge with precision the physical meaning
of the course of the curve a - f(E P) in case of low Ep f one
Card 1/4 must have data on the energy spectrum of the secondary electrons.

Secondary Electron Emission From Monocrystals of 48-22-5-2/22
Alkaline-Haloid Compouinda at Low Ener4;ico of the Primary Electrons
These are absefit- in -)ublications. The most reliable method of
investigating the secondary electron emission of the dielec-
trics is the method of the single pulses (Reforence 7); it
has until now not been used for the last mentioned purpose.
This defiency will be compensated by this work. The device used
for this purpose is described and illustrated (fi,,,,ure 1).
Figure 2 shows the dependences a - f(E p), which were obtained
for artifically grown monocrystals in the variation ran,,e of
U
from E p 3,5 `- 31 eV. The authors come to the following con-
clusions: 1) ;he mentioned pulse method reduced the phenomena
which are connected with the char,,I-e of the surface and with
the changes of the properties of the target in the bombardment
to a minimum. 2) It has been proved that the true secondary
electrons appear in a noticeable quantity in the spectrum if
the energy of the primary electrons of the lon.- wave limit of
the first band corresponds with the proper absorption of the
crystals. 3) From this value of the energy onward the emission
coefficient of the slow electrons 6 increases rapidly. The
Card 2/4 domain of the steepest increase of ~ corresponds vith the

Secondary Electron Emission From Monocrystals of 40-22-5-2122
Alkaline-Haloid Compounds at Low Energies of the Primary Electrons
domain of the let and 2nd maximum of the proper absorption.
4) It has been demonstrated that the fine structure of the
curves a - f(Ep ) of the alkaline-haloid monooryotals can be
associated with the periodical field of the crystalline lattice.
5) It was found that a correspondence between the proper
optio and electronic absorption of the alkaline-haloid cry-
stals exists. This once again indicates that the electronic
affinity of such crystals is very low. The theme of this
work was suggested by A. R. Shullman who adviaingly assisted
in the performance as well as in the discussion of the re-
sults. In the discussion of the abstract took part N. D. Mor-
gulis, L. 11. Dobrotsov and the first author
(Izvestiya Akademii Nanul: SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, 1956,
Vol. 22, Nr 5, PP. 494 - 495 ). A discussion on the abstract
of the authors was held together with -- discussion of the
abstracts by Corodetskiy, D. A. and by Bronshteyn, I. M.
apparently Izve~;tiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya,
Card 3/4 1956, Vol. 22, TTr 4). In this took part: K. B. Tolpygo,

Secondary Electron Emission From Monocryotuls of 48-22-5-2/22
Alkaline-Haloid Compounds at Low Energies of the Primary Electrons
L. N. Dobretsov, N. D. MorCulis, I. M. Dykman, A. Ya. Vyatskin
and A. R. Shullman. There are 8 figures, 1 table and 19 refer-
ences, 9 of which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Leningradakiy politekhnichealciy institut im. M. I. Kalinina
(Leningrad Polytcchnical Institute imeni M. 1. Kalinin)
1. Secondary emitters--Properties 2. Secondary emission--Analysis
3. Single crystals--Applications 4. Dielectrics--Properties
5. Alkaline-haloid crystals--Applications
Card 4/4

A U~~111 OR 3: Zakirwm, 1,, P, Fridri,-hov, 3~ A. 4" 2 - ') -'J/2 2
T.ITLE: The Kinetics of the Char,!-e Accumuk.tior. by the Surface of
Dielectric.,j During Irradiation by ,tn Electron Boam ( !.inetika
nakoploniya zarjadu povorl:hnoitlyu ,'ri obluohenii
elektronnym puchkon, ) Data FrOrl V111th All-Union Conference
on Cathode Electronic3, Lenin,-:rad, Octol-er 17-24, 1957
(11aterialy VIII Vseocyu-.no~;o roo I.-atodnoy elpktro-
nike, LeniriL:rad, 17-2.11 ol-tyabrya 1957 C~)
PERIODICAL: Izvesti-Ya Akademli Nai,,k 395H.Se--iya 1115P.31
*
(USS
Vol~ 22, lir 5, PP. 54G -- 555 d JR )
A`;3TR!'CT; If charzed particles strike t,.,e surf,-tce of a dielectric or
an insulated metal body, tiiese object char,-ed. T'-.e ve-

locit of V-o char.-c accumul-ition. nnO t1a., qi;~.ntity of V-e,_.!%~ga
Z j O-L, -
v.n~.sjLl equilibrii-m conlitions dc2ond on a nu-1hor of factors
.7hich are determined by t"le properties of the sur"ace that is
to be char-ed and by the quantity of the and t.'.e
f 1 4 U ff particle!;. On tl,e one sid,~ the chL)j---inE; of the di--
electri3 surfaces can be unde-ired in electrovacuum de-
vices (Roferenoe 1), or, the ocher ihand t--.c cperation of several
Card 11/4 electrovacuwm dev.icez (Referen-,co 2,7) io 'afed upon the uti-

The Yinetics of tl.c Chare Accu,iul~Aion b.7 t,.e Sm-r`.~,ce 43'~ .2 2 -9/2 2
of Dielectrics During Irradiation bj an Electron Be=
li-sation -of t!,.e pheno..,ienon of T1--refore t'lle inte--eat
in the mechanism of fornation and in t:~tl be-.vior of the chari-e
spot on the mirface of t.-,o dielectric. A zuvvc~, of the
bl i c,
t itions dealir with 0-,c -,--7a cul-, ji;ct io ~:iven. The author3
p
a new pulse nethod for t:.e invc-.-ti,~.,~tion of t'-.c for-
and disappearinl:r !:Lieticr, of' t:-- char..'ess on the surface
of tl~e dielectrtc3 by a bommbard.~.ent by elcctrons. It was found
that from o ceftain 1-otant (the mol.-iont of V.,~e diAurbance
of the condition of t'-.e full decre-aqe of t:,,o spco;-.da~'y current)
onward t1ie velocit:r of the charL;e accumulation on the nurface
of the dielectric decreases., For this t,,e influence of the
f -Jelds io responuible5 which are c7iured by t!,e for7ation of the
c ll.Lr---e spot itnelf. This leada to the fact t,iat in -eneral case
the s,irfnca of the dielectric obtaii-::3 tho quantity of electri-
city which would lbe --ifficient for t' *e char,;:inLt; of the tar~;et
s-urface unto the collector pat nti'll neiti.er durinE the occurine
of the quasi3teady state t q.9 n o r t~r,r ez 7. t--. i t h i n t. i --, p e r i o d -L
The latter cannot be reached at an bec!tuce of m, e;rtremuly slow
Card 2/4 chztr,:c accuruzlation after V,.e reachin:: of U~c quajistea4y state

The Kinetics of the C*'-'ar,.-e Accumulation by t'.,,,e S'_rface 46 -22- 1-5/22
of Dielectrics During Irradiation by an Electron Beam
and because of a noticeable role which the leaka,,"-es can play
in this iags. It was proved that t1ne duration't: during which
the conditions of a full decrease of the secondary current
are maintained linearly increases with the intensity of the
collector field. Thus the quantity of electricity which was
accumulated by tiie surface of the dielectric (at the movements
and tqs ) deponds at the concerned collector potential on the
geometries of the device. The so called barrier-net -11so oer,,es
for the increase of the period,,,- i.e. for the d-AepsuLogof t2:~.e
potential relief and for the accelcr,-Aion of the process of
charging unto the prescribed potential durin,: the bozzil,:ardment
of the dielectric by Licans of an electron bea::i. The quantities
Ili
,-and t qs are independent of the enerr:-ies of the bombarding
electrona, Vk&x -iven concrete conditioaz they are determined
by tne quantity of the accumulated char,:e. This plot was suj;.-,ert-
ed by A. R. Shullman who assisted as an advisor. In the perfor-
mance of the work V. V. Bashenko and T.A. Koryakina took part
(measurements). In the discunsion on the abzr;,.ct V. Ya. Upatov,
Card 3/4 A. V~ Morozov, L. 11. Dobretnov, A. A. blostovs"iy and the first

The Kinetics of the Char-e Accumulation by- t*,-.e S-i-face "0-22-5- 9122
of-Dielectrics During Irradiation by an Electron Dean
author participated. There are 12 figures and 1) references,
7 of which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: LeninE7radskiy politakhnicheskiy i,,c;titut in. M. I. Kalinina
(Lenir,I-7ad Polytechnical Institute i-meni M. 1~ Kalinin )
1. Dielectrics--Electz-JIca1 properties 2. Dielectrics--Surface pro-
perties 3. Electror. beams--Applications
Card 4/4

AUTHORS: Shullman, A. R., Zakirova, 1. R., Morozov, 57-1-13/30
Yu. A., Fridrikhov, S. A.
TITLE: Secondary Electron Emission of Nickel (Vtorichnaya
elektronnaya emissiya nikelya)
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki, 1958, Vol. 28, 111tr 1,
PP. 87-96 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The task of the present work was to close the gaps existine
in literature regarding the energy spectra of secondary
electrons emitted by metals, as well as to obtain data on the
distribution of secondary electrons according to energies in
nickel. That is to say of all those which are emitted within
-the whole range of secondary electron energy at various V p
(energy of primary electrons) of from 2oo to 2ooo V with
nickel. Starting from the data on the distribution of
secondary electrons accordin,3 to energies the problem of the
importance of the quantities obtained at the investigation
of the basic dependence (which characterizes the secondary
emission characteristics of the material - of the dependence
of the coefficients of the electron emission on V ) is dealt
Card 1/5 with. The method of spherical condenser with a spReric

Secondary Electron Emission of Nickel 57-1-13/3o
suppressor grid was uned. The method of the automatic
recording of measurint-, results, as described in reference
2, was also used. As result of the investigation the
following can be stated: 1) Tertiary electrons emitted from
the collector exercize an essential influence on the
measurin- results of secondary current in the ret---..rding
field. The introduction of the suppressor grid offers the
possibility to essentially decrease the influence of tertiary
electrons and thereby to obtain much more reliable data than
was earlier the case. The distribution of the secondary
electrons according to the energies of from 0 to V was
investigated. Complete lag curves for nickel were 8btained
at VP of from 2oo to 2ooo V. 2) In the spectrum of the
secondary electrons it is not possible to draw a limiting
line between the reflected primary and the real secondary
electrons. Apparently both kinds of electrons are represented
in all parts of the spectrum. With small energies of
secondary electrons assumption that real secondary electrons
are of dominating, importance is reasoned. For the analysis
of the energy spectrum of electrons (of nickel) an assumed
Card 2/5 border between slow and quick secondary electrons, equal to

Secondary Electron Emission of Nickel 57-1-13/30
loo eV, is chosen- 3) The basic fact reaultin,; from the
measurements is that in the spectrum of secondary electrons
of metals the relative number of quick electrons can be
compared with that of slow electrons. The width of the
maximum corresponding to the slow real secondary electrons
is a little greater than was earlier assumed. in order to
mark the number of quick secondary electrons maonitude.- are
introduced as follovis: y the part of quick electrons in
secondary current and the ratio between the number of quick
electrons and the quality of the primary current. a
increases linearly with the increase of V and reaches up
to 26;1~o of the total number of secondary Jectrons at 16oo.
is only little de,endent on V, and is equal to 33;' of the
primary current value at 1600. 4 The retardation vurves in
relative coordinates coincide with one-another only if V is
greater than 1200 V. If V values are smaller the curvesp
differ. 5) With all valueg applied for V an elastic refloxion
of primary electrons takes place. The rehection coefficient
at V > 800 V in not Creator thLn of the total nixmber of
primRry electrons. 6) When primary current is measured in
Card 3/5 tM circuit of the target in the case of not complete

1 _ 17
Secondary Electron Emission of Nickel 57- '//30
blankin.- of secondary electrons for the coefficient of
secondary emission a T a value was obtained which differs from
that of total retardation of secondary electrons. 7) In
order to mark the emission of slow electrons the mab-nitudes
Ll T and J can be used (coefficient of the emission of slow
electrons). As the existing theories only take into account
the stimulation of secondary electrons by primary electrons
and as inelastic reflection of primary electrons and the
formation of slow secondary electrons with the motion of
quick secondary and of inelastically reflected primary
electrons are not taken into account, the comparison
between theoretical and experimental data can not be carried
out with sufficient exactness. There are 12 fiLures and 8
references, 2 of which are Slavic.
ASSOCIATION: Leningrad Polytechnical Institute imeni M,. I. Kalinin
(Lenin.-radskiy politekhnicheskiy institut imeni &M. I.
Kalinina)
Card 4/5

Secondary Electron Enisaion of Nickel 57-1-13/30
SUBMITTED: March 5, 1957
AVAILABLE: Library of Congress
Card 5/5

PAZHANOVA, N.P. [translator]; FRIDR KH q S.A. (tranalatorl; K"ITSA,
M.L.'Etranalator]; LZPEMINSKAYAP V.H. (translator]; SHTJLIKAN,
A.R., red.'; POPOV, R;Yu., red.; KLIMMO, S.V., tekhn.red.
(Characteristic energy losses of electrons in solids; collection
of articles] Iharaktoriaticheakie poteri energii elaktronov
v tverdykh telakh; abornik statei. Koskva, Izd-v6 inostr.lita-ry,
1959. 270 P. (MIRA 12:7)
1. Sotrudniki kafedry elektroniki Leningradakogo politekhnichookogo
instituta (for Bazhanova, Fridrikhov, Kapitea, Lepashinakaya).
(Electrons)

11/1 3
9 ( 3
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
67312
Fridrikhovj___P_.,_A., P4!~llman, A, R. SOV/181-1 -3-17/32
Investigation of Secondary Electron Emission o .3owe
Dielectrics With L Primary Electron L~nergies
PERIODICAL: Fizika tverdogo tela, 1959, Vol 1 , Nr 8, pp 1259 - 1267 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The present paper gives part of the results of the experiments
carried out in the authorst laboratory on secondary electron
emission of some 'dielectrics and semiconductors (mical glass,
alundum, fluorite, willemite, stibnite, etc) for low primary
electron energies. Measurements were made by the pulse method,
and an accuracy of 3 to 5% was attained when periodic pulses
were used. The cr - f(VP)*curve (Vp denoting primary-electron
onergy).has a clearly marked minimum with:'vp W 60 to TO v. The
first critical potentials of the substances investigated are
summarized in.a table. With low primary electron energies the
d(Vp) function depends on elastic and inelastic reflection of
the primary electrons and on the emission of the true secondary
Card 1/4 electrons. From some definite V P values in the range of low q--`

67312
Investigation of Sqcondary Electron Emission of Some SOV/181-,111--8-17/32
Dielectrics With Low Primary Electron Energies
energies onwards the slowing-down curves have a elope which
corresponds to a group of slow, obviously true secondary elec-
trons. In metals elastically reflected electrons play the main
part. If the electron ener ies are lower than V then the
.9
electrons of the base zone cannot be excited. Thereforeg these
secondary electrons seem to be inelastically reflected primary
electrons with an energy < V . The high values of the reflec-
p
tion coefficient R and of d cannot be.explained only by reflec-
tion of the primary electrons from the potenti4l barrier on the
surface of the substance. Blectron - phonon collisions play the
main part in slow primary electron reflection in the range of
small Vp . This also explains the high R and a values and the
existence of electrons with energies < V p in the electron spec-
trum. The 6 - 6(v p) curves and, thus, also the (I - f(V P) curves
for the various substances differ considerably from one another
in the V range investioated. 6 is determined essentially by
P
Card 2/4 the primary electrons which are inelastically scattered by

67312
Investigation of Secondary Electron Emission of Some SOV/181-1 -8-17/32
Dielectrics With Low Primary Electron Energies
phonons only at very low' V P. With a certain quantity V P which
is characteristic of every substance interactions between
primary electrons and the electrons of the substance begin to
play the main role. Some conclusions: The first critical po-
tentials V I do not depend on temperature. The coefficient R of
p
elastic electron reflection is relatively great (o.6 to 0-7) in
the range of very small V P (2 to 3 v) for all dielectrics in-
vestigated, which is probably caused by quasielastic scatter-
ing of primary electrons from phonons. The R - R(V P) curves
differ only slightly from one another in the substances in-
vestigated. In this V P range the a values are relatively great
and do not differ much for the various substances. With in-
creasing V P, however, secondary electron emission begins to
Card 3/4 differ considerably for various substances. The 6 values fo

67312
Investigation of Secondary Electron Emission of Some SOV/181-l..-8-17/32
Dielectrics With Low Primary Electron Energies
average V p are not unambiguously determined by the a values
with small V p. There are 9 figures, I table, and 9 references,
5 of-which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Leningradskiy politekhnicheakiy institut im. 1. 1. Kalinina
,(Leningrad Polytechnic Institute imeni X. I. Kalinin)
SUBMITTED: August 5, 1958
Card 4/4

31'~

9_ft~ 67313

AUTHORS: /.Y,%
kridrikhov, S. A , Shullman, A. R. SOV/181-.1-8-181"
TITLE: Investigation oC Secondary Electron Emission of Alkali Halide
Single CUktnj_s1'With Low Primary Electron Energies
PERIODICAL: Fizika tverdogo tela, 1959) Vol 1, Nr 8, pp 1268 - 1271 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The authors report on part of the woik carried out in their
laboratory concerning secondary electron emission of dielec-
trics with low energies of the bombarding electrons. Yeasure-
ments were carried out by pulse methods. The measurinC device
has been described already in an earlier paper. The beam of
primary electrons came in perpendicularly to the plane (100).
During the measurements'pressure was 2.10-7 torr. The results
of measurements made with various single crystals are illustrat-
). a denotes the secondary
ed in a diagram by curves a - f(V
P
the counter potential applied to the
electron emission, V
p
6 actually does not in-
collector. In the case of small V
p
) has several
crease monotonely, for the real function d(V
p
Card 1/4 brealm. For NaC19 e.g., d begins to increase considerably at op-l"

67 313:.
Investigation of Secondary Electron Emission of Alkali SOV/181-,l -8-18/32
Halide Single Crystals With Low Primary Electron Energies
50, 90, 140, 190, and 230 to 240 v. This "fine structure" is
easily reproducible, Each of the alkali halide salts investi-
gated (LiF, NaF, XaCl, KC1, KBr, KJ) has a proper "fine struc-
ture" of the curves. a increases with decreasing width of the
forbidden zone AE f of the crystals. With V p a 240 Vt 0 de-
creases about linearly with increasing forbidden tone width.
The lower the ratio dEf/~ (where,,T denotes electron affinity),
the greater is a. If Vp is of an order of several hundred vp
then secondary electron emission usually is low in the case of
substances with small forbidden zone widthl for on their way
to the surface, secondary electrons may lose much of their
energy when interacting with the electrons of the ground band.
In the single crystals of the alkali halide compounds investi-
gated conditions for secondary electron emission are very
favorable. In the experiments described all the conditions for
the occurrence of secondary electrons are important& The ob-
served a values are determined by the energy which must be
Card 2/4 consumed for the transfer of the lattice electron from the LK

67313
Investigation of Secondary Electron Eirmission.of.Alkali'. SOV/181-1 -8-18/32
Halide Single Crystals With Low Primary Electron Energies
forbidden zone into the vacuum. The relation 6b*erved between
the variation of 6 and the variation of AEf probably applies
only up to such Vp at which the influence of secondary elec-
tron emission from the depth must no longer be neglected. Thus,
the dependence of 6 on the forbidden zone width is considerably
more complicated than was assumed before and can hardly be re-
presented in a general form. The periodic "fine structure" of
the curves 6 = f(V P) and of their ascending branch requires
further investigations. This type of "fine structure" is ob-'
served with VP> 40-50 v. The curves 6 - f(V P) may have two
types of fine structure: 1) a fine'structure-connected with the
band structure and 2) a periodic "fine structure" which has to
be explained by further data. There are 3 figures and 11 ref-
erences, 6 of which are Soviet.
Card 3/4

67313
Investigation of Secondary Electron Emission of Alkali SOV/181-~`I--8-18/32
Halide Single Crystals With Low Primary Electron Energies
ASSOCIATION: Leningr&Udy plitekhnicheskiy institut im. M. I. Kalinina
(. e
SUBMITTED: August 5, 1958
Card 4/4

S/194/61/000/012/065/097
D201/D303
AUTHORS: Serebrov, L.-A., Pridrikhov, S. A. and Utkin, K. G.
TITLE: The character of the electric field in -,lectron stc-
rage tubes with cylindrical and oval collectors
PERIODICAL; Referativnyy zhurnal, Avtomatika i radioelekti-onika,
no. 12, 1961t 38-39, abstract 12G243 (Nauchno-tekhn.
inform. byul. Leningr. politekhn. in-ta, 1960, no. 9,
108-113)
TEXT: The electrolytic tank simulator method aas used to determine
the nagnitude and distribution of the electric field intensity in
the dielectric target - correcting ring - collector space. The el-
ectrodes, made to a scale of 1:3, corresponded in dimensions to ty-
pical storage cathode ray tubes. Changing over from the cyl~ndrica~,~
to the oval shape of the collector does not influence the field
configuration to a great extent. In the absence of the correcting
ring the target diameter is substantially uneven, the coefficient
of inhomogeneity in the vicinity of e.g. 101', equipotential line
Card 1/2

S/194/61/000/012/065/097
The character of D201/D303
reaching the value of the order of 4. Introduction of the ring at
the collector in the form of a conducting coating at the tube walls,
makes it possible to straighten the field in the region of the 10%
equipotential line only. At greater distances from the target the
field re.aains substantially distorted. Straightening the field by
increasin,,.; the collector-to-target distance is accompanied by a
considerable weakening of the field intensity and is not, tlicrp-
fore, recommended. The experimentally obtained field m,,ips 'Lcr va-
riou8 shapes of electrodes are given. 3 references. /-A~stra-torls
note: Complete translation -7
Card 2/2

AUTMOXSs ra.11-yer, a.?_ A.S.,
Fervova, L.Ya. and A.A.
TJnIs ntdl Sominaron, Cathode Itloctronice IThe Ilth
Int*rd
partm
He.ti. ) N. hd-4.m.%-nyy seminar pa k.t.domy
:
:
xosodonlye)
FIRIOOICALt Padiotakhttika i staktraniko, 1959, Vat 4t Nr k.
pp 731 - 732 (USSR)
ABSTRAM A meeting at the seminar took piece an Dsoamb*r 1. 1958
at the Inatitut raftotakhniki L I*ktr.nIki AN SSSR
(Institute of RAdio-enginooring and gloctronle. of the
U.Sc.US39). During the meeting 6 Paper* are read.
~ushivakij read A Paper entitled: "Kinetics of
Tu.a
A rption at Oxygen on the Surface of TunZvtvn~.
h
th
Th second paper, by I.tj. _Okmao ad 3.14. P.k.r,
:
-
-
3
"rConductors
dealt with "The Admixture rhoto-dffect of
in the Region of the gletto. Light Ab.orptian*. Th.
Paper by T.L._VqjjkjvjCh was devoted to "The Prohl em of
the Secondary &I.ctra. gotte.too, of Fine fit.. of a
Number of Organic Substancoaft, The Problem of "Surface
Cardl/2 loniestion, in a Strong glactric field on a Surface with
Work Famctiott* was conaidered by
Ya. Zondberg and N.I. lonov. I.M. Bakullnei and
i. -1*"v read a pop_._r-*-nMlad "Va~_r. "ation at the
:
glactron Attachment ZnarSy and or the Potentials of
Atcage by the Method of Surface IcaLeation". N.L.
TasrVAI-skly and 40tL Al.kaelevadealt with t'ge Problem
of- pa-as-age of St*ady-vt`-&f_%__G_rrenta Through a DL*I-czrl*
When the Cu~rront C~Ierv Are Intrwduc*4 ThrouSb One of the
r-tact. by Means of Slectron Bombardment". The lecture
di.v..sd the following
by and K.
%~
he Yale
The Possibility of t f the Total-energy
Distribation of Rjectrans It& a Qktast-spbGrisel Condone are.

F
I
Tbe work by M.L. I!Eltsa, a.& P VkboT and A.R.Shal on
_
A
_
at n
dealt with -to vom last
secondary electron
b
asission and the charset&rIatle energy loses. of a number
f diml*%trigs (glass. also, fluorite hj%d alkali-baloid

card X/2

S/181/60/002/01/32/035
BOO8/BO14
AUTHOR: Pridrikhov, S. A.
TITLE: Secondary lectron Emission 0 and Elastic Reflection of
Slow Electrons From an NaCl Single Crystal
k t
PERIODICAL: Fizika tverdogo tela, 1960, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 171-173
TEXT: In the article under review, the author reports on a study of
secondary electron emission by NaCl at low primary electron energy E P
The results were obtained for a wide range of E P-values by means of
automatic recording of curves and in a higher vacuum than that described
in Ref. 1. The author used spherical devices with a mobile target.
Measurements were made by means of the pulse method and the automatic
machine described in Ref. 2. The 6 - f(E p ) curves and delay curves of
the secondary current were recorded b means of an 3TTTT-0.9 (EPP-0.9)
potentiometer. Fig. I shows the 6 - f~E p) curve for Nacl single crystal
for E P-values between 0 and 25 ev. By means of the delay curves of the
Card 1/3 AB

Secondary Electron Emission and Elastic Reflec- S/181 60/002/01/32/035
tion of Slow Electrons From an NaCl Single B008XB014
Crystal
secondary current it was possible to split up d - f(E p) into two
componentst R = fl(Ep and 6 w f2(Ep). R - coefficient of elastic
electron reflection, - emission coefficient of slow (not elasticall
reflected and truly secondary) electrons. Fig. 1 shows R(E p) and S(E p
The 6 = f(Ep) curve for the range 0 + 50 ev is represented in Fig. 2.
It shows a distinctly marked fine structure for NaCl crystal, which is
Identical with the one found in Ref. 1. The assumption that the
threshold of the truly secondary electron emission of the NaCl single
crystal has the nature of an exciton was also confirmed. The author
thanks Professor A. R. Shullman for his helpful advice, and the student
V. P. Belevski for his assistance in this investigation. There are
2 figures and 4 references, 3 of which are Soviet.
V13
Card 2/3

Secondary Electron Emission and Elastic Reflec- S/181,/60/002/01/32/035
tion of Slow Electrons From,an WaCl Single BOOB/BO14
Crystal
ASSOCIATION: Leningradskiy politekhnicheskiy institut
(Leningrad Polytechnic Institute)
SUBMITTEDt July 29, 1959
VIB
Card 3/3

81j65
S/161/60/002/03/25/026
r2-2 0,0 Boo6/BO17
AUTHORS; Kapitsaq M. L., Fridrikhov, S. A., Shullman, A. R.
TITLE. Characteristic Energy Losses in the Reflection of Electrons
From Single Cryetals f Alkuli Halide Compounds
PERIODICAL: Pizika tverdogo tela, 1960, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp~ 517-523
TEXT: In a previous paper (Ref. 5) the two last-mentioned authors had
already investigated inelastic electron reflection from alkali halide
crystals, and they had found that the energy spectrum of secondary
electrons (which are emitted by alkali halide single crystals) showed
fine structure (Fig. 1 shows ouch a spectrum recorded on NaCl with a
primary electron energy of Vp - 30 ev). Such curves were also recorded
on KC1, Yar, KI9 and LiF. It was the aim of the present paper to Conduct
analogous investigations with higher accuracy and with small V p in order
to find the lower boundary of primary electron energy at which peaks of
the characteristic losses can still be perceived in the secondary electron/
spectrum; furthermore, an attempt was made to separate the two possi
Card 1/3

81365
Characteristic Energy Losses in the S/181/60/002/03/23/028
Reflection of Electrons From Single Crystals Boo6/BO17
of ~Ilkali Halide Compounds
systems of maxima (the so-called right system of primary electrons and
the left system of secondary electrons; the position of the maxima of
the latter is independent of Vp). The measuring technique is described
in detail. The spectrum was measured automatically at a target temperature
of 300 - 3500C, a primary current density of 10-7a/cm2, and a pressure of
^-,2.jo-7torr; Vp was between 0-5 and 50 ev- Fig. 3 shows the spectra of the
electrons reflected from NaCl single crystals at Vp - 30, 32, and 34 ev.
The two sy3tems of maxima can be clearly seen . Fig- 4 shows spectra of
electrons reflected from NaCl at Vp o 5o 7, 9, 11, and 13 ev, and Fig. 5
depicts the spectrum at Vp a 21.5 ev. Important loss peaks occurred only
at Vp> 7 ev. The peaks correspond to energy losses of about 1 1.2,
1.7 - 2, 2.6 - 2.e, 3.8 - 4.3, 5 - 5.4, 6 - 6-7s 7-5 - 8-1, 9 9.6, and
11 ev. The probability of higher energy losses rises with increasing V .
The fine structure proved to be characteristic of the substance investi-
gated. In conclusion, the results are discussed. Although the right system
of maxima can be clearly attributed to the characteristic energy losses
of electrons, the nature of the left system, however, needs further
Card 2/1

81365
Characteristic Energy Losses in the S/181J60/002/03/23/028
Reflection of Electrons From Single Crystals B006/BO17
of Alkali Halide Compounds
investigations. A relationship could be observed between the energy
losses below 12 ev and optical data (cf. Table). Furthermore, it was
established that the least primary electron energy at which character-
istic energy losses still oocurred (7 ev) was smaller than the width of
the forbidden zone. There are 5 figures, 1 table, and 14 references:
4 Soviet, 6 US, 2 Japanese, 1 British, and 1 German.
AS60CIATION: Leningradskiy politekhnicheskiy institut (Leningrad
Polytechnic Institute)
SUBMITTED: June 6, 1959
Card 3/3

SEMROV, L.A.; 1PRIDRIXHOV, S.A.
Appearance of a charge spot on the surface of a dielectric target
bombarded b7 an electron beam. Radiotekh. i slektron. 5 no.10:
168o-1686 o 16o. (MMA 13:10)
(Ilectron beams) (Dielectrics)

FRIDRIKHOV, S. A., Cand Phys-Math Soi -- "Study of tU interaction between
low-energy electrons and dielectrics." L4n, 1961 fAaad Sci USSR. Phys Tech Inst
Im A. F. loffe). (KL, 4-61, 186)
_50-

21077s/ 181/61/003/009/009/039
Secondary electron emission ... B102/B104
the secondary electron energy distribution begins to display a maximum
due to true secondary emission, and at which & begins to rise rapidly.
Measurements were made in pulsed operation af t.~300eC (BaO) and t< 5000C
(Y 011 ~ w4th single pulses, and at t>rv3OOOC (Ba and t>N 5000C (Y2 3
2 7/ - 0
wirh perlodic pulses. BaO and Y 203 were deposited on a nickel and a
'-ungsten backing, respectively, both ranging between 50 and 100p. High-
puri~.y conditions were maintained throughout the work. On~;e the targets were
completed, they were subjected to heat treatment for several hours. The
measuring chamber was evacuated for 3 4 days with diffusion pumps until
the residual gas pressure dropped to 3 5-10- 9 mm Hg. The d (Ep) curves
of BaO layers displayed a low maximum at E p = 3 ev, a minimum at 5 ev,
and.. subsequently, a steep
function was found to be
frim -,h,~ delay curves of
-lee-iron spectrum begins
L (F;C" 10
but not monotonic rise to 50 ev. The work
(1.6 i 0.1) ev. 6 (E p ) and R(Ep) were determined
the secondary current. As may be seen, the slow-
at Ep = 5 - 6 ev~ 0, R, and 6 as functions of
practically displayed no temperature depen6ence between 20 and
p . ~ ~' J
Card 2/5

28077 S/181/61/003/009/009/039
Secondary electron emission... B102/B104
350OC- Similar results were obtained for Y 203 layers. Regarding these,
a (k; P) was recorded for EP being between 1 and 90 ev. The maximum was
found atrJA ev, and the minimum attj7.5 ev, whereupon a nonuniform rise
took place again. The work function was (3 � 0.1) ev. a did not change
between 20 and 10000C. Here, E* is 6.5 ev. For Y 0 Fig. 8 shows 6, R,
P 2 31
and 6 as functionsof E P. In a detailed discussion, results are compared
with those obtained for other dielectrics, and, above all, a qualitative
agreement is found. A study of the energy spectra of elastically and in-
elastically reflected electrons yielded relatively high values (R max-MO-5)
for the reflection factors, compared with those relative to metals. They
cannot be explained by the sole assumption of a quantum-mechanical reflec-
tion of primary electrons from the potential barrier of the vacuum-di-
electric interface. It is necessary also to assume electron scattering
within the lattice (e.g., also by phonons). The singularities shown by
the curves (e.g-, a (E ) for BaO at E CA10, 15, 20, and 35 ev, for Y 0
p P 2 3
atc~L15, 25, and 35 ev; the singularities of curves R(E; P) and 6(E p) may
Card 3/5

28077 S11811611003100910091039
Secondary electron emission ... B102/B104
be seen in the figures) are associated with the energetic 3tructure of the
substances. Professor A. R. Shullman, whose laboratory was used for the
investigation, is thanked for advice and discussions. D. A. Gorodetskiy
is mentioned. There are 0 figures, I table, and 28 references: 10 Soviet
and 16 non-Soviet. The three most recent references to English-language
publications read as followss E. Taft et al. Phys. Rev. 113, 156, 1959;
A. Lempicki. Proc. Phys. Soo. B66, 278, 1953; D_ Wright, J. Woods. Proc.
Phys. Soo. 66, 1073, 1953.
ASSOCIATIONt Leningradskiy politekhnicheskiy institut imeni M. I. Kalinina
(Leningrad Polytechnic Institute imeni 14~ I. Kalinin)
SUBMITTED: March 27, 1961
Card 4/5

7,3/.10 (WO)
28078
S/181/'1/00j/009/010/039
B102/B138
AUTHOR5: Bazhanova, N. P.,and Fridrikhov, S. A.
TITLE: A method of investigating ~;econdary electron emission of
dielectrics at low primary electron energies
i-ERDODICAL: Fizika tverdo.-o tela, v. 3, no. 9, 1gul, 2620 - 2628
TEXT: The investigation of the interaction of slow electrons with the
suvi'ace of solids is of considerable scientific and practical interest,
but is met with considerable experimental difficulty. In order to avoid
them, the authors developed a method for the automatic recordin:7- of Vne
characteristicn of secondary electron emission (s. e. e.) at low primary
energies, Lp, (1 - 100 ev.). The detarmination of the -P p- de.,endence of
the s. e. e. coefficient a is based on the measurement of tar6et
potential V... contact potential difference V,,,.p.,,.ani current in the tarLet
circuit im.~ i1 - i2 for a -C 1 (or it4. ~i2 -i1for o >i) at conotant
accelerating voltage V0 and constant primary current strength. i is the
Card 1/6 p 1

2~,078
S/181/61/OJ3/6j9/010/039
A method of investigating secondary ... B102 B158
r i:~; a r.-Y u r, e n t , i the secondary current. The following equatiQn is
2
derived: i Iti. f (Vo Vk. - VH) = f (F.P) w,--ich yields O(Ep) i I
f(E /I p = 21 1
1. (i 1 ~ig. 1 shows diagram of tire automatic
recording of thi3 curve. The contact potential dil'fevence (between the
elect ron-j.,,un cathode and the target) is determined by a modification of
the weli-known method worked out by Anderson. Accuracy is about t 0.1 v.
Fig,, 4 shows the design of the electron gur, Fig. I thie arrangement of the
tratus as a whole. The electron gun was fitted with. 10J-p tantalum
electrodes. The energy spread of the primary electrons emitted from it
(lid not exceed 0.5 - 0.7 ev. To check the operation of the arrangement,
P~Irticularly that of the electron gun, a series of tests was carried out
with automatic recording of the o(.E p)-curves. These tests showed that
with U al C-20v d was independent of U a , and the values received were in
good agreement with published data (U al - potential at the focusing
electrode of the gun). The distance between gun and target had practically
no ei.'ect on the O(E P ) curves between 04 E p '- 9 0 e v . The automatically
Card 2/6

2 V78
'081/61/00/009/010/039
method of investigating aecondary...' B100138
v,!corded carvea -.,icre excellently reproducible. The autl;ors thank
i'rofeooor A. ~;chullman for his advice and interest. There are 6
fi.6n,rej ,aid references: 7 Soviet and 8 non-Soviet. The three most-
110cent references to the Engliah-lang,utigo ptiblications read an follows:
If. jaiobo ot al. 11hyti. Rev. io6, ig.56; j. Jon=, K.'IcKay, Phys. Rev.. ~1,. "-fj2,
19'1,3; . S. 3ternglacc, Api-.11ev. 95, 345, 1954.
A:)-,-)'QCl1WlON: oningradskiy politakimiclienkiy insLitut im. 1.1. 1. Kalinina
~Polytcchnical Institute of Leningrad)
SUBiJ11MED: 11ilarch 27, 1961

S/109/62/OU7/003/019/029
/s-o D234/D302
A U2, [ 0S Serebrov, L.A. , and
T I T 1, E 2lectrootatic nroperties of an elementary storar-e unit
for cl.iarges an i a dielectric tarCet during
pearing on
secondary electronic emission
!,-_2 I ODI C ~'.L Radiotckhnika- i elektronika, v. 7, no. 3, 1962f
T,,e aut,ioz-s consider a storage unit consistinf- of a circular
zolle of t*.-e t4r-etp for the tao folioaing cases: 1) The surface
density of free charge on the tar,"et is described oy Gauss' curve;
2) The surface density is constant. Torl-ulane derived in a previous
pa-cer by the authors are used wnnd rescdts of nu-,,,erical comnutations
o -p-
The Lotential are given for characteristic parameters of The sto-
U 4
ra~-e tube, in the form of graphs. Influence of principal construe-
tion Darameters of the zar-el bloc is also illustratea oy -fraphs.
LXperimental verification of the results is described and is zs t a-
tea to confirm them qualitatively. It !a concluded ihal -,he dimen-
sions of the elementary storage unit exceed the cross-section of
Card 1/2

S/109/'62/007/003/019/029
Electrostatic properties of an ... D234/D)02
t1w Dri.,:,ary electron beam at least 3/2 to 2 zi::~.es. T.,^.e polarization
of tarc,--t V10a,kens -.he iJeld strength. C-a._Lc inauced o'n the
'.' - 4
d sta ces o' the order o' ma-nit-ude of effec-
coliector situated at i n - U
6_ive radius of the charf-ed element of the tar,et aTf.fects the field
consideraoly. The approximation of the elementary storage unit ny
-o.4 11
a
'Lane condenser is stated to be justifiable only wher. -~he effec-
-~ive radius is at least twice as lari3e as -the distance bet-viecn the
-car6et and the piane coilector. Thle authors exp-ress their era-citude
Io A.R. Snullman for int-evest- and discussion. There are 8 figures,
and 8 references: 6 Soviei-bluc and 2 non-Soviet-'loc.
SUB!,=UED: July 7, 1961
illy
Card 2/2

ACCESSION NR: AT4016308 S/0000/62/000/000/0263/0283
AUTHOR: Shullrnan, A. R.; Fridrikhov, S. A.
TITLE: Interaction of electrons with alkali halide crystals
SOURCE: Vses. sovbshch. po fiz. shchelochnogaloidn. kristallov. 2d, Riga, 1961. Trudy*.
Fiz. shchelochnogaloidn. kristallov (Physics of alkali halide crystals). Riga, 1962, 263-283
TOPIC TAGS: alkali halide crystal, dielectric, dielectric surface, elastic electron reflec-
tion) crystallography, radiation defect, electron irradiation, crystal physical property
ABSTRACT: For the last seven years, systematic studies of the electron bombardment of
alkali halide crystals have been conducted in the Electronics laboratory of the Leningradskiy
politekhnichesldy Institut (Leningrad Politechnical Institute). They covereC, elastic reflection
of slow electrons, nonelastic electron reflection, characteristic electron m,--i7gy losses,
secondary electron emission, excited conductivity of NaCl-films, and th(! be.iavior of
colored crystals. To reduce the charge accumulation on the dielectric surface and the
changes in the target composition and structure, the bombardment was effected by an elec-
tron beam emitted in the form of a single rectangular 1-10p see pulse. An EPP-09 electron
Card 1/3

ACCESSION NR: AT4016308
potentiometer was used for the 1 min. tape-recordings. A drawing in the article shows the
assembly in detail. Most of the results of the studies were of an exploratory nature and may
be partially summarized as follows: (1) dielectrics, in contrast to mews, have a relatively
hig,li coefficient of slow electron elastic reflection, reaching a maximum of 70-80% for pri-
mary electron energies of a few ev; (2) energy spectra of electrons reflected from alkali
halide crystals show two different patterns; full and discrete; (3) the tlu-cshold of second
electron emission is a definition which casts some light on the energy zonal structure of
alkali halide crystals; (4) the coefficient of second electron emission of the crystals is high
and depends mainly on the energy of primary electrons; (5) a beam of slow electrons is a
very sensitive indicator of color centers in the subsurface layer; and (6) the lower the lat-
tice energy the greater the electron absorption; hence, the lower the depth of color penetra-
tion in ti-,c crystals. The authors make extensive use of references in their discussion of
the subject. Orig. art. has: 15 figures and 3 tables.
0
ASSOCIATION: Leningradskiy politekhIchesky institut im. M. 1. Kalinina (Leningrad
~Polytechnical Institute)
Card 2/3

~.W~
ACCESSION NR: AT4016308
SUBAUTTED; 00
SUB CODE: GP
DATE ACQ: 06Mar64
NO REF SOV: 023
ENCL: 00
OTHER: 016'
Card 3/3

S/109/62/007/009/017/018
D409/D301
AUTHORS: Serebrov, L.A.t and Pridrikhov, S.'
TITLIS': Field-enhanced secondary emisrion of thin NaCl-Afilms
PERIODICAL: Hadiotekhnika i elektronika, v. 7, no. 9, 190629
1649 - 1656
T':'AXT: A new method.is proposed for studying the secondary emission
0f charged dielectric- and semiconductor targets. The applicability
a
of the method is ill'ustrated by the results of measurements conduc-
ted with thin NaCIA.-films on v,-.rious bases (platinum, nic *kel, beryl-
lium, graphite). The.new methol, develODed by the authors, is a
combination of the method of single pul;es and of the two-beam me-
thod. This facilitates the experinental work, reduces to a minimum
undesirable effects, and makes it possible to use television con-
trol of the homo6eneity of charging of the target, as well as of bx
the principal beam. The NaCl-films were about 0.5 microns thick;
the beam current vias about 1-2 microamp.; the pulse duration of the
primary current was 3 microsecV(the'resi ual-gas pressure in the
vacuum.apparatus did not excee 1-5)-10-1 mm Fig. A diagram shows
Card 1/3 - 0

S/109/62/007/009/017/018
Field-enhanced secondary emission D409/D301
the dependence of the secondary-emission coefficient d (of the NaCi
film on a nickel base) on the tine t of i.-radiation of the target
by the auxiliary beam. A comparison of current-voltage curves
showed that if the target is positively charged, then the primary
current can be considerably amplified. The authors developed a oul-
se nethod and apparatus for measuring the second.-Iry-emiss ion cur-
rent from dielectric- and semiconductor surfaces, for primary-elec-
tron energies ranging from 2 to 12 kev. The method provides for se-
para-vion of the investigated effect from extraneous processes, A
practically Inertia-less effect of enhancing the secondary emission
by the internal electric field was observed. Vith primary-electron
erlersies of 3.5 - 9 kev, gain factors of up to 20 of the primary
current, were recorded. It was found that the scattering
of the base material have a considerable part in the fieid-enh;~aice_-'
secondary emission of ffaCl-films, ise., with other conditions bei-_' --
equal, larger gain-factors correspond to targets wilCh a bnse, na,'--
of metal with a larCer coefficient of inelastic scattering.
ana,_-ogous effect shou'A be observed in the case of other emitters,
si:.,ilar to NaCl. It is evident that (in the cases uneer consi"-'ra-
tion), a particular value of the primary-current gain should rlot
Card 2/3

.9/109/62/007/009/017/018
Field-enhRneed secohdary emission ... D409/D301
be ascribed to a given e-mitter, but to a system, one of whose ele-
ments is the cnarged dielectric- or semiconductor layer. There are
6 figures.
SUBI,'~ITTED: 7;'arch 19, 1962
A.
Card 3/3

ACC&SWON NRa AP401176i VM81/64/006/001/0230246
'AUTHORSt Fridrikhov, S. A.j Ivanov, V. Nei Serebrov, L# As; Shevtsov, As As
T1TLFa SecoMaij keetron. emission of positiveV charged dielectric film
SOURCEs Fisika, tverdogo t*U,, Y. 6. no. 1. 1964# 236446
TOPIC TAGSt electronp electron emissionj, secordary electron emission., dielectric
jilm., positively charged dielectric film
~ABSTRACTt By using a technique combining single pulses and two beamBs the authors
..have studied the affect of an internal electrical field with a strength of
~103-106 v/om on the secondary.emission of electrons from thin films (0.5-10 microm4,
of NiCl., Me.., glass,, and mica. in the energy range of primary electrons of 2-10 i
!kev. They discovered an anomalous character of the dependence of emission
:coefficient amplified by the field on the energy of the primary electrons* For
friable film of NaGl, the emdesion amplification proved to be much greater
for dense films of identical thicknease Increase in the energy of primary aLoc-
trons was accompanied by a steady increase in the coefficient of emission,
Cord 1/2

I
4CCESkON NRi AA011761
ExPOMAental curves proved to be in good agreement with the expression for
'coefficient of current emplification of nonindependent Townsend gas discharge. It
has been established that the value of the emission coefficient depends easentially,~
on the density of the dielectric f ilm., that the most probable energy of secondary
electron emission is about 10 ev wd that the energy spectrum of these electrons
is Maxwellian. "The authors take this opportunity to express their thw*a to A,
R. Shullman for his valuable counsel," Orig. art# hast 7 figures and 4 formx1as,
ASWCIATIONt Politekhnicheakiy institut im. M, 1. Kalinin&, Leningrad (Polytech-
nical Institute)
I
~!SUBMITTEDs 25jul63
'iSUB CODEs PH
DATE ACQt Web64
xo REF sovs W
ENCL 1 00
OTHERo 007
card 2/2

ACCESSION NR: AP4034912 3/0181/64/OD6/005A343/1355
AUTHORS: Fridrikhov, S, A.; Smirnov, P. Ve; Serebroys L, A,
TITLEs Some peculiarities of electron excited conductivity in dielectrics
SOURCE: Fizika tverdogo tela, vo 6, no* 5. 19642 1343-1355
TOPIC TAGSz electron excited conductivitys dielectrics electron contact methods
electric contact method
ABSTRACTs The specific features involved in two principal methods of experimental
investigation of electron-excited conductivity in dielectrics were examined., It is
ishown that these features substantially affect the recorded valhes of excited
,currents. The electron-contact method does not permit direct observationso'and the
coefficient of excited conductivity must be determined iiidirectly, such as by
Irecording the change in surface charge of the target* But measurements are
!dependent on secondary factors, such as field strength in the sample and the dark
.current (which cannot be measured independently of the excited c=Tent)o The
electrical-contact method is free from the inadequacies of the electron-contact
,method, but by this method the original current of electrons acting on the sample
s and errors may result from this., In using the latter methods It is i
!,'~~1/q2wn
cord

~:ACCESSION NRt AP4034912
'advisable to measure the excited current of samples both during continuous electron!
.bombardment and during single pulses with changing field polarity. Results of
these measurements will permit the determination of the field strength of the
internal space charge (,;:elo5 Y/cm), the concentration of ap3 (e, 1016 C073)9 WA
Ahe product of carrier mobility by carrier lifetime (= 10 ~m2/v, for electrons)*'
.The values given are for a film of NaCl IO/Athick, a potential difference up to
'250 v, and an energy of primary electrons of 10 keve Experimental volt-ampere
characteristics of the excited current obtained during single pulses agree with ths~l
theoretical-curve for photoconductivity current calculated by Hecht's formula, Me
authors express their thanks to A# R. Shullman for his constant interest and for his'
valuable advice." Orige art@ hass 7 figures wA 12 fonuasse
1:0CIATIONs Leningradskiy,politekhnichookiy Institut is* Nalinins
'Polytechnic Institute)
Ar
SUBMIT
TEDi WoY63 ENCLs' 00
SUB OODEs NP# EX NO REP SOVs 012 OTMI 0051--
2/2
C
a r d
-- - - - -----------------

L
ACMMON NR. AP4039657 S/0181/64/006/00OA702A706
AUrHORS. Sorobrov,, L. A.; Fridrikhov, S. A.
TITLE: Some results of studies on strong fields of secondary electron emission
of thin sodium chloride films
SOURCE-* Fizika tvordogo tola, V. 6, no. 6, 1964P 1702-1706
TOPIC TAGS: electron emission, secondary omission, sodium chlorido, primary
electron energy, dieloctrio layer, moafi free path, volt ampere characteristic,
magnusium oxide, collector grid
ABSTRACT: The authors analyzed experimental data obtained in their own earlier
works (Radiotokhn. i electron. 7, 1649, 1962),,by S. A. Fridrikhov, V. N. Ivanov,
L. A. Serebrov, and A. A. Shovatov (FTT, 6j 236, 1964), and other data available
in literature. They ostimted the mean free path between collisions with the film
surface and compiled the results on strong fields of secondary olectron emission
by thin films of NaCl. The thickness of film considered in t0oe studies was on
the order of 0.5 - 0,6 pt the primary electron energy was orythe order 6f 7-10 Kev,,
and the field at the dielectric layer was of the order of 166 V/=. The tempera-
tures behind the target were about.50j, 100, or 200C. The time for complete
-Cord. 1/2

EWF T
218W. (q)
jr-EWD (n) a-2/EPA A/
Aoi(
WP Pz.*/PAb44/?u-4
/JIGIAS
E5D(c)/E3D( )/RAL*4(t) A D
-ACCESSION M AP4044651 8/0048/64/028/0001340/1346
AU711OR: Butugov D.A.; semi Fridrikhov, S.A.
TITLE: Increase in the'Llselon of cathod.,Mzvin crossed fields LKeport, Third All-
Union Conference on Semiconductor Compounds old in Kishinev 16-21 Sept
.SOURCE: AN SSSR. Xxv. Beriya fixichaskays, V.28, no.8, 1964, 1340-1345
TOPIC TAGSt maguetron, secondary emissionj oscillation
ABSTRACT. The authors investigated the pulsed behavior of a magnetron diode with a
smoth cylindrical copper anode and a cathode system similar to that employed by R.!,
L.Japsen and M.W.Muller (J,Appl.Phys,22,1106,1951). The cathode system consisted f.
a hot tungsten helical trigger cathode" and a cold cylindrical cathode from which
secondary emission currents could arise., Findings of earlier investigators were coarl
firmed. Abstracterla note: It Is not entirely clear which, If any, of their results
the authors consider nev.7 The anode of the magnetron diode was approximately 1.8
cm in diameter, P-nd the cathode was 061 cm In diameter and 2 ca long. The device
was operated at anode potentials f row 2 to 20 W in magnetic f tolds up to 2.5 We
,with 1 microsee
,pulses at a duty cycle at 1000, Various cathode materials were ex-
1/3
............ .. .....

L 6813_65
ACCUSIQ4 KRt AP4044651
"
Yl
ia
.ployed, including NI and act Iva ted
I
B
At sufficiently great anode.potentials
band magnetic fields . neither the cut off curves (anode current versus magnetic field
,at constant anode potential) nor the ourves of anode current versus anode potenti
at constant magnetic field were monotlinic, but each had a large peak. The peak an-
ode current In, the anode potenti4i Ujat.peak current, the magnetic field 8, and
thu secondary emission coefficient dvi-of the cathode material at peak current con-
Aitions were found to be related by I A(dm-l)VQ8. High-frequency "ndlse" with a
discrete spectrun was observed In the 'range between'50 and 5000 megacycles/sec when',
the enhanced, emission occurred. The belmvior of -these oscillations to net discussedo
but it is suggeated thitt they -are the- ktausei of the Increased electron botabardment d
the cathode which gives rise to. the enhanced emiss Len. The authors note that they
:have confirmed the'existence of large-secondary emission currents In crossed field
~instruments with no external resonators'# and that,these currents
are associated
with self-excited space charge osaIllations.."In conclusion, the authore express
their appreciation to Pro1.A,R.Shul1=n,.f*r his constant Interest to the work and
a
or 'i - . -
,for valuable remarks and 9 fisuresa~

!2/3
.............

ACCESSION NR: AP4013416 S/0057/64/034/002/0288/0296
A e
TMOR: Dutusov, M.M; Fridrikhov, S.A.
TITLE: On the anomalous violation of the Hull cut-off condition in strong
crossed fields
SOURCEs Zhurnal tolchn. fix,, v.34, no.2, 1964, 288-296
TOPIC TAGS, magnetron, Hull cut-ft, Hull cut-off violation, space charge oscilla-
tion, crossed fields, strong crossed fiolds
ABSTRACT: Cut-off-curves (anode current vs. magnetic field) were obtained for a
2J32 magnetron and a specially constructed magnetron diode at anode potontials up
to 20 W. The tubes were operated with 1 microsoc pulsea at a duty cycle of 0.1%.
The purpose of the work was to investigate the behavior of magnetrons in the region
beyond the Hull cut-off at fields of the order of those commonly employed in prac-
-off curves were smooth and monotonic, as has
tice. At low anode potentials the cut
previously been,ireported b., other authors. At higher anode potentials, however, the
anode current began to increase at a-magnetic field slightly above the "cut-oft"
value, reached a mAximum, and subsequently decreased with further increase of the
Card 1/3

'ACCESSION NR: AP4013416
;field. The height!and width of the peak increased rapidly with increasing anode po-~
I
itential. For the 2J32, the peak was perceptible at an anode potential of 5 W. At
16.5 W the peak durront was about six times the zero field current and the full
width of the peak at half maximum was about 600 Oe - roughly half the critical
cut-off field. The peaks were not so high or wide for the magnetron diode, but they'
'still were very conspicuous. 'In addition to the peaks, the cut-off curves showed
'considerable fine structure. The magnotron diode was provided with a cold cylindri-;
ical cathode and a directly heated tungsten cathode, the currents to which could be
Itmoasured separately. The cold cathode was slotted, and the particles incident on
the cathode and passing through the slot could be investigated with the aid of an
auxiliary internal electrode. At low magnetic fields the entire anode current was
carried by the hot tungsten cathode. As the magnetic field increased the cold ca-
;thodo developed a small negative current (the electrode collected electrons) and
bombarding electrons. were observed to pass through the slot. At a magnetic field
i slightly above the critical cut-off value the cold cathode current changes sign and
j became large, and the number and energy of the bombarding electrons increased sharp-
ly. The anomalous current responsible for the peak was carried entirely by the cold'
cathode. When the magnetic field vas further increased these trends reversed and
2/3
Card

ACCESSION NR: AP4013416
the cold cathode current again became negative. The behavior of the tube in the
anomalous region varied with the secondary omission properties of the cathode Mite-
rial. An increase of the "excess noise" (duo to space charge oscillations) was ob-
served in the anomalous region. It is concluded that space charge oscillations
load to cathode bombardment by high energy clactrons:which, by secondary emission,
give rise to the anomalous currents observed in the!"cut-off" region. "In conclu-
sion the authors express their gratitude to professbr A.R.Shullny*kh for valuable
advice and constant interest in the.work, and to at~dent V.V.Sologub, who partici-
:Pated in setting up the apparatus and conducting the experiments." Orig.art.hast
I formula and 9 figures.
ASSOCIATION: Leningradskiy politokhnicheskiy institut im. U.N.Kalinina (Loningrad
.Polytechnic Institute)
DATE ACQ,.,26Feb64 ENCL: 00
SUBMITrED: 27Jan62
SUB CODE: PH HR REF SOV: 005 OTHER: Oll
3/3
Card

* FRIDRIKHOV, S.A.; S11,111MOV, P.V.; SElt:,"BROV, L.A.
Some characteristics of the electron-Induced conductivity of
dielectrics. Fiz. tver. tela 6 no.5:1343-1355 My 164.
(MIRA 17:9)
1. Loningradskiy politekhnicheskly institut imeni Kallinina.

SEREBROV, L.A.; FRIDRIKHOV, S.A.
Some roaulta of studying the field-amplifled secondary electron
emission from thin sodium chloride films. Fiz. tver. tela 6 no.
6:1702-1706 Je 164. (KIRA 17:9)

SITUSOV, M.M.; GANICHKV, D.A.; SOIITIISKIY, G.G.; FRIDRIMBOV, S.A.
Increased cathode emission In crossed fields. Izv. MI SSSR.
Ser. fiz. 28 no.8tl340-1345 Ag 164 (MIRA 17:8)
1. Laningradskiy politekhnicheskiy institute

14375-65-' VITO)
/EVIT
ab-IO/J-,ac-4/Pob,/Pi-4/pu-4/pj-lf 1"P(c )/B:,D/
-6/p
ASD(a)-5/S$D/Af,qL/RA914(a)/E5D(C)/ESD(95)/ESD(t) AT
ACCESSION MR; AP4045278 S/0057/64/034/009/1666/1676
n, D.K._; Pridrikhov, S.
TITLE: Cutrent-voltage characteristic of a 2!anotron with a secondary emission
~1/ - --- -------
Zhurnal takhnichoskoy fiziki, v.34, no.9, 1964, 1666-1676
TOPIC TAGS; magnetron., microwave oscillatoro current voltage
characteristic, secondary electron resonance
ABSTRACT; The physical processes occurring In mngnetrons are highly complicated
vming to the fact that the electrons in these devices move in a system of fields
consisting of a magnetic field, an eleiztric field and a high-frequency field. In
addition, one cannot ignore theinteraction of the electrons with each other. The
authors review the results of several experimental and theoretical studies of mag-
notrons. Then, on the basis of experimental data, they derive an empirical formula
describitil: th o current -voltage characteristic of a magnetron with,a se-'
condary emission cathode in the region o! the peak of the characteristic curve. The
initial stop is to normalize the current-voltage characteristics by eliminating the
parameter H (magnetio field intensity~,; to titisend the curves arereplottedin re-
Card 1/2

L 143?5-65
ACCESSION NR.- AP4045278
duccd coordinates: (Ia/Ia max) versus (Va/Va max)p where Ia is the anode current and
Va is tho corresponding voltage. The formula takes into account not only secondary
emission, but also tho geometry of the "Interaction space 0. The deduced formula sa-
tisfactorily describes the ascending section near the =ximuz of the current-vol-
tage cliaracteristic of A maguetron. Fln.811y, an exvlanatio.n is given f or rom e of
the anomalies observed in the operation of mAgnetron type oscillators (enhanced e-
miusion, presence of high-energy electrons, etc.); this explanation is based on the
theory of secondary electr 'on resonance in the presonce of a magnetic field. "In con-
clusion, the authors express their gratitude to Prof A.R. Shul 'man -for his interest
in the work and valuable advice." Orig.art.has: 19 formulas and 7 figures.
ASSOCIATZON: Leningradskiy politekhnicheskiy institut im.M.I.Kalinina (Leningrad
Polvtechnical Institute)
SUBMITTED: 110et63 EML: 00
SUB CODE:,EC
NO REP SOV: 007
OMER: 006
Card 2/2

L 18844-61 EWT(i)- Ssb~BSD/RAEM(a)/AM/AFETR/ASD(a)-5/RAEM(C)/ESD(c)
AM;SSIGN NR: AF4049056 S/0057/64/034/011/2086/2087
AUT11OR: Butusov, U.1f.
TITLX: Reply to the letter of S.Ya.Draude and I.M.Vigdorchik
SOURCE: Zhurnal tokhnichoskoy fiziki, v.34, no.11, 19G4, 2086-2087
TOPIC TAGS: electric field, magnetic field, magnetron, history
AMSTRACT! The authors re ply to the letter of S.Ya.Braudo and LALVigdorchik (%hTF
34,2085,19ri4; see Abstract iWC.NR:AP4049055) pointing'out that conclusions of
their paper 'On tho *anomalous violation of the Hull cut-off condition in strong
crossed fiel _,~Pizhw 34,288,19G4; seeAbstract ACC NR:AP4013416) concerning the
existence of 3--sharp maximum in the cut-olf curve of a magnetron diode at a magne-
tic field Creator than the critical cut-oft value and the phenomena at the cathode
accompanying this effect have been known for more than 25 years and comijaining
that appropriate reference to the older literature were omitted. The autLors deny
any attempt to claim discovery.of these long-known phenomena but assert t1l't theti
investigation was more comprehensive Ithan the previous ones and that some cl their:
conclusions, particularly those concerning the role of space-charge oscillations,
1/2

2/2

7 f
L 2~812-62 EWT(1)/EEC(b)-2/EWA(h) Peb
ACCESSION NR-. APS000841 8/0057/64/034/012/2160/2170
AUTHOR; Dutusov,M.U./ Smirnov,K.S./ Sologub,V.V./ FridrikhovS.A,-
TITLE: Investigation of the pro -parties of the space charge in a zaLmetron diode
SOURCE: Zhurnal tekhnicheskoy fiziki, v.34, no.12, 1964, 2160-2170
'fOPIC TAGSi magnetron, space charge, miorowavetube, noise-spoctrum, secondary
omiesion
ABSTRACT: The tendency to sell-oacillationo characteristic of space charge In
magnetrons, is well known; some of the oscillation effects, however, are associated
(by some authors) with the influence of the resonator system. Hence in the present
work there were investigated the properties of the space chargo in a imagnetron di-
ode, i.e. , a system devoid of a cavity component. There were studied the oscilla-
tions generated by the apace charge under different conditions of operation of the
tube, the relative secondary emission of the cathodo, and the Intensity (power) of
back bombardment of the cathode. In some ways the present study was an extension of
the earlier comprehensive work of J.Yanuoka (Proa. Phys. S oc. Japan 10,1102,1955), D.
Glaos, G.Sims & A.G.Stainsby (Proc.IEE(B) 102,81,1955) and R.L.Jepson & M.W.Muller
1/3

_-7-7-7
L 23812-65
ACCESSION Nn: AP5000841
(J.Appl.Phys.22,1196,1951)..Some of the experimental measurements were porformed on
the equipment described by two of the authors earlier (M.M.Butubov and S.A.Fridri-
1-chov ZhTF 34,288,1964). A diagram of the main measurement setup is given
1 0 - In a fig-
ure, as is a sectional view of the magnetron diode. The results are presented in
the form of curves and some reproductions of oscillograms. The principal conclusicM
ire: 1. At appreciable plate voltages there Is a magnetic field region in which the
electrons returned to the cathode have considerable energies, which gives rise to
secondary emission. 2. In the same region there is observed intense emission by the
space charge of high-frequency noise at discrete frequencies; analysis of this
noise radiation indicates that part of the space charge oscillations are of the ro-
tary wave type. 3. The traction of the power dissipated at the cathode by the.back-
bombardment electrons, referred to the input power, Increases with the strength of
the magnetic field (at a constant plate voltage). 4. The mechanism leading to in-
tense ererg7 exchange in the electron cloud at the magnetron diode is probably si-
milar in many respects to a econdary -electron resonance in crossed fields. "rn con-
clusion, the authors express their gmtitude to Prof A.R. Shul'man for his attention
to the work." Orig.art.has: 9 figures.
2/3

3/3 ~ I .. I
I I I

L 51998-65 Pj-4/Po_4/pz-6/Pab-10, IJP(q)
i-AT/WW
!ACCESSION NR: AP5012045
UR/0057/65/035/005/0813/0815
AUTHOR: Ganichav D.A ; Pridrikhov,S.A As
hkinadze.D.M.; Solgan,A,
tTITLE: Investigation of a high frequency resonant discharge in crossed fields
SOURCE: Zhurnal takhnichookoy fiziki,, v. 35, no. 5, 1965j 813-822
TOPIC TAGS:, secondary emissicn,- resonant state, discluirge plasma, microwave field,
magnetic field, hydrogen
~ABSTRACT: High frequency resonant discharge was Investigated in the presence of a
imagnetic field because of theimportance of the phenomenon for nLignetrons and otheri
f
:high-frequency equipment and the paucity of such studies in the literature. The
,;discharges were produced In a silver-plated oxygen-free copper rectangular wave-
guide sqction of dimensions 25.5 Ix 12.5 or 28.5 x 4 mm by 1 psec pulses of 3 cm
wavelength 1110 waves at a repititlon rate of 103 see-1. The applied magnetic field:
,was perpendicular to the narrow wall of the waveguide, and in the wide wall were i
;introduced two probes (with aquadag coated electrodes to minimize secondary emiss-
and a hot cathode. Hydrogen was admitted to the continuously pumped wavegulde!
I section. With the uhf oscillator operating at a controlled power lovol (Up to 200
Card 1/3---

L 51998-65
'!ACCESSION NR: AP5012045
W/Pulse) the mainetic field was gradually increased to 6000 Oc and the probe
;currents, the fthf attenuation, and the luminous intensity were observed. The shape!
!of the individual light pulses~ Was also observed with a wide-band amplifier and an
ioscilloscope. In addition to the uhf Intensity (electric field strength) and the 1
Imagnetic field strength, the residual hydrogen pressure was varied over a wide rargo~
--Iuany-of-the--resultd-are-preae in- same~- detail. --At-'
nted-.Irapl~ically-and-are-disc"sed-
-6
pressur 9 from 5 x-10 --to-5-x 10 -mm Rg resonant discharges with ionization-of
!the residual gas Were observed at the two values of the magnetic field for which
Ithe electron Larmor frequency was equal to the uhf frequency or to half the uhf
frequency. At pressures above 10-2 am HC a third resonance was observed at a
iLarmor frequency one-fourth the uhf frequency. Viese resonaat discharges occurred
lonly for ubf electric field strengths exceeding a threshbld value that depended on
Ithe gas pressure. The probe current Increased rapidly with increasing press
!reached a maximum. at about 3 x 10-3 mm, Ug. "In conclusion p the authors expre=8 and
Itheir gratitude to A.R.Shultman forhis Interest In the work and discussion of the
iresults." OrIg. art. hass. 3 formulas and 11 figures*
I-Card 2im

A

1 51998-65
AccEssioN HR: APS012045
ASSOCIATIOM Leningradsky politekhnicheskiy institut im, R.I. Kalinima (Loningrad
Polytechnical Institute)
SUMTM; 03Jul6,k ENCL: .00 SUB C003: Ems HP
NR W BOV: 002 OMER; 003

Cad 3/3

M 05~ g!

571)8436 sc-Tp/;J~p(c)
L I FBD/E,Yr(1)/4Eq(k)
ACC 1IR: AP6007095 SOURCE CODE: UR/005T/66/036/00210394/0397!i
AUTHOR: Terekhin, D. K.; Fridrik.ov
ORG: Len ijjgrqq__?q~y-t.echn ic Institute im. M. I. Kalinin (Leningradskiy
politeklmi-chi4kiy
TITLE: The effect of a longitudinal magnetic field on the operation of an
He-Ne laser at X = 0,6328 It.
SOURCE: Zhuir'nal tekhnicheekoy fiziki, v. 36, no. 2, 1966, 3914-397
Y"_--'~'etic field Oftem
TOPIC TAGS: laser, gas laser, heliumneon, 1=MM,, ma 7
ABSTRACT: The effect of a 19nZitudinal magnetto field on the operation of an
was'_fn_~e-
ne-Ne laser at 6.6326 q~imentally. A discharge tube
85 cm. long and h.4 mm in internal diameter, terminated with glass windows mounted
1 at the Brewster angle, was filled to a pressure of 0.85 Mm Hg with a neon-
helium mixture at a ratio of 1:5.6. The discharge was excited at - fixed current
values. The magnetic field, which was parallel to the laser axis,:could be varied)
from 0 to 2000 oe. A semi-confocal resonator was used with dielectric-coated
mirrors (R ~ 99.2%) placed at 120 cm. The laser power was measured in relative
units by means of an FEU-22 photomultiplier. Curves of the laser power P, as a
lCard 1/2

L.15.79~0-66
Acc Nii: AP6007095
function of field intensity at various values of discharge current were plotted
and analyzed. Three distinct regions could be observed: 1) a re ion in which a
.9
rapid initial increase in generation power occurred when the field intensity
increased from 0 to 10-15 oe; 2) a region in which there was a subsequent,
smoother increase in the signal, which may be preceded by a short sloping interval-,:,
and 3) (after a distinct power maximum at H 1! 150 oe) a region in which a
corresponding gradual decrease in laser output power occurred until the dis-
ruption of' Seneration. The relative power increase in the first region was approx-I
imately equal for all values of discharge current end amounted to 150-200%. The
rise in power in the second region wai attributed -to an increase in population
inversion due to suppression by the magnetic field of generation at the 3S2-3
transition (A = 3.39 P). The smooth decrease in power in the third region was
1attributed to the separation of Doppler-broadened a --components of radiation
(both at 1.15 v and 3.39 p) and to a decrease in the overlap region with an in-
crease in H. The form of the function P P (11) changed when the parameters of
_~he active medium varied sharply from the optimal. The longitudinal magnetic field-,
H < 15 oe re-established laser action at X = 0.63 u when generation was disrupted
,,t,because of an increase in the content of dopants in the, discharge. Orig. art.
has: 2 figures. [YKI
SUB CODE: 20/ SUBM DATE: O3Ju165/ ORIG REP: ~001/ OTH REF: Q0T/' ATD PR9SS
_Card,. 2/2..

L 23267-66
I
ACC NRt AP6011406 SOURCE CODE:' UR/00'W'6_~jd~6/003/0 60/056
AUTHOR: ..Fotiadi, A. E.; Fridrikhov, S. A.
ORG: Leningrad Polytechnic Institute (Leningradskiy politekhnicheskiy institut
TITLE: The effect of a longitudinal magnetic field on the output energy of an
-He-Ne lager at A - 1.15 p
LA
SOURCE: ZhurnIR tekhnicheskoy fiziki, v. 36, no. 3, 1966, 560-563
TOPIC TAGS: gas laser, helium neon laser, laser output, magnetic field effect,
longitudinal magnetic field
ABSTRACT: A detailed study was made of the effect of a magnetic field, parallel to
the laser axis, on the output power of an infrared (1.15 V) He-Ne laser at various
gas-mixture pressures and pumping energies. The laser consisted of a semi-confocal
resonator with external dielectfic mirrors and a glass tube 100 cm long and 8 mm in
diameter with Brewster-angle windows. The ratio of partial pressures inside the tube
was 10:1 and the tube was placed inside and along the axis of a 70-cm-long solenoid
in which fields from 0 to 1000 oe could be set up. Radiation was recorded by an
FEU-22 photomultiplier placed at the output of an IKS-12 monochromator. The device
could be excited by high-frequency a-c and/or d-c sources. Results indicate that at
pressures of 1 mm Hg, a monotonic increase in output power at zero magnetic field
occurs with an increase in the discharge current (from 15 to 70 ma, which corresponds
Card

_L 23267-66
ACC NR- AP6011406
to a variation in the pumping from 38 to 175 w). This also involves broadening of
the H region, in which laser action is possible. In the 0 < H < 15 oeregiofi an 8-15%
increase in laser output occurs, which is followed by a maximum (15 < H A 115) and a
slow, Gaussian-like decrease (11> 115). Similar results were obtained at other parti
pressures and in the case of h-f excitation. This indicates that a change in the
halfwidth A111/2 is directly related to changes in the characteristics of the Doppler
circuit in the same manner as the laser output is at H - 0. The experimental
results are in a good agreement with a theory advanced by M. I. D'yakonov (ZhETF, 49,
1173, 1965). Additional studies must be made before the ultimate explanation of the
effect of magnetic fields on laser action at A 0.63 and 1.15 p can be made. Orig.
art. has: 3 figures, JYK)
SUB CODE: ..20/ SUBM DATE: 03Jul65/ ORIG REF: 002/ OTHREF: 006/ ATD PRESS:
~23i
Card 2/2
A VIM
IRE

ACC NR. AP7001315
4 mm fig, and 10 to 22 kv for pressures from 6 to 12 mm fig) shows, under pressures
up to 4.mm fig, monotonically rising curves to about 30 kv. In the higher pressure
range, a narrowing of the emission zone occurs and the curves take the shape of
sharp peaks which shift with pressure toward higher or lower values and tend general]
toward higher output values at higher pressures. For a full explanation of these
relationships further investigations are felt necessary. The observations of the
cross-sectional intensity distribution within the output beam revealed an multimode
structure. Under certain conditions (pressure 4 mm fig, pumping voltage 14 kv) the
beam cross section in the near zone took the form of a ring 12 mm in outside diameter
and 5 mm in inside diameter. At higher pressures and higher pumping voltages, a
delay and widening of the emission pulse as observed and explained earlier by Yegorov
and others (Optika i spektroskopiya, 18, 1965, 719; ibid, 15, 1963, 839) took place.
Attempts to obtain emission from the same tubes on the 6328 X wavelength were un-
successful at pressures of 1 to 8 mm Hg and pumping voltages of 6 to 30 kv. The
authors thank A. R. Shul'man for his interest in the work and D. K. Terekhin and
A. E. Fotiadi for useful discussions. Orig. art. has: 2 figures. [WA-14]
SUB CODE: 20/ SUBM DATE; 130ct65/ ORIC REF; 004/ OTH REF: 005/

ACC NR. AI'7001315-----
SOURCE CODE: UR/0057/66/036/012/2188/2.190
AbTHOR: Perchanok, T. M.; Ruasov, V. M.; Fridrikhq
~ys_
ORG: Leningrad Polytechnic Institute Im. M. I. Kalinin ~Leningradskiy politekhni-
cheskiy i~si_itut)
TITLE: Some operational characteristics of the pulse emission of an -He-Ne laser
i SOURCE: Zhurnal tekhnicheskoy fiziki, v. 36, no. 12,.1966, 2188-2190
1 !Irv + er,
TOPIC TAGS: b==F, laser pulsolpwtt~mr' batm U-Mlinivi" I
gas laser,
ABSTRACT: The dependence of the output power of an He-Ne laser on its various
parameters was experimentally investigated under conditions of short (0.5-psec)
pulses in rapid (2000 pulses/sec) succession. A gas discharge tube with quartz
windows installed at the Brewster angle in a semi-confocal resonator was used. An
1 FEU-22 multiplication phototube served as the receiver. The output pulse shape of
the 6-mm, and 15-mm discharge tubes was recorded by an 10-4 oscillograph. The depend-
ence of output light pulses with a duration of 30-100 Usec on the pumping power and
pressure of the mixture was investigated. The optimal Ne and He ratios in the tube
were 1 to 15 and I to 30 for 6- and 15-mm tubes, respectively. More powerful emission
occurred from 15-mm tubes (about 1 wt), with pulse power about three orders higher
than that under continuous emission. The average and peak output power of this tube,
Dlotted against pumping voltage (varied from about 10 to 30 kv at pressures up to
Card 1 2

FRIDOLIN. G., inzh.; CHISTYAKOV, N.I.. otv. za vypusk
[Operating cathode-ray oacillographal Tekhnika raboty
a olektronno-luchevymi outaillografami. Moskva, Profizdat.
1958. 14 p. (MIRA 13:12)
1. Hauchno-takhnicheakoye obahchestvo priborostroitellnoy pro-
myshlonnouti.
(Cathode ray oscillograph)

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