SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT A.KH. CHERDASSKIY - V.V. CHERDYNTSEV
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December 31, 1967
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SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT
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CHM-ASSKIT A.Kh. kand.tekhn.nauk
Sealconductor thermoelectric generators. Makh. i elsk. sate.
sollkbos. 16 no.4:54-55 '58. (MMA 11110)
1. TsevoyusWy nauchno-looledovatellskly Institut elaktrifikatell
sel'skogo khonyaystva.
(Electric batteries)
BELEVTSEV, U.N.; FOMENKO, V.Yu.; NOTAROV, V.D.; MOLYAVKaG.I.;MEL1NIK,
Yu.P.; SIROSHTAN, R.I.;/DOVGANI, M N.; CHERNOVSKIY, M.I.;
SHCHERBAKOVA., X.F.; ZAdORUYKD, L.G:;.GOXOSHNIKOV, M.;
AXIMENKO, NOM.". S~r"TEVA, Ye.A.;,XUCHER, V.N.; TAKHTUYEV,
G.V.; KALYAYEV, G.I.; ZARUBA, V.M.; NAUROV, P.P.; MAKSIMOVICH,
V.L.; STRUYEVA, G.M.; KARSHENBAUM, A.P.1 SKARZHINSKAYA, T.I.;
JWJ&ICJWIW,-A-I.; GERSHOYG, Tu.G.; FITADE, A.A.;, R&DUTSKAYA,
P.D.; ""HILKINSKIY, S.I.; KAZAR, V.M.; KACHANp V.G.; STRYGIN,
A.I., 2-ed.; LADIYEVA, V.D., red.; ZHUKOV, G.V., red.; YEPATNO,
YU.M., red.; SHCHERBAKOV, B.D., red.; SLENZAK, 0.1., red.izd-va;
RAKHLINA, N.P., tVkhn' red.
[Geology of Krivoy Rog iron-ore.deposita]Geologiia 4rivorozhakikh
sholezorudnykh mestoroOdenii. Kiev, Izd-vo kkad. nauk USSR.
Vol.l.[General problems in the geology of the Krivoy Rog Basin.
Geology and iron ores of the deposits of the "Ingulets,*
Rakhmanovo, and Illich Minea]Obohchie voprosy geologii Kriybassa.
Geologicheskoe stroenie i zhelesnye rudy mestorozhdenil rud4icqv
"Ingulets 1* Rakhmanovskogo I im. Illicha. 1962. 479 p.
(Krivoy Ift Basin-Mining geology) (MIRA 16:3)
(Krivby Rog Basin--Iron ores
CIMRWVSKIKH
Stud7 of the'distribution of electrical current in the tab of an
electri a-arc steel smelting furnace by means of motel models. Iw.
vyso uc~eb~* zave; energe 5. no,6:60-69 Je ~162. (MMA 15:6)
It Ku7byshevsU7 industriallnvy institut 'eni V.V.Kuvbysheva.
in
Predstavlena kafedroy tenreticheskoy i obshchey elektrotekhmUci.
(Electric furnaces)
if P in-,I,.
)
St;vdy of tho diat-ibuUcn of electric current in a three-phase
Iti,
~;ro siae.L 1g f w nace models. Izv vys ucheb zav; energ
7 no. 1:46-53 A 164. (MIRA 17:5)
!. Kuyby!;hevskiy politekhnichesIdy institut imeni V. V.
Kuy'bysheva. Predstavlena kafedroy teoretichegkoy i obshchey
elektrotekhniki.
CHEUOVSKIKH, Petr Prokof 'yevich, ispolnyayushchiy obyazannosti dotsenta
Determination of partial currents in a three-phase rectangular
ore smelting furnace using a model. Izv. vys. ucheb. zav.; elektro-
mekh, 7 no,2:139-145 164. (14IRA 17:4)
1. Kafedra teoreticheakoy i obshchey alek-tratek-hnik! Kuybyshevskogo
politekhnicheskogo instituta.
D.
Ma& expanded stag In tgntrifuge. 1.
. 11 1). V.
4g huris and eroynt'lev. Wold. F"971-
N No b W-KIU04)e~glktt~j(tM =11=.Sras expanded in
IL 6,:Z*~e ,mirltua dIsIntcgraGFTdescr1btd). In which
molten siag at not lem than 1350* was simultaneously mixed
With watcrand mechanically disintegrated. the final prod-
uct beW disch%ed In chunks, Ditults of the machine
fall by oxidation twd their life Is Increa3ed by the use of heat-
teabdant, stet1s. The percentage of water added Is Impor-
taut; best results were obtained with 160-M I. per ton of).
slag. Hotter slap produce a more porow aut if
~~tcrtmd. It results In about 14%of fines on cn!'Tt"W.MN
LmWAulted for co mie'making. J. D. Gat
fACC NRt'- A'P6031523 SOURCE CODE: UR/0292/66/000/009/0035/0037
-JAUTHOR: Birfel'd, A.
sciences); Pisarev, A.
(Eogineer)
.ORG: none
%G. (Engineer); Vasil yeva, N. P. (Candidate of technical
L. (Candidate of technical sciences); Cherdyntsev, Go' A.
TITLE: Magnetic.logic elements and devices in contactless control systems
SOURCE:. Elektrotekhnika, no. 9, 1966, 35-37
70PIC TAGS: *magnetic circuit, logic circuit,4A&~_
ABSTRACT: The Kalininskiy Electirc Apparatus Factory has begun producing the new
ELM-400 series.of magnetic logic elements. T.he plug-in encapsulated modules
(55 x 22 x 32 mm) were designed to operate at 400 cps using two-phase power in an
environment with an ambient temperature range from -35 to +50 C and relative humidity
up to 98%. The line includes: 1) an inverter (ELM-400-IN) which may realize the
NOT or OR function6 depending on the connections used (its fan-out is 6); 2) a signed
repeater*(ELII-400-P) wbich shifts the signal by one half period but leaves*it
logically Intact (fan-out is-6); 3) an input transfo r coupling circuit (ELH-400-V7%
and 4) an input inverter coupling circuit (EL*-400-VIN). The ELM-400 line complements
the LT general industrial application series. A special 1-kw power inverter feede the
400-cps contactless logic elements from a 50-cps power source. The factory also
I
ACC N . AP6031523
produces 50-cps magnetic amplifiers capable of delivering up to 550 va. to actuating
mechanisms and 400-cps amplifiers with maxim output power of 90 w. Transistorized
power amplifiers (90 w maxi ) are also manufactured, as are thyristor circuits
which may control high-power systems such as 3-phase 10 ke/380 v induction motors.,
OrIg. art. has: 6 figuresi.- [WA-81]
SUB CODE: 09/ StMM DATE: non*,
i
ZUBKOV, A.A.; STEPANOV, B.A.; CHERDYNTSEV. I.Ye.
Draining of copper cement concentrates. Izv. AN Uz. SSR. Ser.
tekh. nauk 8 no.5t75-77 164. (MIRA 18:2)
1. Sradneaziatskiy filial Gcsudaretvennogo nauchno-issledovatell-
skogo institute tovetnykh metallov.
GLAZKOV, Ye.N.-, KUZIMINA, R.W.; CHAZOVA, L.A.; ~-ji7l~RPWT.S_EV, 1. Ye.
Combined systems for dressing copper-bismuth ores of Central
Asia. Tzv. AN Uz. SSR. Ser. tekh. nauk 9 no. 6W-C 965
(MIRA 19:1)
1. Sredazniprotsvetzet. Submi'.ted May 20, 1965.
CHERDYNTSEEV. S. G.) Cand Biol Sci (dies) -- "The tonus of the cerebral hemi-
spheres and the activity of the thyroid gland of rabbits". Tomsk, 1959.
12 pp (Tomsk State 964 Inst) ( n, No 11, 1960, 131)
M
PUGACHEV, A.G.; TEPININ
X,-"G
Effect of conditioned reflex activity on the function of the
thyroid gland in normal and, diseased rabbits. Uch. sap. TGPI
20:15-25 161. (MIRA 15:7)
(Tbpold glaind) (Conditioned response)
CHMDYIMET, S.G. (Tomsk)
Mechanism of the functional connection betveen the thymB gland
aqd the thyroid glande IJ#a Probleendok. i gorm. 8 no.2:30-35
Y*ip'62'. (KrU 16:7)
1, Iz kafedry anatomii, i fiziologii (zav.-doteent A.G.Pugacher)
Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo-Anstituta.
(TIOCS GLUM) (TffWID GWM)
CHERD'YNTSEV,, S.G., kand. biolog. nauk (Tmsk)
Mechanism of the effect of sminazine on the thyroid gland.
Proble endoke i gorm. 9 noo5t35-39 S-0163 (MIM 16:12)
1. 1z kafedry ana+omii i fiziologii Tomskogo pedagogicheskogo
instituta.
9 off 4
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.,
, .0
she previr"t work, sulatrals, of prignualites from many Mies 4*0
were Analysed for He content. fix.. beryls and minerals
see
Slow pAraffeartically related to them, such an rulile, ca"iterile.
see
SIA aid albille. The No consent In toryls depredit on the crybtal-
lisatitin sesaiparature of the correspoedift pessmattle; tkuo&
tirryls frow; thir hio-tew4wraturo viscrocline-eurtz prg-
'
'
mAtairs contain. on the averse, 3.31 x 10-
em
, st Mr. from
IIW Mjddlr-lVwWrAtVr* or*JWW 1. 12 k 10-' C"I"it, AM
"
s
Irtivo the low-traqwraturv albitir prgmatlfr~ 0.3 t, to
ent
g
f
li
d th
)
t
t
hi
h Ii
l
t
l
W
l
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e com-
a
t we
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rum pavious
". w
c
se
A
I
ry
y
-
s
use
ponents tit the coolift maillem. ctintain 1.03 t, 10
em
it He
Around Lie other saisurrals examined. certain "S. Iferiles.
11,11.68. oil to have loo me Contents. ct,niparaltir
"nat", a" rats
a.% !1~16 In ber
la
A nu
stal from a rre"I vol-
apille cr
~ .
y
g
y
IlIt-i'l- -
%2~
O'noov -0 came bomb tit an &rtkwr volcaflu in Maxwlialka conlAinvil
2 6 x 10" cm"4 Ile. an stations that. It uncritically eniployed Iti
It 0 A* 00 &%
; ; for the COMPAMkin of zp~ VMM filvir $00 million YeArti. #Mo a
p I v
1
f j
I.ye., rgdakt6jr; S[ICZMAEDV, D.I., skadesilk, rodaktor; TUDGRAWT,
A.P., abdeMIk,redaktor-.'POLKAWV, A.A., akadealk, rodaktor;
SHATSIIY, N.S., akedemik, rodaktor: BARAMT, Me. professor,
redafrtor; PIKAPSKAYA. T.B.. kandidat goolop-slueraloglchookikh
nauk, rodaktor; CHEMWSN, T.V., rodaktor; POLYAEDTA, T-T..
tokhnichookly red
[Transactions of the third session of the Consittes for~Dstend-
nIng the Absolute Age of Giological Foroations, March 25-27.
19541 Trudy tretlet sessit. 25-27 imarts, 1954. g. Moskva. 1955.
260 p, [microfilm] (MLVA 9:1)
1.4kadenlya nank SSSR. Koxiselys, po oprodelniya absoVatnoge
vosrusta goologlehookikh fornatelle 2. Chien-k*rrospoadoat AN SSSR (for
Starik). (Geological time)
15-57-8-11528
Translation from: Referativnyy zhurnal, Geologlya, 1957, Nr 8,
p 206 (USSR)
AUTHORS: Cherdyntsev, V. V., Meshkov, V. I.
TITIE: Variations of the Neutron Flow at the Earth's Surface
(0 Kolebaniyakh neytronnogo potoka u zemnoy poverkh-
nosti)
PERIODICAL: Byul. Komis. po opredeleniyu absolyat. vozrasta geol,
formatsiy AN SSSR, 1955, Nr 1, pp 61-63.
ABSTRACT: The authors give a comparison of the intensity of the
neutron flow at some points of the earth's surface in
the high mountain area of Kazakhstan. The data reveal
a considerable variation of the density of the neutron
flow depending on geologisal conditions. The maximum
Card 1/1 measured density was 3110 neutrons cm-2-day-1. no name
ktor Tiktorovlch; GRIGOROVA, V.A., rodaktor; NURASHOVA, N.Ta.,
takhnichookly redaktor
[Distribution of chemical elements] Rasprostranannont' khtnicheskikh
elmentov* Moskva, Gas, Lad-vo tokhniko-tsoret, lit-ry. 1956. 360 p.
(Geochealstry) (Chemistry) (NLPA 9:10)
V
STARIX, I.Ye., otystetvennyy red.; SHCHISBANOV, D.I., skademik, red.;
BARANOV, V.I., prof.. red.; SHATSKIT, N.S., akedemik. red.;
POLKANOT, A.A., akademik, red.; VINOGRADOV. A.P., akadimik, red.;
AFAVASIYBV, G.D., red.; GJIRLIRG. I.K. prof., red.; FERARSIATA,
T.B., kand.gool.-min.nauk, red.; TUGARINOV, A.I.. red.;
GHEWYNTAMI~-V-J-i. red.; POLYAKOVA, T.V., tekhn.red.
[Proceedings of the fourth session of the Commission for the
Determination of the Absolute Age of Geological Formations.
May 12-14. 1956] Trudy chetyertoi sessti Komiseli po opredelaniiu
absoltutnogo vosrasta geol6gichookikh formatail; 12-14 maia 1955 g.
Moskva, 1957. 297 p. (KIRA 11-1)
1. Akademlya nauk SSSR. lomissiya
vosrasta geologicheskikh formataiy.
AN SSSR (for StarM Afanaelyev).
~ (Geology,
po opredeleniyu absolyutnogo
2. Chlen-korrespondent
Stratigraphic)
CMMDYNTSIV, T.T.
Stability of universal world constants. Biul*Xom.po opr*absevosre
g.eol.form. no.205-37 15?. (KLU 10:4)
1, Kmakhskiy gosularstwennyy universitet
(Geological time) (Isdiolsot;P86-9scay)
15-1957-10-14194
Translation from: Referativnyy zhurnal, Geologiya, 1957, Nr 10,
p 133 (USSR)
AUTHORS: Cherdyntsev Shmonin, L. I., Strashnikov, N. S.,
TITLE: Investigation of the Actinium-Radium Ratio in Minerals
(Issledovaniye aktiniy-radiyevogo otnosheniya v m1neralakh)
PERIODICAL: Byul. Komis. po opredeleniyu absolyutn. vozrasta geol.
formatsiy. AN SSSR, 1957, Nr 2, pp 41-65
ABSTRACT: Tests were made on the constancy of the ratio of activ-
ity between the uranium and the actinium series in a
large number of minerals. Data were also obtained on
the ability of some products of the actinium series to
migrate under natural conditions. In the test for Ac/Ra
in the primary minerals--various oxides, aluminum sili-
cates, titanates, zirconates, niobate-tantalates, phos-
phates, tungstates, and asphaltites--it was shown that
the ratio in these minerals Is norml. In secondary
Card 1/3 minerals, Ac/Ra may deviate markedly from the normal.
15-1957-10-14194
Investigation of the Actinium-Radium Ratio in Minerals '
This deviation is explained by the complex processes of migra-
tion of the radioactive elements. For the majority of secondary
minerals, it was observed that Ao/Ra 1. It is possible that
this value is, in many cases, due to the accumulation of the
radioactive elements of the parent rocks. In many secondary
minerals in the zone of oxidation, Ac/Ra is controlled by the
migration of Ac and Ra. In some cases Ac/.Ra 1. This relation-
ship may occur only if the decay products of U migrate. Spring
deposits show a very large fluctuation of Ac/Ra (0.03-17). In
some primary minerals Ac/Ra 1, although the age of the minerals
is known to be older than needed to establish equilibrium in the
uranium series and between uranium and actinium. Such minerals
are said to be anomalous. The majority of the anomalous miner-
als studied are only weakly active, their content of radioactive
elements being below the average for the earth's crust. An
anomalously high Ac/Ra occurs in many primary minerals, chiefly
of hydrothermal origin. The largest anomalies ratio is found in
minerals which, to the eye, are well preserved, and it Is also
found in many minerals that are stable in the zone of oxidation.
Card 2/3
15-1957-10-14194
Investigation of the Actinium-Radium Ratio in Minerals
Secondary alteration of minerals in the zone of oxidation does
not produce an increase but more commonly a decrease in the
anomalous value. The anomaly coefficient, on the average, in-
creases in weakly active mineral varieties. The cause is anom-
alies in primary minerals is essentially different from the in-
crease in Ac/Ra that occurs in young secondary minerals. These
anomalies are explained both by the more rapid accumulation of
Ac than Ra in young uranium minerals and by the ability of Ra
to migrate. Anomalous minerals encountered in geochemical as-
sociations do not display enrichment in the radioactive ele-
ments. The authors have shown that it is possible to deter-
mine the age of young minerals by the ratio of Ac to Ra.
Card 3/3 K. 14. Ryabicheva
C
UM/Physica 1~atl/r/y - some 4uestions Concerning B-2
Subatomic Structure of Matter.
Abe Jour Referat Zhur - Xhimiya, No 1, 1958, 35.
Author V.V. Cherdyntsev.
Inst Radium Institute, Academy of Sciences of USSR.
Title Fission and Stability of Heavy Atom Nuclei.
Orig Pub Tr- Radiyev- in-ta. AD SSSR, 1957, 5, No 2, 21-30
Abstract No abstract.
Card 1/1
- - e~.A,-, vOv,
,z,;:iz.,-- -
Determination 0~ thoron In the air trapped In the soil. Trudy
Radlevo Inst. All SSSR 6:34-40 157. (KIRA 11:2)
(Thoron) (Ridloactivity~-Kessurements) (Soil ress'"ch)
C,HF-R~)YN F-V \/.V-
21(8) PHASE I BOOK EXPLOITATION SOV/1316
Akademiya nauk Kazakhskoy SSR. Institut yadernoy fiziki
Trudy, t. 1 (Transactions of the Institute of Nuclear Physics.,
Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences. 4.1) Alma-Ata, Izd-vo
AN Kazakhskoy SSR., 1958. 2,000 copies printed.
Ed.: Osadchiy, Fe Ya4,- Tech* Ed,,: Alferova,, P.F.; Editorial
Board of Series: GrIman,, I*G*,, I.Go Demlyanikov (resp. ed.),
T.P. Diogenova, and S.K. Kalinin.
PURPOSE: This volume of the uTrudy" Is intended for specialists
(Physicists, physicochemists, physicist-metallurgi3to, etc.),
scientists engineers, teachers, and postgraduate students
(aspirantyl.
Coverage: This volume of the "Trudy" contains results of research
performed at the uInstitut yadernoy fiziki" (Institute of Nuclear
Physics) in the years 1954-1956. The first article is concerned
with the interaction of cosmic-ray particles with nuclei of
Card 116
Transactions of the Institute (Cont.) SOV/1316
various s0stances, and with the nature of secondar7 particles.
Particular attention is given to the generation of mesons in
showers. The next article discusses the motion of charged par-
ticles from the point of view of the general theory of re-
lativity. A series of articles presents the problems of changes
In the plasticity, strength, and hardness of alloys at various
temperatures in relation to their chemical and phase compositions.
Data are given on the properties of alloys during crystallization
with reference to hot-shortnesso Separate problems of the theory
of shaping are also Included. Spectrum analysis is discussed as
applied to the study of are performance and to the determination
of rare earth elements in minerals. The text also describes
quantitative x-ray spectrum analysis based on the various spec-
trum series.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
TWdbayev, Zho So Study of the Character of Interactions of.Cosmic
Rays With Atomic Nuclei of Heavy and Light Elements 3
Ch. 1. Formation of Secondary Star-forming Particles
During the interaction of Cosmic Rays With
Various Nuclei 5
Transactions of the Institute (Cont.) SOV/1316
Ch. 2. Generation of Slow7r-mesons in Various Nuclei and
the development of an Intranuclear Cascade Process 33
Ch. 3,o Investigation of the Transition Effects for Stare
and Slow Ir-mesons Based on the General Pattern
of the Passage of Cosmic-ray Nucleons Through
Matter 54
Ch* 4. Use of Nuclear Photographic Emulsion for the
Direct Study of the Interaction of Cosmic-ray
Particles With Atomic Nuclei of Certain Elements 72
Ch. 5. Study of the Interaction (Stars and Showers) of
Cosmic-ray Particles With Atomic Nuclei of
Tungsten and Aluminum 88
Ch. 6e Study of Showers in Photographic E~malsion Due
to Cosmic-ray Particles 101
card 3/6
Transactions of the Institute (Cont.) SOV/1316
Ch, T, Study of Showers Due to Particles With Energies
Larger Than 1012 ev 123
Petrova, N.M. Equations of Charged Particle Motion in the General
Theory of Relativity i6o
-Cherdyft.ts-eV V.V., and O.V. Suyarova. Study of the Earth's
Zamor;~U 166
Diogenova, T.P. Capture of a 'ri-meson With the Escape of a
Heavy Fragment IT2
Presnyakov, AeAe Some Problems in the Interaction of Com-
ponents in Binary Equilibrium Diagrams lT5
PrewWakov,, A.A. Theory of Slip Cones 187
Presswakova A.,A* Connection Between the Plastic Properties
of Metallic Systems and Their Chemical and Phase Composition 197
Presnyakov, A.A. Flow of Metal in the Seat of Deformation
During Rolling 217
Card 41k-
Transactions of the Institute (Cont.) SCFV/1316
Preanyakov, A.A... Yu. P. Mironenko, and V.G. Roshchupkin. In-
dustrial Dynamometers for High-power Resistance Transmitters 225
Preanyakov, A*A*,.and V*V9 Chervyakova. Plasticity of Molten
Binary Alloys Al--- Cu at High Temperatures 234
Preanyakov, A*A.,, and N*S, Sakharova. Study of the Microhard-
ness of Certain Cast Alloys With Zinc and Tin Base 237
Presoyakov,, A.A.,, and Yu. P. Nironen.koo Plasticity of
Certain. Molten Zinc Alloys 244
Novikov, T.I., and L. 1. Dautova. Dependence of Heat Re-
sistance on Composition in the Cu - Ni - Si System 249
Novikov, I.I., and L. I. Dautova. Study of the Hot-shortness
of Copper Alloys 255
Novikov, I.I.., and K.T* Matveyeva. Closing Up Shrinkage Fis-
Sures During Crystallization 265
Card 5/6
Transactions of the Institute (Cont.) SOV/1316
Novikov., I.I., and L. I. Dautovae Study of the Equilibrium
Diagram of the System: dopper - Nickel - Silicon 274
DeWyanikov,, I.G. Rapid Method of Quantitative X-ray Spec-
trum Analysis 282
Kalinin, S.K., E. Ye. Fayn, 1. 0. Grinman, and G.B. Zhilinskiy*
Spectroscopic Determination of Rare Earths In Minerals 288
Grinman, I.G., S.K. Kalinin., V.L. Marzuvanov, and E. Yea Payn-.
Study of Electric-arc Output for Spectrum Analysis 296
AVAILABLE: Library of Congress
Card 6/6 TOJ
4-6-59
CHERDYNTSEV2 V. V.
CheE~~sey, V. V., Koshkarovat L. L., Ostaneriko, V. F. - The Fasmination
of the Neutron FlOW of the Earth's Crust.
The Sixth Session of the Committee for Determining the Absolute Age of
Geologic Fomations at the Department of Geologic-Geographical Sciences
(OGGN) of the USSR Academy of Sciences at Sverdlovsk in May 1957
Itv, AX SSOH, Ser-. OA-0-1, INO~ 1, 19Ydj iP. 115-11:? aut-har Pekarskv~m, T. B.
80310
S715TOO SOV/81-59-7-23070
Translation from: Referativnyy zhurnal. Khimiya, 1959, Nr 7, pp 144 - 145
(USSR)
AUTHORS: Shmonin L.I-, v v TVtakovskiy, D.I.
TITLE: The Determination of Boron Content by Means of Irradiation With
Slow Neutrons N
PERIODICAL: Uch. zap. Kazakhsk. un-ta 1957, Vol 30, PP 7 - 11
ABSTRACT: A method was described for determination of B based on its raised
ability (in comparison with other elements by a factor of some
hundred) to absorb slow neutrons with the emission of Ok -particle
and M7 nuclei according to the reaction; BIO + n - He4 + M7,
the quantity of which is practically proportional to the B content
in the analyzed sample. A layer (3 - 5 m9/cm2) of the finely-
ground material to be analyzed is irradiated by neutrons from a
Ra-Be-source ( r"' 0.15 Curie) moderated in a block of paraffin
7 cm thick, and the number of M -particles and M7 nuclei which
are emitted by the sample in a time unit, is measured by means of
Card 1/2 a counter installation with a pulse ionization chamber. The content
80310
SOV/81-59-7-23070
The Determination of Boron Content by Means of Irradiation With Slow Neutrons
of B is found from a calibration graph plotted with the application of
standards made of CaCO with additions of determined quantities of H BO
Jrg3
In the case of a prope; radioactivity of the analyzed samples exceed
0.5 pulses per min, an allowance Is made for the counting rate without
irradiation by neutrons. The mean error of B determination at a content of
;P 1% is t 10%; the determination lasts - 0.5 hour. In the case of a de-
crease of the B content to 0.1%, the mean error rises to 130% and the deter-
mination takes several hours.
A. Nemodruk
Card 2/2
CHMDMITSEV, V*V.; SUMROVA, O.V.
-- I --- 1. -
Investigation of the earth's neutron flux. TrudY Inst-W-fis-
AN Zuakh,SSR 1:166-171 158. (KM 12 -.2)
(Neutrons)
~-~S I ~Tr iT
radionlo-onts v.nd tboir
forn.L!.tione. Biul.y-om. -oo
urodmt~ froz, mritural
no-3-6,7-64 15P.
OMI, 12:11)
(Radioactive %libstances)
V. V,
AUTHORS: Naydenov, B.M.9 Cherdyn.tsev, V.V. 11-58-5-4/16
TITLE: Change in the Isotopic Lead Composition During the Pre-
cipitation of Natural Minerals (Izmeneniye izotopnogo so-
stava svintsa pri vydelenii iz prirodnykh mineralov) *
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya, 1958,
Nr 5, pp 40-49 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The authors studied the possibility of changes in the re-
lation between the radioactive and the resistant lead iso-
topes during the transition of this element into liquid
solutions of natural minerals. Three resistant isotopes
of lead are the final product of the disintegration of the
radioactive series, and the correlation of the lead iso-
topes is important for determining the absolute age of geo-
logic formations. The lead method is the most reliable for
this purpose, although it often gives different results in
the calculation of the geologic age on the basis of the
correlation of different isotopes. Latest research has
been concerned with determining the age of secondary miner-
als which - during their formation - trapped the lead from
primary radio-active minerlaa. Based on the study of the
Card 1/3 isotopic composition of the lead, they do not take into
11-50-5-4/16
Change in them Isotopic Lead Composition During the Precipitation of
Natural Minerals
consideration the possibility of the variation of this com-
position during the isolation of the lead from the minerals.
The authors studied the variation of the relative content
of radioactive isotopes of the lead as follows: the pro-
duct of uranium desintegration - RaD and the product of the
thorium desintegration - ThB during their isolation from
natural minerals, that is the specific activity of RaD/Pb
and ThB/Pb, where Pb is the total lead of the mineral.
The authors describe in details their procedure and cal-
culations and come to the following conclusions: 1) the
ore lead is able to isolate from primary minerals in a
larger quantity than its radiogenous and radio-active iso-
topes; 2) RaD is extracted from the uraninite in a larger
degree than the radiogenous resistant lead isotopes; 3)
ThE is lixiviated more than RaD 4) due to the degree of
capacity of transition into a liquid phase from primary
minerals, the foll ing series cf isotopes is set: Ore
lead and ThB> RaD7 radiogenous Pb; 5) Pb is found in
lesser quantities in comparison with radioactive elements
Card 2/3 in most minerals.
11-58-5-4/16
Change in the Isotopic Lead Composition During the Precipitation of
Natural Minerals
There are 4 tables, 2 figures, and 9 references, 5 of which
are Sovietq 1 German and 3 American.
ASSOCIATION: Alma-Atinakiy gosudarstvennyy universitet (The Alma-Ata
State University)
SUBMITTED: 19 December 1956
AVAILABLE: Library of Congress
Card 3/3 1. Geology 2. Minerals-Development 3. Lead isotopes-Effects
30), 21(0)
AUTHORS: Xash!=-ov, L. L., Ch~erdyntsev, V. V. sr,71/7-58-7-
TITLE: Neutron Radiation --~--Fo-r:-Iation of
in the Earth Atmos-,h-cre iziucheniye
m-ineTalov i proiskbozhdeniye *4"'L'Vzemnoy at-.os'jere).-
PERIODICAL: Geol-h-imiya, 1950, 1-T-r 7, pp 632 641 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: A ring system of 10 neutron counters('190-8 was used7
for detcr"ination: the device Ma-300:10VCd as amplifier.--
and recor(I-in.- instrument. The bottom was lowered
as much as possible by a paraffin embement and a
case consisting- of a cadmium foil and lead. 10 sampl'es
of uranium and 11 samples of thorium minerals were~'-,
examined (Table 1), furt-`~ermore mixtures of minerals
- 0 and -a
with beryl, fluoj~jte, Al '7 D
' S0
" "'~O' S'0
2
2 3
4
(Table 2). In the case of forrithorites thg medium
,
neutron yield is 0.9 - 0.2 neiltrons per 10 alpha
particles, in ..0 case of ur,-!ninites 0.39-0-03
F
neutrons to *10 1 1, It
alpha particles. About '0,0' of the
Card 113 neutrons from ur.--nium oriCinate from
MITL SOV/7-513-7-7,/1)
Neiitron Radiation of Min-rals -and V~.P For- ntion of
in the Lr--rth Atmosphere
cpontancous ficsion. T- ori
i~.uinly from t'.ie roa-~,tio- G1- ~Lerri-
thorites noutrons- are fcrr-:cd
10 22'
to the followin,~: prccosc: F /(a,n):Va , The probability
of a (a, n) ..react ion decl,enoes according to the
f ol 1 o,.-,,in.4 ord er: Be) F > Al ), 11 Orr > med ium com-;)osition 21
.I. Ne
of f ar--,,ithori to > 0 > S. At I of the
z)f the eart1h . atmo ro is f--m-led by t'.Q
J. . -o-s th-.rk L.I.S-hmonin,
in -th ourll-h ~ruc'L'. The au"
Docent, for his advice, and R.Sh.'
Yenikeyev, Kafedra el'syierimentallnoV fiziki KazakhskoA~o
gosudarstvennoao universiteta (Chair of Exuerimental/
Phyz~ics of Kaza-1.1i Stcte Univorcit,;) for their help
in selectint- the mate-~IfA- There are ~-figures
vables, and 12 referenceo, 7 of which are Soviet.
Card 2/3
Neutron Radiation of 11inerals and t'ie Fo_-~;_,t-kon o."F' Ne 12 SOV/7-5a-7- 71115
in the Earth AtmosDhere :
ASSOCIATION: Kazakhsciy gosudarstvennyy univeroitet im.S.I.I.Kirova,
Alma-Ata (Kazzakh State University imeni
Alma-Ata)
SUBMITTED: July 9, 1950 -
Card 3/3
wYNrS --9
ABDULGkFAROT, K.K.; CHMYNTS
Studying the effect of to " ratures on the soperatIon of radlo-
active emanations and helium from native minerals. Izv.vya.
ucbeb.sar.; gool.1 rasy. I no.9-0107;-117 3 158.
(MM 12'.9)
1. Kazakhakly gosudaretvenM7 universitet in. S.N.Kirova,
(Radioactive substances) (Hellus)
CHIRD'niTSNV, Yj�..--AIMATSV. U.Kh.
Thorium and other raftooloment contents of natural waters. Izv.
vys.ucheb.sav.; geol.t razy. I no.9:125-1?9 S 158.
OCRA 12:9)
1. Ka2ekhatanskiy gosudarstvanyWy universitat.
I (Radioactive enbstances)
PXLU I SM NOWrTATION 'SOW/3405
Soveahehwlye PO "PrOXAN kO~sO60nII- 6th, Moscow. 2!i~?
Vb I he I komacloglya; trudy soveshchanlys
a Cosmology, Transactions of the 6th
Er=:~e smosony, June 5-7. 195T) mosco AM
W,
032, 1959. 273 P-. ltrmta &UP 1080rted. 1,500 copies Printed.
Akadeslys MaLk SSM
Sponsoring Agoneys
a. or pubu-bt. Nousel L.T. Sameononko. Tech. IM.: O.W. Sh"ch-
anko; SdItor"l Seardt D.A. Frank-camonetsidy (Keep. Id.) Fro-
famfors D.A. Torontsov-Vo2lylkainov. Corr*spood1ng-Mezbsr.
d
i
FURPOSIt the book Is intemled for astronomers and physicists stu
ng
y
problems or gumersi aossology.
CCWSMAGg2 The book is & collection of, papers on cosmogony read tj
scientists partl&lpating In a conference hold In Moscow on June
541 195T. fte Mors review recent observational and theoretleal
work In extragalastle astronomy, grovItationa2 theory, theory of
relativity, red shift, radio astronomy, forrAtIon of Chemical
---
,
Me
-slamints, thonsedynamlas of the universe antr opy, *to.
personalities am mentioned. There are references following
vast
Or
th*' Vopo"qo'
..
-- , -
msn~~~Ts. Spiral Cklaxy x 101 51
--Wifrt7yrov, D.U.' am, rs
So, a a 70
~'J kIZ. V.I. and F.V. ShchMlqv. Application or neetronic-
2v
IX
g.
89
Cpt cil lutralds to 19K agalact rtrot con.
:
Vitkovich. V.T. Divert%* SoUrOo* of Madlo Iftlesion (Radio Store
wil-MiMtS Vor their Study 94
or the General - ' - I
Theory of Relat
vity (Summary of Ropol-t) 214
i
-the
Spatial, NOn-homogensous Distiributions"of
VlaBov-
AA
2
.
,
1
'
i e.-Of Urawitatling Particles 2l6
Inskly-A-TA- Isotropic Models of the Universe 131
rrod
Gravitati0ftal 3tabIlIty In the General Tb*OrY
tA,--Ya-X-
Lifah&
.
,
- 'Rel'ativity (3==Mry of Report) 141
Ot
zoI!x=O1t_A.Z. Relativistic Theory of an AnIgotropla Won-
=kamogenooux Universe I"
&Vrokov M.V, 2h*OrY Of Red Shift Lj Spectra of Distant
ITS
-3hx Of A'POrt) 186_
Condition$ of Yormation of Atomic Nuo2ei
~~ccording-Wb-Wta on Thoir Distribution 192
rrsnk-ramenets~~yj D.A. Origin of Chemical Zlem'Nnts From the
-
or-V1`ik of-tHe Theory of Inthrmal, Structu.~* and Stellar
PoInt
Evolution 200
Problems of Statiatizal 1%~~slcjj Tnemo~
dynamics of Oravitsting Sygt=n 214
Zdlls, G.M. StructiLral infinity of the thlyerg~ U4 the
--KL-1Wj-h7LxY as a Typical POPUlated Cosmic System (Sum-
Rary of R02ort) 270
j,1Qtk1nA_Z.&,3om4 Remarks on the Growth of ftil;ropy
_On the Thermodynamics of tlvj Universe 219
Sta.1yukoTi h
-1!4U. JL1.- General frobl;-mi of 6omology 243
-CHXREDNIG __ __ _g AeFe
Nature of the changes In the nucleus and oncleolue in cells of the
embryonic centers of On lymph nodes of dogs under the influence of
lemoociiia sa'd z'orisl -sera* Trudy Inst. morf. shiv. no.26:59-73 '59.
(Iraphatles) (Serum) (XIBA 13:3)
21(8), 3(8) SOV/7-59-2-2/14
AUTHORS: Shmoning L - I.' Cherdyntsev, V. V., Kashkarov, L. L.,
Ostapenkot V. F._Wma -At-a-7-
TITLE: Investigation of the Neutron Flux of the Earth's Crust
(Issledovaniye neytronnogo potoka zemnoy kory)
PERIODICAL: Geokhimlya, 1959, Nr 21 PP 105-109 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: In 1957 measurements of the neutron flux were carried out in
the ore districts of the following Soviet Republics:
Kazakhakaya SSR Akchatau, Vostochnyy Kounrad and others),
Armyanskaya SSR Raftharan, Dasiakert, Kafan), Gruzinskaya SSR
(Kvaysa)t Kirgizkayja SSR (Ak-Kul-). In order to eliminate
the effect of secondary cosmic radiation, the measurements
were carried out in mines. Proportional counters of the
SNM-8 type with amplifier and recording device and filled
with BF were used in the measurements. Three types of measure-
3
ments were taken: 1) Slow neutrons and the background were
measured by means of a counting tube without filter; 2) A
counting tube with a paraffin filter as a moderator was used
to measure fast neutrons and the background; 3) For measure-
Card 1/2 ments of the background alone a cadmium filter was attached.
SOV/7-59-2-2/14
Investigation of the Neutron Flux of the Earth's Crust
Results are listed in tables I and 2: besides geological
formation, location, and genesis? the activit (i jor/h)
and flux of slow and fast neutrons (in n/cm27h) are given.
Gamma activity and the intensity of the neutron flux are
usually proportional. In the Aktyuz deposit the intensity
increases to 32.4 fast neutrons/cm2/h and 28.2 slow neutrons/
CM2/h. A dependence of the intensity on humidity was observed
in the Vostochnyy Kounrad mine. There are 2 tables and
7 references, 2 of which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Kazakhakiy gosudarstvennyy universitet im. S. M. Kirova
(Kazakh State University imeni S. M. Kirov)
SUBMITTED: June 10, 1958
Card 2/2
AUTHORS: Cherdyntsev, V.V., and Suyarova, O.V. 3OV/11-59-2-9/14
TITLE: Some Data on the Influence of Geological Conditions on the
Formation of the Earth's Neutron Flux (Nekotoryye dannyye
o vliyanii aeologicheskikh usloviy na formirovaniye
neytronnogo potoka zemli)
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR, Seriya geologicheskaya, 1959,
Nr 2, PP 115-118 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The existance of the neutron flux in the Earth's crust is
determined indirectly by numerous reactions 3f artificial
transformations: 1) the accumulation of He in the
spodumenes for the count of splitting the lithium; 2) an
artificial division of AcU with the formation of isotopes
of krypton and xenon; 3) the accumulation of xenon in the
ancient tellurous minerals of 2~ 5gon ~31 neon in the urani-
~
nites; 4) the formation o
Pu , Np and other iso-
topes of the neptunian series in radioactive minerals. The
formation of products of nuclear transformation cannot be
explained uniquely by the presence in the minerals of radio-
active elements capable of spontaneous splitting with the
Card 1/3 emission of neutrons. The main component of the neutron
SOV/11-59-2-9/14
Some Dat& on the Influence of Geological Conditions on the Formation of
the Earth's Neutron Flux
flux of the Earth being the neutron of (&,n)-reactions,
and beryllium beinE the mineral generating the neutrons,
E'
e_~authors studied. the neutron flux in the zones of
t
beryllium mineralization, in the laboratory and on a
3,400 m high glacier. In the zones of the pegmatite
beryllium mineralization and in the non-active zones of
the pneumatolytic beryllium mineralization, no increased
neutron flux was found. The flux was composed maknly of
flow neutrons from the atmosphere, as far as could be
judged from experiments with screening theiq&iates by a
cadmium.filter. The fast neutrons were beyond the measur-
ing limits. Also,.in..the laboratory and on the glacier,
no measurable flux of slow neutrons was found. Only in
the zone of beryllium mineralization with an increased
activity was a considerable increase of the neutron flux
found. Presumably it was a result of a combination of
two factors: 1) a sufficiently strong flux of alpha-
particles; 2) the presence of the matter capable of
Card 2/3 generating the neutrons. According to the authors, that
SOV/11-59-2-9/14
Some Data on the Influence of Geological ConditionD on the Formation of
the Earth's Neutron Flux
was the only known case in which an increase of the Earth
com onent of the neutron flux could be conditiotLed by geo-
p
logical conditions. There are 3 tables.and ~_refe-rences,
1 of which is Soviet and 2 American.
ASSOCIATION: Kazakhskiy gosudarstvennyyuniversitet im. S.M. Kirova, g.
Alma-Ata (The Kazakh State University imeni S.M. Kirov,
Alma-Ata)
SUBMITTED: December 19, 1956
Card 3/3
s/081/62/000/011/017/057
E032/E114
AUTHORS; F, ~erdxntsey, V.V., Shmonin, L.I., and
Ostapenko, V.F.
TITLE: Determination of small quantities of thorium with the
aid of neutron irradiation
PERIODICAL: Referativnyy zhurnal, Khimiya, no.11, 1962,,ILL!2,
abstract 11 D97. (In the Collection: Nauchn. rabot
Kafedry,optiki i Kafedry eksperim. fiz. Kazakhsk. un-t,
no.2, 196o, 13-16).
TEXT: To determine small quantities of thorium'(down to 10-4s)
in extracts of some minerals, use was made of a method based on
the recording of fragments from the fission of thorium nuclei
during irradiation by neutrons from a Ra-Be source. Thorium is
removed from solution by co-precipitation witl~ cerium oxalate and
~the precipitate is placed-in an ionization chamber. It is then
irradiated with a beam of fast neutrons and a number of fission
events is recorded. In the presence of U measurements are made
of the number of fission events produced by fast and partly
slowed-down neutrons.
Card 1/1 [Abstractor's note: Complete translations
S/Oel/62/000/009/013/075
B158/B101
AUTHORS: Cherdyntsev, V. V., Isabayev, Ye. A.
TITLE: Isotopic composition of uranium in natu~M
PERIODICAL: Referativnyy zhurnal. Khimiya, no. 9, 1962, 56, abstract
9B361 (Sb...nauchn. rabot Kafedry optiki-~3~Kafedry eksperim.
fiz. Kazakhsk. un-tq no. 2, 19609 37-4i I
TEXT: A procedure is developed for determining the is'alopic composition~!'-~
of certain radioactive minerals in the earth's crust ac ording to the
impulse spectrum obtained-on an a-analyzer. Its acoura0y is within +
The U235 content was arrived at from the impulse count oi five channels
in the region 4.35-4-45 Wev. Using the method of neutronometry to
235
determine the U from the number of fission fragmenta under the effect
of neutrons alowOd down in paraffin, and photographing the impulse
spectrum, the extent to which magnetite became enriched with U 235 and Ab
was established, Most of the weakly active minerals gave the normal
Card 1/2
S/081/62/000/009/013/075
Isotopic composition of... B158/B101
u235:U238 ratio. VAbstracter's note: Complete tran6lation.1-
Card 2/2
S/058/6;~~/003/033/092
A06IIA101
AUTHORS: Kahskarov, L. L., Ivanenko, V. M., Cherdyntsev, V. V., Mozhayeva,
V. G., Nurgozhin, N. N., Khomenko,
TITLE: Non-conservation of parity In nuclear fission by cosmic rayAj;-mesons
PERIODICAL: Referativnyy zhurnal, Fizika, no. 3, 1962, 50, abstract 3B415
C'Sb. nauchn. rabot Kafedry optiki I Kafedy eksperim. fiz. Kazakhsk.
un-t.", 1960, no. 2,.43 - 57)
TEXT: A device for measuring the spatially asymmetric departure of neutrons
emitted when slow cosmic rayu--mesons are captured by atomic nuclei is described.
Provisional results are presented.
[Abstracter's note: Complete translation]
-Card 1/1
S/1 69/62/000/005/003/093
D228/D307
AUTHORS: Chedyntsev, V. V. and Suyarova, 0. V.
TITLE: Investigating neutron radiation in nature and other
nuclear processes according to the alpha-particle
run distribution
PE'RIODICAL:. Re-L"erativxiyy zhurnal, Geofizika, no. 5, 1962, 9, ab-
stract 5A44 (Sb. nauchn. rabot Kafedry optiki i Ka-
fedry eksperim. fiz. Kazakhsk. un-t, no. 2, 1960,
155-160)
TEXT: In the investigation of terrestrial neutron radiation for
separating the tracks ofo(-particles, arising as a result of the re-
action (n, a) that occurs when terrestrial neutrons react with bo-
ron, a method is proposed from the particles of natural radioac-
tive elements; it is-based on the measurement of 0-particle runs
of a variable nature. The energy of the boron reaction0l,-particles
equals 1.5 Mev and corresponded to an average run of about 10 A
-in the nuclear emubions used to record them. Por natural o(-radia-.
Card 1/ 3
3/169/62/000/005/003/093
Investigating neutron radiation ... D228/D307
tion the run of M-particles in the emulsion amounts to an average
of 20 - 25/a. It is estimated that one recordedoi-particle corres-
ponds to the passage of 160 neutrons through the emulsion. Data
are given about the neutron flow at the ground surface and in sub-
terranean workings, and considerations are expressed about.the naw
ture of this flow. The suggested method was employed In the study
of the radiation of "anomalous" minera-1s, containing an elevated
quantity of actinium. Molybdenum M-,Ir/(M-17), containing 6.8 x 10-.6
g/g U and possessing an Ac/Ra ratio 9.4 times higher than in the
usual equilibrium minerals, served as the main specimen of an ano-
malous mineral. It was established that anomalous minerals contain
a considerable excess of particles with runs of less than 8/1.
Tracks of short-run particles, differing from those OfO(-Particles
in their greater width (up to 1.5 - 2,,u) and grain density, were
detected as a result of investigating 2900 tracks of anomalous mi-
neral preparations. The mean run length of the new type of tracks,
which are practically identical to the tracks of division -fra-g-
.-ments, comprises about 10~u. The resulting data corroborate the
Card 2/3
.QP/169/0'2/000/005/003/093
investigating neutron radiation,.-.. D228/D307
hypothes'is about the presence of a new type of radiator in ano-
malous minerals; however, they cannot be considered to prove it
absolutely, since the nuclear plate method is not very suitable
.Lor diagnosing tracks with a small run. Abstracter's note: Com-
plete translation.-7
Card 3/3
23328 810-r816 1 /Ooo/Go6/b lo/063
AOO1/A1O1
AUMORS: CherdyntAv, V.V. , Kaahkirov, L.L., 1vanenko, V,M,, Kudashev, Ye.F.
TITI.E r Asymmetry of neutrons from P-meson reae-zlon In lead
PERIODICAL? Referativnyy zhurnal, Flzika, no. 6, 1961, 77, abstra'c", 6U250 ("Tr,
Mezhdunar, konforenteli po koamicli, lucham, 1959, v. 2", Moscow,
AN SSSR, 196o, 346)
TEXT- Asymmetry in neutron distribution produced in weak interaction of
QC, n) type rela-Live to direction of a P-meson flux was studied on cosmioA_
mesons. The Installation was located at an altitude of 3,860 m above sea level
under a 7-M thick ground layer and consisted of two se.,tions of neutron coun-ters
immersed into paraffin and separated by a 330-kg heavy lead block. Experiments
discovered an excess of upward neutrons, i.e,, oppoeite to direction of the p-me-
,- e ratio of upward neutrons to downward ones was 1.186
son flux, and 4h %I _� 0.024. It
follows hence that the quantity P,&-,.= 0.09.� 0.01, where P is meson polarization de-
gree, equal to 0.15-0-20,- L-#is coefficient of asymmetry, ~ is a quantity dependent
on the properties of the nucleus. V, Guzhavin
[Abstracter's notes Complete tranalationi
Card 1/1
CHERDYNT
~SE ~+-MONIN., L.I.; OSTAPENKO., V.P.; KHALDEYEV, O.D.;
KASHKAROV, L.L.
ZW%IIW radiation of the earth, Gookbiniin no,3:261-267 160.
(KIFA 3-4: 5)
1- KatakhakiY gonudaretvenn)7 universitet, imeni S. M. Kirava,
Alm"ta.
(Neutrons)
(Nuclear geophysics)
S/007/60/000/004/005/005
B002/BO55
AUTHORS: _Che=dyntzBx,_V,_Y" Isabayev, Ye. A., Surkov, Yu. A.,
Orlov, D. P., Usatov, E. P.
TITLE: Excess U235 in magnetite with increased actinium content
PERIODICAL: Geokhimiya, no.4, 1960, 373-374
TEXT: The magnetite in a pegmatite vein was-found to have a high content
Of U235 and actinium. The contents of radioelements was 1.3 Ppm of
uranium and 10 ppm of thorium. The Ac/Ra ratio exceeds the normal value
by a factor of 4.3 f 0.3. The age of the minerals,is approximately 100
million years with certainty, however, less than 300 million years. The
present publication reports the results obtained in determinations of the
U235/U238 ratio. From the ratio of the number of fission fragments produced
by thermal neutron irradiation to the a-activity of the sample, the
Card 1/3
3/007/60/000/004/005/005
Excess U235 in magnetite with... B002/BO55
U'3'~/U'38 ratio was found at 1.18 1 0.06, which after correction for the
presence of other radioelements alters to 1.30 0.10. Determinations of
the a-spectra in the alpha-sDectrQmeter at Kazakhskiy universitet (Kazakh
Universit~ yielded a ratio U235/U238 = 1.60 � 0.13, and, in the alpha
spectrometer of the Institut geokhimii im. V. I. Vernadskogo AN SSSR
(Institute of Geochemistry imeni V. I. Vernadskiy AS USSR), a value of
1.5 1 0.1. The latter determination was carried out by Yu. A. Surkov.,
A last series of measurements in the al#n analyzer KazGU (Kazakh State
University), carried out by D. P. Orlov -ave a value of 1.40 � 0.1r'. This
excess of U235 in the magnetite with increased actinium content can only
be explained by the-existence of a transuranic isotope in nature up to
the present day, which decays to actinium and the odd-numbered uranium
isotope. E. K. Gerling is mentioned in the publication. There are
1 figure, 1 table, and 9 references: 9 Soviet-bloc and 3 non-Soviet-bloc.
Card 2/3
235 S/007/60/000/004/005/005
Excess U in magnetite with... B002/BO55
ASSOCIATIONt Kazakhskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet im. S. M. Kirova
(Kazakh State University imeni S. M. Kirov).Institut geo-
khimii i analiticheskoy khimii im. V. I. Vernadskogo AN SSSR,
Moskva (Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry
imeni V. I. Vernadskiy, AS USSR, Moscow)
SUBMITTED: February 24, 1960
Card 3/3
22)461
S/186/60/002/001/015/022
A057/A129
AUTHORSs Isabayev, Ye.A.; Usatov, E.F., 2?,e
TI Isotopic composition of uranium in natural objects
MIODICALs Radiokhimiya, v. 2, no. 1, 1960, 94 - 97
8 In the present work the isotopic composition of uranium was inves-
t1gated in some primary and secondary natural minerals (molybdenitei uraninite,
magnetite, thorite, cinnabar and schroekingerite), as well as in water being in
contact with granite mountain regions. Separation of ur_anium isotopes, namely of
the U238 mother (UI) and the disintegration product U234 (UII) was already ob-'
served in natural objects by V.V. Cherdyntsev and P.I. Chalov [Ref. 1: Tr. III
seseli Kom. po opred. absolyutn. vozrasta geolog. formatsiy (Proceedings of the
third session of the Commission for the determination of the absolute age of geo-
ological formations), Izd. AN SSBR, 175 (19551] and was later studied by Starik
et al. [Ref. 2: Geokhimiya, 1, 5, 462 (1959)j, V.I. Baranov et al. [Ref. 3: Ge-
okh1mi l 5 465 (1959)] and P.I. Chalov LRef. 4: Geokhimiya, 1. 2, 265,
11959)r.' i;i;~ less firmly bound to the cx-.,,stal lattice of the mineral, UII is
Ort,en enriched in secondary uranium minerals or natural water, while a decrease
Card 1/4
22461
3/186/60/002/001/015/022
Isotopic composition of uranium in natural objects A057/A129
In the UII/U1 ratio is observed in minerals exposed forr.long time to the effect
of natural water. The present experiments were carried out with an oL-analyzer
(designed by Ye.A. Isobayev) containing a six-electrode-electron impulse chamber
as impulse indicator. The uranium samples were placed on six disk-shaped high-
voltage electrodes, which were fixed on a cylinder. Rotating the latter the sam-
ples were brought into measuring position (without dismantling the camera), and
the spectrum of the samples was immediately compared with the standard. Two am-
plitude analyzers were used, one with 19, the other with 50 channelp. Uranium
was extracted with ethyl ether from HN03 solutions of the ore and was electrolyt-
ically deposited. The intensity of the spectral lines of -JII_gnd UI (see Pigure)
was determined from the area limited by the line, thus 2 , 10 g uranium could
be determined with 10% accuracy in 3 h. Actually the urarlum content was n . 10-4
g and the accuracy of UIIMI measurements was 1 - 3%. In some samples the rela-
tive u235 (AcU) content was determined, measuring the activity of fission frag-
ments effected by neutrons fromaPo-Be source. Revising previous determinations
[Ref- 1; Ref- 5: Sbornik trudov KazGu. Optika, yadernyye protsessy, 63, Alma-
Ata (Collection of proceedings of the Kazakhstan State University. Optics, nu-
clear processes, 63, Alma-Ata)(1959)], the isotopic composition of uranium In
several molybdenites (having different excessive contents of Ac) was investigaie4
Card 2/4
22461
S/186/60/002/001/015/022
composition of uranium in natural objects 'A057/A129
the ratio UII/UI in schroekingerite (dobeite) grom the same layer and in natural
water from this region was determined, and the results were tabulated. The val-
ues for the ratio of U1I/UI and AcU are almost normal, independently.from exces-
sive Ac. In dobeltes of the same'layer differences in,the normal ratio of UII/Ui
and in the increased ratio*(UII/UI - 1.06) can be observed. A sharp increase to
UII/UII- 3.08 is observed in a mineral precipitated in sediments of drilling wa-
ter. The-content.of UII changes also considerably in*natural water. In 29 water
samples the ratio of UII/UI is varying from 0.72 to 7-8 (in 9 samples between 3-0
to 3-5), but it,never approached the equilibrium value. Geochemical and physico-
chemical'conditions,(which d2termihe.the changes in UII/UI ratio will be discu9sed
in the following papqrs.. The present authors thank D.P. Orlov, I.V. Samoylovk V.
I. Ivanov and N.T. T6kto'yarbv for measurements, and I.P. Koshelev for the help in
the present work. Tlere is 1 figure, 2 tables'and 6 Soviet-bloc refererices.
SUBMrPMD: M
ay 26, 1959
:Card 3/4
22462
s/186/6o/oo2/oo1/o16/o22
A057/A1209
AUTHORS: Isabayev, Ye.A.,* Asylbayev, U.Kh.,' Merdyntsev, V.V.
TITLE: Investigation of actinium in natural objects
PERIODICAL: Radiokhimiya, v. 2, no. 1, 1960, 98 - 103
TEXT: Two different methods for determination of small amounts of actinium
in the presence of th9rium were developed and previous data-were checked concern-
ing minerals with excessive actinium content among primary minerals. The charac-
teristic of these "abnormal" minerals (being principally of the hydrothermal
phase) was that often some paragenetically connected minerals of the same layer
had an excessive actinium content. The c,---Igin of this actinium excess (possibly
accumulated as fission product) will be discussed in a following publication.
Since the excessive actinium content is observed in minerals with aow activity a
more sensitive measuring technique has to be applied. One of the two methods
presented is based on measurements of AoC-activity in an active deposited sample
by an OL-analyzer. The latter was assembled by Ye.A. Isabayev and contains an
argon-filled electron-impulse chamber and a 19-channel pulse-analyzer operating
in electron commutation circuit. On the same deposited sample ThX (ThC line) and
Card 1/5
22462
s/186/6o/oo2/ooi/o16/022
Investigation of actinium in natural objects A057/A129
AcX (AcC line) could be determined with 50% accuracy for 5 - 1o-5 g actinium.
Radium could be determined from RaC'. The active deposit sample was prepared by
passing air through the-radium-oontaining solution for 2 h at 800 =3/min rate.
Radioactive emanation was thus transferred into,a Special activation chamber. Ptr
radium determination the solution saturated with emanation was transferred in an
evacuated chamber, where the active deposit was exposed for 2 h. The oylinder-
shaped electrode was in both oases quickly removed into the chamber of the M-ana-
lyzer and measurements were carried out 5 min after the aotivation. 11be second
method of actinium determination is based on pulse counting of total activity An
+ AcA. The emanation was transferred with air into the counting chamber. The
walls of the latter wore surfaces of phosphors of two luminescence counters. Us-
ing a device constructed by U.Kh. Asvlbavev and L.I. Shmon1n, pulses were record-
ed with 5 microseconds of retardation, corresponding to An + AcA decay. The
background is represented by; I - a(Ac + bTh)2 + aTh (a, b, c = parameters).
The first therm represents the number of false coincidence and the second the num-
ber of retarded pulses from Tn and ThA decay. Besides, the device counts pulses
of single Ot-particles, i.e., activity Ac + bTh. Passing air through it at a rate
of 100 cm~/min, mainly thoron is measured, counting v70 epm for 1 mg Th, while
the counting rate for I mg Ac is 100 times smaller. Increasing the rate of air
Card 2/5
--4uz
S/186/60/002,/001/016/022
Investigation of abtinium in natural objects A057/A129
flow to 1,300 cm~/min, the counting rate for 1 mg Th is 20.5 cPm, for I mg AQ 5.4
opm, while the counting rate for retarded pulses is 0.15 and 1.25 opmo rcsp:!c-
tively. Thus actinium can be determined e-ien in the presence of greater-thorium
amounts'. Both presented methods have nearly the same sensitivity. The second
method was used in the present investigations only for Ao and Th determination.
In the future the sensitivity of the device will be improved, and will be applied
to determinations of small radon quantities. Detailed descriptions of the device
will be given in a separate paper. In the present experiments 25 minerals were
investigated, 15 of which were molybdenite samples. The measured activities (Ta-
ble 1) demonstrate increased actinium content in 3 of the molybdenite samples.
Uranium content changed in molybdenites from 3.0 - 10-5% to 3.3 - 10-3%, while
the ratio Th/U varied from 0.5 to 3.6, having a mean value of Th/U - 1.5. Ac-
.cording to previous observations of the authors in minerals containing an actini-
um excess, considerable deviations in content of uranium or thorium isotopes from
radioactive equilibrium were not observed. One of the pitchblende samples showed
a sharp change in the ratio of isotopes, even in single.mineral grains of the
same 200 g lump. In two grains an increase in the ratio Ac/Ra to 9.4 t 0.4 was
observed, effected positively by migration withdrawal of uranium (Table 3). The
polonium content is also considerable. This pitclfDlende sample is considered by
Card 3/15
S/1 86/60/020224~010 1/0 16/0232462
Investigation of actinium In natural objects A057/A129
the present authors as a good example for a mineral wlth~ changed isotope ratio.
The authors thank T.I. Borisenko, K.Sh. Yenikeyeva and N.K. Kadyrov for the help,
and V.S. Churikov for the molybdenite samples. There are; 1 figure, 3 tables
and 3Soviet-bloo references.
SUB14ITTED: May 26, 1959
Table 3: Content of radioelements in different grains of pitchblende from one
lump
sam
le content of Ac in % of A
/R Io U Ra/UJ Ac/U PO/U
p equivalent uranium c
a acco inix to data of oL-analyzer
1 3.0 9.4 t 0.2 0.7 0.1 1.7 t o.8 0.8
2 1.8 8.7 � o.4 - - -
3 27 0.74 t 0.05 ~Jl FV1 rV1
4 1 20 0.75-t 0.05
Card 46
S/08 62/000/012/012/063
B168YB101
AUTHORS: (Z-Cherdyntsev, .'V. V., Orlov, D. P., Isabayev, Ye. A., Asylbayev,
U--=.,-I-vanov,-V I., Usatov, E. P., Borisenko, T. I.
TITLE: Variations in the isotoplic composition of natural uranium
PERIODICAL: Referativnyy 1hurnal. Khimiya, no. 12, 1962, 115,-abstract
12G16 (Tr. 9-y sessii Komis. po opredeleniyu, absolyutn.
vozrasta geol. formatsiy,1960, M.-L., AN SSSR, 1961, 306 -312)
TEXT: The U 235 : U236 ratio in 14 different minerals was determined by
a-spectrometry and neutronometry. Some minerals show-a U 23.5 surplus
quartz lode U 235 : U238 a 1.6 + 0 *I (a-spectrum),*magnetite 1-5
(a-spectrum) and 1.35 (neutronom-etry). In the remaining 12 minerals the
observable effect of disturbance of the isotopic composition does not go
beyond the limits of the experimental'error. [Abstracter-s note; C.omplete
translation.]
Card 1/1
CHERDYNTSEVO V.1.1 ASYLBAYEV,, U.Kh.; ORLOV, D.P.; SH-101TIN, L.I.; ISABAYEV,
ltl-,~',-Yg_~ --IM
0 .; KADYROV, N.B.
Uranium isotopes in nature. l.Actinum,.4radio ratio of minerals.
Geokhimia no*8:650-655 1619 MM 17:3)
1. Geologicheskiy institut AN SSSR, I-Ioskva i Kazakhskiy gosudarst-
vennyy universitet., Alma-Atae
S/026/62/000/006/003/004
D045/Dll4
AUTHOR: Cherdyntsev, V.V., Professor (Ijosoow)
TITLE: Argon - a determinant of the geological age
PERIODICAL: Priroda, no. 6, 1962, 42-44
TEXT: The development, special features and practical significance of the
method of determining the absolute-age of rocks According to the accumulation
of argon in potassium minerals,are discussed. Academician V.G.Khlopin and
Doctor of Chemical Sciences E.K.Gerling first showed that this method could
be applied in practice. In the period 1948-61, it was developed at the
Leningradskaya laboratoriya geologii dokembriya Akademii nauk SSSR (Lenin~;_rad
Laboratory of Pre-Canbrian Geolo67 of the Academy of Sciences USSR), where
it was also used by Academician A.A*Polkanov for interpreting the history of
V
Pre-Cambrian sedimQnfs in the Baltic Shield. For the discovery and develop-
ment of this method, Polkanov and.Gerling were awarded Lenin Prizon in 1962.
Card 1/3
S10261621000100610031004
Argon- a determinant of the geological age D045/Dll4
They showed that there is an increased A40 content in potassium minerals,
that nonradiogenic argon impurities can be easily excluded, and that there
is an increase in the A40/00 ratio in old minerals, the age of which is
known according to other data; hence they determined with sufficient ac-
curacy the constant of argon formation. Much research conducted by Gerling
and others was connected with.the preservation of argon in miherals. Exten-
sive experiments on argon release during the heating of minerals emphasized
that biotites retain argon well. For the first time,it has been possible to
establish the age of stony meteorites according to the argon conten.t and to
divide these meteorites into genetio 8roups. The first investigations in
this'connection ae .re conducted by Gerling and T.G.Pavlova in 1951- Chondrites
indicate an age of UP to 4.8 billionyaars, while meteorites bearing traces
of remelting appear to ~e much younger, probably because of argon losses.
In achondrites, the helium and argon content in exceptionally high; they are
probably the remnants of the primary atmosphere of a cosmic*body. The argon
method is most yaluable from the point of view of dating rocks: particularly
for substantiatin& the chronology of the Pre-Cambrian period. The combined
Car.d 2/3
Argon - a determinailt of the geological age
S/02 62/000/006/003/004
D045YI)114
,aork of radiologists and geologists has shown that in the time interval from
1200-500 million years upto the pre~ent,a sort of lull in the Earth's
..,-.!story is observed, that the processes of rock formation and volcanism
were weakly revealed, and that the rate of deposition of sedimentary rocks
was ettremely small. In the USA, more than 20 laboratories, many of which
are attached to industrial organizationsp are using the argon method.
Reference is made to the activation,and isotopic dilution methods of deter-
mining the argon content.,
Card 3/3
IVANOVA2 I.K., otvo red.; KINDy N.V., otv. red.; CIMDYPTSEV, V.V.,
otv. red.; IAVRUSHIN, Yu.A., redAzd-va; ZIJDITir,-V-.T'-.J,
tekhni, red.
(Abco~ute geochronology of the Quaternary) Absoliutnaia geo-
khronoloeiia chetverticbnogo perioda. 14o*va,, Izd-vo AN
SSSR, 1963. 158 p. WRA 16:12)
1. Akademiya nauk SSSR. Komisslya po izucheniyu chetvertich-
nogo perioda.
(Geoloeical time)
S/007/63/000/001/001/001
B107/B186
V. F.
AUTHORS:~ Cherdyhtsev V. V;, Mikhaylov,
J
TITLE: A-prot4enic transuranium isotope
PERIODICAL: Gookhimiya, no. 1, 1963, 3-14
247 243 239
TEXT: Cm and its dbcay products Am and Pu were detected in six
.Cm 247
samples by.alpha-spectrometry. decays according to the scheme.-
247 pu243 a 243 a, 239 0 239
Cm '_ Am Np _* Pu
4.9 8 hi 7950 yr' 2.364 days
a 235 247 7
0' U The half-life of Cm is ~-4' 10 yr (references see
24360 yr
below), in the present paper, a complicated alpha-spectrum was fourid between
4.2 and 4.6 Mev; gamma-radiation energy ranges from 90 to 250 kev and the
half-life is estimated to be 2.5-108 yr. Lines of 5.15 Mev and 5.27 Mev
239 243
from Pu and Am Were found in the alpha-spectrogram. Two molybdenite
samples of pegmatite from Transcaucasia were studied Cherdyntsev,
Card-1/2
3/007/63/000/001/001/001
A protogenic transuranium isotope B100186
D. P. Orlov, Ye. A. Isabayev, V. I. Ivanov, Geokhimiya, no. 10, 840, 1961);
age according to Ye. M. Kolesnikov GIN AN-SSSR: 23 million years. Four
different fossil bonds of paleolithic aCe were also studied. Uranium and
thorium fractions were used to measure the alpha-spectra between 4.0 and
5.5 Mev. Preliminary measurements showed no spo,ntaneous fission of Cm247
The concentration in the minerals reaches 10-8 76, and thl ratio Cm247/U23b,
is 10-2 activity units. The striking accumulation of U 2 5 in the above
molybdenites is possibly due to the curium content. There are 5 figures
and 3'tables. The most important English-language reference is:,
11. Diamond et al. Phys. Rev., 105, 679, 1957.
kSSOCIATION:- Geologicheskiy institut'AN SSSR, Moskva (Institute of Geology
AS USSR, Moscow)
SUBMITTED
October 5, 1962
Card 2/2
CHKRDYNTSEV, T.V.; KA-ZACHEVSKIY, I.V.; KUZIMINA, Te.A.
Isotope composition of uranium and thorium in the supergene zone;
study of fossil bones,, soils, and mollusk shells. G~okhimiia
no.3s254-265 Mr 163. (NM 16:9)
1. Geological-Institute,-Ac .ademy of Sciences, U.S.S R. Moscow.
(Uranium isotopes) (Thorium isotopesi
CHE:RDYNTSEV, V.V.1 MALYSHEV, V.I.; KAZACHEVSKIY, I.V.; BORISOV, I.V.
Isotopic composition of uranium and thorium in the zone of supergenesis.
Studies of the peat bog matter. Geokhimiia no.5:399-403 My 164.
I (MIRA 18:7)
1 1. Geological Institute.of the Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R., Moscow.
KASHKAROV, L.L.; GAFUROV,.V.G.; IVANENKO, V.M.; CHERDYNTSEV V V
Polarization of 1-mesons in cosmic rays at an altitude of 3860
meters above sea level. IZv. AN SSSR.,Ser. fiz. 29 no.9t
1761-1764 8 165. (MIFLA 18: 9)
1. Tadzhikskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet im. V.I. Lenina i
KAZZACHEIISKIY, I.V.; CFMMYNTSEV., V.V.; HUZIMINA, Ye.A.; SULERZHITSKIY, L.D.;
MCC.HALOVA;-r..F'.; AIUIMUIAR;7--T.V.
Isotope composition of uranium and thorium in the supergene zonso
Natural waters. Volcanic sediments. Geokhimiia no.11:1116-LUI N
164, (MIRA 18:8)
1. GeologicalInstitutev Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Moscovo
CIP3RDYNTSEV, V.V.; IBRAYEV, T.A.; MOCHALOVA, V.F.
"
Radioberyllium in foasil bones. Geokhimlia no.12:1240-1243 D 164.
(laRA 18:8)
1. Geologicheskiy institut AN SSSR, Moskva.
CHHRDYNUff.-Y.-L-; ALFXSEYEV, V.A.; KIND, N.V.; FOROVA, V.S.; ZAVELISKIY, '.S.;
- ' .SULYMZHITSKIY, L.D.; CHURIKOVA, I.T.
Radiocarbon data of the laboratory of the Geological Institute
of the U.S.S.R. Geokhimiia no. 12t1410-14M. D 165
(MIRA 19:1)
1. Geologicheskiy institut AN SSSR, Moskva. Submitted April 20,
1965.
L 448 7-66 EWT(M)#CC/T
ACC NRe APS024655 SOW= ODDS: mvoD4s/e5/o29/6o9/l76l/l11G4
IF
AUMOR: Kashkams L*L*; 0 ardatansp
----------
OW Aversi-
--Gtstg VAjveXgjtX'jX- V.1.1,enIn.(Tsdzhikvkiy gosudarstvennyy ur
tet); Piraicotechnical institute. Aced".y (Flaikb-tekhnicheekly
Akadeall usuk TadzhSSR)
TITLE: ln~~Yestlgatlon of the polarization of cp at 3860 neters above
sea level 41sport, Al1=1bdQu-C0-nference on Cosmic Ray Physics ht1d at Apatity 24-~l
A"ust 19�11
-1764
SOURMS AN 638R. lxvestiya. Seriya fixicheakaya, v. 29, no. 9, 1965, 1761
TOPIC TAGS:, secondary comic ray, muon, particle polarization
ABSTRAM.-The polarization of cosmili..ray muons was investigated at 3860 m above sea
level at Pamir. Nuons Incident at zenith angles less than 200 were filtered through
116 g/CM2 of lead (linitlag,nuon energy 0.25 BeV) or 1100 g/cm2 of earth and lead
(limiting nuon energy 2.5 BeV),and decay positrons from muons brought to rest in a 45
g/cK2 lead absorber were counted separately in the upper and lower hemispheres. Posi- -
trons were counted for 4 Usect starting 1.7 Usec after the presence of a stopped muon
van Indicated by a.tr1ple coincidenceranticoincidence. Backgrounds recorded without
the absortmr and with the, absorber but with the delay increased from 1.7 to 20 asec
were equal. The efficiency of the poattron counters was monitored with a 7-ray source
Ccird--
ACC NR. Ap5024655
mid the:upper And.lower trays wereAsterchanged from time to time. The ratio C of the
mumberof upward-'going to the number of downward-going decay positrons was found to
,be 1.20 � 0.06 for the lower energy.suons and 1.33 t 0.12 for the higher energy nuons.
The nuon polarization Pwas calculatedwith the formula P w 3(C - 1)/a(C + 1) where
is M 0.91 Ins. factor dependent on the positron counter geometry. The polarizations of
the lower and higher energy nuons were found to be 0.30 � 0.08 and 0.47 � 0.14, re-
iipectively. The polarization found for the lower energy nuons is in satisfactory
agreement with those found by other investigators at sea level. but the polarization
found for the higher energy nuous exceeds the values found at sea level by other In-
vestigators for muons of slailar energies by somewhat sore than the experimental error
It is suggested that this discropawy may be due to the. presence of a larger fraction
of nuons of X-mesonic origia at the higher altitude. Orig. art. has: 2 formulas 2
figures, and I table.
BUD ODDR: IRP/' BUM IDATS 1 00/1 ORIC Mir: 008/ am MWI 007
T(m)/F lip(c)
L4aj~~E~W'( CC/T
ACC NRt AP5024658 SOUR= COM Vit/0048/65/029/009/IL772/IL773I
AUTHOR: Bobodabanov, l.B*;:lYa11enko, Ysu-_L)~asbk~& ~L.L.; Cherdyntsev, Y.Y.
Ow., con, Tadzh9SR
(T1zik6-tekhn1ch.eskiy institut Akademil nauk, Tadr.WSR); UniversiVy
(Tadzhlskiy gosudarstvannyy universitet)
TITLEt Asymmetry of neutrons emitted by nuclei with different spins conseqtkant to
allsorption of negative comic M soons /Report, All-Vaton Confertivice on 00mic Bay:
SCUICE: AX SSSR. laventlya.lerlya-flaicbeskaya, Y. 29,.mo. 9, 1965, 1772-1773
MPIC TACO:, secondary comic MY i Men particle polarization, nuclear reaction,
ANITRAdri, The "Isotropy. of neutromesitted by Pb, Bi, Cu,and Te targets under,
16,21 g/cm2 of earth at Pamir - (3860 a above sea level) consequent to absorption of noga-
tIV W comic rar mu onw was- ~4stermlned ~by a too hnique that has been deser lbed.elsewhere
by,'the sAtLors~amd D.Koftaxamov (law.. geolog., Mix. i tekhn. nauk AN TadzhggR, vyp. I
9 (1963)). correction *as made for evaporation of neutrons frin the paraffin
modiorator, for absorption Of background neutrons in the target, and for geometric fac-
torts. Anisotropy of the emitted neutrons In due entirely to the polarization retsixe(
by t~e uuoas after absorption Into 9 orbits. It vas anticipated that the depolarIza-
Cartil 1/2