SCIENTIFIC ABSTRACT BLOKH, G. A. - BLOKH, G. A.

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• Collection: Scientific Abstracts
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• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: December 31, 1967
• Content Type: SCIENCEAB

flLki, C~"4-
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USSR/Chemical Technology. Chemical "roducts and
Their Application-Crude rubber, natural
and synthetic. Vulcanized rubber
Abe Jour: Ref Zhur-Khimi~a, No 3, 1957, 9781
Author : A *and Mallnev, A.F.
ot
Inst : ~N gi~y!n
Title he a ed.Spectra of Natural and'Synthetic
Rubber~
Orig Pub: Legkaya prom-st, 1956, No 4, 38-44
1-22
Abstract: Structural'-changps occ,Arring in rubbers during
"fur and'theviLtal viilcana-lzation have been inves-
s
u'L i
tigated with a view towards,the clarification of
the effect'of 02, S, and of accelerators. 21116 ben-
zene solutions of iiatural rubber, Na-butadiene
(T14: Dina 41, and butadiene~nitrile rubber with
anu' without.antio.,-,idants (Neozon) and accelerators
(Captax-, thluram, WG) were prepared. Films pre-
pared from these soliitions were subjected to step-
Card 1/3
-- --- --------

USSR/Chemical Technology. Chemical Products and 1-22
Their Application--Crude rubber, natural and
synthetic. Vulcanized rubber.
Abs Jour: Ref Zhur-Khimiya, No 3, 1957, 9781
Abstract: No such bands were observed in the spectra of
the vuIcanized articles or in the spectra recorded
in an ;atmosphere-of N2. Ban4a'.-characteristic of.
oxygen compounds were not present in the spectra
of mixtures of butadiene-nitrile rubber and S.
Oxidation bands were also absent' from the spectra
of press-vulcatilzed natural rubber specimens in
contrast to the spe
ctra of such specimens vulcan-
ized at atmospheric pressure.in contanct with the
air. The spectrc3~,opic investigations confirm the
active influence of the accelerators on the struc-
tural changes occuring in natural rubber during
vulcanization.
Card 3/3
-------------------------

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AUTHORSt Blokh, G.A., Yaroshevich, A.G. 20-1-26144
TITLE-i The Interaction between Boot and Sulphur in the Process of Rub-
ber Vulcanization-0 vzaimodaystvii sazhi s seroy v proteesee
vulkanizataii kauohuka)
PERIODICAL: Doklady AN SSSR, 1957, Vol- 116, Nr 1, pp. 105 - 108 (USSR),
ABSTRACTt Firstp a short report is given on previous works dealing with
the same subject. The present work contains kinetical data con-
cerning the interaction of soots (gas black, lamp black) with
sulphur and with the accelerators. In connection with the in-
vestigation of these problems the following was studieds The
interaction between radioactive sulphur and soot at temperature
conditions which corresponds to vulcanization. The ads~.vrption
of caoutchoue molecules from the benzene solution by the surface
of soot particles. The influence of pre-heating the soot sul-
phur accelerator mixture upon the physical and me Ghanical pro-
perties'of the types of rubber on 'the basis of various synthe-
tic :rubbers. There follows a description of the experiments.
First, the kinetics of the connection between radioactive sul-
Card 1/3 phur with a gas black and lamp black is discussed. Three experi-

20-1-28/44,
Interaction between Soot and Sulphur in the Process of Rubber Vulacanizatia
Card 2/3
mental series were developed on this occasiont I. series: The
exactly weighed quantities of soot are mixed with equal quanti-
ties of radioactive sulphur and are then heated at a tem1perature
of 1450 for 1, 3, 5, 8, 10 hours. II. series: Before being mixed
viith the soot the exactly weighed quantities of radioactive sul-
phur were kept at a temperature of 145 0 for I - 10 hours and
were then mixed with the soot. III. series: The exactly weighed
quantities of soot and of radioactive sulphur.were mixed and not
heated. The experimental series II and III madepossible to ex-
plain the quantitative side of the adsoilption binding of sulphur
with soot. By comparing the remanent radioactivity of the I. ex-
perimental aeries with remanent radioactivity of the second it
was possible to obtain a true picture of the chemical bond-bet-
ween sulphur and soot. On the occasion of the heating of soot
with sulphur it is certain that a chemical bond between the two
is formed. Even after a 600 hours' extraction of sulphur with
benzene it was not possible to remove all the sulphur from the
mixture with soot. Gas black is more strongly bound to sul0hur
than lamp black. The authors then deal with the adsorption of
the caoutchouc molecules by soot-sulphur complexes and with the
influence exercised by the pre-heating of the soot with accele-
rated vulcanized substances upon the porosity of types of rubber,

20 1-2B/44
The Interaction between Boot and Sulphur in the Process of Rubb;r
Vulcanization
0
The thermal treatment of the Soot at 145 , which takes 1 - 3
hourst inoreases the adsorption of the caoutchouc molecules by
the soot particles. There are 4 figures and 13 references, 8 of
which, are --S1avio-.---
ASSOCIATIONs Daepiroretrovsk Ch6sibal-Teelmology Institute Imeni
(Dfiep'ropetrovskiylhimiko-tekhnologicheakiy institut im. F.E.
Dzerzhinskogo)
PRESENTED: April 3, 190, by P.A. Rebinder, Academician
SUBMITTEDt July 12, 1956
AVAILABLE: Library of Congress
Card 3/3

110-%-6-12/22
AUTHORS: 'Candidate of Technical Sciences, Kogen, V.B.
and Ollshanskaya, L.A.., Engineers
TITLE: On the Vulcanisation of Rubber Mixtures for Cables
(K voprosu o vulkanizatsii kabellnykh rezinovykh smesey)
PERIODICAL; Vestnik Blektropromyshlennosti, 1958, ,qr 6,
pp 54 55 (USSR).
A'QSTRACT: The work on which this article was based was done by
the Works and the Institute in collaboration. Rec:ent
resea-rches by 8cheele and others (German) into the mechanism
of vulcanisation by tetramethyl thiuramd'sulphide (thiuram) and
by Dogadk-in and others on the action of zinc and vulcanisation
with dibenzothiazoldisulphide (Alltaks) are of particular
interest in connectionwith insulating rubbers for which
carbon black is not used. A -study was made of vulcanisation
by AlItaks in these rubbers in which chalk and tale are used
as filters., The study includes various insulating rubbers;
the results of the pbysical and mechanical tests are given in
Table 1. AlItaks cannot fully replace thiuram because the
properties of the rubber are than impaired but if these
materials are used in the ratio of 1:1, the properties are
acceptable
The effect of zinc oxide in accelerating vulanisation is well
Cardl/2

On the Vulcanisation of Rubber Mixtures for Cables
110-St-6-12/22
known. Recent work of Dogadkin and Benisk have shown that
zinc oxide promotes the formation of strong sulphur cross-
links in the rubber. A study was made of the physical and
mechanical properties of cable-sheath rubber in which the
content of zinc oxide ranged froia 0 to 3% and the,content
of manganese oxide was kept constant: the results are given
in Tables 2 and 3. A number of cable specimens were made
up with rubber of~reduced zinc-oxide content and had prop-
erties conforming to standard GOST 2068-54. Therefore,
the zinc coABnt commonly used could be reduced.
There are 3 tables and 3 references, 2 of which are Soviet
and I.German.
ASSOCIATION: Dne-pro-petrovskiy khimiko-tekhnologicheskiky
institut
D~eipiopetrovsk Chemi6o-technological Institute)
and Zavod Azovkabell (Azovkabell Works)
SUBMITTED: JulY 10, 1957
Card 2/2 1. Vulcanizatoew.-Physical properties 2. Vulcanization
-14aterials

500)
AUTHORS;
TITLE:
B Kogan, me sop SOV/153-58-6-18/22
Bogdanovich, ff. A., Bollehakova, Z. No,
Tyuremnovaq Z. Do
On the Stability'in Water of th6'Pettoleum and Benzene-
"sistant Rubbers, (Ob ustoychivoeti k vode maslobenzostoykikh
rezin),
PERIODICAL: Izvestiya vyeshikh iiohbbnykh zavedeiiiy. Khimiya i
khimicheskaya takhaologiya, 1958, Nr 69 PP 101-107 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: The rubbere'mentidhed"in the title get-into contact as well
with water. at notmil and at riiie'd'timperatures under opera-
tional conditiohe'bebide the"sub-sti n.ce's-to which they are
resistant, A particular shortcoming of the rubber products
for special use (butadiene nitryl- and chloroprene Tubber)
in~operation is thbir low'6tability~_in'water. They Bwell up
to 3-5% at n6rmal"temperatured and up to 7-9% at 100 - In
oonsequence bf thib'.wattr penetrates e.g. into cables. In
the present investigation the action of the following factors
upon the stability in water of the rubbers mentioned inthe
title was investigated: a) vulcanization conditions (dnrationt,
Card 1[4 temperature), b) substitution of the hydrophilic components

On the Stability in Water of the Petroleum and SOV/153-58-6-18/22
Benzene-zesistant Rubbers
-he rubber mixture by hydrophobic ones, a) introduction of
f T.
o
syntheti,a resinsp d) of lead oxides and e) the previous heatin,
On the strength of the above mentioned the attempt was-made
to increase the stability in water of the mineral oil-
resistant rubbers from synthetic homerabbers (SKIi-26, nayrit)
technologically and according to schedule. For this purpose
the mentioned rubbers wer8 soaked in technical water for 1-5
and 10 days at 80 and 100 . The composition of the,experimen-
tal rubber is given. The action of the duration and the
temperature of.the vulcanization (142, 151 and 1600) on the,
stability in water is shown in figure 1. it 250 this action
is practically equal to zerot 0it rises to a certain extent
at a water temperature of 100 if'higher vulcanization
.temperatures are used. The previous beating of the rubber
did not cause any 'important effect. Furthermore the influence
of all rubber ingredients on the stability in water was
investigated. Figure 2 shows that an unfilled rubber mixture
which consists of Only SKN-26 and the group which accelerates
the vulcanization swells:in water much more than a mixture
Card 214-- with filler. Dibutyl phthalate reduces the swelling of
trhe.

On the Stability in Water of the Petroleum and SOV/1~3,58-6-18/22
Benzene-resistant Rubbers
filled rubber in the case of boiling by the 2-3 fold, as com-
pared to unfilled rubber.' This influence cannot be observed
at room temperature. Figure 3 shows the influence of the
nitryl groups. They increase the stability in water at 100.
by almost 50%- The introduction of synthetic resins improves
the physioo-mechanical propertie6 of the rubber. Cresol.
formaldehyde resins do not improve the gtability in water,
Yarrezin-B-resin deteriorates it at,100 , increases itq however,
at room temperature. Carbolitb resih'and alkyd resin improve
the stability in water. The stabilityin water of the rubber
on the chloroprend nibber basis may be improved by the sub-
stitution of the zinc oxide and magnesium oxide in prepara-
tion by minium. or ied leid, combined with Thiuram and diphenyl
guanidine. The introduction of soot and theremoval-of chalk
mixtures from-the preparation has a similar effect. There are..
6 figures, 1 table, and 6 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Kafedra tekhnologii reziny, Dnepropetrovskiy khimiko-
tekhnologicheskiy institut i Yaroslavskiy zavod rezinovykh
Card 3/4 tekhnicheakikh izdeliy (Chair of Rubber Technology,

On the Stability in Water of th:e Petroleum and SOV/153-58-6-18/22
Benzene-"'sistant Rubbers
Dnepropetrovsk.Iristitute of Chemidal Technology and Yaroslavl'
Plant of Technical Rubber Products)
SUBMITTED: November 29, 1957
Card 4/4

71,3
SOV/81-59-~14-51894
Ti-ahslation from: 'RefeIrIatlvn~7 zhurmal,-Khilmiya, 1959, Nr 14, P 556
(USSR)
AUTHORS- Blokh. G.A.., B.orisova, G.S., Burmistrov, S.I., Frzheby1fskjZ, M- t.
-TITLE; Technological Investigatimis,of gome Organic Compounds as Accelerators
for the Vulcanization of Dipped Products
PERIODICAL: Tr. Dnepropetr. khim.-tekhnol. in-t, 1958, Nr 6, PP 166 173
ABSTRACT: The action of the following compounds as accelerators of the
process of
sulfur vulcanization at 100 - 1200C was investigated- trithiane
6H2SCH2SCH2S' (1), triisopent.oxythiophosphate I(C2H5)2 CH03 P S (I,)'
diethoxydithiophosphoric acid (C 2NO)2p(S) SH (III), and its sallts (IV),
tl,.e diethyl ester of the 2-ethylmetcaptoetharetliiophosphoric acid
(C2H50)2P(S)CH2C42SC2Hr, (V), dibenzylthiourea (C6H5CH NH) CS (VI), the
benzthiazole ester, of the diethyldithiocarbamic acid Miy, benzylammonium
dithlocarbamate C6H 11
5CH2NHC(S)SHNF1pCH2C6Hr, (VIII), hexamethylenelmine hexa-
methylenedithiocarbamate (CHOOCTS)SN""OH06 (IK)- The compounds I-V1
and VIII have no accelerating action. VII produces opaque films with good
Card 1/2 physical-ohemioal.properties, IX is an accelerator which has been
introduce

67634
SOV/81-59-14-51894
Tedmological Investigations:of Some-Organic Compounds
as.Accelerators for the
Vulcanization of Dipped Products
into production and shows transparent highly-stable The films were
obtained
.Lams
by dipping into a standard glue with 3 and later on into a glue with
the accelerattor
or into a toluene solution of the accelerator. The glue with IX is
stable on storing
for"two weeks. 'Analogous.results',*ere obtained also in press
vulcanization-
V. Kuleznev
Card 2/2

BLOKH, G.A.; BORISOVA, G.S.; FRURBYLISM, M-1.
Thermal activation of the Ingredients of rubber stocks.
Trudy IKHTI n0.6:174-184 ' 58. WIPA 13:11)
(Bibber)

SOV/138-58-7-10/15
AUTHORS: Blokh G.A. Kormill.tseva, Z.P., Boguslavakiys D4~',.l
faikh;~re-~t,~'-I./ and Tik.homirov, B.P.
TITIE: Study of Diffusion Processes Occuming in Tyres During
Vulcanisation (Part I) (Issledovaniye diffuzionnykh
protsessov pri vulkanizatsii avtopokryshek) (Boobshchen-
iye 1)
PLMODICAL: Kauchuk i rezina, 1958, Ar PP 33 - 3G (USSR)
ABSTRAOT: In this, .investigation$ radioactive sulphur, 835 , was
introduced into the tread, breaker and carcass tubber
mixes and the diffusion of the isotope from each of these
parts of the tyre into adjacent parts of the tyre was
studied.
The appropriate rubber mixes containinE. the isotope
sulphur were.,rolled into thin laminae 0.4 to 0.8 mir,
thickness and discs 16 mm diameter were cut'from theE;e
laminae. The discs were placed under a (Geiger) counter
and their radioactivity was determined before vulcan- - I
isation. Measurements were taken from both sides of the
discs. The discs were then stacked into piles to form
representative sections of a tyre. 30 discs represented
the tread and 8 to 10 discs the breaker and the carcass.
Cardl/4 The discs were dusted with tale to aszist separation of

SOV/138-58-7-10/19~
Study of Diffusion Processes Occuffing in Tyree Durin.-I
Vulcanisa-11-ion
the laminae after vulcanisation.
Piles of .discs from mixes containin6 S35 were assembled
withpiles of discs from mixes containing normal sulphur
in the.appropriate sequences so that diffusion cou2d be
assessed for the different cases of: 1) tread to
breaker to carcass; 2) breaker to tread, breaker to
carcass and 3) carcass to br8aker to tread. The stacked
piles were vulcanised at 145 C for half to two hours.
The individual discs were then stripped from t-Le
vuleanised samples.and the activity of each disc
measured by the counter. Diffusion of the isotopic
sulphur from discs to disc could then be assessed, as
also d-ffusion from one part of the representative tyre
section to another.
Table I-shows'the extent of the diffusion from the tread
(where the active sulphur was originally located) into
breaker and.carcass. The S35 diffused from the tread
into the breaker to as depth of 3 to 3.5 mm. The breaker
rubber taking up more than 40/0z? of the activity of the'
t.re*d rubbe.3~ to a depth of 0.9 m, and over 6M% to a depth,
Card2/4

-50V/138-58-7-10/19
Study of Diffusion Processes Occurring in Tyres During Vulcanisation
O.Qimm- The diffusion did not extend to the carcass rubber
where the activity remained at background level.
Table 2 shows-results from a test where the active material'
was located in the breaker rubber and diffused both to the
tread and to the carcass parts of the sample to a depth of
3 to 4,mm. Table 3 shows the results of a similar test v-..-ith
the diffusing from mrcass into the breaker rubber but
not extending through to the tread.
Similar experiments weremadIC by assembling layers of
tread, breaker and carcass;rubber but in this case all
35.
containing S - After valcanisation at 145 OC for 2 hours,'
the sample was stripped and the activity of the laminae
at the interfaces be tween the different mixes was determined
and compared with the acti7ity at the same locations before
vulcanisation. The results, given in Table 4, indicate
concentration of the vulcanising groups at these interfaces,'
through differences in chemical rate and kinetic flow durino
vulcanisation. Such concentrations of polysulphide groups
will undergo decomposition and re-grouping while the tyre
is in use because of the temperature differences that are
Card3/4 caused by,deformation. Knowledge of the extent of tese

SOV/138-58-7-10/19
Study of Diffusion Processes Occurring in Tyres Daring Vuleanisation
ooncentrations is important since it will enable the ageing
and fatigue characteristics of the tyre to be assessed.
The diagram has been constructed from the data in tables
11 2 and 3 and relates the activity level to the position
of measurement in-the stack. The shaded areas indicate
concentration of activity at the interfaces between diff-
erent parts of the tyre.
Attempts to study diffusion of calcium hydroxide, using Ca45
in similar experiments-were unsuccessful, evidently
because of the insolubility of this material in rubber.
There are 4 tables and 5 Soviet references.
1. Tires--Test methods 2. Sulf'ur--Dif fusion 3. Sulfur
Card4/4 isotopes (Radioactive)--Applications 4. Vulcanization

BOV/119-58-10-5/19
MAWR:
Blokh,,G*.A.) Candidateof Technical Sciences
-kTLE:
Gears With
Continuously Variable Speed Transmission

'
(Zubehataya peredacha a besstupenchatym izmeneniyem pere-

datochnogo
otnosheniya)
PBRIODICAL:
Priborostroyeniyep 1958,.Nr lop PP 15-18
(USSR)
ABSTRACT:
In 5 cross-sectional drawings a gear is shown which is
free

of any deficiencies of a friction gear. It secures a con-

tinuously variable speed transmission. The transmission

ratio adjusted
does not vary by its own.

The gear consibts of a.fixed gear clutch and
a gear reducer.

The operation of the single parts is described. The
gear

described can be used in two practical cases:

1) In a coordinate
plotter (for the reproduction of a sine

or copinefunction). In this
case it substitutes the.,

linkages accor4ing to Wolf, or the rotating
transformer

of the type SM

2) As a continuously operating reducing gear
in the place
Card 1/2
of the friction variator. It must, however, be
pointed

Gears With*v.antinuously Variable Speed Tranamistiion
BOV/11-9-58-10-5/19
out that a transmission of greater power is not yet poBsib.le.
There are 7 figures.
Card 2/2

AUTHORS: Blokh, G. A., Zdanovich, V, S. SOV/79-28-10-5/6o
TITLE: Isotope Bkohangs'. of the Sulphur of 2-Mercapto Benzothiazole
With Elementary Silphur in the Presence of Amines (Izotopnyy
obmen sery 2-merkaptobenztiazola i elementarnoy sery v
prisutstvii aminov).
PERIODICAL: Zhurnal obshchey khimii, 19581 Vol 28, Nr 10,
pp 2652 - 2656 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: In an earlier paper (Refs 1-3) G.A.Blokh and his
collaborators proved that in the vulcanization of
rubber a reaction of the accelerators with sulphur
takes place. According to the method of the radioactive
isotopes it was experimentally found that an intense -
isotope react ion of the sulphur atoms of the accelerators
and the vulcanization products takes place. It turned
out that the more active the accelerator, so the more
intense this isotope reaction of the atoms is realized
at the lower temperatures (Ref 4)q As it is known the
amines-were first used in rubber industry and still
play an important role as they increase the activity
Card 1/3 of the sulphurgeontaining oreanic accelerator (Ref 5).

Isotope Exch4hge of the Sulphur of 2-Mercapto Benzo-
SOV/79-28'10-5/60
thiazole With Elementary Sulphur in the Presence of Amines
It was of practical and theoretical interest to
determine the influence of the amine on the velocity
of the isotope reaction of the sulphur atoms of the
widest spread accelerator, the 2-mercapto benzothiazole,
and of the vulcanization medium, the elementary sulphur
It was to be expected that in a correlative dependence
of the vulcanization velocity on that of the isotope
reaction the presence of the amines would intensify
the reaction of the sulphir atoms. Thus, the kinetics
of the reaction of the sulphur of 2-mercapto benzo-
thiazole and of.elementa;ry sulphur was investib-ated in
the presence of the following amines: dipropyl amine,
diamyl amine and triethyl amine. The results obtained
met with the,expeotations. It 'was proved that these
amines accelerate at 100, 120 and. 140 0 the isotope
reaction of the sulphur atoms of mercapto benzothiazole
with elementary sulphur. This agrees with the practical
use of the amines in vulcanization. There are 1 table
Card 2/3 and 11 references, 7 of which are Soviet.

Isot-ope Exchange of the Sulphur,of.2-Mercapto Benzo-
SO'V/79-28-10--:5/6o
thiazole With Elementary Sulphur in the Presence of Amines
ASSOCIATION: Dnepropetrovskiy khimiko-tekhnologicheskiy institut
(Dnepropetrovsk Chemical and Technological Institute)
SUBMITTED:; August 299 1957
Qard 3/3

BIPKR_.__G.A.. doteent. kand.takhn.nauk; KOIU4IL'TSEVA, Z.P., inzh.
Investigating the vulcanization of rubber footwear by the
method of radio.jeotopeso Isvevys.uaheb.stiv.;tekb.log.provis
no-l*-100-108 '59. (MIRA 12:6)
14 Dnepropetrovskiy:khiuiko-takhnalogicheinkly institut im, I)xerzhin-
skogo. Rekomendovana kafedroy tekhnologli razirq.
(Y-plcanization)
Uladioisoto~es--Industrial application8)
(Boote and'shoeso Rabbn;)

BLOKH, G.A. doteent; DWISINKO, V.Yqi., Imb.
Iffect of prolonged storake of filled rubbers on the quality
of the finished products. Kozb.-obuv.pron. no.2:25-27 .7 159o
(HIRL 12-.6)
(Rubber)

BjIIHW dotuent, kand tekhn.nauk; )MWM, Ch.,L., inzb.
Reaction of carbon black with sulfur, Captax. and thiuram in the
rubber vulcanization process* Izvevy9suebobezav.; takh.lego prom.
no.2:28-38 159- (HIRA 12:10)
1. Dnepropetrovskiy khimiko-tekhnologicheskiy inatitut im. Dzer-
sbinakogo, b
(Carbon black) (Vulcanization)

SOV/138-59-4-Il/

AUTU05;
B1211h, Kogang M.So, Bogdanovich, N.A.#
bo!"!shakova,

ZeNo, and
Prokhorovich, EsPe

TITLE:
Barium Sulphateas a
Replacement 2or Lead Oxide in.X-Ray

Absorbing Rubbers ( Sernokislyy
bariy kak zamenitell okisi

svintsa v rent genre zinakh)

ARIODICAL:
Kauohuk i Rezinat 1939, Nr 4, pp 42,44 (1JSSR)

ABSTRACT:
Formulae are
given relating.-the stopping power of material

to the wavelength,of
the,X-rays, -the density of the

ma~terial, and to its ato~ie number Z,
Barium has about

one thiid of the stopping

power of lead when consi
"dering

X-rays of longer wavelengt

hs, but has greater stopplue

power
than lead to X-rays at the lower end of the spectrumo

Table I gives
the.composition of the standard mix used

for protective rubber shoot.
This contains 1000 parts of

lead oxide by weight to about 138 parts of
rubber, sulphur

etc,, and of -two other mixes containing 900
parts.lead

oxide and 100 . parts Uthopon (Litho

pon is an equimoleo-

ular mixture-of barytes and zinc sulp

hide), in one case,

and 750,parts
of lead oxide and 250 parts barytes in the

other case - the same
rubber mix being involved in all

three cases. Table 2 shows the
equivalent thickness of

Card 1/3
rubber mixes containing different
percentages of Lithopon

0 A
SOV/138-59-4-11/2-P
Barium.-Sulphate as a Replacement for-Lead Oxide in X-Ray Absorbing
Rdbbers
instead of lead ox Iide as c.ompared with the thickness of
a ad sheet of th6.same stopping -power - these determin-
ations being made by -using an X-ray source and an ion-
ization chamber.. The stopping power of barytes is ~zreater
than Lithopon. Table 3 shows that replacement of 25% of
the lead oxide by barytes gives the same equivalent thick-.
ness as the standard mix with only lead oxide filler*
The mix with 25% barytes has similar mechanical- properties
but has a specific gravity of 3.9 as against 4.62 for the
standard mix. This lower density is the main advantagao
Table 4 shows equivalent lead thicknesses for replacemeit
of lead oxide by various percentaFps of filling materials/
includin an imony penta- and trirsulphides, Lithopons
barytes ~baritum sulphate)/and barium carbonate. As a
result of these investigations, the Yaroslavl' Factory of
Card 2/3 Technical ~Ubber.Oomponents, now raplaces 25% of the lead

SOV/138--59-4-11/2t
Barium Sulphate as a Replacement for 1Aad Oxide in X-Ray Absorbing
Rubbers
oxide formai,17 used in~the standard X-ray rubber mixes
with bam7tes. This gives an annual saving-of 65 metric
tons of lead oxide which is equivalent to 56 tons of
lead. Greater proportions of barytes can be introduced
into rubbers which are intended only for absorption of
X-rays of wavelengths at the lower end of the spectrums
,i.e. X-rays.in.the 0.260 - 0.200 kX range -8 1 .
(1 kX = 1.00202 A = 1.00202 x 10 cm).
There axe 4 tables and 4'Soviet raferences.
ASSOCIATION:.Dnepropetrovskiy khimiko-tekhnologicheskiy institut
i'yaroslavskiy zavod rezino-tekhnicheskikh izdali;v
(4fispropetrovsk Chemical Technology Institute and
Yaroslavl' Factory of Technical Rubber Components)
Car d 3/3

0t
ce ~~bla
toT
axle...
te I -t,s
061 0.
I t
oi tte te
oi
'ifq
of~ Ot 0
-Dovol te os~ teV6 ,re
%86
OVIVI tl%O ~O or
V)- C)i 'lest
i-oll
".ele O:Ls , ~,G I t
A -go
T 01~,13 'boll
t"lle ~.A~s S.
101 oi
TO t itl ero'l I I 5~, 4joA t5
Ort 3 07r%
.0to -te
-T 0 .rao 11, o9tiet
e 51 -fo-~hlj T~Ne
e 09% ?1
. S
oll .0 ?. 4;
UO
Ate

SOV/21-59-5-13/25
Pyrophyllite, a Now DielOOtrio Filler for Cable Pubber
Card 2/3
ale Ng w 1.575-1-590;
Ng-RP m'0-048-0~~039; of t
Np'- 1.536-1-545; Ng-Vp - 0.037-0-045. Chemical composi-
tions of pyrophyllite and tales from the Urals are shown
in table 1. ~Mixtures of pyrophyllite were substituted
for talo and chalk, as shown in table 3, subjected to
pressed Vulcanization at 143Dt 20 for 10-60 minutes, The
analysis of the results of testings showed in table 4
indicates that the physical and mechanical properties of
the rubber remained unchanged both before and after ageing
(24 hours -long, at 7009 in the air) and did not differ
from serially-produced insulation rubber. Hence, pyrophyl-
lite is a new effective dielectric filler for cable rubber.
It is the most hydrophobic of all agrillaceous minerals,
its heat of.moistening is close to zero, the value of
water sorption at PIPs = 1 is 0.2 nmol/g, the dielectric
constant is 7-7p angle of dielectric losses 9-121,
pH = 6.5* Thermal treatment and grinding may intensify the
heat of moistening, value of water absorption and

SOV/21-59-5-8/25
Pyrophyllite, a New.Dielectric Filler for Cable Rubber
dielectric constant. There are 4 tables, 1 microphoto,
I graph and 4 Soviet references.
ASSOCIATION: Institut. obshchey i neorganicheskoy khimii AN UkrSSR
i Dnepropetrovskiy khimiko-tekhnologicheskiy institut
(Institute of,General and Inorganic Chemistry of the
AS UkrSSRj and the Dnepropetrovsk Chemico-Technological
,Institute)
SUBMITTED- February 18, 1958
Card 3/3

8/138/59/000/07/09/009
AUTHORS: Boguslavskiy, D. B., Tikhomirov, B P Blokh G. A.
TITLE: A Study of the Diffusion Processes in the Vulcanization of
Automobile
Tire Casings. Communication 2.
PERIODICAL! Kauohuk i Rezina, 1959, No. 7, pp. 47-50
TWM: The authors briefly summarize the results of work carried out
previously on the'diffusion processes in rubbers and vulcanizates,
referring to
The present article deals with the data obtained on the kinetics of
Rot. 1-9.
sulfur and accelerator4(captax) diffusion from the reinforcement
rubber into
the adhesive film which, in turn, Is based in its composition on
carboxyl-contain-
Ing and 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine copolymers. It is pointed out
that at the present
time the sIgnificance of impregnating tire cord with latex
copolymers, having
active functional groups in the molecular chains, Is continuously
increasing, as
the latter affects the properties of vuloanizates depending on the
content of
sulfur and accelerators. Thus, the diffusion redistribution of the
concentration
of the vulcanizing agents can have a 'great effect on the
mechanical properties of
the adhesives. The experimental procedure undertaken is outlined,
and it is
established as a result that the rate of diffusion depends on the
density of
Card 1/2

S/138/59/000/07/09/009
A Study of the Diffusion Processes in the Vulcanization of Automobile
Tire
Casings. Communication 2.
the vulcanizing lattice oftheadhesive, on the type and content of the
functional
groups in the molecular abain of the doplym-ers and the dosages of
the resorein-
formaldehyde resin. The various natures of the resorcin-formaldehyde
resin's
interaction with the carboxyl-cont&ining and methylvinylpyridine
copolymers, is
pointed out. Ln discussing the obtained experimental data, it is also
pointed
out that the presence of the impregnating compositions of the
carboxyl-containing
and methylvinylpyridine latexes, in the adhesive, has a double
effect: on the one
hand, they increase the ir%teraotion of the molecules of the
impregnated film and
the reinforcement rubber, and, on the. other hand, they have a
significant effect
on the elasticity of the molecular chains, reducing their
diffusibility. It is
noted that the degree of intermolecular action increases much more
tapidly with
the Introduotion of metacrylic acid Into the chain. The authors
state, however,
that the obtained experimental data do not enable one to clearly
identify the
nature of the bonds occurring between the resorcin-formaldehyde resin
and the mole-
cules of the investigated polymers. There are tables, 1 diagram, 3
graphs, 13
references: 12 Soviet, 1 English.
ASSOCIATIM Yaroslavskly shinnyy zavod (Yaroslavl' Tire Plant)
Card 2/2

50 3)
SOV/153-2-1-21/25
AUTHORS:
Blokh, G..Ai,-Grishko, G. S.,
Podosinnikov, K. E.
TfTLE:
On Treatment of Carbon Black for Rubber

Strengthening (Vyaokotemperaturnaya obrabotka sashi-usilitelya

kauohuka)
PERIODICALt
Izvestiya vyashikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Khimiya i
khimicheakaya

tekhnblogiyal 1959, Vol 2, Nr 1., PP 114-122 (USSR)
ABSTRACT:
Though the effect of the afore-mentione& carbon black is
general-

ly known, its at rengthenii2g effect has not yet been fully
ex-

plained. Recentinvestigations have demonstrated that some
kinds,

-
of carbon.blaok cannot be regarded as chemically passiveAn-,

dients
any longer which do not enter reaction with rubber

R:fs 6-8) . The structure of carbon black contains such oxygen-
F

containing groups as -OH9 --COOH, =w0==0, HO--0=:O,.eto. The

presence
of C_-z:0 bonds is mentioned. The authors then refer to

further
publications(Refs 9-19). It was interesting from the

practical and
theoretical point of view to explain the influence

exerted by the
active oxygen-containing groups of the black

Card 1/3
structure upon its strengthening property in mixtures of syn-

sov/153-2-1-21/25
On the High-temperature Treatment of Carbon Black for Rubber
Strengthening
thetic rubbers. In this connection it was/of special importance
to explain the effect exercised by the removal of oxygen and
hydrogen~upon the strengthening properties. As io'known, neither
oxygen nor.hydrogen can be completely separated grom the black
structure by temperature rise of up to 1000-1700 C. Table 1,
shows the composition of the gas mixtures, the conditions of,
vulcanization and experimental results. Electron-microscopic
images.(Fig'li-indicated variations in black ohain-systems due
to the effect of high temperatures. In general it was found
that the elesqentary'oomposition of black (Table 2) is changed by
heating to.high temperatures. Thus, also the specific surface ._
(Table'3) and the adsorptive activity (Table 4) are reduced with
r6epbot torubber-.The'authors investigated rubber kinds of di-
vihyl-styreno__ and ohloropren-e-rubber. Figure 2,shows'the-X-say
pictures-of black after'the treatment at 900, 14001 and,1700
which indicate'that thelepatial arrangement is improved with -in-
6reaiiing-t6j4terititri~-.--Table,5-showe the struotural'ohange
of
black- tjreatqd'at- high-t6spiaraturers-.- The-
physico-meohanical in-
dices'of rubber pkoducea from divinyl-styrene rubber with gas
Card 2/3 black heated up to 1100 were considerably reduced. The
number

SOV/153-2-1-21/25
On the High-temperature Treatment of CarboA-Black-for Rubber
Strengthening
of active centers of the chemical interaction of black with
rubber decreases, and the.specifie surface and the adqorptive
activity of the black structure with respect to rubber are re-,
duoed. K. A. Pechkovskaya and I. N. Duzhanskiy, TsSntrallnaya
.laboratoriya ob"yedineniya "Ukrgas 11 g. Llvov (Central
Laboratory of the "Union "Ukrgas" (Ukrainian Gas), L'vov) as-
sistedlin the present investigation. There are 3 figures,
5 tables,.and 24-.referen,oes,,15 of which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATION: Dnepropetrovskiy khimiko-tekhnologicheakiy
institnkt;Kafedra
tekhnologii reziny i kafedra fiziki DnepropetrovzAl Institute of
Chemical Technology, Chair of Rubber Technology and Chair of
Physics)
SUBMITTED: October 15, 195T
Card 3/3

5 (4)
ATif
MORS:
TITLE;
PERIODICAL:
ABSTRACT:
-29-8-9/81
31okhp q?,A.-L Mamsysurq'O. SOV/79
Iaotopic.Exohange.of the Sulphur Atoms of 2-Meroaptobenzo-
thiazole and of Elemental Sulphur in the Presence of Carbon
Black Deposits
Zhurnal obshchey-khimii, 1959P Vol 29, Nr 8, pp 2500 2503
(USSR)
Lampblack, furnace soot, seweirgas black, and-other carbon de-
posits'-are known to be important components of rubber mixtures,
which cause-to a high degree the-neoessary properties - dura-
bilityp hardness, etc. Experimental data of previous years
(Refs 1-4) proved that the functional groups (oxygen- and hy-
drogen-containing compounds, double.bonds of the aromatic
rings, and others) contained.in-the structure of the above
deposits react with rubber and other components of the rubber
mixture. In many papers (Refs 5-16) (the following Soviet
scientists are mentioned here: Dogadkin (W96,10), Blokh
(Refs 7,8 1* 15), tezhnev and KuzIminskiy (Ref 9), Skorodumova,
Kovaleva.(Ref 10), Bresler (Ref 14), Dolgoplosk, and Tinyakova
(Ref 16)) it was ascertained by means of radioactive sulphur
and catalysts that the above carbon black deposits react chom-

Isotopic Exchange..Of.the Sulphur Atome of 2-MercaPto-
SOV/79-29-8-9/81
beniothiazol and"of'ilemental Sulphuk'in the.Presence
of Carbon Bl:ck Deposits
ioally not-only with sulph4:p but also with mercaptobenzo-
thiazole and other organic oull&ur compounds. The authors in-
vestigated the Ia6topic exchange of sulphur atoms of 2-meroapto-
benzothiazole,and of elemental sulphi~r'in the presence of the
above.oarbon black depositse It was-ascertained that in the
p7~senqe of all,thesib deposits the isotopic exchange of Sul-.
phi;-T atoIme proceeds, much more rapidly**.' It. was also shown that
the-ieotop~c.exchange oi-s'ulph~r at,ome, does not proceed as well
in,the-piesen-c'i of-sewergae'black i.n the qu'an'tities.used in the
rubber~inclustij* as in the presence of lamp black and furnace
soot..-The similarity.of.the influence exerted by carbon deposits
upon the vulcanization rate to the rate of isotopic exchange
of sulphur atoii was ascertained. Experimental data are shown
in 3-tables. There are 3 figur;s* and 18' references, 14 of which
are Soviet.
Card 2/3

Isotopi6 Exchange'.of the Sulphiir"Xtloms of 2-Mercapto- SOV/79-29-8-9/81
benzothiazole and of Elemental Sulphur in the Presence
of Carbon Black'Deposits'
ASSOCIATION: Dneprop.etrovskiy khimiko-tekhnologioheskiy institut
(Dnepropetrovsk Institute of Chemical Technology)
SUBMITTED: July- 14, 1958
Card 3/U#-IJW

66740
/S. 0 SOV/20-129-2-35/66
AUTHOR. Blokh, G. A.
TITLE: Investigation of the Vulcanization Process of Rubber
According
to the Method of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (Radiospectro-
scopy)
PERIODICAL: Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1959, Vol 129, Nr 2,
PP 361 - 364 (USSR)
ABSTRACT: As in chemical reactions chemically active free
radicals
usually occur, which have electrons with unpaired spins, i.e.
magnetic moments, the formation and vanishing of a radical
may be followed by means of electron paramagnetic resonance.
By employing this method the author investigated the reactions
occurring in rubber vulcanization. A radiospectrometer con-
structed at Professor S. Ye. Bresler's laboratory was used for
the investigation of the vulcanization of natural ri.bber by
means of tetramethyl-thiuram disulphide (thiuram) in the pre-
sence of zinc oxide and stearic acid, further the vulcanization
of similar mixtures, in which, however, natural rubber was re-
placed by polyisobutylene able 1). Non-plastified rubber
Card 1/3 without any additions had Zparamagnetic speotrum. If
rubber

66740
Investigation of the Vulcanization Process of Rubber
SOV/20-129-2-35/66
According to the Method of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
(Radiospectro-
scopy)
Card 2/3
is subjected to plastification, a spectral line occurs, which
indicates the formation of peroxide radicals as a result of
oxidation processes. The same line was observed with the
addition. of thiuram already before heating, i.e. before vul-
canization began. During vulcanization an increasing complica-
tion of the paramagnetic spectrum occurs. The presence of zinc
oxide and stearic acid does not influence these spectra. This
electron paramagnetic resonance is a convincing proof of the
radical character of vulcanization in the presence of thiuram.
In vulcanization with pure sulphur (in the presence of dips.
guanidine) no spectrum occurred, nor did the mixtures in
rubber was replaced by polyisobutylene show any para--
.magnetic speo,t.ra..It isconcluded herefrom that in the
vulcani-:
zation of natural rubber with thiuram, polymer radicals are
formed which-exist sufficiently long at the
temperature,applibid-
(1 40-2;00C) and,.ao'cording-to an approximate calculation,
attIain
~ concentration of 4 jo-7 mol/g. The spectra found require.
~ further investigation by means of a substitution of-isotopes
for the individual structural elements of tetramethyl th' ram

66740
Investigation of the Vulcanizat ion Process of Rubber
SOV120-129-2-351166
According to the Method of.Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
(Radiospectro-
scopy)
disulphide. For the dissociation of thiuram and the formation
of the radicals reaction equations are suggested. It is further
mentioned thatIthe author thanks Professor S. Ye. Bresler, Ye.
M. Saminskiy, and E. N. Kazbekov for ftir assistance in carry-
ing out the investigation. There are 2 figures, 1 table,.and
9 references, 8 of which are Soviet.
ASSOCIATIONt Dnepropetrovskiy khimiko-tekhnologicheskiy institut
(Dnepro-
petrovsk Chemico-technological Institute)
PRESENTED: MaY 18.~ 1959, by P. A. Rebinder, Academician
SUBMITTEDi February 20', 1959
Card 3/3
1

11579190, S/138/60/000/01/08/010
AUMORS: Balabkin Pj. Blbkh G.A., Borisova T.S.. Burmistrov, S.I.
Przhebyl'ski M. a. Zh,A,,, ChMEay, A.D.
T=-. Organic AcceleratnJfnr Continuous VuleanizationVof Dipped Rubber
Goods
PERIODICAL: Kauchuk I Rezina, 1960, No. 1, pp.' 48 51
TM: Development work performed in the-plant- in 1954 has shown that it
,is possible to carry out vulcanization of dipped articles in the
medium of hot
air without pressure by individual dipping in sulfur-containing glue
and subsequent
processing of the film in a benzole solution of accelerator K-48. The
toxicity
of benzole and of the accelerator solutions rendered this technology
prohibitive
for Industrial application. In this connection, the necessity arose
of searching.
for ultra-accel.erators highly soluble in less toxic solvents, e.g.
in gasoline.
For the synthesis of highly active accelerators dithio-carbamates
were employed
in conjunction with amino-containing compounds. The article lists a
number of
synthesized compounds, which,were tested in standard rubber mixtures
based on
natural rubber and industrial glues used in the manufacture of dipped
goods. The
Card lb

8/138/60/000/01/08/010
Organic Accelerators for Continuous,Vuloanization of Dipped
Rubber Goods
rubber mixture had the following composition.(weight parts):
natural rubber 100,
sulfur 3, Gaptax 0.7, zinc oxide 5, stearic acid 0.5. Industrial
glues of the No.
252 and No. 252-1 types,were used, The results of the
physico-mechanical tests of
the samples of rubber, obtained on the base of a standard rubber
compound with the
addition of amino of dialkyl-dithio-carbamio acids are shown in
Table 1. As can
be seen the synthesized sallts-of the dialkyl-clithio-carbamic
acids are effective
accelerators for vulcanization of dipped articles in an air
medium. Optimum
vulcanization is achieved in much less time as compared with
control compounds
with Captax accelerator. Experiments have revealed the
possibility of vulcanizing
dipped articles in an atmosphere of hot air of iOO-1150C without
pressure with the
aid of the following compounds: dibutyl-dithio-carbamate of
dibutylamine, dibutyl-
dithio-carbamate of triethklamine, dibutyl-dithio-carbamate of
tributylamine, diiso-
arWl-dithio-carbamate of tri-ethylamine,
diiso-amyl-dithio-carbamate of di- and
tri-isoamyl-amine, di-ethyl-dithio-carbamate of di- and
tri-ethylamine, hexa-
methylene-dithia.carbamate of hexa-methf-jene-amine. The
solubility of these com-
Card 913

F
Bow
S/138/60/000/01/08/010
Organic Accelerators for Continuoub."-Vuleanization of Dipped Rubber
Goods
pounds in gasolinj? permits individual dipping of articles in
sulfurous and in
accelerator glueafto be carried out, as well as the continuous
vulcanization of
dipp6dartic fes. There are .3 tables and 1 reference.
ASSOCIATIONS: Kiyevskiy zavod "Krasnyy rezinshchilel (Kiyey Plant,
"Red Rubber
Workersit) Dnepropetrovskiy khimiko-tekhnologicheskiy institut
(Dnepropetrovsk Chemical Technological Institute)
Card 31~

.15LD'KH, Gr. PA,
83279
S/021/60/000/001/009/013
SI &0 A158/AO29
AUTHORSS Oveharenko, F.D., Corresponding Member of the AS UkrSSR;
Blokh, It.
_AA_ Hudc)vich,.H.V.;' Yoffe, A.I.
TITIE: Activated Diatomite a Now Rubber Filler
PERIODICALs Dopovidi Akademiyi nauk Ukrayinslkoyi Radyans*koyi
Sotaialistychncyi
Respubliky, 1960, No. 1, pP. 54 - 59
TEXT: In his other work (Ref. 2) the first author showed that
pyrophyl-
lite can be used in the manufacture of rubber cables, yet the
strength of rubber
obtained with its use :is relatively low (60 kg/cm after 30 - 60
min of vulcaniza-
tion at 1450C), which calls for a strengthening of such fillers
through activa-
tion. The authors used the following activating agentst 1) alcamon
OC-2 (OS-2),
an activated Crimean diatomite (a quarternary salt of
diethylamino-methylglycolic
et-her) that increases the, strength criteria by 50 - 60% as
compared to unactivat-
ed fillers during a short period (onI7 4 - 10 min instead of 30 -
60 min and more)
ind acc'elerates the process of vulcanizatlonv~ 2) carbazolin, a
quarternary salt
bf imidazole derivatives, .3) equalizer A, a preparation of mixed
cation-active
and non-ionagen types. The Crimean diatomite consisted of (in S102
65-38;
Card 1/2

83279
S/02i/Wooo/ool/009/013
Activatted Diatomite - a New Rubber Filler A158/A029
CaO 2.00; A1203 15-43; MgO 2.43; Fe202 5.823 S03 1.20, M Na) C1 0.5.
Even
when.alca.mon OS-2 was introduced directly on the rollers into a
rubber mixture
filledwith natural diatomite, strengthening of the rubber and
acceleration of
vulcanization were observed. The indicated positive results should be
explained
as a change in the chemical nature of the diatomite surface into an
organophillic
surface.. and by the peculiarities of the structure of natural
diatomite, which is
capable of interacting with the structure of rubber. Table 1 shows
chemico.-me-
chanical properties of rubbers obtained with the use of pyrophyllite
and diatom-
ite. Table 2 shows the percentage of.adtivating substances in rubbers
at various
regimes of Vulcanization. Table 3 gives the results of the adding
al~amon to
rubber (in %) under various conditions of vulcanization. There aare 3
tab4"es and
3 Soviet referenceso
ASSOCIATIONg -Instytut zagallnoyi ta Deorganichnoyi khimiyi AN UkrSSR
ta Dnipro-
petrovslkyy khimiko-tekhno1ogiohnyy instytut (Institute of General'
and Inor-Ranjo Chemistry of the AS UkrSSR and the Dnepropetrovsk
Chem-1co-T-echnological Institute)
SUEM August 31, 1959
Card 2/2

BLOM G.A., kand.tekbn.nauk,. dotsent; PODOSINNIKOV, N.H., Inzh.
GHEMM,I.P., inzh.:
Investigating.the action mechanism of zinc-containiag accelarators.
of rubber vulcanizatiou. Izv.vys.ucheb-zav.; tekh.leg.prom..
no.3:5o-66 16o. (MIRA 13:8)
l..Dnepropetrovakiy khiraiko-tekhnologicheskly institut.
Rekomendovana kafedrami tekhnologii reziny i fiziki.
(Vulcanization) 7~

8-1/-138/60/000/008/010/015/xx
A05l/AO29
Blokh, G.A.; Melamed, Ch. L.; Sakhnenko, I.A.
A New Method of Applying the Vulcanized Tread in Automobile Tire
Casing Repair
PMUODICAL: Kauchuk i Razina, 1960, No. 8, PP- 30 - 32
TEXTs The preseAt method used in the Soviet Union for
automobil6"oasing
repair was found to be impractical., requiring excessive work and
equipment. In
this method a non-vulcanized tread is applied to the casing being
repaired and
the latter vulcanized in ring-shaped individual vulcanizers at a
temperature of
140 - 1500C for 1.5 - 2 hours. In 1957 the Rubber Department of the
Dnepropetrov-
skiy khimiki-takhnologipheskiv institut (Dnepropetrovsk Institute of
Chemical
Technology) in cooperation with-the Dnepropetrovskiy shinoremontnyy
zavod (Dnepro-
petrovsk Tire Repair Plant) began investigating the possibility of
using pre-vul-
oanized trdads*in casing repair. A study was made of: 1) the
application of
adhesives having speoiall,'6ompositiona and used to'fasten the
pre-vulcanized tread
to the casing, 2) the use of laminated non-vulcanized mixtures
capable of co-vul-
canizing with the pre-vulcanized tread and tire casing at room or
low temperatures
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QJI'138/60/000/008/010/015/XX
AO51/AO29
A New Method of Applying the Vulcanized,Tread Im' Automobile Tire
Casing Repair
(800C). A number of adhesives with various compositions were found to
have ad-
,hesion indices of 0.5 to 0.6 kg/2-5 om both at room and elevated
temperature (nod)
which: do not satisfythe r0CT(GOST) standard of 3.5 W1 am. Adhesives
contain-
ing: oxidation-reduction systems were also found to have insufficient
adhesion in-
dices. Adhesives based on natural rubbery CKS (SKB) and C9,C-30
(SKS-30) and '
containing various oxldation-reduations~stGms were investigated under
rubber-dotar
ing conditionsu duration 3 - 5 hours, temperature 50 - 700C. The
obtained data
are listed in Table 2. A third method using a rapidly-Vulcanizing
laminated mix-
ture (Table 3) was investigated. Best results were obtained at 80 -
900C using a
natural rubber layer, containing cYmate and also a combination of
*Cymate and A$r.
(DFG). The strength of adhesion was 17.5 kg/2-5 am, the thickness of
the layer
was 0-7 - I'mm. Based on these results, experimental 6..00 - 16*tire
casings were
product~d', repaired at a temperature,of 80i'-'�D0C applying a
pre-vulcanized tread
based on laminated rubber. Service tests,performed by the Taxi depot
revealed the
tires to have a run capacity of 5,000 - 15,000 km. Their destruction
eventually
took place not as a result of side-or casing rupture, but rather from
exfoliation
of the casing surface. Other tire casings, repaired with
pre-vulcanized treads and
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S/138/60/000/008/010/015/Xx
A051/AO29
A New Method of Applying the Vulcanized Tread in Automobile Tire
Casing Repair
fastened to the casing with steel bands followed by subsequent
heating in a vat at
BOOC had a run capacity of 6,000 km. Studies of rubber mixtures and
adhesives con-
taining amino-salts of alky1dithlocarbamine acids and sulfur, zinc
oxide and zinc
stearate (Table 4) showed that dibutyldithiocarbamate dibutylami-ne
and dibutyldi-
thiocarbamate triethylamine used as acgelerators in adhesives and
layers based on
natural rubber ensure a high strength of adhesicn, when the rubber
is Vulcanized
at low temperatures (about 20 0C 'and the vulcanization process at
this temperature
is completed in 3 - 4 days. It is recommended that the
pre-Vulcanized tread be
made in the,form of a bracelet rather than a band to ensure a strong
bond at the
jointed end of the tread that the adhesive be applied on the interal
surface of
the tread bracelet and the external surface of the casing, and
between these a
quickly-vulcanizing mixture be added. Pressure in the running
compartment would
secure the contact between the tread and the casing. Two types of
rubber mixture
and the corresponding adhesive should be manufactured with sulfur
and no acceler-
ator or without sulfur and an accelerator to avoid scorching during
storage. The
authors stress the fact that low-temperature vulcanization could be
of value to
the rubber articleand cable-mAnufacturing industries, especially
where multi-layer
rubber products, including thermoplasts (polyethylene, eto.) are
produced. There
V/
Card 3/ 9

S/138/60/000/008/010/015/xx
A051/AO29
A New Method of Ap~lying the Vulomized T~ead in Automobile Tire
Casing Repair
are 4 tables, and 3 Soviet refe-renoes.
ASSOCIATIONs Dnepropetrovskiy khimikp-tekbnologicheskiy institut,
im. F.E. Dzer-
zh.l..nskogo i Dnepr6patrovskiy shinoremonta" zavod
(Dnepropetr~ovsk J
Institute of Chemical Teohnology, imeni F.E. Dzerzhinskiy
and'Dnepro-
petrovsk Tire-Repair Plant)
card 4/ 9

8/138/60/ooo/008/010/015/XX
A051/A029
A New Method of Appljing the Vulcanized Tread in Automobi~e Tire
Casing Repair
Table 2:
Strength of Adhesion of Rubber to Rubber Using Adhesives, Containing
Oxidation-Re-

Strength of Adhesion, kg/2.5cm width of

Characteristics of the System
the sample

Natural dubber
I SKB
SKB-30
benzoyl peroxide-benzoin-iron

naphth a
4.o - 5.0
1-3 - 2.0.
3.5 -4.o
iron naphthenate-benzoin
2.8 - 3.5
0.9 - 1.1
2.3 _ 3.5
benzoyl peroxide-benzoin
4.4 - 5.o
0.7 - 1.4
3.0 -
_3.2
isopropyl hydrogen peroxide-

benzen?-dipheAyl.guanidine-

-dibenzothiazoldisulfide
4.7 5.2
i.o - 1.6
4.o - 5.o
i6opropyl hydrogen
peroxide-

-benzene-mereaptobenzothiazol
3.2 4.o
1;3 - 2.0
2.3 - 4.o
benzoyl peroxide-iron naph-

thenate-polyethylene amines
3.7 6.o
1.7 -
2.2
3.2 - 4.2

S/138/60/000/008/010/015/-KX
A051/AO29
A New Method of Applying the Vulcanized Tread in Automobile
Tire Casing Repair
Table 3:
Strength of Adhesion of the Tread Rubber to the Casing Using a
Laminated'Quiokly-

Doubling Con-

Strength
Composition of the Laminated

ditions

of
Adhesion
Mixture

duration
temperature,
k9/2.5 cm

min,
oc
width of

sample
NR+ziho butylxanthogenate and paratoluidine

60'
80 - 90
'
- _

NR+zinc dimethyldithiooarbamate ~
zimate)

_90 more than 17.5
go

NR+zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (zimate)

diphenyl guanidine
(1:1)

20
80 - 90 more than 17.5

chloroprene rubber4zinc
dimethyldithtocar-

bamate

6o
8o - go 6.0

NR+benzoyl peroxide + iron
naphthenate +

benzoin

180
50 - 70 1-5

card 6/9

S/138/60/ooo/008/010/015/xx
A051/AO29
A New Method of Applying the Vulcanized Tread in Automobile Tire
Casing Repair
Table 3
Strength of Adhesion of the Tread Rubber to the Casing Using a
Laminated Qaickly-
TA11 -4 -4-- M4 -4---

COMDOSition of the Laminated
Doubling Con-
ditions

Strength of
Adhesion kg/
Mixture
duration
min,
temperWture
0c
/2.5 om wJdth
of sample
NR+Isopropyl benzene hydrogen peroxide +.
DFG+altax

180

50 - 70

4.5
The same, based on SKS-30
180
50 - 70
5.0
NR + benzoyl peroxide +
iron naphthenate
+ polyethylene amines

180

50 - TO

6.o
The same, based on SKS-30
.180
50 - 70
5-2
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S/138/60/000/008/010/015/XX
A051/AO29
A New Method of Applying the Vulcanized Tread in Automobile Tire
Casing Repair
Table 4:
Effect of Amino-Salts of Dialkyldithiooarbamine Acids on the
Strength of Adhesion
Between the Tread and Casing Rubbers
Vulcanization Strength cf
Accelerator Duration at 180C, Adhesion,
hours k9/2-5 cm
width of
sample
Dibuty1dithiocarbamate dibutyl Iamine
-24
72
6.o
11.0
.(C4TIq)2W(S)SH.HN(C4H9 )2.
1!j~
15-n

Dibutyldithiooarbamate triethylamine
24

96
6.0

10-5

H9 (S)SH.N(C H )
(
C4 )2NC 2 5 3

144

17-0
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S/138/60/000/008/010/015/XX
A051/AO29
A Now Method od Applying the Vulcanized Tread in Automobile Tire
Casing Repair
Tible 4:1
Effect of Amino-Salts of Dialkyldithiocarbamate Acids on the
Strength of Adhesion
Between the Tread, and Casing Rubbers-
Vulcanization Strength of Ad-
Accelerator Duration at 180C, hesion, kg/2.5cm
h6urs width of sample
Dibutyldithiooarbamate tributylamine 24 3.5
(C4 H9 )2 NC(S)SH.N(C4H9 )3 96 4.5
144 5.0
Dieth,Tldithiocarbamate diethylamin6 72 4.5
H 24o 5.0
(C2H 5)2NC(S)SE'HN(C2 5)2
Card 9/9

S/110/60/000/009/002/008
E021/E455
AUTHORS: Ovcharenko, F.D., CorrespoAding Member AS UkrSSR,
ABI_Qk. G.A,j Candidate of Technical Sciences,
()I I st~4_
01's affijkay&t-L*A,j Engineer and
Gudovich,.N.V., Candidate of Chemical Sciences
TITLE,, Pyrophillite - A New Filler for Cable Rubbers
PERIODICAL: Vestnik elektroprojoyahlennosti, 1960, No.9, pp.5-8
TEXT., The pyrophillite found in the *Ukraine was studied as a,
possible dielectric filler for cable rubber. Physico-chemical
tests showed that it consist9d. of 85% finely dispersed
pyrophillite with 15% quartx and a trace of tale. The optical
constants are close to those of tale. Experiments were carried out
on the rubber KC -50 (KS-50) which contains 24.2% tale and 49% chalk.
It was shown that replacing either or both talc and chalk by
pyrophillite had no effect on the electrical characteristics.
After five days soaking in water they were practically unchanged~
Similar results were obtained'when pyrophillite was substituted
for fillers in other rubbers. Experiments were also carried out
Card 1/2

5/110/60/000/009/002/008
Eo2i/E455
Pyrophillite.- A New Filler for Cable Rubbers
on the rubber KS-50 to find the effect on the physico-mechanical
properties of the use of pyrophillite instead of the other fillerg,
In particular, the stability after prolonged ageing at 12% was
investigated, Very similar results were obtained by using
pyrophillite, Thus, using pyrophillite in quantities up to
50 to 60% results in satisfactory properties of the insulating
rubber, The presence of rich sources of pyrophillite in the
Ukraine have, therefore, a substantial*technical and economic value,
There are 6 tables and 2 Soviet references.
SUBMITTED- May 5, 1960
Card 2/2

N.
S/110/60/000/011/006/012
zl94/E484
AUTHORS: RInk Candidate of Technical Sciences,
*L'_~ ..
Ollshanakiy, L.P., Engineer and Kolobenin, V.N., Engine
TITLE: The Low-Temperature VulcanizatioJof Tough Rubber Cable
Sheaths
PERIODICAL4.Vest7aik elektropromyshlonnosti, 1960t No.11, PP-56-61
TEXT: The comparative characteristics of rubber, polyethylene
and polyvinylchlor de,.given in Table 1, show that if
12olyethylene cabl6~is sheathed with PVC full advantage is not taken
of the low temperature properties of the polyethylene. The cable
is accordingly not sufficiently resistant to frost. Accordingly
a television signal'c.able.was developed in which the cores were
insulatedwith polyethylene and the sheath was made of natural or
chloroprene rubber. A photograph of the cable is given in Fig.1
and the main,characteriatics in Table 2. As the polyethylene
softens at a temperature of 100 to 1100C the v*ulcanization
.tempevature of the,sheath could not exceed 80 to 900C. The most
effective method was found to be hot pressing in a screw press with
V/.
subsequent,vuleanization in a lead sheath. The lead sheath
ensured good heat transmission and uniform temperature during
Card 1/4

S/110/60/000/011/006/012
F,194/E484
The Low-Temperature Vulcanization of'Tough Rubber Cable Sheaths
Vulcan ization. New formulations of rubber were used containing
higher contents of plasticizers. Tests were made on the
vulcanization of mixtures based.on natural rubber. A number of
ultra-accelerators were.studied and are named, the most important
being dimethyl dithiocarbamate of zinc, rubber containing from
2 to 3%.of dimethyl dithiocarbamate of zinc is effectively
vulcanized at a temperature of 800C in six hours or at 85'C in
four hours. For tough rubber sheaths the optimum content of zinc
stearate ranges from 4 to 6% and of zinc oxide from 3 to 5%.based
on the rubber. Rubbers of this formuMfion meet the requirements
of stagdard POCT 2068-54 (GOST 2o68=54) or rubVr type PWM
(RShM)Pirx respect of frost resistance and ageing stability,
Compounds uniting the properties of dithiocarbamates and amines were
found to be very effective accelerators for vulcanization of sheath
rubbers at a temperature of,75*C, see data given in Table 3. it
will be seen from the data of Table 3 that compounds based on
dlalkyl-dithlocar-bonimic acid and alkyl amines worked individually
and in combination with dimethyldithiocarbamate at a temperature
Card-2/4

5/110/60/000/011/006/012
E194/E484
The Low-Temperature Vulcanization of Tough Rubber Cable Sheathe
Of 75,OC- Fig-3 3hOWS curves of the influence of storage time at
250C on the plasticity and strength of various rubber mixtures and
it Is shown that certain of the compounds can be fully vulcanized
without heating during 3 to 5 days storage at room temperature.
The vulcanization of mixtures based on-polychloroprene rubber is
then considered. The tests were made on standard sheath mixture
type RShM to standard GOST 2o68-54 containing 50% of rubber. The
combinations of oxides of zinc and magnesium which are usually the
beat vulcanizing groups for these rubbers cannot ensure
Vulcanization at temperatures of 75 to 850C in a reasonable time.
Vulcanization tests were accordingly made with a number of
substances and,their combinations of,which the most promising were
pyrocatechin zinc chloride, diphenylguanidin, thiuram and
hydroquinone. The results ofthe tests are given in Table 4 and
it will be seen that rubbers containing 0.5 to 1% of pyrocatechin
have good physical and mechanical properties. The effects of the
other additives are discussed. When 0.5% zinc chloride is used in
combination with 0.3 to 0.5 pyrocatechin the rubber is of good
Card 3/4

S/110/60/000/011/006/012
E194/E484
The Low-Temperature Vulcanization of.Tough Rubber Cable Sheaths
mechanical strength., Vulcan.1zevs containing 0.75 to 1% of
hydroquinone' have good mechanical characteristics and wide range
of vulcanization, see Fig.5,and such rubbers are recommended for use.
During the course of the work it was found that if the rubbers did. V/
not contain Captax or diphonylguanidin they vulcanized. in 5 or
6 hours at a temperature of 80'C without the addition of active
accelerators of vulcanization. Mechanical properties of rubber
vulcanized inthis way were good. On the basis of the .
formulations that have been developed it is possible to sheath
polyethylene insulated cables with rubber, and the rubbers
aeveloped,can also be used for repairing rubber cable sheaths.
There are 5 figures and 4 tables.
Card 4/4

BLOKH9 G.A,
I!ow-temperature "leanization ot r6ber Ukr.. khIm. shm. 26 no.6:
M-786 ! 60. (M3PA 3-4: 1)
:L.-I)Aepropetrovskiy kbUiko-tekbnologiohookiy iwtitat im,. F.E.
Dsorzhinskogo. (Vuloanization)

MOHAMED, F.D.j BLOKH, G.A., kand.tekhn.naukj OLISHANSKAYA,
L.A.,
inzh~.,-~~
~.Wmicheskikh nauk
"Pirofinit".. a now filler for cable rubber. Vest.
elel-troprcm.
31 no.9 t 54 S 160. (MIRA 15:5)
1. Chlen-korrespondent AN USSR (for Ovcharenko).
.~(Electric cables)
(Electric insulators and insulation)

13IDKR* G.A., kand.tekhnonauk; OLISHANMY, L.P., inzh.;
MLONNIN, V.N.' insh.
Vulcanization of rubber cable coatings at lov temperatures. Vest.
elektroprom. 31 no.11:56-60 N 160. (MIRA 13:12)
Plectric cables) (Vulcanization)