NICARAGUA THE STOLEN REVOLUTION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP85M00363R001403210026-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 24
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 9, 2008
• Sequence Number: 26
• Content Type: REPORT

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roduction:
Making Judgments
ree and progressive people
throughout the world exult when a
revolution succeeds in overthrowing a
tyrant. And so it is hard to accept facts
that show that the hopes raised by a
successful revolution have been
betrayed, and the revolution has been
transformed into a new tyranny and a
new colonialism.
The Sandinista leadership
promised pluralism and pragmatism.
Did they mean it? Or were they classic
Marxist-Leninists determined to
impose their ideology on their
countrymen by force as quickly as
they prudently could? Were the visible
elements of pluralism and prag-
matism evidence of uncertainty or
disagreement within the leadership?
Or were they the result of a Sandinista
ision to move only gradually to
tall totalitarian rule? Did the
Sandinistas move slowly in squeezing
independent groups to conceal their
true nature for as long as possible, and
thus preserve the benefits of Western
financial and political support? Or were
they forced to militarize and to repress
opposition because of hostility and dan-
ger from the United States?
Initially, the question of what they
"intended" was confused with the ques-
tion ofwho "they" were. Was the revo-
lutionary government that of Alfonso
Robelo, Pedro Joaquin Chamorro,
Eden Pastora, and dozens of other re-
formers and democratic revotutionar-
- ies, or was it firmly in the hands of the
Marxist-Leninist leadership of the
Sandinista National Liberation Front
(FSLN)? If the FSLN Directorate was
in control, was it unified, or were there
pluralist factions within it?
Despite the difficulty of these
questions, some people seemed to
know the answers before they looked
at the facts. Many in the United States,
Europe and elsewhere seem to think
that any reform designed to help the
poor at the expense of the rich and
middle class is at least the first step
down a slippery slope to communism.
Some still see any criticism of the United
States, or any connections with
Russia or Cuba, as proof of com-
munism. And some have a double
standard that perceive any violence
against a government, however
tyrannical, as intolerable, but condone
violence by government forces.
On the other hand, many in-
dividuals uncritically accept the claims
of any group who learns how to
disguise its true character with the
thinnest blanket of anti-Western,
leftist rhetoric. Such people see any
attempt to question the credentials of
those seeking power "on behalf of the
masses" as automatically
reactionary, or as excessive anti-
communist zeal.
Given such strong preconceptions
among large numbers of individuals,
the inability of political experts and
ordinary citizens, within Nicaragua
and without, to reach clear-headed
judgments about the nature of the
Sandinista regime is not surprising. The
difference between a genuine
commitment to democracy may be
difficulttodistinguishfrom aforgery, at
least initially. Therefore, it is necessary
to go beyond a recitation of superficial
facts and statements and look at
character, motivation and intention.
Today, after a record of three
years of Sandinista rule, the evidence
now is there for all to examine.
Nicaragua Now
hat are facts about
Nicaragua?
The Sandinista leadership
declared that they were committed to
pluralism and the encouragement of a
mixed economy. Neither of these
commitments is being kept. As the
facts demonstrate, the Sandinistas
have instituted policies designed to
harass, eliminate or win control of the
press, independent labor unions and
political parties, the Church and ethnic
minorities such as the Miskito Indians.
In short, the Sandinista Directorate is
openly repressing the very groups
that are the essence of political and
social pluralism.
Post-revolutionary Nicaragua
probably has registered some gains.
Health care has improved in some
areas, and literacy has been increased
by 20 percent according to official
reports. At least for a time, more citizens
had a sense of political participation
through a revolutionary block system,
the Sandinista Defense Committees.
But the price has been high: economic
failure that has resulted in intermittent
food shortages, uncontrolled inflation,
growing foreign debts, a weakened
private sector vulnerable to
expropriation and severe problems in
agriculture.
Cuban and Soviet influence is
large and growing, and the Sandinistas
have launched ambitious programs to
militarize substantial segments of the
society. Nicaragua's military,
underwritten by the Soviet bloc,
provides training, .arms and logistical
support to guerrillas in EI Salvador and
threatens its neighbors, Costa Rica
and Honduras.
As a result of these domestic and
international policies, the Sandinista
Directorate today is isolated; many of
itsformercomrades-in-arms have left in
disillusionment, and support for the
regime is waning among virtually every
sectorof Nicaraguan society-among
the very people in whose name the
Sandinistas fought the revolution.
As U.S. Assistant Secretary of
State for Inter-American Affairs
Thomas Enders has charged: "The
new Nicaraguan regime is turning into
anew dictatorship based once again on
a privileged and militarized caste. Like
the Somoza regime before it,
Nicaragua's government is beginning
to make war on its own people."
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Daniel Ortega (at microphone), one of the leading members of the Sandinista Directorate, speaks
to a gathering shortly after victory over the Somoza regime in 1979.
The Background
t is not necessary to detail the
wrongs committed by the Somoza
dynasty during the nearly half century
that it ruled the small Central American
republic of Nicaragua. It is an all-too-
familiarstory ofgreed and corruption by
a regime maintained in power by the
repressive use of force.
The Somozas were no mild
authoritarian regime reasonably
reflecting the desires of most of its
constituency and omitting only the
formsof popularcontrol. The lastofthe
line, Anastasio "Tacho" Somoza,
added incompetence to the family's
list of vices. He exploited and
opi~ressed the people of Nicaragua,
an~~ in return provided neither
efficiency, inspiration, nor any other
redeeming feature.
The best evidence of the nature of
Somoza's rule is that by 1979 all
elements of Nicaraguan society
except the National Guard had decided
tha~:t the regime must be overthrown.
Th~~ consensus against Somoza
included workers, the priests and
bishops of the Catholic Church,
bu:~iness and professional com-
munities, peasants and villagers.
The history of pre-revolution-
ary and revolutionary Nicaragua is a
cornplicated story of organizational
anti ideological maneuvering among
various opposition groups and social
sectors. The final stage in the struggle
becian in January 1978 after the
murder of Pedro Joaquin Chamorro,
owner and publisher of La Prensa,
Managua's principal daily newspaper.
Democratic and moderate opposition
groups then realized that all hopes of
pe~iceful political protest and reform
were vain, and decided to join forces
with the Sandinista movement,
accepting the leadership of its nine-
man Directorate, which included
Daniel Ortega, Humberto Ortega,
Tomas Borge and Jaime Wheelock.
The main sectors of the commu-
nity, including the Broad Opposition
Front, the Superior Council of Private
Enterprise (COSEP), and the National
Patriotic Front led by a distinguished
"Group of Twelve" democrats, agreed
to work with the FSLN only after nego-
tiations inwhich the Sandinistas agreed
to preserve political pluralism and a
mixed economy, and to hold free elec-
tions quickly.
Most of the Sandinista
Directorate were known to influential
Nicaraguans. It is a small country and
generally the Sandinistas were not
peasants or villagers from the
hinterland, but sons of members of the
small middle- and upper-class groups
of Nicaragua. Citizens knew that the
three main factions of the FSLN had
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n united by Fidel Castro, and that in
the preceding years Castro had
supplied at least two of the factions with
guns and money.
But the leaders of the democratic
left and center who opposed Somoza
decided to accept the risk of alliance.
The third "Tercerista" faction of the
FSLN was less clearly Marxist-Leninist,
and the entire Directorate made
solemn promises of political pluralism
and a mixed economy. The moderate
leaders hoped that if the democratic
_ groups joined the struggle with the
Sandinistas, and they made a re-
volutionagainst Somoza together, the
r democratic majority would be able to
prevail. "By playing the game, we
hoped to influence the process," said
Arturo Cruz, who held a series of high
~ positions in the revolution until he re-
signed asAmbassadortoWashington
early in 1982.
Joaquin Cuadra Chamorro,
fatherofJoaquin Cuadra, current FSLN
Defense Vice Minister, expressed a
similar hope when he said: "So we
ched an agreement with the clear
~lerstanding that socialism is not
possible for Nicaragua. I saw my role
as trying to rescue our youth from
radicalism."
The Sandinista promises to their
revolutionary allies were embodied in
the program released by the Junta of
the Provisional Government on June
27,1979, in San Jose. These promises
included: "effective democracy," "the
operation of political parties without
ideological discrimination (except
Somocistas)," "universal suffrage,"
"freedom of expression, of worship, and
forforming unions, guilds, and popular
organizations," and "a foreign policy of
independence and nonalignment."
The Sandinistas made similar
commitments to the Organization of
American States (OAS) in a IetterofJuly
' 12, 1979, which also explicitly
promised "the first free elections our
country has known in this century."
But even after virtually all of
Nicaragua decided that Somoza's
rule had to end, and agreed to work
together under Sandinista leadership
?
to do the job, Nicaragua suffered
massive bloodshed and destruction
before Somoza was ousted. The armed
struggle probably cost more than
10,000 lives.
During the final stages of the
revolution, the Sandinistas, because of
their broad popular support at home,
received significant help from
democratic governments in the area,
such as Venezuela and Costa Rica.
On July 19, 1979, a Government
of National Reconstruction (GRN)
headed by alive-member Junta which
included two non-Marxists, Alfonso Ro-
beloand Violeta Chamorro (widow of
Pedro Joaquin Chamorro), officially as-
sumed power. The Junta also estab-
lished alarge Council of State whose
members represented a wide range of
views and affiliations, but which proved
to have no substantial power.
The Struggle for
Revolutionary Control
ince the Marxist-Leninist
minority had most of the top positions
from the beginning, the "struggle for
power" was never a close contest.
Arturo Cruz, who was a member of the
~. ~ ~,
Anastasio Somoza, ousted
dictator of Nicaragua.
"Group of Twelve" allied with the
FSLN, and who had been made head of
the national bank in the Provisional
Government (GRN), described to
Patrick Oster of the Chicago Sun-
Times how he realized in the second
week after the revolutionary victory
that the Sandinistas and not the GRN
Junta were in control. On one day he
got approval from the Junta for a bank
action. But on the next, the Junta met
again with two uniformed members of
the Sandinista Directorate present,
and the Junta reversed itself. It was
clear to Cruz that the Directorate
controlled the majority of the Junta.
The following April, Cruz reports,
the Sandinistas expanded the Council
of State to give themselves a majority
on that body too. That action led to the
resignations of Alfonso Robelo and
Violeta Chamorro from the Junta
(Chamorro "for reasons of health").
But Robelo urged Cruz to take his place.
And Cruz, although he says that he
already could see that pluralism wasn't
working, decided to join the Junta and
try to change the situation. His efforts
were frustrated and he resigned from
the government, but he was prevailed
upon to accept the post of Ambassa-
dor to Washington-an action that, in
retrospect, was part of a successful ef-
fort bythe Sandinista regime to conceal
its true character and direction.
Yet the fact is that the
Sandinistas, like many ideologues,
wrote and published openly about
their intentions. And even though they
spelled out their totalitarian plans and
their commitment to the Soviet bloc,
they still were able to convince people
that they were "well-meaning idealists"
and at least potentially neutral. On
October5,1979, the Sandinistas issued
an "Analysis of the Situation and
Tasks of the Sandinista People's
Revolution" containing the political
and military theses presented to a three
day Assembly of FSLN Cadre held
from September 21 to 23. In this report,
the FSLN Directorate stated:
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-The GRN (which had two
independents on the five-member
Junta) was "an alliance of
convenience organized by the
Sandinistas to thwart Yankee
intervention (andJ it was not necessary
to negotiate with the bourgeoisie, just
to give some representation to people
with a patriotic reputation. "
-They noted that although
"without doubt there is no domestic
power stronger than the FSLN," they
had so far produced "only a
foundation"and were setting up a wide
array of their own organizations,
including "an army politicized without
precedent, organized within a state
that was trying to conserve relics of old
institutional forms. "
-In their discussion of the
economy they said that because of
grave difficulties "at the present
moment it is necessary to maintain a
neutral position with respect to the
imperialists. "
-They saw no immediate danger
from a resurgent National Guard or
from their neighboring countries. The
main factors that had influenced their
policies since July 10 included: the
Arturo Cruz, a former member of the Junta,
was disillusioned with the Sandinistas
but continued in the revolutionary
government until 1982, when he
resigned as Ambassador to Washington.
need to train the army, to maintain an
alli~~nce with the bourgeoisie and "the
expectation of financial help from the
Western bloc. "But they noted that this
"need to appear reasonable during
the 'intermediate' period was beginning
to c,~use dangerous problems such as
"an independent labor movement. "
-The Directorate said that a
variety of steps needed to be taken to
pro~!ect the FSLN from "enemies of the
revolution" during the "stage of
democratic transition" in which small
political parties must be maintained
"because of international opinion."
-They emphasized the need for
unity in an ideology of "support of the
World Revolution."And theyconcluded
by making it plain that "we are an
org+~nization whose greatest aspiration
is to retain revolutionary power" and
than "the first task is to educate the
people to recognize that the FSLN is
the legitimate leader of the
revolutionary process."
This extraordinary document
makes it clear that the Sandinista
leadership was determined from the
beginning to hold power by totalitarian
The Nicaraguan Junta with Costa Rican
President Rodrigo Carazo Odio in 1979.
From left to right: Moises Hassan, Sergio
Ramirez, Violeta de Chamorro, President
Carazo, Daniel Ortega and Alfonso Robelo.
Chamorro and Robelo, both non-
Man;ists, resigned in 1980.
methods and to use that power to
establish aMarxist-Leninist system.
The Sandinistas also made it
clear that they saw the world as divided
into imperialist and socialist camps,
and were determined that Nicaragua
would reject true nonalignment and
ally itself completely with the socialist
camp (which does not include the
West Germany led until recently by
Helmut Schmidt).
Humberto Ortega, one of the rep-
resentatives of the "least Marxist" Ter-
cerista faction, made another explicit
statement of FSLN thinking in a speech
to a meeting of "military specialists"
on August 25, 1981.
Ortega said:
Marxism-Leninism is the
scientific doctrine that guides our
revolution, our vanguard's analytical
tool for...carrying out the
revolution.... We cannot be Marxist-
Leninistwithout Sandinism, and without
Marxism-Leninism Sandinism cannot
be revolutionary. Thus, they are
indissolubly Iinked....0ur political
strength is Sandinism and our doct~
is Marxism-Leninism.
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Ortega's speech is over 4,000
words of pure, hard-line Marxism-
Leninism. For example, he refers,
without any hint of satire, to the Lenin-
led Bolshevik revolution as "the
creation of a classless society in which
man's exploitation of his fellow man
could gradually be eliminated."
He went on to say that:
...on July 19, 1979, world society
was polarized into two major camps....
the camp ofimperialism, the camp of
capitalism, headed up by the United
States and the rest of the capitalist
countries in Europe and throughout the
world...(andJ thesocialistcamp made
up of various countries in Europe, Asia,
and Latin America and with the Soviet
Union in the vanguard.
Although Ortega delivered this
speech two years after the FSLN took
power, no one who reads it can believe
that he only recently had arrived at
these convictions. At no point did he
refer to any statements or actions of
Reagan Administration as having
enced his view of the United
ales. He gave no basis for seeing how
any amount of American friendliness
or generosity toward the Nicaraguan
revolution could have changed his
view of the world.
In the same speech, reported by
Branko Lazitch in the Paris-based
magazine Est & Ouest, Ortega notes
that, "on 19 July...our people
were...ideologically backward." And
he also explained that the elections
planned for 1985 "...will in no way-
like a lottery~iecide who is going to
hold power. For this power belongs to
the people, to the FSLN, to our
Directorate...."
In the same article Lazitch refers to
another statement of Ortega's
describing the temporary alliance with
the middle class as "exclusively
tactical. We have acepted the
collaboration of the middle class,
which is ready to betray its country, but
at any moment we can take its
factories without firing a single shot...."
It is now clear that the defeat of
emocratic left majority in the
lution in Nicaragua was, to use the
word preferred by revolutionaries Eden
Pastora and Alfonso Robelo, a
"counterrevolution" from the top-like
that of Fidel Castro and the Cuban
Communist Partyin 1959-60. Instead of
a real struggle for power, there has
been the largely one-sided process of
concentrating the tools of political and
physical power in FSLN hands, while
weakening all independent groups
and leaders.
From the moment of victory over
Somoza, the Marxist-Leninists of the
FSLN Directorate have controlled the
revolution almost totally, with no inten-
tion of sharing power. They allowed
the normal disagreements, failures of
coordination and differences of phras-
ing among themselves to deceive peo-
ple about their essential unity. And
from time to time they indulged their per-
sonal feelings and relationships with
individual non-Marxist Nicaraguans to
give an image of "personalism" and
flexibility. And they have made tempo-
rary concessions whenever neces-
sary to reduce resistance and to pre-
serve illusions of their pragmatism
or openness.
The Sandinistas also have used
the simplest technique of all to confuse
people about their intentions. They
lied. As late as April 1982 Tomas Borge
said to James Nelson Goodsell, Latin
American correspondent for The
Christian Science Monitor, "Nothing
will deter us from maintaining political
pluralism and a mixed economy...no
matter what the cost." Goodsell also
quotes a "top Sandinista leader" as
scoffing at reports of Nicaraguan
complicity in the arms flow to EI
Salvador as "a pack of lies," and cites
Junta president Daniel Ortega as
saying, "We believe in nonalignment."
This technique worked even with
a reporter as experienced as Goodsell,
who reports that "the Sandinista
Directorate...is composed of nine men
widely viewed as well-meaning
idealists who are genuinely concerned
about the Nicaraguan people," and
are "self-proclaimed Marxists." A
theme of Goodsell's article was that
the Sandinista leadership is still "trying
to find its way." The government of
"Marxist-leaning guerrillas...has yet
to define itself."
Human Rights
mmediately upon taking power, the
FSLN began to build totalitarian
instruments of physical coercion
and control.
The Sandinista police, or security
force, which performs the functions of
theformerSomozaNationalGuard,has
grown to more than 5,000 men. In
addition, a revolutionary block
committee system, the Sandinista
Defense Committees (CDS), similar to
that established by Castro in Cuba,
has been established to provide direct
sources of information and coercion
for the FSLN in each neighborhood.
Eden Pastora, Commandante
Zero, a hero of the revolution, stated on
April 15, 1982:
...in the lightofdayorin the dead
of night, the seizures, expropriations
and confiscations oppress
somocistas and anti-somocisias,
counterrevolutionaries and
revolutionaries, the guilty and the
innocent. In the jails they beat the
counterrevolutionaries together with
the Marxist revolutionaries, these
latter punished for the grave crime of
interpreting Marx from a differentpoint
of view than the comrades in power.
One of the most widely respected
figures in Nicaragua for many years
was Jose Esteban Gonzalez, a vice
president ofthe Social Christian Party,
who organized the Nicaraguan
Permanent Commission for Human
Rights in 1977 to oppose abuses of the
Somoza regime. As noted in reports of
his press conference in August 1982,
during Somoza's rule Gonzalez had
been able to arrange the release from
prison of Tomas Borge and other
Sandinista leaders. Borge returned the
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favor by having Gonzalez jailed and
lifting his passport. Only through the
intervention of the International
Commission of Jurists, Gonzalez says,
was he able to go into exile. He since
has been sentenced in abstentia to 16
years in prison.
Gonzalez now heads the
Nicaraguan Committee for Human
Rights in San Jose, Costa Rica. In
March 1982 he wrote the following in
The Washington Post:
What has happened in Nicaragua
is very grim. There have been
massacres of political prisoners. I
myself with other members of the
Human Rights Commission examined
mass graves attwo differentsites near
the cityofGrenada in October 1979 and
March 1980. Other persons in whose
truthfulness I have full confidence have
witnessed similar evidence at other
sites-and even those who are still in
Nicaragua will so testify. These killings
cannot be dismissed as rash acts of
post-revolutionary anger. They have
continued for over two years-some
occurred within the past few months.
The official number of political
prisoners in Nicaragua now stands at
4,200-higher than the highest figure
everregistered under Somoza. There
have been hundreds of disappear-
ances-although the government
never responds to inquiries about
such persons.
The recent report of Gonzalez's
Commission on Human Rights,
covering the first three years of the
revolution, cites many instances of
torture bythesecurityforces. Ministerof
the Interior Tomas Borge admitted the
Sandinista use of torture as early as his
press conference of November 14,
1979, at which he made unredeemed
promises to punish those responsible.
Tha;~ Press
here now are three newspapers
in Managua. The afternoon paper is La
Prensa, which has been the country's
leading paper for many years and one
of tree foremost opponents of the
Sorriozas. It is now edited by Pedro
Joacauin Chamorro, Jr., the older son of
the man murdered by Somoza. The
two morning papers are Barricada, the
official paper of the FSLN, run by
Carlos Fernando Chamorro, Pedro
Joacauin's younger son, and EI Nuevo
Diario, a paper started by Pedro
Joacauin's brother, Xavier Chamorro.
Previously there were four
newspapers. In January 1980,
security forces closed down the far-left
newspaper EI Pueblo, and Bayardo
ArcE~ of the Directorate warned that
other media could receive the same
medicine. Similar threats are made
frequently, and the regime has issued
a number of decrees constraining the
news media.
In April 1980, aSandinista-
baclced strike closed La Prensa for
three days. As part of the strike
settlement Xavier Chamorro left La
Prensa and started the new pro-
Sandinista paper, EI Nuevo Diario.
In July of the following year, the
government shut down La Prensa for
two days. Since then it has been forc
closed a number of times: five times in
the lastthree months of 1981 alone. The
Orwellian reason given is that it
"violated freedom of the press." Then
in January 1982, a mob attacked
the paper. Three people were wound-
ed by shots from the paper's guards,
and it was closed again for two days.
A few days later the government
closed Radio Amor indefinitely for
broadcasting a report that the owner of
the station was beaten for having
broadcast a Venezuelan denial of
Sandinista charges that Venezuelan
Embassy employees were plotting
sabotage in Nicaragua.
After declaring a "State of
Emergency" on March 15, 1982
(originally for 30 days, now extended
until January 1983), formal censorship
began. Censorship is used
extensively to harass the press and to
hold back news that the Sandinistas
don't want publicized-including such
straightforward items as the Conserva-
tive Party's announcement that it was
supporting Argentina in the Falkla
Malvinas dispute (as was the FSL
The government even closed the
friendly EI Nuevo Diario for a day for
the offense of using the phrase "state of
siege" (reminiscent of Somoza) to de-
scribe the new state of emergency.
In his March Washington Post
article, Jose Esteban Gonzalez said:
"The official Sandinista press
Past and present editors of La Prensa: Pedro Joaquin Chamorro, Sr. (left), an outspoken
critic of the Somoza regime, was assassinated by an unknown gunman in 1978. Chamorro's
son, Pedro (right), took over as editor. Pedro Chamorro, Jr., has endured even worse
censorship and harassment than his father as a result of the paper's independent, often critical
stance toward the regime in power.
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~lations permit less freedom of the
press in Nicaragua today than under
the 'black code' of the Somoza
dictatorship." In his Washington press
conference in August 1982, Gonzalez
reported that in July Sandinista thugs
beat up Horacio Ruiz, an editor of La
Prensa, and that they attacked Cruz
Flores, a photographer, a few days later.
Censorship and harassment of
La Prensa continues. In August 1982,
editorial page editor Humberto Belli
stated that he left Nicaragua for exile in
Caracas because it was no longer
possible to publish his opinions in La
Prensa. Even within the strictures of
existing censorship, he added, the
selection and play of the news angers
the Junta and results in repeated
closings of the paper.
One survey of La Prensa in mid-
August 1982 showed that the Junta's
Office of Communications Media
censored 60 to 65 percent of news
material intended for publication. Most
of the censored news stories related to
confrontations between church and
s e, notably reports ofviolenceinthe
of Masaya that differed
si nificantly from official versions
published in pro-Sandinista
newspapers.
Violeta Chamorro wrote the
following in a letter to "The People of
Nicaragua," which was censored in
La Prensa:
With each passing day, freedom
of the press is found to be more
limited.... But the ultimate limit of this
lack of freedom has occurred with the
letter which Pope John Paul ll sent to
the Nicaraguan bishops, which on three
consecutive occasions we were
_ prohibited from publishing. And when
permission to publish was given to us,
they wanted to impose the obligation of
heading the letter with a communique
from the Office of Communications
Media, which besides being insulting
to His Holiness, was false. For those
reasons La Prensa did not publish on
(the 9th, 11th and 12th) of August.
?
Compromiso en la Dominicana
Different front pages of the August 17, 1982, issue of
La Prensa illustrate the impact of censorship
imposed by the Sandinistas. Two headlines of the uncensored
edition, top-"Violence in Masaya" and "The Incident in the
Religious Schools"-contrast with the censored version, above,
approved by the government"Pluralism Confirmed Best
Government" and "PLO Exit Plan Approved."
Bm lJberlYd de PTemB,m Lj EJBuIYd. ~ ~~~~ DEDANO DEL PEwRIOwOIBMO NADIONRL -,
G?0'XY' cmmly ~ aE~Xmp pL SERVICIO DE LA VEROADYLR JUSTIOIA m.BXnrxY. ~~ 14
e. ~ ~~`6 ".~ ? ,.I~..... _YNY.EY?~E.~.B a~Yal,,., ~ ~nac~Nas .
~ ~~ XE~ iaa dLYYBm, McNm 11 de ABwb de ISBi nw.~w. Xim 18.418
'YO~~?? WXBXm DiBF YXBEO BE NN YIEYBBO OFWiIP n.B[x Eislni
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Scarcely three years (after I
entered my homeland at the head of a
new Government of National
Reconstruction) the Sandinista
government, guided by totalitarian
ideologies imported from other
countries far from our history and our
culture, is trying to maintain the concept
that liberty of conscience is
divisionism or ideological war.
Ithas been my fate to live... during
the greater part of the 45 years in
which we endured the bloodiest
dynasty that this hemisphere has had.
Many of the current leaders had not
yet been born and therefore do not
know the brutal methods used by
Somoza.... But I feel now that 1 am
reliving that horrible nightmare.
In sum, Nicaragua is not yet as
totalitarian assomeothercountrieswith
regard to the press. Independent
media still function, albeit under
tremendous pressures. They
continue, however, to be regarded as
enemies of the revolution, are
censored and harassed, and will be
tolerated only on Sandinista terms.
Political Parties
icaragua has five political
panties in addition to the FSLN (which
Daniel Ortega told Chicago Sun-
Timesreporter Patrick Oster is not a po-
litical party but "the vanguard" of the
rew~lution): the Nicaraguan Democrat-
ic Movement (MDN), established in
197'9 and headed by Alfonso Robelo,
meirber of the first revolutionary Jun-
ta;the Social Democratic Party; the So-
cial Christians; the Democratic Con-
secrative Party, along-time opponent of
Sornoza; and the Liberal Constitution-
alists. In April 1981, all of the parties
joined in a statement condemning the
Sandinista attacks on political organi-
zations as demonstrating a "decision
of tfie Sandinistas to set up in our coun-
try aMarxist-Leninist dictatorship."
In November 1980, the govern-
meintdenied the MDN a permit to hold
a redly. A mob sacked party headquar-
ter~~, with police watching; authorities
prohibited publication of the story.
A hero in the 1979 revolution, Eden Pastora, known as Commander Zero,
.resigned as Deputy Defense Minister of the new government and formed an
organization that opposes the current Sandinista Junta.
In March 1981, the Sandinista
blocked a MDN rally and mobs sacked
the houses of some of Robelo's
supporters. In January 1982,the police
cancelled a rally of the Conservative
Democratic Party.
MDN head Alfonso Robelo had to
flee the country in the spring of 1982. He
Alfonso Robelo, former
Junta member, resigned after nine
months with the Sandinista
Directorate, and has
announced his support for
Pastora (Commander Zero).
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in an interview on Panamanian
television:
In Somoza's time many of his
opponents, including myself, faced
him openly and decisively....) cannot
return to Nicaragua. It would be
suicidal. 1 fought from inside, first as a
member of the government Junta...
and later from outside the government,
but always from within the
revolution....) am a part of the true
Nicaraguan revolution, fighting
against the real counterrevolutionaries
whoarenowinpowerin Nicaragua....)
spent two years in Nicaragua fighting
from the plains, denouncing the
Marxist-Leninistleaders, who respond
onlytoSoviet-Cubaninterests. Mylife
had been so gravely threatened that 1
felt that I had already taken enough
risks....
Religion
icaragua is 95 percent
Catholic, with a feeling for the Church
that is closer to that of Poland's than to
that of Italy's. Most of the rest belong to
several Protestant denominations,
notably Moravians, Jehovah's
Witnesses and Mormons.
The Catholic hierarchy, led by
Managua's Archbishop Obando y
Bravo, and the bulk of the clergy, were
an important part of the opposition to
Somoza. Most of the Protestant
churches supported the revolution
as well.
The Sandinistas consider the
Church a threat and have moved to
control it and limit its influence,
although they have been at some pains
to emphasize that they are not against
Nicaraguans practicing their religion.
In July 1982,the government
halted the traditional Sunday television
broadcast of the Archibishop's church
service. Twice mobs have attacked the
Archbishop physically, and his car has
been heavily damaged by mobs.
In August a group of men seized
er Carballo, spokesman for the
Church hierarchy, and beat, stripped
and paraded him in front of a jeering
mob. They then arrested him, refused
to notify the Archbishop, threw him into
a cell and interrogated him, still naked,
for six hours.
In the same month a mob badly
beat the auxiliary bishop, Monsignor
Vivas. Several opposition "church
groups" occupied the Church of Our
Lady of Fatima to protest the
Archbishop's transfer of a priest who
embraced the "theology of liberation."
A small group of priests, several
of whom are in the government, and
who call themselves the "People's
Church," still support the Sandinistas.
But the hierarchy, led by Archbishop
Bravo, and apparently most of the
priests, have become disillusioned
with the FSLN. But as in Poland, the
freedom of the Church to criticize the
government is limited.
Some argue that the "split" in the
Church is between ecclesiastical
conservatives concerned only with
religion and the hereafter, and those
clergy who believe that the Church
also must be concerned with the fives of
its parishioners. And some officials
have tried to claim that the dispute is
between those who believe the
Church should identify with the poor
and oppressed, or with the rich and
powerful. Tomas Borge has tried to
propagate this view, stating that: "We
have a church of the rich and the church
of the poor."
But this description is false and
divisive. Archbishop Obando y Bravo
and his bishops supported the revolt
against the Somoza regime, and have
remained strongly committed to social
action on behalf of the poor and
oppressed of Nicaragua. They believe,
however, that the Sandinistas are not
truly serving the poor.
Pope John Paul II sent an eight-
page lettertothe bishops of Nicaragua
to express his support for them. He
urged them to continue working forthe
unity oftheChurch inNicaragua, stating
that it was "absurd and dangerous" to
assert that a "People's Church" should
be organized next to the existing
Church. And he described such a
"Popular Church" as a "grave
deviation" from the will and plan of
Jesus Christ.
Most of the Protestant churches
also have become disillusioned with
the Sandinistas after initially supporting
the revolution. In March 1980, the
government arrested 20 Jehovah's
Witness missionaries from the United
States, Canada, Britain and Germany.
Archbishop Obando y Bravo greets some of his parishioners following a mass honoring heroes of
the revolution. Along-time foe of Somoza, he has suffered from Sandinista violence.
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Crowds attend a religious
procession in Masaya, whrere
violent protests in 1982
between anti-Sandinista groups
and government supporters
over incarceration of a priest, left
several persons dead and injured.
Nineteen were deported; security
forces killed one "while attempting to
escape," according to the Ministry
of Interior.
On August 9, 1980, Sandinista
Community Defense Organizations
(CDS) temporarily occupied more
than 20 small churches belonging to
several Protestant groups. The
spokesman for the CDS charged that
the action was directed against the
Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons, and
Seventh Day Adventists, alleging that
these churches were counter-
revolutionary and in communication
with the CIA.
The Miskito Indians
he Atlantic Coast region of
Nicaragua traditionally had been
largely isolated from the main part of
the country. The 70,000 Protestant,
English-speaking Indians and blacks
who live there, including 55,000 Miskito
Indians, comprise about half the
poF>ulation of the area. The Indians are
organized in 256 communities with
ele~~ted representatives. The people of
the Atlantic largely have kept
alo~~f from politics in the rest of the
country. They did not support
Sornoza. And 115 Miskitos, led by a
member of the Council of Elders,
joined the FSLN, although they left after
a fE~w months because of Marxist-
Leninist indoctrination.
Shortly after coming to power in
Jule 1979, the Sandinistas tried to
replace the Councils of Elders of the
Miskito communities with Sandinista
Dei'ense Committees. In the first week
of l~ugust, authorities arrested a
nurnber of Miskito leaders. The
conflict soon worsened when the
Miskitos grew angry with Cuban
tea~~hers working in a literacy program
who tried to propagate "Marxist
dogma." In October a Miskito leader,
Lyster Athers, was murdered under
suspicious circumstances.
The Miskitos also rejected
government proposals that they felt
would have amounted to confiscation
of their property and given the
Sandinistas the power to select
Miskito leaders. Subjected to
intensifying harassment, some
Indians began moving across the Coco
River into Honduras.
In March 1982,Steadman Fagoth,
the elected representative of the
Miskitos, reported in the AFL-CIO Free
Trade Union News:
While I was in Seguridad Estado Jail
Number 3 in Managua, on March 18,
19b;1, at seven in the evening Tomas
Gorge, Juan Jose Ubeda and Raul
Gordon came to my cell and warned
me that Sandinismo would be
est~iblished on the Atlantic Coast,
even if every single Miskito Indian had
to tie eliminated. On May 10, 1981, I
wars put underhouse arrest afterhaving
beErn tortured for 59 days by the
Sandinistas.
Fagoth was released becaus~
promised to go to the Atlantic Coast to
try to calm the situation and travel to the
Soviet Union for study. Instead he fled
to Honduras.
The pressure on the Miskitos, and
the movement to Honduras continued
during the rest of 1981. Fagoth states:
"December 27, 1981, there was a
massacre at Leimus. Thirty-five
people were buried alive; some were
dug out by their relatives. One
survivor, a 19-year old named Vidal
Poveda from Waspu, lives today in a
refugee camp in Honduras. On
December 27, 1981, another
massacre occurred in Pilpilia...."
Some investigators who have tried to
confirm reports of such massacres
have found evidence to support the
claims, others have not.
By February 1982, 10,000 of the
55,000 Miskitos estimated to have been
in Nicaragua in 1979 had fled to
Honduras, where about half of them are
living in refugee camps.
The Sandinistas then moved
against the entire Miskito communit
They forcibly removed at least 8,5~
Indians from their homes along the
Coco River, leveled their villages and
placed them in new settlements. Many
of them, such as those located at Tabsa
Fry and Sumubila, are more
accurately termed detention camps,
since the inhabitants, after being
marched there, are not permitted to
travel beyond the immediate vicinity of
the camps.
On February 18, 1982, the Epis-
copal Conference of Nicaragua issued
a communique signed by all of the na-
tion'sbishops. The communique explic-
itly recognized the right of the govern-
ment to take actions it deems neces-
sary in connection with national de-
fense,but noted that there are "inalien-
able rights that under no circum-
stancescan be violated." The bishops'
communique went on to state:
... we must state, with painful
surprise, that in certain concrete
cases there have been grave violations
of the human rights of individuals,
families, and entire populations of~
peoples. These include:
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Relocations of individuals by
t itary operations without warning
and without conscientious dialogue;
-Forced marches, carried out
without sufficient consideration for the
weak, aged, women and children;
-Charges or accusations of col-
laboration with the counterrevolution
against all residents of certain towns;
-The destruction of houses,
belongings and domestic animals;
-The death of individuals in
circumstances that, to ourgreatsorrow,
remind us of the drama of other
peoples of the region.
The Sandinistas claim that their
actions are part of along-term plan to
improve the living conditions of the
Miskitos and to protect them from
"counterrevolutionaries." But the so-
called counterrevolutionaries only
became a threat following Sandinista
repression.
s
Miskito Indians, displaced by the Sandinistas, are forced to live in
"resettlement" camps which they are not permitted to leave. Miskitos were
given six hours to gather their personal effects and leave their homes. After
an eight-day walk, they arrived at camps such as this. Rather than accept
Marxist-Leninist doctrine and live in what amount to detention facilities,
many Miskitos have sought refuge in Honduras. Because oI their resistance to
the Sandinistas, some Miskitos have been tortured or killed.
Aerial view of a Miskito "resettlement" camp
in Sumubila, Nicaragua.
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Labor and the Private Sector
efore the revolution,
Nicaragua possessed a labor union
movement with a growing democratic
wing that had two main components:
the Nicaraguan Workers' Central
(CTN), affiliated with the inter-
national agencies of the Christian-
Democrat labor centers; and the
Confederation of Labor Unification
(CUS), affiliated with the International
Confederation of Free Trade Unions
(ICFTU), and which participates in the
programs of the U.S. labor movement's
American Institute for Free Labor
Development. (Despite a propaganda
campaign to the contrary, the Institute
has never received any CIA money).
A Somoza-controlled labor group
was also active, as well as a
breakaway Marxist-oriented labor
organization.
CUS was a leader in the general
strike of business and labor protesting
the murder of Pedro Chamorro and in
the final general strike of June 1979.
Luis Medrano, the CUS Secretary
General, who went abroad to try to pro-
mote aninternational boycott of Nicar-
agua, was murdered on his return.
CUS and CTN were part of the
Broad Opposition Front (FAO) against
Somoza. But although the FAO had
numbers and organization in the fight
against Somoza, the FSLN had most
of the guns.
When the FSLN took power it
immediately began to create its own
mass organizations to take the place
of FAO groups: workers in the
Sandinista Workers' Central (CST),
farmers in the Association of
Campesino Workers (ATC), as well as
mass organizations for women, youth
and children.
The CST, which in 1981 joined
the Soviet-controlled World Federation
of Trade Unions (WFTU), began to
compete with the two main free union
movements, CTN and CUS, often us-
ing thearmyandthe police. Armed units
frequently accompanied CST
organizers to meetings of workers, for
example, and increased their vote
totals accordingly, either because
audiences were impressed or
intimidated. Many workers also joined
the CST because they thought it wou Id
have more influence on Sandinista-
managedenterprises formerly owned
by .Somoza interests.
In December 1979, as part of a
campaign to pressure the Health Care
Workers Union (FETSALUD) into
leaving CTN and joining CST,
authorities imprisoned a FETSALUD
leader in EI Chipote, formerly Somoza's
prison for political opponents.
Members of the Junta appeared at a
FETSALUD branch meeting calling
on the workers to switch affiliations, and
CTIV protestors were arrested.
The Sandinistas used similar
actions against other branches of
CTIV. Police machine gunned their
offices and vehicles, and the CST
seii:ed the CTN office in Pueblo Nuevo
witiFi the help of the army.
In January 1980, authorities, at the
instigation of the CST, arrested the
CUTS leader of the stevedores union in
Corinto, Zacarias Hernandez, and
held him without charges for several
days. The house of a CUS officer was
bombed, and the army arrested two
officers of another CUS union. In the
next month, two CUS activists, Victoria
Garcia Montoya and Guadalupe
Garcia, were arrested and interrogated
in prison.
In March a "spontaneous"
demonstration led by the police,
witl'i members shouting "people's
poHrer," stormed the offices and
arrested the leaders of the Central for
Labor Action and Unity (CAUS), a
Maoist-led union with strong
representation among textile workers
who were on strike because of the
decline in real wages. Ivan Garcia, the
Secretary-General of the Sandinist
CS-f, who witnessed the demonstra-
tion, said that "the Nicaraguan workers
have realized that all those elements
that help stop production here are
actiing against the fundamental
interests of the revolution."
The Sandinistas have continu
their role as strikebreakers. On the day
that they succeeded in ending a strike
by sugar-cane cutters, the head of the
Marxist-oriented union explained on
the radio that "the working classes are
independent in capitalist states
because there are antagonistic
contradictions. In the revolutionary
state these contradictions do not exist.
Any differences are resolved through
high level dialogue, through revolution-
arypositions held both by the adminis-
trators of the state and the workmen
who produce material goods."
On November 24, 1980, the CST
released a document describing its
view of the role of labor. It said that
although some unions resorted to
"labor stoppages," the CST would
"intensify the revolutionary process by
constantly increasing production....
the workers must work under austere
conditions."
The conflict between the free
unions and the CST and the FSLN
continues. The pressure of arrests
and beatings, together with variou
legal and economic actions, has
greatly reduced the strength of CU
and CTN. As with all organizations that
seek to remain independent and resist
repression, the Sandinistas falsely
accuse them with being counterrevolu-
tionaries and agents of the CIA.
The CLAT, the organization of
Latin American unions associated
with Christian Democratic parties and
the AFL-CIO, has condemned the
CST and strongly supported the free
unions in their struggle to survive
against the Sandinistas. But the ICFTU
and other labor groups have not
officially supported the position of the
free unions, with which they long have
been affiliated, in their dispute with the
government-sponsored unions, be-
cause they are effectively unable to
take a stand different from that of the
Socialist International. Many people
think it ironic that the socialist
movement should find itself being used
to protect government-controlled
"company unions" in their effort to
destroy free unions.
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Even though Nicaragua is a
country of only 2.5 million people, its
private sector has been organized
extensively. The umbrella
organization for the private sector-
including business, professional and
agricultural groups-is the Superior
Council of Private Enterprise
(COSEP), which opposed the Somoza
regime and joined with the FSLN in
the revolution.
The move against businessmen
began early in the regime. On
November 17, 1980, the Sandinista
security forces, using a sophisticated
entrapment plan, killed Jorge Salazar,
a prominent businessman, and
arrested others. As a result, COSEP
and the moderate political parties
withdrew from the Council of State.
Harassment continued in a variety
of forms. Then on October 21, 1981,
four businessmen, including Enrique
Dreyfus, President of COSEP, were
taken from their homes in the middle of
the night, imprisoned and interrogated
rigorously for several weeks. Three
were released four months later, after
g convicted of anti-government
ivities. Their crime: writing a public
letter to the government criticizing
its actions.
Militarization
ost Latin American countries
have only a quarter or third of one
percent of their population in the military
(active duty and ready reserves).
Exceptions are Argentina and Peru with
more than half of one percent, Chile
with three quarters, and Uruguay with
more than nine tenths of one percent
in the armed forces. Prior to his final
year in power, Somoza's National
Guard-a combined national police
and defense force lid not exceed
7,500 men. During the last year, the
Guard's ranks roseto slightly lessthan
15,000-and at that swollen level
constituted no more than three-fifths
~ne percent of the country's
ulation.
The Sandinistas have placed
more than two and one-half percent of
the Nicaraguan population in the
armed forces, with 22,000 in the stand-
ing military and 50,000 in the still-
growingmilitia, according to Oster of the
Chicago Sun Times. (There are pub-
lished reports that the Sandinista plan
calls for a standing military-including
the air force~f 50,000.) They have
added 36 major military installations to
the 13 that Somoza had, and have ex-
panded four airfields-all document-
ed in aerial photographs released by
the U.S. government.
In military terms Nicaragua is
following the Cuban pattern. Cuba has
2.3 percent of its population in the
armed forces. Its army is large enough
to dominate its neighbors (except the
U.S.), to provide overwhelming support
for the ruling party at home, and to
make forces available for overseas
missions such as in Angola and
Ethiopia.
The Sandinista military program,
which waswell underway by early 1980,
is moving Nicaragua to a new level of
armament for Central America. They
are preparing for advanced jet fighters
(while their neighbors have planes of
the early-1950's), for heavy tanks (so
far 20 to 30 T-55's have arrived, plus a
dozen armored personnel carriers),
Parade of tanks (top) rolls by a crowd during celebration o/ first anniversary of victory over
Somoza. Nicaragua's rapidly expanding military buildup threatens its neighbors. Among the
latest additions to the army's inventory: heavy Soviet T-55 tanks.
Local militia (above) unit is part of military force that is twice as large as that of
any country in Central America-and is still growing.
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heavyartillery (including 152-millimeter
howitzers), anti-aircraft and anti-tank
guns, and missiles.
The military, which will dwarf the
forces of Nicaragua's neighbors, is
composed of 20 newly formed and
armed battalions, one of which is
armored, and half of which are
motorized.
Costa Rica, Nicaragua's
southern neighbor, is noted for not
having anyarmyatall, although itdoes
have a small semi-military national
police force of several thousand men
equipped with light arms. Honduras,
Nicaragua's other neighbor, has an
army of only 12,000 men. Some exile
groups of Nicaraguans, a minority of
whom are ex-Guardsmen, are also in
Honduras, but they could not
assemble even a lightly armed military
force of as many as 3,000 men. EI
Salvador, whose border is only 80
kilometers from Nicaragua, has a
more sizable army, totaling some
17,600 men, but it is heavily engaged
by local guerrillas armed and supported
by ~licaragua, Cuba and Soviet
bloc forces.
The expanding Nicaraguan army
posE~s a major threat to its neighbors,
even if political constraints prevent it
from crossing borders in brigade- or
division-size invasions. It can send
"volunteers," or provide recruits for
guerrilla forces. The Nicaraguan
military certainly will be capable of
powerful military raids against any
target within 50 to 80 kilometers of its
borders. None of its neighbors will
have' the ability to defend effectively
against such raids, which gives ,
Nica.ragua's neighbors an
uncomfortable sense of vulnerability.
Moreover, there is no good reason
to doubt, despite the denials, that
Nicaragua is continuing to train guerrilla
units that are infiltrated into EI
Salvador, as well as to transship locally
significant amounts of arms into the
country. Debates in the press on this is-
sueusually revolve around the nature
and quality of this evidence. No sophis-
ticated Latin American has any doubts
that Nicaragua is providing such sup-
port; Castro and Nicaraguan leaders
even occasionally admit it in private.
In late 1980 and early 1981,
Nicaragua served as an important
staging site for a massive Cuban-
directed flow of arms to Salvadorean
guerrillas. The Salvadorean anti-
government guerrilla coalition,
the Farabundo Marti National
Liberation Front, (FMLN), continues to
receive sustained logistic support with
the help of the Sandinistas, primarily by
air and sea, but also by land.
Nicaragua also is the site of FML~
training camps.
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Fidel Castro (opposite page, third /rom left)
accompanied by Daniel Ortega and
ers o/ the Junta, arrives in Nicaragua for
ation of first year of Sandinista rule.
May 1980. Daniel Ortega visits the
Soviet Union for discussions with President
Leonid Brezhnev.
The size of the military and security
forces means that young Nicaraguan
citizens face a draft plus strong
pressures to serve in the militia or
reserves, which many individuals
resent. It is unlikelythatforeign military
assistance accounts for all the costs of
the military program. As a result, the
Nicaraguan economy, and in the end,
the people, bear a large part of the
mounting cost of the Sandinista military
establishment.
Foreign Influence
any supporters of the
revolution overlooked all the failings,
and even the crimes, of the FSLN as
f the inevitable excesses of any
r lution;buttheyareunabletoaccept
the degree of Cuban domination of
their country that they have witnessed.
Men like Eden Pastora felt that they
hadn't freed their country from Somoza
to turn it over to Fidel Castro, however
much they preferred a progressive
political orientation.
The armed forces of Nicaragua-
whichnumber 70,000, including militia
and ready reserves-have
approximately 2,000 Cuban advisers
and trainers. This means that Cubans,
in addition to advising at headquarters
and running training and technical
programs, can be assigned down to
the company level.
Dozens of East Germans are
working with the secret police and other
security forces. The Palestine
Liberation Organization has a
large "embassy" and, according to
Christopher Dickey of The Washington
Post, was involved in the operation of
five of the eight new Nicaraguan military
training camps. According to U.S.
sources, Bulgaria has trained
Nicaraguan pilots to fly the advanced
Soviet MIG aircraft that recently have
been shipped to Cuba. Soviet-bloc
personnel also provide advanced
communications and other technical
capabilities, U.S. officials report, with
Cuba coordinating many of these
programs as well as providing support
for the intelligence services.
It iseasyto underestimatethe im-
pact of such a large foreign presence.
The Nicaraguan labor force is about
800,000, of whom 500,000 are farmers,
which means that since the FSLN took
power, there has been one Cuban in Ni-
caragua for each sixty or so Nicara-
guan non-farm workers. Although a ma-
jority ofthe Cubans have been doctors
and teachers, they perform political
work as well, and constitute part of a
large, intrusive foreign presence.
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In 1979 shortages forced people to stand in long lines for
food, as here in Masaya. Today, three years after the
revolution. failing economy continues to plague the country.
Welfare and the Economy
he individual Miskito Indians,
union leaders, members of the press,
clergy, and business and political
leaders who have borne the weight of
Sandinista repression are only a small
minority of the population. The rest of
the populace has suffered less and
had some compensating gains. Some
of the Cuban aid has been used to
implement educational programs, and
the medical assistance program
probably has raised the level of health
care, although not enough foreign
as~oistance has been used to buy the
medicines that Nicaragua needs.
In the beginning virtually all
Nicaraguans supported the revolution
enthusiastically. In getting rid of the
Soi~nozas, citizens felt that they had
taken control of their lives, that, at long
lasl, they had a government that
worked and spoke for the peasant and
the working man and woman. Much of
the new activity, such as the
apf~earance of foreign doctors and
teachers, and the work of block
cornmittees, madepeoplefeelthatthe
government cared about them. As a
result, many were willing to accept
sacrifices, including limits on political
action and expression, as the price to
be paid for these gains.
But the cost of the revolution now
has become too high for most people
anti the benefits-including the
psychological gains-are fading.
These costs go beyond the loss of
freedom and human rights, and the
pressure on the Church. The practical
day-to-day costs that most people
experience come largely from two
directions: the demands for military
service and failure of the economy.
Sugar is rationed, for example, and
each adult is allowed only one pound
per week regardless of the size of the
family. Real wages have declined
sharply because of the increased
inflation rate since 1979.
In 1979 Nicaraguawasafairlypoor
country, but far from the ranks of the
poorest. According to the World Bank its
per capita Gross National Product
(GNP) was $840 in 1978 and had grown
14 percent since 1970. This placed
Nicaragua at a level with Colombia and
the Dominican Republic.
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he fight to overthrow Somoza
caused substantial damage and
disruption to the economy. With last-
minuteplundering by Somoza and his
cohorts, 1979 GNP dropped by about
one quarter. But in 1980, the first full
year after the revolution took power,
GNP apparently only climbed about
half way back up to where it had been in
1978. According to the government,
GNP increased 8.7 percent in 1981,
which meant that average income still
remained below that of 1979.
The years since the revolution
have been difficult for economies like
that of Nicaragua all over the world.
High interest rates and oil prices,
combined with low commodity prices
and world recession, hit many countries
hard-although nations comparable
to Nicaragua still managed to increase
their GNP. Nicaragua also suffered
from heavy rains and floods in 1982.
,~,
T embers of the Nicaragua Junta, Daniel
(second from left) and Sergio Ramirez
( th fiom left) join cotton pickers in Leon. The
regime's mismanagement of agriculture has
resulted in plummeting harvests.
Clearly there are many negative
factors in the Nicaraguan economic
situation for which the regime is not to
blame. But the Sandinistas are
responsible for policies that have
damaged the economy severely,
among them high military and security
costs, and weakened business
confidence and productivity.
The cost of the increase in military
manpower alone probably
approaches one percent of GNP, even
assuming that the heavy weapons
and support construction comes free
from foreign suppliers-which it
doesn't. Overall, it is reasonable to
estimate that Sandinista militarization
has cost Nicaragua at least $100 million
in 1981 alone, or in excess of $300
per family.
The support that enabled the
Sandinistas to take power had been
based on a Sandinista commitment to
a mixed economy. The government
inherited the Somoza family
enterprises, which automatically gave
the state an immediate major share
in the economy, perhaps as high as
40 percent.
From the beginning, however, the
Sandinista leadership demonstrated
that it gave absolute priority to
gaining a monopoly of political power
and developing amilitary/security
machine over the needs of the
economy.
These priorities certainly hurt the
private sector; but in addition, the San-
dinistasset out on a conscious course
to weaken and reduce the private sec-
tor. Sandinistaexpropriationofprivate
enterprises may have raised the gov-
ernment share of the economy to
close to 50 percent.
If the Sandinistas have displayed
malice in their policies toward private
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business, their record in agriculture is
one of ineptitude. Nicaragua's harvests
have dropped by as much as 50 per-
centsince the regime assumed power,
including drastic cuts in output of the
country's chief export crops, cotton
and coffee.
And although its economic impact
is minor, many Nicaraguans also have
been affected psychologically by see-
ing Sandinista leaders take over the
large villas and Mercedes cars of the
Somocistas. As in Russia and China,
the high-ranking cadre live very well in-
deed inNicaragua, and at a time when
workers are being exhorted to practice
"revolutionary austerity."
The result of these blows to the
economy, and of Sandinista economic
disinterestand mismanagement, isthat
Nicaragua simply isn't producing
enough to go around. In the end, the
people pay the price-and must make
some hard decisions about who is re-
sponsibleforthisgrowingeconomic fi-
asco.Are these hardships the legacy of
Somoza, the result of outside forces,
and the necessary price for revolution?
Or is the economic suffering the result
of policies of a clique who is sacrificing
the welfare of the people to the de-
mands of ideology and their own politi-
cal aggrandizement?
Eden Pastora, a founder in 1959 of
the FSLN, who still believes that "in-
justice and class exploitation are the
roots of the tragedy," thinks that many
of Nicaragua's people have come to the
second conclusion. He says: "With
sadness I have seen in my people the
reign of unease, of anguish, of fear,
and of the bitterness of frustration and
personal insecurity, ... (because of)
this regime of terror...."
Recently mass demonstrations
have broken out against the govern-
ment. According to eyewitness ac-
counts, 3,000 people in San Judas
joined a funeral procession for a boy
kiVled and mutilated by the security ser-
vice aftertrying tosteal acar. InAugust
1 ~t82, violent protest in Masaya, the
town where the Sandinista revolution
bE~gan, lasted several days.
In brief, three years after the
FSLN takeover, the people are op-
pressed by aregime unable to provide
eilherbreadorfreedom. Moreover they
must bear an increasing military bur-
dE~n and accept growing Soviet and Cu-
b~tn intrusion in their domestic affairs.
The Failure of Excuses
^
he Sandinistas and their
supporters take advantage of people's
ignorance or forgetfulness about
CE~ntral American history to develop
convenient myths that excuse their
ovrn actions and place responsibility for
th~a new Nicaraguan tyranny on the
shoulders of others. It is vital to keep the
record straight:
-The Sandinistas propounded
the main features of their basic Comm it-
m~~nt to Marxist-Leninist totalitarian-
isrn in the report of their meetings of
September 21-23, 1979.
-Individuals and organizations in-
de~pendent of the Sandinistas have
been systematically forced from power.
In April 1980, for example, Violeta
Cl~amorro and Alfonso Robelo re-
sicfned from the Junta to protest the
F:iLN unilateral move to give itself a
m;~jority in the Council of State.
-The regime moved immediately
agiainst the Atlantic Coast Indians.
Miskito leader Lyster Athers was mur-
dered in October 1979. Sandinista
promises to return his body and punish
hi:> murderers were never fulfilled.
Since then, large numbers of Miskitos
have been forcibly deported from
their homelands and placed in settle-
ments that are little more than
detention camps.
-The Sandinistas were
implementing plans for a greatly
expanded army and rapid national
militarization by the first half of 1980.
-The Directorate establishe
close ties to Cuba and to other
communist and terrorist countries and
organizations, such as Libya and the
PLO, in the same period. Cuba had
over 2,000 people working full time in
Nicaragua by July 1980.
-The totalitarian, militarized
character and program of the FSLN
was clearly evident by July 1980, the
end of their first year in power.
-During the Sandinista's first
year, U.S. banks made a generous
extension of Nicaragua's foreign debt
with current payments to be less than
half the market level (the rest to be paid
at the end of the loan). The United
States also greatly increased its aid to
Nicaragua, compared to what it had
given during Somoza's regime. The
Carter Administration suspended aid
in December 1980,only when it was
evident that Nicaragua was
continuing to supply arms and training
to guerrillas in EI Salvador.
-Western governments and
international financial institutions
provided hundreds of millions of d
to Nicaragua during the Sandini
first year, with U.S. support.
-There is no real "Somocista"
threat. The remnants of the National
Guard are either in prison or dispersed
in exile. Those in Honduras possess
neither the arms nor the numbers to
challenge the regime. Somocism has
no substantial political appeal or
supporters, even among exiles and
those who now reject that new regime.
It has never represented a dangerto the
revolution in Nicaragua.
-Occasionally, news stories ap-
pearabout groups of Nicaraguan exiles
"training" in private camps in the
southern United States. Politically,
these stories bolsterthe myth of Nicar-
aguan beleaguermentand providecon-
venientjustification for the Sandinista
military expansion. But realistically
such groups pose no military threat to
Nicaragua whatsoever.
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~hclusion: The Now and
Future Nicaragua
n 1979, the Sandinistas chose to
militarize Nicaragua; to destroy the
political power of their democratic allies
in the unions, the Church, and in the
business and political communities; to
build a security apparatus that can
enforce totalitarian controls; to
Honduran citizens living in the border
areas. Second, Nicaragua is a threat
to EI Salvador, where the Sandinistas
already provide a flow of arms and
logistical support to guerrilla forces.
One of the reasons why some po-
litical leaders in Honduras and Costa
Rica have hesitated to oppose Nicara-
gua and to organize their defenses is
that they are concerned about the in-
ternational political and intellectual
forces that Nicaragua might bring to
bear against them. But if Nicaragua is
Sandinista soldiers
on training maneuvers near
the Honduran border.
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enlist aid from Cuban and the Soviet
bloc nations to secure their domestic
power base; and to build a large
military organization.
At present, Nicaragua is a grave
threat to all the countries of Central
America, beginning with its immediate
neighbors, Costa Rica and Honduras.
Sandinista troops regularly cross~the
border into Honduras and have been
responsible, according to recent
reports, for the kidnapping and
disappearances of more than 100
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isolated from all political support ex-
cept that of Cuba and the Soviet Union
and its allies, and if nonaligned coun-
tries, and independent left voices
aroundtheworldjoin inunmasking Ni-
caragua's totalitarian character and
tactics of aggression, then regional
democratic forces will be able to unite to
defend themselves.
Recently, the democracies of
Central America have moved
collectively to counter the Sandinista
threat by bolstering their own defenses,
and through concerted diplomatic
initiatives. Honduras, for example, has
proposed a regional plan calling for an
end to border incursions, a freeze on
imports of heavy weapons and
comprehensive verification. The United
States also has made a series of
proposals centered around a
nonaggression agreement between
the U.S. and Nicaragua, and an end to
Nicaraguan intervention in EI
Salvador and interference in Costa
Rica and Honduras. And in October
1982 at San Jose, Costa Rica, the
nations of Belize, Columbia, EI
Salvador, the United States, Honduras,
Jamaica, Costa Rica and the
Dominican Republic called upon all
nations in the region to respect each
other's territorial integrity, to reaffirm
the commitment to human rights, to
reject threats or the use of force, and to
halt escalation of the arms race in
Central America.
Almost all of the allies of the
Marxist-Leninist leadership of the
FSLN have become disillusioned and
moved into opposition, including figures
as diverse politically as Eden Pastora,
Alfonso Robelo, Arturo Cruz and the
editor of La Prensa, Pedro Chamorro,
Jr. Moreover, the regime has alienated
the entire spectrum of moderate, demo-
cratic-left and center groups and orga-
nizations, from the Church to union,
business and professional groups.
Although Nicaragua is ruled by an
ideological regime that has estab-
lished much of the apparatus of totali-
tarian control, islands of indepen-
dence, small democratic voices, still
survive. These independent demo-
craticgroups and individuals have little
authority or power, and are unable to
influence policy. Yet they remain-and
must be preserved.
As Jose Esteban Gonzalez wrote
in March 1982:
The people of Nicaragua still
ye,ern for freedom, and have no wish for
a return to government like that of the
Somoza era. The Catholic Church is
strong, and firmly devoted to human
rights. Other groups-the private sec-
tor, politicalleaders, trade unionists-
arE~ still pressing for the fulfillment of the
promises of the revolution. And the
Sandinistas have at times proved sen-
sitive to international pressures for
human rights.
An international campaign for Ni-
caraguan human rights could have a
very significant impact...(butJ stop ro-
m