TERRORIST ATTACKS AGAINST DIPLOMATS
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Collection:
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST):
CIA-RDP85M00363R000901960028-1
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K
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Document Creation Date:
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Document Release Date:
October 16, 2007
Sequence Number:
28
Case Number:
Publication Date:
December 1, 1981
Content Type:
REPORT
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Terrorist Attacks Against Diplomats
A statistical overview of international terrorist attacks
on diplomatic personnel and facilities from January 1968
to June 1981
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Terrorism: The threat or use of violence
for political purposes by individuals or
groups, whether acting for or in opposi-
tion to established governmental author-
ity, when such actions are intended to
shock or intimidate a target group wider
than the immediate victims.
International Terrorism: (a) Terrorism
conducted with the support of a foreign
government or organization. (b) Terror-
ism directed against foreign nationals,
institutions, or governments. International
terrorism has involved groups seeking to
overthrow specific regimes, to rectify na-
tional or group grievances, or to under-
mine international order as an end in
itself.
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Terrorist Attacks Against
Diplomats
The number of international terrorist inci-
dents against diplomats and diplomatic
facilities has increased dramatically since
1978 and, based on trends through June,
is likely to be higher in 1981 than in any
other previous year. The number of casual-
ties from attacks against diplomats has
also increased. The casualties reached a
high in 1979 and 1980 but are likely to be
down slightly in 1981.
International Terrorist Incidents
Against Foreign Diplomats
Attacks against diplomats have grown
more widespread each year. In 1970 there
were 213 attacks against diplomats from
31 countries. In 1978 there were 281 at-
tacks against diplomats from 59 nations.
And by 1980 the number had climbed to
409 attacks against diplomats from 60
countries.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1
1968 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81
Total incidents: 2,688 1981 projection is based on the percentage of attacks that occured
during the first six months of each year from 1968 until 1980.
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Deaths and Injuries Due to International Terrorist
Attacks Against Foreign Diplomats
Total killed: 381
Total wounded: 824
1981 projection is based on the percentage of attacks that occur
during the first six months of each year from 1968 until 1980.
Increasingly, diplomats have been targets
of international terrorism. In 1975, 30 per-
cent of all terrorist attacks were directed
against diplomats; in 1980 the number
increased to 54 percent of the total.
The number of assassination attempts
against diplomats has increased steadily
since the mid-1970s to a high of 29 at-
tempted assassinations in 1980. The high
number of assassinations in 1979 and
1980 is due, in part, to assassination cam-
paigns by Armenian terrorists against
Turkish diplomats, and by Iran and Iraq as
part of their war.
As is true in general of international terror-
ist attacks, most attacks directed at diplo-
mats or diplomatic facilities do not cause
casualties. Only about one-fifth of all at-
tacks recorded between January 1968 and
June 1981 resulted in death or personal
injury. The number of incidents that
caused bodily harm, however, began to
increase in the mid-1970s, and in 1980 the
largest number of such attacks were
recorded.
Most attacks on diplomats occur in the
industrialized democracies. More than 30
percent of the incidents took place in
Western Europe. Attacks against foreign
diplomats were made both by indigenous
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International Terrorist Incidents Against Foreign Diplomats January 1968-June 1981*
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International Terrorist Incidents
Against Foreign Diplomats
January 1968-June 1981, by Type
1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Jan-Jun Total*
1981
Kidnaping 1 3 30 16 4 8 5 12 6 4 12 8 4 7 120 (4.5)
Barricade-hostage 1 0 4 1 3 7 7 9 3 6 15 9 25 13 103 (3.8)
Letter bombing 0 1 3 1 64 20 8 1 2 6 8 5 3 2 124 (4.6)
Incendiary 12 20 31 14 15 16 17 16 28 41 44 14 20 7 295 (11.0)
Explosive bombing 51 33 64 56 37 42 67 54 60
Armed attack 0 4 3 3 8 4 7 8 6
Assassination 2 6 10 8 3 6 5 6 16
Sabotage 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Threat 11 10 45 39 67 75 17 16 41
Theft, break-in 0 2 11 6 2 1 1 3 1
Conspiracy 0 0 4 2 0 4 4 3 4
Hoax 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1
Sniping 2 2 5 3 4 3 1 7 13
Shootout with 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
police
45 60 82 100 33 784 (29.2)
8 9 14 33 18 125 (4.6)
13 12 17 29 12 145 (5.4)
0 0 0 0 0 1 (0.0)
31 98 64 97 34 645 (24.0)
1 2 1 12 4 47 (1.7)
4 9 2 9 6 51 (1.9)
0 0 3 42 36 84 (3.1)
6 10 24 20 8 108 (4.0)
0 0 0 1 0 2 (0.1)
Arms smuggling 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 (0.2)
Other actions 0 0 1 3 1 0 1 4 2 2 2 8 14 11 49 (1.8)
Total 80 81 213 153 210 187 141 139 184 167 281 252 409 191 2,688 (0.0)
(3.0) (3.0) (7.9) (5.7) (7.8) (7.0) (5.2) (5.2) (6.8) (6.2) (10.5) (9.4) (15.2) (7.1)
* Figures in parentheses are percentages of total.
organizations and by foreign-based
groups. About 26 percent of the incidents
occurred in Latin America. In all, since
1968, diplomats from 108 countries have
been victims of international terrorism.
Twenty ambassadors from 12 countries
were assassinated, diplomats from 39
countries were kidnaped, and embassies
of 38 countries were seized.
The number of incidents involving the tak-
ing of diplomatic hostages by terrorists has
also been rising in recent years. Both kid-
napings and hostage and barricade situa-
tions at diplomatic facilities are becoming
more frequent compared with the early
1970s.
The number of terrorist groups that attack
diplomats has increased almost every year
since 1968. Moreover, terrorist groups are
increasing the level of violence directed
against diplomats. Many of the new groups
that appeared during the last few years
have tended to single out diplomats for
attack and to use more deadly violence,
perhaps because they calculate that in-
creasingly higher levels of violence are
required to obtain the international public-
ity they seek.
Types of Attack
International terrorists directed many kinds
of attacks against diplomats and diplomat-
ic facilities during the years from 1968 to
1981. Such attacks ranged from telephone
threats received at diplomatic facilities, to
bombings of embassy and consular build-
ings, to kidnapings and murders of diplo-
matic personnel (see table 1).
Almost all types of attacks have occurred
in all regions of the world, but some types
are prominent in particular areas (see ta-
ble 2). For example, kidnapings and barri-
cade and hostage situations occur most
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International Terrorist Attacks Against Foreign
Diplomats That Caused Casualties
/I
I l',] a_ I I I I I I I I 1 1
1968 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81
Total incidents: 370 1981 projection is based on the percentage of attacks that occured
during the first six months of each year from 1968 until 1980.
frequently in Latin America, while bomb-
ings and assassinations are recorded most
often in Western Europe and the Middle
East.
Bombings have long been the preferred
method of attack against diplomats. They
normally involve little risk of capture, and
explosives are relatively easy to obtain.
The majority of the bombings have not
caused significant damage, but a few have
resulted in loss of life and the destruction
of diplomatic facilities.
Handgun assassinations, which generally
attract more media attention than most
other types of terrorist attack, constitute a
growing proportion of the terrorism direct-
ed against diplomats.
Incidents Resulting in
Injuries and Death
On 2 June 1978, three Armenian terrorists
fired into the windshield of the Turkish
Ambassador's limousine parked at a stop-
light in' Madrid. The Ambassador was not
in the car, but the terrorists killed his wife,
his wife's brother, and the chauffeur.
This incident was one of 370 international
terrorist attacks on diplomats between
January 1968 and June 1981 that caused
death or personal injury. The number of
such attacks has increased almost every
year since 1968. In 1980 there were 50
such incidents-far more than in any pre-
vious year. If present trends continue, even
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Locations of Terrorist Attacks
on Foreign Diplomats
January 1968-June 1981, by Type
North Latin Western Eastern Africa
America America Europe Europe
Middle Asia Pacific Other Total*
East
Kidnaping
2
59
15
0
13
21
8
0
2
120 (4.5)
Barricade-hostage
5
49
23
2
1
19
3
0
1
103 (3.8)
Letter bombing
6
10
92
0
4
6
3
0
3
124 (4.6)
Incendiary bombing
43
55
122
3
5
30
24
5
8
295 (11.0)
Explosive bombing
117
209
225
11
8
154
49
8
3
784 (29.2)
Armed attack
1
33
19
0
9
53
9
0
1
125 (4.6)
Assassination
10
23
51
2
4
40
13
1
1
145 (5.4)
Sabotage
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 (0.0)
Threat
71
166
171
28
22
107
52
25
3
645 (24.0)
Theft, break-in
2
20
9
1
7
5
3
0
0
47 (1.7)
Conspiracy
6
11
12
0
1
11
7
0
3
51 (1.9)
Hoax
39
12
9
2
2
7
11
1
1
84 (3.1)
Sniping
15
54
5
1
0
25
7
1
0
108 (4.0)
Shootout with police
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 (0.1)
Arms smuggling
0
0
3
0
1
1
0
0
0
5 (0.2)
Other actions
13
5
14
2
3
7
5
0
0
49 (1.8)
Total
330
(12.3)
709
(26.4)
770
(28.6)
52
(1.9)
80
(3.0)
486
(18.1)
194
(7.2)
41
(1.5)
26
(1.0)
2,688
(100.0)
more such attacks will be recorded in
1981.
An examination of the attacks against
diplomats that caused casualties highlights
the broad psychological impact of interna-
tional terrorism. Such attacks, which are
almost always perpetrated by well-trained,
experienced terrorist organizations, pro-
voke a response from the highest levels of
government and command attention from
media around the world.
Attacks against diplomats resulting in cas-
ualties have occurred in 80 countries since
1968, with the most events in Lebanon,
France, the United States, and El Salvador.
Forty-eight terrorist groups have claimed
credit for these attacks. US diplomats
were the most often killed or injured. Diplo-
mats from the Soviet Union, Turkey, Israel,
Yugoslavia, the United Kingdom, France,
and India were also frequent victims.
Assassinations of a designated target with
handguns or bombs accounted for almost
60 percent of these incidents.
Among the 20 ambassadors from 12 coun-
tries assassinated by international terror-
ists have been the US ambassadors to
Afghanistan, Lebanon, Cyprus, Sudan,
and Guatemala and the Turkish ambassa-
dors to Australia, France, and Austria. The
embassies of 38 countries have been
seized by international terrorists, and dip-
lomats from 39 countries have been
kidnaped.
Since 1968, diplomats from 107 countries
have been victimized by international ter-
rorist attacks (see appendix A). North
American diplomats were the most fre-
quent targets; second in frequency were
Middle Eastern diplomats. Countries
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Nationality of Victims of International Terrorist
Attacks Against Foreign Diplomats
Western USSR/
Europe Eastern
Europe
whose diplomats have been the most fre-
quent victims are the United States, Israel,
the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom,
Cuba, and Turkey.
Attacks against British diplomats have
been typical of attacks against diplomats
from these six countries. Seventy-five inci-
dents occurred in 31 countries and in-
volved 24 different terrorist groups. The
incidents included assassinations and kid-
napings of diplomatic personnel and
bombings and seizures of embassies and
diplomatic facilities. The assassination in
March 1979 by the Provisional Irish Re-
publican Army of Sir Richard Sykes, the
UK Ambassador to The Hague, and the
Sub-
Saharan
Africa
kidnaping by the Tupamaros in January
1971 of Sir Geoffrey Jackson, the UK
Ambassador to Uruguay, are examples of
some of the most violent incidents involv-
ing British diplomats.
Since 1968, incidents of international ter-
rorism against diplomats have been re-
corded in 125 countries (see appendix B).
More than 70 percent of the attacks oc-
curred in only 20 countries, primarily those
in Western Europe, the Middle East, and
Latin America. The most terrorist incidents
involving diplomats occurred in the United
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States, France, the Netherlands, West Ger-
many, Greece, and Argentina. In most of
these countries the attacks tended to be
carried out by foreign-based rather than
indigenous terrorists. For example, 119
attacks were carried out against diplomats
in France, but French terrorists were in-
volved in only 20 percent of them. More
than half of all attacks against diplomats
occurred in Western Europe and Latin
America. In both regions, attacks were
carried out by indigenous groups against
foreign targets and by foreign-based
groups.
In Europe, however, only about one-fourth
of the attacks were carried out by Europe-
an citizens, while in Latin America well over
three-fourths of the attacks were by indig-
enous groups.
International Terrorist
Groups
June 1981, the assassination of a consul in
Denmark in April 1981, the assassination
of a consul in Australia, and two attacks on
diplomats in Paris.
The Colombian 19th April Movement (M-
19) has attacked diplomats from 15 differ-
ent countries stationed in Colombia. M-19
activities have included kidnapings, hos-
tage and barricade situations, and bomb-
ings. M-19 has also conducted operations
in Venezuela and mailed threatening letters
from Spain and the United States. Its best
known attack took place on 27 February
1980, when M-19 seized the Dominican
Republic Embassy in Bogota. Timing their
attack to coincide with a diplomatic recep-
tion, the terrorists took 57 hostages, in-
cluding the ambassadors of 11 countries.
They demanded the release of 311 prison-
ers, $50 million ransom, and safe passage
out of the country. After a 61-day siege
they finally accepted safe passage to Cuba
and $2 million in ransom.
A total of 102 terrorist groups (see appen-
dix C) have claimed credit for attacks
against foreign diplomats since 1968.
Black September (BSO), a Palestinian
terrorist group that conducted most of its
operations during the mid-1970s, has
claimed responsibility for more attacks on
diplomats than any other group. BSO
mainly targeted diplomats from Israel, but
also attacked diplomats from six other
nations. Its operations in 18 countries have
included assassinations, hostage and bar-
ricade situations, and all types of bomb-
ings. Examples include the seizure of the
Israeli Embassy in Bangkok in December
1972 and the attack in March 1973 on the
Saudi Arabian Embassy in the Sudan in
which two American diplomats and one
Belgian diplomat were murdered.
Like the BSO, the Armenian Secret Army
for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA)
has also concentrated on attacks against
diplomats. Attacks by ASALA against dip-
lomats have occurred each year since
1975, but were the most numerous in 1980
and 1981. The majority of attacks were
against Turkish diplomats, including the
assassination of a consul in Switzerland in
Taking Diplomats
Hostage
Since 1968, there have been at least 130
attacks in which diplomats were taken
hostage to satisfy political or monetary
demands by international terrorists. Diplo-
mats from 54 countries have been taken
hostage, most often from the United
States, West Germany, France, and the
United Kingdom. The taking of diplomatic
hostages has occurred in 57 countries, but
almost half of these incidents took place in
Latin America, especially in Mexico, Brazil,
and Colombia. Over 1,000 persons have
been taken hostage in attacks on diplo-
mats. The following incidents are among
the most publicized:
The M-19 attacked the Dominican Re-
public Embassy in Bogota on 27 Febru-
ary 1980. Fifty-seven hostages were
seized, including ambassadors from 11
countries.
On 8 August 1975, the JRA attacked the
US Consulate in Kuala Lumpur and
seized 53 hostages, including diplomats
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from the United States, Japan, Sweden,
and Malaysia. These hostages were re-
placed by substitutes and the terrorists,
with the new hostages, flew to Libya.
On 13 July 1979, in Turkey, Palestinian
terrorists shot their way into the Egyptian
Embassy and seized 20 victims. After
prolonged negotiations, they released
their hostages and surrendered to PLO
mediators who had been active in the
negotiations.
On 13 September 1974, three JRA ter-
rorists seized the French Embassy in The
Hague and took 11 victims, including the
French Ambassador, in order to obtain
the release of one jailed JRA terrorist.
The terrorists demanded the release of a
comrade who was held in a French pris-
on, as well as $1 million in ransom. After
four days of negotiations, the French
Government released the prisoner. The
terrorists agreed to accept $300,000 in
ransom and were flown to Syria and
turned over to Palestinian representa-
tives in Damascus.
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Appendix A
Countries Whose Diplomats Have Been
Victimized by International Terrorism
This list includes the names of each country whose foreign diplomats have been victimized
by an international terrorist attack. It is based on media coverage of these attacks, and
therefore may not cover countries that do not report incidents.
Afghanistan
Guinea
Paraguay
Albania
Guyana
Peru
Algeria
Haiti
Philippines
Angola
Honduras
Poland
Argentina
India
Portugal
Australia
Indonesia
Romania
Austria
Iran
Saudi Arabia
Bangladesh
Iraq
Senegal
Belgium
Ireland
Somalia
Bolivia
Israel
South Africa
Brazil
Italy
South Korea
Bulgaria
Ivory Coast
South Yemen
Burma
Jamaica
Spain
Canada
Japan
Sri Lanka
Cape Verde
Jordan
Sudan
Chad
Kenya
Sweden
Chile
Kuwait
Switzerland
China
Lebanon
Syria
Colombia
Liberia
Taiwan
Costa Rica
Libya
Tanzania
Cuba
Malawi
Thailand
Cyprus
Malaysia
Tunisia
Czechoslovakia
Mali
Turkey
Denmark
Mauritania
Uganda
Dominican Republic
Mexico
United Kingdom
East Germany
Mongolia
United States
Ecuador
Morocco
Uruguay
Egypt
Netherlands
USSR
El Salvador
New Zealand
Vatican City
Ethiopia
Nicaragua
Venezuela
Finland
North Korea
Vietnam
France
North Yemen
West Germany
Gabon
Norway
Yugoslavia
Ghana
Oman
Zaire
Greece
Pakistan
Zimbabwe
Guatemala
Panama
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Appendix B
Locations of International Terrorist Attacks
on Foreign Diplomats
Abu Dhabi
Guatemala
Panama
Afghanistan
Guinea
Paraguay
Albania
Guyana
Peru
Algeria
Haiti
Philippines
Angola
Honduras
Poland
Argentina
Hong Kong
Portugal
Australia
Hungary
Puerto Rico
Austria
Iceland
Qatar
Bahamas
India
Romania
Bahrain
Indonesia
Saudi Arabia
Bangladesh
Iran
Sierra Leone
Barbados
Iraq
Singapore
Belgium
Ireland
Somalia
Benin
Israel
South Africa
Bolivia
Italy
South Korea
Botswana
Ivory Coast
Spain
Brazil
Jamaica
Sri Lanka
Bulgaria
Japan
Sudan
Burma
Jordan
Sweden
Burundi
Kampuchea
Switzerland
Canada
Kenya
Syria
Chile
Kuwait
Taiwan
China
Laos
Tanzania
Colombia
Lebanon
Thailand
Costa Rica
Lesotho
Trinidad and Tobago
Cuba
Liberia
Tunisia
Cyprus
Libya
Turkey
Czechoslovakia
Luxembourg
Uganda
Denmark
Malaysia
United Arab Emirates
Dominican Republic
Malta
United Kingdom
East Germany
Martinique
United States
Ecuador
Mexico
Upper Volta
Egypt
Morocco
Uruguay
El Salvador
Mozambique
USSR
Equatorial Guinea
Nepal
Vatican City
Ethiopia
Netherlands
Venezuela
Finland
New Zealand
West Bank
France
Nicaragua
West Germany
Gabon
Nigeria
Yemen
Ghana
Norway
Yugoslavia
Greece
Pakistan
Zambia
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Appendix C
Names and Acronyms Used by Major Groups
Claiming Responsibility for International Terrorist Attacks
Against Foreign Diplomats, January 1968-June 1981
This list includes names of organizations responsible either by claim or attribution for
specific international terrorist actions noted in the statistics. The inclusion of any group
should not be interpreted as an evaluation of that group's goals or motives. Some attacks
may have been carried out without the approval, or even foreknowledge, of that
organization's leaders. Also, claims of responsibility may be falsely made by opponents
of the organization in an attempt to discredit it.
Some of the names listed are cover names for organizations wishing to deny responsibil-
ity for a particular action that may have yielded counterproductive results. Some names
may have been used by common criminals to throw off police investigators or by
psychotics seeking public recognition.
Afghanistan Dissidents Led by Sahruddin
Baez
Alacran Scorpion
Al Saiqa
Ananda Marg
Anti-Fascist Movement
Anti-Imperialist Fighters for a Free
Palestine
Arab Communist Organization
Arab People
Argentine Peoples Revolutionary (ERP)
Armed Arab Revolution
Armed Forces of National Liberation
(FALN)
Armed Revolutionary Party of the People
Armenian Liberation Front
Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation
of Armenia
Baader-Meinhof Gang/Red Army Faction
Basque Fatherland and Freedom (ETA)
Black Revolutionary Assault Team
Black December
Black June
Black September
Charles Martel Group
Che Guevarra Brigade
Condor (Chile)
Croatian Liberation
Cuban Action Communists
Democratic Front for the Liberation of
Palestine (DFLP)
Dominican Popular Movement
El Condor (Cuban)
El Poder Cubano
EOKA-B (Greek)
Eritrean Liberation Forces (ELF)
Eylem Birligi Faction of TPLP/F
Farabundo Marti Popular Liberation
Forces (FPL)
Farug
Fatah
FR Auto-Def Juive
Greek Anti-Dictatorial Youth (EAN)
Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP)
Holger Meins Kommando Revolutionary
Cell
Honduran Revolutionary Union (URP)
Honduran Socialist Party (PASO)
International Solidarity Command for Free
Papua Movement
Iranian Fedayeen
Japanese Red Army
Jewish Armed Resistance
Jewish Committee of Concern
Jewish Defense League (Wrath of God)
Justice Commando Armenian Genocide
Latin American Anti-Communist Army
Laos People One
Lebanese Red Brigades
M-7 (Cuban)
Mano Argentine National Organization
Movement
Maruseido
Marxist-Leninist Armed Propaganda Unit
May 15 Organization
Montoneros
Movement of the 19th of April (M-19)
Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR)
Muslim Brotherhood (Syria)
National Liberating Alliance (ALN)
National Liberation Army (ELN)
National Front for the Liberation of the
Congo (FLNC)
National Democratic Popular Front
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New World Liberation Front
Omega 7
Peoples Revolutionary Army
Peoples Army in Zaire (APOZA)
Peoples Strugglers
Petra Kraus Group
Polisario
Popular Front for the Liberation of
Palestine (PFLP)
Popular Armed Forces (FAP)
Popular League 28
Popular Liberation Army (Colombia)
Popular Revolutionary Resistance Group
Popular Revolutionary Bloc
Popular Revolutionary Movement
Popular Revolutionary Vanguard (VPR)
Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA)
Quebec Liberation Front (FLQ)
Revolutionary Force 7
Revolutionary Organization of the Armed
People (ORPA)
Revolutionary Student Front (FER)
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
(FARC)
Secret Trans-world Organization for
Punishment (STOP)
Soldiers of the Algerian Opposition
Movement
Turkish Peoples' Liberation Army (TPLA)
Turkish Peoples' Liberation Party Front
(TPLP/F)
Tupamaros
Turkish Revolutionary Youth Federation
(Dev Sol)
Uganda Freedom Movement
Ukrainian Nationalist Group
United Front Popular Action (FAPU)
United Liberation Front for New Algeria
Voice of the People (Halkin Sesi)
Workers Party of Guatemala (PGT-FAR)
Yanikian Commandos (Armenian)
1st of October Armed Revolutionary
Group (GRAPO)
2 June Movement
12 January Liberation Movement
23 September Communist League
(Mexico)
Approved For Release 2007/10/19: CIA-RDP85M00363R000901960028-1
Approved For Release 2007/10/19: CIA-RDP85M00363R000901960028-1
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Approved For Release 2007/10/19: CIA-RDP85M00363R000901960028-1