HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE DIRECTORATE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP85B00803R000200060002-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 24, 2004
• Sequence Number: 2
• Content Type: REPORT

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HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY
OF THE
DIRECTORATE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
The history of the Directorate of Science and
Technology (DD/S&T) would appear to bear out the
truism that war accelerates scientific and techno-
logical development. The successive periods of
conflict beginning with World War II, which fathered
the first atomic blast, have brought about a series
of advances and discoveries which stagger the
imagination. While achievements involving missiles,
rocketry and space continue to pyramid we say have
seen only the beginning since the competition in which
we find ourselves, principally with the Soviet Union,
inevitably calls for a more exotic system, program
or device.
This describes in some measure the growth and
development of DD/. Even before its formal
beginning an DD/R in February 1962, and later desig-
nation as DD/S&T in August 1963, events foretold the
potential and importance of science and technology
in intelligence as well as the need for concentrated,
rather than random, exploitation of our national
capability. The recognition of these indications by
former Director John McCone and by the President's
Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (FFIAD),
clearly recognized the need for putting science to
work across the board in CIA, was indeed fortuitous.
The Director's election to create a center for science
and technology, and the continuing persistence of
others to man it with the most capable and qualified
people obtainable have contributed substantially to our
national posture.
ORGANIZATION
The first step toward bringing together the
many fragmented parts of the scientific and technological
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effort was the establishment of the Directorate of
Research in early 1962. Dr. Herbert Scoville, Jr.,
and Col. Edward B. Oilier served as Director and
Assistant Director, respectively. This directorate
consisted of the Office of Special Activities (OW
the Office of LLINT (GEL) and the Office of Research
and Development (ORD). The next big step was the
creation of the Directorate of Science and Technology
(DD/ T) in August 1963 under the leadership of
Dr. Albert D. Wheelon. This added to the existing
DD/R the Office of Scientific Intelligence (081) and
the Office of Computer Services (OCS). Very soon there-
after the Foreign Missile and Space Analysis Center
( IiSAC) was formed. The present organization of the
Directorate was completed with the formal establishment
of the Office of Special Projects (OSP) in September
1968. (Mote; Organizational development is charted
in Annex "A. ~-')
This evolution has brought about an organizational
structure which, at least for the time being, is geared
to handle the various areas of DD/S&T concern. The
office structure in designed to minimize overlap of
responsibilities to the greatest possible extent.
The Office of the Deputy Director has recently
been reorganized and now functions an follows: The
Deputy Director, Dr. Albert D. Wheelon, has an his
Assistant Deputy Director, Mr. Carl Duckett, who was
ppointed on 16 May 1966. Two Staff Offices, Research
and Development Coordination, and Systems Analysis are
headed byl
respectively. W-0--Executive Officer,
coordinates the activities of five eta sec
charging the functions of Comptroller, Procurement
Management, Security Management, Administrative Support,
and Intelligence Liaison Support.
Pik
The growth of DD/S&T from a personnel standpoint
to an on-board strength of s indicated
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in Annex B. These figures, however, deserve further
explanation. The need to strengthen Agency efforts
in technological fields--the period of necessary
build-up--coincided with a general personnel retrench-
ment within the Government. Significant in the growth
of the Directorate in that an intensified recruiting
program was, in largo measure, successful in over-
coming these obstacles.
Emphasis was placed on recruitment of personnel
whose skills and background could impact immediately
on the problems at hand. To obtain men and women of
this caliber it was decided to use professional officers
as specialized recruiters. It in noteworthy that these
officers wore able, in the fact of a highly competitive
professional labor market, to obtain talent in a
broad spectrum of specialities from bioastronautics
and c r ohysica to oceano r hy. Since August
1'963 with master's degrees
w brought on board.
x C) They represent degrees in 27
diversified categories. Q0 advanced degrees are not
necessarily a sine qua non to pursuit of intelligence
objectives the spec Mils and training of these
Individuals were critically needed by the Directorate.
The recruitment program concentrated on both short-
term and long-term employment. A number of employees,
among then professors on sabbatical and engineers from
industry, were hired on .short-tern contract and have
since departed. In the main the contributions of these
specialists were highly significant.
To encourage cross-fertilization of ideas a
series of "Advanced Technical Seminars" were held by
the Deputy Director for the purpose of exploring validity
of concept and depth of research concerned with new
technical proposals. Similarly, periodic "dining-ins"
were arranged where individuals having experience in
intelligence would address small DD/S&T gatherings.
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FUMING OF PROGRAMS
The series of National Reconnaissance Office
agreements negotiated during 1961--63 admittedly
brought about a complex arrangement for funding and
program responsibility within OD/S&T. In reviewing
programs of the Directorate it should be kept in mind
that approximately of DD/S&T personnel
are directly or in rec c e ned with projects
which are the responsibility of and are funded by NRO.
Annex D illustrates the shift in funding arrangements
for the period 1959-1967. Annex E reflects the growth
of DA/S by Agency dollar.
OFFICES AND ACTIVITIES
There are now seven principal offices in the
DD/ T. The following sections deal with these individually
in order of their establishment an an Office of the
Directorate.
In addition to historical notes brief reviews of
principal programs and activities are included.
Office of Special Activities
4SA began its life, organizationally,
early in 1955 as a small project group of six
people. Grafted onto the staff of R. M. Bissel
Jr., than Special Assistant for Policy Coordinat io
Office of the DCI (S&PC/DCI), its project was
the covert development and operation of the U-2
rcraft in conjunction with the U. S. Air l rce--
Project UATONS. The SAPC/DCI relationship
continued as a project crew. By mid-1987 the
project strength was which
gave an unwieldy overload to e ee o the
Director. Project personnel were thereupon
separated from Mr. Bissell's personal staff and
renamed the Development Projects Staff, retaining
their organizational affiliation with the Director
only in the term DPS/DCI. When Mr. Bissell
became nD/P in February 1989, DPS was renamed
Development Projects Division and blended into the
DD/P. In February 1962, when Mr. Bissell resigned
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as DD/P. DPD was transferred to the newly
formed DD/R and was renamed OS,
board strength at this point was
and the Director was o . an.
Beerli, During the early summer of
1962, Col. Beerli was transferred and Col. (id'
General) Jack Ledford, 'C,SAF, was selected
his replacement. In mid-summer 1966 Gen. Ledford
departed and was replaced by Col. Paul N.
Bacalis, USAF.
Until the fall of 1963 OSA's area of
responsibility covered not only manned recon-
naissance systems but satellite systems as well.
Early in its history, therefore, ASA was deeply
involved in the development and operation of
CORONA, the initial satellite photographic
reconnaissance system. This project started in
March 1958 and had its first launch in January
1959. In November 1959 cover was transferred
from ABPA to SAFSS/TJSAI. The CORONA program
experienced 13 failures before its first success-
ful launch occurred on 20 August 1960. Numerous
successful launches followed and are continuing
with vastly improved photographic equipment.
(See OSP Activities Report)
With the formation of DSP in the fall of
1965 that office assumed all responsibility for
satellite systems, leaving to concerned with
manned reconnaissance systems, first the U-2
and followed by OXCART.
Highlights of the U-2 project, which was
approved by the President in November 1954,
include the first flight of a V-2 on 6 October
1955 (eight months after the contract had been
let); the first flight over 'USSR and July 1956;
the last flight over 138SR on 1 May 1960; and the
50 Agency flights over Cuba (the last on 5
October 1962) immediately preceeding the missile
crisis.
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Since the basic U-2 was produced CIA has
developed a refueling version and a carrier take-
off/landing capability. The original engine was
replaced in 1959 to permit an important altitude
J
The OXCART project, a successor to the U-2,
ich began in September 1954 after earlier
Presidential approval, led to the development of
the first MACH-3 aircraft. The first fli
an OXCART occurred on 26 April 1962
and the first MACH-3 flight took place on
1962. Through August 1936 a total of 245 hours
of flight time at MACH--3 or above had been
accumulated, The OXC.ABT, a large-scale develop-
ment undertaking of CIAg, has demonstrated a
capability to produce high-resolution (one foot)
photography at penetration altitude and speed, and
was declared operationally ready in November 1965.
The current OXCART fleet consists of nice air-
craft and one trainer. On 1 June 1965 the Agency
was authorized to proceed with a deployment plan
at g a-dena Afl, Okinawa. By 15 November 1985
support facilities and supplies were in place to
permit operation on an emergency basis. By
1 December 1965 arrangements had been completed,
making it possible to deploy to this advance base
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on a fully operational basis within 15 days
of a decision to effect Such deployment.
The DD/S&T has not had any direct respon-
sibility for photographic drone aircraft;
however, 08A did perform the initial development
on TAGBOARD, a drone version of OXCART. This
program has been transferred by RRD to the Air
Force.
Although no additional manned reconnaissance
aircraft programs have been approved for develop-
went, 05* has continued active investigation of
several advanced concepts including 18IRGLA88,
a boost-glide vehicle with a much hig- `altitude
and speed capability.
office of Research and Development
In 1962 ORD was created by the Director of
CIA, upon the recommendation of Dr. Scoville, as
the scientific development and research element
of DD/R. When ORD came into being, it was staffed
by three people and had a budget of a little more
than Personnel initially staffing
the 0111ce, mere transferred from T8D/DD/P. The
office developed an initial plan for re i
and a budget of ithin 25X
a three-to-five year period. waas to pri.
warily concerned with new applications of existing
scientific knowledge which night have intelligence
application- mid-1989- r rt W.
Chapman and became Director 25X
and Deputy DirecTor- , respectively, of O RD. The
basic division in this office has been between
life sciences on the one hand and physical sciences
on the other. The former includes biological,
medical and behavioral sciences while the latter
is concerned principally with the fields of
optics, radio physics, physics and chemistr and
audio -hysics. ORD began FY 1967 with a 25X
budget and a personnel allotment of 25X
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one of the major efforts in the life
sciences area is the program to improve and up-
grade the performance of the polygraph. This
program was initiated in F 1954 with the goal
of developing new sensors and improved indicators
for the polygraph and automating its operation
through the use of computers. Results of this
program have already led to the installation of
improved equipment in the polygraph rooms and
the adoption of new computer methods for exploiting
polygraph data.
The ORD Audio Surveillance program was inspired
by the National secur ty n memorandum No. 170
dated 8 July 1962 in which the White Rouse emphasized
the critical importance of audio surveillance in
intelligence collection and the extremely serious
problem of protecting the U. S. Government from
penetration by enemy audio systems. As a result,
the CIA-DIA Scientific Guidance panel was convened
in 1963 and recommended advanced research efforts
in both the audio surveillance and countermeasures
areas. The DCI, Mr. McCone, endorsed these
recommendations to the White Rouse and gave
instructions for these efforts to proceed.
Beginning in early 1964, a set of intensive
studies and investigations proceeded involving the
most advanced technology in microelectronics,
peech recording and analysis,, microminiature
sensors, laser probe systems, and microwave techniques
for the purpose of seeking order-of- magnitude
improvements over current technology. By 1968,
e was able to propose an advanced scientific
and technological program based on the results of
these investigations -- the which 25X
proposed to elevate to a comp e. e y new level CIA
nanaahi'i 4 +y in +h4 a 414i n.a nn7 1 ani? i ns~ ~sa+ sa
and in being a n e in FY IV67 to the
extent of An operational
a real eakthrough in this
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office Of FLINT
While the Agency became involved in FLINT
analysis in 1956 to provide necessary secure
facilities for analysis of-2 missions, ',
an such, was not established until 30 July 1962.
It was formed from a relatively small group from
the Office of Scientific Intelligence and a
similar group from the Office of Communications.
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At that time the office was organized
a staff and throe divisions: O oratio
and Research and Development. 1
: Ana.
-rue
rector of -is Mr, George C. er w o has
been in charge of the office since its assign-
ernt to the Directorate.
In the area of FLINT operations there have
been a .number of projects which stand out from
the other on-soinf operations serviced by ONL_.
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Office of Scientific intelligence
The origin of OSI may be traced to the Manhattan
District (ca. 1944), the Central Intelligence
Group (CIO) (1946) and to the Office of Strategic
Services (OSS). An a formal entity, however, 081
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was established on I January 1949 under Dr.
Willard gachle as a merger of two scientific
intelligence entities (Scientific Winch/
CIO and a nuclear energy intelligence group trans-
ferred from. Manhattan District to CIO after World
War TI).
As an office of the Directorate of Intelligence
(DD/'), 081 was under Dr. Herbert Scoville, Jr t s. ,
Dr. Albert D. Wheeler then served as Director until
the establishment of DD/S&T in 1963. At this time
08l became a part of DD/S&T and Dr. Donald F.
Chamberlain was appointed its Director. Dr.
Chamberlain still serves in this capacity, assisted
b
y Dr. Karl wooer as deputy.
When 081 was assigned to DD/SAT it p collection
support was transferred to Collection Guidance
Staff (CGS). With the creation of new components
within DD/S&T 081 lost some of its other responsi-
bilities and personnel. In particular, its ballistic
missile and space functions and personnel were reas-
signed to augment the Foreign Missile and Space
Analysis Center (FMSAC) in October 1965.
081 to responsible for intelligence on foreign
scientific and engineering research; and on the
design, development, and performance capabilities
of foreign devices, products, equipment and systems.
Further, it to responsible for all aspects of foreign
intelligence on atomic energy, biological and
chemical warfare. 081 is charged with the establish-
ment and maintenance of a coordinated program of
collection support, research, analysis and production
in these foreign scientific and technical intelligence
fields.
081 is the principal community contributor of
S&T inputs to national intelligence. The Office
contributes to principal military estimates and
other papers on the USSR. In the 1960's greater
attention began to be given to Communist China, as
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Contributions to estimates are made directly
or via three of 'CMS's technical committees,
JABIC, SIC, and and GMI Co the first two of which have
always been headed by 081 officers. G IaIC was
headed by an 081 officer until the formation of
FBSA.C in late 1955. The Office also contributes
to the National Intelligence Survey Program, and
today some 30 or so countries are covered in
various S fields.
081 his a current scientific intelligence
effort and contributes to OCI daily and weekly
publications. The Scientific Intelligence Digest,
published since the early 1950's, in now published
monthly.
In 1964 the importance of, and increase in,
scientific intelligence material justified publication
of a daily, the Surveyor,, which soon appeared in
weekly versions 1or the intelligence community,
Important items of current interest and and high priority
appear as briefs or memoranda, and items are con-
tributed to the weekly USIB Watch Report.
The backbone of 08I production has been the
Scientific and Technical Intelligence Reports
(formerly called Scientific Intelligence Reports.)
These in-depth studies cover the gamut of foreign
S&T developments and provide analyses and con-
clusions contributing to National Estimates. These
number from 60 to 100 a year. 'Until the aid-1950's
most research and analysis was done in-house but
with the increase in the amount of available
scientific information., the share of work contracted
out use grown.
08I's major products support the National
Estimate program; and ONE, directly or indirectly,
in a principal consumer. Other periodicals and
reports have a variety of audiences,, some going only
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to top-level policy makers, others to as many
as 800 consumers.
eral periodicals and many papers go to
the White House, the Secretaries of State and
Defense, the T'reaident's Scientific Advisor,
the President fs Science Advisory Committee, and
the Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, as well
as to contractors and consultants in the U. S.
industrial and academic worlds.
Office of Cc ether Services
During the period July 1981 to August 1963
the computer activity of the Agency began to
urge.. As a first step the Automation Staff
of DD/ I merged with the CIA Management Staff and,
augmented by fifty DD/I shots, formed the CIA
Automatic Data Processing Staff (ADPS). This
Staff was placed under the DDlS and charged with
(1) establishing a computer center (IBM 1410/1401);
(2) carrying on CHIVE (a joint OCR-OCS project to
apply computer backup to the central reference
facilities of the Agency); (3) technical supervision
of DD/S/Comptroller/.ADP Division; and (4) CIA
Electronic Data Processing (IDP).
With the rapid advances in computer technology
the Director recognized the need for a principal
center which would consolidate the Agency's assets
in this field and coordinate its overall effort.
On S August 1963 the ADPS was renamed the Office
of Computer Services (OCS) and transferred from
DD/S to DD/88T. The rsonnel allocation was
increased to through transfer of 25X11
from the Off :*Comptroller. Mr. Jt e
Decker served as Director until 1 June 1966 when
Mr. Charles A. Briggs of DDI/OCR was named to
replace him.
An important purpose in establishing OCS was
solidify hardware and personnel assets and to
build a strong cadre of people capable of applying
machines intelligently to Agency research and
production work,
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Early in 1985, after considerable study,
the decision was made to convert to third--
generation computer hardware, the ultimate
model selected being the IBM 360/67. The OCS
Computer .S stems Planni Report was issue-d on
une 1995. From that date to the present,
the evolutionary process has been going on through
smaller 360 computers -- the models 30, 50, and
68, The IN 1400 an"00 series Systems and
thel will be replaced early
in Luce.
Foreign Missile and Space Analysis Center
FMSAC, One of the offices more recently
established in DD/S&T, had its beginning in
November 1963. Its creation was, again, an
inevitable development occasioned by the need to
improve significantly the technical quality and
timeliness of analysis on foreign space and missile
activity.
On March 1964, construction of a FMSAC Control
tenter was completed and a 24-hour watch office
was established. Simultaneously a Daily Missile
and Space Summary began to be published to
describe significant activities on a current basis
to the intelligence community.
In April 1964, FMSAC commenced the publication
of a series of Event Reports. These reports
contain a detailed technical analysis of significant
Soviet missile and space operations based on all
of the information collected by this government
on each particular event. Through 31 August 1966,
138 of these reports have been disseminated[__
On 25 October 1985, the missions, functions
and analytical responsibilities of the Ballistic
Missile and Space Division of the Office of
Scientific Intelligence and the Foreign Missile and
Space Analysis Center were combined by
The new organization ret
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name of FMSAC and Messrs. Duckett and Srandwein
remained as Director and Deputy Director,
respectively.
The original FCC had, by the time of this
organizational change. achieved a personnel
strength of were
transferred a ger.
At the time of the reorganization a Project
Staff was established with responsibility for
systems analysis of all foreign missile and
space systems except defensive weapons, the
preparation of various special assessments, and
submissions to National Intelligence Estimates.
It was organized into groups responsible for such
problems as ICBM and ISBM systems, space systems,
tactical, naval, and the various non-Soviet missile
and space efforts.
Following this merger, arrangements were made
with the office of Scientific Intelligence to
continue producing certain types of reports
through the Production Staff of that Office, there-
by negating the need for duplicative production
establishments. Since late 1965, a total of 20
reports have been published through this mechanism.
in May 1966 when Mr. Duckett was appointed
Assistant Deputy Director for DD/S&T, his deputy,
Mr.
Director, S. Brandwein was named to succeed him
as Director, FMSAC.
office of Special Projects
The beginning of OSP as a formal part of the
DD/S&T organization started in the winter of
1963 when an operations analysis group called the
Special Activities Staff (BAS) was established
under Mr. Jack Maxey. Most of their activities
were concerned with support of overhead reconnaissance
programs. In August of 1964 the Deputy Director,
S&T, obtained DCI approval for designating this group---
then called Special Projects Staff (BPS)--to handle
all CIA satellite reconnaissance programs. Later
approval in principle was sought for establishing
a separate office within DD/SW to perform this
function. On 15 September 1965 the Executive
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Director-Comptroller, CIA, approved the establish-
sent of the office of Special Projects (OSP)
with a planned authorized table or organization
of[ersonnel. Mr. John J. Crowley was appointed
Director of the office.
The principle efforts of 0?8P are the CORONA,
projects. In
a on, o ,s ign. an an nalysix Division
is engaged in work involving applied research,
advanced technology,-
The CORONA project is a satellite photographic
search and surveillance system with two recover-
able capsules for retrieval of exposed film.
A typical CORONA mission provides about 10, 000, 000
square nautical miles of coverage with an average
resolution of 10 foot. The project was initiated
in 1958, and the first capsule of film was recovered
in August 1960. To date, 90 capsules have been
returned from 79 launches, and have brought
back more than 95 percent of our intelligence
photography of the Sino-Soviet Bloc. The CORONA
J-3 configuration, scheduled for launch in August
1887, will allow for an 80 an perigee and other
improvements thus improving average resolution
from 10 to 7 feet. O$P is responsible for the
CORONA cameras, recovery vehicle, payload housing
and structure including assembly, integration, check-
out, pro-launch mission planning, on-orbit camera
operation and diagnostics, post mission analysis
and evaluation.
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COMMITTEES AND PANELS
DD/S&T has historically been actively involved
the committee structure of VSIB, providing chairmen and
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administrative support for as many as five separate
committees concerned with scientific and technological
matters. A listing of these committees and their areas
of interest follows:
Guided Missile and Astronautics Intelligence
Committee (GRAIC) - Chairman, Mr. Carl R. Duckett, former
Director, YMSAC, currently Assistant Deputy Director,
DD/T. GMAIC coordinates guided missile and astronautics
intelligence production activities of the Government,
it also develops a community approach to problems in
the field and promotes interagency liaison. FMSAC
provides the secretariat and substantive support.
Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee (JAZIC) -
Chairman, Dr. Donald Chamberlain, Director, 081. JABIC
fosters, develops, and maintains a coordinated community
approach to problems in the atomic energy intelligence
field, promotes interagency liaison, and gives community
support to efforts of individual agencies. The Office
Scientific Intelligence provides the secretariat and
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also substantive support.
Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance (COMOR) -
Chairman, Special Assistant, DD/S&T.
COMOR pro s a ca po u- car information on, and
development of foreign intelligence requirements for,
overhead reconnaissance projects and activities of the
Government over denied areas. The Committee coordinates
the adaptation of priority requirements established by
USIB to potential overhead reconnaissance systems.
DD/S&T provides the secretariat and operational and
technical support to the photographic, FLINT, COMIRT,
Icollection.
Sci n c Intelligence Committee (SIC) - Chairman,
Deputy Director, 081. This Committee
develops and maintains a coordinated Community approach to
problems in S&T intelligence (except those of JAEIC
and GMAIC), promotes liaison and given Community support
to efforts of individual agencies. 081 provides the
secretariat and also substantive support.
SIGINT - Chairman,
Director of Reconnaissance, CIA. The responsibility of
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the SIGINT Committee extends to those matters within
jurisdiction of VSXB. DD/8 provides slots for the
SPINT Staff support to Chairman, SIGIRT.
Research and Development Subcommittee of the
Technical Service Countermeasures Committee (TSCC) of
USIB. Mr. Robert M. Chapman, ORD, serves as Chairman.
DD/S&T provides administrative and substantive support.
To permit the intelligence community to benefit
from the knowledge and experience of respected scientific
and technical leaders from industrial, governmental,
and academic communities. Panels have been formed to
advise the DCI, and USIR. Three of these are in the areas
of foreign strategic weapons systems, foreign space
programs, and foreign nuclear energy programs. During
the past year, on at least two occasions, the Strategic
Weapons Intelligence Panel under Dr. Lawrence A. Ryland,
the Space Intelligence Panel under Dr. Simon Ramo, and
the Nuclear Intelligence Panel chaired by Mr. Louis R.
Rhoddis met to consider the problems and new develop-
ments in their respective areas.
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5 Aug. 7 Nov. 15, ept..
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