REVISION OF DRAFT CHART ON 'HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CIA'

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP85B00236R000200160001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 19, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 21, 1980
• Content Type: MF

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MEMORANDUM FOR: Chief, CRD
SUBJECT Revision of Draft Chart on "Histori-
cal Development of CIA"
STATINTL
STATINTL
Memo for STATINTL
18 Mar 80, su : Matrix
History of CIA.
1. Forwarded per your request of 19 March 1980
is su este evision of the referenced "Matrix" from
2. Because of the numerous sins of commission (and
omission), errors in fact, and misplacements of infor-
mation, I found it best to prepare a new chart (with
a new title).
STATINTL 3. "Major observations" segment was so
misleading and repititious that it is best omitted.
TATINTL
O&1 - Adse
2 - JBP
1 - HS Chrono
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EVOLUTION OF CIA
GENERAL & COORDINATION
Antecedents to CIA:
LANDESTINE COLLECTION & COVERT ACTION
Organizational Precedents for: I Clandestine Operations
Clandestine Collection
Clandestine Operations
Anaylsis and Estimates
Provided initial Cadre of Intel-
liaence Officers--l/3 of CIA
titutional Problems:
Personnel in 1947 from OSS
Resistance from Old Line
Agencies
Difficult to Sell Analyses
and Opinions
Dominated by Clandestine Ops
Prepared Analyses and Made
Myriad of Technical Devices
for Clandestine and
Paramilitary Ops
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Part of Postwar Reorganization of
Executive Departments:
Conduct Independent Clandestine
Collection
No Dept. Willing to Give Up Office of Special Operations (OSO/
Intel . FL
Personnel
Coordination of Analysis and
Dissemination was Max Depts.
would Concede
Depts. Controlled Product
Theory of CIG:
Small Staff--Personnel and
Money from State, Army, and
Navy
Assemble and Review Raw Data
from Dept. Collection Effortst
Produce Objective NIEs
Institutional Resistance Made
Attempts to Implement Futile:
Depts. Guarded Raw Data
Depts. Protected Prerogatives
to Provide Policy Guidance
to President and to Produce
Intelligence Particular to
Own Needs
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Conduct Independent Research and
Analysis "not carried out by other
departments."
Office of Reports and Estimates
(ORE) Established:
Made CIG Independent Intelligent
Producer and NIE Coordinator l
Produced Current Intelligence
Ended Dependence on Departments
for Data--Developed Own Over
Collection Effort from Open I
Sources:
Domestic Contact Service
Foreign Documents and
Publication
Page 2
STATSPEC
 DATE C E N T R A L ~ N T E For elease J06111 &0 &E RDP85 tabl i R00020v0160000NAL SECURITY ACT 1947) Page 3
pprove
Intended Departmental Functions:
For Map and Geographic Intel.
and Threats For Bulk of National Intelligenc
Surveys (NISs)--some NISs
Recommendations to NSC re Coord. Retained by Departments
CIA Responsibility Unspecified to
Avoid Conflict with Departments:
Report to NSC on Foreign Trends
DCI Authority to Terminate Employees'
.
GENERAL & COORDINATION CLANDESTINE COLLECTION & COVERT ACTION INTELLIGENCE PRODUCTION SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL
Correlate, Evaluate, and Dissem-
inate Intel
Intelligence Advisory Committee (IA
Established to Coord. Intel.
Requirements:
DCI (Chmn.), State, Army, Navy,
Air, JCS, and AEC Members
June 1948, Office of Policy Coordi-
nation (OPC) Established:
Budget and Manpower Allocated
Through CIA
Secretary of State Principal
Official:
OPC with Secretary of
Defense Provides Policy
Guidance
Appoints & Directs, Director/1
ORE Scientific Branch Reestablished
as Office of Scientific Intel-
ligence (OSI)
9
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 GENERAL & COORDINATION
C E N T R A L INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (Continued)
STATINTL October 1950, General Walter Bedell 1,
Smith Named DCI and Tightened
Reim over Tntel Community:
STATIFTL
STATIfTL
STATIfTL
Declared DCI as the Senior Mem- I
ber of IAC--Would Assume somel
Admin. Control over Depart-
mental Intelligence
1950, Took over Control of OPC
and OSO:
Competing with OSO's Clan-
destine Ops
December 1950, Deputy Director
for Administration Establishel
December 1950, Deputy Director
for Operations Established--
Name Changed 4 Jan. 1951 to
Deputy Director for Plans
(change to avoid confusion
because existing & contin-
uing unit within new Direc-
torate already identified as
Office of Operations.)
Number of Projects an Individual
Initiated Became Measure of
Success. Led to Waste and
Inefficiency in Clandestine
Ops--Influence still Apparent
in DDO.
Overemphasis on Operations
1952 - Nearly 75% CIA Budget
for Clandestine Collection
1952 - Nearly 60% CIA Per-
sonnel were in DDP
Operations for Sake of Oper- J
ations led to Neglect of
Collection Efforts
ORE Becoming Service Organization
Giving Marginal Attention to
National Estimates
Less Emphasis on Predictive
Intel.--of 11 Regular Publi-
cations only one Focused on
National Intel.
Estimated that only 10% of ORE
Products met purpose for which
CIG/CIA Created
Responded to Requests from all o.
Agencies on all Subjects, but-
DCI had no Authority to Coor-1
dinate
Overt Collection:
January 1952, Deputy Director for
Intelligence Replaced ORE and
Established Following Components
for Intelligence Production and
ination (OCD)--dissemination
and storage of unevaluated
intelligence, including photo
intelligence
Office of Scientific Intelligence
(OSI)--basic science research
Office of Current Intelligence
(OCI)
Office of Operations--overt
collection, including HUMINT
Office of Collection & Dissem- I
(ORR)--economic and geographi
Office of National Estimates
(ONE)
Office of Research & Reports
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 August 1952, Merger of OSO and
OPC within the DDP Completed
February 1953, Allen Dulles
becomes DCI - CIA Structure
and Scale Approximate Today's
CIA in Personnel Complement
DDP (now DD0), DDI (now NFAC)
and DDA Formed and Operating-
(S&T activities then in both
DDP and DDI areas.)
Policymakers Supported Anti-Comm-
unist Position and Actions by CI I
i
National Security Act Amended to
Prevent both DCI and DDCI Posi-
tions being held Simultaneously
by Military Officers
yYYiIY!l~OY A~ ie~Y~~F
QDulles Neglected IC Mgt/Coord
STATINNTL
sultants on Foreign Intel.
Activities (PBCFIA) Establ.--
No Authority over DCI or IC
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CLANDESTINE COLLECTION & COVERT ACTIOP
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INTELLIGENCE PRODUCTION
Quality of Intelligence Production
began to Improve
25X1 C
Major Advances in Strategic Assess-
ment
CA and Clandestine Coll. Regarded Major Voice in Assessment of Soviet
as Agency's Primary Mission: Bloc Economic (inc. military-
1956: President's Board of Con-1
mended that Dulles Coord IC
and appt. a Dep. for CIA.
Instead Dulles appointed
Dep. for IC.
1958: United States Intel. Boar
(USIB) Establ.--Combined
!AC & USCIB-Com Intel Bd).
Lacked Authority--Dependent
on Departmental Willingness
to Accept Community Tasks.
economic) development. Success-
fully Rebutted Challenges from
Military Intel and State/INR
NIEs had little or no Impact on U.S.'
Policy
Continuing S&T Responsibility in OSI
SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL
STATINTL
1955: CIA Scientific Advisory Board
Establ.- Chmn
U-2 Operational
STATINTL
1960: U-2 Sot Down over USSR
STATINTL
Continuing Difficulties re Access to
omDartmentation Limited 1 DDP Data, 1961 National Photo-
Contacts with DDI & Restri~- graphic Interpretation center (NPjc)
Approwgd
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DATE C E N T R A L INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (Continued) Page6
11-T Y 4 GENERAL & COORDINATION
(koil I TA
1958 (Continued)
Did Improve Collection Tasking
Efforts Through Sub-comm.
STATINTL Structure. -
1959: Heavy Cost to Services for
Tech. Collection Forced Coop with!
CIA on HUMINT
1961: John McCone becomes DCI (Nov.!
61)--New Agency Headquarters Bldg
Opened
STATINTL
STATINTL
LANDESTINE COLLECTION & COVERT ACTION
CA and Clandestine Coll. Regarded
as Agency's Primary Mission:
Continued
Special Administrative Unit to
(SSA-DDP)
1961: Condemned for role in Bay ofd
Service DDP Activities Estab-
lished in the Dep. Directorat
for Support (formerly the DDA
--Special Support Assistant--
Deputy Directorate for Plans
Pigs I
Administration Responsibility &
Funding for Various S&T Activities:
Development Projects Div (DPD-
Technical Services Div (TSD)-
R&D to Support Clandestine
Activities
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SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL
 CENTRAL INTELLIGF~A ~G NCy (Continued) Page ?
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1965: William F. Raborn becomes
DCI (April)
1966: Richard M. Helms becomes
DCI (June)
1970: First Generation of CIA
Employees begin to Retire
Period of
Change
CLANDESTINE COLLECTION & COVERT ACTION
1963: CA Authorization Process For-
1962: Agency Analysis Played Key
1962: Deputy Directorate of Research
malized but Responsibility left
Role during Cuban Missile Crisis-
Establ. but other Directorates
Vague--$25,000 Required Approval
Support from McNamara Solidified
Refused to give up their S&T
Agency Reputation for Strategic
Functions
By 1967, Paramilitary Ops Surpass
Analysis of Soviet Threat
Psych & Political Action in
Importance
DOD-DCI Agreement Recognizing
CIA's Work on Mil-Econ Intel.
(Vance-McCone)
1967: Increased Demand for Econ.
Intel 0 " & for Asses-1;
sments o oviet Bloc Military
Programs. Led to Establishment
of Two New Offices in DDI in
July 1967:
Office of Economic Research (OER:
Transition and Abrupt F Continued Decline of CA Ops
Kissinger, rather than President,
Maintained Contact with DCI; in
Effect Served as Senior Intel.
Adviser
NSC became Intel & Policy Staff,
doing own Intel Analysis. Prox-
imity to Policymakers permitted
NSC Analysis to be more Timely &
Useful than Comparable CIA Analy-
GENERAL & COORDINATION
1973: "Schlesinger Slash" Reduced
Agency Personnel by 7%--most froml
SEA Paramilitary
1973 Colby:
Program Dissolve
Transferred OTS to DDS&T
(OSR) I
Colby:
ONE Abolished and Replaced by
National Intelligence Officers
(NIO's)
Key Intelligence Questions (KIQ)
Proposed as Means to Improve
Quality & Utility of National
Estimates
Office of Political Research
Instituted to Alter DDO Admin ~np r ,. ~36
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1963: Deputy Directorate for Science
and Technology EstablisSdATINTL
STATINTL
11 Competitive Pay Scale to Attract
Top Professionals
All R&D done through Contracts--
Assured Access to Most Advanced
Tech Systems Nationwide
STATINTL
1973: Office of Technical Services
(OTS) Transferred from DDO to
DDS&T
NPIC Transferred from DDI to DDS&T
 1971: Intelligence Resources
Advisory Committee (IRAC) Estab-
lished to Advise DCI on Consoli-
dated Intel Budget
Failed
.
because DCI Lacked Budget Author
ity
1972: Helms Established Intelli-
gence Community Staff (IC).
Staff was Composed only of CIA,
therefore Success was Limited
1973: James R. Schlesinger became
DCI (Feb)
1973: William E. Colby Succeeds
Schlesinger (Sept)
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INTELLIGENCE PRODUCTION 1 SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL
June 1975: Rockefeller Commission
Report Recommended, among others,
the Following:
Explicit Limitation of CIA Ac-
tivity to Foreign Intel.
Oversight Role Pres. Foreign
Intel. Advisory Board
Stressed need for Admin & Mgt.
Skills for DCI
Need for Two DDCI's--One Admin;
One Military
Agency Responsibility to Resist
Directions to Perform Inter-
nal Security
Creation of Single, High-level
Channel for all Requests to
CIA from White House
June 1975: Murphy Commission
Report on Conduct of Foreign
Policy Referred to Intel.:
Stressed Need for DCI to hav
ninnrt Ilrrncc to Grpciri nt
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