TERRORISM REVIEW (U)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP85-01095R000100230002-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 27
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 30, 2010
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: February 7, 1985
• Content Type: REPORT

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Directorate of
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Terrorism Review
GI TR 85-003
7 February 1985
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1 Focus-The Euroterrorist Front: Moving Beyond Rhetoric
Highlights
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23 International Terrorist Incidents: A Statistical Overview of 1984
25 Chronology of Terrorism, 1984-85
This review is published every other week by the Directorate of Intelligence.
Appropriate articles produced by other elements of the CIA as well as by other
agencies of the US Intelligence Community will be considered for publication.
Comments and queries are welcome and may be directed to the Executive Editor
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Terrorism Reviewl 25X1
Focus The Euroterrorist Front: Moving Beyond Rhetoric
For years, various European leftwing terrorist groups have called for the
establishment of an international united front against "Western imperialism," and
particularly against its most powerful symbols, NATO and the American presence
in Europe. Until recently, they appeared to be paying little more than lipservice to
this goal. In the past few months, however, there have been growing indications
that at least three of these groups-the West German Red Army Faction (RAF),
the French group Action Directe (AD), and the Belgian Communist Combatant
Cells (CCC)-may have launched a coordinated terrorist offensive against NATO.
The offensive seems to have begun late last summer with AD attacks in Paris on
the Atlantic Institute, the Western European Union, and the European Space
Agency-all of them targets that AD communiques erroneously asserted are
associated with NATO. Then in October in Belgium, the CCC bombed several
multinational firms because of their connections with NATO military activities.
In December the pace picked up. In Belgium, the CCC bombed the NATO
pipeline system at six points. In West Germany, the RAF and its supporters began
a long-planned offensive: more than 30 imprisoned RAF members staged a hunger
strike, while dozens of bombing attacks against targets associated with NATO
were carried out in solidarity with them. In Portugal, the Popular Forces of 25
April (FP-25) fired several mortar rounds at NATO-related facilities, while in
Spain, Basque Fatherland and Freedom (ETA) bombed a military pipeline. Even
in the Netherlands, hitherto largely apart from the terrorist scene, sympathizers
halted a train to demonstrate solidarity with the RAF.
In 1985 the offensive continued in Belgium with a CCC bombing of a US military
facility. In West Germany, there were more RAF bombings, including one in
which one of the perpetrators was killed and the other seriously injured, as well as
the assassination of industrialist Dr. Ernst Zimmermann. In France, Action
Directe assassinated senior Defense Ministry official Gen. Rene Audran, and AD
prisoners began a hunger strike in sympathy with the RAF prisoners. In Portugal,
FP-25 lobbed some mortar rounds at NATO vessels in Lisbon harbor and bombed
automobiles belonging to West German servicemen. In the Netherlands, the
Northern Terror Front, a hitherto unknown group, bombed a police station (saying
the police were "slaves of imperialism") and a Defense Ministry facility. In
Greece, another new group using a name-the National Front-formerly
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associated with rightwing Greek terrorists claimed credit for setting off a bomb in
a bar crowded with US servicemen, wounding at least 78 persons.
Some-but not all-of the groups responsible for these incidents have indicated,
explicitly or implicitly, that their actions have been part of a mutual concerted
effort-in effect constituting a multinational campaign.
The Targets. The nearly exclusive focus on NATO-related targets is a novel
feature of this campaign. Hitherto, Action Directe had tended to concentrate on
indigenous French targets, FP-25 on Portuguese targets, ETA on Spanish targets,
and so on. Even the RAF in the past directed most of its attacks against indigenous
West German targets.
The Timing. It seems very unlikely that so many leftwing European terrorist
groups would independently decide to mount major anti-NATO campaigns at
approximately the same time. Some of the attacks may have been stimulated by
the publicity attending one or another of the major terrorist incidents, and some
may have been in response to public exhortations by the RAF and Action Directe
to join the campaign. But many of these attacks required considerable planning
and preparations that almost certainly were set in motion well before the campaign
began.
The Tactics. In general, the groups have used similar tactics. Most of the terrorist
attacks have been bombings, the majority directed against property rather than
people. In West Germany, Belgium, and France, however, car bombings have been
attempted. Hitherto these had been rare in Western Europe. The AD assassination
was accomplished with a handgun; it was a tactic unusual for Action Directe but
common for the RAF. The use by FP-25 of a mortar, on the other hand, was
unique.
The Talk. Several of the groups have made public statements asserting that they
were acting in concert with other groups against a mutual enemy. The RAF and
Action Directe, for example, issued a joint communique declaring war on the
"imperialist" system. The CCC asserted that two of their attacks in Belgium were
to demonstrate solidarity with the RAF. The RAF operatives who murdered
Doctor Zimmermann dedicated their act to the memory of a Provisional IRA
terrorist who had died in a hunger strike. Action Directe dedicated its
assassination of General Audran to the memory of an RAF martyr. AD prisoners
in France began their own hunger strike in sympathy with that of the RAF
prisoners in West Germany. On the other hand, the Northern Terror Front did not
tie its actions explicitly to support for the RAF or any Euroterrorist front-
although it did threaten to attack facilities associated with NATO. Neither FP-25
nor the ETA indicated their attacks were part of any international campaign;
indeed, ETA declared it was targeting the Spanish military. The National Front
tied its action to displeasure over US policy with regard to Cyprus.
The Ties. Several of the suspected leading members of the CCC reportedly have
associated with members or other persons in close contact with both the RAF and
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Action Directe. The explosives used in an AD car bombing in Paris and an RAF
car bombing in Oberammergau both came from a batch of dynamite stolen from a
Belgian quarry last summer. The points on the NATO pipeline bombed by the
CCC in Belgium had been marked on a NATO document confiscated from RAF
members arrested last summer in West Germany. A driver's license confiscated in
1982 from an RAF cache in West Germany was traced to an AD member in
France. Paris has long been reported to be the site of at least informal contacts
among members of many leftwing European extremist groups-including Action
Directe, the RAF, ETA, and FP-25.
Some European terrorist groups have been conspicuous by their absence from this
campaign. For example, there have been no indications of any involvement by the
Red Brigades or other Italian terrorists-although there is considerable evidence
of longstanding contacts between Action Directe and the Red Brigades, among
other Italian extremist groups. There has been no evidence of any involvement on
the part of leftwing Turkish groups, such as the allegedly renascent Marxist-
Leninist Armed Propaganda Unit (MLAPU
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historically anti-NATO groups as the Greek Revolutionary Organization of 17
November or the Spanish October First Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO)
been heard from. 25X1
Nevertheless, the Euroterrorist front has clearly progressed beyond mere rhetoric.
The evidence shows that some European terrorist groups are now cooperating with
each other to an unprecedented degree. The arrangement among them seems to be
more of a cooperative liaison relationship than a formal merger or union. The main
participants appear to be the RAF, Action Directe, and the CCC, with the RAF
playing the role of senior partner. The rhetoric and the targeting are typical of the
RAF; moreover, the RAF would probably reject a lesser role. Action Directe, with
its reputedly numerous international contacts, was probably instrumental in
helping to establish the arrangement. Among many European leftwing radicals,
the RAF hardcore is considered arrogant and elitist, while AD leader Jean-Marc
Rouillan is regarded as little more than a playboy. This may explain why more
European terrorist groups have not joined up.
The hunger strike of the RAF prisoners appears to have been the signal for the
currently intense level of anti-NATO terrorism in Europe. But as of early
February the strike was nearly over. The fasting prisoners probably always
recognized that their strike would not achieve its objectives of persuading the West
German Government to put them all together and treat them like prisoners of war.
Most of the prisoners are now accepting food. In contrast to previous fears,
probably none of them will starve themselves to death.
Conceivably, without the hunger strike as a unifying and stimulating factor, the
current terrorist campaign might gradually just peter out. This seems unlikely,
however. Indeed, the anti-NATO terrorist campaign seems instead to be
broadening and increasing in intensity. The RAF planning documents confiscated
by the police last summer called for the offensive which is now unfolding to
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Regardless of whether the campaign continues, intensifies, abates, or ends, the
liaison arrangements among the participants probably will remain in effect until
disrupted by police arrests or, perhaps, by a falling out of some sort. On the other
hand, even though their former ideological differences seem to have largely
evaporated, we doubt these groups are ready to completely submerge their national
identities, independence, and individuality in a formal international terrorist
organization or federation. Even if they were so inclined, it would be risky from a
security standpoint-far better to maintain a degree of compartmentation. The
capabilities of the individual groups are considerably enhanced by even informal
cooperation, and it will be harder, henceforth, to defend against them.
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Secret
Highlights
Faction, which has previously attacked Americans in Paris.
US Embassy and Personnel Under Possible Surveillance by Terrorists
The US Embassy in Paris reports that the assistant naval attache and his family
may have been under surveillance by persons appearing to be of Middle Eastern
and European origins. On 4 January a European woman gained access to the
attache's residence through misrepresentation. Later that day a man of evident
Middle Eastern extraction took pictures of the attache's son. On 20 January the
attache and his wife were followed by a man, apparently of European origin. On
the same day, a US Embassy guard reported that persons with Middle Eastern
features photographed the Embassy. In view of the current anti-NATO terrorist
offensive, these activities might have been in preparation for an operation by
Action Directe, perhaps in conjunction with the Red Army Faction. The
involvement of persons of apparent Middle Eastern origin, however, suggests an
operation by the virulently anti-American Lebanese Armed Revolutionary
"National Front" Promises Repetition of Bar Bombing
On 2 February in Glyfada, a seaside suburb of Athens about 3 kilometers from the
US-operated Hellenikon Airbase, a large homemade time bomb exploded in a
crowded bar, injuring 78 persons, including 59 Americans, but miraculously
killing no one. A swarthy man who spoke broken Greek was believed to have left
the bomb in the bar earlier in the evening. In a telephone call to an Athens
newspaper, an anonymous spokesman claimed credit for the act in the name of an
unknown organization, the "National Front," indicating it was in reprisal for US
support of the Turkish occupation of Cyprus. The caller said that more such
bombings would occur soon in places which Americans and Greeks frequent. F-
New Accord for Basque Area May Isolate ETA
A broad legislative accord reached on 30 January between the Basque regional
government (and by implication the Basque Nationalist Party) and the Basque
Socialist Party (representing the ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and by
implication the central government) enjoys widespread popular support, although
its vague provisions may be difficult to implement. The watershed agreement may
eventually lead to a lessening of political violence in the Basque region by drying
up support for ETA and other radical groups. Over the short run, however, ETA's
opposition is likely to lead to more, rather than less, terrorism. Among the points
on which agreement was reached were the following:
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? The Basque people accept that self-government for the region can be
satisfactorily achieved through the transfer of power to the Basque regional
government.
? There is no justification for the use of violence to gain political ends in a Spanish
political system based on freedom and individual liberties.
? Basque regional problems should be negotiated exclusively among the political
parties represented in the regional parliament and the Spanish state.
? The Basque regional government and the Basque Socialist Party agree to support
the "social reinsertion" of those who abandon armed political struggle.
? International relations, specifically with regard to terrorism, are the exclusive
responsibility of the Spanish state.
UNITA To Target Foreign Oil Companies
UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi announced in mid-January that UNITA would
begin to attack installations of foreign companies in northern Angola,
He said
the reason was that these companies had failed to protest the growing number of
executions of UNITA supporters by firing squad. A more likely reason would be
that the operations of these companies are the Angolan Government's chief source
of foreign exchange
Chukaku-ha Announces Intention To Begin Targeting Personnel
In a recent article in its newspaper, the leftwing terrorist group Chukaku-ha
(Nucleus Faction) asserted it has "no choice but to shift its attacks from those
against facilities to attacks against facilities with neonle inside and then to attacks
against people."
the group plans to continue to target Japanese
Government and ruling Liberal Democratic Party offices, US military facilities,
and activities associated with expanding Narita airport
The shift toward trying to harm personnel was signaled by the rocket attack on the
US Consulate General in Kobe on 1 January. At least one of the rockets contained
shrapnel. According to the article, "the advent of the rocket gun marks a
revolution in the weaponry we use to carry on our revolutionary struggle. With it
we can rain down a continuous barrage at will against our targets. The rocket gun
lends itself to everyday use and must definitely come to be employed that way."
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Significant Developments
West Germany Red Army Faction Assassinates Industrialist
On 1 February two suspected RAF terrorists forced their way into the home of
Ernst Zimmermann, board chairman of Munich's Motoren and Turbinen Union
(MTU), tied him to a chair, and shot him in the head. He died 12 hours later.
Based on descriptions provided by his wife, West German authorities believe the
terrorists are RAF hardcore fugitive Werner Lotze and Barbara Meyer, a
newcomer to the group. The RAF claimed responsibility for the attack in the home
of Commando Patrick O'Hara, a Provisional IRA member who died in a hunger
strike in 1981. MTU makes engines for tanks and other military vehicles; thus the
attack was part of the RAF's assault on NATO-associated targets.
Update on RAF Hunger Strike
As of 4 February, all but five RAF prisoners had withdrawn from their eight-
week-long hunger strike. The murder of West German industrialist Ernst
Zimmermann may have been the signal to end the strike, for right after he was
shot RAF leaders Christian Klar and Brigitte Mohnhaupt began taking food in
their Stuttgart prison. Most of the other RAF member imprisoned around the
country rather quickly followed suit.
who died in a confrontation with police in Nuernberg in 1978.
Action Directe Assassinates Defense Ministry Official
Gen. Rene Audran, the French Defense Ministry official in charge of international
arms sales, was assassinated by an unknown assailant outside his home on 25
January. The attacker emptied a .45 caliber automatic into his body, firing the last
two shots into his head as he lay on the pavement. Later, an anonymous telephone
caller claimed credit for the "execution" in the name of "Commando Elizabeth
Van Dyck of Action Directe." Van Dyck was a Red Army Faction (RAF) terrorist
Directe and the RAF-
The slaying was further evidence of the new close association between Action
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solidarity with the incarcerated RAF hunger strikers in West Germany.
to emphasize the establishment of the AD-RAF "anti-imperialist front," five
imprisoned members of Action Directe had begun their own hunger strike in
Police Sweep Uncovers ETA-M Base
In late January French police launched a raid against a base of the Military Wing
of Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA/M) in Anglet that led to the arrest of
eight ETA/M members, including two leaders of the group.
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The sweep, which marks a new tougher
French policy toward Basque terrorists, is likely to generate reprisals from ETA.
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 while ignoring the shadowy Antiterrorist Liberation Group (GAL).
Iparretarrak Complains of French Favoritism
The small French Basque terrorist group Iparretarrak (Men of the North), angered
over the court sentences handed down to two of its members on 24 January, has
vowed "to pursue the armed struggle" to gain their release. The group claimed
responsibility for several recent bombing attacks against French police. The group
charged that the French courts are dealing out harsh sentences to Basque militants
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Implementation of Preventive Detention Reform Law Delayed
On 23 January the Italian Parliament approved a measure which postpones full
implementation of the preventive detention reform law passed last summer. The
law limits the maximum duration of pretrial detention of criminal suspects as well
as posttrial detention of convicted suspects awaiting processing of their appeals. It
was to take full effect on 2 February, at which time the state would have had to
grant provisional liberty to many current detainees. Widespread concern about the
prospective release of up to 1,300 allegedly dangerous terrorist and criminal
suspects led Parliament to approve a nine-month delay. The Justice Minister
stated that the government intends to use the delay to complete the trials and
appeals of the terrorists, gangsters, and drug-trafficking suspects who would
otherwise have been eligible for release.
all foreign bases from Portugal."
FP-25 Attacks NATO Targets Twice in Week
On 28 January the leftwing terrorist group Popular Forces of 25 April (FP-25)
launched a mortar attack at NATO warships anchored in Lisbon harbor. None of
the rounds hit anything but water. Three days later FP-25 bombs destroyed eight
cars and damaged other property belonging to West German Air Force personnel
at Beja Airbase. One woman was slightly injured. FP-25 issued a communique
claiming credit for both attacks, demanding that the airbase be closed, and
promising to use "all available means" to force the "unconditional withdrawal of
in Portugal.
FP-25 attacks on West German military targets are unprecedented, and their
occurrence amidst the anti-NATO campaign proceeding in other West European
countries suggests a degree of coordination or complicity, but nothing in the FP-25
statement indicates this was intended. In response to the latest wave of FP-25
violence, the Portuguese Government has decided to push new internal security
legislation through the parliament early in February. In particular, a new
intelligence service will be established to help the government cope with terrorism
Police Mount Annual Operation To Eradicate GRAPO
In a massive sweep that began on 19 January, Spanish police arrested 17 members
of the small urban terrorist group October First Antifascist Resistance Group
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(GRAPO), including four alleged leaders.
have been responsible.
Sunni Muslim Leader Blinded by Car Bomb
On 21 January in Sidon, Sunni Muslim community leader Mustafa Sa'ad was
blinded by a powerful car bomb that exploded outside his apartment. His daughter
later died of her injuries, and his wife lost an eye in the explosion that occurred
during a meeting with local Shia leaders; in all 29 persons were injured. Sa'ad has
been noted both for his refusal to cooperate with the Israelis and for his efforts to
defuse confessional violence in Sidon. His daughter's funeral was punctuated by
shouts of "national unity." Most Muslims immediately blamed Israel for the
attack, although there is no evidence of Israeli complicity, and any militia might
New Wave of Bombings in Beirut
Between 9 and 19 January bombs exploded in Muslim West Beirut almost every
day, killing at least 19 persons and injuring at least 145. Among them was a car
bomb in the Shia neighborhood of Beir al-Abed that killed two and injured 12 on
18 January; an Amal explosives expert reportedly was trying to dismantle the
bomb when it went off. Amal claims it successfully defused two other bombs
earlier that day. To give an idea of the variety of the targets, during the evening of
19 January, bombs exploded near a civil defense office, an Iraqi bank, and a
mosque; none of these bombs resulted in casualties.
Lethal Bomb at Sunni Mosque in Tripoli
On 1 February the Sunni mosque was packed with worshipers, many of them
followers of Shaykh Shaban, the hardline leader of the Islamic Unification
Movement. Shaban-who has fought with Syrian militias for control of Tripoli
and has links with Iran-was elsewhere at the time. The explosion killed 12
persons and injured more than 60. No one claimed responsibility.
More Common Graves Discovered
Three common graves containing 44 adult corpses were discovered in the southern
Emergency Zone, according to reports in Lima newspapers. Some of the corpses
showed signs of torture. Peasants living near one of the sites identified several of
the bodies as being those of persons who had disappeared after being detained by
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 responsible.
Some 50 corpses were discovered in a mass grave in the same region last August,
and as many as 41 bodies in mass graves were uncovered there last October.
Government investigators reportedly have been trying to identify the victims but
have released no substantive information. The Maoist Sendero Luminoso
guerrillas and the government's counterterrorist forces have each been accused by
the other of committing the murders. The circumstances surrounding this most
recent find, however, lend weight to the accusation that government forces were
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meters of damaged track.
Tamil Terrorists Blow Up Train
On 19 January Tamil terrorists set off a bomb on a Colombo-bound train 300
kilometers north of the capital, derailing the train and killing 28 soldiers and 11
civilian passengers. There is evidence that Tamils in the area were aware of the
plot, but none of them tipped off military authorities when 90 soldiers boarded the
train at its last stop. On 23 January Tamil separatist guerrillas attacked the
derailed train and burned 11 cars while work was under way to repair the 500
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Peru's Tupac Amaru
The Revolutionary Movement Tupac Amaru
(MRTA) surfaced in November 1983, when it
bombed the residence of the US Embassy Marine
guards in Lima. It was not until September 1984,
however, that the group announced its existence and
took credit for that bombing. The group also claimed
responsibility for the following additional terrorist
operations in Lima last year:
? January. Shooting attack on a police station.
? March. Shooting attack on the home of former
Minister of the Economy Carlos Rodriguez Pastor.
? May. Temporary occupation of the studios of Radio
Imperial.
? June. Temporary occupation of the studios of Radio
Independencia.
? September. Shooting attack on a police station.
? September. Temporary occupation of the local
offices of the US news agencies AP and UPI and
transmission of "revolutionary communiques" to the
United States.
? September. Shooting attack on the US Embassy.
As terrorist incidents go, this is a fairly mild
assortment. Yet some Peruvian authorities have come
to consider Tupac Amaru to be potentially the gravest
terrorist threat to the country. Initially viewed as an
urban extension of the large, entrenched rural
insurgent group Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) or,
alternatively, as a small, nearly harmless group of
radical university students, Tupac Amaru's urban
guerrilla orientation, active anti-Americanism, and
possible foreign connections have forced a
reassessment.
Origins
Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui Tupac Amaru (1742-81),
a Peruvian Indian, was the leader of the most
important Indian revolt in 18th-century Spanish
America. His name was first associated with a
modern dissident group in Peru following the
disintegration of the Cuban-trained Movement of the
Revolutionary Left (MIR) in the mid-1960s, after it
had failed in its efforts to stimulate a rural guerrilla
uprising. Former MIR members in the northern cities
of Piura, Chiclayo, and Trujillo then created the
"MIR-Tupac Amaru," also known simply as the
Tupac Amaru Group. The best evidence suggests that
this group and other remnants of the MIR
subsequently joined the Peruvian Revolutionary
Socialist Party-Marxist-Leninist Faction, and that it
was this amalgam which emerged in 1984 as the
Revolutionary Movement Tupac Amaru.
Ideology
According to the Tupac Amaru manifesto distributed
during the attack on the Peruvian police station on 10
September, the group was organized to respond to
what its members viewed as the long history of
corruption and injustice associated with Peruvian
politics. Tupac Amaru seeks to destroy "imperialist"
(especially US) influence in Peru and to guarantee all
Peruvians the right to such basic necessities as food,
clothing, adequate housing, and jobs. Tupac Amaru
believes that it is following the historical Latin
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American anti-imperialist tradition of Tupac Amaru,
Simon Bolivar, San Martin, Augusto Sandino,
Farabundo Marti, and Che Guevara.
Specifically, the Tupac Amaru platform advocates
armed violence to achieve the following goals:
? A renegotiation of the existing agreement with the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and a selective
moratorium on payment of Peru's external debt.
? A freezing of the prices of basic food products and
government subsidies to enable poor people to buy
them.
? Renegotiation of contracts with foreign mining and
petroleum companies to adjust them to Peruvian
national needs.
? A higher minimum wage and higher salaries in
general.
? Emergency aid for farmers, including a moratorium
on all agricultural debts and a lowering of interest
rates on agricultural credits to 12 percent.
? Respect for university autonomy.
The Tupac Amaru platform is populist rather than
Marxist. Considering the apparent origins of the
group and the backgrounds of some of its known
members, however, it would probably be a mistake to
conclude that Tupac Amaru is a populist rather than
Marxist group. Instead, it is likely that the program
was cast in populist terms in order to attract
supporters from the mainstream political parties such
as the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
(APRA)-currently favored to win the Presidential
election next April-and the United Left coalition, as
well as from liberal elements within the church. F
Foreign Connections
In December 1984, near Cuzco, units of the Peruvian
Civil Guard arrested nine members of Tupac Amaru
and seized approximately 30 FAL (Belgian-made)
automatic rifles as well as 35,000 rounds of
To date, there has been no evidence of direct Soviet
support for Tupac Amaru. Recently, however, Peru's
Moscow-leaning Communist Party (PCP) noted that
Tupac Amaru's "revolutionary" credentials mark it as
an organization meriting respect. As reported in the
PCP-controlled Lima daily El Diario, on 14
September 1984 PCP Secretary General Jorge Del
Prado remarked that Tupac Amaru "does not
underestimate the role of the masses." Rather, "it
considers this role indispensible. It gives prominence
to distinctively national figures ... and publicly
acknowledges its actions." The PCP is the only major
Peruvian political party to have publicly displayed
such a positive attitude toward Tupac Amaru.
As several of its attacks attest, Tupac Amaru is a
continuing threat to US personnel and facilities,
although the degree of danger is hard to assess, since
none of its attacks to date could be considered serious.
Various members of the group have expressed their
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opposition to "US imperialism and interventionism in
Latin America," and their determination to
demonstrate to Washington that the group's activities
are more than "a child's game." Some US Embassy
sources have suggested that Tupac Amaru may be
targeting personnel of the US Military Assistance and
Advisory Group in Lima. This appears to be largely
conjecture.
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The Terrorist Threat From
Nuclear Proliferation
Terrorism experts for the most part agree that
perpetrating a serious nuclear terrorist incident would
be difficult for even the most sophisticated terrorist
group.' And relatively few terrorist groups would even
contemplate engaging in nuclear terrorism since that
would tend to alienate the very people whose interests
they purport to represent. But as the number of
nuclear facilities around the world producing or using
sensitive nuclear material Z grows, and as terrorists
seek still newer and more violent ways of achieving
publicity and impact, the likelihood of a nuclear
terrorist incident becomes less remote.
Inadequate Physical Security
Currently, the nuclear warheads stored at NATO
sites in Western Europe are considered by the US
Intelligence Community to be the most likely targets
of terrorist attack. In many parts of the world,
however, physical security arrangements at nuclear
installations appear inadequate to withstand
penetration or attack by determined, sophisticated
terrorists. The International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) focuses most of its efforts on safeguards
against proliferation rather than on physical security.
The IAEA has published physical security guidelines
for member states, but they are not requirements. The
Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear
Material has been signed by 39 countries (only 10
have actually ratified it) but that applies solely to
nuclear materials in international commerce.
Proliferation Compounds Problem. Before signing
any contracts to provide nuclear material or
equipment or sensitive nuclear technology, the
Western and Communist countries that compose the
' A nuclear incident could take many forms such as alarming
hoaxes, symbolic sabotage, actual sabotage (resulting in physical
damage and/or casualties), theft of nuclear material or weapons,
seizure of a nuclear facility, dispersal of radioactive contaminants,
manufacture of improvised nuclear weapons, or detonation of a
stolen or self-fabricated nuclear weapon.
London Suppliers Group require their customers to
provide adequate physical security and promise not to
transfer the material or technology further without
The Terrorist Threat
The vulnerability of nuclear facilities to a variety of
forms of attack or sabotage even in the developed
countries is highlighted by a considerable number of
nuclear-related incidents that have already taken
place. Most have involved antinuclear activists or
indigenous dissidents attacking symbols of national
progress-as opposed to terrorists. In addition to
numerous bombings at the offices of companies
engaged in nuclear activities, some of which have
caused considerable physical damage, other incidents
include:
? Argentina, 1973. The brief occupation of a power
reactor under construction.
? Sweden, 1979. The discovery of a bomb planted
next to a power reactor.
? United States, 1979. The theft of uranium dioxide
(UOZ) by an employee of a nuclear power plant.
? Australia, 1980. The theft of 2 tons of yellow cake
(purified uranium ore) from a mine.
Secret
GI TR 85-003
7 February 1985
25X1
25X1
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? France, 1980. An attack by militants on a train
carrying irradiated fuel.
? South Africa, 1980. The conviction of a university
scientist for trying to steal nuclear secrets and make
them available to the African National Congress.
? Spain, 1982. The murder of a nuclear power plant
manager by Basque separatists.
? France, 1982. The firing of rockets at a reactor
under construction.
? South Africa, 1982. The bombing of the Koeberg
power reactor by the ANC.
As governments gradually develop the capabilities to
counter or prevent the kinds of terrorist operations in
vogue today, some terrorists may seek more dramatic
options. Nuclear terrorism potentially offers such an
option. Although terrorists could use large amounts of
conventional explosives or lethal chemicals to
perpetrate attacks that result in a high number of
casualties, the threat of nuclear violence has
particularly sensational ramifications.
Moreover, a lack of technical sophistication will not
necessarily prevent terrorists from engaging in
nuclear terrorism. A terrorist group desiring to
damage either population or property might consider
attacking an operating nuclear power plant. Such
plants are high-visibility targets, frequently identified
with a country's sense of prestige. Even an attack that
only disabled the plant for a long time (a relatively
easy achievement) would represent a signal victory by
the terrorists over the government. Furthermore, such
an attack could conceivably lead to the release of
contained fission products; thus the mere threat to
blow up such a plant would generate significant fear
in the target audience.
Terrorists who could demonstrate possession of
sensitive nuclear material would not necessarily need
to fabricate an explosive nuclear device to have
enormous impact. They could merely pretend to have
done so (this no longer being deemed an impossible
feat). Alternatively, they could threaten to sell the
material to the highest bidder-or to some
particularly objectionable bidder. In fact, they could
merely threaten to contaminate the environment.
Such threats would represent a quantum leap in the
level of ostensible danger compared with the usual
coping.
Potential for Improvement
The adoption of some recent recommendations of
nuclear proliferation experts could ease the problem
somewhat. One recommendation is simply that the
industrialized countries try harder to encourage the
developing countries to improve the physical security
arrangements at their nuclear facilities. The IAEA,
for example, could offer to condition its nuclear
assistance to developing countries on their adherence
to minimum physical security guidelines. Some
authors have suggested establishing an international
task force-modeled perhaps on the US Nuclear
Emergency Search Team (NEST)-that could be
called in to deal with a nuclear terrorist threat that
emerged in a country without an indigenous
organization designed to cope with such a problem.
And, even though it only applies to material in
international commerce, if more countries ratified the
Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear
Materials, it would serve as a good example to the
others.
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Secret
International Terrorist Incidents:
Statistical Overview-1984
Total
Armed attack
? Arson
Barricade/ Hostage
Bombing
Skyjacking
54
39
66
61
62
53
56
79
45
39
56
41
651
500
17
11
23
13
7
10
10
10
11
5
15
12
144
68
5
5
6
4
8
7
3
13
2
5
0
4
62
49
0
3
1
1
0
2
0
1
3
1
0
0
12
35
21
7
29
37
37
26
35
46
18
22
33
23
334
262
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
1
0
0
2
1
8
6
Diplomatic
11
11
17
6
7
13
8
9
15
10
20
10
137
213
Military
5
3
5
6
5
5
1
3
4
0
3
19
59
92
Other government
7
2
12
16
12
5
4
4
7
2
1
1
73
28
Note: Figures are subject to change as additional information is
received.
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International Terrorist Incidents, 1983-84
1983
1984
Deaths and Injuries
Number of Victims
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Secret
Chronology of Terrorism-1984-85
Below are described noteworthy foreign and international terrorist events and
counterterrorism developments that have occurred or come to light since our last
issue. Events and developments that have already been described elsewhere in this
publication are not included.
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1984
25X1
Mid-December
Sudan: Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLA) guerrillas abduct Ugandans,
Tanzanians, and Kenyans from boat in the White Nile.
the Ugandans are unlikely to negotiate.
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24 December
Uganda: Probable state security agents attempt assassination of Minister of
25X1
Industry. The minister fled his hotel following a tip, but family members who
remained were beaten and questioned about his whereabouts.
28 December
Pakistan: 13 Iranians and five Pakistanis arrested at Karachi airport as suspected
terrorists
They claimed Iran h
d
i
th
f
ifi
d
.
a
g
ven
em money
or an unspec
e
operation
29-30 December
Botswana: Police raid residences of African National Congress (ANC) members in
Gaborone.
1985
7 January
and a soldier. Half of the explosive, hidden in an attache case, did not go off.
Namibia: SWAPO bomb in fish and chips shop in Ondangwa kills three civilians
8-9 January Lebanon: Four Christian churches and a cemetery bombed in Tripoli. No one
claimed responsibility for the attacks. The Islamic Unification Movement deplored
the violence as an effort to "frighten the Christians out of the city."
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9 January Namibia: SWAPO bomb outside shop entrance in Ondangwa fails to detonate. 25X1
Security officials estimated that anyone within a 25-meter radius of the
fragmentation device, hidden in an attache case, would have been killed.
9-10 January Angola: UNITA guerrillas attack bus in Zaire province. Four persons were killed
and eight were injured.
Secret
GI TR 85-003
7 February 1985
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12 January Iran: Aircraft passenger mistaken for would-be hijacker. What was originally
reported to be a skyjacking foiled by Iran Air security guards turns out to have
been a painful error. A passenger on a flight between Tehran and Kerman was
shot and wounded by a zealous security guard when he left his seat to use the
restroom.
12-17 January Burma: Insurgents believed to belong to Karen National Union (KNU) blow up
two civilian trains, killing three passengers and injuring more than 21. The
Karens may be attacking communication lines to divert the pressure from the
current army offensive against them.
13 January Sudan: SPLA rebels ambush and kidnap two British clergymen near Juba. Two
Sudanese were also killed in the ambush near the capital of Eastern Equatoria
Province.
14 January Peru: Bomb explosions near departmental election board office in downtown
Huancayo cause damage but no casualties. The bombings, probably connected
with the election campaign, were the first significant urban terrorist incidents in
Peru since October. No one claimed responsibility.
Portugal: FP-25 bombs four cars owned by managers of industrial firm in
Setubal, destroying two. FP-25, which last year had attacked the same company,
the Entreposoto Industrial Metalo Mecanico De Setubal, said it was "a living
symbol of the policy of capitalist recuperation in Portugal."
Mid-January Sudan: Provincial government official kidnaped by SPLA in early December
escapes. Other hostages captured at the same time remain in rebel hands
Tunisia: Arab carrying forged passport arrested at Tunis airport on suspicion of
plans to conduct terrorist operations. Neither his true name nor affiliation are
known.
15 January West Bank: Rocket fired from Jordan at Jewish settlement in Jordan valley.
17 January France: Police investigative headquarters bombed causing extensive damage but
no injuries. No group claimed responsibility,
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18 January Spain: ETA-M kidnaps Basque businessman associated with Basque Nationalist
Party (PNV). The victim, a financial backer of the PNV and a regular contributor
of ETA's "revolutionary tax," was abducted the day before the official
announcement of an agreement, opposed by the ETA, between the PNV-
dominated Basque regional government and representatives of the central
government; his kidnaping was probably intended as a warning against or protest
of the accord.
10 kilograms of marijuana.
Sri Lanka: Six Tamil terrorists coming from India captured at sea with
explosives, ammunition, and narcotics. Among the items seized by the Sri Lankan
Navy were 50 kilograms of gelignite, 1,000 detonators, fuse wire, ammunition, and
Namibia: Two timed charges probably set by SWAPO terrorists explode 15
minutes apart in liquor store outside Windhoek. Such a sequence often signals an
intent to cause injuries, but none occurred, although the store was badly damaged.
computer center of a large West German construction company.
West Germany: RAF supporter killed and colleague seriously wounded when their
bomb explodes prematurely. The explosion did over $1 million in damage to the
Indonesia: Jakarta policeman killed by bomb thrown into his car by two men on a
motorcycle. Two other policemen were injured. No one has claimed credit for the
incident, which may have been linked to the ethnic disturbances in Jarkarta last
population had been angered by the monument.
Cyprus: Bomb damages newly erected monument to Greek/ Turkish friendship in
Nicosia. The explosion took place while the Cyprus summit meeting was being
held in New York. No group claimed responsibility, although the Greek Cypriot
detonators hidden in his Mercedes.
Israel: Five Israeli Druze and one Lebanese convicted of plot to bomb Tel Aviv's
tallest building at behest of PFLP-General Command. The group had been in
contact with the PFLP-GC in Syria and Greece. The Lebanese was arrested in
August 1983 as he tried to drive into Israel with 55 kilograms of explosives and
caused no casualties but did considerable property damage.
France: Iparretarrak bombs police headquarters at Mauleon. The dynamite attack
police believe that the attack was the work of fundamentalist Muslims.
Java. No one was injured. No group has claimed responsibility, but Indonesian
Indonesia: Nine bombs damage ancient Buddhist temple of Borobudur in central
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23 January Indonesia: Bomb causes serious damage but no casualties to hotel in Medan,
Sumatra. No group has claimed responsibility for the attack.
23-29 January Netherlands: "Northern Terror Front "bombs police station and Defense Ministry
building in Gronigen. The previously unheard-of group threatened similar attacks
on NATO buildings and against "those who cooperate with NATO."
support of the RAF hunger strikers.
West Germany: Bomb downs electric transmission line pylon, automatically
shutting down nuclear power plant in Kruemmel. There was no damage to the
plant itself. An antinuclear group claimed responsibility, stating the attack was in
Kuwait: Trial of five Iranian expatriates charged with trying to blow up Ministry
of Education begins. The local press has reported that the five were connected
with the pro-Iranian Dawa Party, but the trial is being held in a state security
court in secret, and no evidence of Iranian complicity in the plot has yet surfaced.
28 January
between $200,000 and $1 million.
Sudan: French construction firm pays large ransom to free four employees held
hostage by SPLA. The employees-two Frenchmen, a Briton, and a Kenyan-
were abducted last year at the construction site of the Jonglei canal. The
Ethiopians acted as mediators. Estimates of the amount of the ransom have ranged
which reportedly consisted of old military explosives.
Israel: Local police, acting on tip, find and defuse two bombs in the Wadi Maali
section of Bethlehem. No group claimed responsibility for planting the devices,
employees. FP-25 claimed responsibility in a call to a local news agency.
Portugal: FP-25 package bomb kills owner of bus company and injures two
damaged several buildings.
30 January France: Iparretarrak targets police headquarters in St. Jean De Luz. The bomb
failed to explode because of a faulty timing device.
1 February
activists.
France: French Basque injured by car bomb in Bayonne. The victim is a member
of Herri Taldeak, a political organization with close ties to Iparretarrak. No group
has claimed responsibility for the bombing, although the Antiterrorist Liberation
Front (GAL) has been implicated in previous attacks against Basque separatist
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from the explosion.
Lebanon: Four Islamic Jihad bombs explode in West Beirut within an hour,
injuring four passersby and damaging three banks. The Lebanese-owned banks
were among five banks under investigation for currency speculation. In a call to a
Western news agency, Islamic Jihad claimed credit for the attack as a warning to
the "dollar Mafia" who were speculating "against the sons of our native land."F-
connected with the separatist movement there.
France: Bomb explodes near Overseas Development Ministry, destroying three
cars and damaging a dozen others. No casualties were reported. The Ministry
administers overseas regions including the Pacific territory of New Caledonia.
Although no group has yet claimed responsibility, the attack is thought to be
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Secret
Secret
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