TERRORISM REVIEW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP85-01095R000100050002-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 30
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 16, 2010
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: May 24, 1984
• Content Type: REPORT

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Intelligence
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S MASTEITIL
a 44. Y
IF.- OF
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'46 C x E O
O B), MEN ON
Directorate of met-
Terrorism
Review F-
24 May 1984
Secret
GI TR 84-43H 0
24 May 1984
Copy 4 8 8
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Secret
Terrorism
Review) 25X1
24 May 1984
1 Perspective: The Broader Impact of Terrorism
3 Highlights
7 Iran: Recruitment and Training of Foreign Terrorists
13 London Summit: Prospects for a Declaration on International Terrorism
17 Israel: Impact of Jewish Terrorism Probe
21 International Terrorist Incidents
Statistical Overview
23 Chronology
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Serrot
Terrorism
Review F__] 25X1
The direct impact of terrorism on US interests is easily discernible and widely
publicized. Over the past 15 years, terrorists have killed or injured nearly a
thousand Americans and caused many millions of dollars in damage to US public
and private property around the world. One must look to broader US security
interests, however, to comprehend the total impact of terrorism
In Western Europe, for example, US and NATO strategic interests are vulnerable
to efforts by terrorists to become involved in sensitive political issues such as INF
deployment. Several West European terrorist groups have not only expressed
solidarity with opponents of INF deployment but have contemplated ways in
which they might try to further radicalize the antinuclear activists, perhaps by
means of a demonstrative attack at or near a NATO nuclear weapon site. In its
recent communique, the Red Brigades condemned Italy's "new role in NATO and
in the Mediterranean theater," citing the installation of missiles in Comiso among
numerous other grievances. Such opposition to NATO policy strikes at the alliance
even though neither US personnel nor property has been directly attacked
Terrorist attacks against an ally can adversely affect its bilateral relations with
other countries. Attacks by Armenian terrorists against Turkish diplomats have
prompted Turkish Government officials to charge that even friendly countries like
the United States do not provide enough protection for Turkish people and
installations. This adverse bilateral reaction can spill over into multinational
forums as well. When a country such as France, which has a large Armenian
community, publicly acknowledges that some of the anti-Turkish charges of the
Armenian extremists have merit, then Turkey's anger at France weakens its
support for institutions to which both belong, such as NATO.
A particularly thorny problem that repeatedly confronts democratic countries is
how to deal with resident or captured terrorists wanted by other, friendly
countries. The requirements of domestic laws-or the need to pacify powerful
domestic political interest groups-may conflict with foreign policy interests.
France's liberal political asylum laws, for example, make it a haven for terrorists
wanted in other countries.
Sometimes, terrorism impedes other countries from adopting policies favored by
the United States. In the Middle East, attacks by Palestinian terrorists on Israeli
targets contribute to further polarization and reinforce the arguments of the more
intransigent sectors of Israeli society, which in turn have created their own
terrorist groups. Attacks by Palestinian terrorists-whether on their own initiative
1 Secret
GI TR 84-011
24 May 1984
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or as agents of radical Arab governments-on moderate Arab officials have the
explicit goal of chilling support for a negotiated settlement of the Palestinian
problem. Similarly, Iran's use of terrorism to promote Islamic fundamentalist
revolutions throughout. the Middle East thwarts US policies and profoundly
threatens Western interests-even when no Americans are dying.
Far away from Palestine and at the opposite end of the political spectrum,,
rightwing death squads in El Salvador play into the hands of leftwing extremists
by contributing to further political destabilization. Not only do the countries
directly affected lose, the United States loses as well
In a very general sense, all terrorism impinges adversely on US interests. The US
Government and people are dedicated to a nonviolent political system, and
terrorism anywhere, no matter what the justification or goal, precisely contradicts
this ideal
And Yet ...
While terrorism has harmed US interests and those of its allies in many ways,
efforts to cope with it have fostered international bilateral and multilateral
cooperation at a level nearly unprecedented in peacetime. In Western Europe,
multinational security organizations like the Club of Berne, the Trevi Group, and
the Council of Five have broken new ground in exchanging information, sharing
technical advances, and establishing mutually compatible police and security
procedures. International agreements such as the 1978 Bonn Declaration on
aircraft hijacking and the 1980 Venice Declaration on the protection of diplomats
have expanded counterterrorism efforts beyond regional cooperation
In a number of instances, a mutual interest in preventing or combating terrorism
has fostered bilateral relations between governments which have hardly any other
common denominator. The trust developed during such relationships promotes
cooperation in other areas. There is comfort to be found in the idea that the
uncivilized behavior of the terrorists and their patron states has in some cases
generated an increase in civilized behavior among otherwise mutually hostile
governments.
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Secret
Highlights
Significant Developments Angola: UNITA Negotiates Hostage Release. The resistance movement Union for
the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) has released most of the foreign
hostages it was holding in what must be seen as a diplomatic coup for UNITA
leader Jonas Savimbi. The most recent release, of 17 British nationals held since
23 February, followed weeks of negotiations with a high-level British delegation.
Similar talks between UNITA representatives and the Czechoslovak Government
led to a promise by UNITA to soon release the last 20 of 66 Czechoslovaks
captured in March 1983. The prolonged discussions, official status of the British
and Czechoslovak negotiators, and the publicity accompanying the releases will
give new stature to Savimbi's movement. Other nations whose citizens are now
being held, most notably Bulgaria, may now seek to negotiate with UNITA. Any
additional seizures of Communist Bloc citizens could further complicate relations
between the Government of Angola and its allies. 0 25X1
Libya: Anti-Qadha i Attack Defeated. About 15 anti-Qadhafi Libyans attacked
Qadhafi's headquarters in Tripoli on 8 May and fought a running gunbattle with
Libyan security forces before being overcome. In a probably related incident,
Libyan security forces intercepted three Libyan exiles near the Tunisian border on
6 May, killing one and capturing two others. A spokesman for the. National Front
for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL) claimed credit for the attack that apparently
was intended to kill Qadhafi. The commando-style attack probably hoped to
capitalize on recent domestic unrest in Libya and on Qadhafi's damaged
reputation following the shooting incident in London. NFSL demonstrators were
the target of the gunfire from the Libyan People's Bureau in London'on 17 April.
Qadhafi has blamed the United Kingdom, the United States, Sudan, and Tunisia
for the attack, and he may order terrorist attacks against any of these nations' in-
terests in reprisal. Libyan exiles in Western Europe are likely to be assassination
targets again. n 25X1
South Africa: ANC Terrorists Killed. Police in Durban killed four African
National Congress (ANC) terrorists fleeing the scene of a rocket attack on a Mobil
Oil refinery on 13 May. Weapons captured included an RPG-7 rocket launcher,
two AK-47 rifles, and two Makarov pistols. The same band is thought to have been
responsible for the bombing of a government office on the 25th floor of a local '
bank building the previous day and for a car bombing on 3 April which killed three
3
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GI TR 84-011
24 May 1984
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people. This spate of violence probably represents the annual upsurge in attacks
which the ANC stages before the mid-June anniversary of the 1976 Soweto riots.
The attacks probably are intended to demonstrate the ANC's continued vigor in
the wake of the Nkomati nonaggression pact signed between South Africa and
Mozambique in March.
Sri Lanka: Tamil Separatists Kidnap and Release Americans. The 11 May
kidnaping of an American AID contract employee and his wife by members of the
Eelam People's Revolutionary Front (EPRLF) has highlighted communal violence
in Sri Lanka. The terrorist group made it appear that the couple had been taken to
India, demanded a ransom, and sought the release and delivery to the Indian state
of Tamil Nadu of 20 prisoners. These demands embarrassed the Indian Govern-
ment by featuring the Indian support to the Tamil rebels. India may now feel im-
pelled to reduce the level of support to the rebels. Tamil dependence on Indian sup-
port was stressed in the EPRLF's release statement, which acknowledged the
weight of the appeals made by Mrs. Gandhi and the Tamil Nadu governor. In a
strange turn of events, the stature of Sri Lankan President Jayewardene will be en-
hanced because he did not give in to terrorist demands.
West Germany: Links to Turkish Leftists. Reporting on the trial of suspected RAF
terrorist Gisela Ditzi in Wiesbaden has revealed her involvement since 1977 with a
Turkish resistance fighter who was probably a leftist. Previous evidence of
increased cooperation between West German and Turkish leftists includes an
attack against a US businessman in Germany in 1983 by the Turkish leftist group
Revolutionary Left (Dev Sol) and the bombing of the Turkish Consulate in
Cologne claimed by the West German group Revolutionary Cells (RZ) in
February.
Lebanon: Kidnapings Claimed by Islamic Jihad. An unidentified telephone caller
claimed that Islamic Jihad kidnaped Benjamin Weir, a US clergyman in Beirut,
on 8 May. The caller also stated that US diplomat Buckley and journalist Levin
were being held as part of a campaign to force all Americans off Lebanese soil.
The Islamic Jihad spokesman also said the new kidnaping was meant "to renew
our acceptance of the challenge made by Reagan to fight terrorism." The mainline
Shia Amal Militia was warned "not to intervene on the subject, so that we do not
harass any of its members." The Weir kidnaping closely resembles the earlier ones
in Beirut-three or four armed men forcing the victim into a car. The three
Americans could be used by Iranian-sponsored radical Shias to bargain for the
release of terrorists condemned to death by Kuwait for the bombing of the US Em-
bassy and other facilities in December. F__]
France-ETA: Paris Takes Tougher Line. The French Government probably
intends its recent expulsion of two suspected Basque terrorists to underscore its
get-tough policy toward the Basque Fatherland and Liberty Party (ETA) and to
demonstrate that its January expulsion of several Spanish Basques was not a one-
shot measure. According to US diplomats in Paris, French authorities continue to
dispatch other suspected terrorists to "assigned residence" in northern France,P
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According to press
reports, moreover, the Interior Ministry has ordered that in the future Spanish
Basques seeking refugee status will not be allowed to reside in France's southern
departments. While Paris continues to maintain publicly that its policy toward
Basques has not changed, expulsions and limitations on refugee status clearly
demonstrate a toughening of the French attitude toward ETA. If the tactic of
expulsions does not succeed in diminishing ETA-inspired violence, we believe that
France may initiate large-scale revocations of refugee status and perhaps even
some extraditions to Spain. F__1
Lebanon: Iranian Revolutionary Guards May Be Leaving. At least some Iranian
Revolutionary Guards are leaving their camps near Balabakk in the Bekaa Valley,
according to press reports. Syria reportedly is forcing the move because it wants to
weaken radical Lebanese Shia groups such as the Islamic Amal that are
attempting to disrupt the creation of a Syrian-sponsored Lebanese government.
The Iranian-backed groups in Lebanon want to create an Islamic regime based on
the Iranian model, while, since the withdrawal of the MNF and the abrogation of
the Israeli-Lebanese 17 May agreement, Syria has sought stability. Brief confron-
tations may have occurred between the Iranians and Syrian forces as arms were
taken from the Iranians to.keep them out of radical Lebanese Shia hands. It is not
yet clear whether all or only part of the Iranian presence in the Bekaa is being
eliminated, but we believe the move is likely to constrain Tehran's ability to train
and sponsor terrorists in Lebanon.
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Iran:
Recruitment and Trainin
of Foreign Terrorists
Iran is continuing to recruit and
train potential terrorists from throughout the Muslim
world. Recruits come from many nations for up to
three phases of training: politico-religious
indoctrination, basic military training, and specialized
guerrilla and terrorist training. Training is conducted
by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard-the
Pasdaran-at an unknown number of facilities in
Iran. At least nine facilities have been reported to be
training Persian Gulf dissidents alone. Young
Iranians also are being trained at some of these sites.
We believe the extent of Tehran's effort means that
Iranian-sponsored insurgency and terrorism will
remain at least as serious a threat to US interests in
the future as it is today.
Since the fall of the Shah and the accession of
Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979, Iran has trumpeted the
political significance of its Islamic revolution for the
entire Muslim world. In the view of Khomeini and his
clerical supporters, the revolution in Iran created a
state administered according to fundamental
principles of Islam which should serve as a model for
all Islamic nations. This faith inspires Tehran's
commitment to proselytizing others to follow the
Iranian way. Moreover, the combination of Shia
Islam-with its emphasis on support for the meek
against oppression by corrupt, secular authority-and
Khomeini's teachings justifies revolutionary violence
as a legitimate means of overthrowing un-Islamic
regimes. This world view has led Tehran to establish
contact with revolutionary movements in the Third
World and to recruit converts who will seek to
establish Iranian-style regimes in their own nations.
Recruitment Apparat
The Iranian bureaucracy for exporting the revolution
includes three loosely coordinated, overlapping
organizations. The division of labor among these
In his book, Hope Betrayed, former Iranian President
Abol Hassan Banisadr quotes Khomeini as telling his
grandson, Hussein, the following about the export of
the revolution:
We must create repeated crises, strengthen the idea
of death and martyrdom. It is not important if Iran
should disappear in the struggle. The important
thing is to drown the whole world with crises. This
is what "exporting the revolution" means. If we do'
not create a new crisis everyday, the people will
return to their former habits. It is in the flames of
crisis that those who are called on to export the
revolution will lose their unhealthy desire for com-
fort and will acquire the maturity necessary for the
accomplishment of their mission= 25X1
organizations is not entirely clear.
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The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) contains a
Department of Research-also known as Department
210-that maintains liaison between Iran and the
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GI TR 84-011
24 May 1984
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foreign groups or governments that use terrorists
trained in Iran,
The Revolutionary Guard (RG) has sole responsibility
for training,. and is the third institution sharing
responsibility for foreign recruitment. Following the
Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982, as many as 1,000
Guardsmen deployed to the Bekaa Valley with Syrian
assistance. Recruitment and training of radical
Lebanese Shias were begun at several locations in the
Bekaa, and RG activity in Lebanon has continued
although recent press reports indicate Syria may be
reducing the extent of Iranian activity there.
While coordination of recruitment among the RG, the
MFA, and Prime Minister's office probably wastes
time and resources, we believe that the efficiency of
the overseas effort is likely to have improved as a
result of two years' experience. Moreover, some
competition among several components probably
means opportunities in the field will be seized more
aggressively.
The foreign recruitment effort of these organizations
sources of most of these evils.
the propaganda effort of the Ministry for Islamic
Guidance, the MFA, Iranian radio and TV stations,
and the Bureau for Hajj Publications. Through these
channels, Iran asserts the validity of its
fundamentalist Islamic doctrines and the need for a
fundamentalist crusade against religious error, social
injustice, poverty, and the corrupt regimes that are
responsible for these ills. The United States and
Western culture in general are alleged to be the
Recruitment Mechanisms
Iranian agents use many mechanisms in searching for
prospective recruits to travel to Iran for training:
? Indigenous Shia organizations such as the Muslim
Student Union in Lebanon and the Islamic
Enlightenment Society in Bahrain recruit local
Shias. Local leaders often tap individuals for travel
to Iran.
? Islamic cultural centers are used by Iranian
students and mullahs to distribute propaganda and
to identify recruits. France closed such a center in
Paris in December and expelled several Iranians.
Many in other countries remain open, and,
Iran is trying. to open
? Pro-Khomeini student associations operate at
universities with large Muslim populations
Iran is sending abroad
groups of fanatical "students," accompanied by
supervisors, to spread the revolution. Much of this
activity is focused in Western Europe, with its large
Muslim student population.
indicate both Islamic centers and student
associations are used to recruit Muslim workers in
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Europe. Iran is particularly active in West Germany
and France, where large numbers of North Africans
and Turks are resident.
? Delegations of Iranian clerics are. sent to Third
World nations to preach and to recruit local
religious leadersfor politicoreligious indoctrination
? Tours of Iran for Shias from Syria, Lebanon, and
probably other countries elsewhere are promoted.
We believe recruits are found among those groups.
Iran also finds recruits among Shias who travel
voluntarily to study at religious schools in Qom.
in Paris was provided rent and expense money for
two months and then asked to travel to Iran where
they attended an Islamic school in Qom.
the Revolutionary Guard has a
large recruitment budget. Although we do not know
how large it is, the French newspaper Le Monde
asserted that $1 million per month is spent in Western
Europe alone. Costs are increased by the apparent
attention paid to bringing some recruits to.Iran
secretly. False passports may be provided by Iran with
Syrian assistance in some instances. Syria also allows
Iran to fly recruits to Tehran via Damascus on a
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disguised as Iranian Revolutionary Guardsmen in 25X1
Damascus before boarding their flights. Some non-
scheduled flights also, are used. India reportedly is
another major entry point for recruits, and separate,,
page visas are provided to mask their travel to Iran.
? Front organizations run by Muslims living outside
their own nations also perform recruitment
functions probably to disguise Iranian involvement.
Iran.continued recruitment efforts in France
following the closure of the Iranian Islamic Center
in Paris in December 1983. North Africans running
a fundamentalist group in Toulouse called the
Islamic Liberation Party reportedly spot, assess, and
recruit Middle Eastern students for Iran.
Prospective recruits are tested by being asked to
distribute pro-Iranian tracts on visits back to their
homelands. We believe at least some of the
numerous threat letters received by US embassies in
the Muslim world since January were generated in
this fashion.
? Money is also used to induce recruits to travel to
Iran. Press reports indicate a young Algerian couple
There is no substantiated evidence to indicate that
non-Muslims are recruited for training in Iran.
Khomeini's objective is the conversion of other
Muslims to his fundamentalist beliefs and the
eventual creation of Iranian-style republics run by
Shia clerics throughout the Muslim world.
Training
All training of foreign recruits is conducted by the
Revolutionary Guard at facilities scattered around
Iran or at religious schools in the Qom area. run by
Iranian clerics. Khomeini reportedly oversees RG
activities through three men: Majles Speaker Ali
Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani, also Khomeini's
representative on the Defense Council; Ayatollah
Hosein Ali Montazeri, Khomeini's heir apparent; and
President Ali Khamenei. Training is funded directly
out of Khomeini's office and is supervised by an office
called Daftarikoma, or the Office to Aid Liberation
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Groups.) IMontazeri is the
most heavily involved in supervising Iran's training
bureaucracy. He reportedly gives great attention to
the College of Theology in Qom that sets basic
Iranian policy on the export of the revolution. He
personally meets each student receiving politico-
religious training there, and press reports suggest he
periodically visits training camps where basic military
and terrorist training are conducted
foreign recruits receive up to three
phases of training, with only the last phase
identifiable as terrorist related. The first phase is
politicoreligious indoctrination and probably is
provided every foreign recruit.
foreigners receive at
least two weeks of religious and motivational
instruction at religious colleges in Qom. A press
report referred to two Algerians who received two
months of indoctrination at such schools.
Qom's classrooms teach the militant Islamic vision of
Ayatollah Khomeini. Students are taught that every
Muslim must fight to see that divine law triumphs
over error, injustice, and poverty. The woeful
condition of the underprivileged and oppressed is
blamed on the leaders of their respective nations and
on the corrupting influence of the West, more
specifically, of the United States. In classic
evangelical style, an effort is made to convince
recruits of their personal responsibility to join the
struggle against these evils. We believe this approach
wins many converts among young, idealistic students
and people from disadvantaged classes, in much of the
Muslim world.)
We have no reliable information on the number of
foreigners receiving indoctrination in Iran. One press
report in April based on a reporter's visit to Qom
stated that the religious schools now have 18,000
students and are still growing. About 6,000 foreign
students reportedly are there on full scholarships.
Most of them required no special recruitment to come
to Qom for religious study, and Iran tries to recruit a
few of these for military training after they arrive. We
believe the great majority of these students return to
Western Europe or their homelands after receiving25X1
only brief familiarization with weapons or military
activity. Some probably receive no military training25X1
all. Instead, graduates are encouraged to create pro-
Khomeini societies and to otherwise spread the word
Iran is 25X1
creating a support structure of individuals and groups
loyal to Khomeini's goals that can be used at any time
to aid or foment insurgency or terrorism in many .
nations. Terrorists almost certainly will emerge fro-
among these trainees.) 25X1
military activity.
Revolutionary Guard camps that prepare young
Iranians for war are also used to train foreigners.
Other camps appear dedicated exclusively to training
foreigners.
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near the Afghan border train Afghan insurgen
ts.
The second phase of Iranian training is basic military
training. A minority of the religious trainees are
selected for this phase of training, and selection
probably is based on religious zeal and suitability for
political and religious 25X1
training, as well as some foreign language training
proceed simultaneously. 25X1
The basic training provided includes physical training,
small arms familiarization and practice, the use of
man-carried antitank rockets, field communications,
and the use of explosives. The training lasts up to six
months and may be divided into basic and advanc25X1
components of three months each. Most trainees
receive only three months of basic training. Iranian
Revolutionary Guardsmen, previously trained
foreigners, Palestinians, and possibly a few North
Koreans have been mentioned as training officers. In
some cases, trainees are segregated according to their
nationality. We do not know how many foreigners
have received military trainin
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Secret
We
believe most of those trained are Iraqis, Afghans,
Lebanese, and nationals of Arab Gulf states. An
unknown number could have been used in the war
against Iraq, and some could be awaiting
opportunities for infiltration back into their own
nations.
A select few are sent from basic military training into
more intense and specialized training appropriate for
terrorists
interviewed by an Iranian cleric before selection. Prior
to arrival at the training facility, students reportedly
are given codenames and are forbidden to reveal their
true identities or nationality to others. Students are
organized into groups of 20 to 40, and one press report
suggests that they are encouraged to adopt a group
identity as future martyrs for Islam. Training lasts at
least six weeks and involves intense physical training,
advanced small arms activity, urban guerrilla tactics,
explosives and sabotage, and intensive
politicoreligious indoctrination. Complete obedience
to instructions is stressed, and loyalty to Ayatollah
Khomeini's teachings and to Iran is expected. North
Koreans, Iranians, and some foreign nationals
reportedly serve as instructors at these camps. We do
not know how many camps provide terrorist training,
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Secret
London Summit: Prospects
for a Declaration on
International Terrorism
In the aftermath of the killing of a London
policewoman by shots fired from the Libyan People's
Bureau in London last month, Prime Minister
Margaret Thatcher has announced that she intends to
raise the issue of terrorism at the London economic
summit on 7-9 June.' At previous suthmits, most of
the participants agreed only reluctantly to include
terrorism on the summit agenda, but a greater level of
concern in some countries about increasing
international terrorist activity probably will permit
the subject to be broached with fewer objections this
year. Although prospects appear poor for agreement
on collective, punitive measures such as trade
sanctions against states that sponsor terrorism,
summit participants may agree on a joint call for an
international review of specific provisions of the 1961
Vienna Convention on diplomatic privileges and
immunities.
An Unwelcome Summit Topic at Best
Thatcher's intention to put terrorism on the summit
agenda is somewhat at odds with the outcome of this
year's final meeting of the "summit seven experts on
terrorism" which took place only a few days before
the shooting in London. The group, which generally
plays a peripheral role in summit planning, attempts
to identify a priori which terrorist issues of common
concern may be fruitfully pursued at the summit
itself. Discussions of terrorism at previous summits
have led to such documents as the Bonn Declaration
on aircraft hijacking (1978) and the Venice
Declaration on the protection of diplomats (1980).225X1
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2 The Bonn Declaration states that, in cases where a country refuses
to extradite or prosecute hijackers and/or does not return hijacked
aircraft, governments of the summit countries should take
immediate action to cease all flights to that country. Summit
governments also will initiate action to halt all incoming flights
from that country or from any country by the airlines of the country
concerned. This has been applied only once, in the case of Ariana
Afghan airlines.= 25X1
'The seven summit countries are Canada, France, Italy, Ja an, the
United Kingdom, the United States, and West Germany
The Venice Declaration denounces terrorist or criminal actions
against diplomatic or consular personnel or premises in
contravention of the norms of international law and practice. The
summit governments resolve to provide "support and assistance" in
situations involving the seizure of diplomatic or consular
establishments or personnel. The declaration also recalls that states
have the duty under international law to refrain from supporting or
engaging in terrorism.F--]
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Perhaps more important, however, is the general
desire of the four West European summit countries to
avoid moving too far toward formalizing a "Summit
Seven" antiterrorist group. They have indicated that
more institutionalized multilateral intelligence
exchanges or new antiterrorist initiatives would be
unnecessary duplications of effort. France, Italy,
West Germany, and the United Kingdom already
have established multilateral mechanisms for
counterterrorist cooperation-the Club of Berne,' the
EC's Trevi Group,4 and, with the exception of the
United Kingdom, the Council of Five.' In view of such
existing. mechanisms, antiterrorist effectiveness would
not be significantly enhanced for a majority of the
summit participants. In fact, the four West European
states each have expressed on many occasions their
preferences for dealing bilaterally with the United
States on terrorism matters rather than in a summit
context. Thus, we believe most of the summit
governments would welcome an opportunity to hold
bilateral consultations on such matters as President
Reagan's counterterrorism initiative, for example,
which has stimulated British interest.)
' The Club of Berne, founded in 1971, is a nine-country,
intergovernmental group of West European security services that
specializes in information exchanges on counterintelligence and
counterterrorism. Members include Belgium, Denmark, France,
Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United
Kingdom, and West Germany
Extant since 1976, the Trevi Group is an informal outgrowth of
the EC's political cooperation process and promotes multilateral
cooperation on counterterrorism.
'The Council of Five-Austria, Prance, Italy, Switzerland, and
West Germany-focuses on security of the Alpine states' borders
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EC Consultations
British Foreign Secretary Howe raised the question of
Libya and state-sponsored terrorism with his EC
counterparts in Brussels on 14-15 May. A top Foreign
and Commonwealth Office official informed the US
Ambassador in London this month that Howe is
urging the other EC members to begin laying the
groundwork for a broad diplomatic campaign against
state terrorism. This meeting afforded the United
Kingdom an opportunity to assess prospective French,
Italian, and West German support for a British
initiative on terrorism at the London summit.
The Trevi Group reportedly held similar discussions
at a meeting in Paris on 15 May. Although the talks
probably focused primarily on enhanced EC
coordination of antiterrorist programs and prospects
for a European "judicial space,'
the United Kingdom also planned to
continue at the Trevi meeting the discussions on
special measures against terrorism which began at an
EC Political Directors' meeting in late April. We
A Possible Outcome
Although the idea of trade measures against state
sponsors of terrorism is unacceptable to most summit
countries, they. may agree on a joint declaration on
international terrorism. At British urging, most
participants probably will be willing to make a broad
denunciation of government support for terrorist
activities, although probably not naming specific
states. F__1
The United Kingdom also has stated that, it will not
seek formal changes in the Vienna Convention-a
process that could take years-because of a desire to
avoid jeopardizing sensitive areas of international
consensus. Nonetheless, Thatcher probably will seek
approval for a review of existing treaties, agreements,
and declarations that define diplomatic privileges,
immunities, and protections. Accordingly, the
majority of summit countries probably will agree to a
declaration of intent to explore and identify
international standards of diplomatic practice and
behavior which could be more rigorously enforced.
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France-Antilles: Paris
Moves To Outlaw ARC
A spate of bombings in Guadeloupe and Martinique
in April prompted the French Government in early
May to outlaw the Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance
(ARC). The decision, taken under a 1936 law covering
private armies, officially dissolves the ARC and
allows authorities to arrest anyone who attempts to
revive' it. It also may presage additional measures
from Paris to demonstrate its resolve to get tough with
Caribbean terrorism.
The 136th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in
1848 might have passed with little recognition in
Guadeloupe had not the ARC decided to punctuate
the occasion with a new wave of violence.' After two
months of relative calm on the island, terrorists
exploded 15 bombs on the night of 26-27 April-the
most ambitious and best organized ARC foray to
date.
According to US diplomats, these attacks followed
the detonation of three bombs in early April on the
neighboring French island of Martinique. The US
Consulate General reports that the targets in
Guadeloupe were primarily government offices,
although three businesses were also hit. In the past
the ARC also has targeted US interests, and recent
telephone threats have promised more such attacks.
According to press reports, the ARC terrorist group-
a clandestine offshoot of independence movements in
the French Caribbean-claimed the violence was
directed at the lingering French "colonial presence"
and would be followed by an "offensive to conquer
national independence."
The US Consulate General reports that in January a
coalition of Guadeloupe's overt independence parties
mobilized almost 3,000 demonstrators to protest the
detention of ARC activists. The demonstrators
managed to virtually seal off the island's largest cities
for several hours. Many terrorists are already in jail,,
and ARC cells reportedly remain small-perhaps a
dozen on Martinique, even fewer in French Guiana,
and no more than 30 in the Guadeloupe group. French
officials, however, are almost certainly concerned that
the overt independence movements, though mostly
ineffectual, could spawn even more dangerous
terrorist wings. The government's recent order, which
may have been in part inspired by the January
protests, presumably will outlaw pro-ARC
demonstrations and probably will allow local
authorities greater leeway in making arrests.) 25X1
According to US diplomats in the Antilles, local
French authorities and the French internal
intelligence service (DST) believe Cuba is actively
supporting the ARC. French officials have told the
US Consulate that Cuban agents have met on several
occasions with members of the various independence
movements and have traveled in the French
territories, although no evidence of direct Cuban
involvement in the bombings has yet been discovered.
Guadeloupe's Regional Council President Michaux-
Chevry recently told the US Ambassador in Paris that
she believes Cuba is involved with the independence
groups in the Antilles through logistic and ideological
support for terrorists and sponsorship of cultural
cooperation programs-measures which enhance the
"myth of Cuban independence" in the French islands.
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In a recent interview with a French magazine, Luc
Reinette-one of the few Guadeloupean ARC leaders
still at large-promised a "bloodbath" if Paris does
Secret
G! TR 84-011
24 May 1984
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Secret
Graffiti at Pointe-a-Pietre, Guadeloupe:
"Giscard-Mitterrand: Same Beast, Same Policy"
not come to terms with the independence movement.
Despite President Mitterrand's 1981 electoral promise
to support demonstrated local sentiment for
independence in overseas territories and departments,
he has made no gesture in that direction, probably in
part because many (perhaps most) Frenchmen
consider the overseas departments to be "integral"
parts of France, and a majority of the French
Antillian population opposes independence.
Mitterrand's Socialist government is sensitive to
charges of neocolonialism-a charge which the
Socialists used with telling regularity against the
former conservative government-but it also has
responded forcefully to terrorist bullying by
independence movements which have little support in
local public opinion. We believe that the latest moves
by Paris to outlaw and dissolve the ARC may presage
a new commitment of police resources to crack down
-on terrorism in the Antilles.
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International Terrorist Incidents
Statistical Overview-1984
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1984
Total
1983
Total
59
42
66
55
222
500
Armed attack
18
15
20
13
66
68
Arson
6
2
2
3
13
49
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1984
Total
1983
Sub-Saharan Africa
8
3
5
4
20
17
Mideast and North Africa
16
17
28
14
75
114
Asia/other
6
1
5
1
13
39
By Category of Victim or Installation Attacked
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1984
Total
1983
Military
6
3
4
4
17
92
Other government
8
3
11
19
41
28
Business
21
13
18
14
66
70
Other
13
13
16
10
52
97
Note: Figures are subject to change as additional information is
received.
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International Terrorist Incidents, 1983-84
11983
IJ 1984
Incidents Involving US Persons
or Facilities
Deaths and Injuries
Number of Victims
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Chronology
This chronology includes significant events, incidents, and trends in global
terrorism. It provides commentary on their background, importance, and wider
implications. It does not treat events listed in previous editions of the chronology
unless new information has been received.= 25X1
13 April 1984 Turkey: Capture of Communist Party Militants
In Corum, Amasya, and Sivas, Turkish security forces captured 12 Communist
Party militants. The suspects were accused of trying to overthrow the government.
25X1
26 April, 12 May 1984 Angola: Foreign Hostages Released
The insurgent group UNITA (Union for the Total Independence of Angola)
released more than 100 hostages, mostly Portuguese and Filipinos, but also
including some missionaries from Japan, Italy, Brazil, Poland, and Spain and 16
British subjects captured in a raid on 23 February. UNITA has announced that it
will soon free the last 20 remaining Czechoslovak prisoners from a group of 66
captured in March 1983. The insurgents continue to hold an unknown number of
Bulgarians who were seized on 24 March.0
important members, following his arrest.
Corsica: Police Seize Important FLNC Documents
In Ajaccio police seized documents concerning the philosophy, techniques, objec-
tives, and organization of the Corsican National Liberation Front (FLNC). The
documents were discovered in the home of Natale Luciani, one of FLNC's most
Late April- Turkey: Terrorists Sentenced
Early May 1984 Military courts in Adana sentenced 31 terrorists to death and hundreds more to
prison terms. Members of some nine different terrorist groups were convicted of
attempting to overthrow the constitutional government by force of arms. In
Diyarbakir, an additional 13 defendants convicted of membership in terrorist
organizations were sentenced to death, with an additional 138 sentenced to prison
terms. Such activity represents significant judicial process in a number of
important trials involving some of the country's most violent terrorist groups.
2 May 1984
group claimed responsibility
West Germany: Attempted Bombing
In Oker, a bombing was attempted against a lead-mining facility. An anonymous
caller announced the impending attack, and a search of the area revealed an
explosive device rigged to a kitchen clock timer which had malfunctioned. No
23 Secret
GI TR 84-011
24 May 1984
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3 May 1984 Chile: Church Destroyed in Terrorist Attack
Unidentified persons hurled incendiary bombs into a small Catholic church on the
outskirts of Santiago. The church was completely destroyed by fire. Thus far this
year, approximately 12 Catholic churches have been the targets of shootings,
molotov cocktails, and grafitti threats linking priests with political groups opposing
the Pinochet regime.0
Lebanon: French Observers Targeted
French observers of the cease fire in Beirut protested to the Lebanese Government
that their positions are becoming the target of machine-gun and sniper fire.
Radical Shia elements seeking to prevent national reconciliation and to drive
Western influence out of Lebanon are the most likely culprits.)
4 May 1984
French Caribbean: Revolutionary Group Banned
The French Cabinet outlawed the clandestine Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance
(ARC) which claimed responsibility for 15 bomb attacks in Guadeloupe the
previous week. The banning order-which makes any involvement with the
organization or its members punishable by a six-month to two-year jail term-
indicates that the government views the group as a serious problem.F__-]
Chile: Carabinero Station Attacked
A commando team machinegunned a national police station in Concepcion. A
dynamite bomb was thrown at the building, but it failed to explode. No injuries
were reported, and no group has claimed responsibility for the incident.F--]
fully detonate and caused only minor property damage.
West Germany: Attempted Bombing of Policeman's Home
The Revolutionary Core-People's Justice Department claimed responsibility for
an attempt to bomb a police official's home in Essen. The explosive device did not
5 May 1984 Lebanon: Rocket Attack on Soviet Cultural Center
In Beirut, the previously unknown group "Forces of the Islamic Dawn" claimed
credit for a rocket attack on the Soviet Cultural Center which caused damage but
no injuries. A caller to a local news agency said the attack was to avenge Soviet
Army actions against Afghan resistance fighters. We note that-this is the first
attack against Soviet interests in Lebanon in several years.
Central African Republic: Libyan Agents Arrested
Two Chadian nationals were arrested by the Central African Republic (CAR)
political police with documents in their possession indicating that they had been
assigned "political missions," possibly involving arms smuggling, within the CAR
by the Libyan People's Bureau.F___]
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6 May 1984
7 May 1984
Week of France: Spanish Basques Expelled to Venezuela
7 May 1984 Two Spanish Basques-believed to be members of the Anti-Capitalist Autono-
mous Commandos (CAA)-were expelled from their residence in France to
Venezuela. One suspected member's expulsion was for illegal possession of
firearms and the other for violation of his detention/residence status near Paris
where he'had been sent earlier this year.F_-]
8 May 1984
Northern Ireland: Anniversary Riots
In Londonderry, Newry, and Portadown, rioters attacked police officials to mark
the third anniversary of the death of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) hunger-
striker, Bobby Sands. In Belfast a bomb intended for an army patrol exploded
destroying a wall and injuring a passer-by.l
Northern Ireland: Rioting and Arrests Continue
In Lurgan an attack on a police station led to the arrest of 14 people. Three other
arrests were made in Strabane following gasoline bomb attacks on police in the
second day of riots marking the anniversary of the death of IRA hunger-striker,
Bobby Sands.F__1
Lebanon: Clash Between Syria and Radical Shias
According to press reports, two members of the Hezballah, the name given by Iran
to pro-Khomeini Lebanese Shias, were wounded in a brief incident at a Syrian
army checkpoint in the Bekaa Valley. No further details are available, but Syria
may be trying to control the activity of radical Shia elements in Lebanon. F__]
Chile: Multiple Bombing Attack
Eight bombs exploded in the cities of Santiago and Valparaiso, damaging a bank
and electrical installations. No injuries were reported. In telephone calls to several
news organizations, the Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front claimed responsibility
for the attacks. F___1
the first indication that the group may intend to carry out operations in Europe.
Austria: Warning From Jewish Terrorist Group
In Vienna the Jewish terrorist group Terrorists Against Terror (TNT) sent a letter
to foreign correspondents warning Austria against continuing its "anti-Israeli
policy." TNT has conducted several attacks in the occupied West Bank, but this is
Northern Ireland: Soldier Slain
In Dungannon, IRA guerrillas killed a part-time soldier of the Ulster Defense
Regiment.n
Lebanon: Another American Kidnaped in Beirut
An anonymous spokesman for "Islamic Jihad" claimed credit for the kidnaping of
Benjamin Weir, a US Presbyterian Minister who has worked in Beirut for over 20
years. He was forced into a car at gunpoint by three or four men.l
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9 May 1984
Chile: Newspaper Building Attacked
A group of unidentified individuals hurled a molotov cocktail at the "El Mercurio"
newspaper building, causing a small fire. No injuries were reported. F-]
Corsica: Another Wave of Bombings
In Sagone a woman was injured when her apartment house was seriously damaged
by a bomb explosion. A real estate agency and two shops were also badly damaged.
In Ajaccio an apartment building and a laundry were damaged by exploding
bombs while several other bombs were defused. Corsican separatist guerrillas
belonging to the Corsican National Liberation Front (FLNC) appear to be
continuing the bombing campaign in an effort to advance their cause of
independence from France.)
US warships, near the Strait of Hormuz.
Iran: Threat of Kamikaze Attacks on US Ships
Hojatolislam Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, the speaker of the Iranian Assembly
and a confidant of Ayatollah Khomeini, publicly repeated the suggestion made in
February that Iran might use aircraft on suicide missions against ships, including
THKP/C-K Militants Arrested
Istanbul security forces arrested 42 members of the Turkish People's Liberation
Party/Front (THKP/C-K)-some of whom had been wanted by police for 10
years. Publications and placards prepared for "May 1" agitation activities also
were seized.)
Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), was involved.
Northern Ireland: Bombing Kills Soldier
In Newry a boobytrap bomb exploded under a car, killing a part-time soldier and
wounding two others. Police suspect the outlawed IRA or its Marxist offshoot, the
Express.
Bangladesh: Threat Against US AID Officer
Three unarmed young men confronted the wife of a US AID officer outside the
gate of her Dhaka residence, cut through a security chain, alleged that her
husband worked for the CIA, and said that it would be easy to kill them both. The
theme and tone of this threat are similar to those contained in recent "Islamic Ji-
had" letters and telephone threats against the Dhaka representative of American
10 May 1984 United States: Arrest of Libyans on Weapons Charges
In Philadelphia, FBI agents arrested two Libyan students who had purchased
handguns and silencers from an undercover FBI agent. The Libyans are being held
on $10 million bail each.
Colombia: Car Bombing
A car bomb exploded near the Girardot Battalion facilities in northeastern
Medellin, slightly injuring three persons. No group claimed responsibility for the
incident.
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11 May 1984 Chile: Bombings Mark National Protest
Bombs exploded in Santiago, Concepcion, and Tallahuano on the first anniversary
of protests against President Augusto Pinochet. The bombings blocked railroad
lines and caused electrical blackouts, but resulted in no injuries. 0
Ethiopia: Explosion at Libyan Residence
A large explosion demolished a house in Addis Ababa which housed members of
the Libyan's People's Bureau. The cause of the explosion has not yet been
determined. Unconfirmed reports put casualties at three to five Libyans killed and
from one to eight Libyans and Ethiopians wounded.=
Sri Lanka: American Couple Kidnaped
An American AID contract employee and his wife were abducted from their home
in Jaffna by armed members of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the military
wing of the Tamil separatist group Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front
(EPRLF). The kidnapers threatened to kill their victims within 72 hours unless a
$2 million ransom and 20 Tamil prisoners in Sri Lankan jails were delivered to the
southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. After appeals from Indian Prime Minister
Gandhi and the Tamil Nadu governor, the couple was released unharmed on 15
May. The Sri Lankan Government claims that no prisoners were released and no
ransom was paid.F_-]
Sudan: German Aid Personnel Attacked
A two-car caravan of West German and Sudanese health care personnel traveling
in the southern part of the country was fired upon by unknown assailants. No Ger-
man citizens were harmed, but a Sudanese driver was killed and three other
Sudanese were slightly wounded.
France: More Marseilles Bombings
In Marseilles bombs exploded outside offices of three banks: the Credit Lyonnais,
Credit Agricole, and Banque Nationale de Paris. Another bombing took place at a
garage which services police vehicles. There was no claim for the attacks, which
caused heavy damage but no injuries.)
Northern Ireland: Gasoline Bombs
In County Tyrone, youths threw, more than 100 gasoline bombs at police officials.
Plastic bullets were fired and two arrests were made.F--]
12 May 1984 India: Hindu Journalist Slain
The recently surfaced Dashmesh Regiment, a Sikh terrorist group tied to Amritsar
radical leader Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, has claimed credit for the murder
of a prominent Hindu newspaper editor. The editor, Ramesh Chander, was shot
while riding in a car in the town of Jullundur. His father had been killed in 1981 in
one of the first incidents of the Sikh terrorism that has been sweeping the Punjab
area.F__1
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El Salvador: Terrorists Granted Asylum in Mexico
Five Salvadoran guerrillas, who seized 73 hostages in a San Salvador supermarket
when their attempted robbery was interrupted by police, were granted asylum by
the Mexican Government. No one was killed during the six-hour hostage/barri-
cade incident, but one hostage was wounded during an exchange of gunfire
between the terrorists and Salvadoran security forces.)
Northern Ireland: Armed Attack on Policemen
In Belfast, suspected IRA gunmen shot and killed a part-time soldier. While
investigating the incident, two other policemen were ambushed and wounded.
Belgium: Shooting and Robbery at Army Barracks
In Vielsam a five-man commando team, wearing masks, broke into a Belgian
Army barracks and shot an officer. They later cut through barbed wire, tied up
several guards, and escaped with a number of weapons.F_-]
Cyprus: Explosion at Iraqi Airlines
In Nicosia an explosive device was detonated outside the Iraqi Airlines office. The
30-kilo device, placed in a rental car, caused extensive damage to the building and
injured four people. Two groups-the Iraqi Islamic Action Organization and the
Mujaheddin of the Islamic Revolution-have claimed responsibility. The caller
claiming responsibility for the explosion did so on behalf of the Iraqi Islamic
Action Organization; he also claimed responsibility for attacks against Iraqi
embassies in Paris and Bangkok and the office of the Iraqi military representative
in Rome. According to Greek Cypriot press, both organizations reportedly charged
that Iraqi secret services are using Cyprus as a transit point for arms purchased
from Europe, and that the Iraqi airlines office in Nicosia is being used by Iraqi ser-
vices established in Cyprus following the events in Lebanon.
United States: Suspected Explosive Device Found Near Turkey's UN Mission
A suspected pipe bomb was discovered near Turkey's UN Mission, forcing closure
of the public entrance to the UN grounds. The incident followed the adoption of a
resolution condemning the proclamation of a separate state by the Turkish-
Cypriots in northern Cyprus.
12, 13 May 1984 South Africa: Attack on Oil Refinery
Terrorists probably linked to the African National Congress (ANC) guerrilla
group set off a bomb on the 25th floor of a bank building and launched a rocket at-
tack on a Mobil Oil refinery, both in Durban. As they fled from the latter site,
they were cornered and killed by police after a five-hour gunbattle. Besides the
four dead terrorists, casualties included three civilians killed in the attack on the
refinery. Damage to the office site was extensive, but refinery damage was limited
to a warehouse which burned down. F I
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13 May 1984 Belgium: Protest March Ends in Violence
In Brussels a march sponsored by the Socialist and Catholic trade unions was
attended by 10,000 young people protesting continued high youth unemployment.
The march ended in violence when a group of 300 anarchists and extremists threw
eggs, paint, and stones at banks and engaged in a violent fight with police which
left four policemen and eight demonstrators injured and two police cars burned.
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14 May 1984 Italy: Red Brigades Document Found
In Verona, the Italian Press Agency, ANSA, was directed to a 62-page Red
Brigades (BR) document by an anonymous caller during Prime Minister Craxi's
speech at the Socialist Party Congress. The document, however, turned out to be a
copy of one issued after the February assassination of MFO Director General
Leamon Ray Hunt, claimed by the BR.n
Spain: Explosive Device Sinks Boat, Kills Spanish Sailor
In Fuenterrabia, an explosive device planted beneath the waterline of a Spanish
Naval boat by an unknown group, "Gatazka," exploded, killing a Spanish sailor
and sinking the boat. Police suspect the group is connected to the separatist group,
Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA).
15 May 1984 Chile: Bombing Campaign Continues
Approximately 20 bombs exploded in Santiago, damaging nine banks, a municipal
office, a tile factory, electricity pylons, and the headquarters of an Exxon mining
subsidiary. Additional bombings were reported in Valparaiso, Vina.del Mar, and
Concepcion. No injuries were reported, and no group claimed responsibility for the
blasts that may have been in response to the military junta's approval hours before
of a strict antiterrorism law.= 25X1
El Salvador: Another Rightist Murdered
A retired colonel, who is an ARENA Party member and formerly served as
Minister of Health, was murdered in San Salvador; the Revolutionary Party of
Central American Workers claimed responsibility for the operation.
Lebanon: Hizballah Members Killed
Three members of the radical Shia Hizballah were killed when a shell exploded as
they were attempting to remove it from a jammed 106-mm recoilless rifle. We be-
lieve pro-Iranian elements such as the Hizballah and the Jundallah (Soldiers of
God) are responsible for many sniping attacks on peacekeeping forces in Beirut.
17 May 1984 Lebanon: Car Bomb Reported,
Press reports indicate that a boobytrapped car bomb exploded in the Bekaa Valley
village of Barr Ilyas, killing one person and injuring three others. The exact target
of the bomb remains unclear.= 25X1
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18 May 1984 Lebanon: Attempted Bombing of American University
In Beirut, a fire in the library of American University led to the discovery and de-
fusing of a bomb moments before it was due to explode. No group has yet claimed
credit for the attempted bombing. F__]
Northern Ireland: Gunmen Wound Journalist
In Belfast two gunmen shot and seriously wounded a Roman Catholic newspaper
columnist known for his outspoken views on both Protestant and Roman Catholic
terrorist violence. This was the first attack on a journalist by Irish terrorists in 14
years.
Northern Ireland: Bomb Kills Two Policemen, Injures One
In Belfast, Irish Republican Army (IRA) terrorists killed.two policemen by
detonating a landmine under the policeman's car by remote'control. A third
policeman was seriously injured. In their claim of the attack, IRA said the killings
were carried out to mark the third anniversary of the death of IRA hunger-striker,
Raymond McCreesh.F--]
Northern Ireland: Bombing at International Competition Kills Two
In Enniskillen two people were killed and 11 injured by an IRA bomb attack at a
lakeside leisure complex crowded with anglers competing in an international
fishing competition. This was another attack marking the third anniversary of the
death of an IRA hunger-striker.
Northern Ireland: Taxi Driver Shot
In Belfast a taxi driver was shot in the back and seriously wounded by suspected
19 May 1984 Northern Ireland: Soldier Shot
In Belfast suspected IRA gunmen shot and seriously wounded a soldier in an
ambush attack. One man was arrested and weapons were seized following the
shooting.F
20 May 1984 Lebanon: Israeli Raid on Bekaa Valley
Israeli aircraft raided positions in the Bekaa Valley though reports are still sketchy
as to the intended target. The Voice of Lebanon claimed that Islamic Amal's arms
depots and training areas were hit. An IDF spokesman declared that a pro-Iranian
terrorist base in Janta was destroyed.
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