THE METRIC SYSTEM COVERSION FACTORS DIRECT CONVERSION TABLES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP85-00988R000400060019-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 26, 1999
• Sequence Number: 19
• Content Type: REPORT

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THE METRIC SYSTEM
CONVERSION FACTORS
DIRECT CONVERSION TABLES
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PREFACE
The purpose of this publication is to provide certain basic information to users of the
Metric System within the Center. It contains a list of conversion factors and direct conver-
sion tables for those units of measurement which are most frequently used in Center repor-
ting.
Much of the information herein was obtained from the National Bureau of Standards
which the Center will use as the authoritative source in metric conversion.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Brief History of Measurement Systems ................... 1
Definitions of Units ............................................................. 4
Spelling and Symbols for Units . 5
Listing of Conversion Factors by Classification ........ . . . . . . . . . . 6
Direct Conversion Tables (Feet to Meter) .......
Metric System-Seven Base Units Chart ......... . . . . 8
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Brief History of
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
"Weights and measures may be ranked among the necessaries of life to every individual
of human society. They enter into the economical arrangements and daily concerns of every
family. They are necessary to every occupation of human industry; to the distribution and
security of every species of property; to every transaction of trade and commerce; to the
labors of the husbandman; to the ingenuity of the artificer; to the studies of the philosopher;
to the researches of the antiquarian, to the navigation of the mariner, and the marches of the
soldier; to all the exchanges of peace, and all the operations of war. The knowledge of them,
as in established use, is among the first elements of education, and is often learned by those
who learn nothing else, not even to read and write. This knowledge is riveted in the memory
by the habitual application of it to the employments of men throughout life. "
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS
Report to the Congress, 1821
Weights and measures were among the earliest tools invented by man. Primitive
societies needed rudimentary measures for many tasks: constructing dwellings of an ap-
propriate size and shape, fashioning clothing, or bartering food or raw materials.
Man understandably turned first to parts of his body and his natural surroundings for
measuring instruments. Early Babylonian and Egyptian records and the Bible indicate that
length was first measured with the forearm, hand, or finger and that time was measured by
the periods of the sun, moon, and other heavenly bodies. When it was necessary to compare
the capacities of containers such as gourds or clay or metal vessels, they were filled with
plant seeds which were then counted to measure the volumes. When means for weighing
were invented, seeds and stones served as standards. For instance, the "carat," still used as
a unit for gems, was derived from the carob seed.
As societies evolved, weights and measures became more complex. The invention of
numbering systems and the science of mathematics made it possible to create whole systems
of weights and measures suited to trade and commerce, land division, taxation, or scientific
research. For these more sophisticated uses it was necessary not only to weigh and measure
more complex things-it was also necessary to do it accurately time after time and in
different places. However, with limited international exchange of goods and communication
of ideas, it is not surprising that different systems for the same purpose developed and
became established in different parts of the world-even in different parts of a single
continent.
The English System
The measurement system commonly used in the United States today is nearly the same
as that brought by the colonists from England. These measures had their origins in a variety
of cultures-Babylonian, Egyptian, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Norman French. The an-
cient "digit." "palm." "span," and "cubit" "units evolved into the "inch," "foot," and
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"yard" through a complicated transformation not yet fully understood.
Roman contributions include the use of the number 12 as a base (our foot is divided into
12 inches) and words from which we derive many of our present weights and measures
names. For example, the 12 divisions of the Roman "pes," or foot, were called unciae. Our
words "inch" and "ounce" are both derived from that Latin word.
The "yard" as a measure of length can be traced back to the early Saxon kings. They
wore a sash or girdle around the waist-that could be removed and used as a convenient
measuring device. Thus the word "yard" comes from the Saxon word "gird" meaning the
circumference of a person's waist.
Standardization of the various units and their combinations into a loosely related
system of weights and measures sometimes occurred in fascinating ways. Tradition holds
that King Henry I decreed that the yard should be the distance from the tip of his nose to the
end of his thumb. The length of a furlong (or furrow-long) was established by early Tudor
rulers as 220 yards. This led Queen Elizabeth I to declare, in the 16th century, that
henceforth the traditional Roman mile of 5,000 feet would be replaced by one of 5,280 feet,
making the mile exactly 8 furlongs and providing a convenient relationship between two
previously ill-related measures.
Thus, through royal edicts, England by the 18th century had achieved a greater degree
of standardization than the continental countries. The English units were well suited to
commerce and trade because they had been developed and refined to meet commercial
needs. Through colonization and dominance of world commerce during the 17th, 18th, and
19th centuries, the English system of weights and measures was spread to and established in
many parts of the world, including the American colonies.
However, standards still differed to an extent undesirable for commerce among the 13
colonies. The need for greater uniformity led to clauses in the Articles of Confederation
(ratified by the original colonies in 1781) and the Constitution of the United States (ratified
in 1790) giving power to the Congress to fix uniform standards for weights and measures. To-
day, standards supplied to all the States by the National Bureau of Standards assure unifor-
mity throughout the country.
The Metric System
The need for a single worldwide coordinated measurement system was recognized over
300 years ago. Gabriel Mouton, Vicar of St. Paul in Lyons, proposed in 1670 a comprehensive
decimal measurement system based on the length of one minute of arc of a great circle of the
earth. In 1671 Jean Picard, A French astronomer. proposed the length of a pendulum
beating seconds as the unit of length. (Such a pendulum would have been fairly easily
reproducible, thus facilitating the widespread distribution of uniform standards.) Other
proposals were made, but over a century elapsed before any action was taken.
In 1790, in the midst of the French Revolution the National Assembly of France re-
quested the French Academy of Sciences to "deduce an invariable standard for all the
measures and all the weights." The Commission appointed by the Academy created a
system that was, at once, simple and scientific. The unit of length was to be a portion of the
earth's circumference. Measures for capacity (volume) and mass (weight) were to be derived
from the unit of length, thus relating the basic units of the system to each other and to
nature. Furthermore, the larger and smaller versions of each unit were to be created by mul-
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tiplying or dividing the basic units by 10 and its multiples. This feature provided a great
convenience to users of the system, by eliminating the need for such calculations as dividing
by 16 (to convert ounces to pounds) or by 12 (to convert inches to feet). Similar calculations
in the metric system could be performed simply by shifting the decimal point., Thus the
metric system is a "base-10" or "decimal" system.
The Commission assigned the name metre (which we also spell meter) to the unit of
length. This name was derived from the Greek word metron, meaning "a measure." The
physical standard representing the meter was to be constructed so that it would equal one
ten-millionth of the distance from the north pole to the equator along the meridian of the
earth running near Dunkirk in France and Barcelona in Spain.
The metric unit of mass, called the "gram," was defined as the mass of one cubic cen-
timeter (a cube that is 1/100 of a meter on each side) of water at its temperature of max-
imum density. The cubic decimeter (a cube 1/10 of a meter on each side) was chosen as the
unit of fluid capacity. This measure was given the name "liter."
Although the metric system was not accepted with enthusiasm at first, adoption by
other nations, occurred steadily after France made its use compulsory in 1840. The standar-
dized character and decimal features of the metric system made it well suited to scientific
and engineering work. Consequently, it is not surprising that the rapid spread of the system
coincided with an age of rapid technological development. In the United States, by Act of
Congress in 1866, it was made "lawful throughout the United States of America to employ
the weights and measures of the metric system in all contracts, dealings or court
proceedings."
By the late 1860's, even better metric standards were needed to keep pace with scientific
advances. In 1875, an international treaty, the "Treaty of the Meter," set up well-defined
metric standards for length and mass, and established permanent machinery to recommend
and adopt further refinements in the metric system. This treaty, known as the Metric
Convention, was signed by 17 countries, including the United States.
As a result of the Treaty, metric standards were constructed and distributed to each na-
tion that ratified the Convention. Since 1893, the internationally agreed-to metric standards
have served as the fundamental weights and measures standards of the United States.
By 1900 a total of 35 nations-including the major nations of continental Europe and
most of South America-had officially accepted the metric system. In 1971 the Secretary of
Commerce, in transmitting to Congress the results of a 3-year study authorized by the
Metric Study Act of 1968, recommended that the U.S. change to predominant use of the
metric system through a coordinated national program.
In 1975 the President signed the "Metric Conversion Act of 1975". Its purpose is "To
declare a national policy of coordinating the increasing use of the Metric System within the
United States and to establish a United States Metric Board to coordinate the voluntary
conversion to the Metric System".
The International Bureau of Weights and Measures located at Sevres, France, serves as
a permanent secretariat for the Metric Convention, coordinating the exchange of informa-
tion about the use and refinement of the metric system. As measurement science develops
more precise and easily reproducible ways of defining the measurement units, the General
Conference of Weights and Measures-the diplomatic organization made up of adherents to
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the Convention-meets periodically to ratify improvements in the system and the stan-
dards.
In 1960, the General Conference adopted an extensive revision and simplification of the
system. The name Le Systeme International d'Unites (International System of Units), with
the international abbreviation SI, was adopted for this modernized metric system. Further
improvements in and additions to SI were made by the General Conference in 1964, 1968,
and 1971.
DEFINITIONS
In its original conception, the meter was the fundamental unit of the Metric System,
and all units of length and capacity were to be derived directly from the meter which was in-
tended to be equal to one ten-millionth of the earth's quadrant. Furthermore, it was
originally planned that the unit of mass, the kilogram, should be identical with the mass of a
cubic decimeter of water at its maximum density. The units of length and mass are now
defined independently of these conceptions.
In October 1960 the Eleventh General (International) Conference on Weights and
Measures redefined the meter as equal to 1 650 763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red radia-
tion in vacuum of krypton 86 corresponding to the unperturbed transition between the 2p'?
and 5d5 levels.
The kilogram is independently defined as the mass of a particular platinum-iridium
standard, the International Prototype Kilogram, which is kept at the International Bureau
of Weights and Measures in Sevres, France.
The liter has been defined, since October 1964, as being equal to a cubic decimeter. The
meter is thus a unit on which is based all metric standards and measurements of length,
area, and volume.
Definitions of Units
Length
A meter is a unit of length equal to 1650 763.73 wavelengths in a vacuum of the orange-red radia-
tion of krypton 86.
Mass
A kilogram is a unit of mass equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram.
Capacity, or Volume
A cubic meter is a unit of volume equal to a cube the edges of which are 1 meter.
A liter is a unit of volume equal to a cubic decimeter.
A square meter is a unit of area equal to the area of a square the sides of which are 1 meter.
A hectare is a unit of area equal to the area of a square the sides of which are 100 meters.
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Spelling and Symbols for Units
The spelling of the names. of units as adopted by the National Bureau of Standards is
that given in the list below. The spelling of the metric units is in accordance with that given
in the law of July 28, 1866, legalizing,the, Metric System in the United States.
Following the name of each unit in the list below is given the symbol that the Bureau
has adopted. Attention is particularly called to the following principles:
1. No period is used with symbols for units. Whenever "in" for inch might be confused
with the preposition "in", "inch" should be spelled out.
2. The exponents 1121' and "9" are used to signify "square" and "cubic," respectively,
instead of the symbols "sq" or "cu," which are, however, frequently used in technical literature
for the U.S. Customary units.
3. The same symbol is used for both singular and plural.
Some Units and Their Symbols
Symbol I
Unit
Symbol
acre
acre
dekaliter
dal
milligram
mg
barrel
bbl
dekameter
dam
milliliter
ml
bushel
bu
Fahrenheit
OF
millimeter
mm
Celsius, degree
'C
foot
ft
second
a
centigram
cg
gallon
gal
square centimet
er
cm'
centiliter
cl
gram
g
square decimet
er
dm'
centimeter
cm
hectare
ha
square dekamet
er
dam'
cubic centimeter
cm'
hectogram
hg
square foot
ft'
cubic decimeter
dm'
hectoliter
hl
square hectome
ter
hm'
cubic dekameter
dam'
hectometer
hm
square inch
in'
cubic foot
ft'
inch
in
square kilomete
r
km'
cubic hectometer
hm'
Nautical Mile
NM
square meter
m'
cubic inch
in;'
Kelvin, degree
'K
square mile
mi'
cubic kilometer
km'
kilogram
kg
square millime
ter
mm'
cubic meter
m'
kiloliter
kI
square yard
yd'
cubic mile
mi'
kilometer
km
ton, long
long ton
cubic millimeter
mm'
liter
liter
ton, metric
t
cubic yard
yd"
meter
m
ton, short
short ton
decigram
dg
microgram
ug
yard
yd
deciliter
dl
microliter
ul
decimeter
dm
micrometer
pm
dekagram
dag
mile
mi
Symbol
Factor I
Prefix
Symbol
1012
tera
T
10-1
deci
109
giga
G
10-2
centi
101,
mega
M
10-3
milli
10,
kilo
k
10-6
micro
102
hecto
h
10-9
nano
101
deka
da
10_12
Pico
10-16
femto
10-18
atto
-5-
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The following lists of conversion factors are based on National Bureau of Standards
values and are rounded to four decimal places. The listings contain most of the units used in
Center publications. Users should round the results to dditional infor-
mation on units not listed in the tables cal
List of Conversion Factors by Classification
UNITS OF LENGTH
IF YOU HAVE
MULTIPLY BY
TO OBTAIN
MILLIMETERS
0.0394
INCHES
CENTIMETERS
0.3937
INCHES
INCHES
25.4000
MILLIMETERS
INCHES
2.5400
CENTIMETERS
FEET
0.3048
METERS
FEET
0.0003
KILOMETERS
YARDS
0.9144
METERS
METERS
3.2808
FEET
METERS
0.0005
MILES(NAUTICAL)
METERS
1.0936
YARDS
KILOMETERS
3280.8400
FEET
KILOMETERS
0.6214
MI LES(STATUTE)
KILOMETERS
0.5400
MILES(NAUTICAL)
MI LES(STATUTE)
1.6093
KILOMETERS
MILES(NAUTICAL)
6076.1154
FEET
MILES(NAUTICAL)
1.8520
KILOMETERS
MILES(NAUTICAL)
1852.0000
METERS
TO OBTAIN
SQUARE CENTIMETERS
0.1550
SQUARE INCHES
SQUARE INCHES
6.4516
SQUARE CENTIMETERS
SQUARE FEET
0.0929
SQUARE METERS
SQUARE YARDS
0.8361
SQUARE METERS
SQUARE METERS
10.7639
SQUARE FEET
SQUARE METERS
1.1960
SQUARE YARDS
SQUARE METERS
1.0000
CENTARES
SQUARE METERS
0.0002
ACRES
SQUARE METERS
0.0001
HECTARES
ACRES
4046.8564
SQUARE METERS
ACRES
0.4047
HECTARES
HECTARES
10000.0000
SQUARE METERS
HECTARES
2.4711
ACRES
-6-
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UNITS OF MASS
MULTIPLY BY
TO OBTAIN
KILOGRAMS
2.2046
POUNDS(AVOIR.)
POUNDS(AVOIR.)
0.4536
KILOGRAMS
SHORT TONS
0.9072
METRIC TONS
METRIC TONS
1.1023
SHORT TONS
METRIC TONS
0.9842
LONG TONS
LONG TONS
1.0160
METRIC TONS
IF YOU HAVE
MULTIPLY BY
TO OBTAIN
LITERS
0.2642
GALLONS
LITERS
0.0063
BARRELS(POL)
LITERS
0.0010
CUBIC METERS
GALLONS
3.7854
LITERS
GALLONS
0.1337
CUBIC FEET
GALLONS
0.0238
BARRELS(POL)
GALLONS
0.0038
CUBIC METERS
BUSHELS
0.0352
CUBIC METERS
CUBIC FEET
7.4805
GALLONS
CUBIC FEET
0.1781
BARRELS(POL)
CUBIC FEET
0.0283
CUBIC METERS
CUBIC YARDS
0.7646
CUBIC METERS
BARRELS(POL)
158.9873
LITERS
BARRELS(POL)
42.0000
GALLONS
BARRELS(POL)
5.6146
CUBIC FEET
BARRELS(POL)
0.1590
CUBIC METERS
CUBIC METERS
1000.0000
LITERS
CUBIC METERS
264.1721
GALLONS
CUBIC METERS
35.3147
CUBIC FEET
CUBIC METERS
28.3776
BUSHELS
CUBIC METERS
6.2838
BARRELS(POL)
CUBIC METERS
1.3080
CUBIC YARDS
(?FAHRENHEIT MINUS 32) DIVIDED BY 1.8 = ?CELSIUS (CENTIGRADE)
(?CELSIUS MULTIPLIED BY 1.8) PLUS 32 = ?FAHRENHEIT
111111111 Y1,10 1, 111141111
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Approved For Release 2001/08/09 : CIA-RDP85-00988R000400060019-3
 Approved For Release 2001/08/09 : CIA-RDP85-00988R000400060019-3
NOTES
Approved For Release 2001/08/09 : CIA-RDP85-00988R000400060019-3
 Approved For Release 2001/08/09 : CIA-RDP85-00988R000400060019-3
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Approved For Release 2001/08/09 : CIA-RDP85-00988R000400060019-3