OFFICE OF LOGISTICS (OL) ACCOMPLISHMENTS WITH WIDESPREAD EFFECTS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP85-00759R000100160011-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 9
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 11, 2002
• Sequence Number: 11
• Publication Date: September 25, 1975
• Content Type: MF

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MEMORANDUM FOR: Deputy Director for Administration
SU93ECT : Office of Logistics (DL) Accomplishments With Widespread
Effects
1. In response to your request, we are forwarding short descriptions
of accomplishments or innovations which might be used in any program designed
to counteract the adverse image of the Agency resulting from the current in-
vestigations. The descriptions are necessarily brief, but we intend them
to provide a flavor of the subject so that a judgment can be made regarding
their further use and value.
2. The following are accomplishments or innovations which originated
in, or were pioneered by, OL and which resulted in benefits to industry, to
the community* or to humanity:
a. Electronic Processing of Intelligence Composition EPIC
During the early 1960's,a computer-assisted typesetting system
was developed by a team of Printing and Photography Division tech-
nicians. This system was several years ahead of the state of the
art at that time. In essence, it Is a complete text processing
system which can utilize the benefits of source tape, process that
data through format programs for hyphenation/line justification and
page makeup*then output that data to a phototypesetting for automatic
full-page casting on film. The real breakthroughs of this system
were the automation of formatting, page makeup, and hyphenless line
justification. Further information is included in attachments A and
B.
b. Continuous Tone Printings
This process was also developed by Printing and Photography
Division personnel in the early 1960's. From the film positive,
the image can be transferred directly to a printing plate without
screening or changing the image through the camera or other related
operations. Additional information on its development is also con-
tained in attachments A and B.
C. 70 mm. Camera
Prior to 1960, the commercial market could provide no photographic
equipment or technique which would improve the production of photo-
graphic prints from various sizes and qualities of negatives. Printing
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SUBJECT: Office of Logistics (OL) Accomplishments With Widespread
Effects
and Photography Division personnel designed this unique 70 camera
which, with dual optics, can simultaneously copy a variable size
photograph or transparency and a fixed size caption onto the same
negative. This camera has resulted in a streamlined operation
compared to an almost completely manual operation prior to its use.
Additional information is contained in attachment A.
d. Architectural Desioon Layout Control System
During the original design of the Headquarters Building, a
Real Estate and Construction Division architect designed and imple-
mented this system which was used to control and accomplish the
layout design of the Headquarters facility. The system was not only
used throughout building occupancy but is in continuing use today
for layout design modifications. A patent has been obtained on a
portion of the system and several Government agencies have adopted
the system in their building planning efforts. In 1960, the architect
was awarded the National Capital Award as part of Architects. Engineers,
and Scientists Weeks sponsored by the Washington, D. C., Council of
Architectural and Engineering Societies, and the Washington, D. C., STATIN
Academy of Sciences.
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SUBJECT: Office of Logistics (DL) Accomplishments With 'Widespread
Effects
f. Closer to home,. we were asked if we might have some simple
tasks or operations which might be performed by persons attending the
Fairfax Activity Center for Retarded Adults as aids in their therapy.
At that time, our Central Depot had many small stock items which needed
to be placed in small plastic bags for better control and issue. From
1971 through 1974, people at the Center bagged thousands of such items, and
they also made "corner pads" for use on packing containers. There was
no cost to the Agency, but we hope we assisted the Center in its goals.
Our contribution to the effort ceased only because our requirements had
been filled. Logistics Services Division also uses a Maryland facility
for the handicapped for certain lower-skill requirement projects. The
latter is on a contract basis.
g. In 1972, we provided a crane to the Department of the interior
to assist at Turkey Run Park in repairing damages resulting from tropical
storm Agnes.
3. Other significant accomplishments. the basis of which were not originated
by OL but in which we made a considerable contribution to their success, are;
Abuse Exhibit
An exhibit showing various drugs, the tools for their administra-
tion, and results of drug abuse was developed by the Graphics and
Visual Aids Staff of Printing and Photography Division with the
technical assistance of Office of Medical Services. This exhibit,
in addition to having been on display in the Headquarters Building,
has also been loaned to local high schools, local police departments
and civic organizations, National Security Agency, and has been dis-
played at the American Medical Association Annual Regional Conventions
At San Francisco, Cincinnati, and New York. A portable version of
the exhibit has also been developed for use in indoctrination programs
for employees and dependents going overseas.
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SUBJECT: Office of Logistics (0L) Accomplishments With Widespread
Effects
b. Heart Disease Detection Exhibit
This, too, was developed by our Graphics and Visual Aids Staff
with the technical assistance of the Office of Medical Services.
It also has had rather wide distribution and display at medical
assemblies both locally and in distant cities.
c. OL is the first component in the Administration Directorate, and
the second in the Agency, to implement and administer a formal upward
mobility program. Upward mobility programs, for purposes of this dis-
cussion,, are to be distinguished from other personnel development tech-
niques such as the LOT program in this office and the CT and PT programs
of other directorates.
4. If other accomplishments of this nature come to mind, we shall -
?unica.te them to you . Unfortunately, many of the more spectacular things
STATOTIkat ate have accomplished are in the areas of ordnance and airborne develop-
ments which, of course. are not appropriate for this proaram. Dues ons con-
cerning items in this paper may be addressed n eaten-
if additional detail Is required# He can aevetop ir. you.
70 Michael J. Malanick
Michael J. Malanick
Director of Logistics
Atts
Distribution:
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STATINTOL/P&PS
STA~OTHR
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25 Sept 75)
Administrative --Internal Use July
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 ATTACHMENT B
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Reprint from April 1965 issue of PRINTING PRODUCTION Afagazife.
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THE troublesome end-of-line hyphenation problem
with which a large number of computer and printing
organizations continue to struggle in computer pro-
duced text may become a thing of the past. A small
team, of specialists in the Central Intelligence Agency
has developed a novel approach, amazing in its sim-
plicity, which virtually eliminates hyphenation while
still retaining justification.
The success or failure of present computerized book
composition systems hinges largely upon the com-
puter's ability to provide correct end-of-line word
divisions required for justification. Several years and-
hundreds of thousands of dollars have been spent in
attempting to develop dictionary and logic systems
which will attain the necessary accuracy required for
high'quality composition.
Existing computer systems cannot yet equal the
accuracy of the average keyboard operator in hyphen-
ating end-of-line words although a fairly high degree
of accuracy is obtained in some cases. Accuracy is
needed in computer composition because of the prob-
lems of correcting errors and the constant demand for
greater speeds.
Present Hyphenation Systems Pose Dilemma
With the present state of the art, the printer must
choose between a system obtaining high accuracy
with proportionately higher computer costs or a less
sophisticated system providing a lesser degree of
accuracy with the attendant error cost factor. Any
system permitting errors poses the problem of new
errors being introduced when corrections are required.
The idea of eliminating the end-of-line hyphen is
not new. Some newspapers and printing companies
now justify text without the use of hyphens by the use
pp.-. p
ortation d. I units. An appropriate number of transpor a ion unl s. n
artillery, cherhical, engineer, and ground trans- 11-~ artillery, chemlca , engineer, an groan
t a ro riato number of
a
1
units aval a e o ng
elude tactical air support; Army aviation; and include tactical air support; Army aviation', andd
armored brigades. Nonorganic combat SUPI)orL atuiuivu uairncuUOO. 1, vi>,lgoaasv rr
les in the support role in- units available to brigades in the support role
bl t b .
- 1 nls See1,iwll b' Utll;i a.iay
,initq of meehanized infantry and supporting units of mechanized infantry and
of excessive inter-word spacing and fixed letter spacing
or a combination of both. Some publications appear
with an unjustified single or multicolumn format.
Unfortunately neither of these systems, provides ac-
ceptable typographic quality for book production.
A primary rule in typesetting is to avoid hyphens
wherever possible since they destroy continuity in
reading. It is obvious, then, that the real need is for
a simple plan which eliminates the end-of-line hyphen
without sacrificing typographic quality.
Uncle Sam's team feels that they have solved this
problem by the use of a variable set size technique'
on a line-for-line basis. In simpler terms, this means
that a sort of coefficient of expansion or contraction
is applied to the proportional spacing between charac-
ters in each line of text. The line is thus expanded
and contracted without destroying the proportional
values of the individual character as is the case with
fixed letterspacing.
The variation in appearance of the lines of text
produced by this method is sufficiently subtle to
remain unnoticed by the average reader. The ability
to expand and contract provides sufficient latitude in
justification so that the need for end-of-line word
division is rare. The computer programming and
processing which is required for variable set size
justification is many times simpler and less costly
than that required for end-of-line word division and
hyphenation. The problem of accuracy in word division
is avoided.
The CIA prints in its owr facilities a number of
high quality book type publications. These publications
are set in type on Intertype and Monotype machines
and are printed by offset from plates made from
positive Mylar proofs pulled directly from the type.
For the past five years the majority of this composition
46. General
- s -
... ? . ,
using variable set sizes of 10, 101~ and 11 eliminated the hyphens. :cu 11
in Winn mon?efra chows four hvvhens in one paragraph (left). Corresponding sample
 Appu~ ate aigQ lit5 4kZce (VA 8 7 D~ i 1.7 ~gazimc.
Various solutions have been broached for the problem of hyphenation
in connection with high speed composition, from abandonment of
justification to automated hyphenation by, computer.
Here is a development suggesting that hyphenation itself may go
By GEORGE Z. KUNKEL and ITLMON H. MARCUM
Central Intelligence Agency
has been done on Model F4 Intertype machines oper-
ated by Teletypesetter tape.
About a year ago the Agency's printing engineers
and computer specialists began studying the possibility
of doing page composition by photocomposing from
computer prepared tape. This study developed the
feasibility of this type of composition and a thorough
investigation was made of all available photocomposing
equipment. After considerable study a Model 513
Photon has been obtained for this composition. A
primary reason for this selection was the 513's capabili-
ty of changing set sizes from codes inserted into the-
computer prepared tape.
The printing engineers and computer specialists
began the job of programming an IBM 1410 computer
for this typesetting job. Agency personnel had talked
with other printers and computer personnel and had
visited numerous printing plants in their investigation
of the problems involved in this method of typesetting.
Since they were interested in page composition, this
aspect received most of the init_al attention.
Word Division Proved To Be Primary Problem
It soon became apparent, however, that the primary
problem involved in this type of computerized compo-
sition was not in page makeup but rather end-of-line
word division and hyphenation. Consequently the
computer specialists and printing engineers gave
consideration to the number of known methods of
handling this problem.
It was apparent that the end-of-line hyphenating
problem would require considerable programming time
and computer capacity. Further, it was found that
hyphenating inaccuracies, computer capacity, loss of
speed, dictionary cost, etc., were still problems.
The geological formation of that .
portion of the American Union,
the Rocky Mountains, has given rise to
and six hundred, north and south,
not common; though a good deal of
the face of the country has more or less
Before getting into programming for hyphenation,
the Agency personnel began a thorough study of any
alternatives to end-of-line hyphenation. Since the
513 Photon had been selected for the composing job
because of its tape-operated set size changing capabili-
ty, the Agency engineers felt there was a possibility of
using this capability for justification without end-of-line
hyphens in average book composition. Further study
indicated that hyphenless justification of practically
any measure of composition was possible by varying
set sizes of individual lines.
The varying of set sizes permits a delicate method
of proportional letter spacing. Numerous sample pages
have been set in which four different set sizes are
used and the resulting typography is satisfactory for
book composition of relatively high quality. Since the
program is not yet operative, the described technique
was simulated on a Monotype keyboard and the sample
pages set on a Monotype machine.
The system of employing proportionate letter spacing
by set size changes will work as follows:
The computer is being programmed to compute for
end-of-line decisions utilizing 2, 3, 4 or 5 set sizes
continued on page 89
EDITOR'S NOTE-One of the authors of this article,
George Z. Kunkel, presented a report on hyphenless justi-
fication at the recent Conference on Computerized Type-
setting held by the Research and Engineering Council of
the Graphic- Arts Industry, Inc., in Washington, D. C. Be-
cause the subject has unusual current interest and im-
portance, we are presenting this full account. An on-the-
scene report of other aspects of the Conference will be
given next month.
described in the opening pages of this
the territory which now composes
Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and
a large portion of the country west of
the Mississippi, lay formerly under
water. 'I he soil of all the former
States has the appearance of an
situations which render it difficult to
in . Ohio, -Michigan, `Illinois,, and
411 Indiana. They. labor under the
8y2 disadvantages of a scarcity of wood
? and water-evils of a serious character,
71/2 until art has had time to supply the
to abound in all that region, and wells
The second description of these
natural meadows lies west of the
Three specimens of hyphenless composition on 11 pica measure show many consecutive lines all in normal set size of 8,
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accompany the line.
Hypheniess Justification
(CONTINUE]) FROM PAGE 45)
close enough in size to each other to
be inoffensive typographically and
yet disparate enough to significant-
ly increase justification range. The
cumpuier yr it arrive ai. crld?or-line
decisions for all set sizes involved,
choose the set size in which an
interword or other natural line
ending code (period, em quad,
compounding hyphen, etc.) oc-
curred in the justification range
and incorporate in the output tape
the appropriate set size codes to
Hyphens Can Be Eliminated
Many rules and variations in set
sizes and data blocks can be de-
veloped but the ultimate result is
that hyphens can be eliminated or
reduced to the, degree that they
would no longer pose a problem to
the computer, the printer, or the
reader.
Adoption of this system of type-
setting will:
(1) Reduce computer processing
time.
(2) Simplify hyphenation logic
and reduce initial programming
time and costs.
(3) Enable the use of less ex-
pensive computer equipment.
This system of phototypesetting
from computer prepared tape has
the advantage of completely elimi-
nating the need for the complicated
programming now in use for end-
of-line hyphenations. This in many
instances would indicate that a
smaller computer or less peripheral
gear may be used for relatively
complicated composition..
The drastic reduction in the
correction problems caused by im-
proper hyphenation is another ad-
vantage which many printers will
welcome. This is particularly true
in the case of photocomposition
and its attendant correction prob-
lems. Obviously the computer when
processing data for this system will
need a routine to take care of the
inevitable line which will not suc-
cumb to the set size change method.
This routine need only provide
for enough expansion and contrac-?
tion capability in the two lines in-
volved to allow for application of
a human decision: A simple solu-
tion would be for the computer to
produce the lines involved by insert-
ing a hyphen at any point in the
troublemaking word which would
allow the median set size and u
median width interword space. Even
with this method the division may
be correct and at least there would
always be sufficient latitude for
adjustment.
The ages...., plans to edit t pe
on the 1410 computer by proofread-
ing one r>;: two computer printouts
prior to creation of final tape for
use on the photocomposing machine.
Thus the rare instance where an
end-of-line hyphen would be nec-
essary can be determined from the
printout and the necessary correc-
tion incorporated in the final tape.
It would never be necessary to
correct hyphenation after the page
has been set. 0
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