FOREIGN DIVORCE DECREES: CONSEQUENCES AND PROBLEMS CONFRONTING AGENCY EMPLOYEES

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CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0
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RIPPUB
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K
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19
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December 9, 2016
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August 14, 2001
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8
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Publication Date: 
November 26, 1969
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MF
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Approved,For Ruse 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R6@01200120008-0 OGC Has Reviewed I MEMORANDUM FOR.- Director of Personnel SUBJECT: Foreign Divorce Decrees: Consequences and Problems Confronting Agency Employees 1. Your comments are solicited with regard to the questions, suggested answers and proposals set forth herein. 2. A divorce decree issued by a foreign country is notentitled to full faith and credit under the U. S. Constitution. Its validity must stand on the international principle of comity between friendly nations. Comity looks to the moral necessity to do justice, so that justice may be done in return. Under this principle, the courts of a U. S. forum will recognize the foreign decree if satisfied that the foreign court had jurisdiction over the parties or the subject matter, and provided further that recognizing the decree, or the procuring of the same, does not violate the forum's public policy. The "public policy" of a state is to be found in the law of the state, whether found in its constitution, statutes or judicial decisions. 3. The Mexican divorce, because it has been the subject of con- siderable subsequent litigation, has made most lawyers cognizant of the problems raised by foreign divorce decrees. For this reason and because of past and current problems before this office involving Mexican divorces, the following commentary treats with the consequences of such divorces with specific reference to their applicability to employees of this Agency. a decree procured by any one of the following three methods: 4. ? The term "Mexican divorce," is generally understood to include Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 Approved For R se 2001/09/031 : CIA-RDP85-00375RO-W-200120008-0 The first method hereinafter termed the '',i-party Divorce" is one in which the plaintiff personally appears in Mexico nM-ww.4a 11... and where the defendant appears either in person in Mexico or through an attorney, duly appointed by the defendant to appear in the action for him or her. Next is the so-called "Mail Order Divorce" in which either one or both parties appear in the action but neither party is physically present in Mexico at any time. The parties appear through attorneys, whom they appoint by mail, and in due course receive a decree from Mexico, also by mail. The third method is the so-called "One-Party Divorce" where the plaintiff appears personally in Mexico, institutes'an action for divorce and where the defendant does not appear in person or through an attorney, but is given notice of the proceeding by personal service or by publication in the United States. 5. It can be stated unequivocally that the "mail order divorce" is not recognized by any American jurisdiction. The a es holding such a divorce void from the beginning, not just voidable, are legion. See Mexican Divorce - A Survey,, 33 Fordharn L. Rev. 449 (1965); 27B C.J.S. Divorce sec. 352. The overwhelming majority of states having ruled on the validity of the "one-party divorce" have held the decrees to be invalid. The rare exceptions are those cases where there are extenuating circumstances--usually where the subsequent "marriage" has been in existence and uncontested for many years and there are children. Even these circumstances have not proved sufficient to prevent some courts from invalidating the Mexican decree. Lastly, even the "bi-party divorce" has been invalidated by some states having ruled on them. .,.....e...,,~.??...some c.a~~" n ases one of the parties to the divorce has not been estopped from subsequently contesting the decree. New York appears to be the most notable exception, generally recognizing the validity of the "bi-party" Mexican divorce. Rosenstiel v. Rosenstiel, 16 N. Y. Zd 64, 209 N. E. 2d 709, 262 N. Y. S. 2d 86 (1965), cert. denied, 384 U.S. 971 (1966). Subsequent to the Rosenstiel case, however, New York enacted a. statute liberalizing the grounds for obtaining a divorce through the New York courts (N. Y. Domestic Relations Law Section 170, effective September 1, 1967), placing ,a cloud upon the Rosenstiel decision. Approved For Release. 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 Approved For F ase 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-003758 0200120008-0 According to some legal writers it is impossible to foresee the effect of the new divorce statute on future cases involving basically the same facts as Rosenstiel. For citations and a thorough discussion of the relevant cases supporting the statements of this paragraph, see Mexicans For A Day: The Consequences Of A Mexican Divorce, Air Force JAG Law Review, Vol. X, No. 4, page 23 (July-August 1968). 6. From the foregoing, it can readily be seen-why subsequent litigation contesting the Mexican divorce is not only possible but quite probable. This litigation can arise not only during the lifetime of the parties to the divorce, but particularly upon the death of either party when determining the lawful heirs and legatees to the decedent's estate. The following examples provide a sampling of the type of plaintiffs who have in the past initiated such subsequent litigation and the nature of it: The spouse who obtained the Mexican decree has in some courts been successful in subsequently having the foreign decree declared void. More often the defendant spouse in the divorce action is the plaintiff in subsequent litigation to have it set aside, even in those cases where he or she appeared and consented in the Mexican decree. This litigation often takes the form of a new "divorce action" in the appropriate. U. S. forum and, in cases where the other spouse has remarried relying upon the Mexican decree, the grounds for the new divorce action might be "adultery." If the defendant spouse in the Mexican decree has not sub- sequently obtained a, valid U. S. divorce before the death of the other party to the decree, he or she might contest the divorce in order to share in the decedent's estate as the lawful spouse. Children of the marriage dissolved by a Mexican decree have also contested the decree. The plaintiff in one case sought to annul his marriage on the basis that his spouse's previous marriage was still in effect as it was not dissolved by the Mexican decree. In another case the plaintiff sought custody of his children from his former spouse on the grounds that she had sub- sequently married a man who had obtained a Mexican divorce to dissolve his prior marriage, and therefore the former spouse was living in adultery and an unfit mother. Last but not least, at the persuasion of a defendant spouse in a Mexican divorce, there is the possibility, even though improbable, of a state prosecuting as a bigamist the other spouse who has married relying upon the Mexican decree. Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 Approved For Rase 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375F200120008-0 7. In addition to the potential prosecution and litigation problems already enumerated, the Agency employee who is a party to a Mexican divorce and subsequently remarries is confronted with serious problems affecting his or her entitlement to various govern- ment benefits while living.and also the distribution of benefits in the event of his or her death. 8. The Comptroller General has repeatedly held that the federal Government is not estopped from challenging the validity of a foreign, divorce decree when its interests might be adversely affected. 36 Comp. Gen 121 (1956); 44 Comp. Gen. 485 (1965); 45 Comp. Gen. 155 (1965). In an opinion rendered 16 Sune 1969, B-166987, the Comptroller General stated: Also, it is a well established rule of the accounting officers of the Government that they will not. allow a claim against the United States if there is substantial basis for doubt that a court of competent jurisdiction would allow the claim. See Lon g will v. United States, 17 Ct. Cl. 788 (1881) and Charles v. United States, 19 Ct. Cl. 316 (1884). More specifically, the Comptroller General (B-164737, 1 August 1968) has said: Thus as a general rule, we have held that, where the, validity of a second marriage is dependent upon dissolution of the first marriage by a divorce decree of a Mexican Court and such divorce has not been recognized by a court of com- petent jurisdiction in the United States, the marital status of the parties is of too doubtful legality for us to approve increased allowances on account of such marital relationship. Compare .45 Comp. Gen. 155 (1965) and 47 Comp. Gen. 286 (1967). (Emphasis added.) 9. Therefore, in numerous decisions the Comptroller General has consistently held that until a U. S. court determines the validity of the particular Mexican divorce decree, a subsequent marriage is of too doubtful legality to permit the Government to approve increased allowances on account of such marital relationship. These cases have involved en- 4 pproved;I-or Kelease ZUU11U9103 : (;IA-KUI'5b-00375K000Z00'IZUOOS-U Approved For Rase 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375F200120008-0 titlcment to increased rental and subsistence allowances, basic allowances for quarters, and death gratuities for a surviving spouse. While all these cases involve military personnel, there is ample language to the effect that the holdings need not be restricted solely to such personnel. More importantly, these decisions have been the sa.nic whether the Mexican divorce was of the "mail order" (B- 164737, 1 .l~ t ust 1968), "one-party" (45 Comp. Gen. 155 (1965)), or "bi-party" (36'Comp. Gen. 121 (1956)) variety. Further, even in the case of a decree obtained by domiciliaries of New York, the Comptroller G,,~tioral has said that after September 1, 1967, because of the uncertainty ui section 250 added to the Domestic Relations Law of New York, the Ro,cnstiel case no longer will be viewed as constituting a judicial deter- mination of the validity of a Mexican divorce.. 47 Comp. Gen. 286 (1967). y:; 4' t,; United States District Courts pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1346(2) and 1491. of a, lawful spouse litigated in the Court of Claims of the United States and of their right to have their entitlement to increased allowances on account 10. As to the question of a U. S. court determining the validity of the particular Mexican divorce, the Comptroller General has recog, nixed that a state court would not grant a declaratory judgment on the validity of the divorce, and therefore has advised the interested parties ',;3U ;Camp. Gen. 121 (1956), B-166987, 16 June 1969. 5 Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 Approved For FZ ase 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375i 200120008-0 12. A number of questions arise as a consequence of the fore- going. Perhaps the Agency should take an affirmative step and advise its employees in a headquarters -notice of the probable serious consequences of obtaining a foreign divorce decree and further advise against such action, thereby establishing Agency policy on the matter. After all, an existing legitimate concern of the Agency, because of security implications, is the avoidance by its employees of unnecessary litigation. Should the Agency require what the State Department apparently does not--that the Office of Personnel look for and be aware of foreign divorce decrees and when found, report the same to OGC for further determination?. Perhaps the Agency, because of the very fact of the added security problem, should require this type of scrutiny. In any event, in those cases where the foreign decree is a known fact and the matter presented,to this office for determination, the Comptroller General Decisions cited above are binding. On the other hand, are there overriding security factors which would permit us in certain situations to vary from those Decisions? For example, as indicated above, where the Mexican divorce has not been contested by the parties having standing to do so and the employee cannot obtain a declaratory judgment from a state court, the only recourse left to the employee is to seek relief in the U. S. 13. The next problem area involves the distribution of death benefits of a deceased employee who remarried after a Mexican divorce. The Comptroller General in B-166987, 16 June 1969 disallowed a claim for six months' death gratuity as surviving spouse of decedent. The decedent's previous marriage had been dissolved by a Mexican divorce granted to his former wife. 'As in the cases previously cited, the Comptroller General said: Eligibility of survivors to receive the six months' death gratuity is governed by 10 U. S. C.:1447. That section Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-003 58000200120008-0 (so far as applicable here) provides that such gratuity shall be paid to or for the living survivor highest on the following list: (1) surviving spouse; (2) children (including stepchildren who were part of the decedent's household at the time of his death), in equal shares; and (3) certain per- sons (including his parents) if designated by.him. Since you claim the gratuity as surviving spouse it must be established that a valid marriage existed between you and the decedent. It has long been held that where the validity' of a second marriage is dependent upon the dissolu- tion of the first marriage by a divorce decree of a Mexican court which has not been recognized by a court of competent jurisdiction in the United States, the validity of the marital status of the parties is too doubtful to justify approval by this Office of payment of an allowance such as here involved. It is important to note, that the decision does not. discuss the type of Mexican divorce obtained. Apparently, as in the other cases, the "type" decree was not a relevant factor in the decision. 14. From the foregoing it can be seen that subsequent litigation is probable. The question raised is who is the lawful "widow" or "sur- viving spouse" entitled to decedent-employee's death benefits? The following are instances in which this question is likely to arise. 15. Bureau of Employees' Compensation death benefits are payable first to "the widow who was living with or dependent for support upon the deceased employee at the time of his death, " or "the widower who was dependent upon the deceased employee at the time of her death." While the language would seem to preclude the former spouse who was a.. party to the Mexican divorce unless there was continued support of said former spouse by the decedent, there is also doubt whether the current spouse is the lawful widow or widower. The claim for BEG compensation on account of death inquires not only as to the decedent's prior marriages, but when and how they were terminated. It would appear, therefore, that the claim itself would flag the fact of a, Mexican divorce. Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 . Approved For RWase 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375RW200120008-0 will, pursuant to state statutory precedence which generally begins with !~I,;'!;i th'a ~:~R>rvivino annuse" Of decedent_ 'i`Ij!`.li! 'decedent is distributed either by the will of decedent or if there is no I I 18. The application for death benefits under the Civil Service Retirement System elicits information concerning the decedent's prior marriages and how and when said marriages were terminated. Once again the question arises as to who is the lawful "widow" or "widower" for a survivor annuity? The same question arises under the CIA Retire- ment Act. 16. Under Social Security even a divorced wife can get widow's benefits under certain specified conditions and restrictions. If the legality of the divorce is disputed, a wife may be able to collect benefits without the specified conditions or restrictions if the courts of the state in which her husband lived would hold that the couple were still validly ins cried. For example, a state may not recognize the validity of certain divorces obtained in Mexico. The wife whose husband lived in that state may"collect benefits on her husband's record. Taken from J. K. Lasser . institute, Your Social Security and Medicare Guide, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1968, p. 56. rise of UBLIC and WAEPA, the estate of the decedent receives the decedent and how and when such marriages were terminated. In the ': FEGLI claim elicits information concerning prior marriages of the 17. An employee may designate any beneficiary he desires with rcga.rd to "unpaid compensation of a deceased civilian employee" and also insurance benefits under FEGLI, UBLIC and WAEPA. However, if there is no such designation, then as to the "unpaid compensation" the "surviving spouse" takes the benefits. In the case of FEGLI, the "widow or widower of the insured" takes the insurance benefits. The 19. It would appear that the Comptroller General Decision noted above with respect to death benefits is .binding upon the Agency in those cases where it administers or assists in administering the benefits. In the case of death benefits which can be substantial and unlike those cases involving increased allowances, it is more likely that there will be a dual claim for the decedent-employees' death benefits--that of the current spouse and that of the former spouse involved in the Mexican divorce. Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 Approved For R@Wase 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R200120008-0 20. An additional problem area arises when the employee, after obtaining a Mexican divorce, marries a foreign national. The first problem involves "immigration benefits" available to the foreign national spouse. The following is taken from Gordon and Rosenfield, Immigration Law and Procedure, Vol. I, Sec. 2.18 (1967): In order to obtain exempt status, or to obtain other immigration benefits available to a `spouse,' there must, of course, be a valid and subsisting marriage between the parties. . Another factor which may impair the legality of a marriage is the existence of legal impediments.... The situation is complicated, of course, when one of the parties has obtained a divorce of questionable soundness, such as a Mexican mail order divorce prior to his remarriage. The essential inquiry is whether the second marriage was regarded as lawful at the place of its celebration. If the answer is affirmative the marriage will be recognized for immigration purposes. The immigration authorities ordinarily will not question the validity of a divorce, whether granted in the United States or in a foreign country, where one of the parties was physically present within the court's jurisdiction. (Emphasis added. ) The marriage of an employee to a foreign national contracted in a foreign country is registered with the Consulate General at the U. S. Embassy. Lyerly, in the forementioned discussion with the undersigned, advised that this registration is for immigration purposes to assist in procuring the necessary documentation, and in no way purports to validate the Mexican divorce'or subsequent marriage for any other purpose. 21. Only an alien who has been lawfully admitted to this country for permanent residence can be naturalized. Under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, as amended (8 U.S.C. 1427), the alien- spouse could be naturalized five years after being admitted for permanent residence--i. e., five years of continuous residence (domicile) in the 9 Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 Approved For Rase 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R200120008-0 STATINTL United States, at least one-half of that time being physically present within the United States. The requirement of "good moral character" would probably not be a bar if the Mexican divorce were considered. It was found in one naturalization case that when an alien making a bona fide attempt to conduct himself within the law procured a Mexican divorce without appearing personally and then entered into a marriage in New Jersey, a denial of naturalization on the ground that the alien was not of "good moral character" would not be justified. Petition of Smith, 71 F. Supp. 968 (D. N.J. 1947); see Dickoff v. Shaughnessy, 142 F. Supp. 535 (D. N. Y. 1956). Contra, Petition of DaSilva, 140 F. Supp. 596 (D. N. J. 1956). 22. A person who is married to a citizen of the United States may become naturalized in the same way as any other alien as suggested above under section 1427, or he or she may take advantage of special naturalization exemptions that are granted to the spouse of a citizen of the United States. These exemptions fall into two classes--under section 1430(a) the alien-spouse can be naturalized three years after the marriage, having -resided in the United States for one-half of that time, or under, section 1430(b) the alien-spouse can be naturalized soon after the marriage upon declaration in good faith that he or she intends to reside abroad with the citizen-spouse, and then reside in the United States when the citizen- spouse returns. From past experience this office knows that the Natural- ization Service will not, at least in the case involving a "mail order" Mexican divorces permit naturalization of the alien-spouse under either of the above two special naturalization exemptions. Naturalization, therefore, can take place only after five years of continuous residence in the United States prior to application. Thus, when the citizen-employee spouse is subject to assignment abroad, an undesirable situation arises. 23. Pursuant to Agency regulations an. employee, prior to marrying a foreign national, must receive the a roval of the Director for retention of his employment status. The procedure requires the employee to submit his resignation concurrent with the request for retention of employment status. As a result of a current case involving approval of retention of employment status following marriage to a foreign national, it is proposed that the following require- ment be exacted in future cases seeking such approval: If the employee has previously been married, the Office of Personnel should ascertain how, where and when the prior marriage was dissolved. If dissolved. by a foreign divorce decree, the case, ase should be referred to the Office of General Counsel for an advisory opinion based upon the facts of the particular case. The purpose of this opinion will be to point out problems Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIAIRDP85-00375R000200120008-0 . Approved For Rase 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-003758,200120008-0 STATINTL 26. In summation, the foreign divorce decree, in particular the . employment. ; In the second instance, the Agency employee who remarries is ,confronted with the loss, of increased allowances on account of such marital relationship. With regard to this particular problem the under- ii Ih tfor reasons totally unrelated to any benefits derive from Government_ created by the particular foreign divorce decree and will constitute additional information which the approving authority can take into consideration in determining whether to approve retention of employ- inentd status or accept the employee's resignation. 24. While an employee need not seek approval to retain employ- prior to marrying a U. S. citizen, Agency regulations require that t:irtr:c.^inployec subsequently submit information concerning the new spouse, u i ,icli is reviewed for security purposes. It is suggested t. iat: the same procedure as outlined in paragraph 23 -above be followed in these cases. 25. There are probably other problems created by the Mexican divorce that have not been raised here. One that comes to mind is the tax treatment accorded the divorced parties--both income and federal estate tax treatment. Sufficient existing and potential pitfalls have been raised, however, to make the point. ?f,rxican divorce, is fraught with a host of unfavorable consequences which I CD continue even after the death of the party or parties to the divorce. In signed has, in paragraph 12, raised certain questions and suggested some answers. In the third instance, there is raised the problem of who is entitled to the employee- decedent ts death benefits as surviving spouse. Due to the substantial nature of death benefits and the ever present possibility of dual claims to those benefits, it is suggested that the Comptroller General Decision cited in paragraph 13 is binding upon the Agency in those cases where it administers or assists in administering the benefits. Therefore, in any case where the employee-decedent was a party to a Mexican divorce, it is suggested that the assistance and guidance of this office be sought prior to the submission of any claim for, or the actual payment.of--any death benefits. Finally, there are the problems associated Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 Approved For Rase 2001/09/03: CIA-RDP85-00375R0'9200120008-0 with the immigration and naturalization of an alien-spouse of an employee who has received a foreign divorce decree to dissolve a prior marriage. The undersigned has proposed a new procedure to be applied in situations where an employee seeks prior approval to retain employment status after marriage to a foreign national and also when submitting information concerning marriage to a U. S. citizen,- as set forth in paragraphs 22 and 23, respectively. 27. We remain at your disposal and offer our continued assistance in this matter. signori STATINTL Office of General Counsel EA/Ex. Dir. -Compt. DDS D/Fin Cjudit Staff PDD/Pers-SP Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 25X1A Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 Next 1 Page(s) In Document Exempt Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 Approved For Rise 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R& 200120008-0 OFFICE OF FEDERAL EMPLOYEES' GROUP LIFE INSURANCE 4 EAST 24TH STREET John Byrne tells me that he discussed the Mexican divorce question with you again and that you agreed each case would have to stand on its merits but that the best advice in such cases is to be certain that a Designation of Beneficiary is completed by your employee. Enclosed is a copy of a letter from our files that bears on this subject which I thought you might like to see. Very truly yours, R. D. Zink Manager March 6, 1970 Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 STATOTHR Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-0037000200120008-0 *No or the, California Probate Court prov,des in part Sec. *2 55 ieanheirof as follower ,ti1le inmate child ~ca11o, 'n writ- EverY and also of the a person with erg is mother, presence of ;Lnh his in the 11e father, az~d ned to be pa ae the case ac sib ojjled?Ses himself whole or In he had a;een born ac hie or her esta8amemanner as riay bo, inwedlocIt? iri laj~ful ~, 6/7 /-. ro 55 Att. Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 SENDER WILL CHECK CLASSIFICA-ION TOP AND BOTTOM r vedJ1F61 20b 1/0 / M- 037 R9969901 OFFICIAL ROUTING SLIP TO NAME AND ADDRESS DATE INITIALS D/?ers 2 DD/?ers /7'/7i 3 0 ~ 7 d ,,X r! n,D 197 4 Df,/Pers/S? 5 6 ACTION DIRECT REPLY PREPARE REPLY APPROVAL DISPATCH RECOMMENDATION COMMENT FILE RETURN CONCURRENCE INFORMATION SIGNATURE Remarks: Q 1 ~ t V nw ~.~, A.cX~ HANDLE AS V V) ONLY copy being sent to C/SAS -AVGA U*. JkAQACA-N FOLD HERE TO RETURN TO SE DER FROM: NAME. ADDRESS AND PHONE NO. DATE 12 - -EB 19 2b0 1/ 9F=k4MM5- 03 5F001 FORM N0. 237 Use previous editions 1-67 L 0008-0 R IC UNCLASSIFIED CONFIDENTIAL SECRET OFFICIAL ROUTING SLIP TO NAME AND ADDRESS DATE INITIALS I 7D 01 Attn: Mr 2 3 4 5 6 ACTION DIRECT REPLY PREPARE REPLY APPROVAL DISPATCH RECOMMENDATION COMMENT FILE RETURN CONCURRENCE INFORMATION SIGNATURE Remarks : Per request of OP, forwarded herew h your files is a copy of a letter from to his lawyer - reflecting his intent to proceed with the divorce. 1 1 ,FE raonnel CC: OP FOLD HERE TO RETURN TO SENDER FROM: NAME. ADDRESS AND PHONE NO. DATE J/-~ ved$ 5-0037 UNCLASSIFIED CONFIDENTIAL 1Q00*21M7 SECRET FO1RM _NO. 2.17 Use previous editions (40) 7 STATINTL Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0 Approved For Release 2001/09/03 : CIA-RDP85-00375R000200120008-0