CABLE TO SECSTATE WASHDC PRIORITY FROM AMEMBASSY WARSAW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP84B00049R000701880012-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 13
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 20, 2006
• Sequence Number: 12
• Publication Date: October 28, 1982
• Content Type: CABLE

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SEC-STATE WASHOC PRIG=ITY 1925
O D N F I D E N T I A L WARSAW 10360
2. 1NTRODUCT1ON: TO A GREAT EXTENT, MARTIAL LAW POL-
AND IS A POLICE STATE DISGUISED AS A MILITARY DICTATORSHIP.
SINCE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MARTIAL LAW ON DECEMEER 13, 1981,
U'_TIMATE POLITICAL AUTHORITY HAS NOMINALLY BEEN IN THE HANDS
OF A GROUP OF SENIOR MILITARY OFFICERS CALLED THE "MILITARY
COUNCIL FOR NATIONAL SALVATION" (WRON) AND LARGE SEGMENTS
OF THE PARTY, INDUSTRIAL SECTOR AND CIVIL ADMINISTRATION
HAVE BEEN PLACED UNDER MILITARY CONTROL. THE OSTENSIBLE
PURPOSE OF THIS MILITARY TAKEOVER IS TO END THE "ANARCHY"
SUPPOSEDLY CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PERIOD AUGUST, 1981--DEC-
EM,=ER, 1981., AND TO PROVIDE A TEMPORARY FRAMEWORK FOR ECONOMIC
RECOVERY AND MAJOR REFORMS IN ALL AREAS OF NATIONAL LIFE.
MILITARY RULE HAS PROVEN TO BE A FACADE FOR THE EXERCISE
OF POWER BY GENERAL WOJCIECH JARUZELSKI AND A SMALL GROUP
OF CLOSE ASSOCIATES WHOSE IDENTITIES ARE THE SUBJECT OF
CONSTANT CONJECTURE. THE WRON APPEARS TO DO LITTLE MORE THAN
ENDORSE THE DECISIONS PRESENTED TO IT BY JARUZELSKI; THE
MILITARY COMMISSARS WHO REIGN OVER MANY INSTITUTIONS SEEM TO
BE MAINLY FIGUREHEADS WHO SENSIBLY REFRAIN FROM INVOLVMENT
IN MATTERS FOR WHICH THY HAVE NO TRAINING OR EXPEREINCE.
IN DEC 1981,. THE MILITARY WAS THE ONLY OFFICIAL IN-
STITUTION STILL ENJOYING SOME MEASURE OF POPULAR ESTEEM;
SINCE THEN IT HAS BEEN USED MAINLY FOR PRESTIGE PURPOSES
AND HAS DONE VERY LITTLE OF THE DIRTY WORK OF ENFORCING
MARTIAL LAW AND SUPPRESSING UNREST. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
ON A DAY-TO-DAY BSIS -- THE MAIN FOCUS OF WHICH IS THE
IDENTIFICATION, IMMOBILIZATION AND SUPPRESSION OF POLITICAL
OPPONENTS -- SEEMS TO RESIDE WITH THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL
AFFAIRS (MSW) WHICH CONTROLS BOTH THE NATIONAL POLICE FORCE,
THE "CITIZENS' MILITIA" (MO), AND THE SECURITY SERVICE (SB).
MOST INDICATIONS ARE THAT THE MSW AND THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS
HAVE GONE FAR TOWARDS REGAINING THE AUTHORITY THEY ENJOYED
PRIOR TO AUG 1981. THIS FACT IS THE BASIS OF THE ENOR-
MOUS DETERIORATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN POLAND SINNCE DEC 1981.
3. MARTIAL LAW HAS PROVEN TO BE PRIMARILY A SECURITY OPER-
ATION, BOTH IN ITS LONG-TERN! AS WELL AS SHORT-TERM OBJECTIVES.
THE PEGIME'S PROCLAIMED GOALS OF "REFORM, RENEWAL AND RECON-
CILIATION" APPEAR, IN LATE 19(222, TO BE MERE SLOGANS DESIGNED
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EN THE RESOLVE OF DOMESTIC ..:D :ORE1GN OPPONENTS. THE
LR^-CSE OF MARTIAL LAW IS STILL ROLL BACK THE CHANGES
IN POLISH NATIONAL LIFE WHICH OCCURRED AS A RESULT OF POPULAR
:::C S.~ - DURING THE SOLIDARNOSC PERIOD AND TO PREVENT THE RE-
-E'.OE CF SUCH UNREST IN THE FUTURE SY EL MINATING FROM
PO'L:SH SOCIETY THOSE FEATURES WHICH MADE THE SOLIDARNCSC
MC`.EMENT POSSIBLE.
4. THE REGIME'S DECLARED GOAL FOR MARTIAL LAW HAS BEEN AN
END TO POLITICAL UNREST AND ECONOMIC DECLINE AND THE CONTIN-
UATION OF REFORM. THROUGH ITS MARTIAL LAW DECREE, THE RE-
GIME TOOK AWAY HUMAN AND CIVIL RIGHTS WHICH THE POLISH
PEOPLE HAD WON, SLOWLY AND BITTERLY, SINCE 1945 AND MORE
QUICKLY AND EXPOLOSIVELY. DURING THE PERIOD AUG 1980--
DEC 1981. IT COUPLED THIS WITH A PROMISE, SYMBOLIZED
BY THE ARRESTS OF GIEREK AND OTHER DISCREDITED PARTY AND GOV-
EPNNENT LEADERS, TO CORRECT THE MISTAKES CF THE PAST. THE
RECS PROMISES REMAIN LARGELY UNFULFILLED AT THE SAME
:' - S ARY TRI_UN'L5 DEAL CUT S- '-.-ON _E .TEN-
..ES FOR EvEN MINOR MARTIAL LAW VIo_AT.CNS, PROSECUTION OF
FORMER PARTY AND GOP LEADERS PROCEEDS LACKADAISICALLY. AL-
THOUGH CERTAIN ADMINISTRATIVE FEATURES OF MARTIAL LAW (CUR-
PEWS, SOME TRAVEL RESTRICTION) HAVE BEEN EASED, THE CEN-
TRAL CORE IS UNTOUCHED. EVEN IF. AS SOME REGIME APOLOGISTS
PP E ICT, MARTIAL LAW IS FORMALLY ABOLISHED IN THE NEAR
FUTURE, ITS BASIC REPRESSIVE FEATURES ARE LIEKLY TO BE FnLS-
ERVED IN THE FORM OF EMERGENCY POWERS LEGISLATION.
5. THE MARTIAL LAW REGIME HAS SO FAR BEEN UNABLE TO RESTORE
JARUZELSKI'S PLEDGES TO RESTORE ITS LEADING ROLE, POLAND'S
COMMUNIST PARTY REMAINS AS DIVIDED, DISORGANIZED AND IN-
EFFECTUAL AS IT WAS PRIOR TO DEC 13. SOME PROMINENT
PERSONALITIES FROM BOTH LIBERAL AND HARD-LINE WINGS HAVE
BEEN REMOVED, BUT NO CENTER OR CONCENSUS HAS YET EMERGED
WITHIN' THE PARTY'S RANKS. THE POLITBURO AND CENTRAL COM-
MITTEE SEEM TO HAVE BEEN RELEGATED TO THE ROLE OF PROVIDING
TOKEN RATIFICATION FOR THE POLICY INITIATIVES OF JARUZELSKI
AND HIS GROUP OF ADVISERS. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION REMAINS
SIGNIFICANTLY BELOW THE LEVEL OF NOVEMBER 1981, THE LAST
MONTH BEFORE MARTIAL LAW. PRODUCTION IN COAL MINING AND
OTHER EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES HAS RISEN SOMEWHAT, BUT ONLY
BECAUSE MINERS MUST WORK ON SATURDAYS. THE
STEEP PRICE RISESOF FEBRUARY 1982 HAVE HELPED
TO STABILIZE THE MARKET SUPPLY SITUATION SOMEWHAT:
CONTINUING PROBLEMS IN SUPPLYING MANUFACTURED CONSUMER GOODS
AND IN GETTING FARMERS TO SELL THEIR CROPS TO THE STATE COULD
EASILY UPSET THE MARKET SITUATION AGAIN IN THE NEAR FUTURE.
WORKER ALIENATION IS AN AIMPORTANT AND GROWING ECONOMIC
PROBLEM. ACCORDING TO OFFICIAL STATISTICS, THE NET INCREASE
IN WORKER ABSENTEEISM IN THE FIRST FIVE MONTHS OF 1982, AS
COMPARED WITH THE SAME PERIOD DURING THE PRECEDING YEAR,
EXCEEDED THE TOTAL OF MANHOURS LOST THROUGH STRIKES IN ALL
OF 1981. MARTIAL LAW HAS SO FAR BEEN A TECHNICAL SUCCESS
IN SUPPRESSING OPEN RESISTANCE AND IN FRUSTRATING ATTEMPTS
TO FORM AN EFFECTIVE UNDERGROUND OPPOSITION MOVEMENT. ONE
MARK OF ITS SUCCEES WAS THE REGIME'S ABILITY TO LEGISLATIVELYt
DISSOLVE SOLIDARNOSC IN EARLY OCTOBER WITHOUT SUFFERING AN
UNMANAGEABLE BACKLASH FROM THE POLISH PEOPLE. YET THIS
TIGHT CONTROL ONLY SEEMS TO HAVE SHARPENED RESENTMENT
TOWARD THE REGIME, AND NEW UNREST SEEMS TO FLARE UP
WHEN THE REGIME'S GRIP SLACKENED. TO DATE, THE MOST THE
REGIME HAS MANAGED TO ACHIEVE THROUGH ITS REPRESSIVE
POLICIES IS THE PASSIVE ACCEPTANCE OF ITS DEMANDS BY THE
MAJORITY OF CITIZENS, BUT THIS IS ACCOMPANIED BY A DEEP AND
BITTER RESENTMENT WHICH DOES NOT APPEAR LIKELY TO SUBSIDE SOON.
6. THIS REPORT IS BASED ON THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT'S
OWN SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND ON STATISTICS AND REPORTS
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DUBLISHED BY THE POLISH GOVERNMENT AND BY POLITICAL OPPOSITION
G-CVPS. THE PICTURE WHICH I5 PROVIDES OF HUMAN RIGHTS
VIOLATIONS IN POLAND IS LESS COMPLETE AND EXACT THAN LAST
YEAR'S REPORT DUE TO:
-- THE REGIME'S RESUMPTION OF THE HABITUAL SECRECY
CHARACTERISTIC OF ITS BEHAVIOR PRIOR TO AUGUST 1980;
-- THE SUPPRESSION OF INDEPENDENT GROUPS WHICH PREVIOUSLY
SOUGHT TO COMPILE FULL AND ACCURATE INFORMATION
ABOUT REGIME ABUSES.
7. (SECTION 1). RESPECT FOR THE INTEGRITY OF THE PERSON
INCLUDING FREEDOM, FROM:
-(1.A.) KILLING:
- WE HAVE RECEIVED NO INFORMATION TO INDICATE THAT THE
AUTHORITIES HAVE MADE REGULAR USE OF PREMEDITATED MURDER
TO DEAL WITH THEIR ENEMIES. THE AUTHORITIES THEMSELVES,
HOWEVER, HAVE ACKNOWLEDGED KILLINGS OF STRIKERS AND
DEMONSTRATORS IN THE COURSE OF PACIFICATION ACTIONS. ON
.,EE'E ER 7. 190, FOR EXAMPLE. THE REGIME ANNOUNCED `'AT
M.,ERS HAD BEEN SHOT 71 OEA-. 2Y SECURITY FORCES
EREAKING A STRIKE IN THE WUJEK COAL MINES NEAR KATOWI CE.
FOLLOWING THE NATIONWIDE DISTURBANCES ON AUGUST 31, THE
CF71CIAL MEDIA REPORTED THE DEATHS OF TWO DEMONSTRATORS
:N A TOWN CALLED LUBIN, ONE IN WROCLAW, AND ONE IN GDANSK.
UNOFFICIAL AND UNCONFIRMED REPORTS HAVE INDICATED A
HIGHER NUMBER OF FATALITIES THAN THE REGIME HAS HITHERTO
REPORTED. ACCORDING TO UNCONFIRMED REPORTS FROM CREDIBLE
OBSERVERS, INCLUDING CHURCH SOURCES, THE AUTHORITIES HAVE
SOMETIMES SOUGHT TO AVOID BLAME FOR THE DEATHS OF PEOPLE
IN POLICE CUSTODY, OR DURING POLICE STREET ACTIONS, BY
ARRANGING FOR THE SECRET DISPOSAL OF THE VICTIM'S REMAINS
AND PROVIDING FALSE OR SKETCHY INFORMATION ABOUT THE DEMISE
TO HIS RELATIONS.
8. (1.B) DISAPPEARANCE.
- THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT PERSONS ARE, CONTRARY TO LAW
AND ESTABLISHED LEGAL PROCEDURES, ABDUCTED, SECRETLY
ARRESTED OR HELD IN CLANDESTINE DETENTION IN POLAND. BUT
THERE IS NO NEED FOR SUCH A PRACTICE SINCE THE WIDE POWERS
OF SUMMARY ARREST AND INTERNMENT WHICH SECURITY ORGANS NOW
ENJOY ALLOW, THEM OPENLY TO DETAIN AND HOLD VIRTUALLY
INCOMMUNICADO FOR INDEFINITE PERIODS ANYONE AGAINST WHOM
THEY HARBOR SUSPICIONS (SEE I.E. BELOW))
9. (1.C.) TORTURE.
- TORTURE IS PROHIBITED UNDER THE POLISH PENAL CODE.
YET, IN CONNECTION WITH THE FORCIBLE CONFINEMENT OF THOUSANDS
OF REAL AND SUSPECTED OPPONENTS OF THE MARTIAL. LAW REGIME,
THERE HAVE BEEN INCREASING REPORTS FROM. CREDIBLE SOURCES
THAT LARGE NUMBERS OF PRISONERS HAVE SUFFERED BEATINGS AND
OTHER FORMS OF. DELIBERATE MISTREATMENT. SENIOR CHURCH
OFFICIALS HAVE POINTED OUT THAT EVEN IN THE SMALL NUMBER OF
CASES WHEN THE REGIME HAS PERMITTED OUTSIDE INSPECTION TEAMS
TO VISIT CONFINEMENT FACILITIES, SUCH VISITORS ARE RARELY ABLE
TO OBTAIN A FULL AND ACCURATE PICTURE OF THE MOST CRITICAL
ELEMENT OF PRISON LIFE -- THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS BY
THEIR WARDENS. MANY CHURCH OFFICIALS HAVE EXPRESSED THE
CONVICTION THAT BEATINGS, OFTEN CARRIED OUT BY ZOMO RIOT
POLICE BROUGHT IN FOR THIS SPECIFIC PURPOSE, ARE A ROUTINE
PART OF THE REGIMEN OF AT LEAST SOME DETENTION FACILITIES.
REPORTEDLY, INTERNEES WERE SYSTEMATICALLY ASSAULTED AT
ZALEZE PRISON NEAR RZESZOW IN JANUARY, AT THE WIERZCHOWO
CAMP IN FEBRUARY, AT ZOMO HEADQUARTERS IN KATOWICE, AND
AT ILAWA PRISON IN NORTHERN POLAND AT THE END OF MARCH.
- THERE ARE NO FIRM ESTIMATES OF THE NUMBER OF PERSONS
WOUNDED AND INJURED IN THE COURSE OF POLICE ACTIONS SINCE
THE START OF MARTIAL LAW, BUT THE TOTAL FIGURE IS
PROBABLY IN THE THOUSANDS. A PRINCIPLE REASON FOR THE
LACK OF RELIABLE STATISTICS IS THAT INJURED PEOPLE OFTEN
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AVOID SEEK:NG TREATMENT AT PUBLIC HOSPITALS OUT OF FEAR
CF AGAIN FALLING INTO THE HANDS OF THE POLICE. THERE
NAVE SEEN NUMEROUS EYEWITNESS REPORTS OF EXCESSIVE USE OF
PZL: CE FCRCE IN THE PAST YEAR TO SUPPRESS PUBLIC MANIFESTA-
TIONS CF DISSATISFACTION WITH MARTIAL LAW. COMMON POLICE
PRACTICE HAS BEEN TO USE WATER CANNON INC TEAR GAS FOR
INITIAL DISPERSAL OF CROWDS. THIS OFTEN IS FOLLCED BY A
CHARGE CF CLUB-WIELDING RIOT POLICE 440 SOMETIMES HAVE
ADMINISTERED, SEVERE BEATINGS TO INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS OF THE
CROWD UNLUCKY ENOUGH TO BE CAUGHT. UURING LARGE-SCALE
DEMONSTRATIONS ON AUG 31, POLICE APPEARED LARGELY TO
REFRAIN FROM BEATINGS, WHILE VIGOROUSLY USING TEAR GAS AND
OTHER MEANS. HOWEVER, THERE HAVE BEEN CASES UNDER MARTIAL
LAW WHERE TWO OR THREE POLICEMEN WOULD GANG UP ON A VICTIM
POMMEL HIM/HER UNTIL HE/SHE DROPS TO THE GROUND, AND THEN
KICK THE VICTIM REPEATEDLY. THERE HAVE ALSO BEEN RELIABLE
==_-TS CF MISTREATMENT OF NEWLY ARRES,_ DEMONSTRATORS UPON
. .AL CCNF:NEM_NT AT DOL:CE C--TIC`S. A WE_ _ON NEWS
7AY ;E-IRTED, FOR EXAMPLE, TAT r.i_E TEMPORARILY DETAINED
AT A WARSAW DISTRICT POLICE STATION IN THE COURSE OF THE
MAY 3 DEMONSTRATIONS, THEY HEARD SEVERE BEATINGS BEING
ADMINISTERED TO A NUMBER OF PEOPLE, A WESTERN EUROPEAN
NEWS TEAM DETAINED WHILE COVERING AUG 31 DISTURBANCES, AND
SUBSEQUENTLY HELD TWO DAYS INA POLICE JAIL, REPORTED A
SIMILAR EXPERIENCE. EACH MEMBER WAS HOUSED IN A SEPARATE
CELL WI-H OVER A DOZEN OTHER PRISONERS AWAITING -
INTERRCGATION. ALTHOUGH NONE OF THE NEWSMEN WERE MISTREATED
DURING THRIR INTERROGATIONS, THEY REPORTED THAT THEIR CELLMATES
RETURNING FROM QUESTIONING BORE UNMISTAKABLE SINGS OF PHYSICAL
ABUSE.
10. (1.D.) CRUEL. INHUMAN OR DEGRADING PUNISHMENT.
- INFORMATION ABOUT THE CONDITIONS OF CONFINEMENT
OF MARTIAL LAW POLITICAL PRISONERS REMAINS LIMITED AND
FRAGMENTARY. AS WITH THE REPORTS OF BEATINGS AND PLYSICAL
ABUSE OF PRISONERS (SEE I.C. ABOVE), THERE HAS BEEN ENOUGH
TESTIMONY FROM RESPONSIBLE SOURCES TO WARRANT GRAVE CONCERN.
THE CHURCH AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS
CONTINUE TO MAKE STRENUOUS EFFORTS FO VISIT MARTIAL LAW
PRISONERS IN VARIOUS DETENTION CENTERS, BUT THE REGIME HAS
GENERALLY DONE WHAT IT COULD TO FRUSTRATE SUCH ENDEAVORS.
AFTER VISITING A NUMBER OF INTERNMENT CAMPS IN EARLY JANUARY
ICRC INSPECTORS REPORTED DEPLORABLE CONTITIONS (WHICH THEY
COMPARED-TO CONCENTRATION CAMPS WITHOUT EXCESSIVE POLICE
BRUTALITY) IN ALL BUT FOUR OR FIVE SHOWCASE FACILITIES IN
FORMER RESORTS. THEY REPORTEDLY OFTEN FOUND 18 TO 20 PERSONS
SHARING A SINGLE ROOM WITH A COMMON TOILET. FORMER INTERNEES
AND THEIR FAMILIES HAVE REPORTED THAT, IN A LEAST SOME
DETENTION FACILITIES, INTERNEES ARE KEPT IN THE SAME CELLS
AS COMMON CRIMINALS. WE HAVE ALSO HEARD REPORTS THAT SOME
INTERNEES HAVE BEEN SENT TO PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALS. ANOTHER
POSSIBLE INDICATION OF DELIBERATE MISTREATMENT OF PRISONERS
IS THE REPORTS OF,HUNGER STRIKES AND OTHER PRISONER PROTEST
ACTIONS IN DIFFERENT CONFINEMENT FACILITIES. IN AUGUST,
FOR EXAMPLE, HEAVILY ARMED ZOMO WERE BROUGHT IN TO PUT DOWN
ONE SUCH DISTURBANCE IN AN INTERNMENT CAMP NEAR GDANSK.
11. (1.E.) ARBITRARY ARREST AND IMPRISONMENT.
- MARTIAL LAW REGULATIONS PERMIT THE AUTHORITIES TO DETAIN
"THOSE AGAINST WHOM THERE EXISTS A WELL FOUNDED SUSPICION
THAT THEY WILL CARRY OUT ACTIVITY INJURIOUS TO STATE SECURITY
IF ALLOWED TO REMAIN AT LARGE." SUCH PERSONS MAY BE INTERNED
"IN ISOLATION CENTERS FOR THE PERIOD OF MARTIAL LAW ON THE
BASIS OF A DECISION F THE VOIVODSHIP MILITARY COMMANDANT."
INTERNMENT USUALLY DOES NOT INVOLVE CHARGES AND THUS NO COURT
PROCEEDINGS ARE NECESSARY.
12.-DESPITE HIGHLY PUBLICIZED ~RELEASES
"~OF SOME INTERNEES,
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7-EPE~AS EEEr: ND END TO THE PRA:-. OP INTERNMENT WITHOUT
C--RC_. FC_CD::NG ITS JULY 21 , .,,,_,_EMENT OF THE RELEASE
FURLOUGHING OF ABOUT 1,200 INTERNEES (INCLUDING ALL WOMEN
INTERNEES) THE REGIME HAS CLAMED THAT ONLY 600-70C OF
THOSE INTERNED AT THE START OF f'- LWA NOW REMAIN IN
CUSTODY. HOWEVER, THE REGIME HAS DESTRUCTED EFFORS OF THE
CHRUCH AND THE INTERNATIDNA_ CDw'MITTEE OF THE RED CROSS TO
:N _PENDENLTY VERIFY THE TOTAL NUMBER OF INTERNEES AND
COMPILE AUTHORITATIVE LISTS OF T :R NAMES. AMONG OTHER
PLOYS, IT HAS NOT PERMITTED ICRC REPRESENTATIVES TO VISIT
FACILITIES HOUSING SOME PERSONS DETAINED SINCE DEC 30, 1981,
ON THE GROUND THAT THESE PEOPLE ARE NOT PROPERLY-SPEAKING
"INTERNEES". THE REGIME ITSELF HAS NEVER PRESENTED A FULL
LIST OF INTERNEES. IN A JULY NEWSPAPER INTERVIEW, THE MINISTER
OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS JUSTIFIED TH:S FAILURE BY THE CLAIM THAT
INTERNEES THEMSELVES HAD PROTESTED SUCH A MOVE AS VIOLATION'
OF THEIR PRIVACY. THEREALSC HAVE BEEN RELIABLE REPORTS OF
4=050 OF FC' ER INTERNEES AF-=- THIS IN:TAIL
_E. AS KE__ AS MASS D..P- :?.-:'.7EP1,_ES ..N0 ?7,E:;
SL..EC"ED REGIME OPPONENTS ,,__- TO AUG 31 AND OTHER
SENSITIVE OCCASIONS.
:. .- IS MOREOVER UNFORRTL" T .T SO MUCH OF THE CONCERN
ABOUT POLISH POLITICAL PRISONERS HAS FOCUSED ON THE CATEGORY
OF INTERNEES, WHICH, WHATEVER TPUEYIZE, PROBABLY
CONSTITUTES ONLY A MINORITY OF THOSE CURRENTLY CONFINED IN
DNNECTTCN k. LA1. DR :PC_ .TI ON . "TH MARTIAL -O THE REGIME.
C
ADD..IDNALLY, SOME CHURCH COMY:77ZES CLOSELY CONNECTED WITH
PROGRAMS FOR EX-INTERNEES SAY TREAT RELEASES ANNOUNCED UNDER
VARIOUS AMNESTY/PAROLE PROGRAMS HAVE EITHER NOT BEEN CARRIED
OUT OR HAVE ONLY PARTIALLY BEEN IMPLEMENTED. THOUSANDS
HAVE ALREADY BEEN CONVICTED OF MARTIAL LAW VIOLATIONS BY
SUMMARY MILITARY AND CIVILIAN TRIBUNALS, AND MANY OTHERS ARE
UNDER ARREST AWAITING TRIAL. OVER 5,000 PEOPLE ALONE WERE
ARRESTED OR DETAINED IN THE WAKE OF THE AUG 31 DISTURBANCES,
ALTHOUGH SOME WERE SUBSEQUENTLY RELEASED. SENTENCES FOR
MARTIAL LAW VIOLATIONS HAVE BEEN SWIFT AND SEVERE. EVEN
MINOR OFFENSES, SUCH AS PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTING UNDERGROUND
NEWS BULLETINS, HAVE ENTAILED SENTENCES OF THREE TO FIVE YEARS'
IMPRISONMENT. THERE IS AN ADDITIONAL CATEGORY OF DETAINEES
WHO ARE BEING "HELD WITHOUT CHARGE AT THE PLEASURE OF THE
MINISTRY OF INTERIOR." THIS STATUS IS SIMILAR TO INTERNMENT
IN THAT IT INVOLVES CONTAINMENT WITHOUT CHARGE FOR AN INDEFINITE
PERIOD, BUT IT ENTAILS MORE RESTRICTED VISITATION ACCESS. ALL
ASSESSMENTS OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CURRENT POLITICAL PRISONERS
REMAIN HIGHLY TENTATIVE, GIVEN THE REGIME'S ABILITY TO SHIFT
CONFINEES FROM ONE CATEGORY TO ANOTHER, ITS REPEATED REVISIONS
OF THE NUMBERS INVOLVED, AND ITS MANIFEST REFUSAL TO COOPERATE
WITH INDEPENDENT GROUPS TRYING TO COUNT THEM. IT IS PROBABLY
SAFE TO SAY. HOWEVER, THAT SEVERAL THOUSAND POLES REMAIN IN
SOME FORM OF INVOLUNTARY CONFINEMENT DUE TO MARTIAL LAW.
14. (1.E.) DENIAL'OF FAIR PUBLIC TRIAL.
- THE DEMAND FOR LEGAL REFORM WAS WIDESPREAD AND INTENSE
FROM AUGUST 1980 TO DECEMBER 1981. IN RESPONSE TO POPULAR
PRESSURE FOR RECOGNIZABLE STANDARDS OF LEGALITY IN THE
ADMINISTRATION OF CIVIL AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE, THE NINTH
EXTRAORDINARY PARTY CONGRESS CALLED FOR "STRENGTHENING
JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE AS THE FUNDAMENTAL GUARANTEE OF
LEGALITY." SINCE IMPLEMENTATION OF MARTIAL LAW, HOWEVER, THE
JUDICIARY SYSTEM HAS INCREASINGLY BECOME AN INSTRUMENT OF
REGIME REPRESSION. THIS HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED PRINCIPALLY
BY THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SUMMARY TRIBUNALS WHICH HAVE
DISPENSED SWIFT AND SEVERE PENALTIES (NOT SUBJECT TO APPEAL)
FOR BREACHES OF MARTIAL LAW.
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-D '-AVE ABEEN CONSIDERABLE ,.ES:STANCE E`' AT70RNE' S, JUDGES,
AND EVEN PROSECUTORS, TO REGIME PRESSURES TO REDUCE
THEIR INDEPENDENCE. IN EARLY JANUARY, CIVILIAN COURTS IN
'ARS,W ACQUITTED SIX WORKERS AND SUSPENDED THE SENTENCE OF A
SEVENTH WHO WERE ACCUSED OF ORGANIZING STRIKES AT THE WARSAW
STEEL MILL AND ZERAN AUTO PLANT. THE JUDGES ACCEPTED
DEFENSE ARGUMENTS THAT THE PROTEST STRIKES WERE A SPONTANEOUS
FEACT:CN BY WORKERS TO THE PROCLAMATION OF MARTIAL LAW. THERE
HAVE BEEN NUMEROUS INDICATIONS CF REGIME DISPLEASURE AT WHAT
IT REGARDS AS OVERSCRUPULOUS CONCERN FOR INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS
IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. IN LCOZ. THE AUTHORITIES
INTERNED ATTORNEYS DEFENDING THE ORGANIZERS OF STRIKES IN
TEXTILE FACTORIES. IN KATOWICE AND BYTOM, JUDGES WERE FINED
FOR REFUSING TO PARTICIPATE IN SUMMARY TRIBUNALS. DESPITE
REGIME PRESSURES, SENTENCES FOR MARTIAL LAW VIOLATIONS HAVE
OFTEN BEEN SIFNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN WHAT THE PROSECUTION
DEMANDED. IN MANY SUCH CASES. HOWEVER, STIFFER SENTENCES
-AVE lBEEN DECREED WHEN THE DECIS:.,, S 'WE REFERRE HIC .:R
---: Y -.:EW'. -HE ...SE =l.~.
2-C2YNSKI'IS A CASE IN =O:NT, 7-.FEE ES F?EST2 -HE AS
SEEN ACQUITTED BY APPEALS COURTS THREE TIMES. THE REGIME
HAS NOW OBTAINED A FOURTH CCNVICTIGN.
S. (1.F.) INVASION OF THE HOME.
- WARRANTLESS SEARCHES OF HOMES AND CF",,ES, CONFISCATION
CF PERSONAL DOCUMENTS AND PROPERTY, M CN:TCRING OF TELEPHONES
AND OTHER FORMS OF "BUGGING" -- ALL WERE STANDARD POLICE
AND SECURITY SERVICE PRACTICE BEFORE HART:AL LAW, ALTHOUGH
=RICR APPROVAL FROM THE APPROPRIATE AUTHORITIES WAS THEORETI-
CALLY REQUIRED BEFORE SUCH ACTIONS COULD BE TAKEN. THE
PREAMBLE OF THE MARTIAL LAW DECREE, HOWEVER, ANNOUNCED
"THE SUSPENSION OF RESTRICTION OF BASIC CIVIL RIGHTS
DEFINED IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE POLISH PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC,
IN PARTICULAR: PERSONAL LIBERTY AND INVIOLABILITY
OF HOMES." WHATEVER LEGAL GROUNDS POLISH
CITIZENS PREVIOUSLY HAD FOR CONTESTING GOVERNMENT INVASION
OF THEIR PRIVACY WERE THEREFORE ABOLISHED. GIVEN THE
ONGOING CAMPAIGN TO FERRET OUT AND CRUSH REAL AND PUTATIVE
POLITICAL OPPONENTS, IT IS SAFE TO SAY THAT THE SCALE OF
SUCH POLICE ACTIONS SINCE DECEMBER HAS BEEN MASSIVE.
17. (SECTION 2.) RESPECT FOR CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
INCLUDING:
- (2.A.) FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND PRESS.
- THE MARTIAL LAW DECREE EXPLICITLY PROHOBITS "ALL
FORMS OF PUBLICATION. PRINTING AND COPYING OF MATERIALS,
AND DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION WITHOUT THE AGREEMENT
OF THE PROPER ORGANS OF AUTHORITY." THIS HAS DEALT A SHARP
SETBACK TO POLAND'S PRE-MARTIAL LAW PROGRESS IN INPLEMENTING
INFORMATION PROVISIONS OF THE HELSINKI FINAL ACT. POLISH
INFORMATION MEDIA FROM AUGUST 1980 TO DECEMBER 1981 PROVIDED
RELATIVELY OPEN, FRANK AND LIVELY TREATMENT OF ISSUES,
INCLUDING EXPLICIT CRITICISM OF GOVERNMENT ACTIONS. ALMOST
NO MAJOR EVENT WENT UNREPORTED, INCLUDING MANY WHICH WERE
HIGHLY UNFLATTERING TO THE AUTHORITIES. MARTIAL LAW HAS
MEANT TIGHT MILITARY/GOVERNMENT CONTROL OVER PRINT AND
ELECTRONIC MEDIA, AND THE POLISH PRESS. RADIO AND TELEVISION I
HAVE RESUMED PRACTICES OFTEN RECALLING THE 1950'S.
NEWS IS MENTIONED RATHER THAN REPORTED; PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
OBSCURE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ACTIONS. RITUAL PHRASES,
EXHORTATIONS AND POLEMICS PREDOMINATE. THE PLURALISM OF
VIEWPOINTS, REGARD FOR FACTUAL ACCURACY AND CANDOR WHICH
PREVIOUSLY CHARACTERIZED POLISH MEDIA HAVE LARGELY GIVEN
WAY TO AN EFFORT TO PORTRAY A SOCIETY RETURN TO PEACE,
ORDER AND HARMONY. A RELATIVELY OPEN DEBATE ON ECONOMIC
ISSUES IS THE MAIN EXCEPTION TO THIS GLUT OF STUTTIFYING
PROPAGANDA. VIRULENT TIRADES AGAINST THE UNITED STATES AND
GROWING TRIBUTES TO THE SOVIET UNION ARE THE CHIEF ELEMENTS
OF COVERAGE OF FOREIGN EVENTS.{{
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TOR: 2E''902 OCT E2
E. THE L;V- _Y, :NFORMLTIVE AND COMMERCIALL` SUCCESSFUL
SO-:DARNOSC WEEKLY NEWSPAPER HAS BEEN SHUT DOWN AS HAVE
OTHER JOURNALS CONNECTED WITH SOLIDARNOSC.
RESPECTED CHURCH PERIODICALS, THE WEEKLY TYGODNIK POWSZECHNY
AND THE MONTHLY W EZ, HAVE HAD THEIR FIGHTS WITH THE CENSORS--
wIN'dING SOME AND LOSING SOME.. THE
MOST INFORMTIVE AND INTERESTING DOKESTICALLY PRODUCED SOURCES
OF INFORMATION ABOUT MARTIAL LAW POLAND HAVE BEEN CLANDESTINELY
PRINTED FLYERS AND NEWS BULLETINS, THOUSANDS OF WHICH HAVE
APPEARED IN ALMOST EVERY PART OF THE COUNTRY SINCE DEC 1981.
THE REGIME HAS MOUNTED A CONCERTED EFFORT TO STAMP
CUT THESE UNDERGROUND PRESSES, AND HAS ROUTINELY IMPOSED JAIL
SENTENCES OF THREE TO FIVE YEARS ON PERSONS CONVICTED OF
PRODUCING OR DISTRIBUTING SUCH PUBLICATIONS.
'9. MANY OF POLAND'S SIGNIFICANT MATHEMATICIANS (JANUSZ
Z~IEWICZ, RYSZARD HERCZYNSKI). HISTORIANS (BRONISLAW
EwE KARCL MCDZELEWSKI), ECONCv:S-S (GREGORZ PALKA)
EMBERS CF MOST OF THE _IEERA_ PROFESSIONS ARE DE AINED.
SO"'.E OF THESE HAVE BEEN ARRESTED, SOME HAVE BEEN INTERNED;
OTHERS ARE AWAITING TRPAL. TAKEN COLLECTIVELY THEY
WALE SA, ANDRZEJ
11- ESENT, ALONG WITH UNION LEAD-'-;'--- LP
GH:AZDA, JACEK MERKEL, JAN RULEWSKI, THE BEST BRAINS
SOL;DARNOSC COULD TAP). ALSO UNDER ARREST AND NOW AWAITING
TRIAL ARE THE TOP LEADERS OF KOR (WORKERS SELF-DEFENSE
C011,'l:TTEE) INCLUDING JACEK KURON, JAN JOZEF LIPSKI, AND
LOAM, MICHNIK. WITH THE EXCEPTION' F THE THREE LATTER MEN
AND HERCZYNSKI (SEE NOTE ABOVE) NONE Or THESE DETAINEES
HAS BEEN INTERNED FOR ANY ACTIONS HE MAY HAVE TAKEN.
RATHER, ALL HAVE BEEN ACCUSED OF THE "SUSPICION OF
BECOMING A DANGER TO THE STATE." THEIR FATE, LIKE THAT
OF THE THOUSANDS OF OTHER POLITICAL PRISONERS IN POLAND,
IS OF CONCER, SINCE THEY HAVE BEEN DEPRIVED OF THE DUE
PROCESS OF LAW PREVAILING IN POLAND AT THE TIME THEY BECAME
FAMOUS. THE REGIME CONTINUES TO TELL ITS READERS AND
CITIZENS THAT THESE POLITICAL PRISONERS ARE A MENACE
TO THE SECURITY OF THESTATE.
20. MARTIAL LAW HAS ALSO EVISCERATED THE POLISH MEDIA BY
REMOVING MANY OF ITS LEADING FIGURES. A SYSTEM
OF IDEOLOGICAL "VERIFICATION" LARGELY SILENCED THOSE WHO
REMAINED AT THEIR JOBS AND WHO NOW PRODUCE A UNIFORM MEDIA LINE
CONFIRMING TO THE MILITARY DICTATES. ACCORDING TO A KEY OFFICIAL
OF THE DISSOLVED JOURNALISTS ASSOCIATION, AND TO WESTERN PRESS
REPORTS, MORE THAN 1,200 PRINT AND MEDIA JOURNALISTS HAVE LOST
THEIR POSITIONS IN THE IDEOLOGICAL PURGE. IN LATE MARCH, THE
AUTHORITIES GAVE THEIR BLESSING TO THE CREATION OF A NEW AND
MORE MALLEABLE ORGANIZATION, THE ASSOCIAITION OF JOURNALISTS
OF THE POLISH PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC. THIS DEVELOPMENT CULMINATED
A LONG CAMPAIGN OF CRITICISM DIRECTED BY THE AUTHORITIES AT
AN INCREASINGLY INDEPENDENT PRESS CORPS. IT ALSO DEMONSTRATED
THE REGIME'S DETERMINATION TO ERADICATE ALL VESTIGES OF PUBLIC
AUTONOMY AND REINFORMCE OFFICIAL DOMINANCE OVER PUBLIC LIFE.
THE HEAD OF THE NEW ASSOCIATION ADMITTED TO WESTERN
REPORTERS THAT AT LEAST 700 JOURNALISTS LOST THEIR JOBS i
BECAUSE OF OPPOSITION TO MARTAIL LAW ANDSTHAT 21 PUBLICATIONS]
WERE LCOSED PERMANENTLY.
21. THE AVAILABILITY OF WESTERN PUBLICATIONS CONTINUES TO
DECLINE. THIS IS BOTH A RESULT OF THE ONGOING POLITICAL
CRACKDOWN AND THE LACK OF HARD CURRENCY. EVEN THE VERY
LIMITED COPIES OF NEWSWEEK AND THE INTERNATIONAL HERALD
TRIBUNE ONCE ABAILABLE AT NEWSSTANDS ARE NO MORE TO BE
FOUND, A PROCESS ALREADY WELL UNDER WAY BEFORE THE MARTIAL LAW.
ASIDE FROM THE USIA PUBLICATION AMERYKA, NO OTHER
AMERICAN PRODUCED BOOKS AND PERIODICALS ARE BEING SOLD.
LIBRARIES, INCLUDING UNIVERSTITY LIBRARIES, HAVE FOR ALL
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'":'_~'_ AND -POSES NO HARD CURRENCY BUDGETS FOR THE
-L CHASE OF NEW WESTERN BOOKS AND ._RIODICALS. WESTERN
ECCKS -NO FERIDICALS ALREADY IN LIBRARY COLLECTIONS ARE
STILL, WITH A FEW EXCEPTIONS. AVAILABLE TO USERS. HARD
EXPENDITURE OUTSIDE OF POLAND IS SC CONTROLLED
AND LIMITED THAT IT IS ALMOS IMPOSSIBLE FOR AN INDIVIDUAL
TO PURCHASE A SUBSCRIPTION TO, A WESTERN PERIODICAL.
22. POLISH UNIVERSITY LIFE AND ACADEMIC INQUIRY HAVE A
LONGSTANDING REPUTATION FOR INDEPENDENCE. IN THE MONTH
PRECEDING MARTIAL LAW, MANY UNIVERSITIES WERE AT LEAST
PARTIALLY PARALYZED BY STUDENT STRIKES WHICH REFLECTED
iMPtTIENCE WITH iNTENTIOANL GOVERNMENT DELAYS IN ADOPTING
A HIGHER EDUCATION BILL EMBODYING LONG AWAITED ACADEMIC
REFORMS. POLISH UNIVERSITIES WERE CLOSED DEC 13
UPMN THE IMPOSITION OF MARTIAL LAW, ANDSMOST DID NOT
REOPEN UNTIL FEBRUARY.
MAR- IA_ L A'W TAE=_ _i.NG REG:CNAL
-...CAL AUTONOMY IN THE ADM/NIS RAT:DN H:GHER _ZUCATION.
-:NC- THEN THE MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION HAS RESUMED
CENTRAL DIRECTION OF EDUCATIONAL POLICY. THE FFECTS OF
RENEWED CENTRALIZATION, HOWEVER. ARE STILL VITIATED BY THE
ABSENCE CF CLEAR, CONSISTENT POLICIES AND BY HAPHAZARD
iM=LEMEN'TATiON OF DECISIONS. DESPITE THE CONTINUING LACK
OF A CLEAR REGIME EDUCATIONAL POLICY, SEVERE RESTRICTIONS
HAVE BEEN IMPOSED TO KEEP CAMPUSES UNDER TIGHT CONTROL.
IN MOST UNIVERSITIES STUDENTS AND FACULTY MAY ONLY VISIT
THE CAMPUS FOR CLASSES OR TO USETHE LIBRARY. THE THREAT
CF EXPULSION FOLLOWED BY IMMEDIATE INDUCTION INTO THE MILITARY
IS USED TO STIFLE SUTDENT POLITCAL PROTESTS. MILITARY
COMMISSARS HAVE BEEN ASSIGNED TO OVERSEE THE OPERATION OF
UNIVERSITIES. IN DEC 1981, ALL UNIVERSITY RECTORS
HAD BEEN FREELY ELECTED BY MEBERS OF THEIR UNIVERSITIES
RATHER THAN IMPOSED FROM ABOVE. AS OF SEPT 1922. ONLY
TWO ELECTED RECTORS WERE STILL IN PLACE. THE REST,
WERE REMOVED BY RE8.3 043743 94 53:433.
ALTHOUGH A POLITICAL "VERFIFICATiON" PROCES HAS TAKEN
PLACE ON COMPUSES, ONLY A FEW UNIVERSITY INSTRUCTOS HAVE SO
FAR BEEN FIRED. THE REGIME ELIMINATED MOST OF THE
CURRICULUM REFORMS IT AGREED TO IN FEBRUARY 1981.
STUDENTS ARE AGAIN REQUIRED TO TAKE COURSES IN RUSSIAN
LANGUAGE, MARXISM-LENINISM, AND "MILITARY SCIENCE." IN
MID-SEPTEMBER 1982. A DIRECTIVE FROM THE MINISTRY OF
HIGHER EDUCATION (DATED MAY 1982) INSTRUCTED UNIVERSITIES
TO RAISE REQUIRED CLASS HOURS AND REDUCE ELECTIVE COURSES.
24. (2.B.) FREEDOM OF PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY AND ASSOCIATION.
- THE MARTIAL. LAW DECREE EXPRESSLY BANNED "ALL TYPES
OF PUBLIC ASSEMBLY AND DEMONSTRATIONS WITHOUT PRIOR
PERMISSION OF THE AUTHORITIES. EXCEPT FOR RELIGIOUS
CELEBRATIONS IN CHURCHES AND OTHER PLACES EXCLUSIVELY FOR
THAT PURPOSE." SINCE DECEMBER, THERE HAVE BEEN
COSMETIC "RELAXATIONS" OF THIS BAN TO PERMIT OFFICIALLY
CONTROLLED CIVIC ACTION GROUPS TO MEET WITHOUT PRIOR
AUTHORIZATION. THE REGIME HAS ALSO ALLOWED THE CHURCH 'i
TO CONDUCT RELIGIOUS PROCESSIONS ON CERTAIN HOLIDAYS, AS
WELL AS THE TRADITIONAL AUGUST PILGRIMGE TO THE JASNA GORA
MONASTERY BY OVER A HUNDRED THOUSAND PEOPLE FROM ALL ACROSS
THE COUNTRY. ON THE OTHER HAND, IT HAS REPEATEDLY EMPLOYED
MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF POLICE FORCE TO SUPPRESS STRIKES.
DEMONSTRATIONS AND OTHER OPEN MANIFESTATIONS OF POPULAR
UNREST. ELITE INTERNAL SECURITY TROOPS AND ZOMO RIOT
POLICE HAVE ROUTINELY USED TANKS, ARMORED CARS, WATER
CANNON. TEAR GAS. CLUBS, AND, IN AT LEAST TWO DOCUMENTED IN-
STANCES, SMALL ARMS. TO CRUSH WHAT HAVE ALMOST ALWAYS BEEN NON-
VIOLENT PROTEST ACTIONS. ACCORDING TO SOME REPORTS, MANY MEMBERS
OF ZOMO UNITS ARE CONVICTS PERFORMING "PATRIOTIC SERVICE"
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EXC-ANGE r0p REDUCED SENTENCES. ALTHOUGH THERE HAVE
Eh CONFIRMED REPORTS OF CROWD VIOLENCE AGAINST POLICE
CURING SOME DISTURBANCES, SUCH VIOLENCE HAS OCCURRED AFTER
THE AUTHORITIES FORCIBLY SUPPRESSED ATTEMPTS TO HOLD
PEA..--.:L =RD7EST ACTIONS. SYMPTOMATIC OF THE REGIME'S
TREATMENT OF ITS CITIZENS WERE ZOMO ATTACKS WITH CLUBS, TEAR
GAS AND WATER CANNON AGAINST CROWDS OF ELDERLY WOMEN WHO
FLILED TC DISPERSE, PRAYING AND SINGING IN WARSAW'S VICTORY
SC.JARE NEXT TO A FLORAL CROSS CONSTRUCTED IN MEMORY OF THE
LATE CARDINAL W'YSZYN'SKI.
25. THE MARTIAL LAW DECREE SUSPENDED THE OPERATIONS OF ALL
TRADE UNIONS. BOTH THE OFFICIAL "BRANCH" UNIONS AND THE
CLUSTER OF UNIONS COMPRISING SOLIDARNOSC. STIFF PRISON
SENTENCES WERE MANDATED FOR PERSONS WHO PERSISTED IN TRADE
UNION ACTIVITIES UNDER MARTIAL LAW, PARTICULARLY FOR THOSE
ORGANIZING AND PARTICIPATING IN STRIKES. ADDITIONALLY,
W'Cp/ERS IN "MILITARIZED" ENTERPRISES HAVE BEEN SUBJECT TO
DISCIPLINE. THE AUTHORITIES H.v: NORMALLY EMPLOYED
J=AS-. BUT NEVER'-;E_EES H:GH Y _ EC"ICE METHOD
'LING WORKER PROTESTS AND ELIMINATING SOLIDARNOSC
ACTIVISTS AND SYMPATHIZERS FROM THE SHOP FLOOR. THIS IS
--E SD-CALLED "WOLF TICKET" WHICH INVOLVES C:SMIISSAL FROM
P ESENT EMPLOYMENT ANC EFFECTIVE DENIAL OF FUTURE
EM=LCYMENT IN ANY STATE-CONTROLLED SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY.
SOMEONE DENIED WORK IN THIS MANNER MUST THEREFORE BECOME
DEDENDENT ON THERERON BY WORKERS OF INDEPENDENT, SELF-GOVERNING UNION
S
ITS MD.NIFEST PURPOSE WAS TO DEGALIZE SOLIDARNOSC AND
PREVENT A SIMILAR MOVEMENT FROM EVERY EMERGING AGAIN. THE
FILL NARROWLY RESTRICTS TRADE UNION ACTIVITIES 70 MATTERS
OF WAGES, WORKING CONDITIONS AND LIVING CONDITIONS. THE
LEGISLATION BARS UNIONS FROM ATTEMPTING 70 CHALLENGE GOVERNMENT
POLICIES. IT OUTLINES PROCEDURES FOR COMPULSORY GOVERNMENT
ARBITRATION OF LABOR-MANAGEMENT DISPUTES WHICH VERY SEVERELY
LIMIT THE RIGHT TO STRIKE. THE BILL INITIALLY RESTRICTS
UNIONS TO THE ENTERPRISE LEVEL (E.G, ONE UNION PER FACTORY)
AND PROHIBITS THEM FROM HAVING THE KIND OF REGIONAL STRUCTURE
WHICH ENABLED SOLIDARNOSC TO BECOME SO EFFECTIVE.
27. (2.C.)'FREEDDM OF RELIGION
- DESPITE MARTIAL LAW, THERE IS STILL MORE FREEDOM OF RELI-
GION IN POLAND THAN IN ANY OTHER SOVIET BLOC COUNTRY. THERE
IS, HOWEVER, REGIME PRESSURE ON THE CATHOLIC CHURCH TO
ENDORSE OFFICIAL POLICIES AND TO DISCOURAGE ITS MEMBERS
FROM PARTICIPATION IN OPPOSITION ACTIVITIES. OFFICIAL PRESS
COMMENTARIES HAVE ACCUSED SOME GLERGYMEN OF ENCOURAGING
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL UNREST. FOR EXAMPLE, THE NATIONAL
PARTY NEWSPAPER TRYBUNA LUDU ATTACKED "PROVOCATIVE AND
POLITICALLY INCITING ESTURES BY SOME REPRESENTATIVES OF
TH CLERGY."l-N MARCH, ONE PRIEST WAS ARRESTED AND
SUBSEQUENTLY RECEIVED A THREE-AND-HALF YEAR PRISON SENTENCE
iN.?KOSZALIN PROVINCE FOR ALLEGEDLY "PUBLICLY INSULTING AND
DERIDING--THE RULING AUTHORITIES AND... SPREADING FALSE
INFORMATION." IN OCTOBER, ANOTHER PRIEST WAS CONVICTED AND
IMPRISONED FOR ALLEGEDLY CONCEALING THE MURDER WEAPON
IN CONNECTION WITH THE SLAYING OF A POLICEMAN ON A WARSAW
TRAM IN FEBRUARY. BISHOP TOKARCZUK HAS RECENTLY BEEN
ASSAILED BY THE OFFICIAL PRESS FOR HIS CRITICISM OF OFFICIAL
POLICIES IN A RECENT SERMON. IN HIS OCTOBER 9 SEJM ADDRESS
P.M. JARUZELSKI DENOUNCED "POLITICAL CLERICALISM" AND
"INSTIGATING VOICES FROM THE DARKEST PAGES OF THE COUNTER-
REFORMATION" AND WARNED THAT "THERE IS NO FUTURE FOR
FANATISISM IN POLAND."
2E. POLAND'S SMALL PROTESTANT SECTS AND RUSSIAN ORTHODOX
CHURCHES CONTINUE TO OPERATE WITHOUT MAJOR GOVERNMENT
OBSTRUCTIONS. THE SMALL JEWSIH MINORITY MAINTAINS ITS
TRADITIONS, ALTHOUGH THERE ARE INDICATIONS THAT SOME POLISH
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-7-'C:-_S -AJE ATTEM-TED TC .NCI-_ ANT1-SEMITI ACTION AS
ART OF .HEIR CAMPAIGN TC DISCREDIT POLI,IC.AL OPPONENTS.
ANTI-SEMITIC SLURS HAVE OCCASIONALLY APPEARED IN PRESS
ARTICLES ATTACKING PROMINENT FIGLRES IN SCLIDARNOSC AND THE
.'.- FOR bCRKERS' DEFENSE (.KCR/KSS). THE CHRISTMAS
AY ISSUE OF THE LEADING SZCZECIN NEWSPAPER CARRIED AN
ARTICLE WHICH ASSERTED THAT JEWS HAVE BEEN A SOURCE OF
BLE IN POLAND SINCE 1947 AND -HAT JEWS OPERATING THRCUGH
KSS/KOR WERE TRYING TO TAKE OVER THE COUNTRY. THE JEWISH
ANCESTRY CF KOR LEADERS ADAM MICHNIK AND KARL MODZELEWSKI WAS
-!MENTIONED IN A DENIGRATING WAY. THE DECEMBER 17 AND 18, 1981,
ISSUES OF TRYBUNA LUDU ACCUSED JACEK KU RCN AND BRONISLAW
GEREMEK OF PRIOR INVOLVEMENT WITH "ZIONIST SABOTAGE CENTERS."
THE ARMY NEWSPAPER ZDLNIERZ WOLNOSCI ON FEBRUARY 23, 1982,
_:NKED KOR WITH "ZIONIST MILIEUS SEEKING TO ANTAGONIZE POLISH
SCCIETY.
22. ':._O.) FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT W'H:1 THE COUNTRY.
nT. SAW ?REE :MROSED SEVERE FE_TR:CTIONS ON
TR:.'EL WITHIN POLAND. TRAVEL TO ANOTHER CITY FCR PERIODS
LONGER THAN 48 HOURS REQUIRED ADVANCE APPROVAL BY THE
:-'0.- :ES AS WELL AS IMMEDIATE =CC
:STRATTON WITH THE
:N THE PLACE OF STAY. BY S-R:NG, HOWEVER, MOST o
ESE RESTRICTIONS HAD BEEN LIFTED AND POLES ENJOYED
1:RTULLLY THE SAME DEGREE OF FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT DOMESTICALLY
,+H:CH HAD EXISTED PRIOR TO MARTIAL L.AW. MARTIAL LAW HAS
ERC'JCHT LITTLE CHANGE IN POLISH WITH RESPECT TO
LEGALLY AUTHORIZED EMIGRATION. IN GENERAL, THE POLISH
GOVERNMENT DISCOURAGES EMIGRATION, AND THE BASIS ON WHICH
EMIGRATION PASSPORTS ARE ISSUED REMAINS UNCLEAR. ALTHOUGH
THE POLISH AUTHORITIES OFFICIALLY CONTINUE TO ESPOUSE THE
PRINCIPLE OF FAMILY REUNIFICATION, A LARGE NUMBER OF UNRESOLVED
REUNIFICATION CASES PERSIST BETWEEN THE U.S. AND POLAND. THE
POLISH GOVERNMENT HAS NORMALLY ENFORCED ITS EMIGRATION
POLICIES SIMPLY BY DENYING PASSPORTS VALID FOR EMIGRATION,
'NO BY REQUIRING THOSE WHO DO RECEIVE THEM TO DIVEST
THEMSELVES OF PROPERTY IN POLAND AND TO REPAY THE STATE
FOR THE COST OF HIGHER EDUCATION.
30. A MORE DISTRUBING ASPECT OF POLISH "EMIGRATION" POLICY
SURFACED AFTER THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MARTIAL LAW. INEARLY
MARCH, THE MINISTRY OF INTERIOR ANNOUNCED THAT MARTIAL LAW
INTERNEES COULD APPLY TO LEAVE THE COUNTRY PERMANENTLY ALONG
WITH THEIR FAMILIES. ALTHOUGH ONLY A SMALL FRACTION OF THE
SEVERAL THOUSAND INTERNEES AND EX-INTERNEES HAVE EXPRESSED
INTEREST IN OBTAINING EMIGRATION PASSPORTS, THERE IS CONSIDERABLE
EVIDENCE THAT THE REGIME IS PRESSURING MANY PRESENT AND FORMER
DETAINEES TO SEEK EXILE. ALTHOUGH A GOVERNMENT PRESS SPOKESMAN
REPORTEDLY TOLD FOREIGN JOURNALISTS THAT SUCH PEOPLE WOULD
BE FREE TO RETURN TO POLAND WHENEVER THEY WISH, IT IS CLEAR
THAT THE REGIME WOULD LIKE TO FORCE TOUBLESOME DETAINEES
INTO EXILE IN THE WEST.
31. POLAND DOES NOT PREVENT THE RETURN OF ITS CITIZENS WHO
ARE TEMPORARILY ABROAD, AND INDEED ENCOURAGES THEM TO
RETAIN THEIR POLISH CITIZENSHIP EVEN AFTER THEY HAVE BEEN
ABROAD FOR SEVERAL YEARS. ON THE OTHER HAND. THE POLISH
GOVERNMENT HAS A LONG-STANDING PRACTICE OF PREVENTING OR
DELAYING THE TRAVEL OF PEOPLE WITH IMMEDIATE FAMILY MEMBERS
LIVING ABROAD WITHOUT OFFICIAL AUTHORIZATION.
- ALL POLISH PASSPORTS WERE INVALIDATED UPON THE DECLARATION
OF MARTIAL LAW, AND WERE REVALIDATED ONLY IN EXCEPTIONAL CASES
IN MARCH, HOWEVER, PASSPORT RESTRICTIONS WERE RELAXED IN THE
CASES OF ELDERLY AND DISABLED PERSONS AND THE "NON-PRODUCTIVE.
A FURTHER EASING OF PASSPORT RESTRICTIONS OCCURRED IN JULY.
AND WAS OSTENSIBLY INTENDED TO FACILITATE'TRAVEL BY (1) THOSE
VISING RELATIVES ABROAD; (2) THOSE INVOLVED IN INSTITUTIONAL.
ORGANIZATIONAL AND INTER-CITY EXCHANGES: AND (3) THOSE
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TRAVELING ABROAD FOP TRAINING ANC ECJCATION. IN THE FIRST
INSTANCE, THE MINISTRY OF INTERIOR W:LL PERMIT CITIZENS TO
TRAVEL ABROAD TO VISIT RELATIVES, PROVIDED THEY PROVIDE A
WR:T'EN GUARANTEE OF SUPPORT NOTARIZED BY A POLISH CONSULAR
AEORAD. THIS POLICY IS OEV OLSLY DESIGNED TO
ENCC'JRAGE THE PERMANENT DEPARTURE FROM THE COUNTRY OF PERSONS
WHO ARE A BURDEN ON THE ECONOMY. DESPITE THESE MEASURES,
POLISH CITIZENS STILL ENCOUNTER EXTREME DIFFICULTIES IN
OBTAINING PASSPORTS FOR TEMPORARY TRAVEL ABROAD. THE
NUMBER OF POLES APPLYING FOR VISITS IN SEPTEMBER 1982, FOR
EXAMPLE, DID NOT REACH THE LEVELS RECORDED IMMEDIATELY PRIOR
TO THE IMPOSITION OF MARTIAL LAW IN DECEMBER 1981. DURING
NOVEMBER 1981, A DAILY AVERAGE OF 145 VISITOR VISA CASES
WERE RECEIVED; DURING SEPTEMBER 1982, AN AVERAGE OF 35
PERSONS APPLIED FOR VISITORS' VISAS EACH DAY.
32. (2.E.) FREEDOM TO PARTICIPATE IN THE POLITICAL
PROCESS.
SINCE :TS FOUNDING, THE PO_.: -ED LE'S REPUBLIC
G T FOSTER AN ILLUSION ~'~ _ SU? T FOR ITS
.:C?ES BY MEANS OF OFFICIALLY-CONTROLLED ORGANIZATIONS
WHICH PURPORTEDLY REPRESENT DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OF POLISH
SOCIETY. SOME LEADERS OF THESE FRONT ORGANIZATIONS HAVE
COY: FROM THE RANKS OF THE PARTY NCMENKLATURA. OTHERS ARE
CCOPTED NON-PARTY MEMBERS WHO HAVE TRADED THE REGIME'S
OFFER OF PRESTIGE AND PERQUISITES FOR A '-C.RW,4N;.NT DENIAL
OF A CLAIM TO REAL POWER. FROM AUGUST 1520 TO DECEMBER
19E1. HOWEVER, LARGE AND INFLUENTIAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
EMERGED WHOSE LEADERS OWED THEIR POSITIONS TO THE SUPPORT
OF THE EMBERSHIP RATHER THAN THE AUTHORITIES -- E.G.,
THE ASSOCIATION OF POLISH JOURNALISTS. THE INDEPENDENT
STUDENTS' UNION. AND THE SOLIDARN05C TRADE UNION MOVEMENT
EMBRACING BOTH FACTORY WORKERS AND FARMERS. ACTING THROUGH
THESE ORGANIZATIONS, CONSTITUENT GROUPS WERE ABLE TO LIMIT
THE REGIME'S ABILITY TO MANIPULATE THEM AND, AT THE SAME
TIME, TO EXERT PRESSURE ON THE AUTHORITIES. THE REGIME
IMPOSED MARTIAL LAW TO ROLL BACK THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL
CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT THROUGH POPULAR PRESSURE AND TO
DISMANTLE THESE NEW ELEMENTS OF POLISH NATIONAL LIFE WHICH
CONSTITUTED-SUCH A CLEAR THREAT TO THEIR POWER AND PRIVILEGES.
THE OUTLAWING OF SOLIDARNOSC AND OTHER POPULAR ORGANIZATIONS
MAKES IT DIFFICULT FOR MOST POLES TO IDENTIFY THEIR INTERESTS
WITH THE EXISTING SYSTEM. THIS POSES A LONG-TERM THREAT TO
THE REGIME'S HOLD ON POWER. A LACK OF WORKER MOTIVATION
HAS IMPAIRED PRODUCITIVITY. THE LOWERED LIVING STANDARDS
BOUND TO RESULT FROM THIS WILL LIKELY BE A SOURCE OF
CONTINUING DISCONTENT. THE OFFICIAL SECURITY APPARATUS
INTIMADATES PEOPLE INTO SULLEN ACQUIESCENCE WHICH BUILDS
A SMOULDERING HATRED THAT COULD FLARE INTO OPEN UNREST
SHOULD THE REGIME'S GRIP EVER SLIP.
33. TO COUNTER THE GROWING ALIENATION OF ITS CITIZENRY,
THE REGIME HAS ATTEMPTED TO REVITALIZE SEVERAL LONG-DISCREDITED
FRONT GROUPS, INCLUDING THE PEASANTS' PARTY, THE DEMOCRATIC
PARTY, THE LEAGUE OF WOMEN, THE UNION OF POLISH SOCIALIST
YOUTH, AND THE OFFICIAL VETERANS' ORGANIZATION. IT HAS
ALSO FOSTERED INSTITUTIONS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK
FOR COORDINATING THE VARIED EFFORTS OF THESE REVITALIZED
ORGANIZATIONS TOWARD THE OVERREACHING GOAL OF NATIONAL
RENEWAL AND RECONCILIATION. IN DECEMBER "CITIZEN COMMITTEES
FOR NATIONAL SALVATION" (OKON'S) BEGAN TO SET UP TO
PROVIDE SUCH A FRAMEWORK AT THE LOCAL LEVEL. IN JULY,
THE REGIME UNVEILED THE "PATRIOTIC FRONT FOR NATIONAL
RENEWAL" (PRON.) WHICH IS MEANT TO PROVIDE SUCH A FRAMEWORK
AT THE REGIONAL AND NATIONAL LEVEL.
34. ALTHOUGH PROM AND OKON GATHERINGS RECEIVE CONSIDERABLE
PRESS ATTENTION. THERE IS ND EVIDENCE THAT ANY OF THESE
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S_=.== HAVE _. RY ACCOMPLISHED A1,Y SLESTANT: v' 7 THEIR
FUNCTION SEEMS TC BE T0 PROVIDE AN APPROPRIATE FORUM
AND SUITABLE APPLAUSE FOR POLICY STATEMENTS. AND TO CREATE
T-'E :y:RESSI:N OF A GROUNDSWELL OF SUP=CRT FO. GOVERNMENT.
?n_ REGIME HAS SOMETIMES COMPARED THESE BODI_S TO THE 'FRONT
CF NAT:CNAL UNITY, BY WHICH THE COMMUNISTS ELIMINATED RIVALS
FCR POWER IN THE LATE 19'C'S?. THE VAST MAJORITY OF POLES
EVIDENTLY REGARD THE PRCN AND OKON'S WITH DERISION OR
INDIFFERENCE.
35. PRIOR 70 MARTIAL LAW, THE SEJM (POLISH PARLIAMENT)
BEGAN TO SHOW SIGNS OF FUNCTIONING AS AN INDEPENDENT AND
REPRESENTATIVE LEGISLATIVE BODY. SINCE MARTIAL LAW, HOWEVER,
IT HAS SETTLED BACK INTO ITS ORDAINED ROLE OF PROVIDING
CEREMONIAL ENDORSEMENT TO POLICIES DETERMINED BY HIGHER
AUTHORITY. SYMBOLIC OF THIS CAPITULATION WAS THE SEJM'S
ENDORSEMENT IN LATE JANUARY, WITH ONLY A HANCFUL OF DEPUTIES
CR VOTING AGAINST, JARUZELSKi _ IM CS:T:ON OF
-rH -E SEJM'S CST _., C. ... , .. _ .._ .r ?_
nAS PASS: ON OCTOBER 8 T E ?tG. _ Avi~ORED TRADE UNION
EG7SL-ATION BANNING SOLIDARNOSC AND EFFECTIVELY ELIMINATING
T-E RIGHT TO STRIKE. THE SEJM DEPUTIES WERE NCW SHOWN THE
-C-VAL TEXT OF THE BILL UNTIL THREE DAYS BEFORE THE MEASURE
DAt'E UP FOR A VOTE. TEN DEPUTIES VOTED AGAINST THE BILL,
.,,,C N:NE OTHERS ABSTAINED.
6. (SECTION 3) GOVERNMENT ATT'TUDE AND RECORD REGARDING
INTERNATIONAL AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF ALLEGED
V:OLAT:CNS OF HUMAN RIGHTS.
- THE POLISH GOVERNMENT DOES WHAT IT CAN TO OBSTRUCT THE
INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN POLAND AND THEIR
DISCUSSION IN INTERNATIONAL FORUMS. IT HAS VIGOROUSLY
OBJECTED TO DISCUSSIONS OF SUCH VIOLATIONS AT CSCE REVIEW
CONFERENCES AS A BREACH OF THE FINAL ACT'S PRINCIPLE OF
NON-INTERFERENCE. AT THE MADRID CONFERENCE IN FEBRUARY
AND MARCH 1981, DEPUTY FOREIGN MINISTER WIEJACZ AND OTHER
POLISH GOVERNMENT REPRESENTATIVES OPPOSED DISCUSSION OF
POLAND'S HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS. A POLISH MINISTRY OF
FOREIGN AFFAIRS REPRESENTATIVE SUBSEQUENTLY CALLED IN A
U.S. EMBASSY WARSAW OFFICER TO DENOUNCE THE SECTION ON
POLAND IN THE "TWELFTH SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO THE COMMISSION
OF THE CSCE ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HELSINKI FINAL ACT"
AS INTERFERENCE IN POLAND'S INTERNAL AFFAIRS AND ITS RELATIONS
WITH OTHER COUNTRIES, SPECIFICALLY THE SOVIET UNION.
? THERE IS CONSIDERABLE QUESTION WHETHER THE ACT DELE-
GALIZING SOLIDARNOSC DOES NOT VIOLATE POLAND'S OBLIGATIONS
UNDER THE ILO CONVENTION. THE GOVERNMENT HAS INSISTED IT IS
IN FULL COMPLIANCE, BUT ADDED THAT ANY DIVERGENCES WILL BE
ONLY TEMPORARY.
37. GROUPS OF INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS
REPRESENTATIVES HAVE BEEN ALLOWED LIMITED VISITS TO INTERN-
MENT CENTERS. DESPITE REPEATED REQUESTS, ICRC REPRESENTATIVES
HAVE NOT BEEN ALLOWED TO VISIT PERSOND DETAIND AFTER
DECEMBER 30, 1981, ON THE GROUNDS THAT THESE PEOPLE ARE NOT,
PROPERLY SPEAKING, "INTERNEES." NOR HAVE THEY BEEN ALLOWED
TO VISIT ARRESTEES OR PERSONS CONVICTED OF MARTIAL LAW
VIOLATIONS.
38. (SECTION 4.) ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES.
- POLAND'S 1979 GNP PER CAPITA IN 1979 DOLLARS WAS
53,830. DURING THE PAST YEAR THE POLISH ECONOMY CONTINUED
TO PERFORM POORLY IN ALMOST ALL SECTORS. WHILE FOOD SUPPLIES
REMAIN ABOVE SUBSISTENCE LEVEL, SUCH STAPLES AS FLOUR, MEAT,
BUTTER AND SUGAR ARE ALL RATIONED. THE SHOE RATION IS ONE
PAIR PER YEAR. THE RETAIL PRICE REFORMS WERE INSTITUTED '
IN FEBRUARY 1982, AND PRICES OF MOST FOODSTUFFS AND OTHER
CCNSUMABLES HAVE INCREASED BY 300 TO 400 PERCENT. THE
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STEEP RISES IN PRICES HAVE SHORTENED LINES FOR CONSUM.ABLES,
HAVE NCT YET ST:M.JLATED PRODUCTION SUF%ICINETLY TO MEET
DENT-UP DEMAND. COMPENSATION GEARED TO INCOME LEVEL AND
FAMILY SIZE HAS SOFTENED THE BLOW OF THE PRICE RISES FOR SOME
PERSONS. INCREASES IN DISABILITY AND RETIREMENT PENSIONS
HAVE PROVIDED ADDITIONAL SUPPORT FOR THE LOWEST INCOME GROUPS.
39. THE HOUSING SHORTAGE REMAINS A MAJOR SOCIAL PROBLEM.
THE AVERAGE WAIT FOR AN APARTMENT IS AROUND FIFTEEN YEARS.
THE PRIORITY ACCORDED PERSONS WITH HARD CURRECNY AGGRAVATES
INEQUITIES IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. IN ADDITION TO
HOUSING, MANY NECESSITIES ARE MORE EASILY OBTAINED BY THOSE
WITH HARD CURRENCY, WHILE THE MASS OF PEOPLE MUST DO WITHOUT,
OR WAIT FOR YEARS TO BUY WITH POLISH CURRENCY. HEALTH CARE
IS FREE, BUT MEDICINE MUST BE PURCHASED AT STWTE-RUN
PHARMACIES, WHICH FREQUENTLY LACK DRUGS, MANY OF WHICH MUST
BE IMPORTED FROM THE WEST. MOST DOMESTICALLY PRODUCED
MEDICINES ARE ALSOHIN SHORT SUPPLY. HOSPIATAL FACILITIES
A2- LIMITED AND OVERCROWDED. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION,
D.EVER :S STAFFED BY WELL-TRAINED --.YSICIAN'S. THE INFANT
V TAI-.TY RATE IN 1980 WAS 21.11 DEATHS PER 1000HEIRTHS.
LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH IN 1980 WAS 71.6 YEARS. THE
POPULATION GROWTH RATE IN 1980 WAS ONE PERCENT.
40. POLAND IS IN ITS FOURTH YEAR OF A PRECIPITATE DROP IN
NATIONAL INCOME. POLAND SUFFERED A TWO PERCENT DECLINE
IN 1979, FOUR PERCENT IN 1980, AND 13 PERCENT IN 1981. OFFICIAL
FORECASTS PROJECT A SIX TO SEVEN PERCENT DECLINE IN NATIONAL
INCOME FOR 1982. BUT UNOFFICIAL SOURCES SUGGEST THIS
FIGURE MAY BE OVERLY OPTIMISTIC. WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THIS
UNPRECEDENTED POST-WAR DECLINING RATE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH,
A MAJOR DEBATE IS CONTINUING ABOUT THE ALLOCATION OF SCARCE
RESOURCES BETWEEN LONG-TERM INVESTMENT PROJECTS AND URGENT
CONSUMER NEEDS.
- PRIVATE PROPERTY OWNERSHIP ISSWIDESPREAD IN POLAND,
PARTICULARLY IN AGRICULTURE, WHERE IN 1979 75 PERCENT OF THE
LAND WAS IN PRIVATE HANDS ACCORDING TO OFFICIAL STATISTICS.
DURING THE PAST SPRING, THE POLISH PARLIAMENT PASSED A FARM
BILL WHICH, AMONG OTHE THINGS, PERMITTED INCREASED IN THE
SIZE OF HOLDINGS AND CODIFIED RIGHTS OF INHERITANCE.
41. NOMINAL'SALARY INCREASES OVER THE PAST YEAR, TOGETHER
WITH COMPENSATION FOR PRICE HIKES, HAVE AVERAGED 40 PERCENT.
THE REGIME HAS WITHDRAWN MANY OF THE CONCESSIONS IT MADE TO
WORKERS BETWEEN AUG 1980 AND DEC 1981, MOST NOTABLY
THE RIGHT TO STRIKE AND TO FORM UNIONS INDEPENDENT OF OFFICIAL
CONTROL. THE SIX-DAY WORK WEEK, ABOLISHED IN 1980, HAS BEEN
RESTORED IN THE MINING INDUSTRY AND OTHER MILITARIZED
ENTERPRISES.
42. BASIC AND SECONDARY EDUCATION IN POLAND IS UNIVERSAL
AND FREE, BUT'OF WIDELY VARYING QUALITY IN VARIOUS.PARTS
OF THE COUNTRY. THERE IS FOR EXAMPLE A MARKED
DIFFERENCE IN THE QUALTIY OF INSTRUCTION PROVIDED IN URBAN
AND RURAL SCHOOLS. THE ADULT LITERACY RATE WAS 98 PERCENT
IN 1976. THE PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENT RATE IN 1979 WAS
99 PERCENT. ADMISSION TO HIGHER EDUCATION IS ON THE BASIS
OF COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION, BUT INSTANCES OF POLITICAL
FAVORITISM ARE STILL COMMON. THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN THE
ECONOMY IS GENERALLY INFERIOR TO THAT OF MEN, BUT THERE ARE
WIDE VARIATIONS DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF WORK INVOLVED.
RECENT GOVERNMENT LEGISLATION IMPROVING THE SALARIES AND
WORKING CONDITIONS OF HEALTH SERVICE WAS MAINLY AN ATTEMPT
TO IMPROVE ABYSMAL STANDARDS OF MEDICAL CARE. BUT IT MAY
ALSO HAVE PROVIED A SLIGHT BOOST TO THE OVERALL PROFESSIONAL
SITUATION OF WOMEN, WHO FILL A DISPROPORTIONATE SHARE OF THE
JOBS IN THIS SECTOR. WILGIS
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