EAST ASIAN CONTESTED ISLANDS

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Collection: 
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 
CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3
Release Decision: 
RIPPUB
Original Classification: 
S
Document Page Count: 
58
Document Creation Date: 
November 16, 2016
Document Release Date: 
November 29, 1999
Sequence Number: 
1
Case Number: 
Publication Date: 
February 1, 1974
Content Type: 
REPORT
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PDF icon CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3.pdf3.34 MB
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Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160 1-3 lecret East Asian Contested Islands Secret BGI RP 74-12 February 1974 Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 SECRET Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 Summary l Petroleum Prospects . . . . . 3 South China Sea Islands 5 ParaceZ Islands 6 Spratly Islands . . . . . 7 Pratas . . 10 Macclesfield and Scarborough Shoal IL Disputed Islands in the Gulf of Thailand . 12 Senkak us . . . . . . . . . . Z 4 Seabed Jurisdictional Issues Z6 Political Implications and outlook 20 Appendix . . . . . Following text Following page: A. East Asian Contested Islands . 3 B. Contested Islands in the South China Sea . 5 C. Parace Z Is lands 6 D. Spratly Islands 7 F. Pratas Island Z0 F. Contested Islands in the Gulf of Thai land . 12 G. Senkaku Islands Z4 H. Southeast Asia: Conflicting Continental Shelf Claims . . . . . . . Z6 TABLES 1. Parace1 Islands . . . . . 2. Spratly Islands . . . . . 3. Islands in the Gulf of Thailand 12 Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 SECRET Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-I-MT00825R000300160001-3 Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Intelligence February 1974 Recent clashes between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and South Vietnam over the Paracel Islands and the rush to occupy some of the Spratly Islands by South Vietnamese and Philippine troops relate to old disputes but with a new twist -- oil. In the past 5 years, preliminary geophysical exploration and a few drillings along the margins of the East Asian Continental Shelf have heightened expectations that sizable oil deposits lie beneath the East and South China Seas. The Paracels, Spratlys, and other islands off the East Asia mainland, including those in the Gulf of Thailand and the East China Sea, are now being contested, not for their intrinsic worth but for their value in determining seabed jurisdiction. ... Almost all of the contested islands are without an indigenous population, and their economic value -- aside from extraction of guano phosphates on some -- is virtually nil. ... Present international law provides inadequate guidelines for determining the seaward extension of land boundaries, either on the continental shelf or into the deeper waters of semi-enclosed seas. This shortcoming magnifies the confusion in the jurisdictional picture of the South China and East China Seas. The Third International Conference on the Law of the Sea (LOS), which convenes in the summer of 1974, may resolve some of these problems. Comments and questions my be directed to of the Office of Basic and Geographic Intelligence, Code 143, Extension 3057. Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA61BORE4-00825R000300160001-3 Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA- (F0825R000300160001-3 If the upcoming LOS Conference adopts measures to allocate seabed resources in semi-enclosed seas, ownership of islands could be crucial in determining which coastal state gets the largest share of the seabed and its resources. Ownership of the islands could become a major source of friction among the claimants even if -- as seems likely -- there are no further military clashes on the Paracels pattern. There is an obvious possibility for upset in Sino-Japanese relations if Tokyo begins oil exploration activity in the Senkakus sector without prior agreement with the Chinese. There is also a potential for dis- ruption of the Sino-US detente, particularly if Peking attempts to move against the Nationalist garrison on Pratas. Though China's problems with other claimants are susceptible of negotiation in time, the current surge of interest in oil exploration off the East Asian coast may lead to precipitate and risky actions in some instances. Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA4r00825R000300160001-3 SECRET Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 1. Contested islands fringe the East Asian mainland, extending north to south from the west coast of Korea to the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand.* All of the islands in dispute are small, most are uninhabited, and only a few have any economic significance (Map AY In- terest in them has risen and publicity over rival claims has grown since 1970, following release of data indicating the probability of petroleum resources in the East and South China Seas. Although national prestige, military, and strategic factors are significant elements in at least some of the disputes, the seabed resources issue undoubtedly is the motive that has fanned controversy and hastened decisions to seize control of some of these islands. Petroleum Prospects 2. There is oil beneath the seabed of the South China and East China Seas. Oil and natural gas are today extracted off the shores of Sarawak and Brunei, in the southern part of the South China Sea.** Exploratory drilling in the past year indicates the probability of deposits off the west coast of Sabah in East Malaysia, the east coast of West Malaysia, in the middle of the Gulf of Thailand (an arm of the South China Sea), and on the continental shelf between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC), Taiwan, and Japan in the East China Sea. Islands contested but not treated here include the Offshore Islands and other islands between Taiwan and the mainland controlled by the Republic of China. A recent background paper examines their present status (Appendix I). The west coast-Korean Islands are treated in a paper that examines the Law of the Sea and related issues in the situation (Appendix I). North Korea has recently challenged access to these five island groups, occupied by South Korean forces. Take Shama, or the Liancourt Rocks, midway between Japan and South Korea, also is in dispute. South Korea maintains a garrison on them. '?The combined Sarawak and Brunei production is about 300, 000 barrels daily and is expected to double in the next 2 years. Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 SECRET Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 East Asian Contested Islands PC-+ pL y nautical miles BURMA"% aE tt I) MfoNNG 2,00 MACAO (UK) -- " (Part.) Map E IF Map I. Map C PARACEL ISLANDS Gulf of f Huiland GAM831- NAM 4i)H HNA -A BRUNEI, Map A SOUTH] 6r Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 SECRET Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 3. Assessment of the region's potential is premature. Except for offshore Sarawak and Brunei, exploration has been underway for only 2 years or so; years of seismic surveys and drilling are needed to adequately estimate reserves. South Vietnamese officials hope, for example, that the probability of oil in the seabed southeast of the Mekong delta can be determined by mid-1974. If positive evidence is found, exploratory drilling could begin by late 1974; but definitive answers would not be obtained for several more years. 4. Oil prospects appear most promising in the southwestern part of the South China Sea and in the Gulf of Thailand, both entirely on the continental shelf. Seismic surveys have determined that sediments there are thick and particularly favorable for petroleum formation and collection. Conditions are similar to those off the eastern shore of Sumatra, in Indonesia, and oil company geologists and government officials are hopeful that the newly explored areas will prove to be as productive.* 5. In the northeastern two-thirds of the South China Sea, which includes the Spratlys and Paracels, evidence of oil is far more scanty. Because the continental shelf in this sector is nowhere more than 150 miles wide and much of the sea is deeper than 3,000 meters, the prospects for discovering commercially exploitable oil deposits are greatly reduced. The Nationalist Chinese are drilling 60 miles west of southern Taiwan. Elsewhere, the PRC has embarked on exploration on its own continental shelf and is engaged in exploratory drilling on one of the Paracel islands; in addition, the North Vietnamese are doing some seismic exploration in the Gulf of Tonkin. Although most depths beyond the continental shelf in this part of the South China Sea exceed present drilling capabilities, the seabed surrounding island groups such as the Paracels and the Spratlys can assuredly be exploited by rapidly im- proving drilling technology within the next few years. ' Indonesia produces about 2 percent of the world's crude oil.; although only Z4 percent of her total production now comes from offshore fields, this figure is rapidly increasing. Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA,P00825R000300160001-3 Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : C?A84-00825R000300160001-3 6. Late 1973 Japanese press reports claimed that oil reserves in the Gulf of Tonkin had been proven by North Vietnam with Soviet technology; the most promising area was reported to be near Haiphong. Even if the reports are untrue, geologic conditions in the Gulf are favorable for the accumulation of thick oil -bearing sediments. North Vietnam reportedly agreed late in 1973 to permit a Japanese company to explore there. The continental shelf boundary between North Vietnam and the PRC has not yet been determined and the numerous small islands off both coasts could make its delimitation difficult. 7. In the relatively shallow East China Sea, geologic conditions are also favorable for the formation and collection of petroleum. Exploration is still in its early stages, however; and despite an early 1974 report of a promising oil strike west of the Senkakus, oil company officials remain guarded in their outlook. South China Sea Islands 8. Current tensions in the South China Sea over possession of the Paracel and Spratly Islands involves well over 100 small islands, islets, reefs, and rocks of seeming inconsequence (Map B). Although most of the islands have been used for centuries by fishermen from the sur- rounding states, and since the 19th century some have been exploited for their guano phosphate deposits, none of the islands is known to have supported a permanent settlement. Prior to and during World War II Japan used a few of the islands, principally for meteorological and communications facilities and phosphate extraction. The signing of the 1951 Peace Treaty with Japan appears to have created a legal vacuum since the Japanese claims were nullified by terms of the Treaty. Subsequently, both Peking and Taipei reasserted claims encompassing almost all of the South China Sea, and South Vietnam claimed the Paracels and Spratlys. More recently, the Philippines have recorded a claim to some of the Spratly Islands. Although political and military factors are significant in the dispute over ownership, the increased interest and growing tensions of the past few years undoubtedly reflect the possibility that sizable petroleum resources underlie the South China Sea. Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIISRORST-00825R000300160001-3 Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 Contested Islands in the South China Sea PARACEL ISLANDS Macclesfield Bank Vereker Banks PRATAS ISLAND Scarborough Shoal 100 00 nautical miles p 10Q 00 statute miles NAMES AND BOUNDARY REPRESENT tiJNe Le S IA ARE NOT NECESSARILY AUTHORITA U E REP. OF CHINA Map B Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 SECRET Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 Paracel Islands 9. The fighting that erupted in January 1974 in the Paracel Islands between South Vietnam and the PRC high- lighted their long-smoldering dispute over possession of these islands (Map C). Since at least the mid-1950's, each country has been in continuous occupation of one of the two groups of islands that comprise the Paracels -- the Chinese in the Amphitrite Group, and the Vietnamese in the Crescent Group. The brief clash, apparently sparked by Chinese occupation of the islands in the Crescent Group, which the South Vietnamese attempted to thwart, left the Chinese in control of all of the islands. 10. The potential seabed resources of the Paracels undoubtedly are an important element in the events of early 1974. The Chinese may have important information about the underground resources of the Paracels since they are making exploratory drillings on Woody Island. On 11 January 1974 Peking reiterated its claim to the Paracels, the other island groups in the South China Sea, and the seas around them. This may have been a reaction to renewed claims by South Vietnam and also to concern over South Vietnamese grants for exploratory concessions in the seas near Vietnam, some of which slightly overlap Chinese claims. Although the question of de jure sovereignty remains un- settled, the PRC occupation makes this an academic question.* 11. The Paracels -- called by the Chinese, Hsi-sha Ch'un-tao, or West Sand Islands and by the Vietnamese Dao Hoang Sa -- are scattered over a 60 by 100 mile area on a submerged platform surrounded by deep water. The two groups -- Amphitrite and Crescent -- are about 40 miles apart and together comprise some 16 small islands, plus numerous islets, rocks, reefs, and banks (Table 1). The islands and the shallow waters immediately surrounding them could be used in drilling operations should petroleum prospects appear likely. * A full discussion of the various claimants and the historical evidence of sovereignty is contained in CIA/BGI GM 72-4, The Paracel Islands Dispute, April 1972.S. Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : c i 84-00825R000300160001-3 Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 Paracel Islands CRESCENT GROUP (YUNG-LO CH'UN-TAO) Pattie (Shan-hu Tao),..25R00000160001-3 I Approved For Release 2000/04/19: CIA-RDP84-0R6?j 000300160001-3 I 'k 47 7. Name: WEST COAST KOREAN ISLANDS Paengnyong Do, Taech'ong Do, Soch'ong Do, Yonpy'ong Do, U Do) Location & From approximately 38?OO1N, 124?40'E Description: 37?36'N, 126?00'E The five small, rocky island groups are scattered in an 80-mile crescent pattern in the Yellow Sea off the North Korean coastline. Claimants: North Korea, South Korea Occupation: South Korea maintains a civilian and military presence under terms of the 1953 Armistice. Available OBGI Report: OBGI Research Paper in preparation. 8. Name: TAKE SHIMA Other Names: Liancourt Rocks, Tokto, Tok Do Location & Approximately 36?15'N, 131?50'E Description: In the Sea of Japan, mid-way between Japan and South Korea. Two small islands and several islets comprise the group. They are barren, unsuitable for settlement, and difficult to land on except in the best of weather. Claimants: South Korea, Japan Occupation: The islands were uninhabited until 1954 when the South Koreans established a lighthouse and a small garrison. Approved For Release 2000/04/1-f8~OOt~ (0303' ? The ?P r i Id1 A9ase 2000/04/19: CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 in the South China Sea 0 MACAO (Port) CHINA 5 PRA7AS ISLAND HAI-NAN TAO 4. Scarborough Reef CHINS SEA 2. PARACEL-3. Macclesfield Bank ISLANDIS. .Da Nang r OU'T H l . SPRATLY. / ISLANDS / r/ B 0 R N E 0 Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA7,RIp84-QQ325RQ,QQ,3A,Q160001-3 Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 People's Republic ?Ch'ang-ch'un of China North Korea P yongyang. West Coasta`I~orean p~ 1 71, Islands -~f~o~lll Tsingtao ~'~ `e'arl{(lVti' Tsushima Hiroshim& Kitakyushu ).. Taiwnnl ~F2arpuhtic. of China f Sea of Japan East Asia Sakhalin Bonin Island;; Iwo .lima NAMES AND DOUNDARY REPRESENTATION ARE NOT NECESSSARIt.YY AtITIIC)1ItATIVE Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 Approved For Release 20W04/19 CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 `me Proposed Dissemination List for RP 74-12 East .Asian Contested Islands Internal No. of Copies NIO 6F19 Headquarters 3 - D/BGI 25X1 C Recipient o/1)DI 7E 44 Headquarters Attn: CRS/ISG lH19 Headquarters CRS/DPSD/DSB/Doc 1E4810 Headquarters IRS/HRG 2G40 Headquarters D/BGI *1 - DDI Representative, *'I DDI .Representative, '` 1. - DDI Representative, Am -f C/GD/OBGI GD/F/OBGI Archives NPIC/IEG/EGD 5G28 Headquarters 5G4 Headquarters 25X1A 5G29 Headquarters 3E58 Headquarters 3G44 Headquarters 17 Headquarters A proved" For Release 2000/0/ 9 CfW RP, 3S231 0P?5R0003OO 25X1A For ReleaseW00/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R0003OW001-3 Internal (Cont.) 0Ch/',MMLD/0BGI Building 159E C/NISD/OBGI C/CD/OBGI C11108 Headquarters C.IA Operations Center 7F33 He adquarters C/Developing Nations Division/OER 4F38 I-ieadquarters CRS/ISG/par East/Pacific Division/ . China Branch 11118 Headquarters George Allen Director, IAS 3N109 SE.2515 Headquarters' 25X1A 25X1A OER/Industrial Nations Division/IE 4G48 Headquarters OP R 3E58. Headquarters 915. Key Building OTR 933 Chamber of Commerce Building 25X1A Congressional upport Office 7F36 Headquarters 25X1A CIA Librarian IH1122 _ Headquarters 304 Key Building Regional Studies Branch, Economic and.Scientifi.c. Division, IAS 3N153 Approved For Release 2000'f 6!A_ RDP4-00825R000300160.001-3 Approved For Releas 00/04/19: CIA-RDP84-00825R00030 140001-3 Internal (Cont.) 25X1A China-East Asia Branch, M`.t_ilitary Division, IAS 3S140A OBGI/Production Staff IEG/BGD 35213 Japan/Pacific Branch, Industrial Nations Division, OER 4024 Headquarters Resources Branch, China Division OER 3G13 Headquarters ~~.cr:i~ruzf~. /Q e . _ j,.-. '40 6 N, ~~_Y Z~oab,R Rb(DtRI I+/ -A or ase 2'da&dIH IA-Ad684-008t25.B0003Q&I60001 Approved For Releas6*600/04/19: CIA-RDP84-00825R000300001-3 External Robert Hodgson Office of Geographer, INR State Department 8744 New State William Hyland Director, INR, Department of State 6531 New State Assistant Chief of Staff for Intell. Department of the Army 2E464 Pentagon Assistant Chief of Staff for Intell. Department of the Air Force 4R932 Pentagon Captain Paul A. Yost Department of Transportation Special Assistant for LOS to the Chief Counsel, USCG Nassif Building 400 - 7th Street SAY Room 8115 Washington, D.C. 20290 Jon Hartzell, Director Department of the Treasury Office of Trade Negotiations 5416 Main Treasury Building Washington, D.C. 20220 Otho Eskin D/LOS/Department of State 4323 New State John Dugger Department of Defense OASD/ISA 5A662 Pentagon Col. Vincente T. Blaz, USMC Department of Defense JCS/J-5 1E969 Pentagon Director, Defense Intelligence Agency DS-4C A Building Arlington Hall Station National Indications Center 1E821 Pentagon JCS/N?iCC 2D901 Pentagon Approved For Release 2000/04/19~A- E AL Approved For Release 2000/04/ C 0300160Q0t . I. -- (--) o s \ Q~ 051 - 'COD) z-,,- _ ? -- I C Jz-.1lzs 25 I -U Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160 D1-3 Approved For ReleW 2000/04/19 :SE(J00825R0000160001-3 I May 1974 MEMORANDUM FOR: OPS/INT/RC/IE SUBJECT Release of OBGI Report for Singapore Station REFERENCE 1. Enclosed are two sanitized copies of the ORGI Report RP 74-12, East Asian Contested Islands, classified SECRET. 25X1 A his re ort may be released Attribyt m to CIA anti. 38 .1 has been removed from the report. Special Assistant to 'director Basic and Geographic I ntel l i rlence Attachment: as stated (2 copies) Distribution: 0&1 - Addressee with Attachments) 1O/DDI - (w/cy of incoming) 25X1A v1 - Ch/GD/BGI w/cy of incomin ) 2 - D/BGI w/orig. of incoming) SA/D/BGI:"" mjc/3334(1 May 74) IMPDET CL BY 019641 Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : QiA- Ij 4j00825R000300160001-3 Approved For Release 2000/04/19 :. CIA-RDP84-00825R000 j16 24 APR 1974 MEMORANDUM FOR: SA/D/BGI 25X1A SUBJECT: Request for Permission for 25X1A BGI RP 74>12, "East Asian Contested Islands" to Liaison 25X1A REFERENCE: 1. Permission is requested "East Asian Contested Islands" BGI RP 74>12, this, it is believed that will result in a net benefit to the U.S. 3. If permission to pass this report is approved, please provide us with (2) sanitized copies. OPS/INT/RC/IE 25X1 C 2 I-MPDET CL BY 007384 Approved For Release 2000/04/19 CIA-RDP84-00825R00030016?01-3 Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 GEOGRAPHY DIVISION Record of Classification Decision 25 February 1974 (Date) 1. Title of report, study, or map: EastAsian Contested Islands 2. Project i o. and Report No. or Map Ho.: CTA/BGI RP 74-12 (PN 61.2707) 3. Classification, control, and exempt category: SECRET, 1, 2, 3 4. Name of classifier: (Analyst: and others) 5. Rationale for classification and exem tion: Some information came from indirectly from Some came 6. Sources used in report, study or map which have a bearing on classification and exemption: Most information came from open sources, but cable messages (Confidential and Secret) were needed to provide current information. DoD photos and reports from Attaches were used. The following basic reports were used: CIA/BGI QR 71-9 (May 1971, Secret CIA/BGI GM 72-1 (Aug 1971, Secret CIA/BGI GM 72-4 (Apr'1972, Secret) H.O. publication 153, Dangeorus Ground in the South China Sea. Following are State Cables: !TOTE: Prepare in triplicate -- one copy for Branch Project File and two copies for Division Front Office. CONTROL or CLASSIFY, according to content of entries. F 0 P, CIT. Approved For Release 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 Approved For Release 2000/04119 : CIA-RDP84-00825R000300160001-3 ] SECRET ` ^ CONFIDENTIAL 11 1 111 11 X PROJECT PROPOSAL RESEARCH ACTIVITY NOTICE 1 11 1 111 0 SUBJECT PROJECT NUMBER 61.2707 Contested East Asian Islands SUBJECT CODE REQUESTER 25X1A REQUESTING OFFICE NSC Staff STATEMENT OF PROBLEM TARGET DATE Recent PRC-South Vietnam fighting over the Paracel Islands has focussed attention on other contested islands Mid-February 7 in the South China Seas and elsewhere in East Asia. We ANALYST/BRANCH propose to update previously completed Branch reports on the Paracels, Spratleys, and Senkakus, adding other to , GD/F islands and island groups in the South China Seas and in EST, ANALYST MANHOURS the Gulf of Siam. Updating will consist of brief treat- ment of recent events and conditions, e.g., oil 250 exploration activities. Preliminary work has begun with compilation of tables of disputed islands for D/BGI. Although the individual islands groups will be prepared separately and would be able to stand as typescript memoranda, we propose to put them in a single package with an opening "political ramifications" contribution by OCI. COORDINATION REQUIRED FROM CD/BI : Minimal updating of maps from earlier studies; 1 -or 2 addi- OTHER CIA: tional maps NON-CIA : OCI Co ion; OER coordination, if material requires 4 FEB 1974 DATE CHIEF. Geography Division DATE1Feb74 REPORT RECORD TITLE REPORT NUMBER CIA/BI G AREA CODE SUBJECT CODE PUBLICATION DATE ANALYST/BRANCH INITIAL NO. OF COPIES MANHOURS EXPENDED CLASSIFICATION DISTRIBUTION ANALYST EDITOR TYPIST TS C STANDARD S U LIMITED FORM 2594A proved] BeWsY20D?0/19 : CIA fDFL"tQ~,Q300160001-3M SECRET Approved or Rdease 2000/04/19 : CIA-RDP84-008258000300160001-3 SENDER WILL CHECK CLASS ATION TOP AND BOTTOM UNCLASSIFIED CONFIDENTIAL X SECRET OFFICIAL ROUTING SLIP TO NAME AND ADDRESS DATE INITIALS 1 DD BGI I F L 2 D/BGI V 3 OCh GD OBG I r `F 4 5 6 ACTION DIRECT REPLY PREPARE REPLY APPROVAL DISPATCH RECOMMENDATION COMMENT FILE RETURN CONCURRENCE INFORMATION SIGNATURE Remarks : FOLD HERE TO RETURN TO SENDER FROM: NAME, ADDRESS AND PHONE NO. DATE C GD OBGI 51 UNCLASSIFIED CONFIDENTIAL SECRET Approved M s ;l; -RDP84-00 R000300160001-3 (40)