A CIA WATCHDOG MIGHT DESTROY ITS CHARGE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP84-00161R000100110002-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 137
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 14, 2002
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: November 26, 1956
• Content Type: NSPR

ARIA OR COUNTRYIS)
ORGANi A !.
SECRET (Wh.n F111.d In)
FUNCTIONS S TOPICS
Histc,zica
(Thermo
PIRSONALITIES 0000MENT
1953-56
7, staff File-Congress Newspaper Clippings
fax Copies)
These thermofax copies of newspaper clippings contain the text
of official published statements and selected editorial opinion
regarding Congressional proposals to establish a "Watch nog"
Committee for CIA.
(Note in file indicates there are about 50 items selected from
several thousand in Colonel Grogan's office.)
FO" 2523 /PITIOM/ ~P/MIOY/
HISTORICAL STAFF SOURCE INDEX
SECRET
NO,1
LOCATIONI
HS/HC-
 NOV 26 1956
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PROVIDENCE (It.l.)
JOI )RNAL
Ciro..: h. 53,259
S 181,704
Front Edit Other
rage raga /rage
STATINTL
A CIA... Watchdog Might Destroy Its C arm
Sen. Mike is (D-Mont) is
displeased with our foreign intelli-
gence t;ystem. "We were caught
short," he says, when fateful events
burst out recently in Hungary and
he Middle East. The senator pro-
4oses, therefore, to introduce again
at the next session of Congress his
measure to set up a congressional
watchdog committee to keep tabs
on the Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA).
The arguments in favor of such a
watchdog committee are persuasive.
CIA is a hush-hush agency about
which Congress and the public know
virtually nothing. Allen W. Dulles,
its director, has au-
thority to hire and
fire personnel with-
out regard to any ex-
isting laws. Funds
for the agency are
concealed deliberate-
ly under appropria-
tions for other agen-
an anachronism in a democratic gov-
ernment, and an agency which, in
less able hands, could be wide open
to abuse.
The Hoover Commission made a
careful examination of CIA last
year. It "recognized the need for
secrecy, yet recommended as desir-
able the proposal to set up a con-
gressional w a t c h d o g committee.
Such a committee functions effec-
tively in the sensitive field of atomic
energy. A similar one, the Hoover
Commission suggested, could assure
Congress and the public that CIA
was operating "in an efficient, efrec-
tive and reasonably economical man-
ner."
The other side has some persua.
sive arguments, too-
so persuasive, in fact,
that Senator Illans-
field's proposal was
voted down, 59 to 27,
in the Senate last
April.
By its very nature,
CIA must operate in
secrecy. It is an es-
pionage organization.
Dulles cos, and Mr. Dulles
can spend t h a t
money "without regard to the pro-
visions of law and regulations re-
lating to the expenditure of gov-
ernment funds."
No information as to the size of
the CIA ever has been made public.
Guesses have suggested that it may
employ between 5,000 and 30,000 per-
sons and may have an annual operat-
ing budget in the neighborhood of a
half billion dollars. These guesses
may be wide of the mark. Even so.
CIA must be a large and expensive
agency. The fact that it functions
behind a cloak of secrecy makes it
Its agents are scattered around the
globe, gathering information vital
to the security of the United
States. 1-however repugnant the idea
of spying may be to the average
American, the fact is that a nation
like ours with vast influence and
responsibilities in the w o r l d
couldn't function effectively, and
perhaps couldn't survive, without
something like the CIA. In an un-
easy world, it is as essential to our
security as a military establish-
ment.
The danger in Senator Mansfield's
proposal is that a congressional-
watchdog committee might destroy
the effectiveness of the CIA by leak-'
ing some of its secrets, perhaps
inadvertently. Surely, any such com-
mittee would have to be made up
of the most responsible and depend-
able members of Congress. It would
have to be a "select" committee and
great care would have to be exer-
cised in the selecting for a sinzle
irresponsible or headline-grabbing
congressman could cause untold
damage. One has only to recall that
Senator McCarthy, itching to get a
look at CIA, once announced that
he had "more than 100 pages of evi-
dence of bungling, incompetence, in-
efficiency, waste and Communist in-
filtration in CIA."
Current happenings put CIA in a
new light. Most of the previous as-
sessments of its work have dealt
largely with abstracts. The recent
events in Poland, Hungary and the
Middle East, however, are tangible
events; they provide something con-
crete against which the performance
of CIA can be measured.
The public should not expect to
have all the details spread out on the
record. It would seem useful and de-
sirable, however, for a special com-
mittee of Congress to inquire as to
how well or how badly CIA func-
tioned in anticipating the recent
events in Central Europe and the
Middle East. Out of such an inquiry
could come a better judgment on the
value of Senator Mansfield's pro-
posal.
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 APR 1 1 1956
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ESTABLISH7SENT O? A JOINT COM.
MITTEE ON CENTRAL INTELLI-
GENCE
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the csncurrent resolution (8. Con.
Fees. 2.1 to establish a Joint Committee
on Central Intelligence.
Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, will
the Senator from California yield me 2
minutes?
Mr. KNOWLAND. I yield 2 minutes
to the distinguished junior Senator
from Wisconsin.
Mr. MCCARTHY. Mr. President, I
have in my hand a documentation of in-
competence, theft, and Communist In-
filtration in the CIA. I shall not intro-
duce it into the Rscoav, because It may
contain some security Information. But
I want the Chair to know that the min-
ute the proposed committee is estab-
lished, I will promptly turn over all this
information to the committee,
Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, will the
majority leader yield me 1 minute?
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I yield my
friend from North Dakota 2 minutes.
Mr. LANGER. As a cosponsor of the
concurrent resolution, r wish to reply
to the reference made by the distin-
guished Senator from South Dakota [ Mr.
CASE) that the staff of the committee
which would be created could not be
trusted. He did not say anything about
the 1,000 or 5,000 or 10,000 employees of
the CIA. I would trust a staff made up
of 5 or 10 or 25 persons as much as I
would one, two, three, or five thousand
employees working for the CIA, whose
names we do not know, not one of whom
has been confirmed by the Senate.
Mr. MCCLELLAN, Mr. President, I
suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
BISLx in the chair). The clerk will call
the roll.
Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the time
not be charged to the other side, because
I do not know whether the majority
leader has other commitments.
Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President. I
understand the majority leader does not
have any other commitments.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
time has about expired. The clerk will
call the roll.
The legislative clerk called the roll.
and the following Senators answered to
their names:
Aiken Bridges
Allott Bush
Barkley Butler
Barrett
Beall
Bender
Bennett
Bible
Bricker
Curtis
Daniel
Dickson
Flanders Kerr Pastore
Freer Knowland Payne
Fulbrlght Kurhel Potter
George Laird Purtell
Goldwater Langer Robertson
Gbre Lehman Russell
Green Malone Saltonstall
Hayden Man,flelA Schoeppel
Henning. Martin, ;uwa Scott
Hleken looper Martin. Pa. Smith, means
Hill McCarthy Smith, N. J.
Holland )Vc(.lcllan Stennis
Hruska McNamara Symington
Humphrey Manikin Thy.
Jackson Mor'.. Watkins
Jenner Mundt Welker
STATINTL
Douglas Johnston. B. C. Saltonstall
Duff Knowland Schoeppel
Dworshak Kuchel Scott
Eastland laird amitb. N. J.
Ellender Malone Stennis
Flanders Martin, Iowa Symington
Freer Martin, Pa. Thy*
Goldwater McClellan Watkins
Hayden Milllkln WUey
kennings O'Mahoney ' Williams
Hlckenlooper Potter Wofford
Holland Purteli Young
druska Robertson
NOT VOTLNG-10
IT" Smothers
Long Sparkman
Magnuson
Monroney
Johnson. Tex. Murray Wiley Anderson
Johnston, b. C. Neely Williams Byrd
Kefauver. Neuberger Wofford (-haver
Kencaedy O'Mabonev Young Oeurgs
The PRESIDING OFFICER. A quo-
ruin is present.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
So the concurrent resolution (S. Con.
Res. 2) was rejected.
dent, I yield back the remainder of my '?
time, with the and^rstanding that the
opposition will do likewise.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
time of the opposition has expired. The
Senator from Texas has yielded back
the luxe under.hls control.
The question is on agreeing to Senate
Concurrent Resolution 2. as amended.
The yeas and nays have been ordered,
and the clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. GEORGE (when his name, was
called). On this vote. I have a pair with
the senior Senator from Virginia (Mr.
BYRD). If the Senator from Virginia
were present and voting, he would vote
"nay." If I were at liberty to vote, I
would vote "yea." I withhold my vote.
The rollcall was concluded.
Mr. CLEMENTS. I announce that
the Senators from New Mexico (Mr.
ANDERSON and Mr. CiHAVEZ], the Senator
from Louisiana IMr.I.ONCl, the Senator
lfom Washir ton IMr MAGNUSON], the
Senator from Oklahoma [Mr. MONRO-
HEY), the Senator from Florida [Mr.
SMATHERSI, and the Senator from Ala-
bama [Mr. SPARKMAN 1 are absent on
official business.
The Senator from Virginia (Mr. BYRD]
1s absent because of illness.
I further announce that if present and
voting, the Senator from New Mexico
(Mr. CHAVEZ), the Senator from Wash-
)ngton [Mr. MACNUSONI, the Senator
from Florida [Mr. SMAIIIERS], and the
Senator from Alabama [Mr. SPARKMAN]
would each vote "yea."
Mr. SALTONSTALL. I announce
..that the Senator from New York [Mr.
Ives] is absent because of Illness. If
present and voting, the Senator from
New York would vote "nay."
The result was announced-yeas 27.
Capebart Douglas
Carlson Duff
Cane, S. Dak. sastland
Clemente tllender
Cotton trrin
YEAS-27
Barrett Jenner More.
Clements Kefauver Mundt
Ervin Kennedy Murray
Fuibrtght Kerr Neely
Gore Langer Neuberger
Green Lehman Pastore
Hill Mansfield Payne
Humphrey McCarthy Smith, Maine
Jackson McNamara Welker
NAYS-S9
Aiken Bible Carlson
Allott Bricker Case, N. J.
Barkley Bridges Case, S. Dek.
Beall Cotton
Bender alt tirr Curtis
Bennet' Cayehart Daniel
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 NEW YORK TIMES rr-is z ,b 1956
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, ita'it said, "were generally tno
CONGRESS CHECK that secrrry t C. beclouds
everything ;about C. I. A..; its! same - that Ina~equac[es area
ost, its p'rsonnel. its erfiriency, poor organization existed and
ON C.I.A. BACKED
Hits Excessive Secrecy.
Ay ALLEN DRURY
ity has been built around it. Its The committee.- praised the
is freed from practically everylPresident for appointing his own
.Senate Rules Unit Gives
Strong Support to Bill-
special to The New Ywk Time..
WASHINGTON, Feb. 24-The
Senate Rules Committee gave
powerful endorsement today to
the creation of a special "watch-
dog" committee of Congress to
supervise the activities of the
Central Intelligence Agency.
The C. I. A. Is the Govern-
ment's super-secret agency for
gathering Information abroad
'concerning the strength and in-
?tentions of other nations,
review.
"The C. I. A. has unquestion-
ably placed itself above other
Government agencies:. There has
been no n gulag method:cal re-
view of ihie agency other than
Intelligence. But it offered these
objections:
1. "The board will report its
findings directly to the Presi-
dent. No provision -ts made to
a briefing Nhich jr, supplied tot require the board to maintain
a few mewb'ls of selected sub Congressional liatson. e ? ? "
~
commltt.'ea 2. "The board functions eaaen?
An equally tart minority re-' tiaily on a schedule of semi.
port was given by the second- annual meeUnga and operates
ranking ;nember of the Rulesl on a per diem and travel al-
Committee. Senator Carl Hay- lowance. There is no rovls{ac
den, Democrat of Arizona. He for a continuous staff ? ? ?
argued that through these sub- capable of conducting eompre-
committees-of the House and henaive surveys. The board is
Senate Armed Services and Ap- a part-time survey."
propriations Committees-Con-13. "The board will report its In.
greys continues to maintain "su formation, good or bad, to, the
pervasion over the operations of President, thus strengthening
that agency to an entirely ade- the already tight control of
quate degree." the Executive over C. I. A."
Senator Hayden said that the
charge that Congress did not The committee noted that Mr.
sufrlciently control C. I. A. was Duties had opposed a Joint Con-
gressional committee for feat
that sufficient security would
not be maintained. It cited the
Joint Atomic Energy Committee
as proof that this fear was
proved for Senate considerationlA "mistaken slid t'riorieous as-
a bill by Senator Mike Mansficld,lsumptlon "
Democrat of Montana, to create The Senate Armed Services
a special committee, This group subcommittee on C. I. A. heard
would supervise C, I. A. In thr,Nir. Dulles in closed session this
same way Congress superviseslmorning. As usual, it refused to
the Atomic Energy Commission intake public what Mr. Dulles
The committee would receive-said.
In a report heavy with criti-
t'ism of C. I. A.'s present opera-
tions, the Rules Committee sp-
iz~v,uuu ror its nrsc year.
The bill is opposed by Presi-
dent Eisenhower and by Allen
The Rules Committee based Itsl
chief argument for the Mansfield
bill on the secrecy that sur-
rounds the C. I. A. It recognized
the need for much secrecy in
gathering intelligence but said
there was "a profound differ
ence between an essential degree 1,
of secrecy to achieve a specific'
purpose, and secrecy for the
mere sake of secrecy."
The committee pointed out,
groundless.
Hoover Inquiries Cited
The Rules Oonun;ttee majority
W. Dulles, director of the C. I. A. pointed out thgt over the last
The President recently createdisix years the C. 1. A. had been
an eight-man citizen's advisorylinveatigsted four times by dif-
board to study C. L.A.'s active-rent task forges of the Hoover
ties and report directly to him; Commission
concerning them. . , . I 'The suhstan.ei' of the findings
Sees too Much Secrecy over the spread of theatFears,""
Zits failures An aura of superior-Thad gone uncorrected."
STATINTL
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 'AM
NEW ` OR oved or Rele jA~2?Q J19 11 : CIA-R 0002-6 STATINTL
, $10
ilow'stroAl"
.~Y4.~f~Kw, f YI'1?3'
? dot
FriteThgenceAk C y U t 1 ibtt hod
it Uses to s t}t' d Might
r; asxt>rts'rtti t, 3'an. t .Q n 'c t "' iri
t3 alter Bedell Smith told are of th
. nerican Legion this week tit Ulotxr t enrdiim oft
Rtmod strength gth an t faf ar `too ,
- United States I;mtehl ic+ ,<
t vice was as good as. or better' point tut that Ruasi4--1
,.an, any In the world, ezcept yw? NspiU former Prexk3eRt Trumamn's
ditty that of the Soviet Union. ', ass rted?belbl to the contrary--i
The retiring chief of the Ceat*'ol Uniiimbtedl* Me a growing stock
r of sitainia weapolim and that
Irtelligence Agency--the' largest hea development of the MIG-15
to,i most important of the cort't- demonstrates= advantlsd tedbnical,
cape-
of agencies and sources that engfaeesing an4 ? production
bilities
)Ile the intelligence data ot1., a
;;ich our national policies depend TkIs argument last the tore of
new
the
done much to Improve the ?problems new
Eisenhower Administration faces,;
-,;;ter of our service. it rages in SHAPE in Paris, and
in sheer size, the United States it obviously will have to be settled
?..`elligence Service --- once the before the new President can
det
mine
u
t
f
o
er
u
ure course In
?
r
hchild of Government-probably
Ards that of any nation, pox- The foreign f Orent the who disagree with cur;
exc.pting Russia's. No fig- of the factual grist and domestic upon n which ich h te lion Intelligence ntelligence estimates
y .ussia's ability t to to supply
pply
Ica on the Central Intelligence
r ncy's employes ever have been
de public, but there are esti-
t ed to be 0,000 to 16,000 per-
employed by this one agency
ne in the United States and
i seas. in addition to other thou-
"'As employed by the Army.
y and Air Force.
Iowever, the quality of the
alvnes and factual data pro-
e?1 by the Central Intelligence
and its service counter-
-.,; is not always commensurate
i ttie size of the agencies. There
.rural agreement with General
t ti's estimate that the United
; 1,ttrs Intelligence Services are
,n:ong the lost in the world, and
? h'-re ia praise-here and abroad
,r the improvement in these
'seta in recent years.
itut some observers believe that
- British Intelligence Services
...Ili l:rhaps 3,000 employes and
rt'a, with perhaps 300, produce
,,,t results-in the form of facts
.nd analyses that ^re fully as use-
0 in guiding national policy, and
i ?rhaps more accurate-than those
,: ,.iuced by our much larger
+;;rrcies.
The Major Question
'!'lie comparative worth of the
'elllgence services of the world
?~ ere to not, however, the yard-
-i. by which their success should
measured, The sole criterion by
our agencies should br
d is whf,ther? or not they can the area ea(n had an equal nu,n? logical and intelligence functions, '
er attccessfully the question bur of aircraft assigns.! are ainnna the problems )fr. Dulles
tarnng is Russia. Unless In-{ The official rstlmatce of Rus' mu?t solve. If devotion, Interest,
c ran answer that questionlsian air strength run as high H t. t+nalytical mind and a large
ea>r"nxble accuracy and con-; 18.000 or more operating a.tl ., L' , ,? K nd of experience will solve
attr national policies and S11A1'E's eFUniate o' i:s 'tl,?\ir. Dulles will find the
fnundr;i on ignnrant-c and?quiremenla to mart the tht,,' V,
makers will he Minded 'Soviet air pn,'.rr in A:urlpe, the answers must be found
no doubt that th,a $64 , clusico of GI-Le( a and 'rut i i , -? a itarly the answer to the
~,ro? e quail on is bring an-,tat more than 9.0(A rhnr?,
":on how steam is
Rijn- then' Yet there Cr.- a nur.;t,?-r c,r r,- ?~ a ofrirs n gt l
''tP~ #>~ 4,` ~1 as 002/01/24 : CI'A-F~E)~8At-0Q ~6 CI x'66100110002-6
most United States Intelligence more than 18,000 operating air-,
estimates are based center their?craft with fuel, and they doubt
fire`ehlefly on the military cart-nudging by our own experience
mates made by the armed services l Rrtssia's ability to maintain an to-
Their criticism is by no means, hmated 20.000 reserve aircraft in
conclusive, but it has produced operating condition.
enough examples of doubtful ex-i Still other critics point out that
trepolation, dubious estimates and of Russia's submarine fleet, usually
questionable analyses to suggest estimated at 300 to 400, only about
that'another study of the methods1 twenty to thirty--Instead of 100 or
used in Intelligence rrporting'moie--hs%,@ actually been tabbed
might be illuminating. and identified as modern snorkel
"Safety factors"-arbitrtir1*ly pp? tyf1
r us the differences between
plied-era freely used, for instance those who make our Intelligence
to pad and build up estimates of estimates and those who criUoise
Communist strength received from' theta are of such an order of
lower echelon commands. magnitude that only an Intelli-.
Ili one instance some 600 planes iri'nce Solomon can adjudicate and
weep summarily added to an esti- decide.
mate of Soviet air strength re- Allen Dulles, who succeeds Gen
erttl Smith as the head of the Con-
ceived from a lower command, and ttal intelligence Agency, is thus
tho"Intelligence officer, when ques- called upon to be Washington's,
tioiied, said this figure represented new Solomon. It. ylll be a tough
a henfety factor." johir, lhil'es Is th1. first civilian toI
in another instance one Commu- heart this agency and he must work
mitt airfield out of some seven or with and coordinate military agen-
eight known to be In a certain area rice jealous of their prerogatives.'
Iwas photographed. ? The number Thu groundwork of a sound intelli?I
lof planes identified in the photo- genie system has been laid by,
graph was multiplied by two or-,'Ge-erat Stnith but much remains
the theory that at least, half nf,to be aurae.
those based on that airfield were A study of the me~hods of col-
,tn the air or at other fields. lertl''n and analysis and evalue-
''he resultant figure was then lion; reduction of the`. number of
Emultiplied by seven or eight r,n th,? pe 1isun ionlInt the field butgcoordi-a .lhenr
th
- -t.r.1._ ...
that the
y
ti
e
and they question `-whether the'
could use more than 4,000 of time
against European objectives from
Norway to Italy. ?
Snorkel Figure. Cited
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STATINTL
.LEG' (N.C.) NEWS
OBSER ER
Circ.: m. 123,250
S. 133,573
Congressional Probe Of CIA Demanded
By. Bascom N. Tirnrnons. ? Chief of 'i l,c N,?u c and Observer's Washington
WASl11NI,TON?-'1'he enigma of ;; e
Central Intelligence Agency. ur.hl now
the most huh huh c.hcrntu: in our
peacetime history, is about to be
probed again, this time more pferc-
ingly, than in the previous inquiries
by committees named by President
Eisenhower.
The director of CIA Is Allen Dulles,
brother of Secretary of State John
Foster Dulles. Leading the demand for
a congressional investigation, which
seems likely of approval is Senator
Michael J. "Mike" Mansfield (D.
Mont.), newly designated Senate ma-
jority whip.
CIA looms as the great unknown in
the vast federal ea' a m*,ent set-up_
A *".'t of "what-is-it?" which would
is case all ballyhoo of the agency
been discouraged or repressed.
spends an unspecified sun, of
at half a billion dollars annually,
15,(00 employees, and ILs offices
distributed in 40 buildings in and
works. Others will admit no more
es tender the .security
I, o-- which Prsldent Eisen,
vast intelktgetlue agency, sup-
nation] 4 ''cat information
amnuni, i. ..recatr F?nd how
coni;plctc-,t 1-. has becn qucstmned in
high quarters j ,iii during the la.;l
rnunth, When two developments of
world shal(i.ng inmportance. the Polish
and Hungarian rr?~olt.s against Com.
munism and the l.raeli-British-French
in% anion of Egypt, have both evi-
dently caught the CIA flat-toted.
Before that both CIA Dulles and
State Department Dulles were
charged in diplomatic circles with
badly fumbling the Egyptian situa-
tion which tell to Egyptian Preal-
dent G A. N;.sser's seizure of the
Suez canal.
Back in 1930? three sears after CIA
was formed, it apparently gave no
accurate tntormation on the invasion
of South Korea HeTAre that it had
been mildly cnt;ei7ed in 1949 by the
first lloo%er cnnuni~sion as "not hav-
ing acbicved the desired degree of
proficiency and dependability."
So fill', Mansfield's plan has been
for a joint con?ressivnat watchdog
committee to supervise CIA activi-
tics, similar rn the joint committee
which has kept check on the Atomic
Lnergy Commission, with a record of
cooperation and accunmplishment.
The move to X-ray the enigma
comes at a time when plans are
being completed for a 38 million dol.
lar building for CIA. to concentrate
at least 12,000 employees in nearby
Virginia. The new building is referred
to here as a "junior Pentagon."
The most revealing stories about
the CIA have been written by two
magazine Writers, who evidently re-
c?ehed much information from Dulles
and other agency officials. They toll
of secret codes, includlnn such Wun-
drys as rnes..age, concealed nod ?r no
9ncon>i,icuous dot on a envelope. .cc?-
tet U. S. Agents in constant dang.?r
behind the Irn Curtain and a wealth
of other cloak and dagger operations.
Mansfield and other senators con-
cede that the agency undoubtedly ga-
thers a wealth of information about
Communist activity, otherwise unob-
tainable, and that it may use-tome
of its millions to promote anti-Cotm-
munist activity in Eruope and Asia.
What they cannot understand Is how
CIA fails to tip off the White
House in advance about the big up-
coming critical developments.
They have made the same criticism
of the State Department tinder John
Foster Dulles, and some arb harsh
enough to say that both Dulles broth-
ers might well be retired. But Allen
Dulles won a reputation during World
War 1, as U. S. ambassador td Swit-
zerland, when he reputedly negotiated
for the surrender of German troops
in Italy before Germany itself capi-
tulated, which made him the choice
to conduct this vast agency.
Last year President Eisenhower
named a watchdog board of eight
prominent individuals headed by Dr.
James R. Killian, president of Mass-
achusetts Institute of Technology, to
check on CIA every six months. Pre-
vious inquiries had been headed by
Lt. Gen. James H. Doolittle U.S.A.F.,
retd. and U. Gen. Mark Clark USA
recd.
Neither of these three has made
public any cornprehen. ke report on
the enigma.
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Versation a'1t'1 the Lt t..%, it from Arizona. aJ
The Senate; f r r.l ' ', as has so drafted
the unantmo,i.t c (. e tit request, and In-
tends to prop,) i , ir" as soon as the ab-
sence of a quo. tic can be suggested.
The VICN, PF. ;'3IllI:;1"C. Is there ob-
jection to th?t iduuihnons-consent re-
quest to proce si to the present consid-
eration of Set..t'e Concurrent Resolu-
tion 2?
There being 1m objection, the Senate
proceeded to coltui(ler the resolution (S.
Con, Res. 2) to establish a Joint Commit-
tee on Central Intirlliucnce, which had
ESTABLISHMENT OF JOINT COM-
MITTEE ON CENTRAL INTELLI-
GENCE
Mr. JOI'IN80N of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I ask unanimous consent that the
Senate proceed to the consideration of
Calendar No. 1595, Senate Concurrent
Resolution 2.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk
will state the concurrent resolution by
title,
The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. A resolution
IS. Con. Res. 2) to establish a Joint Com-
mittee on Central Intelligence.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob-
jection to the present consideration of
the concurrent resolution?
Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President, reserv-
Ing the right to object, I should like to
inquire if this Is the measure on which
an agreement to vote next Wednesday
is to be proposed.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. The Sen-
ator from Texas proposes to propound
such a unanimous-consent agreement
as awn as there is it quorum call. The
Senator from Texas will propound the
agreement in accordance with the con-
been reported from the ('ommttterr on
Rules and Administration with amend-
ments.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I suggest the lih:?ence of a quorum.
The VICE PRESII)EN'I'. The Secre-
tary will call the rnll.
The Chief Clerk proceeded to cal] the
roll.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I ask unanimous consent that the
order for the quorum call be rescinded.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob-
jection, It Is so ordered.
dent, on behalf of thyself, the distin-
guished minority leader [Mr. KNow-
LANDI, the distinguished junior Senator
from Montana I Mr. MANSPIELDI, and the
distinguished senior Senator from Ari-
zona [Mr. HAYDar. i, I have sent to the
desk a proposed unanimous-consent
agreement. I asked that It be read,
The VICE PRESIDENT. The proposed
agreerent will be stated.
The legislative clerk read as follows:
Ordered, That, 'effective (in Wednesday.
April 11. 1959, at the c,incluslon of routine
morning business, during the further con-
sideration of the concurrent resolution (S.
Oon. Res. 2) to establish a Joint Committee
on Central Intclllgenoe, debate on any
amendment. motion, or appeal, except a mo-
tion to lay on the table, shall be limited
to 1 hour, to be equally divided and con-
trolled by the mover of any such amendment
or motion and the majority leader: Provided,
That in the event the majority leader is in
favor of any such enienument or motion, the
time in oppoattion thereto shall be con-
trolled by the minority leader or some Sen-
ator designated by him: Provided further,
That no amendment that is not germane to
the provisions of the said a.acurrent reso-
lution shall be received.
Ordered further, 'I'ii it on the question of
the final passage of the said concurrent res-
olution debate shall be limited to 2 hours, to
be equally divided and controlled, respec-
tively, by the majority and minority leaders:
Provided, That the 60d Icaders, or either of
then, may, from the time under their con-
trol on the passage of the said concurrent
resolution. allot additional time to any Sen.
ator or Senatura during the consideration of
any amendment, motion, or appeal,
The VICE PRESIDENT. Is tixwre ob-
jection to the proposed unanimous-con-
sent agreement?
Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina.
Mr. President, the conference report on
the farm bill probably will reach the
Senate on either Wednesday or Thursday
of this week. The conference report will
be a privileged matter, when it Is re-
ceived, will it not?
The VICE PRESIDENT. Yes: it will
be a privileged matter, and may be taken
up whenever it Is received,
STATINTL
Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina.
I thank the Chair.
The VICE PRESMWr. Is there ob-
jection to the proposed unanimous-con.
sent agreement?
Without objection. the agreement is
entered.
HOUR OF MEETING ON WEDNESDAY,
APRIL 11
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I ask unanimous consent that when
the Senate convenes on Wednesday next,
it convene at 11 o'clock a. m.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob-
ection? Without objection, it Is so or-
dered.
IMOISLATIVE PROGRAM
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I should like to state that it Is the
Intention of the leadership on both sides
of the aisle to have our action on the
unfinished business, the concurrent reso-
lution relating to a Joint Committee on
Central Intelligence, concluded at an
early hour on Wednesday, perhaps at
1:30 or 2 p. in. If the House adopts the
conference report on the farm bill by
that time, it is the Intention of the lead-
ership to have action on the pending con-
current resolution followed immediately
by the consideration of the conference
report on the farm bill, and to have the
Senate remain in session until late that
evening, if necessary, in order to try to
dispose of that measure.
Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President.-
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I yield to
my friend, the Senator from Illinois.
Mr. DOUGLAS. Let me ask the emi-
nent majority leader what his plans are
in regard to taking up the so-called
bank-holding bill.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. At the mo-
ment we have no plans In regard to that
bill. The distinguished chairman of the
subcommittee handling that measure is
in Yugoslavia. I called him this morn-
ing, to see whether that measure could
be brought up today. But until he re-
turns-and I am not informed when he
.will be ready to have that measure
brought before the Senate-I cannot
make any definite announcement in
that regard. I shall inform my friend,
the Senator from Illinois, as soon as the
Senator from Virginia tMr. ROBERTSON)
returns, and we can ascertain the'sched-
ule from him.
Mr. DOUGLAS. I thank the Senator
from Texas.
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the new CTn 11eadyaarters buli1Oh? and
other Incidents in it e past- lea have
onlj intensifled ttIV i It a - rst inS ing that
such a committee is esttabhslie& by the
Congress.
ESTABLISHMENT OF JOINT C,'r)M-
MITTE'E ON CENTRAL INTELLI-
GENCE
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the concurrent resolution (S. Con.
Res. 2) to establish a Joint Committee
on Central Intelligence.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, at
this time I ask unanimous consent that
at the conclusion of my remarks on Sen-
ate Concurrent Resolution 2, a resolu-
tion to establish a Joint Committee on
Central Intelligence, there be Inserted
in the Rscoan a number of newspaper
editorials and articles on the proposal
to establish such a joint committee and
also letters of approval of the resolu-
tion by the Citizens' Committee for the
Hoover Report in the western area of the
United States and a letter signed by
Mr. Clarence Francis, chairman of the
Citizens' Committee for the Hoover Re-
port, both of which are in favor of the
adoption of Senate Concurrent Resolu-
tion 2.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection? The Chair hears none, and
it is so ordered.
(See exhibit 1.1
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, to-
day the Senate i? considering Senate
Concurrent Resolution 2. a concurrent
resolution to create a Joint Committee
on Central Intelligence. I have intro-
duced similar measures on two previous
occasions. However, this is the first
time the proposal has come to the floor
of the Senate for consideration. The
concurrent resolution the Senate is con-
sidering today was cosponsored by 34
of my distinguished colleagues in the
Senate.
The events of the past year have made
It imperative that such a committee as
is proposed be authorized before the ad-
journment of Congress this summer.
This concurrent resolution was reported
to the Senate by a majority of the mem-
bers of the Committee on Rules and
Administration.
To begin with, let me say that because
of the very nature of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency, I think It is important
that a Joint congressional committee be
established for the purposes of making
continued studies of the activities of the
Agency and problems related to the
gathering of intelligence affecting the
national security. The Hoover commis-
sion recommendations, the recent Presi-
dential appointment of a commission to
study CIA, the conflict over the site of
I feel that a j(, '1%t congreast; r,%I com-
mittee should be eST.cbl,s ier[ dnd that
the CIA should, a.,A )$atterOF/A%/. i;,t,?p
that committee as 'fully andc3seunAatt
informed as possiblt l)rth t'kspect to H,a
activities.
Allen Dulles, Dire t it of CIA, tr., y
make no mistakes in essessing lntrh'-
gence, but he should .'ot be the 1Lnie
judge in matte: v?hior have to do /'th
the intentions c l )thc r nations ?aith
respect to war an,i ate.ce.
Mr. President, as yoli know, the Peoei-
dent recently appo r1cd an eight: man
board to review pericc I :ally the i r Lion's
intelligence actlvitiet This Is .A step
forward, but not far ei vugh to reach the
goal which I and the cc'tponsv'e of Sen-
ate Concurrent Resohi'.(,t. 2 seek.
Mr. MORSE. Mr 11.r' Ider.t, will the
Senator from Montattta % OJ1
Mr. MANSFIELD. I ' lr'r;.
Mr. MORSE. I wondt t I the Senator
will make a brief st.at.cmet.t at this time
with regard to the nature of the Juris-
diction of the proposed cxrnmittee and
the relationship, if any between the
President's so-called eigln.-than board
and the Congress of the Urdted States.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I may say to the
distinguished senior Senator from Ore-
gon that there is no relationship between
that board and the Congress; that the
board has had its lips sealed; that it is
supposed to report at least once every
six months; and that the report is to be
made to the President only. What that
means in effect is a further arrogation
of power on the part of the Executive
and a diminution to that extent of the
equality between the executive and the
legislative.
Mr. MORSE. Will the Senator yield
for a question or two, or does he prefer
to complete his remarks before yielding?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. MORSE. I am honored to be a
cosponsor with the Senator from Mon-
tana, of Senate Concurrent Resolution 2,
and I am glad he is discussing'it today,
because it seems to me that once again
it is important that the American
people-who, after all, In the last analy-
sis. shall we say. "own" American
foreign policy-should be apprised of the
fact that there is a Government agency
known as the CIA which works and
functions in complete secrecy, and over
which the Congress really has but little
authority or jurisdiction except by way
of the purse strings. In my view it is
very dangerous to permit such an ar-
rangement to continue, and I think Sen.
ate Concurrent Resolution No. 2 is es-
sential from the standpoint 'of main-
taining a people's check on American
foreign policy, to the extent that the CIA
is Involved in American foreign policy.
With that statement, I should like to
ask a few questions. Does the Senator
agree with me that since the CIA organ-
ization functions in any country in any
part of the world where it may operate
with the secrecy that surrounds it, so far
as Its relationship to the Congress is con-
cerned, it is bound to create the imprea-
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CO~NGRESS1
;fk: upon the leaders of the foreign Mr. MANSFIELD. I thank the Sen- Mr. MORSE. I should like to ask a
countries in which it operates that its ator from Oregon for his pertinent obser- question of the Senator from Massachu-
activities represent the official foreign vations. setts.
policy of the United States? Mr. President, the announcement of Mr. MANSFIELD. Certainly.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I will say to the this new board was released Z days Mr. MORSE. Has the Senator from
Senator from Oregon that' that is a after the time when the hearing on this Massachusetts ever informed the Foreign
fairly sound assumption. The officials bill was set by the Rules Committee. I Relations Committee of the information
of the CIA could be considered as agents do not think that was a deliberate at- he gained in regard to the CIA?
of American foreign policy, and perhaps tempt to head oft the establishment of a SALTONSTALL. I have never
they are so considered in some countries; congressional watchdog committee on been asked the Foreign Relations
but I could not, on the basis of what I the Intelligence agency; I am sure that bbeen asfor any such information.
know about the CIA, either prove or dis- was only a matter of coincidence. But Committee ussed such matters rather
prove the Senator's statement, because It does emphasize one thing: it extends We have In the discussedd such matters Committee,
there Is only limited congressional con- and strengthens the executive control in briefly Services
executive session, as I recall, and also,
tact with the agency. over the CIA. of course, In the Appropriations Com-
Mr. MORSE. That is an, for the sim- I do not object to the formation of this mittee.
ple reason that Congress, along with the new Commission, nor do I question the
American people, is kept in Ignorance need by the Central Intelligence Agency MrAfter. all MORSE. , bothORSE. the 7b Senate at i l sle just Foreig my n R point.
int.
about the operation of the CIA. Is that and all Other intelligence agencies in the Ao~ and the Foreig Armed
correct? Government for this kind of supervision. Sons a Commtht Cmi tee and have Sent re Acme -
Mr. MANSFIELD. That is correct. What I am concerned with, however, is Services to foreign gn policy. Th-
Mr. MORSE. I have one further the CIA's position of responsibility to bilities has such
question. Has the Senator from Mon- none but the National Security Council. Foreign in Relations regard egard officer of which I Committee
know is respect
tana, as a colleague of mine on the For- I believe this should be changed. The
sign Relations Committee of the Senate, newly appointed board members will to CIA. and I think it Is very important
ever received any correspondence or in- have neither power nor control over the that there be established the joint com-
forr*ation or complaints in regard to the CIA; and it appears to me that it is mittee the Senator from Montana Is pro-
activities in foreign nations questionable ttted to learn under the agency's posing, that the Joint Committee w
wh will
whic ch indicate icriticism of American broad charter. keep the Foreign Relations Committee,
toMr. ign MANSFIELD. abroad? Mr. BALTONSTALL. Mr. President, the Armed Services Committee, the Ap-
Senator I have re h I must sal to the
Senator that not. will the Senator from Montana yield for propriations Committee, and the Senate
Mr. MORSE. I should like to Inform a question? as a whole Informed. Certainly, under
the Senator that I have received a series Mr. MANSFIELD. I am delighted to the advice and consent clause of the Con-
of communications in regard to alleged yid. stitution, it Is Important that we keep
activities of the CIA which have caused Mr. SALTONSTALL. Concerning the ourselves informed regarding what is
me concern, and make me all the more responsibility of the CIA only to the Na- occurring in connection with American
enthusiastic in support of the Senator's tional Security Council, if a change in foreign policy.
resolution. I think It Is highly desirable that situation were to be made, would Mr. SALTONSTALL. As one member
that we have, by congressional action, not a change of law be required, inas- of the committee, I reply that to the ex-
the authority which I think this resolu- much as the law Congress passed in 1947, tent I can do so under security regula-
tion would give us to require this ad- as I recall, requires the CIA to be re- tions and in accordance with my own
ministration, through Its CIA, to keep sponsible only to the National Security knowledge. of course, I shall be very glad
Congress. through the special committee Council
r. MANS~President? S Senator from any other Senator, Senator
insofar as It is proper
which hich the Senator, proposes to set up,
informed as to exactly what it Is doing Massachusetts is correct. However, in- for me to do so.
in other countries by way of action that stead of changing the law. I think we Mr. MANSFIEI D. Mr. President, I
Is bound to have some effect on Amer- should establish a joint watchdog com- know the Senator from Massachusetts
lean foreign policy and our standing in mittee composed of Members of the speaks from his heart, but I wonder
those nations. House and Members. of the Senate. In whether the question I shall ask now
This all goes back to what as the Ben- that way we could provide safeguards should be asked In public; if not, let the
ator knows, is a deep conviction of mine. in connection with the operation of the Senator from Massachusetts please re-
I abhor government by secrecy. I can- CIA. and we could also deal with ques- train from answering it: How many
not reconcile It with democratic proces- tions which Members of Congress might times does the CIA request a meeting
see. In the Senate of the United states have in their minds. with the particular subcommittees of the
I do not propose by my vote to endorse Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, Appropriations Committee and the
the action of any administration no mat- will the Senator from Montana yield fur- Armed Services Committee, and how
ter what the party, that keeps the Amer- ther to me? many times does the Senator from Mas-
ican people so much in the dark as the Mr. MANSFIELD. I am glad to yield. sachuaetts request the CIA to brief him
American people are being kept in the Mr. SALTONSTALL. Of course, the in regard to existing affairs?
dark by the present administration in Senator from Montana will agree with Mr. SALTONSTALL. I believe the
the whole field of foreign policy. As the me that the Armed Services Committee correct answer is that at least twice a
Senator knows, r do not agree that there and the Appropriations Committee now year that happens in the Armed Services
can be justification for keeping from have subcommittees with members as- Committee, and at least once a year it
the American people by so-called execu- signed to follow the activities of the CIA, happens in the Appropriations Commit-
tive committee meetings in the Senate Is not that correct? tee. I speak from my knowledge of the
a good deal of information. But I par- Mr. MANSFIELD. That is correct. situation during the last year or so; I
titularly abhor the operation of govern- Mr. SALTONSTALL. As a member of do not attempt to refer to previous pe-
ment by secrecy in such a way that It both those committees, I consider I have riods. Certainly the present adminis-
threatens the liberties of the American been of the activities of the trator and the former administrator,
informed
people. Whenever there is government CIA to
the extent that I believe It is wise Gen. Bedell Smith, stated that they were
by secrecy, the freedom and liberties of for me to be informed. As regards fur- ready at all times to answer any ques-
the American people are endangered. A her information, let me say that, so far tions we might wish to ask them. The
mistake by the CIA in some tinderbox I know, nothing has been concealed difficulty in connection with asking ques-
area of the world might result in the logs- from us. tons and obtaining information 1. that
vens of the lives of millions of our fellow tilt- Mr. MORSE. President, will the we might obtain information which I
in advance because np1 ace a check was miaff stakstakenen Senator from Montana yield for a ques- personally would rather not have, unless
policies on dvance to the part r a of cec the CIA or other tion? it was essential for me as a Member of
-
agencies of our Government. Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield. Congress to have it.
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Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
think the Senator's answer tolls the
whole story, for he has informed us that
a subcommittee of the Senate Armed
Services Committee has met only twice
a year with members of the CIA, and
that a subcommittee of the Senate Ap-
propriations Committee has met only
once a year with members of the CIA.
Of course, it Is very likely that the meet-
ings in connection with the Appropria-
tions Committee occurred only at a time
when the CIA was making requests for
appropriations. That information from
the Senator from Massachusetts does
not indicate to me that there is suf-
ficiently close contact between the con-
gressional committees and the CIA, as
such.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. In reply, let me
state--and I should like to discuss this
point more fully when I present my own
views on this subject-that it is not a
question of reluctance on the part of the
CIA officials to speak to us. Instead, it
is a question of our reluctance, if you
will, to seek Information and knowledge
on subjects which I personally, as a
Member of Congress and as a citizen,
would rather not have, unless I believed
it to be my responsibility to have It be-
cause it might Involve the lives of Ameri-
can citizens.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I see. The Sen-
ator is to be commended.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the
Senator from Montana yield to me?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. MORSE. I wish to say that no
one has greater respect for the Senator
from Massachusetts (Mr. SALTOHSTALLI
than do I, and what I say now goes only
to the point of view he has expressed, and
not to the Senator from Massachusetts
himself. But It Is the very point of view
of the Senator from Massachusetts
which I protest, because the very pro-
cedure for checking the CIA the Sen-
ator from Massachusetts has outlined
Is at best a voluntary one, and is not
based upon the establishment by resolu-
tion of a mandatory jurisdiction of the
Congress in relation to the CIA. That
is what is necessary. But It does not
exist under the present very loose and
voluntary relationship existing between
the CIA and the Armed Services Com-
mittee and the Appropriations Commit-
tee. What we must do is to write in
black and white provisions which will
give mandatory jurisdictional power to
the Congress in relationship to the CIA.
The second point I wish to mention
In connection with a comment made by
the Senator from Massachusetts-whom
I highly respect, but who has laid down
a Premise with which I am in total dis-
agreement---Is in relation to the argu-
ment that some information In this field
should be -kept from the Members of
Congress who serve on the appropriate
committees, and that such Members of
Congress should not have knowledge of
those matters.
Mr. President, let us consider the per-
sonnel of the CIA. Who are the super-
men of the CIA? They are not elected
Officials of the Government, Instead,
they are appointees of the executive
branch of the Government. But the re-
sponsibility as the elected representa-
tives of it free people happens to be ours,
under the advice and consent clause of
the Constitution. to protect the people,
by serving as a check against the admin-
istration-and I care not whether it is
a Republican or a Democratic adminis-
tration. What is happening today, In
connection with the trend toward gov-
ernment by secrecy in America, is that
that Congress has been standing by and
has not been insisting upon exercising its
power to check the executive branch of
the Government in many fields includ-
ing foreign policy.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, the
Senator from Oregon is entirely correct,
The trend to which he has referred began
during the Roosevelt administration, if
not before, and continued during the
Truman administration and down into
the present administration. I refer to
the trend toward reposing more and more
power in the hands of the executive
branch of the Government, and less and
less power in the hands of the Congress.
The Senate must wake up and do some-
thing about,this matter, because unless
we do so, as time passes the Congress
will become less of an equal branch under
our constitutional system, and more
power will rest in the hands of the Ex-
ecutive. The policy of increased execu-
tive power is nonpartisan. The same
thing happened under Democratic ad-
ministrations as is happening under a
Republican administration.
Mr. MORSE. For years I sat over on
the other side of the aisle and made the
same protests under Democratic admin-
istrations that I am making today under
a Republican administration.
This policy of too much secrecy has
been characteristic of administrations of
all parties In the executive branch.
What we must do is to face up, before
it is too late, to the fact that there is an
increasing concentration of arbitrary
power in the executive branch of the
Government. This process has been go-
ing on for the past quarter of a century.
We must stop It The CIA issue affords
a good example of what I am protesting.
I do not know of a single secret of
Government which ought to be vested in
the hands and minds of some appointees
of the executive branch of Government
In the CIA, to the exclusion of the elected
Representatives of the people. Who are
these CIA employees? Many of them
are very young, and, from the standpoint
of experience, very immature men. Does
anyone suggest that it is safe for democ-
racy to vest in them crucial informa-
tion, and to any that because we are
Members of Congress on the Foreign
Relations or Armed Services Committee,
we should not have or should not want
such information? I say that we must
insist on getting It, if we are to keep
faith with the oath we, took when we
entered this body, and are properly to
discharge our duties and responsibilities
as elected Representatives of a free
people.
Today we are talking about an ab-
straction In respect to a principle of
Government, but the Senator from Mon-
tana is to be complimented and com-
mended for raising the issue. Ile has
raised an issue of Government under our
constitutional system which has been too
long lost sight of by too many people in
this country.
What is happening now in the United
States is similar to what has hapened in
the history of other free nations. They
flowered in freedom for a long time, and
then gradually a small clique of Govern-
ment officials in the executive branch
started taking over their rights, free-
doms, and liberties. The people woke up
too late to discover that they had lost
their freedoms, rights, and liberties. It
can happen in America, if we do not
stand on guard in relation to the prin-
ciple of checks and balances under the
Constitution.
I commend the Senator from Mon-
tana. Through this resolution I think
he has placed his finger on a very Im-
portant duty of Members of Congress.
We ought to Insist that the power which
has been vested In the CIA be subjected
to an occasional check, as provided by
his resolution.
Mr. MANSFIELD. The Senator from
Oregon is absolutely correct. Under the
Roosevelt administration so-called exec-
utive agreements were agreed to between
this country and Saudi Arabia, Yemen,
and Nepal. Those executive agreements
should have come before the Senate, un-
der the advice-and-consent clause of the
Constitution, because they were in real-
ity treaties of friendship and commerce.
Under the Truman administration,
Congress appropriated sufficient funds to
provide for a 70-group Air Force, Presi-
dent Truman Impounded the money and
allowed only a 48-group Air Force to
come into being.
Under this administration, last year
Congress appropriated $40 million to
maintain the Marine Corps at Its then
present strength. What happened?
Secretary of Defense Wilson said he
would not use the money. He did use a
part of It, A part of the cut went into
effect. I note from the document asking
additional appropriations for the fiscal
year 1956, page 8, that it develops that
under the Department of Defense, mill-
tary functions, the Omce of the Secre-
tary of Defense used $769,000-to be de-
rived from where? From transfer from
the appropriation "Military personnel,
Marine Corps."
The Office of Public Affairs In the De-
partment of Defense used $27,500, to be
tion "Military personnel, Marine Corps."
For Interservice Activities, Court of
Military Appeals, $41,400 was used, to be
derived by transfer from the appropria-
tion "Military Personnel, Marine Corps."
For the Department of the Navy, serv-
was used. to be derived by transfer from
the appropriation "Military personnel,
Marine Corps."
For servicewide operations In the De-
partment of the Navy, $2,180,000 was
used, to be derived by transfer from the
appropriation "Military personnel, Ma-
rine Corps."
All this was after the Congress unani-
mously restored $40 million to maintain
the Marine Corps at its then present
strength, 223,000 men. What happened
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 5293
to those funds? What happened to the
mandate laid down by Congress, which is
supposed to control the Armed Forces of
the United States, and to provide for
them? What happened during the Tru-
man administration when Congress ap-
propriated for a 70-group Air Force?
What happened during the Roosevelt ad-
ministration when, in the field of foreign
policy, Executive agreements were made
which were in reality treaties of com-
merce and friendship?
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President,
will the Senator yield?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. First, with re-
spect to the executive agreements to
which the Senator has referred, let me
say that I believe they should have been
made in the form of treaties, and should
have been brought to the attention of
the Senate.
So far as the Marine Corps appropri-
ation is concerned, that question is now
before the Committee on Appropriations.
I agree with the Senator that if the
money was not used for the Marine
Corps, if the total strength of the Marine
Corps provided for by the Congress was
not maintained, and was not necessary,
in the opinion of the Department, that
money should have gone back to the
Treasury, and. if money for other pur-
poses was needed, new appropriations
should have been requested. There
should have been no transfers. I thor-
oughly agree with the Senator from
Montana.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I am delighted to
hear it.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. I do not ap-
prove of the method by which the funds
were handled. The question as to
whether the strength of the Marine
Corps provided for by Congress was nec-
essary is another issue; but certainly the
money should not have been transferred.
Mr. MANSFIELD. As the Senator
knows far better than I, a portion of the
Marine Corps cut was restored.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. That is correct.
Mr. MANSFIELD. But not to the
point mandated by the Congress of the
United States. The Senator from Mas-
sachusetts also voted last year for the
$40 million appropriation to maintain
the Mr.rine Corps at its then present
strength. The money is being used for
other purposes, which in my judgment
is contrary to the intent and wish of the
Congress.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. If my memory
Is correct as to the figures-and I am not
sure it is-the number of marines last
year was 215,000. The Idea was to re-
duce the number to 195,000, in round
figures. Congress directed that the
strength be kept at 215,000. I believe
that the present figure is 201,000, and
that it will be 205,000 at the end of the
present fiscal year. I am not quite cer-
tain as to the accuracy of those figures,
but the present strength is more than
200,000.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I think the Sena-
tor is approximately correct; but it is
still to be noted that the wishes of the
Congress were ignored by Mr. Wilson,
who is an agent of the President, and
the money was used as he saw fit, and not
as Congress intended.
Mr. LANGER, Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. LANGER. I wish to join the dls-
tinguLhed Senator from Oregon [Mr.
MORSE] in complimenting the Senator
from Montana for bringing this subject
to the attention of the Senate.
I believe that the entire policy of se-
crecy in this connection is a cancer in
the operation of our Government.
Only, a short time ago we had the
spectacle of Sherman Adams, assistant
to the President, telephoning to the Se-
curities and Exchange Commission and
holding up for 3 or 4 days a hearing in
connection with the Dixon-Yates matter.
When we asked why an assistant to the
President should call up an agency of
Government and delay a hearing for 3
or 4 days, while in the House an appro-
priation of $6,500,000 was being consid-
ered, we received a letter from the as-
sistant secretary to the effect that this
subje@t was secret.
When the Senator from Tennessee
(Mr. KEFAUVSRJ, as chairman of the sub-
committee, joined with other members of
the subcommittee in a letter requesting
the assistant to the President, Sherman
Adams, to come before us and tell us the
reason for such procedures, we received
a very brief letter of 3 or 4 lines in reply.
I fully agree with the Senator from
Oregon that the policy of secrecy is re-
sulting in keeping from the Congress and
the people matters with which the Con-
gress ought to be thoroughly familiar.
We are called upon to enact laws dealing
with those subjects, and we are dealing
with them, as the Senator from Massa-
chusetts stated a few moments ago, in
such a manner that members of the
Committee on Armed Services meet only
twice a year with representatives of the
CIA, and members of the Committee on
Appropriations meet with them only
once a year, when they need more money.
I believe the Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions, of which the distinguished Senator
from Oregon and the distinguished Sen-
ator from Montana and I are members,
can.testify to the fact that we see those
gentlemen, members of the CIA, on very,
very rare occasions, and then only when
we practically invite them to attend.
Mr. MANSFIELD. The Senator may
well be correct. As a matter of fact, I
do not recall ever seeing them before the
Committee on Foreign Relations, al-
though I may be mistaken about that.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield once more? I shall not
Interrupt him again after this comment
if it can be avoided.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I am glad to yield
to the Senator from Oregon.
Mr. MORSE. J wish to associate my-
self with the observations of the Senator
from North Dakota [Mr. LANGSs], and
I am very glad, indeed, that the Senator
from Montana has mentioned the execu-
tive agreements which have been made
with some Middle East countries. espe-
cially Saudi Arabia.
He has referred to agreements about
which we were not apprised at the time
they were made. I do not believe it can
be questioned that in regard to a good
many of the agreements which are en-
tered into the CIA has, so to speak, a
background part to play, and does play;
and it supplies what it believes to be
information which ought to be influen-
tial in reaching executive decisions.
That is why I believe it very important
that the Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions be kept advised right up to the
minute in regard to the findings of the
CIA and the recommendations of the
CIA as they may affect American foreign
policy.
Let us take, for example, the executive
agreement to which the Senator from
Montana has referred. Now, belatedly,
we are beginning to get information, for
example, pointing out that in Saudi Ara-
bia human-slavery traffic is rampant in
the year 1956. Before the week is over
I intend to discuss on the floor of the
Senate human-slavery traffic in Saudi
Arabia.
Nevertheless. Mr. President, the argu-
ment is made that we ought to ship mili-
tary supplies to Saudi Arabia. The ar-
gument is made that In order to combat
communism we ought to keep an airbase
In Saudi Arabia.
Mr. President, I seriously question the
whole program of America in Saudi Ara-
bia, so long as evidence can be brought
have the agreements is engaged in
human slavery in this year of 1958.
We cannot reconcile that fact with
the high moral principles for which we
as a nation profess to stand in American
foreign policy.
The reason I am pleading for full dis-
closure to the American people of Amer-
ican foreign policy is that If such dis-
closure is not made we get into the kind
of situation the Senator from Montana
has mentioned with regard to so-called
executive agreements. That happens
whenever we in the Congress do not have
all the facts presented to us.
Services for 8 years. What did the brass
do? They came before the committee
and said, "This Is our recommendation.
However, because of the top secrecy in-
volved, we do not want to go into the
information and the facts on which the
recommendation Is based.
What did we do? We used to it there
and say, "Well, we will take you at your
word."
In my judgment, we should not do
that. In my judgment, in a democracy.
the elected representatives of the peo-
ple are entitled to whatever facts any-
one who has brass on his shoulders may
have in his head. I for one think we
the State Department determine for-
eign policy for the American people,
without any check on the process by
their elected representatives in the legis-
lative halls of the Government.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
wish to say to the Senator that. what
frightens me about the whole matter Is
the fact that the Senate, particularly,
has been willing to give up its share of
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Agreementsethanot In the mass of executive 5295
t the Issue is to be found. It still had a twinge oflnierr ousness about the boundaries and begin down d the
BlIlletin, the State 1s, rather, In the few, in the very few. For procedure it was following. It was con- is not any authority under the Constitution
there
It Is In the few, the very few, that this extra- strained to point to two precedents. What or the law for, we get Into a field that spreads
c' ustitutlonal device can be used to stretch were the precedents? The agreements with and gets worse, like It spreading disease.
tho unique powers of the Executive. It is Yemen and Saudi Arabia. In the few that there lies the danger of Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Nepal. These about It and Ilhop, that w u~ dotsrme-
usurpation, destruction of the constitutional are small, faraway lands pew of us could thing to check It and bring us back within
1x.lance, and in the last analysis, the threat locate them quickly on a map, Still fewer the limits of what we ought to do."
of Executive tyranny, have any direct concern with what transpires This is no Imaginary tear which haunts me In them. Yet, the agreements which have tlvs~circumvention of legal proof of extcin
and other members of the Senate, txecu- been negotiated with them constitute *art" the Interpretation legislative in
tive agreements have been used to stretch of nts which vital Importance ed by Oongre or administration most of laws
precedents whcl o I sion passed by Congress caeca mue-
the pourers of the Presidency and unless safe-to our constitutional of 1 powers. aible to obtain- In some come Instances disputes
guards are established there Is no reason to None of them has ever been replaced by a arising under these circumstances have been
believe that they will not Continue to be no regular treaty, yet all of them cover subject settled by adjudication, but in most cases
used. If the Senate will bear with me for a matter which traditionally has been handled these Conflicts have been characterized by
few momenta longer. I will undertake to by treaty.
prove by specific example how this extra- Twenty-one years have ela tbwgft and allegations which were some
rmed constitutional device can undermine the first of these three agreements was since
[ions and sometimes lains and
ne tie Ink answered
d.
power of the Senate In foreign relations. I ated. Was the failure to replace the rptetao wdlaw means awill endeavor to show how this device can runts by agree- howell w it often req M administered er se of u may very
judg
and has been used to erode that power and a oonaotow y s permanent expansion of athe s the oversight or
t require the exercise
tb}ectlve
transfer it - .__
en
, re
Preal coerce, and navigation have been nude with dent now sendVjthee. three agreement, or
other countries by the President with the their permanent replacements to the Senate
advice and consent of the Senate. As the for advice or consent or after years and
L: nators know, these are basic treaties which decades Is the need still for temporary
establish the framework of our relations with agreements?
other countries. The Senate has tradi. How is the Senate to deal with the disap-
tionally given advice and consent to such pearance of Its prerogatives In this fashion?
treaties. It still does so, for the most part.
In 1933, however, the Department of State Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
negotiated an agreement of friendship and ask unanimous consent that some Illus-
commerce with Saudi Arabia. As far as r tratlons of the use of Executive power in
can determine, this was the first time an relation to the power of Congress, which
executive agreement, rather than a treaty. I requested the Legislative Reference
was used for this purpose. TO be sure, the Service of the Library of Congress to
agreement with Saudi Arabia was labeled
provisional in nature and was to remain in compile acoan for IIle, be Incorporated in the
effect, I quote: "until the entry In force of RECORD at this point,
a definitive treaty of commerce and naviga- There being no objection, the illustra-
tion." Sven though It was temporary, how- tions were ordered to be printed in the
ever, the State Departme
t
n
must have kno RECORD a fll
wn,soows:
that this executive agreement was treading Tae lsaaaav or Conoszas,
on dangerous constitutional ground for it r rRUOOSU, Of Wisconsin. In the House of
Itepreesntntlvea, Thursday. March 8. 1960)
Mr. Faar.ocxi. Mr. Speaker. under leave to
extend my remarks In the Raooea, I wish to
recommend to the attention of the member-
ship of this body an editorial which appeared
in the Milwaukee J,'frnal on March 6, 1056.
entitled ".Scene C'urlgresalonal Control Over
CIA Is Net Impractical."
During the last 3 years i have exerted re-
peated efforts on behalf of the proposal to
establish a Joint Committee on Intelligence
Matters. I have first outlined my proposal
on this subject In House Concurrent Resolu-
tion 180. 63d Congress, and reintroduced it,
in an amended version, in House Concurrent
Resolution 46. 84th Congress, together with
over a adore of my distinguished colleagues.
It is my sincere hope that the House Rules
Committee will report House Concurrent
Resolution 28 In the near future.
"soar: CO}iGRMEIONAI. CONTR n4 ovs7 CIA is NOT
IMv'LACTIIAL
"For several years there has been a rash of
resolutions in Congress calling for an agency
to watch over the Central Intelligence
Agency, our top cloak and dagger corps.
"The second Hoover Conuniselon called for
the same thing. It suggested that a small,
permanent Commission composed of a bt
Pes-
tlsan representation from Congress and dis-
tingulahed private citizens handle the job.
"President Eisenhower has gone halfway.
He recently named a civilian Commission in
the executive branch to serve as watchdog
and report to him. But he has shied away
from letting Co'hgress In on the act. This
hasn't stilled demands that Congress take a
hand In watching an agency for which It ap-
propriates money. Senator Maxsrrzxo, Dem-
ocrat, Montana. has come up with a bill to
create a joint committee of both Houses of
Congress to work with the CIA. The Senate
Rules Committee has agreed to congressional
action on the bill and It has attracted a large
measure of support.
"The Hoover Commission pointed out that
the CIA. because It needs a large degree of
secrecy to operate. Is exempted by law from
rules that control other Government agen-
cies. For instance, the General Service, Ad-
ministration, the Government's housekeeper,
has no control over CIA at all. CIA is en
empted 'from compliance with any provision
of law limiting transfers of appr'opriations'
any requirements for publication or disclo-
sure of the organization, functions, names,
official titles, salaries, or numbers of person-
nel employed by the agency; And any regula-
tions relating to the expenditure of Govern-
ment funds.'
"Such exemptions are, by and large, prop-
er, The Atomic Energy Commission has sim-
liar exemptions. But Congress does have to
appropriate funds for the CIA. It created the
Agency and set its scope of activities. surely
someone In Congress should be given at
least peek enough to make sure that CIA Is
operating efficiently and properly. This Is
particularly true because of criticisms---scope
from the Hoover Commission itself--of some
shortcomings in CIA.
"The AEC, which hoards secrets, too. has a
joint congressional committee which Is
given enough of a picture to judge whether
the organization is handling Government
funds properly. The joint committee has
warted exceedingly well, and without weak-
ening national security. The same sort Of
committee could do the same sort of job for
Ofm. It wouldn't have to be told every-
thing-and shouldn't
'But Congress ought to be able to deter-
mine whether the dagger Is being kept sharp
and the cloak Is kept cleaned and pressed
and buttoned. It's bash that Congress, with
control of the purse, must get enough In-
formation to make an Informed judgmurat on
how the purse is expended.
"That's all MANannLs and others tranF--
and It's little enough to asks'
(From the Will Street Journal of January
i8, 1956)
A Cnxcx ON T1IZ WArrxr
Recently President Eisenhower announced
the appointment of a committee of eight
April 9
citizens to serve as watchdog over the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency. Their duties will
be to review periodically the workings or
the supersecret CIA and report their sug-
gestions and give their advice to the Chief
Executive. So for so good.
But there to a serious question whether
the authority of the committee goes far
enough. The CIA is clothed In such secrecy
that even the Congress cannot ask about
Its inner actlvitles. By law it can withhold
even such obviously unimportant informa-
tion as the salaries of Its top officials. Its
adventures are known only to a few people.
The gentlemen serving on Mr. Eisenhower's
committee will have neither power nor con-
trol over CIA. And there I. a question how
much they will be permitted to learn under
the Agency's broad charter.
There Is the further question whether this
committee will be able to make public any-
thing they may learn about CIA doing the
wrong things or not doing enough of the
right things. The reports an to go to the
executive department and no executive de-
partment under whatever sdnNnletration
likes to aee errors or shortcomings publicly
revealed. In the case of CIA. an Executive
order could clothe In secrecy whatever the
watchdog committee thought should be re-
vealed even from the Congress on the ground
that revelation might Injure the country.
It has been said that the appointment of
the committee follows the suggestion of the
Hoover Commission. The fact Is that It does
not. The Hoover Commission suggested a
bipartisan eommittoe Including Members of
both Houses Of Congress empowered by law
to ask and get whatever information it
thought necessary to aid, guide, or restrain
CIA.
Though nearly everything CIA does Is se-
cret, there L no secret about one thing.
CIA is run by men, and though the men who
run It may be more Intelligent than other
men they still may make mistakes as do all
other man. Sllght errors in intelligence as-
sessment may not, individually, amount to
a very great deal: collectively, they could
have the most serious consequences. To set
a national policy on a wrong course because
of compounded errors could be more danger.
ous than no Intelligence agency at all,
We hope no one will read Into these re.
marks a suggestion that CIA run off carbon
copies for all who ask about Its activities;
that would be as silly as It would be unwise
to lean CIA answerable only to itself.
Neither do we suggest that CIA Is not
doing Its Job properly; we could not so sug-
gest, for even the Conger does not. know
whether It Is or not. And that is precisely
our point.
Surely the Congress, with Its power to de-
clare war, has a responsibility to watch
carefully over an agency It created to stand
watch In that ahadowland between pespe and
war.
[From the New Tort Times of Janusl7 l8
15041
WATeimos or leans CIA-As, 11vaLvATiose or
'eau P'-.- rs ACrsoer iw Na>mre Roam
To Rsvesw INTa LUmm u
(Ry Bataan W. Baldwin)
The Presidents fppolntznent.last week of
an eight-man board to review periodically the
Nation's Intelrigenoe activities fa a step in
the right direction. But unfortunately it
does not to far enoyghh,
The estabtlrhasent of the e)ttans oommis-
sion was approved by Arian W. Dukes,, Dhreo?
for a the Central Intelligence Agency. The
action will be iataRpreted on one hand as an
attantpt to bead doff the sstabllshment of a
congressional watchdog committee on the
Inte ligeesee Agency. On the other hand is
lends tacit support to frequent and repeated
criticisms of our Intelligence services, par-
ticularly of the CIA.
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1956 CONGRESSIONAI. RECORD - SENATE
The recent Hoover Commission report on
intelligence activities recommended the es-
tablishment of a permanent bipartisan com-
mission on intelligence. But It suggested a
different form from that announced last
week.
The Hoover Commission urged the inclu-
sion of -Members of both Houses of the Con-
gress and other public-spirited citizen
empowered by law to demand and receive any
information It needed for Its own use."
The President's board has no congressional
members. Although It has executive author-
ity for support It does not have the legal
authority that congressional enactment
could give. In other words, It is not powerful
enough or broad enough. Nor will It have
sufficient continuity.
CIA UNDER! CtrYIClafa
Nevertheless the reputation, experience,
and character of the eight appointees, who
include Robert A. Lovett, former Secretary of
Defense, give promise that the board will, in
fact, as the President suggested. "make a real
contribution to the task of Government." It
Is well fitted to take a fresh outside look at
Intelligence, even though It has no authority
and will be able merely to suggest and advise
rather than to control and supervise.
But then have been so many Intelligence
failures, so much friction, and such sharp
criticism, particularly of the CIA, that the
appointment of the citizens board should not
preclude the establishment of a continuing
and permanent congressional watchdog
committee.
Such a committee could act, In the same
manner as the Joint Congressional Atomic
Energy Committee, as purse watcher, super-
visor, guardian, sponsor, and defender of the
CIA. It could give a constant and more thor-
ough supervision to our Intelligence activities
than could any periodic check.
The two committees, working together.
would be mutually supporting. They should
insure as far as human checks and balances
can do, a proper support for, and control of.
our powerful intelligence organizations.
This the citizen committee alone cannot do.
The need for such support and control
should be obvious. As the President said.
"prompt and accurate Intelligence is esen-
tial to the policymaking branches of Govern-
ment." But It Is more than that. It could
mean national W. or death In the atomic
age.
On the other hand, uncontrolled secret
Intelligence agencies are in a position to
dominate policymaking, and hence govern-
ment. Their very secrecy gives them power;
there are few to accept or reject their find-
Ings. Their facts do not pass through the
slave of congressional debate or public In-
quiry. Few, even In the executive branch,
know what they do.
The CIA, for instance, by the very breadth
of its charter, Is beyond the normal checks
and balances of the law. An overpowerful
secret intelligence agency is dangerous, not
alone to the formulation of sound policy, but
to the viability of democratic Institutions.
moose Is SPOTTY
The Intelligence record of the Nation and
of the Central Intelligence Agency in par-
ticular is spotty. There have been notable
successes but also notable failures. The
Hoover Commission's public critique was po-
litely critical of some of our shortcomings.
The secret report of the same Hoover Com-
mission task force on Intelligence Is far more
critical.
Lt. Gen. James H Doolittle, a member of
the President's new board, investigated CIA
and other Intelligence activities in Germany
a year ago and found much overlapping and
Ineffectiveness.
Late this summer. Mai. Gen. Arthur Cl.
Trudeau, Assistant Chief of Staff of the Army
for Intelligence, was relieved after Mr. Dulles
had sent a long and detailed bill of com-
plaints against General Trudesu to the
Pentagon.
A great many other incidents also sug-
gest that all In not well with our intelli-
gence establishment.
It can only profit from the new commit-
tee. But It could profit more from a per-
manent congressional watchdog committee.
If war is too Important to be left to the
generals, it should be clear that intelligence
Is too Important to be left unsupervised.
CrrmzNs Commrrres roa rwi
Hooves Rzrowr,
Washington, D. C., March 5, 1954.
Hon. Irxz MA N Sorkin'
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D. C.
Dzaa ttrNAros: Ihuing a recent conference
In Helena, Mont., the Citizens Committee for
the Hoover Report passed a resolution sup-
porting your Senate Concurrent Resolution 2
which implements rooommendation No. in
of the Hoover Commission Report on In-
telligence Activities in the Federal Govern-
ment.
The attached editorial which appeared in
the February 28 issue of the Ban Francisco
Examiner also supports your resolution. We
would appreciate very much if you would
havethe Citizens.. Committee resolution and
this editorial Inserted In the CozoarrsLONAL
RzCOaD.
Very truly yours.
HAZVnY HANCOCK,
Regional Director.
CTnrwNs Commrrrrx roc rag
Hooves Rrroa?,
Washington, D. C., March 13, 1959.
The Honorable Llnrz J. MANSFrirLD,
United States Senate Office Building,
Washington, D. C.
DtAS SENATOS MANSTIKLD: I am gratified
to learn that you are anxious to have the
views of the ClUzens Committee on the
Hoover Report concerning Senate Concur-
rent Resolution 2, that you have introduced
In the Senate.
This Concurrent Resolution would create
a Joint Congressional Committee on Cen-
tral Intelligence to "make continuing studies
of the Central Intelligence Agency and of
problems relating to the gathering of in-
telligence affecting the national security and
its coordination and utilization by the
various departments, agencies, and Instru-
mentalities of the Government." The Com-
mittee would be composed of six Members
from each House of Congress.
The Conmission on Organization of the
Executive Branch of the Government recom-
mended in its report on Intelligence Activi-
ties:
That the Co- greas consider creating a
Joint Congressional Committee on Foreign
Intelligence, similar to the Joint Committee
on Atomic Energy."
This recommendation was based on a de-
tailed study of our Intelligence activities that
was made for the Commission by a group
of eminent citizens. This group pointed out
concerning the Central Intelligence Agency
that:
"The act" (creating It) "exempts the
Agency from compliance with any provision
of law limiting transfers of appropriations;
any requirements for publication or dis-
closure of the organization, functions,
names. ottlclal titiea, salaries, or numbers of
personnel employed by the Agency; and any
regulations relating to the expenditure of
Government funds.
"The task force fully realizes that the
Central Intelligence Agency, as a major
fountain of intelligence for the Nation, must
of necessity operate In an atmosphere of
secrecy and with an unusual amount of free-
dom and Independence. Obviously, It can-
not achieve its full purpne,c if subjected to
open scrutiny and the extensive chocks and
balances which apply to the average go%eru-
mental agency.
"Because of Its peculiar position, the CIA
has been freed by the Congress from outaldo
surveillance of Its operations and Its fi -ni
accounts. There Is always a danger that
such freedom from restraints could Inspire
laxity and abuse, which might prove costly
to the American people."
Thus, this group of able citizens found
that there was no effective control over In-
telligence agencies. On principle, such a
situation Is undesirable, but In addition the
task fosse found that there were defects In
the organization and function of our Intelll.
gence agencies. Thus it concluded that.
"The task force in deeply concerned over
the lack of adequate Intelligence from be-
hind the Iron Curtain. Proper directional
emphasis, aggressive leadership, boldness and
persistance an essential to achieve desired
results."
'The task force feels that certain admin-
istrative flaws have developed in the CIA,
which must be corrected to give proper em-
phasis and direction to Its basic reeponai-
bllitles."
These conclusions of the task force were
endorsed by the Commission.
It Is significant that the first Commision
on Organization of the Executive Branch
of the Government in 1949 In Its report on
the National Security Organization recom-
mended (Recommendation 4c) :
'That vigorous steps be taken to Improve
the Central Intelligence Agency and its
work."
The Commission on Organization of the
Executive Branch of the Government in its
1955 report on Intelligence Activities was
anxious that Congress have adequate Infor-
matlon concerning the operation of our
foreign intelligence activities while still pre-
serving the secrecy required for national
security.
I am pleased to inform you that the Citl-
aens Committee on the Hoover Report be-
Iteves that House Concurrent Resolution 2,
would If enacted Implement fully the recom-.
mendatlons of the Commission that there be
created a Joint Congressional Committee on
Foreign Intelligence.
Tours sincerely,
CX AarNC7 FSANCra,
ORDER FOR RECESS TO WEDNESDAY
AT 11 O'CLOCK A. M.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I ask unanimous consent that when
the Senate concludes its business today,
it stand in recess until Wednesday,
objection, it is so ordered.
TEE ON CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the resolution (S. Con, Res. 2) to estab-
lish a Joint Committee on Central in-
telligence.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, I
rise to speak very briefly on the subject
matter of Senate Concurrent Resolution
2. When the Senate discusses the subject
again on Wednesday. I hope to make fur-
ther remarks In more detail concerning
It. I may add that I respect the sincerity
of the Senator from Montana in submit-
ting the concurrent resolution. He has
discussed the matter a number of times,
and I know he believes in the objective of
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the resolution and the creation of such a
joint committee as is provided for. Per-
sonally, I do not think the administration
of the Central Intelligence Agency would
be Improved by the creation of another
joint congressional committee.
Mr. President, all of us want security
for our country, and all of us want our
country to have the best possible de-
fenses. All of us want the best and most
accurate intelligence reports to be ob-
tained. All of us want to protect the
lives of those who are engaged in this
work. All of us want to protect our
sources of information. There Is no dif-
ference between us in regard to these
matters. The difference comes in regard
to the methods to be employed
First, let me any that the Federal Bu-
reau of Investigation-an agency whose
work and whose leader all of us respect--
provides us with sources of information
within the United States. There Is no
criticism of the FBI of which I know;
there Is no effort to set up a joint com-
mittee to supervise it.
Second, our intelligence sources, which
provide us with Information from out-
side the United States are threefold: One
is the State Department, which has Its
ambassadors and consuls and their
staffs. Next, there are the armed serv-
ices, which have their official aides in
our embassies. Finally, there is the CIA.
In broad outline, that Agency does for
us outside the United States the work the
FBI does inside the United States.
Let me say that there is complete co-
ordination and almost daily interchange
between these two agencies concerning
information and intelligence. Naturally,
the methods of the CIA are different from
those of the FBL The methods of oper-
ation of the CIA vary in the several coun-
tries where It operates; but Its aim is
to provide the United States with infor-
mation which will help us to be more
secure, and to carry out within Its juris-
diction the orders which may be given
it by the highest executive agency which
protects us, namely, the National Se-
curity Council.
Some of the wort of the CIA may be
done In the open. But most of Its work
is absolutely under cover. If it were not
under cover, the CIA would not function,
for the simple reason that Its sources
of information would dry up very
Quickly; in many places Its agents would
be quickly liquidated or forcibly evacu-
ated. So one point is crystal clear: There
is no secrecy for secrecy's sake. There
Is secrecy because by means of secrecy,
results can be obtained. Without se-
crecy, nothing would be accomplished,
and the lives of many brave men would
be sacrificed. In broad outline, that Is
the situation which confronts us today.
As the majority report points out, be-
fore World War U we had no service
of this character. Instead, we relied
upon our friends In other nations, or
upon our guesses, or upon whatever In-
formation the State Department or the
armed services could pick up. But we
soon found that was not enough for the
strongest free nation to have, In order
to function. So President Roosevelt
asked Colonel Donovan to organize the
OS8, It functioned under his leadership
during the war years. Later, its work
was continued by two agencies created
by Executive order, until the National
Security Act in 1947 created the Central
Intelligency Agency, as we know it today.
The amendments to the National Se-
curity Act of 1947 which were passed in
1949 set up Its procedures.
The CIA is essentially an executive
agency under the direction of the Na-
tional Security Council, which Is the
highest policymaking body for our se-
curity. The functions of the CIA are
threefold. in broad general outline: First,
Intelligence, both covert and overt; sec-
ond, activities ordered by the National
Security Council; third, the coordination
of intelligence. It coordinates that In-
telligence in Washington and reports it
to the National Security Council. The
CIA is not, I repeat, a policymaking body.
As has been pointed out, at the present
time the CIA is supervised by subcom-
mittees of the congressional Armed
Services Committees, under whose juris-
diction the CIA comes, and by subcom-
mittees of the Appropriations Commit-
tees of the Congress. If the work of the
Members of Congress who serve on those
subcommittees is not well done, the
members of those subcommittees should
be blamed. Let that be done, instead of
creating a new agency to duplicate or
take over the work which now is being
done by 2 regular, legalized committees
of the Senate and 2 regular, legalized
committees of the House of Representa-
tives.
As the Senator from Montana [Mr.
MANSYILLD 1 has said, several commis-
sions have studied the work of the CIA
and have submitted reports thereon.
That was done by the Hoover Commis-
sion, and also by the so-called Clark
Commission, headed by General Mark
Clark, which I believe served under the
Hoover Commission. Its report was
made to the President. 'A portion of It
was made public: and a part of it was
not made public, for the sake of security.
The Senator from Montana has re-
ferred to the establishment of the Joint
Committee on Atomic Energy as a
precedent for the establishment of a
new congressional Joint committee on
the CIA. Let me point out that there is
an essential difference l"tween the work
of the Atomic Energy Commission and
the work of the CIA. The Atomic En-
ergy Commission Is a, manufacturing
commission. It Is the first agency of
the Government, I believe, which ac-
tually is in the manufacturing business.
It has continual activities which are sub-
ject to congressional consideration, In
connection with proposals for legislative
changes. The work of the Atomic En-
ergy Commission is constantly chang-
Ing. The Commission makes annual
reports.
On the other hand, the CIA has made
very few requests for legislation. As I
have stated, it Is an executive agency,
similar to the Federal Bureau of Inves-
tigation or similar to the Department of
Agriculture or the Department of the
Interior or other executive departments.
The CIA does not often have changes
made by m 'tns of legislation in its
fundamental structure.
So the work of Congress in supervising
the CIA from a legislative point of view
Is essentially that of seeing that its
funds are properly spent and that its
activities are properly carried out in the
way intended by Congress, As I have
said, such supervision Is now being con-
ducted by a subcommittee of the Senate
Armed Services Committee and a sub-
committee of the Senate Appropriations
Committee, and is similarly conducted
in the House of Representatives.
The Senator from Montana has re-
ferred to the functioning of the staff
of the proposed joint committee. I do
not see how such a staff could possibly
conduct investigations of its own. I do
not see how the members of such a staff
would be able to investigate to any great
degree the work of the CIA, for the sim-
ple reason that the necessary papers and
the personnel with whom it would be
essential to have discussions are within
the National Security Council. There-
fore, unless the matter under inquiry
could be discussed openly, the staff
members would not be able to obtain any
Information other than that which the
Members of Congress now are able to ob-
tain if they themselves request it.
In other words, the work of the CIA Is
essentially the work it does under the
orders of the President and the National
Security Council; and, as such, It must
do that work. As I have said, I do not
see how the stiff members of the pro-
posed joint committee could investigate
the work of the CIA or could steer. It into
new and useful lines of endeavor.
Very briefly, those are the reasons why
I oppose the establishment of a new com-
mittee. I happen to be a member of
both subcommittees to which reference
has been made. If the members of the
subcommittees are not now doing their
work properly, let them take the blame,
and let new members be placed on those
subcommittees.
On the Subcommittee of the Armed
Services Committee at present are the
distinguished Senator from Georgia
[Mr. RusasLLI, the Senator from Vir-
ginia (Mr. Bxaal, the Senator from New
Hampshire [Mr. Baxcceal, and the dis-
tinguished majority leader, the Senator
from Texas [Mr. Joaxsortl, and myself.
The members of the Subcommittee of
the Committee on Appropriations, of
which subcommittee I was formerly
chairman, are the Senator from Arizona
[Mr. HArnsxl, the Senator from New
Mexico (Mr. Csuvsl, the Senator from
Georgia (Mr. Rvs5ZLL), and, on the Re-
publican side, the Senator from New
Hampshire [Mr. Bamo ] and myself.
We have gone into the subject to the
degree we believe necessary to deter-
mine that the CIA is functioning prop-
erly. If we do nob do our work, we
should be the ones to be criticized, and
we should be given suggestions as to what
policies should be carried out.
For those reasons, briefly, r am op-
posed to the concurrent resolution. This
Is not a subject that can be discussed at
length, because It is surrounded with se-
curity problems. I am opposed to the
concurrent resolution which the Senator
from Montana has submitted, although,
as I say, I know that he is sincere, and
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5305
1 hope he accords me the same credit chusetts make it imperative that they be Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, Senator y in opposing his resolution. answered before the Senate adjourns will Iield?
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will today.
the Senator yield? I think the Senator from Massachu- Mr. SALTONSTALL. Let me say to
M r. SALTONSTALL. I yield. setts knows that I hold him in exception- the Senator from Oregon that I respect
Mr. MANSFIELD. The distinguished ally high regard. However. I have dif- his sincerity in the position he takes.
senior Senator from Massachusetts has fered with him many times with regard Mr. MORSE. I thank the Senator.
it very high credit rating with me, I as- to the administration of both military Mr. SALTONSTALL. As I see it the
sure him and foreign policies. In my judgment, checks on the FBI, through the chairmen
Mr. SALTONSTALL. I appreciate our difference is very basic. As I see it, of committees, or through the ranking
that statement. our difference is that I believe in putting members of oommitteeS, are the same
Mr. MANSFIELD. I am delighted at to full and complete use our system of checks that we exercise with respect to
the high level upon which the Senator checks and balances. I have interpreted the CIA. many of the, has kept the discussion of the concurrent ator from Massachusetts, as of the Sen- An I say. the Information which we
interpret obtain as members of the subcommittee
resoluton.
Did I I correctly understand the Sena- his position today, as indicating what I is available, so far as It can be made "-
tor to say that the National Security consider to be an undue and unsound able consistent with security purposes, to
Council is the chief policy-determining willingness to delegate to the executive Members of the Senate in open debate
body of the Nation? branch of Government control which or in executive session. So I think the
procedure is the same in that regard.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. For defense should always be vested In the people of Pf' ORSE. ~~ ar,e ~~ ~bdt-
purposes. That is my understanding. the country through their elected repro- tale I could make to the an a ut-
I shall be glad to be corrected if I am sentatlves in the Congress. So I rise now Senator fMassachusetts.
mistaken. The President. as the head to answer what I consider to be a com- Sator from
Consider, for example, reports from
of the executive department, conducts plete fallacy of argument by false anal- f on Appropriations. from
foreign policy through the State Depart- ogy used by the Senator from Massa- the Pars Committee
FM with the CIA m-
ment. He conducts security policies chusetts.
through the Defense Department: and The Senator from Massachusetts com- Ports, as they relate to the Committee on
the CIA is an administrative agency pares the CIA with the FBI. and says Appropriations.
which funnels to the National Security that the procedure followed in regard to The FBI makes full public disclosure
Council the information which the State the FBI corresponds to the procedure to the American people with regard to
Department, the Defense Department. followed in respect to the CIA. I deny it. the amounts appropriated' and the uses
and the CIA obtain In various parts of I deny It because of the many checks to which they are put. That is not true
the world. The information comes to which we exercise with respect to the with respect to the CIA. As a member
the National Security Council, where it FBI as a branch of the Department of of the Committee on Appropriations. the
can be used as a basis for the determina- Justice and do not exercise in respect to Senator from Massachusetts may know
tion of the policies best fitted to promote CIA. We are constantly checking the something with respect to the CIA which
our security. That is my understanding. FBI. We check it with full disclosure in I, as a member of the Foreign Relations
Mr. MANSFIELD. I now understand connection with appropriations. We Committee, do not know, and which the
American people do not know. That is
a little more clearly the question raised check It with full disclosure in regard to what I am protesting agagainst. I we
by the Senator from Massachusetts. the salaries paid by the FBI. We have what about any Member the II see
The Senator says that If there Is any neither such check on the CIA. Mates Sbott any M should entitle him which
fault, the members of the subcommittees We check the eWBcheck tit in respect respect Ito to any Information which Is denied to
are the e ones who should be replaced. I jurisdiction. the entire membership of the Senate as
assure the Senator that In my opinion the authority we give It, and we cheek representatives of the Americas people.
the members of the various subcommit- it--although not to the degree .1 think we We are dwith American
e spy America'
tees are not the ones at fault. The con- should-even in respect to the type of We when dealing i are dealing wits the
current resolution specifically provides files it maintains and the evidence it col- CIA; and when we are ing wit with dealin
that the membership of the new oom- lects and the use to which it puts its files. IA; a America's wen we had n take
mittee shall be composed of Senators and We exercise some check on it even in re- c~ t s spy do nm with a better take
Representatives who at present are spect to so-called secret information. state We not, deal
not have to oght system do
members of the CIA subcommittees In For some years past, in almost every communism with a police state system.
both the House and Senate. session of Congress, we have gotten into We did not have to fight Naziism with a .
Mr. SALTONSTALL. I understand. a little difficulty with the FBI over the police state. We had better keep
Mr. MANSFIELD. I have nothing but question whether or not the Congress. as on free ground. We had better keep m_
the highest regard and esteem for all the legislative body of the people of the tact the system of checks provided by
the Members who comprise the sub- United States, shall have access to the our form o! government
committees, both Republicans and information we think we are entitled to, I wish to say to the Senator from
Democrats. All I am saying is that this when we consider there is a possibility of Massachusetts that when he oounte-
activity should not be conducted on a a wrong being done by the FBI. What dances and gives import to the kind of
dli
ng
subcommittee basis, but that a joint happens then? I think the record IS re-. procedure which exists in the han
with regular standing, should plete with instances of at least exercising of CIA--and I say this most respect-
committee
,
be appointed. It should have a small a check upon the FBI to the extent that fully--he is supporting a form of Amer.
for the Congress. and the security and the chairmen of the committees con- voice be raised in defense of it. It believe
welfare of the CIA could be further in- cerned, and with the majority and mi- the manner in which the American spy
sured. nority representatives of such commit- system functions ought to be known by
From the remarks of the Senator, and tees and make available the material In all the members of the Armed Services
ossession in connection with some Committee and by all the members of
ersonal conversations. I their
r
f
p
p
rom ou
know that he understands my position alleged injustice. in such cases Congress the Foreign Relations Committee. We
f
rom
on this question. I assure him that I has called for the FBI files so that they do not know It today. The Senator
understand his position. and have noth- can be examined in order that we may Massachusetts stands on the floor of the
rmine whether or not we should im- Senate today and makes an argument in
hest regard for him. d
t the hi
b
t
g
e
u
e
ing
Mr. SALTONSTALL. The sentiment pose further checks on the FBI. support of an exclusive system under
is mutual. I thank the Senator. Thus in the operation of the so-called which certain favorite ones are picked
chftks nformation.
Mr. President, I yield the floor. FBI internal police system It is simply out and given certain secret i
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I had not not true that we fall to exercise checks That is not a system
Intended to discuss Senate Concurrent upon it, as has been contended by the ances, I say most respectfully to the
Resolution 2 today. However. I believe Senator from Massachusetts this after- Senator from Massachusetts; it Is gov-
the remarks of the Senator from Massa- noon. by selection.
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April 9
Mr. SALTONSTALL: Mr. President, sign policy. I am worried about Amer- asked me. I believe also that he has not
will the Senator yield? lea's foreign policy. asked for such information of the Joint
Mr. MORSE. I yield. If the Senator from Massachusetts Committee on Atomic Energy, Mr. SALTONSTALI. As the Senator wishes to know why I believe the Secre- larly information which that committee
well knows, I would never support any tary of State stumbles so much, It Is be- may have obtained in its investigations.
kind of police state system. ? That is fur- cause we do not have sufficient check Mr. MORSE. I should like to make
thest from my mind. I am trying to sup- on him in re and t
o
port a system which is making an effort lows, which we discover only t o lateoAs
to obtain for us the necessary informa- a result of his stumbling.
tion on which to base our security pol- I believe the pending concurrent reso_
ivies. In doing that we are trying to pro- lution to be of great importance because
tect the lives of men who are endeavor- . it would give to the American people.
ing to get the information for us. Those through their representatives in the Con-
are brave men. gress a check on the activities of e
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, the Sen- CIA, for the resolution would s
from Massachusetts would not sup- fish a Joint committee which would have
port a system with the label "police state" as its primary and sole duty checking on
pinned on It. I say to him again most the functions of the CIA.
respectfully that when he defends the r cast no reflection on the Senator
present CIA system, he defends a spy aye- from Massachusetts and on the other
tern that Is based upon a police state members of the subcommittee. How-
procedure. I say that because when such ever, I wish to say that his membership
procedures keep away from elected off- on the subcommittee is not the major job
vials of a free people and from the peo-
of th
pie themselves facts which are impor-
tant to them, then they constitute, in
my Judgment, a police state procedure.
I shall never support it.
I believe it is very Important that we
maintain a legislative check on the spy
system our Government maintains
around the world. I say that because
if that spy system miscarries, if It is not
based upon sound procedures, it can get
us into a great deal of trouble.
I wish to say something about the
argument the Senator is making, from
the standpoint of security. During my
11 years in the Senate, whenever we try
to discuss this subject, some Senator
rises, as the Senator from Massachusetts
has done, and argues that we have to
do a certain thing in the interest of
security. I say that is an unsound argu-
ment. .1 feel that America Is most se-
e Senator from Massachusetts. As
a member of the Committee on Foreign
Relations I do not have any information
which has ever been given to me by the
Senator's subcommittee with respect to
the so-called checks the Senator has
made on the CIA. The Senator says
that if we had asked him for informa-
tion he would have always been willing
to give it to the Committee on Foreign
Relations.
I happen to believe-and I say this
most respectfully-that, if the Senator
claims the subcommittee has been check-
ing on the CIA, then the Senator should
have been making reports right along,
periodically, to the Committee on For-
eign Relations. His subcommittee
should have been submitting such re-
ports. It should have been submitting
such reports to the Committee on Armed
Services And to the Committee on Appro-
the Senator has commented on. First, I
should like to say that there is a great
difference in the thinking of the Sena-
tor from Massachusetts and myself.
How do I know what information r ought
to have in regard to CIA that Is in the
mind of the Senator from Massachusetts
and the other members of his subcom-
mittee if be does not volunteer it?
If he has been conducting, as a sub-
committee of the Senate. an investiga-
tion or a study of the CIA, and acquires
information which has a bearing upon
American foreign policy, I believe it to
be his duty to inform the Committee on
Foreign Relations, and not to wait for
us to pitch in the dark and say, at a
meeting of the Committee on Foreign
Relations. "I wonder whether the sub-
committee has something in which we
might be interested." I believe, in carry-
ing out my duty as a member of the
Committee on Foreign Relations, I am
entitled to that Information.
I go back to the Saudi Arabian matter
which I discussed earlier today. As a
member of the Committee on Foreign
Relations, I have been greatly concerned
about what is going on in the Middle
East. I believe we ought to have some
Information on It from the CIA. We
ought to have some information as to
what is going on in Saudi Arabia and in
the other countries In the Middle East,
The for in Senate Concurrent lution 2 will make that kind of in-
formation available to us. The joint
AL 11ave duty of
sure made to the elected representatives mentioned, the Armed Services, th
e Ap- the CIA to ssuutoppl it the clear Lion to such of the people of the facts about our Propriations, and the Foreign Relations us. The Senator's suubcco>~t ee has no
foreign policy. Committees, ought to be kept apprised such mandate from the Senate I want
We cannot escape the fact that CIA of the subcommittee's findin
d
gs an
with a committee etblihdh
sase tat will have
has a great deal to do with forming respect to the information the subcom- that kind of mandate. I want to have
the foreign policy of the United states. mittee has gathered in regard to its so- established a committee which will have
As It makes its report to th
secret
Can..A St
ds
ary
u
- of I
e
M
t
.
s report to the
r. BALTOrre~~A1.L. Mr. President,
National Security Council
and as it will the Senator from O
,
regon yield?
makes its report indirectly to the press- Then I Shall not interrupt him any fur-
dent of the llnited States, it is bound to the!.
influence foreign policies, Mr. MORSE. I am glad to yield to the
That is why the senator from Massa- Senator from Massachusetts,
chusetta has heard me say so many Mr. SALTONSTALL. I have never
times-and I repeat it because it is a personally-and r make this a personal
truth that must be drummed into the matter because I do not wish to speak
thinking of the American people-that for anyone else--asked the Joint Com-
our rights as free people are no better mittee on Atomic Energy for any knowl-
than our procedural rights, edge It may have obtained, either in pri-
vate had better always look at the pro- vate or open hearings, because I have at-
eedure we are defending. Let us forget ways considered that those matters were
labels for a minute. Let us forget all of primary concern to that Joint commit.
the talk about security. Let us, instead, tee. and that they were handling the
ask what the procedure is that we coun- matter very well so far as I knew, and
tenance. therefore I did not wish to have that kind
I say to the Senator from Measachu- of information given to me if it was not
necessary
e
setts that under the procedure he coun- In the for spirit, thave pit.
tenances in regard to the CIA. there CIA. same 3 ss qea operate with the
are being kept from the American We discuss questions with tham,
pie and their representatives in Con- me about certain inforrmation,, I might
gress facts which in my judgment they be able to tell him, and tell him reason-
ouEht to know. They are facts which ably accurately. I have not done so in
go into the formation of American for- the past, because the Senator has not
Le repon to the
committees of the Senate the kind of in-
I close by saying that what is repre
sented in the debate today Is a serio
us
difference of opinion In the administra-
tion of our Government. Certainly a
very dangerous trend has been develop-
ing in Government during the past
uar
q
-
_
ter of a century. It is the trend toward
Government by secrecy on the part of the
executive branch of the Government. I
want to know whether that trend is t
o
continue, and whether, as the Senator
from Massachusetts argues this After-
noon, in the interest of security there is a
body of Information which ought to be
kept secret from the elected representa-
tives of the people.
dew the promise. I say that jnel..
constitutional system of checks nd
balances we must watch out for that
kind of argument, because in my jud
g-
ment such an argument Indicates that
dan
e
h
g
rous s
oals lie ahedhl
a. soas which
can easily wreck our whole ship of free-
dom which has been built up under our
great Constitution.
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r As this debate
proceeds on Wednes-
day. I think we will have the right to
get the answers from the subcommitee
to which the Senator from Massachu-
setts has referred, In regard to some of
their findings. If they, do not want
to give them to us in open session, I
think we have the right to get them In
executive session, because, Mr. Press-
dent, when we are dealing with the CIA,
we are dealing with America's spy sys-
tem; and the American people have a
right to know what kind of spying we
are doing and what kind of policy we
have. A spy system, unless it is very
rightly handled, can be a major cause
of war.
the floor, and i shall defer the-sugges-
tion of a quorum call, because I under-
stand he wishes t) addrem the Senate,
Mr. NEUBEROE#t. Mr. Pre,idcnt--
The PRESIDING OF17CER.. The
Junior Senator from Oregon.
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Mr. LANG subsequently said:
Mr. President, just before the Senator
from Montana began to discuss the mat-
ter of the CIA, he mentioned the fact
that Secretary of the Interior McKay
had written a letter involving care of
Indians. I did not quite clearly under-
stand the attitude of the Secretary of
the Interior. Will the Senator tell me
exactly what It is?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I may say to my
distinguished friend from North Dakota
that I made a few remarks before rpeak-
Ing on Senate Concurrent Resolutim 2,
relative to the position in which the In-
dians on Hill 67 in Great Palls, Mont.,
were placed, and I quoted a letter from
Secretary McKay which seemed to indi-
cate that, so far as Indians off the res-
ervation were concerned, there was not
a great deal the Federal Government
could do or that It intended to do for
them.
As the Senator from North Dakota
well knows, because he has been a true
fiend of the American Indian during
his many years of service in the Con-
gress, we think the Indians off the reser-
vation are entitled at least to relief and
succor when they are in need and when
they are living in the deplorable circum-
stances under which they do live, not
only in Montana, but in the State of
North Dakota and elsewhere.
Mr. LANGER. I may say that the
Secretary of the Interior is woefully ig-
norant of the real situation of the In-
dians, when he writes that kind of letter.
Before the Senator began his remarks
on the CIA, he mentioned the Turtle
Mountain Reservation, for example,
where five or six thousand Indians live
on the land In two townships. The In-
dian Commissioner is saying that they
should get jobs, so some of them have
been working on the Garrison Darn. If
the Indians stay on the reservation and
become ill or if their families became
destitute, it is the job of the Indian Corn-
missioner to see that hospital facilities
are provided and that the families are
taken care of. But the moment an In-
dian goes 20, 30, or 40 miles away from
home tc, get work, because there is no
work on the Turtle Mountain Reserva-
tion, and he then becomes ill, It is ap-
parently tic position of Mr. McKay that
the Indian should go to a private hos-
pital and that the Government should
not have to pay for his care.
correct.
TL
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 A P RIII S56
Approved For Release 2002/01/24: CIA-RDP84-00161R000
ESTABLISHMENT OP A JOINT COM-
MITI EE ON CENTRAL INTELLI-
GFNCE
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the concurrent resolution tS. Con.
Res. 2) to establish a Joint Committee on
Central Intelligence.
Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I
yield 2 minutes to the junior Senator
from South Dakota.
Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. Pres-
ident. I am one of the cosponsors of Sen-
ate Concurrent Resolution 2, but I now
expect to vote against It. Hence I desire
to state briefly the reasons for the vote I
shall cast.
I offered my name as a cosponsor of
the concurrent resolution in the belief
that the Central Intelligence Agency
needed closer supervision; that It needed
to have a sharper sense of responsibility
In the spending of money illustrated, for
example, by the exorbitant figure they
asked for the construction of their new
building, and because of other evidence
of an Indifference to the dollar sign.
I thought it might be desirable also to
have joint meetings of the subcommit-
tees of the Senate and House Committees
on Armed Services and the subcommit-
tees of the Committees on Appropria-
tions which deal with the Central Intelli-
gence Agency. I think it might be de-
sirable to have such meetings in any
event, whether the concurrent resolution
shall be agreed to or not.
I think it might be desirable also-and
I hope that will be the result of this dis-
cussion-for the subcommittees which
deal with the Central Intelligence Agency
to exert a greater sense of responsibility
and closer supervision with respect to
some of the activities of that agency.
I have concluded to vote against the
concurrent resolution because in the
broad authority to create a large staff,
and in the provision for the borrowing
of consultants, experts, technicians. and
clerical and stenographic assistance
from various agencies of the Govern-
ment, I think I sense possibilities that
some very highly classified information
might become too widely diffused.
In that connection, I am reminded of
the story-
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
time of the Senator from South Dakota
has expired.
Mr. CASE of South Dakota. May I
have 1 more minute?
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I yield 1
more minute to the Senator from South
Dakota.
Mr. CASE of Soilth Dakota. I am~ re-
minded of the story once told by CHAR-
LIE IIALLECK. it Member of the House of
Representatives. Mr. IIALLECK told of
the man who said, -I never have any
trouble in keeping a secret. The trouble
is that the folks to whom I tell It will
not keep thc,r mouths shut."
In this instance, the trouble might be
that If we start to borrow clerks and as-
sistants from arenr.ies of the Govern-
ment to create theo kind of staff which
would be represented by $250.000, we
might be having secrets told to too many
people.
I believe, therefore, that the responsi-
bility should rest where it now does,
namely, with the Committees on Armed
Services and the COniinittees on Appro-
priations. But I sincerely hope that as
a result of the presentation of the con-
current resolution and the discussion In
connection therewith, those committees
will exert a clo=er scrutiny upon the ac-
tivities of the Central Intelligence
TL
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 :ssT;,x;tL }'ECORD APR 1 1 1956 ATINTL
Approved(For,Bgw-Z%W.0UPtoCt1g-RD, 61 RO - 5 111
ti 32e9 An act to provide transportation
C:u?din^ v."'t^ela between port. to south-
I -', n. Alaska. and between Hydsr, Alanka,
id other polr''-8 l^ aQuthea$tern Alaska or
the cont!nental United States, either di-
rectly or via a foreign port, or for any part
ut 'fie transportation.
ESTAIItiISHMENT OF JOINT COM-
MISTEE ON CENTRAL INTELLI-
C3ENCE.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
I3LBLE in the chair). Is there further
morning business? If not, morning
business is closed.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I ask unanimous consent that the
order for the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
The Chair lays before the Senate the
unfinished business.
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the concurrent resolution (S. Con.
Res. 2) to establish a Joint Committee on
Central Intelligence.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, a parliamentary Inquiry.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator from Texas will state it.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. As I under-
stand, there are several committee
amendments. Under the unanimous
consent agreement, debate on any
amendment is limited to 1 hour; and the
time on each committee amendment is
to be controlled by the chairman of the
Committee on Rules and Administration,
the distinguished Senator from Rhode
Island [Mr. GauwJ, and by the majority
leader or the minority leader. Is that
correct?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator's statement is correct. There
are about a half dozen committee
amendments to the concurrent resolu-
tion.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will
the majority leader yield?
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I yield.
Mr. MANSFIELD. As I understand,
debate on the resolution Itself is limited
to 2 hours.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. There are
several committee amendments which
are to be acted on first. If any Senator
desires time, time can be yielded on an
amendment; and the unanimous-con-
sent agreement provides also for 1 hour
to each side on the bill.
Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President. I am
opposed to the concurrent resolution and
have filed minority views. I should like
to have some time allotted to me so that
I may speak in opposition to the con-
current resolution.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Under the
unanimous-consent agreement, the
Senator can be yielded time by either the
majority leader or the minority leader.
Does the Senator wish to have time
yielded to him?
Mr. HAYDEN I should like to speak
for about 5 minutes a little later in the
debate.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, would the Senator from Georgia
be agreeable to speaking in opposition to
a committee amendment?
Mr. RUSSELL. I merely wish to make
a brief statement.
Mr. JOHNSO of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, may the clerk state the first com-
mittee amendment?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will state the first committee
amendment.
The LtcISLATIVE. CLERK. On page S,
21, after "report", it is proposed to strike
out "public."
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
question is on agreeing to the commit-
tee amendment.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I yield 15 minutes to the dtstln-
guished junior Senator from Georgia.
Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, I have
such high regard for the ability and the
patriotism of the distinguished Junior
Senator from Montana IMr. Msas-
rlaLD], who is the principal sponsor of
the concurrent resolution, that ordinari-
ly I am reluctant to differ with him on
legislative matters. But in the case of
the pending concurrent resolution, I
can but believe that the efforts of the
Senator from Montana are based upon
a mistake of fact and a misapprehension
of the functions of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency.
I was unable to be on the floor Mon-
day when the debate occurred on the
concurrent resolution, but I have read
in the RECORD all that occurred, and I
do not find that there was advanced one
substantial argument, predicated on es-
tablished facts which would justify the
Senate in adopting the concurrent reso-
lution.
Some Senators who addressed them-
selves to the resolution on Monday last
seemed to hold the opinion that the CIA
was a pollcymaking agency. That theme
ran all through the remarks which were
made in advocacy of the adoption of the
resolution.
Mr. President, the Central Intelligence
Agency is far from being it policymaking
agency. It makes no policy. It was
established to coordinate all the activi-
ties of the.various agencies of the Gov-
ernment which gather intelligence vital
to our national security, to coordinate
the intelligence thus obtained, to gather
intelligence on its own initiative, ap-
praise it, and present it to a policymaking
body, one that is seldom heard of, but
which is probably the most important
policymaking body in our Government,
namely, the National Security Council.
Mr. President, the argument was made
that the failure to apprise Members of
Congress of the detailed activities of the
Central Intelligence Agency was an in-
vasion of the prerogatives of the Con-
great. I will lay my record in this body,
in defense of the prerogatives of the
Congress of the United States under the
Constitution, against the record of any
other Senator who serves here today or
who has served during my tenure of
office. I have jealously sought to guard
every prerogative of the Congress. I
complained when I thought those pre-
rogatives were being taken over by the
executive branch of the Government,
when the President of the United States
was a member of my own party, as I have
when the President was a member of the
Republican Party. I have complained
about the invasion of the prerogatives of
Congress by the Judicial branch of the
Government.
But, Mr. President, we go very far
afield when we undertake to predicate a
resolution of this nature on the right of
individual Members of the Congress to
know all the details of all the agencies of
Government that are working in secrecy
in an effort to secure information which
would warn us, for instance, of a sneak
act which might destroy us, or which
would advise us as to the potential
strength of the enemies who are arrayed
against us.
There have been intelligence agencies
in the Army since the beginning of our
Government. There have been intelli-
gence agencies in the Navy since the
Navy was established. The Air Force
has had its intelligence agency since the
Department of the Air Force was created.
To my knowledge, not once has a Mem-
ber of Congress risen on the floor and
said he was being denied his prerogatives
because he was not informed as to all the
activities of all the agencies which were
seeking to gather vital security informa-
tion. Now the situation has allegedly
changed because, forsooth, the three de-
partments have been coordinated into
one. In addition, there has been
brought into the picture the OSS, which
did invaluable service behind enemy
lines in World War II.
I shall not accept that argument. I
do not believe we should announce a
principle of that nature. I am proud
of the Senate of the United States, but
I must any that early in my service I
became disillusioned on finding that
information classified as secret which
was given in committees in executive
trickled to the press of the Nation. That
has been my one disillusionment with
the Senate of the United States, and,
Indeed, with both bodies of the Congress.
I say here today that, In my judgment,
it would be more desirable to abolish
the CIA and close it up, lock, stock, and
barrel, than to adopt any such theory as
that all the Members of the Congress of
the United States are entitled to know
the details of all the activities of this
farflung organization.
Mr. President, it was stated In the de-
bate, which I read in the RECORD, that
the Central Intelligence Agency does not
present to the Congress a detailed budget
estimate of all its expenditures. That
statement is true. It does not present
to the Congress an estimate such as
comes from the Department of Agricul-
ture, the Post Office Department, the
Treasury Department, and other depart-
ments of government, because to do so
would be to give the Soviet Union a
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 5112 Approved For Rel 9AC2b4~M '~ IEL $0' RA100110002-6
blueprint whereby it might readily run
down and ascertain the activities and
the identity of every person who is risk-
Ing his life today in an effort to secure
information which can be vital to the
future of the United States.
I say, and I say it in the full con-
viction of the correctness of the state-
ment. that one bit of information which
has been used on 2 or 3 occasions is
well worth the total cost of the admin-
istration of all our security agencies.
They undoubtedly waste some money.
They make mistakes. They have not
been able to penetrate behind the Iron
Curtain and gather the last detail as to
the strength of the Russian forces.
Other agencies, such as the British In-
telligence, which was In existence long
before our agency was, have likewise
failed. That Is certainly no reason for
circumscribing the Central Intelligence
Agency's efforts and hampering it at the
very top, when the program is develop-
ing and bringing to us information which
Is of vital value.
There has been talk about the amount
of money Involved. I shall not state
what it is, but I will state it Is a very,
very small percentage of the amount of
tax money spent each year by the
Armed Forces for research and devel-
opment of new weapons. Certainly, we
should not complain about a portion of
the amount of money spent for research
and development being expended in an
effort to keep up with the activities of
those arrayed against us In that field.
I say no person would risk his life In
carrying on this work if every Member
of the Congress and the large staff of
a new committee were in a position to
know where that person was every day
and to know the nature of the work in
which he was engaged.
I was Interested to learn that the dis-
tinguished author of the resolution said
it was contemplated that the committee
would have only a small staff. Every
Senator present has had experience in
that field. It is next to Impossible, when
a committee Is created, to keep the staff
down to the aim intended originally.
Every Senator knows of occasions when
a committee has started with a small
staff, with the assurance that it would
be kept small, and In 2 or 3 years it
has been extended all over the Capitol.
Most of us are, instinctively, empire
builders. We build in our own little field
whenever we have authority to du so.
It would not be long before the staff of
the proposed committee would be large.
The point has been raised that there is
not any committee supervision over the
Agency. The Committee on Armed
Services, and its predecessor committees,
have, since the inception of the Congress,
had jurisdiction over intelligence activi-
ties of the various branches of the serv-
Ice. During World War II that commit-
tee had supervision over the activities of
the OSS. Therefore, it was but natural
that the Armed Services Committee
would be considered the parent commit-
tee of the Central Intelligence Agency.
I hope I have not been derelict in my
duty in reference to this very Important
Agency. I appointed the subcommittee,
having' jurisdiction over it, which I am
confident is composed of as able men as
any who sit in this body. The distin-
guished senior Senator from Virginia
I Mr. Bvsn 1, who is vigorously opposed to
the resolution, the distinguished ma-
jority leader, the Senator from Texas
[Mr. JOHNSON ]. the Senator from Mas-
sachusetts [Mr. SALTONSTALL). and the
Senator from New Hampshire (Mr.
BRrocrsl, are members of that subcom-
mittee.
On at least 2 occasions in each year,
and more often on 3, we have had
before us the head of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency and his staff. We have
never had them fail to respond to a sin-
gle question we have asked them. They
have been forthright and frank.
On the floor of the Senate the state-
ment has been made, in effect, that we
have not told all the country about what
we have learned from the Central Intelli-
gence Agency; and one Senator said the
country was entitled to know. No, Mr.
President; we have not told the country,
and I do not propose to tell the country
In the future, because if there is anything
in the Uniteu States which should be
held sacred behind the curtain of classi-
fled matter, it is information regarding
the activities of this Agency. I repeat
that it would be better to abolish it out
of hand than it would be to adopt a
theory that such Information should be
spread and made available to every
Member of Congress and to the members
of the staff of any committee. Rather
than do that, it would be better to abolish
the Central Intelligence Agency and, by
so doing, to save the money appropriated
and the lives of American citizens.
Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. President,
will the Senator from Georgia yield?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the
Senator from Georgia yield to the Sen-
ator'from Iowa?
Mr. RUSSELL. Yes: if I have the
time.
Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Is the time
limited?
Mr. RUSSELL. Yes; but I yield to the
Senator from Iowa.
Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I merely
wished to make an observation and to
ask a question of the Senator from
Georgia.
Mr. RUSSELL. Certainly.
Mr. HICKENLOOPER.. The Senator
from Georgia and I have had some mu-
tual experiences along this line. He was
a member of the Special Committee on
Atomic Energy, which was the predeces-
sor of the present Joint Committee on
Atomic Energy. At all times since its
creation, he has been a member of the
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy; and
I have shared that experience with him,
to my very great benefit. So I am in-
trigued and interested and very much
moved by the argument of the Senator
from Georgia.
Having served, myself, on the Joint
Committee on Atomic Energy, and un-
derstanding that an attempt has been
made by some Members, on the floor of
the Senate. to draw an analogy between
the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
and the proposed Joint Committee on
Central Intelligence, I merely wish to say
to the Senator from Georgia that I be-
lieve he is utterly correct in what he has
April 11
said. There is no real parallel between
the problems confronting the two groups.
The work of the Central Intelligence
Agency is vastly different from that of
the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy,
even though probably it is not more vital
and requires no greater secrecy than
some of the activities of the Joint Com-
mittee on Atomic Energy, in its dealings
with the atomic energy program.
But I myself cannot adopt the philos-
ophy that because we have a Joint Com-
mittee on Atomic Energy and because its
operations are secret, the establishment
of a Joint Committee on Central Intel-
ligence, to deal with the Central Intel-
ligence Agency, is justified.
So I commend the Senator from
Georgia on his very powerful and forceful
argument along this line.
Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, I
thank the Senator from Iowa for bring-
ing out that point, which I had over-
looked thus far in my discussion. The
point he has mentioned has been raised.
I started serving with the Senator
from Iowa on what was first the Special
Committee on Atomic Energy, when it
was created.
Mr. HICKENLAOPER. Yes, both of
us were on that special committee, which
was created to write the Atomic Energy
Act.
Mr. RUSSELL. Yes. Since that time
I have served-with great profit to my-
self-with the Senator from Iowa on the
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy.
I have also served on the Committee on
Naval Affairs, a precedecessor of the
present Armed Services Committee,
since I have been a Member of this body.
I state on my responsibility as a Sena-
tor that there is no comparison what-
ever between the activities of the Joint
Committee on Atomic Energy and the
activities of the Central Intelligence
Agency or the contemplated activities of
the proposed Joint Committee on Central
Intelligence.
Mr. HICKENLOOPER. They operate
in two different fields. Although secrecy
is involved in both, the methods of opera-
tion and of accomplishment of the two
groups are entirely different.
Mr. RUSSELL,. Yes. For example,
the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
has the duty of maintaining surveillance
on a very large and important construc-
tion program, under which certain pro-
duction is had. In that work, thousands
of persons, including scientists, are em-
ployed; and a large part of that work is
devoted to seeing to It that the produc-
tion program and the construction pro-.
gram of the Atomic Energy Commission
are maintained. But nothing whatever
of that nature pertains to the secret
Intelligence work of such a group as the
Central Intelligence Agency,
Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. Presi-
dent, the Senator from Georgia has
placed his finger on one of the most im-
portant differences between the two
agencies. There are other differences, of
course: but I shall not attempt to'
discuss them at this time. Suffice it to
say that the operations of the two groups
are fundamentally and basically dif-
ferent; and it is inherent in the operation
of the CIA that it be given certain broad
powers and authority, subject. In my
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 Approved For QM66//4 :ft8'- 6?0100110002-6
judgment, to the major supervision of suit In the disclosure of all the agents
the executive branch of the Government. who had been operating there, and
Mr. RUSSELL. Yes. Of course, the might mean their death by hanging or
National Security Council has direct execution in the matter of a few days'
supervision over it. time.
Mr. HICKENLOOPER, yes.
Mr. RUSSELL. But I wish to reiterate
that although Mr. Allen W. Dulles has
been before us and although we have
asked him very searching questions about
some activities which it almost chills the
marrow of a man to hear about, he has
never failed to answer us forthrightly
and frankly in response to any question
we have asked him. I think the Senator
from Massachusetts (Mr. SALTONSTALL)
has been present at practically every one
of those meetings during the past 2 or 3
years.
Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. Presi-
dent, I should like to ask only one other
question, and then I shall conclude.
As the Senator from Georgia well
knows, before the Joint Committee on
Atomic Energy we have had Mr. Allen
Dulles and his top asssistants, in con-
nection with the various categories of
the activities of the Central Intelligence
Agency. They have appeared before our
committee in connection with matters
applicable to our responsibility in the
atomic energy field. I also wish to testify,
following the statement of the Senator
from Georgia, that at no time has Mr.
Dulles or any of those under him who are
knowledgeable regarding so broad a
subject, failed to give us full, complete,
and frank answers to our questions re-
garding the matters which come within
our responsibility. Let me say that we,
as a committee, do not attempt to tres-
pass upon the responsibility of other
committees In other areas.
Mr. RUSSELL. Yes; Mr. President;
that has been the experience of the
Armed Services Committee.
Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, will
the Senator from Georgia yield to me?
Mr. RUSSELL. I yield.
Mr. KNOWLAND. First of all, r wish
to commend the distinguished Senator
from Georgia for the very powerful ar-
gument he has made in regard to the
differences between the Joint Committee
on Atomic Energy and the proposed
Joint Committee on Central Intelligence.
As the Senator from Georgia well
knows, among the other differences is
the fact that the Joint Committee on
Atomic Energy was created by statute
and was riven legislative power, as c
legislative committe?. Matters relating
to the Atomic Energy Act go to that
committee.
Second, I refer to a fact which must
be brought home in this connection: I
know that the Fresident of the United
States and others in the executive
branch of the Government have very
itrave misgivings regarding the pending
concurrent resolution, not only for the
reason that the lives of Americans who
may be seeking to obtain information
which we need for the very defense of
our country may be involved, but also
because we have cooperative arrange-
ments with other agencies and perhaps
with friendly countries, and the slightest
leakage of information regarding per-
haps just one field of activity might re-
Mr. RUSSELL. Of course they would
be liquidated immediately.
Mr. President, I shall not dwell on all
of the many differences between the
CIA and the Atomic Energy Commission.
Instead, I shall point out only one or
two.
In the first place, the principal opera-
tions of the Atomic Energy Commission
are within the United States, whereas
most of the operations of the CIA are
outside the United States. The Atomic
Energy Commission is primarily con-
cerned with preserving security. On the
other hand, the CIA is primarily con-
cerned with breaking security and ob-
taining secrets. There is a great deal of
difference between the two groups,
when we consider that fundamental of
their activities.
I feel very deeply that it would be a
serious mistake to approve the concur-
rent resolution.
The Committee on Appropriations Is
headed by the distinguished Senator
from Arizona IMr. HAYDENI. Repre-
sentatives of the Central Intelligence
Agency come before the Committee on
Appropriations each year. I have been
present on 2 or 3 occasions when the
committee was hearing the request of
the CIA for funds with which to operate.
The representatives of that Agency have
never failed to answer a question which
was asked on any of the occasions when
I was present, as to the operations and
the use of the money which had been
appropriated for the Agency.
Great stress has been laid on the fact
that the law does not limit the expendi-
tures for individual personnel, as made
by the Director of the Central Intel-
ligence Agency. I can say here-and I
do not think it involves any violation of
secrecy-that that question has arisen
repeatedly, both in the Appropriations
Committee and before the subcommittee
of the Armed Services Committee, when
the Director of the CIA appeared before
the subcommittee. With the exception
of the Director and his assistant, whose
salaries are fixed by statute, all the other
employees are paid according to civil
service scales.
It has been exceedingly difficult to ob-
tain the character of men needed to
carry on this work. The CIA cannot
send a mere plodder or dullard, however
earnest he may be. to do some of the
work which is necessary to be done.
With the exception of the Director and
his assistant, whose Salaries are fixed by
statute, the agency pays only civil serv-
lee scales.
Mr. President, I can think of no sound
reason which would justify approval of
this concurrent resolution. I think it
would be just as appropriate to establish
a joint committee to deal with foreign
policy-or perhaps even more appropri-
ate-as it would be to establish a joint
committee to deal with the Central In-
telligence Agency.
I shall endeavor, to the best of my
ability, to keep in touch with what the
5.113
CIA is doing. I do not mean to say by
that that I intend to undertake to find
out whether or not we have an agent in
some foreign oountry-perhaps a satel-
lite-who is tapping the telephone of
some foreign embassy, or anything of
that nature. However, I shall under-
take to exercise as close supervision over
this Agency as is ordinarily exercised by
the parent committees of the Congress
in dealing with the agencies which are
responsible to them.
I doubt very much whether the heads
of many of the independent agencies
have pent more time with the commit-
tees to which they are supposed to re
Port, over the course of the average year,.
than Mr. Dulles, as Director, has spent
before my committee.
This is a grave question, and one
which should not be considered from the
standpoint of politics. It should be con-
sidered only from the standpoint of the
national Interest. In my Judgment, the .
national interest does not require that
we create a new joint committee, with a
new staff. To do so would result only
in Increasing the hazards to the lives
of those who work for the CIA, and dry
up sources of information which are
Mr. SALTONSTALL Mr. President,
will the Senator yield for one question?
Mr. RUSSELL. I yield.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Does not the
Senator agree with me that the CIA Is
essentially a service agency? It is not.
a policy-making body in any way, as.is
the Atomic Energy Commission, to
which reference has been made. The
differences between the two have been
pointed out. The CIA is a service
agency. The Director, Mr. Alien Dulles,
does not make policy. He does not
judge conditions. He merely reports to
the National Security Council, which is
directly under the President, who is the
Director's boss.
Mr. RUSSELL, As I undertook to
state at the outset of my remarks, I was
somewhat dumbfounded to note that the
argument had been made that the CIA
was a policymaking agency. I think it."
is far from that. The best analogy I can :
draw is this: When the National Secu-
rity Council meets-,and there Is present
in the Chamber at this moment the dis-'
tinguished junior Senator from Ken
tucky [Mr. BAaxLEY], a former Vice
President of the United States, who set
with that Council through some of the
very trying hours in the life of.this Re
Public-It has two primary advisers.,,
'
The first is the Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, of the Military Establish
tion. The second is the Director of the
Central Intelligence Agency, who gives
the National Security Council the results
of the efforts of his Agency in relation to
the intelligence it has been able to as
semble concerning the problem at hand.
He Is an adviser. He is not even a mem-
ber of the National Security Council:
and by no stretch of the imagination can
the CIA be considered a policymaking
In the course of the debate on Monday,
which I have read, a number of extrane.
ous questions were brought up. Among
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 5111 ...ONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENA IT April 11
other things, It was f4111 ghViqrhDlea"e2lIQ Qrl( , ~~CIA RDP840r is161aR000100f110now 00 yieellding 10 minutes
i en some secrecy in connection with the now running on that amendment. to the Senator from Montana.
Dixon-Yates contract. That was unfor- Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Has all Mr. MANSFIELD, Mr. President, I
tutiate. I deplore It, but I hope Members time been used on that amendment? do not believe I desire to take 10 minutes
of the Senate will not lay at the feet of The PRESIDING OFFICER. The op- at this time, because I am beginning to
the CIA responsibility fqr any secrecy position time Is exhausted. Thirty min- feel a little like David facing Goliath,
which may have obtained with respect to utes remain on the affirmative side. although I fear the results will not be the
a telephone call from someone at the Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. The ma- same. Inasmuch as I am to be the only
White House regarding the Dixon-Yates Jority leader controls the time on behalf one who will speak in favor of the reso-
contract. of the chairman of the Committee on lution. I do not wish to be
squeezed question was raised with respect Rules and Administration IMr. HAYDE? 1. this early. Therefore, If the majority
jy
to the signing by the Chief Executive of so he controls only the time in favor of leader does not mind, I shall wait until
executive agreements concerning which the amendment. Is the Senator from the distinguished former Vice President.
Congress had no knowledge. I feel as Montana opposed to the amendment? the distinguished minority leader, the
deeply on that subject as do most other Mr. MANSFIELD. I am not opposed distinguished chairman of the Commit-
Members of the Senate Perhaps T ,in to it
not feel quite so deeply about it as does Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Will the
the distinguished Senator from Ohio acting minority leader yield 10 minutes
IMr. BRICKSSI, but I have followed him to the Senator from Montana?
in his efforts to see that such executive Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, I
agreements were not made. However, am glad to yield time to the Senator
we cannot att.ib t
t
u
o
o the CIA responsi-
bility for the fact that executive agree-
ments were made. The CIA has no pow-
er even. to negotiate executive agree-
ments.
Other arguments were made. Some-
thing was said about the impounding of
Marine Corps funds. That has no rela-
tion whatever to the functions of the
CIA, or the desirability of our doing all
we can, while still performing our func-
tions as a legislative body, to see that the
lives of those who work for this agency
are not endangered by any haphazard
administration by the large staff of a
joint committee, which, in my opinion,
would be a very cumbersome fifth wheel.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President-
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President,
a parliamentary Inquiry.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator will state It.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Does the acting
minority leader have charge of the time
in opposition?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator Is correct. To whom does the
Senator yield?
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Of course, the
Senator from Montana Is in favor of the
concurrent resolution, so he would.take
time on the affirmative side.
Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President
a fur-
,
,
a
e
me only
ther parliamentary inquiry. on the measure itself, as I und.rstand.
The PRESIDING OP:TICER, The May I inquire how I may obtain some
Senator will state it. time to speak on the resolution, and
Mr. BARKLEy. There are pending when I may have that time?
2 or 3 committee amendments, on 1 of Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. The Sena-
which I believe the Senator from Georgia tor from Kentucky may have as much
iMr. RUS-SELLI took time to discuss the time as he wishes to use. If he will in-
concurrent resolution itself. Has any dicate to me when he desires to speak,
limitation of debate been imposed up to and how much time he may want.
this time with respect to amendments? Mr. BARKLEY. I told the Senator
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I from Arizona that I would like not less
think the answer Is that an hour is al_ than 10 minutes.
lowed on each amendment, 30 minutes Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Does the
to a side, and 2 hours on the concurrent Senator from Kentucky desire to use
resolution itself. that time now?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Mr. BARKLF,y. No; I do not.
Senator from Texas yield to the Senator Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I assure the
from Montana? Senator from Kentucky that he will have
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I am willing 10 minutes, and 10 additional minutes
to yield 10 minutes to the Senator from if he should desire them.
Montana. Has the first committee As this time I do not agree to the
amendment been disposed of? adoption of the amendments en bloc. I
The PRESIDING} OFFICER. It has have yielded 10 minutes to the Senator
not. from Montana. After the Senator from
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Has time Montana has concluded his remarks, I
been consumed on that amendment? am prepared to yield time to other Sen-
the majority leader that -I -d; not think
there is any objection to the committe
amendments. It seems to me that the
Senate could agree to the committee
amendments, and then proceed to debate
the concurrent resolution itself.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, a
parliamentary inquiry.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, if the Senate will permit me to
do so, we will charge the time the Sena-
tor from Georgia IMr. Russcar.I has
used to the time of the opposition, and
I will then yield 10 minutes to the Sena-
tor from Montana.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, a
parliamentary inquiry.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator will state it.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Would it be pos-
sible at this time to vote on all the
amendments en bloc?
The, PRESIDING OFFICER. By
unanimous consent it could be done.
Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I de-
sire to address the Senate on the con-
current resolution Itself. I do not know
how much time I may want to use, but I
do not wish to deprive myself of address-
ing the Senate on the resolution. If I
agreed to the adoption of all the amend-
ments en bloc
that would le
v
ti
tee on Appropriations, the distinguished
chairman of the Armed Services Com-
mittee, and other Senators, have an op-
portunity to speak. Then I should like
to make some remarks in favor of the
adoption of the resolution.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. The Sena-
tor from Montana will have ample time
to speak. Does he yield back the time
I yielded him?
Mr. MANSFIELD, I yield back the
time.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Does any
other Senator desire time to speak in
favor of the committee amendment?
If no other Senator desires time at
this time, I am prepared to yield back
my time.
Mr. BARKLEY, Mr. President
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I yield time
to the Senator from Kentucky, if he
desires to speak now. Does the Senator
from Kentucky desire that I yield him
some time?
Mr. BARKLEY. I do.
Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi-
dent, I yield 15 minutes to the distin-
guished Senator from Kentucky.
Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I do
not know that I shall need 15 minutes.
I am very deeply concerned about the
resolution. If it were a bill or a joint
resolution, instead of a concurrent reso-
lution. I feel very definitely that the
President of the United States would
have no alternative except to veto it. I
sincerely regret to say that I am com-
pelled to disagree with my good friend.
from Montana about the wisdom of the
resolution.
We have before us a concurrent reso-
lution which proposes to set up a com-
mittee of 12 members, with a staff. It
would cost $250,000 a year
I would not
.
object to that sum of money being appro-
priated, if the proposed joint commit-
tee were needed. In my judgment It is
not only not needed, but it would be very
u
i
nw
se on the part of Congress to estab-
11ah it.
The concurrent resolution would au-
thorize the joint committee to summon
members of the Central Intelligence
Agency. It would authorize the joint
committee to summon all the papers and
documents of the Central Intelligence
Agency, and to obtain from that agency
all the Information the joint commit-
tee desired to obtain, which information,
of course, would then be public.
I ask my colleagues if the desire to
make public, for the benefit of the Amer-
ican people, all the confidential infor-
mation the CIA obtains all over the world
is sufficient reason to justify the danger,
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 Approved For Re W$l- W1 '4k;-CI34ADRI -A09$ 'QDB100110002-6 5115
t(, which we would subject ourselves and
a iiich we would assume by the creation
of such a committee and taking the
chances on its operations.
As the Senate knows, Congress en-
acted a law creating the Central Intelli-
gence Agency. That Agency is a confi-
dential body. It is an arm of the Presi-
dent of the United States for obtaining,
not only in the United States, but all
over the world, information which is of
advantage to him in the protection of
the interests and rights of the American
people. Being an arm of the President,
it is therefore an arm of the National
Security Council.
CIA is the information-gathering
agency of the National Security Coun-
cil. The duty of the CIA is to gather
from all sources and to lay before the
President and the National Security
Council information of the most intimate
and confidential nature, which will en-
able the President and the National Se-
curity Council to act to protect the se-
curity of our own country, without mak-
ing public the information which this
Agency has gathered from all parts of the
world.
I sat on the National Security Council
for 4 years as Vice President of the
United States. The present Vice Presi-
dent has sat on it since his induction
Into office, on the 20th day of January
1953. Some of the information gathered
by the Central Intelligence Agency and
laid before the National Security Coun-
cil itself was so confidential and secret
that the very portfolios In which it was
contained were under lock and key.
The members of the National Security
Council were not even permitted to take
those folders and portfolios to their
homes. They had to be unlocked in the
presence of other members.
One of the distinguished heads of that
Agency for 2 or 3 years was Gen. Walter
Bedell Smith, the famous soldier and
diplomat. During the time when he was
the head of the Agency he sat in the
National Security Council. The Infor-
mation I received as a member of the
National Security Council, in my capac-
ity as Vice President, was so confiden-
tial that I would lose my right arm be-
fore I would divulge It to anyone, even
to members of my own family.
To say that now we should establish a
joint committee to pry into and look
Into secret documents, to submit them
before the joint committee, and to make
them public seems to me incredible.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President,
will the Senator yield?
Mr. BARKLEY. I am glad to yield.
Mr. SALTONSTALL, I would appre-
ciate very much the Senator's views on
what a staff member of such a commit-
tee could do. It seems to me that a staff
member could do nothing,
Mr. BARKLEY. I presume the staff
members, whoever they might be, would
be under the direction of the Joint com-
mittee, and perhaps under the chairman
of the joint committee, whoever he
might be. According to the custom of
committees, whether joint or single, the
staff members would probably be author-
ized by the joint committee, if not di-
rected, to invade the precincts of the
National Security Council and obtain
confidential information for the benefit
of the Joint committee, preparatory to
a public hearin, . to which they would
have the right to summon members of
the Security Council, and for which they
would have the right to subpena docu-
ments.
Mr. GORE. Air. President, will the
Senator from Kentucky yield?
Mr. BARKLEY. I yield.
Mr. GORE. I am a member of the
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. In
that capacity I have received informa-
tion upon many occasions which I would
regard as just as confidential, just as
delicate, just as sensitive, as is the in-
formation to which the distinguished
junior Senator from Kentucky has re-
ferred. It is difficult for me to draw the
line of distinction. How is it that the
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy can
deal with the topmost secrets of the Gov-
ernment and establish a responsible rec-
ord in doing so. a record both in the re-
tention and safeguarding of secrets given
in executive session, and also In the con-
duct of public hearings, when some other
committee could not establish a simi-
larly satisfactory record?
Mr. BARKLEY. The Senator from
Georgia and the Senator from Iowa a
moment ago discussed the fundamental
difference between the Joint Committee
on Atomic Energy and the proposed
Joint Committee on the CIA. The Sen-
ator from Tennessee may not have been
present at the time the discussion took
place, and I should be glad to yield to the
Senator from Georgia if he wishes to re-
peat what was said, because I am not a
member of the Atomic Energy Commit-
tee, a member of the Armed Services
Committee, or a member of the Appro-
priations Committee. Both the Armed
Services Committee and the Appropria-
tions Committee receive information
from the CIA and also from the Joint
Committee on Atomic Energy. I should
prefer that the Senator from Georgia
answer the question of the Senator from
Tennessee.
Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, I
stated that I was on the original Atomic
Energy Committee of the Senate which
wrote the legislation creating the Joint
Committee on Atomic Energy, and I have
served on that committee, although not
so actively as has the Senator from Ten-
nessee, during the past few years. I was
on one of the original committees which
was superseded by the Committee on
Armed Services, and I had been on the
Naval Affairs Committee ever since I be-
came a Member of the Senate.
In my opinion, there I% no comparison
whatever between the activities of the
two committees. The Joint Committee
on Atomic Energy Is supposed more or
less to be a policy-developing agency
which deals with tremendous programs
of construction and production. Its pri-
mary function is to undertake to preserve
secrecy within the United States. On
the other hand, the CIA. which is a con-
solidation of the intelligence agencies
which existed heretofore, functions out-
side the United States, and its principal
endeavor Is to break secrecy and to ob-
tain secrets.
There is a great deal of difference be-
tween undertaking to preserve secrets as
to what occurs in one of the great plants
of the Atomic Energy Commission, and
the case of Joe Jones who may be en-
deavoring to obtain secrets in one of the
satellite countries, and who, if his ac-
tivities were disclosed, would be liqui-
dated immediately.
Mr. GORE. Mr. President, will the
Senator from Georgia yield?
Mr. RUSSELL. I yield.
Mr. GORE. A little more than an
hour from now a subcommittee of the
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy is
scheduled to meet in executive session.
One of the great military figures of our
country is scheduled to testify before it.
He is called to testify on one of the most
sensitive and delicate matters of national
policy. He is to discuss stockpiling and
stockpile needs and requirements. That
Is just as secret, just as sensitive, just as
necessary to be safeguarded as is the In-
formation to which the able junior Sen-
ator from Georgia has referred.
As I understood his remarks the dis-
tinguished junior Senator from Ken-
tucky was addressing the Senate on the
inadvisability of having a joint commit-
tee of the Congress deal with highly
secret matters. I rose to point out that
the committee on which the junior Sen-
ator from Georgia and the junior Sena-
tor from Tennessee have the opportunity
to serve has established an enviable and
almost unblemished record of preserv-
ing secrets, dealing with them respon-
sibly, and also holding public hearings so
as to enlighten the public on matters
which can safely be brought to public
notice. I cannot quite draw the line of
distinction.
Mr. RUSSELL. If the Senator from
Kentucky will indulge me, I did not make
the point he cited. The Central Intel-
ligence Agency does report to the Armed
Services Committee when it is requested
to do so. I have stated that they have
answered frankly, forthrightly, and fully
every question asked by the Armed Serv-
ices Committee. There is no necessity
for having the proposed Joint committee
when there are four committees which
are in a satisfactory manner supervising
intelligence activities, as has been done
since the beginning of the Republic. I
stated that there was no need of creating
a joint committee, with a staff added, to
undertake.to delve into the activities of
the Central Intelligence Agency overseas.
I do not wish to prolong the discus-
sion. I appreciate the Indulgence of the
Senator from Kentucky, but I must state
for the Rscosn that I disagree with the
Senator from Tennessee that there is no
difference between evidence relating to
stockpiling in the United States and evi-
dence relating to someone who has
succeeded in some satellite country in
tapping the telephone of a foreign am-
bassador. I think there is a consider-
able difference. If we adopt this kind of
policy and establish a new joint commit-
tee, we are going to dry up sources of
information. Men will not be willing to
endanger their lives, and there will be a
disruption of the very fine cooperative
relations existing between our agency
and the similar agencies of other coun-
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 5416 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE April 11
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tries, notably the ritiah Intelligence while I am acting temporarily for the terns relating to the gathering of intelligence
Agency, which has been one of the best Senator from Texas, desires to have me affecting the national security and of its cu-
for many years. yield him time. ordination and utilization by the various de-
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The If the Senator from Montana were partments. agencies, and Instrumentalities of
Central committee Itintelligence
the time of the Senator from Kentucky has agreeable, I would have no objection to e. The
Agency shall l keep the joint nt
fully
expired. having the committee amendments and currently informed with respect to its
Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President. the agreed to en bloc, and then yielding to activities. All bills, resolutions, and other
Senator from Texas (Mr. JoHnsoNl was the Senator from Montana such time matters in the Senate or the House of Repre-
called from the floor and asked me tem- as he might desire as the author of the .antatives relating primarily to the Central
porarily to function in his absence. I concurrent resolution, Intelligence Agency shall be referred to the
shall be glad to yield 5 additional I may say to the Senator from Mon- joint committee.
o Of f the he e S S joint
shall all committee
minutes to the Senator from Kentucky. tans that the Senator from Missouri who 4b) are Members T members
from
m.
Mr. BARKLEY. I thank the Senator (Mr. 8 wNCror11 wishes to speak for a Ume to time report to the Senate, and the
from Georgia. few minutes. Did the Senator from members of the joint eommittee who are
Mr. GORE. Mr. President, will the Montana wish to conclude the debate? Members of the House of Representatives
Senator from Kentucky yield? Mr. MANSFIELD. Not necessarily. shall from time to time report to the House,
Mr. BARKLEY. I yield. I shall be glad to follow the Senator's by bill or otherwise, their recommendations
Mr. GORE. I thank the distinguished suggestion. with respect to matters within the jurisdic-
tion of their respective Houses which are
junior Senator from Kentucky. Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, with (1) referred to the joint committee, or (2)
The observations of the junior Sena- the agreement of the distinguished Sen- otherwise within the jurisdiction of the joint
tor from Georgia are well taken with ator from Massachusetts (Mr. SALTOK- committee.
reference to the substantial ground on STALL), who is the acting minority "Sm. 3. Vacancies In the membership of
which he has indicated he is opposed to leader, I, as the acting majority leader, the joint committee shall not affect the power
the pending proposal. Other than on ask unanimous consent that the com- of the remaining members to execute the
the ground that a joint committee can- mittee amendments be considered as functions of the joint committee, and shall
not be trusted with preserving essential o tilled the .ems manner as In the can.
agreed to en bloc, and that the time of f the original eslectioa. TM joist commit.
secrecy. I shall not challenge his posi- remaining on the amendments be yielded We shall select a chairman and a vice chair-
tion. But I would respectfully challenge back, man from among Its members.
the position taken by any Senator, if The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there "Sec. 4. The joint committee, or any duly
such a position should be taken, that a objection? The Chair hears none, and suthortsod subcommittee thereof, is author-
Joint committee could not responsibly It is so ordered. lead to hold such hearings, to sit and act at
deal with the most sensitive secrets of our The committee amendments agreed to such places and times, to require, by sub-
Government. It was for that purpose en bloc are as follows: pens or otherwise, the attendance of such
that I rose, and I thank my distinguished On page S. line 21. after the word "report pa pa
witne perss,s,aad std the documents, to production of such administer touper such
en
and able friend from Kentucky for yield- to strike out "public": in line 23. after the oaths, to take such testimony, to procure
Ing. word Senate", to strike out "The cost of such such printing and binding, and to make such
Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, there services to report executive hearings shall be expenditures es it deems advisable. The cost
Is one thing which differentiates tale Axed at an equitable rate by the joint corn- of stenographic services to report hearings
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy from mlttee"; on page 4, line e. after the word shall not be in .Roees of the amounts pre-
the proposed Committee. The Joint "Government", to Insert "on a reimbusable scribed by law for reporting the hearings of
basis with the prior consent of the heads of standing committees of the Senate.
Committee on Atomic Energy deals the departments or agencies concerned and , 5. 7%e joint committee U empowered
legislatively with atomic energy. I have the Committee on Rules and Administra- to appoint such experts consultants tech-
nothing but the greatest admiration for tion"; in line 11, after the word "paid", to nlcians, and clerical and stenographic as.
the manner in which that joint commit- strike out "one-half"; In line 12 after the ststants as It deems necessary and advisable.
tee has functioned. But the Central In- word "Senate", to strike out "and one-half The oommitt . is authorized to utilize the
telligence Agency deals with all manner from the contingent fund of the House of services. information, facilities, and person-
Representatives"; sub Representatives"; and in line 14, after the the departments everywhere throughout the word "chairman" to strik
ncl of and eatablishmenta
t "D i
b
e ou
s
urse-
, world. It is not limited to any particu- meets to pay such expenses shall be made by of the Government on a reimbursable basis
i of the Made the
lar form of defense or any particular the Secretary the prior consent
ry of the Senate out of the coo- departments or agencies eoaoerned and d the
form of offense. It is the duty of the tangent fund of the Senate, such contingent Committee on Rules and Administration.
CIA to encompass the entire world
and fund to be reimbursed from the contingent '
,
"8eC ? The expenses
to report to the Security Council and fund of the House of Representatives In the lei of the joint com-
il amount of one-half of the disbursements so mince, which snap not exceed $2bOA0o per
the President
On the Securit
C
,
y
ounc
made."; so as to make the concurrent reso- year, shad be paid from the contingent fund
the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of lution read: of the Senate upon vouchers signed by the
lli
e
A
g
ce
gencys.e
. Representatives concurring), That there > Mr. RUSSSLI Mr. - Prsident, as I
I feel very deeply and sincerely that hereby established a Joint Committee on understand, the Senator from Maass.-
t4) open the records and the person
l c
t
l I
t
ra
en
ne
n
elligence to be composed of 6
chusetts (Mr. SaLromirAll,) would have
of the CIA, which is an intelligence Members of the Senate to be appointed by to yield time to the Senator from MIS.
agency that gathers valuable and highly the President of the Senate, and a Members souri. Although I am very confidential information from all over of the House of Representatives to be ap- much opposed
the world, would handicap the CIA In pointed by the Speaker of the House of Rep- to the concurrent resolution. I. as the
obtaining e the information which is so resentatives. Of the 6 members to be ap- acting majority leader, am supposed to
th
pointed from the Senate, 3 shall be members yield time only to Senators who favor
essential to our defense. The activities
h
C
.
e
ommu,ee on Appropriations
the CIA makes reports on the entire of the Senate. and 3 shall be members of the Mr. SALTONSTALI,. Mr. President,,
world situation. Central Intelligence Agency Subcommittee of do I understand correctly that the tom.
Because I believe it 1s not now neces- the Committee on Armed Services of the nlittee amendments have been agreed to?
nary to create such a joint committee, Senate. Of the a members to be appointed The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
be fraught with great danger. I shall Subcommittee of the Committee on AR- - The question before the Senate is on
oppose and vote against the concurrent Fer oo priatlntia the agreeing to the concurrent resolution,
House of Representative,.
resolution which is now before the and a all ll be members of the the Central ral In. - as amended.
Senate. t.elllgence Agency Subcommittee of the Corn- Mr. SALTONSTAIZ. I yield 10 min-
There is nothing more that I can say, mittee on Armed Services, of the House of uteg, or as much of that time as he de-
and nothing more that I desire to say, ~ eae ntives. Not more tthan four or rnem- sires, to the Senator from Missouri i Mr.
In regard to the matter. I hope the House of Represfrom eithhe Senate th
SYxruoroxl who wishes to speak In op-
entatives shall be from the
Senate will not agree to the concurrent same political party. position to the concurrent resolution.
resolution
. "Sec. 2. (a) The joint committee shalt Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. President, I .
Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, I do make continuing studies of the activities of appreciate the kindness of the distin-
not know whether any other Senator, the Central Intelligence Agency and of prob- guished Senator from Massachusetts.
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 wNGRESSIONAL RECORD -_S rNp E 5417
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Asa former member of the National reference to the $40 million appropriated the praetorian guard it has in the White
Security Council, I have had consider- by Congress last year for the marine House, and certain agencies, has taken
able experience with the Central Intel- Corps which the executive branch did unto himself. If Senators do not wake
ligence Agency, which reports to the not use to carry out the unanimous in- up, some day they will find that they are
National Security Council. tent and mandate of Congress, had no members of a debating society, and not
In my opinion, it would be a mistake proper connection with this subject. Members of the Senate of the United
to establish the proposed joint commit- Of course, it has no connection directly, States, as the Constitution Intended
tee. The Central Intelligence Agency but it has a connection indirectly. them to be.
Subcommittee of the Senate Commit- What is the executive branch trying Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, will the
tee on Armed Services is composed of to do? It is trying to take over, loci[. Senator yield?
the distinguished junior Senator from stock, and barrel, as many of the func- The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Mc
Georgia (Mr. RUSSELL], as chairman; tions of the legislative branch as It pos- NAMARA in the chair). Does the Senator
the majority leader, the distinguished sibly can. Let us examine the record, from Montana yield to the Senator from
senior Senator from Texas (Mr. Joxx- simply to prove that point. The criti- Georgia?
sox I ; the distinguished senior senator clam applies to Democratic as well as to Mr. MANSFIELD, I shall yield in a
from Virginia I Mr. BYRD]: the present Republican administrations. moment. What happened when the rea-
acting minority leader, the distinguished When President Roosevelt was in office, olution was to be considered by the Com-
Senator from Massachusetts (Mr. SAL- on three separate occasions he promul- mittee on Rules and Administration?
TONSTALLI; and the distinguished senior gated executive agreemen a,which were. Two days before, the President of the
Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. in effect and in fact, treaties of friend- United Etates announced the creation of
BR IDOLS), who is the ranking Republican ship and commerce. Under the advice an 8-man Civilian Board to advise him
Member of the AenktA' --A ------ I .. - ... .
ven- taac aaaau s uvf wr cVIUMIT6-
tee of the Senate?
I do not see why, under the present
circumstances, there should be a special
joint committee to supervise the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency.
I am sorry not to have been present
for all the debate, having just returned
from. Omaha, Nebr., and have just now
reached the floor.
This is one of the few times It has been
my misfortune not to be able to vote
with my able colleague, the distinguished
junior Senator from Montan (Mr. MArfs-
rIELD 1. He knows of my respect and
affection for him. Nevertheless, In this
case I cannot agree with him.
I thank the Senator from Massachu-
Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, I shall
be glad to yield to the junior Senator
from Montana as much time as he may
desire from the 2 hours on the bill.
Mr. MANSFIELD, I shall take only
15 minutes. -
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
junior Senator from Montana is recog-
nized for 15 minutes.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
wish my friend, the distinguished Sen-
ator from Missouri, had remained in
Omaha. Unfortunately for the Concur-
rent resolution, he has returned and is
opposed to it. That means, of course,
that the odds are lengthening a little
more, because in addition to a former
Vice President of the United States, who
also was a member of the National Secur-
ity Council: in addition to the distin-
guished junior Senator from Georgia
IMr. RUSSELL]. who is a great states-
man and a fine friend, and is outstand-
ing as the chairman of the Senate Com-
mittee on Armed Services; in addition to
the senior Senator from Arizona [Mr.
HAYDEN], who has served his State ably
rind well since it achieved statehood, and
who also is a very fine friend: in addi-
tion to the ranking minority member
of the Senate Committee on Armed
Services, the distinguished Senator from
Massachusetts (Mr. SALTONsTALLI; and
it, addition to the minority leader of the
House; we find also that the President of
the United States and the Central Intel-
ligence Agency itself are opposed to the
concurrent resolution.
The Senator from Georgia (Mr. RUs-
ELLI suggested that the statement with
those treaties should have come before that Board have? None, really. -It is
the Senate for consideration and ap- to meet once e.,ery 6 months, To whom
proval. Mind you, Mr. President, there is the Board to report? To the Presi-
were three executive agreements which dent of the United States. Will the
should have been negotiated as treaties members of the Board be able to give
of friendship and commerce, and which out any information to anybody else?
should have come be.(ore the Senate for No, not at all. In this particular in-
Its advice and consent. But what did the stance where does Congress come in?
Senate do in that respect? The Senate What type of men are we? Do we have
did nothing. It willingly relinquished responsibilities? We are elected. We
the authority and the responsibility have to fight for these jobs. We repre-
which were accorded it under the Con- sent the people. We are not appointed,
stitution. We have to make an accounting of the
President Truman acted in similar responsibilities which have been thrust
fashion. Again, what did Congress do? upon us.
Congress appropriated funds for it 70- When word was received that the reso-
group Air Force. What happened? lution was going to be considered, the
President Truman impounded the money President announced, and I believe hur-
and allowed only enough to be spent for riedly-and I do not blame him for it-
a 48-group Air Force. That was just that the Board had been created, and he
before the Korean war. Do Senators said he was doing it in accord with the
remember that? If that was not a flout- recommendations of the Hoover Com-
ing of congressional authority, I do not mission. He was partly right, but only
know What it was. Certainly it meant halfway right, because the Hoover Com-
that the executive branch was not a co- mission said that not only should a civil-
equal branch of the Government, but ian board be created, but ' that a joint
was the predominant branch of the Gov- congressional committee should be cre-
ernment. ated as well. And that was the second
We find that last year Congress unan- time the Hoover Commission had rec-
imously restored $40 million in order to ommended the creation of a joint con-
keep the Marine Corps at its then gressional committee.
strength, to prevent its reduction by What do we have now? We have the
s
25
e
n
ce a year
worldwide commitments we have In it appears before the Appropriations
addition, the Navy was cut down. Those Subcommittee, and at that time the offi-
actions on the part of the administra- cials of the CIA ask for money. Ask
tion indicate to me that there is a for how much? What do we know about
trend-a strong trend-and a trend to the funds appropriated to them? What
which the Senate and the Congress are do we know about the agency's person-
acceding-on the part of the executive nel? We do not know anything. Per-
to take over more aria more control. haps we should not, but we ought to have
I cannot understand u by the constitu- a standing joint committee which can
tional lawyers in this body do not rise take care of it.
on their hind legs and protest against I think it is well. to refer to another
the loss of power which is being suffered point, since the distinguished Senator
by the Congress, and especially the ben- from Georgia has brought it out. The
ate, and take some action to regain the Senator referred to my remarks about a
powers which the Executive, through small staff. Of course, that staff would
Missouri I Mr. SYMINGTON ), who now and give them some security and an out-
speaks against the concurrent resolution, let which they do not have now, because
Was it only the Marine Corps which the contracts they have with the Con-
was cut down last year? Not at all. gress are very thin, indeed.
The strength of the At-my was reduced What did the distinguished Senator
by approximately 300,000 men. So on from Massachusetts say on Monday last?
June 30 of this year there will be 1,025,000 Twice a year the CIA appears before the
men in the Army of the United States. appropriate subcommittee of the Com-
Think of that, notwithstanding the mittee on Armed Servic
s O
ome
,000 men in this fiscal year. CIA doing everything it possibly can to
That was done under the leadership of defeat this resolution-a resolution
the distinguished junior Senator from which is intended to safeguard them
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 5418 Approved For 1WWsRWWMM4 # QD84-80MIM00100110002-6 April 11
have to have the highest possible clear-
ance. I should like to ask the Senator
from Georgia if In the meetings, having
to do with the CIA, which Mr. Allen Dul-
les and his assistants have with the mem-
bers of the Armed Services,Subcommit-
tee and with members of the Appropria-
tions Subcommittee, staff members are
absent and only Members of the Senate
are In attendance.
Mr. RUSSELL. I shall answer the
question of the Senator from Montana
with a "no," even though he would not
permit me to ask a question a moment
ago. I have had one staff member
present during the course of the hear-
ings. I have had one staff member
present, and only one, who has been
with the committee since I have been a
member of the committee. I have not
brought in other staff members of the
committee, even though I have full con-
fidence in them, because I see no neces-
sity for it, just as I see no necessity for
an appropriation of $150,000 for a new
staff which It is proposed to create.
The Senator from Montana has said
the Armed Services Committee knows
nothing about the agency, and that the
Appropriations Committee knows noth-
ing about it. Before the debate Is con-
cluded, the Senator from Arizona [Mr.
HAYDzNI will state that officials of the
agency come before the Approprrations
Committee, and the committee members
know as much about how the agency
spends its money as they know in the
case of many other agencies.
Mr. MANSF IEL,D. I thank the Sen-
ator, and apologize to him for not hay-
Ing yielded when he asked me to.
Mr. RUSSELL. I certainly intended
no criticism of the Senator for not yield-
ing to me. I know how It is when the
Senator Is in the course of making his
remarks, which he has outlined in his
mind. I would not have Interrupted the
Senator, who was making a very elo-
quent speech, if I had not wanted to call
something to his attention, which I have
forgotten now. I hope my Interruption
did not have the effect of annoying the
Senator.
Mr. MANSFIELD. No, indeed.
Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. President,
will the Senator yield?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. SYMINGTON. I agree with much
of the remarks of the distinguished Sen-
ator regarding the encroachment of the
executive on the legislative branch of
Government. I am sure the Senator
knows, in Illustrations he gave with re-
spect to the Military Establishment, what
my feelings are In those matters. But we
have a fine subcommittee of the Armed
Services Committee handling the CIA
from the standpoint of Senate legislative
analysis and determination. 1 think
that committee as capable a committee-
and I believe the distinguished Senator
from Montana would agree--as could be
obtained in the Senate.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I certainly would
agree with the Senator. It is a good
committee.
Mr. SYMINGTON. If he believes the
committee has been remiss in its han-
dling of the CIA, which Is a function of
the Senate Armed Services Committee, I
shall be very glad to cooperate with my
distinguished friend from Montana In
any suggestions he may care to make.
. Mr. MANSFIELD. I may say to my
good friend, the Senator from Missouri,
that the one thing he could do to put
into effect his offer Is to vote for the
resolution, because what the resolution
proposes to do is to bring the subcom-
mittees together. It would not break
the continuity they now have with the
CIA. The same persons would be in-
volved, but there would be a standing
joint committee, with a small staff, with
the highest possible clearance. This
committee could furnish an outlet for
both the Congress and the CIA. I think
this is the beat way to handle the matter.
Certainly. I have never advocated that
we should exercise undue oversight over
the CIA, because I recognize the need for
a certain amount of secrecy. I have not
even advocated open sessions of the joint
committee, if it should be created. be-
cause the occasions would be rare when
such an instance would arise. Had there
been a joint committee at the time the
CIA headquarters fight was on, perhaps
something could have been done; but
otherwise there is no reason I can we
why any of the meetings should be open.
There is no reason for anyone to sus-
pect or be suspicious that the sponsors
of the resolution want to pry into the
secrets of the CIA; but.I say to my col-
leagues that the Senate and the House-
the Congress of the United States-have
the right, under our system of checks
and balances, to exercise some degree of
control, not through subcommittees
which meet occasionally, but through a
regular standing joint committee. I, for
one, feel that Members of Congress can
be trusted as well as can a group 'of pri-
vate citizens who may occasionally be
given such Information as the Agency
wants to put before them. I think Mem-
bers of the Congress can be trusted Just
as much as can the members of the Na-
tional Security Council. Certainly I
have every faith in the men and women
with whom I am associated In the Con-
gress; and I would say that insofar as
the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
is concerned, it has exercised a high de-
gree of discretion during the many years
it has been in operation.
The distinguished Junior Senator from
Kentucky [Mr. BARKLLYI, foimerly Vice
President of the United States, told the
Senate about his contacts with the Na-
tional Security Council while he was
Vice President, and he referred to Lien.
Walter Bedell Smith. I should like to
inform the Members of the Senate that,
so far as I know, Walter Bedell Smith
Is in favor of a meusui a of this kind,
and I believe he has so stated on a num-
ber of occasions. I believe that any
right-thinking Director of the CIA would
welcome such a group, if for no other
reason than the agency's security and
its protection from unjustified attacks
by Individuals or groups. .
Mr. President. there are other things
I should like to discuss.
The PRFSIDINO OFFICER. The
time of the Senator from Montana has
expired.
Mr. RUS ELd,. Mr. President, I am
glad to yield to the Senator from Mon-
lana as much further time as he may
desire to have.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I should like to
have 10 more minutes.
Mr. RUSSELL Mr. President, I yield
an additional 10 minutes to the Senator
from Montana.
The PRIDING OFFICER. The
Senator from Montana is recognized for
10 minutes more.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, to-
day our attention has been called to the
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy and
its application to the pending proposal.
Let me point out that at the bottom of
page 12 of the report of the Committee
on Rules and Adminisration in regard
to Senate Concurrent Resolution 2, we
find the following recommendation-one
of the recommendations of the Hoover
Commission:
alcoi ( rNnatrow
(a) That the President appoint a com-
mittee of experienced private citizens, who
shall have the responsibility to examine and
report to him periodically on the work of
Government foreign intelligence activities.
This oomi suttee should also give such. In-
formation to the public as the President
may direct. The Commission should func-
tion on a part-time and per diem basis.
The second part of the recornmenda-
tion of the Hoover Commission is the
Important one:
(b) That the Congress consider creating
a joint congressional committee on foreign
Intelligence. similar to the Joint Committee
on Atomic Lnergy. In such case, the two
committees, one Presidential and the other
congressional, should collaborate on matters
of special importance to the national
security.
What did the President do? He ap-
pointed a group of private citizens, but
he took a stand against the creation
of a joint committee; and, according to
the newspapers, he said that the CIA
was too sensitive for Congress to take up.
Mr. President, who does the President
of the United States think the Members
of Congress are? In our own way, we
have Just as much responsibility as he
does; and I. for one, intend to do every-
thing I possibly can to see to it that the
powers given to Congress by the Consti-
tution are retained by the Congress, and
are not whittled down or taken away,
and are not willingly given up. I think
the Congress is in danger, and we should
recognize that fact
I should also like to bring to the atten-
tion of the Senate the fact that I hold
In my hand a letter from Mr. Clarence
Francis, chairman of the Committee for
the Hoover Report. He was a member
of the Hoover Commission when it was
in operation. In speaking for the Com-
mittee for the Hoover Report, he comes
out In wholehearted support of Senate
Concurrent Resolution 2.
Let me point out that two Members
of the Senate were members of the
Hoover Commission-the Senator from
New Hampshire [Mr. Bsloezal and the
Senator from Arkansas (Mr. McCi.ri.-
LAlel. According to Information given
to me by the Senator from New Hamp-
shire, they went on record, during the
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 Approved F?Wq ~ 6bz/0'1 c f h ' f U Ti i R000100110002-6 5119
Inc twhen the Commission was in ex-
isteni?e, as being opposed to the creation
of a civilian commission, and as being
in favor of the establishment of a joint
congressional committee. Those two
Senators were our representatives on the
Hoover Commission; and that was their
recommendation, as I understand.
Instead of having this matter handled
by the two subcommittees to which ref-
erence has been made-which meet oc-
casionally, but are not vitally and solely
interested in the CIA, for they have
many other duties-I certainly believe
that a regular, standing joint committee
of the Senate and the House of Repre-
sentatives should be established to look
after the interests of the Congress and
also to look after the interests of the
people of the United States In this field.
I trust those with whom I am associated
in the House and the Senate; I trust
them, regardless of whether they be
Republicans or Democrats.
Certainly we as a body are entitled to
as much consideration as are members
of the National Security Council or
members of a private commission or
members of any other group. After all,
the Congress has the ultimate responsi-
bility. Congress has the obligation of
appropriating the moneys used in the
Government service. Congress creates
the various agencies, but then sits back
and lets the Executive take over as much
control as It desires to have. Mr. Pres-
ident, I think it is about time for the
Senate to wake up.
Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, will
the Senator from Montana yield to me?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. RUSSELL. I do not wish to pro-
long the debate, but certainly I do not
like to have the Senator from Montana
leave me in the position of seemingly
wishing to surrender any of the powers
of _the Congress.
What I am trying to have the Con-
gress do Is keep where they are now, in
the Armed Services Committee and the
Appropriations Committee, the powers
which the Senator from Montana pro-
poses to take from those committees and
lodge in the proposed joint committee.
I know of nothing such a joint commit-
tee could do that the Armed Services
Committee and the Appropriations Com-
mittee cannot do.
The Senator from Montana referred
to the Marine Corps fiasco in the execu-
tive branch of the government. To the
very best of my ability, I have fought to
obtain the appropriations for the Ma-
rine Corps. I have expressed my griev-
ous and distinct disapproval of the action
of the executive branch in not expend-
ing those appropriations for the purpose
for which they were made by Congress.
I have undertaken to-well, Mr. Presi-
dent, I do not like to use a strong word,
but I have made it perfectly clear to the
Secretary of Defense and to the Joint
Chiefs of Staff that I think they have
gone directly counter to the clear Intent
of the Congress. Of course, they added
insult to injury by submitting budget
estimates by means of which they under-
took to have the money we appropriated
for the Marine Corps used by the Office
of the Secretary of Defense and by other
civilian agencies. On yesterday after-
noon I had the privilege, in the Appro-
priations Committee, of making a motion
to strike out that language, so as at least
to show that we do not propose to stand
by and have insult added to injury.
But I must confess that I do not ex-
actly see the relationship between the
Marine Corps Incident-much as I de-
plore it and much as I condemn it-and
the efforts which are being made to re-
move these powers of supervision from
the committees which now have them.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
wish to say again-I have already said
It many times-that the Marines have
never had a better friend than the dis-
tinguished Senator from Georgia [Mr.
RUSSI LL), the chairman of the Armed
Services Committee. That is a well
known and an established fact: and I
know he was the one who was primarily
responsible, behind the actions of the
distinguished Senator from Missouri
(Mr. SYMINCTON I. last year, In bringing
about a restoration of the $40 million
which Mr. Wilson, the Secretary of De-
fense, acting for the President, impound-
ed, and later used in part for other pur-
poses In the office of the Secretary of
Defense, the Secretary of the Navy, and
a few other of the agencies under his
jurisdiction. So I am delighted that the
distinguished Senator from Georgia did
what he did on yesterday. I only hope
that he will see to It that if these moneys
are not used for the Marine Corps, as
they should be, they will be returned to
the general Treasury and will not be
used for other purposes.
Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, if the
Senator from Montana will indulge me,
let me say that I think the funds should
be reappropriated, so as again to have the
Congress go on record regarding Its de-
sire to have the money used for the Ma-
rine Corps, and so as again to show that
the present Department of Defense, act-
ing under the Chief Executive, has been
clearly flouting its responsibility to act In
accordance with the directives of the
Congress, which has the responsibility of
raising and maintaining armies for the
defense of the United States.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Am I to under-
stand from what the distinguished Sen-
ator says that If he has. his way this
money is to be used by the Marine Corps
for the purposes intended?
Mr. RUSSELL. We shall have to re-
appropriate It, but I shall certainly make
every effort, when the defense bill comes
before the Senate, to see that it is re-
appropriated for the Marine Corps.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I thank the Sen-
ator.
Referring to the second part of the
Senator's question, I did not say that
the Marine Corps matter, the 70-group
'Air Force matter, or the matter of execu-
tive agreements was directly connected
with the CIA. However, I tried to indi-
cate that indirectly, through the years,
both during Democratic and Republi-
can administrations, there has been a
tendency on the part of the Executive to
assume our responsibility, and to get
away from the idea of coequality, as
Provided by the Constitution. I cer-
tainly did not mean to imply any per-
sonal responsibility on the part of the
distinguished Senator from Georgia,
whom I recognize as one of the great con-
stitutional lawyers of this body. I tried
to indicate that that was being done will-
ingly, so far as the Congress as a whole
was concerned, because we are not fight-
ing the tendency to shift power away
from us.
Mr. RUSSELL. So far as the Senator
from Georgia is concerned, he will con-
demn such a trend at every opportu-
nity. I know of no other way to fight it.
I regret that there are not more Mem-
ber of Congress who feel as does the
Senator from Montana, who has ex-
pressed himself so forcefully.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I thank the Sena-
tor from Georgia.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, I
yield 10 minutes in oppositon to the dis-
tinguished Senator from Idaho (Mr.
DwORSHAK 1.
Mr. DWORSHAIL Mr. President, I
have listened to the debate this after-
noon with a great deal of interest. I
have been undecided as to whether I
would vote for or against the concur-
rent resolution.
I have profound respect for my col-
league, the junior Senator from Georgia
I Mr. RUSSILL 1, with whom I serve as a
member of the Appropriations Commit-
tee; and likewise for the distinguished
chairman of the Appropriations Com-
mittee, the senior Senator from Arizona
[Mr. HAYDiJIl,
Logically there Is much truth in what
has been said, to the effect that there is
little justification for the creation of an-
other joint committee. We have an ade-
quate number of standing committees
now, if they function effectively and dis-
charge their duties as they should. It is
true, as the Senator from Georgia pointed
out, that probably we now have access to
information, data, and records of the
Central Intelligence Agency through the
Armed Services Committee, of which he
is the chairman, and likewise through
the Appropriations Committee.
I have had some experiences In this
connection during the past year. A year
ago I was assigned to membership on the
subcommittee on Defense Appropria-
tions. For a long time I had had certain
misgivings and uncertainty with respect
to the operations of the CIA. I was very
eager to find out something about the
CIA, because it Is a very vital and Im-
portant agency In the executive depart-
menu of the Government,
When the director of the CIA ap-
peared before the Senate appropriations
subcommittee, I was so naive as to think
that, as a member of the committee, and
a Member of the Senate. I might be en-
titled to some information.
I ventured to ask certain questions of
the director. I was told very emphatic-
ally "This information Is classified." In-
formation as to the number of personnel
is classified, whether there are 1,000, 10,-
000, or 20,000 employees and officials
working for CIA. Oh, Mr. President,
that is highly classified Information!
Then when r directed questions to the
'director about the amount of money re-
quired to operate the CIA, I was again
told, quite forthrightly, "This is classified
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 All the tune since k
Allen Dilles has regretted that'he didnot.'go , that=;_ineeting.
intelligence ?taan, Mr. Ailles earn i of the conspiracy to ae autn
Der. F1ahrer, Adolph.}iitler, that.:w; a o July~2J 1 ii .: tried x .A,
with mi.t,ht Wand main to "get his ssu std ~r to giyr m` upportf t b! F
enterprise. ^ The plot -failed, 114t `~r. J).iiles d . l succeed ~ n .av ng
a German whom he had personal.y 1 oaraged to ~ ?t outF.of. Zierna N
with forged paDere and an ide,.ttflcation zing, 11 supply d b
Mr. Iklles. t ex5 ; ~3~
"But it was in Bern too to 'SwttLerland:thait Mr. ;Duillee "ee'r+ e
as. representative during World' War 1, - f :tt.e Office o' Strategic,
cervices The place wss er6i1e isw h ; pie,a,?; undercover LL"isa `fits
sorts. It was a tenter for Euro an .resistance. ;.ThiOugh ,an Q
"Since then Mr. ifzllesr ,~llPn . D:'lles, has done a great
many large things. He will. be cal 3edi ',upon: to [lei` many, man rat !i ~? ? ' `.
The Senate apparent1y?.haa conf dence 4.hat he X11 do them wel .
That Iwas the reason for the?v()t' on f~+ndor eieesnt.N
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Approved For Release 2002/01/24: CIA-RDP84-00161 R000100110002-6
 Approved For Release 2002/01/24: CIA-RDP84-00161 R0001 00110002-6
BEST COPY
Available
THROUGHOUT
FOLDER
Approved For Release 2002/01/24: CIA-RDP84-00161 R000100110002-6
 ANK V Z ]Jbb
Approved For Release 2002/01/24 : CIA-RDP84-0
'CIA WATCHDOG
. PLAN KILLED
,Senate Defeats Proposal For
Check On Activities
Washington, April 11 0'1- 'I he
Senate, after much talk abiott
whether Congress can keep is se
cret, today killed a plan to set uP'
a Senate-House committee to
keep tabs on the supersecret
Central Intelligence Agency.
The proposal. defeated on Al
59.27 vote, was strongly oppit e(I
by President Eisenhower. who let
it be known he feels CIA's ail vi
ties are too sensitive for such
congressional supervision.
Congress does look into. CIA J
;affairs through exi-ting commit-
;tees, however. and this was one
argument used by opponents of,
the defeated proposal.
Supporters contended Congress
lacks an adequate check on CIA,
despite secret briefings of key
members.
Sponsored By Mansfield
Veteran Senate Democrats
joined Republican leaders in turn-l
Ing back the resolution, which)
would have ncnfed the approval
of the Senate end I?ouse but not
the President's signature. It
would have created a twelve mem-
ber group. s:-: from each branch.
Tbt joint tnnunntcc plan was
sponsored .)/ Sena or Mansfield
(D., Mort.), and 31, other sena-
tors. Scurf of tlue cosponsors
turned ?gainst the proposal dur-
ing the(' debate, however.
One if them. Senator Frun(is
Case ;ft., S.D.t, said he wax
swayer by the argument that se-
cret I' :ormatlon would be avail-
able the proposed committee
and #~%ht leak out.
F,. f9rie Disillusionment"
Se*tA$~rr Russell 'D., (ia.), a
le.r?tnit topponent, bald his "one
"d,iilus?~nment" about the Senate
r,hf~l~ elilssitied material leaked
to the prasa from secret commit-
-tee sessit rs.
Mansflt:4 countered with an
argument that both former Presi
dent lloovrr and Walter Bedell
Smith, retired general and firmer
CIA director, had urged estatr-
lishment of a congressional watch-
1\'Js ', V ho told the Senate III
-tad I.o lit} i00 pages of do- ?t
manta' on of incompetency, to.
elliei, ncy. waste and Communist
infiltration in the CIA"
}lolling up a thick hatch of
T'aper'. he said,
"1 in not going to Introduce
I Before the vote, Senator Knmc.l thl" into the record because it'
land (Cal.), minority con', ay involve security information
leader, said the President belles ed Tsui it this committee is let up.
creation of the joint comniitic, 11 will tun. this Information over
would "Jeopardize" United Stale- ;to it munedlately."
intelligence services abroad 11e Knowland told McCarthy tnat
I said Eisenhower felt CIA I'.hash the Armed Services or At)-
too sensitive for clo`" I ,w-,)rial1oils committees were In
^.hecking by Congress. a lu?It ton to go Into the matter
Knowland got into a hassle vars.. Ni!)- if ?McCarthy would
,with . Senator McCarthy 'ittll.i, ir,,- .?.aterial over to them,
NTL
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 APR -16
9
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CENTRAL INTI _LIGF."NCF; AG1,NCY-
DOC'UMi.NIS FURN1. HED BY SEN-
ATOn t'IvCARTHY
Mr. Mi CAPTIIY Mr, President. I
wl lr to e;ivr the ;senate some informa-
tion.
A few d a`be when the Senate was
consider in the CIA Joint resolution I
stated thflt if the resolution were passed
I would Lui n over to the proposed new
.joint conlrniLi.ce Some 50 or mere docu-
ments havinv: to !o with everythinc from
inconlpctf n^e to conrnninirm in the CIA.
The resolution failed, anti the joint corn-
mittee was nit established.
The question arose as to whether the
Information shrrild uo to the Armed
Services C' mmittee, headed by the Sen-
ator from C;corcia ! Mr Ri -`,Err i, to the
Permanent Investilatin: Sulx'omrnittee
of the Committee on Government Op-
erations, Leaded by the senator from
Arkansas I Mr. MCULFLI.AN 1, nr to the In-
ternal Security Subcommittee of the
Committee on the Judiciary. I felt that
the Internal S'curity Subcommittee had
the most complete jurisdiction of the
subject. so I have turned over the docu-
ments. as of today, to the subcommittee
of the Senator from Missi^Siipi IMr.
I'ASTtiANOI_ not because I preferred that
Subcommittee to the other committee but
because I thought that it had unques-
tional jurisdiction on the suhiect
I know they will h::ve diilicu1t c vtting
the A, itnn":[.n's from the CIA. '11) t refused
to app: ar before hnr corn n;ttf e. How-
ever. I tripe that we will 5 ,1 on the
Sezw+ e fl ror the rioLL of the 1:'.Scrnal Se-
cut'lty Sti n: ninrn'.ttee tO ret tlhe' iii` ce.srary
inforn:,t;e rr F' r that, rYrison ?,,,j
t rr ed W, el rill ttf Nei rcut material
R `t9 `r i ili~rij eoftif1tft$ .
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 ~ XUKsES APR 17 1956
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Bills That Died Consume
Half of Senate's" Time
WASHINGTON. March 16
l3Yl-The Senate has spent
about half of its time this year
in debating bills that never be-
came law.
The first big breath-waster
was the natural gas bill, which
came before the Senate Jan.
16 and was approved Feb. 6.
Three weeks of words went
down the drain when Presi-
dent Eisenhower vetoed the
measure to exempt natural
gas producers from direct
Federal controls.
The Senate took up the
farm bill on Feb. 22. The
measure was passed March 19.
President Eisenhower vetoed
the House-Senate compromise
version today and another
three weeks of debate was in
vain.
While waiting on the final
outcome of the farm bill, the
Senate spent six days of de-
bate on the electoral reform
amendment. After several pre-
liminary votes. it finally was
sent back to a committee
pigeonhole.
Later, the Senate took up a
resolution to establish a joint
watchdog committee for the
Central Intelligence Agency.
It Was defeated after three
days of debate.
The time consumed on these
four measures adds up to al-
most two months. The Senate
has beetr in session less than
four months.
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 NOV 18 1956
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NEW YORK POST
Circ.: e. 399,886
S. 265,066
~
Front 94& online r~ ,
Path Paso Peso
By Robert S. Allen
Washington, Nov. 17-The Central Intelligence Agency
another c ideal scrutiny at the coming session of Congress.
The backstage plan is again to try to set up
a special rnmmitter with watchdog authority Over
CIA, as the Joint Atomic Committee has over
!llP Atomic Energy Commission. Such legisla-
tion was rejes-ted by the Senate last spring, but
another Aght will be made for it next year.
The bipartisan sponsors of the measure are
already laying the ground for this. The war-in-
fitmed cnse' in the Middle East and satellite
countries sr: lnoviding them with a lot of
material.
There Mwa a .igruficant tip-off on these under-
cover preparat-nns at the Senate Foreign Rela
tions Committee . long meeting with top Admin.
Istration offirta!?
CIA Dtrrcfar Allen Dulles was subjected to
crttlte gritlhtg on charges of falling to prockle
adequate advance lnforntatlon on the British.
F rench-Israel asaauk In Egypt, and the Poiish
and Hungsrlaw revolts against Russian rule.
These blasts at CIA are nothing new. The In-
telligernr Agency has long been under fire by
both Repubti,ans and Democrats on complaints of
incompete -ce and bungling. The significance of
this barrage is that it was ob%inusiv for the
purpose of providing ammunition for the coming
legislative battle
ThU intentloo was not lohl on Dulle.. He de-
fended himself and his agency vigorous!._
Sen. Mansfield, (Montt.). slated to be the Dent
ocrats' new Assistant Floor Leader, wasted r.o
breath In bluntly putt.ng Dulles on the spot.
"Why were we caught napping on what hap-
Dened In the Middle Least. Poland and Hungary!"
demanded Manstleld, "Why Is our Intelligence al
Nays so inadequate; so poor, or totally misaing!"
A categoric denial of all these accusations ik as
made by Dulles.
"Our Intelligence concerning the attack on
~=gypt was excellent," he retorted. "A full report
warning that Israel was preparing a major attwc>k
agatast Egypt was placed as President Elsett?
definitely headed
Rosser'% desk more than E4 hours before the event
occurred. That report also forecast the Skee thood
that Britain and France would aid Israel once
the fighting broke out."
Tuns brought an exclamation of
Sen. Fuibright (D., Ark.).
played so much astonishment when his pro" sec-
retary handed him a news dispatch about this at-
tack?" asked Fuibright. "I have a press teport In
my hand quoting Hagerty as stating the President
got his first tcord of this attack from a press dis?
patrh."
"I tx'lieve YOU will find that what Hagerty
actually saol, pointed out Dulles, "was that the
Pre.ider,t was informed of the attack when he
resit the press report. That is quite different
trim hr,t l r wing about It. The President did
k nos about it in advance."
That drew a challenge from
Man-tou t.
s
smother ante by
the Montanan. "then why didn't he act; why
didn't he do something to avert this dangerous
co nflicl?
"That'% a question s hk-h should be directed
to other officials," declared Dulles, "I anal oon-
rerned with intelllgence. My job Lq to gather In-
formation, evaluate it and to report It W'h, t Is j,
dune ahem( it is oulside of my jurisdiction."
Dulles alto asserted the CIA had submitted
rumerons teports on unrest in the satellites and
the like;,huod of uprisings.
"It is difficult to forecast the exact timing
of so, h revolts," he pointed out. "You can never
tell Just what will touch them off. But we ded.
nitely knew- they were in the making, and also
that the Kremlin would react as ruthlessly as It
did !n Hungary, and may yet do In Poland."
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 NEW. YORK MMES q
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STATINTL
MANSFIELD CALLS Council "and all our intelligence'its retention (,f control of both
arms have been delinquent." 1houses of Congress.
Mr. INTELLIGENCE LAX. a Mansfield, a member of) In a letter to members m the
the Senate Foreign Relations Democratic National Commit-
Committee, Is slated to he theltee's Executive Committee,
(Democratic whip. Senator Humphrey said that
Presses i'. N. Action I"instead of letting the Republi-.
C.I.A. Branded Delinquent' cans seize all the limelight with,
in Its Reports on Poland, Ile said he thought there had
beep "a great deal of biparti- (Presidential] inauguration fes-
HUn a and Mideast sanshl in torsi n policy, butltivitles in January, why can't
ry declared that the , DemocratsiDemocratic victory celebration
sar>rl Wme vew tat ruon should be in on the "take-offs (here near the year end'
WASHINGTON, Nov. 18- rather than the crash-landings,' "We have an impressive case
He said he thought the world to present to the American peo-
Senator Mike Afarisfield indi-shad avoided nar "thanks to ac- Ple on Democratic gains and
rated today that he might renewition of the United NRtion'..?? lie such an event would focus pub-
his drive for. a joint Con- praised the United Nations ac-lie attention on that story."
gressional committee to super. tion in sending a Tx)lice force to Senator Humphrey suggested
vise the Central Intelligence Egypt and said that it should that the national committee and.
gency. remain "until the question 1s the Senate and House Demo-,
The Montana pemocrat said settled " cratic Campaign Committees
that United States intelligence Mr. Mansfield said that he sponsor the ball. Democratic
agencies had beet "delinquent" would favor subsidizing ship- governors should be Invited to
in reporting on the outbreak of menu of oil to Western Europe lead delegations from their
troubles abroad. If necessary to replace ship- states and "join in showing the
"We were caught .short," he'ments cut off ac a result of the country the great potential of
said. "We were caught by sur- blocking of the Suez Canal. He future leadership in Douro-
prise in Poland, caught by sur- said such action would he far~cratic ranks." he said.
prise in Hungary, caught by better "than to see the Soviet
surprise in the Middle East." 1Union come in and take it
Answering questions on the [Western Europe] over lock,!
American Broadcasting Com. stock and barrel."
pany's television program "Col- Meanwhile, Senator Hubert H.
lege Press Conference," he ex- Humphrey of Minnesota pro-
pressed the opinion that the posed that the Democratic party
C. I. A. the National Security hold a victory ball to celebrate
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 -------- roved-For Release 2*002/01//24 CIAT?QP84-00161R0001
CHICAGO SUN-TIMES
Circ.: d. 564,829
S. 550,165
Front Edit
rage Fag.
Ott'.,
page
CIA Faces Fresh Intelligence Test
.4pe`rtiTe~f rdTht!'3fln-T1ma
WASHINGTON-The Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency is
headed for . another critical
scrutiny at the coming session
of Congress.
The plan is to try again to
set up a special committee with
watchdog authority over CIA.
as the Joint Atomic Committee
has over the Atomic Energy
Commission. Such legislation
was rejected by the Senate last
spring.
The bipartisan sponsors of
the measure are already pre-
paring for the inquiry. The
crises in the Middle East and
Soviet satellite countries are
providing them with material.
Ape. Dulles Qvibmed
There was a significant tipoff
on the undercover preparations
at the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee's meeting with top
administrative officials.
MA Director Allen W.
was subjected to critical ques.
boning on charges of falling to
provide adequate advance In-
, formation on the British-
the latest barrage is that it was That brought an exclamation coming." demanded the Mon-
obvious for the purpose of pro- of surprise from Sen. J. William tartan, "then why didn't he act?
viding ammunition for the com- Fulbright (D-Ark.). Why didn't he do something to l
ing legislative battle. "Then how did it happen the avert this dangerous conflict?" i
Sen. Mike Mansfield (Mont.), President displayed so much as- -''That's a question which!
slated to be the Democrats' as- tonishment when his press secre- should be directed to other offi- t
sistant floor leader, bluntly put tary handed him a news dis- cials," declared Dulles. "I am
Dulles on the spot. patch about this attack?" asked concerned with intelligence. My;
"Why were we caught nap- Fulbright. "I have a press re- job is to gather information, I
ping on what happened in the port in my hand quoting Hag- evaluate it and to report it.j
Middle East, Poland and Hun-,erty [James C.) as stating the What is done about it is out-;
gary?" demanded Mansfield. President got his first word of side of my jurisdiction."
"Why Is our intelligence always this attack from a press dis- Dulles also asserted the CIA'
so inadequate; so poor, or total-I patch." had submitted numerous re-'
ly missing?" "I believe you will find that ports o. unrest in the satellites" Dulles retorted. "Our intelli- what Hagerty actually said," said the Hkelhood of uprisings.;
gence concerning the attack on said Dulles, "was that the Pres6
Egypt was excellent. A full re-
port warning that Israel was pre-
paring a major attack against
Egypt was placed on President
Eisenhower's desk more than 24
hours before the event occurred.
That report also forecast the
likelihood that Britain and
France would aid Israel once the
fighting broke out."
I
French-Israeli assaults in Egypt.
and the Polish and Hungarian
revolts against Russian rule.
The Intelligence Agency long .
has been under fire by both
Republican and Democrats on
complaints of incompetence
and bungling. Significance o;.
dent was informed of the attack
when he read the press report.
That is quite different from
first knowing about it. The
President did know about It in
advance."
Why Dtda't Fresideat Act?
That drew a challenge from
another angle by Mansfield.
"If he knew an attack was
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I NTL
 Circ.: m. 207,271
NOV 2 1 Mb
20Q2f01124 ? CIA-RDP84-00161R
5' AkRorgOad Fortt:Ig, ,
d In er ere oo Ti ti. ,
secret work.
crony/ Edit Ode. The intelligence estin,,,te n
r?Qe rese rose the action in Egypt did no:
name the time when the .Is-
Date: 'sault would begin except that
it would be in the near future.
I t hus, when President L? isen-
per recently said that by
,. :.
td learned of the attack only
CiWarning
? through the press, intelligence
1epo the ouseb on were the in imminence ofWhite'
r oc:u
of Mid-East H
the attack.
Attack Bared I It Is said that there is no
discrepancy cy between these
two acts, and that it was
By RICHARD WILSON perfectly true that President
chief of cite M1aaMpo11s Ttlbana Eisenhower had received nu
waskinsm lareau . information from the British,!
WASHINGTON A OOntro-I French or Israelis on their
intentions, and only got the'
the versy is
Eisenhower' developing adtnheeeiaiatra on I1definite news from the press.
-
bon's awareness of and treadi-, THIS FITS the previous pie
nets for intetnitjonal Cttises ? Lure of an administration
Was the tlnittt!d $ptbes which had been deliber-itelv
y
caught unready and off guard: Fre metnedch who, the from m Oct. and
, on-
by the Middle East crisis in a ward, kept their allies igno-
less disastrous version of the' rant of their plans.
Pearl Harbor surprise of 1941?
T h e answer thus far is The point now made I s that
the central intelligence agency
.that the central intelligence. was, without British , and,
agency (CIA) did, in fact, ad-,French co-operation, ahle t,.;
vise the White House 24 hours ; determine somewhat in ad-
in advance of the Imminence1c.ance the action these coun-
of the Israeli, British and. tries and Israel were about to
French assault on Egypt. take.
THE GOVERNMENT'S top Submission of such esti-
intelligence agency also ad-I mates, which amount to exact
vised the White House of the evaluations and predictions,
unrest in Hungary, but it was is a relatively new f.lnction
not able to forecast the course 1for the central intellwence
of events and the repression 1agency. These estimates have
imposed by the Soviet Union. been going before the national
Congressional leaders have security council for : ?,mething
,been informed of these ad- river four years and were first:
vane Intelligence estimates, introduced by Gen. Walter;
but th ey are not completely Bedell Smith.
satisfied. PRIOR to that time it h.-id
bons commit- ese ddevelopments.
t charges that It
Under Allen Dulles, the CIA
jtii, intelligence lhas advanced even further;
Bite foreign re Invents, but not to evaluates
f
h
fluential mem- #'r the state depart?rrent and the'
r of the sea White H o u s e of develop-
Mansfield ' (P. - moos intelligence agencies to!
Ivance information. He de-Jto predictions of probable
WU/O!Q ..w w ,, l,141L LJU11eS anti
1no having ad- this top staff tie thrmselves'
watchdog committee. for the In the present case, they,
intelligence agencies, were r i g h t i n e a t u;r t, 11 c
CENTRAL Intelligence Israel's intention to attack in
agency Is fighting such con- the Sinai desert rathc r thin
tgressional supervision, but has in Jordan. But it is not dis-
~welcomed a study of its work closed in what cases CIA has
on the; Egyptian and Hun- been wrong.
aarian crisis by M.insfield' or Nor is the a,;ency itself in a
other members of the foreign position to rep c.,; v l ;, !,,; ;
relations committee. CIA will 11,..- ';_k# .,.. ...I-. _ .......-
STATINTL.
of - r~N I acv a na~cvcp 4;;~MN +~t+l'ti~ 4 `Tl h; IY~~ `-rwr u-r-vv 1W I rwvv I VV I 1 vvvc-v
Members of any s nary sort' of its ope:.ail? s.
committee on the ?n'wrd that
 ~. ----------- Nov 2 1956
C'v'IUENCE (R.I.)
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C c.: m. 53,259
5. 181,704
Horst Ui' ot:h.r
Pig. Pago Page
Date:
U.S. intelligence Unit
Gave 'Mideast Ti off
BV FREDERIC W, COU-fl
Jaur.M-a~1Nfb {iwhlnct Srsas
1Va'hington - Controversy on
the question whether the United
States knew early enough and
r.;lly enough what was boiling
up in the Middle East and East-
ern Europe this fall is almost
-ortain to develop when Con-
i ass begins to come back to
fife.
hours in advance that there
would be British and French in-
tervention in Egypt.
It provided & forecast to the
government long in advance that
something was ripening in Ilu'i-
The Central:--Intelligence
Agency did inform the White
Clouse 24 hours in advance that
Israel was about to attack and
.pinpointed Egypt as the target
despite efforts to misdirect CIA's
.attention toward Jordan.
it did give an estimate- 24
24 hours in ad', ante
be.::ga,,
Others ale
1w4ty at did not furnish a f'
of the 'iuience of the Soviet re-
action in Ilungary.
The intelligence activity with
respect to the Israel-attack and
the British and French inter
sention in Egypt was carried
out under somewhat unusual
conditions, in that friendly
countries were involved with
whom this government ordinar-
tpossible to lay down with an) I
accuracy.
What the government %+ri
told at the highest levels in a
long series of meetings was thati
a process of spontaneous com-I
bustion was going on and th.,t
a flarcup was going to occuir.~
In Poland, there had been the
spectacular advance notice 41, en by the Ponzan riots. In Hint
gary, it was perhaps imp -"ible
to tell until the last inotacit
when underlying hatreds of tile,
Russians would break through',
the surface. When it came its
came with the sparking of :nn,
ily has a satisfactory exchange
of information.
In this case, Inc United States
was not informed b> the partici-
pants. Instead. there was for
seeks what is characterized as
blackout. Thho weeks before
ihr whole thing come out into
the open. the CIA knew that the
blackout was on. There are
background indications, in fact,
that this government acted to
earn Britain. France and Israel
privately well in advance of the
public warnings given as the
to a head
t
incident during a sccmulgl>
peaceful demonstration.
For a matter of two years orl
thereabouts there has been a1
24-hour watch on in the Penta-
gon in which CIA and military!
intelligence officers join, cullingi
out information from all over
the world on prospective war,
situations. This is keyed into'
machinery which can reach the
White House and the top of-
ficials of key departiacnts at
critic ca
lany hour
Knew British, French Intent
The CIA was aware of British,
and French intention to act,l
Having watched preparations for,
iti kiting, shipments of materiel?I
and a buildup on Cyprus. It nit
not limit itself to reporting "ca-
pabilities," but made an esti-
mate of intent.
The boiling up of revolts in
Poland and Hungary provided a
slightly different problem.
Whereas a military invasion is
,why CIA did not make a t---
;cast on the Mideast more 'flan
sion of the CIA. The CIA is a
large operation in itself, i1nd a
parent company for subsidiary
intelligence agencies in other t'c-
:partments such as state and de-
fense.
Senator Mansfield did not dis-
close the basis for Ms charge
that U.S. intelligence agencies
were "delinquent" In catching on
to what was happening. IIe was
present at a briefing of congres-
sional leaders on the whole s ib-
ject of the Mideast and East-
ern Europe after the eruptions
occurred there.
Questions are still being asked
gary and Poland, although it did
not fix a date or a c'fot- r ir.ge of
dates for outbreak.
Senator Mike 'Mansfield (D-
Mont), who is likely to be the
Democratic whip in the new Sen-
ate, is an influential member of
the foreign affairs committee,
and the author of a so-far tin-
successful attempt to set up a
congressional "watch-dot: com-
mittee" over CIA. has said "we
?ere caught short."
In a panel TV show Sunday
called College Press Conference.
Senator Mansfield suggested
strongly that he would renew his
drive for congressional supersi-
a relatively precise thing, any,
ttidcmenf as to just when a
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 Approved For Rele 002/01/24: CIA-RDP84-00161R00010
WASHINGTON
How Good Is U. S. Intelligence?
By ROSCOE DRUMMOND==
WASHINGTON.
Most of the Congressional criticism of the Central Intel-
ligence Agency is wide of the mark. The C. I. A. has, on balance,
been doing a better job than many of its critics realize.
The current attacks on the C. I. A. remind one of the famous
remark of the editor of "Punch" who, In reply to a disappointed
reader, agreed that "Punch" was not as good
as It used to be and added: "It never was."
If the critics of the C. I. A. would argue
that the United States intelligence operation
is not as good as it ought to be and never
will be good enough, that would seem to me
a. fair and useful comment-intelligence al-
ways needs to be better.
But to cnntend that the United States
government has recently been "caught short"
virtually everywhere-in Poland, in Iitlmgary,
in Israel. Egypt and the Middle East-is not,
to the best of my knowledge, borne out by
the facts.
Quite possibly some;, of the impreaalon
that the American government had no ad-
va qce clefts as to what was in the making
In the countries came, in part, from President
action not only without conauAt-
,Jng us but without Informing
UL .
Brit this Is far different than
laying, as some on the hill have
been saying, that the United
States had no advance intel-
ligence that any c'.tliese things
were atlrrinr. That would have
been a gi i vous intelligence
.breakdown and my Information
Flaenhower's entirely accurate statement, with respect to the
Israeli-Franco-British Intervention In Egypt that we had "not
been Informed." Here the President was referring to official In-
formation, not to intelligence, and was stating for the record
that gur NATO allies had undertaken i. major foreign policy
Is:
That we had at least a twenty-
four-hour advance intelligence
estimate that Israel was mobilis-
That out'ntelligence estimates
Indicated rte probability of Brit-
ish and '!'.i-nch participation:
That u?ti information in and
around the satellite countries
-showed 1thst distress and pop-
ular rr:%eatmrnt against the
Soviet. lwere coming to a boll,
althougJ I doubt if the C. I. A.
could jt.tve predicted 'whether
the o,it freak would be fir,+t in
Polanc, !-'Dr first in Hungary.
There can be no doubt that
our ?l:3Qence is weakest where
It wet l I tt Invaluable to have
it '.s 0%, n t - namely, inside the
S'+' "e v U ni s i But any conspira-
tct,'1 dictWorshtp is hard- to
'. r.ck and, the Russians were
=tghtly :-e r-rive under the
r.,.ara. The kind of military, eeo-
tioniic, riA i't'lalral information
which 1? ti the public domain
in a free tv-lety ;iKe the United
States Is rtr?,re'd by layers of
secrecy lr, .' to and is dis-
rti lrcrtu-i l' tk n,;ly. Obviously
% , tl e C I .. 's i r;elf !`al from
4d: Jr % ?'I i:.1 Is a s 't should
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T'.1 ?m?'lt tch^n im-
?' i r. .: I, l.'-eu t' can he
a. ouild i !? ;t. WkAl; 1,g! oil
waiting for some official to open
his office Monday morning.
Today a staff of qualified ex-
perts maintains a continuous,
twenty -four -lour-a-day scrutiny
of every piece of information,
estimate and tip from every
source which reaches every in-
telligence arm of the govern-
ment. At whatever time of day
or night it instantly refers any
critical new development to a
special committee for immediate
appraisal. This group has direct
contact with the intelligence,
advisory committee which is
made up of the intelligence rep,
resentatives of the C. 1. A.. Army.,
Navy, Air Force. Joint ChlefsI
of Staff, State and F. B. I. This,
intelligence advisory committee
is the adviser to the President
i
and the National Security Coun-;
cil and provides them with daily
intelligence information an~ ap-'
praleal.
One of the healthiest -things
about the C. I. A. Is its attitude'
of self-examination and Its'
awareness that its operation,
needs freshness, vigor and free-
dom from smugness. One of its
principal critics, Sen. Mike Mans-
Mon has renewed
the sug'Tt'stion that a joint Con-
gressional committee "supervise"
the intelligence operation.
I don't see how Congress can'
efficltntly "supervise" the ex-'
ecutive branch of the govern-
ment, but if Mr. Mansfield and
other able members of Congress
like him would be prepared
personally to put in the time to
Check the C. I. A.. inside and out,
upside and down, that w~1~ql~
? ,,s Z W8440016d R
t &40110002-6
expect the C. I. A. would wel-.
come it.
0 1956, N. Y. Herald Tribune Inc.
 ~Nll_a~E~P P1flV 2 5 1956 I NTL
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Circ.: e. 705,054
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Front
P.p.
Edit
Pigs
WASHINGTON FRONT
A Look at Intelligence
Mansfield Expected to Lead Drive
For Closer Supervision of Agency
By ROBERT TOTIf
Butfetin Washington Purvtu
Washington-There Is certain to be some hue and cry
when the new Congress convene for a shakedown of the
American intelligence system
Such outcries have ben heard before and have nCti,er
amounted to much. This one promises to be mop eubstan-
tial, for two reasons. First. because tn.s
government was apparently e.-iught unprt.
pared by the nranwntous developments if
the last month in eastern Europe and vie
Middle Fast, and, second, because the cut-
rent demand for a close look at our hush-
hush espionage activities has more formid.
able backing than similar proposals ha%e
ever 1tad before.
The chlei spokesman for a new deal in
Intelligence Is Senator ,hike Mansfield.
Democrat, of Montana. Mansfield, %% ho is
slated to become the majority whip in the Senate, is respect-.
.ed in both parties as an alert and intelligent Senator who
has not allowed partisanship to cloud hi` judgment :sod
,who has been a Consistently strong supporter of bipartisan
`.foreign policy.
v
l; As a hard-working member of the Foreign Relations
committec, in close and frequent touch with both State De-
f eld is better informed on what is going r,n in the world
than most of his colleagues.
'Caught by Surprise'
21 -
s When he asserts, as he did recently, that "we were
`
ca
ht short--we were caught by surprise in Poland, caught
by urprise in Hungary, caught by sw pr i'e? in the Middle
Eax his words carry considerable weight. And when he
say~"hat the time has come to consider creating a ' watch-
deeg" congressional committee to supcr% ii . the funcl ienutg
of 14 "Central Intelligence Agency, he Is apt to be llctened
10. t
It may be correct to say that we were '?r,ugh: short
by th l.1srac?li invasion of F;:k pi- in the sense 'hat we :'.e?rr
not prepared with an effective and consistent poled In
meeting that crisis.
R\ztal Is not true that we were eau'ht I , n I t?_I, le\
sui'prisc+ The White House was informed eef the I-raeli m,l
hili-ratio~t`almost as soon as it began, and kni w 21 1:,,u
before it, was launched that the strike v is In tit a:
Egypt.
'hhe White House also had 24 hours v.a: u?t:c f; :t
trlligrnce sources of the Franco-British ntovr i'in ce njunriionwith the Israeli attack.
It can be argued that 24 hewn'!" notice Isn't much when
events of such proportion are being dealt with, but it ca:i
also be argued that it is better than nothing
In that connection it should be remembered that In-
telligence operated under some handicap not of its own mak-
ing.
One of these handicaps was the breakdown of the close
liaison that once existed between ourselves and our prin-
cipal allies. It has been well publicised, and it is true that
Britain and France did not inform this country of their in-
tention to go into Egypt. Such a situation would have been
unthinkable in the days when the heads of government wen'
r,perating on a close personal basis, as when Roosc ell and
Churchill, or even Truman and Attlee, were in power.
It would also hate been expected in the not ton dis-
tant past that whenever a government planned a major move
eef importance to us we would get a tipoff from some neu-
tral power that got wind of it.
The fact is that, in the Middle Fast situation, Britain
and France planned their rno\r at least two weeks in ad-
vance but we got no hint of it, from them or anyone else.
Contact Was Lost
The onus for that lies, if it lies anywhere, not on In-
telligence but on the State Department and the Executive.
Our diplomacy is no longer conducted on a personal
basis. It may cell be that the way we now operate is better
in the lung run, that more solid foundations for peace can be
laid by relying on neg otiation through the United Nations
than on the personal understandings of heads of states. But
our new method demonstrably involves some loss of contact
Keith other governments. That is a price we may be willing
to pay, but It should not be charged against Intelligence, or
at least not against Intelligence alone.
The intelligence problem in eastern Europe was dif-
ferent from that in the Middle East. The CIA was long
aware that trouble was brewir.g in PoLLsnd and Hungary
and that it was only a question of time when the lid would
blow off.
Put it did not know when, or in which country the
(lid. As a result, the Intelligence Service was unable to pro-
been and the Administration was similarly unprepared to
deal wtih the circumstances that did develop. There was,
..l.parentiy, no inteiligencc information on how Russia would
i(act when the satellites began throwing off their shackles.
In the light of hindsight than to suggest how a better re-
snilt might have been achieved. Mansfield and some other
nwniber, n,t Congress feel that the lault lies partly in the
fart that tho CIA has beeu permitted to function as :i law
unto fore nt the cor.Fressional restraints on budget,
1> rsnnn+l ind genoral operations that serve to keep most
adtnimsfr;aii%c agencies in line.
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 NOV 25 1956 \TINTL
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Circ.: e. 191,016
5. 172,853
F..,', Edit Othr
p.9. P.9. ?.;
emoving
? -~' Agency
oa rom u er Spy committees were irked ty
` Secrecy Conceals Both Good the apparent surprise of the
CIA over a revolution in Co-
And Bad Poi,its Of Dulles' CIA ."' ? lombia. On the other hand, the
t ? ' CIA got credit for forestalling
By CUEORGE ZIELKE Y a Communist shipment of arras
+ - -i to Guatemala in 1954, and also
Sel.ds 6tsd. Bureau
been credited with a role
J\ } ThIGTON, Nov. 24-Some time ago th Vntr~tl ` in the overthrow of Iran's Pre-
IV has
W Intelligence Agency arranged coverage for it vin- fi{.-'tw, mier Mossadegh in 1953.
plovees with it group hngp{talizatit,p organization. But That congressional concern
nted to l.ncit' has seeped into the executive
l
i
e wa
on peop
zat
When the group the. petals p 1 h branch of the government was
fire names of the persons covered, the CIA canceled
reflected by President Eisen-
the deal. bower's decision this year to
OCA ,. "
developments i i
, establish a board of consultants
rised b
ur
r
y
p
s
Thai in a nutshell describes the hush-hush atmosphere our- the Middle East and Europej on foreign int' i:igence activi-
rounding the CIA,?set up in the There are indicatr,n h, ties to review an dreport to him
defense reorganization of 1947. ever, that intelligence. repor on such activities -including
tV.; must have given some :r the CIA.
(By the way, iddle Er,rt ptf'I n
CIA em loyees about M t SUCH A BOARD was recorrr-
1' tions, since on Sunda". tact mended by the second Hoover
F'it there hos- President }'.isenhnv.,r? sin
pltaita a t i o n , Commission on Organization of
warning to l remier Rcn-G 1; 1()" the Government in 1955 after a
coverage of Israe; against t;:king "'? , ,.
commission "task force."
thiouf'h a blare- Vet policy writ tul initiative" and the_ Stat, t?, . headed by Gen. Mark Clark,
ten by a pri- partrncrit ;asked Asr?encar- concluded that "there is s.rll
the Middle Ett the amount of in-
telligewa'., take that any way
you war.t - iv otsble to the armed
forces a?ii gc1. iy makers of the
goverrivent. Ih'srybody around
the town want* rte U.S. to have
a good spy syu'.n . The big ques-
tion is whether (~,IA, which has
grown faster and,;sore strangely
than Topsy Is the :r},swer.
ployes, of whom 6,200 were
special agents.
CIA and its short-lived prede-
cessor, the CIG, have had five
different directors in its eight
years, Adrn. Sidney Sowers, the
late Gen. Hoyt Vandenberg, Adm.
Roscoe II illenkoetter, Gen. Walter
(Beedle) Smith and the current
spy boss, Allen Dulles. An amend-
ment to the act last year requires
now that if the head man is
from the military, his deputy
must be a civilian.
CIA Reports to
Security Council
The agency works directly
under the National Security
Council, and the CIA supporters
in Congress insist they, through
the Appropriations and Armed
Services subcommittees, get all
the farts they require about its
operations, including those con-
cerning spending.
Each week, the day before the
National Security Council meets,
the Intelligence Advisory Coun-
cil holds a huddle to see what's
new. Dulles is chairman of this
council and present are represent-
ative's of the FBI, Navy, Army
anti Air Force intelligence, the
Joint Chiefs of Staff, State De-
parttne!ar,ce'!
each other.
STATINTL
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 pdNd O orei~ease' A2/II1/2AA-RDP84-00 1800010011000 6 But Publicity of Its Activities Would Greatly
Handicap Agency in Its Super Secret Work
By t-REDKRIC W. COI L1N
Journal. nalIrt Washington Burnam New !security Problems
Washington-The firm and wide- Na Detkils Are Asked There is a feeling .that .there
spread impression that the Central ,cot committee members do and really isn't enough in CIA to keep
Intelligence Agency operates on an ask for details, and It is a ques- a Joint committee occupied. But
no check fneitwh attng basis with tion how the problem could be It is taken for granted that such
no check on er is some- a committer, like all others in Con-
But Allen
did
h
.
ey
thing short o of being being completely arses it bas ta
would s Q build up a
accurate. Dulles g -d personal rela- We"-
The CIA collects information, and tionship with tiro n, and the or- big staff. That, in Itself, would
rangement re, resents consid- parse new security problems, and
conducts secret activities abroad. rrable success in striking a br- for that matter, it is felt that if
It would like very much to to left the m n sessional then are interested In such work,
Y
the impression somehow gets I- rol"M3a eon
ae Na two others.
around that Congress, for example, Mansfield s pr++posal for a joint .
i
ever, it finds Itself on the front been told in ((mhdence. secrets. CIA has relations with
pages. Senator McCarthy threatens CIA's total budget (which is giv- every secret service in the free
to investigate It, daimini Commu- en very close ex;in,ination in the world, 30 or 40 of them. Dulles
nists have infiltrated. Director Al. )34,dget Bureau hef-n e it, requests has been told bluntly what he
len W. Dulles says flatly that is go to t'songressi is not made puts knew anyway, that those relation-
false. Ile and it is not intended that it ships cease the moment CIA's
Sen. Mansfield (D-1lfont) wants ever will he. The total number of secrets start coming out before a
to act up an 18-member joint con- its employes is hkeoise a secret..congressional investigating com-
essioal committee to keep a its appropriations are concealed in mittee.
check on the agency. The ]Toovof various ways in the budget. A The CIA was only indirectly commission sion on reorganization of large but unspecified portion of its volved in one such congressional
th
the executive branch has chosen expenditures are "unvouchered," Investigation, in connection with
Gen. Mark W. Clark as head of a; meaning not accounted for In any questions clot the sera:trity of thq
task force to study CIA. way, although Dulles vouchers state Department's John Patton
Walebed by 4 Committees many things he is not required Davies, a career diplomat whose
case still is not completely rib
The agency is almost always re- to It seem. to be true that a solved. But the public hearings.
!erred to as "super-secret" and corrupt diirctor could get away despite the tonly he indirect Involve-
"hush-hush," and it undoubtedly with all kinds of dishonesty, at despite of CIA, "blew" two CIA
qualifies for both descriptions. And least for a time. I 1
I operatives and seriously damaged
ti
pu
o
rec
Is a fundamental incompatibly- There has never been an in, As Iong as es a r, e
icy between publicity and much of stance in which nirmtxts of these probably will flatly refuse to sub-
the work it does. mit to any congressional imestiga-
ng they ever ey brafen have lion which would expose CIA'a~
More and more often lately, haw- security on subcommittees have
to be bothered, but because there them.
. dity for secrecy
p I At
t
h ;
alone, not because it doesn't want gain between the CIA itself could probably use
right to inquire asst CIA's neces-
s
is not permitted to know anything Committee to Batch inc agency
about what goes on at CIA. considered to he well-intentioned,
ate groups keep an eye on it. These
priations Committees and Armed
Services Committees of both
branches.
As the thing works out in rrac-
tice, the Appropriations subcom-
mittee Is the more Interested of the,
two House groups, and the Armed
Services subcommittee slows the
i more interest in the Senate.
This arrangement means that
CIA is answering, for example, W
such a noteA watchdog as Itcp'.
Taber, chairman of the House Ay-
propriations Committee, and on t 2
Saitonstall, Arrttd Services Corr-
mittee chairman, and Sen. Russell,
ranking Democratic member.
Allen Dulles sr.1 some of his key
men are in regitlar touch with
these congressntes and senators,
to love au,u n K,+nJi, proposal is probably dead for this
session.
The CIA could probably live with
such a committee, just as the
Atomic Energy Commission gets
along with al hint committee. Some
drawbacks to such on arrange-
merit, hocirN -r, arc cited. The CIA
is only one of scver',t intelligence
agencies in the government. The
armed set-vices and the State De-
partment each have their own. So
the question is raised why CIA
should he tingled out for scrutiny
by a joint committee. The. Atomic
Energy Commission is a special
case, it is pooled out, tit that it
Is engaged in vast business enter-
"es and In sove'-al of Its ac-
tivities is a government monopoly.
appearing frequently before them.
The House Appr'.ssstations suhoom-
mittee is given a pretty good idea
where CIA's nd,ney goes. Like the
Senate Armed Y~r.~icra suhcommlt-
tee, it Is intolt 3ed as to major pro j.
eels by areas--what i$ --king in
the Mtiddlr F.ty'd, Svu;h As.a, and
eta on,
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COMMERCIAL-NEWS
Front
Page
Dab:
e. 34,486
S. 1,597
Edit (Other
Better CIA
Control'
Now Sought
By JAMES ROGERS
Gannett News Service
WASHINGTON - A new hid
to establish stronger congres-
asonal control over the super
secret C e n t r a I Intelligence
Agency will be made in the
Senate next year.
Revised to meet the objec-
tions to a similar plan this year
by such influential senators as
I-everett Saltonstall (R-Mass)
and Richard Russell (D-Ga),
the new move is expected by
its backing to have a good
hance of adoption.
Sen. M I k e Mansfield (D?
Mont), who originated the 1954
plan and lined up a bipartisan
group of 25 other senators as
co-sponsors, revealed the new
plan to Gannett News Service
recenUy.
Mansfield said that instead of
proposing an entirely new Sen-
ate-]louse Committee on Cen-
tral intelligence as he did this
year. he will introduce a bill
making the four subcommit- CIA is the only f e d e r a l
tees n o w dealing with CIA agency t h a t can conceal its
joint committee. spending, the number of em-
The Senate and House Ap- ployes it has, and virtually its
prupriations and Armed Serv- entire operation frnni the 1,i,b-
ices Committees e a c h have lie, the General Accounting Of-
three - member subcommittees flee and every member of i:on.
to w or k with CIA. These 12 gress except the 1: uml are on
members ? of Congress would the CIA subcoinmiuces.. ?
comprise the joint committee Mansfield and others assert
ensisioned by Mansfield. that the control ezercised by
Saltonstall and Russell, the these subcommittees user (1.1
senior members of the Senate Is spotty and uncoordinated.
Armed Services.Committee, op? If we fall to estahii h some
noised Mansfield's. plan fora' sort of permanent, continuing
new Joint Committee on Cen? link between (.,ii recc and the
tral Intelligence this year he- CIA, the only result sill. he
cause they felt the Armed growing susplcioo," Mansfield
Services a n d Appropriations said. "From that, in all likeli-
subcommittees were doing an . hood, will crone sporadic in.
adequate job. `vestigat)ons by carious corn-
They 1-anted out that secrecy mittecs of Cungresi."
is essential to the success of Mansfield !i:ds in rmn,l the
CIA alid that secrecy would type of relat,,,n,h+hp that h.,;
be increasingly difficult to pre- been established t.i t-.sc( n the
serve if more memtiers of Con- Atomic EnerF;y
fires, w e r e sopcr%ising the and the Joint
agency. Committee on -,ton'a I.^crty
Mansfield agrees on the im- The senator > i ,,as
pi-rtance of secrecy to CIA, but shelved by the ticn ,r U .+ I
'fir a;so contends that it is Cowm.ttre t!u I. 1 .1 r ,
dlar.R'?ruus for the agency to :)e hea; ig bt v t.. 'i )t.dr
`. A}3p`l deed"For; ,elease'2b0 '/U1/24 :CIA-RDP84-001618000100110002-6
as IL
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 S T I NTL
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JOINT CONURRLSSIONAL COMMIT-
TEE: ON CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
Mr. MANSFIELD Mr. President, be-
cause of the very nature of the Central
Intelligence Agency, I think that it is
Imperative that a Joint congressional
ecmmittee be established for the pur-
pose of making continued studies of the
activities of the Central Intelligence
Agency and pt oblems related to the
gathering of intelligence affecting the
national security. I feel that there
should be a joint congressional commit-
tee authorised, and that the CIA should.
as a matter of law, keep that committee
fully and currently informed with re-
spect to Its aclivlties.
. The need for the Central Intelligence
Agency it seldom questioned any longer
and I certainly am not challenging it
now. What I am concerned with, how-
ever,'is CIA's position of responsibility
to none but the National Security Coun-
cil I believe this should be changed. It
Is true that Intelligence services of other
major countries operate without direct
e4marol of the legislatures. This is un-
derstandable in a totalitarian govern-
ment, such as the Soviet Union. It is
even understandable in a parliamentary
democracy, such as Great Britain where
the entire administration is a part of
and Is respontiible to Parliament. Our
Corm of govel cement, however, is based
on a system of cheeks and balances. If
:t,i.s system gets seriously out of balance
at any point the whole system is Jeop-
nrdized and the %ay is opened for the
erc,wth of tyranny.
There has been almost no eongres-
'renal inspection of the Central Intel-
i Kenee Agency since the latter's estab-
i'shment in 1947. It is conceivable that
is the need _ for an intelligence service
had been evident In 1946, the Congres-
sional Reorganisation Act of that year
wL,l.tld have made provisions for congres-
sional participation in the committee
structure of Congress. As it is now,
however, CIA is freed from practically
every ordinary form of congressional
check. Control of its expenditures is ex-
eiiipteA from the provisions of law which
pietcnt finr^.cial abuses in other Oov-
ernwent agencies. Each year only a
handful of Members in each House see
the appropriation figures. There is no
s+igular. methodical review of this Agen-
cy, other than a briefing which is sup-
Wied to a few Members of selected sub-
committees.
. I agree that an Intelligence agency
n'tut maintain complete secrecy to be
elYcct.ve. It clandestine sources of in-
fcrmahon were inadvertently revealed,
they would quickly dry up. Not only
%-ouid the flow of information be cut off,
out the lives of many would be seriously
-i.?langered. In addition, much of the
value of the Intelligence product would
tie lost if It were known that we pos-
e. %ed it. Secrecy or these purposes is
ouv.., .sly ueccssxt 3.
However, there is a profound differ-
ence between an essential degree of
secrecy to achieve a specific purpose and
secrecy for the mere sake of secrecy.
Once secrecy becomes sacrosant, it in-
vites abuse. If we accept this idea of
secrecy for secrecy's sake we will have
no way of knowing whether we have a
fine intelligence service or a very poor
one.
If a new committee is set up as pro-
posed in this legislation, all bills, resolu-
tions, and other matters in the Senate or
in the House of Representatives relating
primarily to the CIA, would be referred
to the joint committee; and the Joint
committee would, from time to tithe,
make whatever reports are necessary to
the Congress concerning Its relationship
with the CIA.
This resolution would establish a joint
committee, composed of 6 Members of
the Senate to be appointed by the Presi-
dent of the Senate and 6 Members of
the House of Representatives to be ap-
pointed by the speaker of the House of
Representatives, In each Instance, not
more than 4 Members shall be of the
name political party.
The joint committee or any duly au-
thorized subcommittee thereof would be
authorized to hold such hearings, to sit
and act at such places and- times, to re-
quire, by subpena or otherwise, the at-
tendance of such witnesses and the pro-
duction of such books, papers, and docu-
ments, to administer such oaths, to take
such testimony, to procure such print-
ing and binding, and make such expend-
itures as it deems advisable. The com-
bnittee Is, in addition, empowered to ap-
point Its staff; and is authorized to
utilize the services, information, facili-
ties, and personnel of the departments
and establishments of the Government.
Mr. President, in my opinion, the CIA
is in somewhat the same category as the
Atomic Energy' Commission; and Just as
I+ special committee, with well defined
authority and powers has been created
on a Joint congressional basis to oversee
and supervise the Interests 'of the AEC,
so I believe should a joint congressional
Committee be created for the same pur-
pose in connection with the CIA. I real-
ize full well, because of the very nature of
the duties of the CIA, there there has
been no public scrutiny of Its activities.
This may be necessary in this day and
age, but r do believe that a joint con-
kresaional committee should be created
for the purpose of seeing that good
management Is maintained in the CIA
and also to keep a constant check on its
Intelligence policies, It is well, too, that
this Joint committee should be In a posi-
tion to criticize any mistakes which the
CIA may make.
Until a committee of the kind I am
proposing Is established, there will be
no way of knowing what serious flaws
in the Central Intelligency Agency may
be covered by the curtain of secrecy in
.which It is shrouded. In 1949 the
Hoover Commission examined the CIA.
A task force stated that-
The Central Intelligence Agency has not
yet achieved the desired degree of proficiency
and dependability in Its estimates. Wlth-
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cut It, the Nati,,rlal Security Council cannot
au. ,-.?ed In a.ss:essing and appraising the oh-
p?cLltrs, cuntnlltments, and rtaka of the
i ntird States In relation to our ?
mllltar y power, with sufficient continuity of
clef;nitenese to constitute a practtclsl guide
to tlic Military Establishment as W the size
o! our military needs.
It recommended that vigorous steps
be taken to improve the Central Intel-
ligence Agency and Its work.
The purpose of the joint congressional
committee would be in a sense to safe-
guard as well as to supervise the policies
of the CIA. In my opinion the Con-
gress should, because of the very nature
of the work of the CIA, do everything in
its power to protect its activities and to
make It possible that the CIA, as an or-
gantzation, will not lose Its effectiveness.
and will be able to continue Its extremely
Important work in such a manner as to
warrant the necessary amount of free-
dom of activity and the necessary secu-
rity to perform the duties allocated to it
under the law.
Mr. President, If a joint committee is
established. CIA officials will no longer
be defenseless against criticism because
their lips are sealed. They would have
a congressional channel to turn to. The
joint committee, in turn, could maintain
the confidence of Congress and the pub-
lic, without loss of security.
To this end, Mr. President, I submit, on
behalf of myself and the Senator from
Wyoming [Mr. BARRETT]. the Senator
from Maryland (Mr. BEALLI, the Sena-
tor from Indiana [Mr. CAPinIARr], the
Senator from New Mexico [Mr. CHAVEZ].
the Senator from New Hampshire [Mr.
CorroN], the Senator from Texas [Mr.
DANIELI, the Senator from Pennsylvania
(Mr. Durr], the Senator from North
Carolina [Mr. ERvnNI, the Senator from
Vermont [Mr. FtrtNDERs], the Senator
from Arkansas [ Mr. FtrLILRIGHrl, the Sen-
ator from Georgia IMr. GEORGE), the
senior Senator from Rhode Island [Mr.
GREEN]. the senior Senator from Ala-
bama I Mr. HILL], the Senator from Min-
nesota (Mr. HUMPHREY], the Senator
from Washington (Mr. JACKSON), the
Senator from Tennessee [Mr. KESAVvn 1,
the senior Senator from North Dakota
IMr. LANGERI, the Senator from New
York [Mr. LrumANI, the Senator from
Michigan [Mr. MCNAMARAI, the Senator
from Nevada (Mr. MALONEI, the senior
Senator from Oregon (Mr. Moasa], the
Senator from South Dakota [Mr.
MUNDT]. the Senator from Montana [Mr.
MURRAY], the Senator from West Vir-
ginia [Mr. NEELY]. the Junior Senator
from Oregon [Mr. NavgiscEa], the
Junior Senator from Rhode Island [Mr.
PAsTOREI, the Junior Senator from Maine
(Mr. PAYNEI, the Senator from Florida
IMr. SMATHERS 1. the senior Senator from
Maine IMrs. SMITH1. the Junior Senator
from Alabama [Mr. SPARKMAN). the Sen-
ator from Idaho [Mr. WELKLRI, and the
Junior Senator from North Dakota (Mr.
YouNG 1, a concurrent resolution to estab-
lt.h a Joint committee on Central In-
telligence, and ask for Its appropriate
reference.
The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The
Concurrent resolution will be received
and appropriately referred.
The c? fir r n lit rc:,oltltlnn (S. Con.
Res. ''2 subrn;tt?,! by Mr MANSFIELD (for
himself and litho ;'.rnaturs1 was re-
ferred to the Committee un Rules and
Adminlsinltlnn, as f,,llotl's:
Re.solvrd by the S. note (the Iloeue of
Reprerenratn~cs crnncurring), That there is
hereby ertahi,eh.?d s J11jnt Committee on
Central ll,telllKeoce 4, be composed of 6
Members of the Srnete to be ^plwlnted by
the President of the Senate. and 6 Mem-
bers of the Ifouse of Representatives to be
appointed by the Speaker of the House of
Representatives. Of the B lnentbers W be
appointed foam the Senate. 3 shall be mem-
bers of the Central Inlelllgen- e Agency Comm it,-,- of the Cnnu,lttee on Apl i .,r1:1-
Lions of the Senate, and 3 shall b. n semi. ra,
of the Central In tellil'atlce Agency Subte,na?
mittee of the Comnilttc:e In Armed Bervices
of the Senate. Of the 6 members to be ap-
pointed from the House of RepresentaUvue,
3 shall be members of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency SIib.c. o mlttee of the Commit-
tee on Appropriations of the R,,uee of
Representatives, and 3 shall be me.nr.ers of
the Central lntell1Fence Agrt,cy Suhcnrn-
mlttee? of the Contnllttee on Armed Bervicue
of the House of Representatives. Not mare
than 4 mrnlt>ers appointed from either the
Renate or the H-ruse ?.f Itepresentatlves shall
be front the same Ix,iitical Party.
Snc. 2. (M) Flat J141 1L committee shall ma) a
Contlnuln,t studies of the activities of lit
Central intelligence Arency and of probleul?
relating to the Fathering of IntOttpr?nce J.
feeling the national security and . It. e',.
ordination and uttllz.tlott by the yar'tolls
departments. eger clc'.. and Ilist rumentalltl,
of the Government 'nie Central Inteia-
gence Agency shalt keep the joint committ.o
fully and currently Informed with re. .s'.t to
Its actlvitlna. All hills. rrso:utloas, arJ
other matters IT,, the Senate or the House ci
Reprecent.ttlvee relating primarily to th'
Central Intelligence Agency shall be War-ad
to the joint committee.
Ibl The members of the Joint cotlilrtittes
who are hiemi.ers of the Senate shall from
time to time report to the Senate, and ties
members of the Joint committee who e: e
Members of the House of Reprr..ents+',vea
shall from ttine to titue report to the l.o...,e
by bill or otherwise, their recommendations
with respect to matters within the JurteCa.
Lion of their respective Houses which ale 'l)
referred to the Joint c omrntttee, or tY r , -net-
wise rrt'Ithnt the Jurisdiction of tt.e Jolut
committee.
Sec. 3. V?tcancles In the membership of th=
Joint committee shall not affect 'he pr..er
of the remaining members W exrsu'v the
functions of the Joint committee, and shah',
be filled lit the same mariner as in the ea:r
of the original acle.?tluit The joint cprrlnl'..
tee shall select . clmairnt*n and a vies ci arr.
man from among its members.
Sw. 4. The Joint ennunlttee, or any duty
authorised subcomirltitee thereof, lit hu-'..j?.
ized to hold such hearings. to sit and act a-
such places and times, to require, by suh_
pens or Otherwise. the attendance of suet,
witnesses and the production of such hoots,
papers, And d.,curnertts, to Admtmiies'z qp h
oath.,,, to take such tree irnons to pr,.ct? it -,,a
printing and bin,llul;. at d t., rn.,we an h fix
prilditilrea as It de'rn'.s adeis.,h,e '.he r. ?t
of atenographIc Irrrles to rer r, ptlbl'o
hearings shall ii i he In rxce?s ? t,e amotn t..
prescrlhed by la:v for rep?,rting the hearlrp?
of standing .omm,ttl.'ee, of Lite .Sedate r..
cost of such acressex u, rep. m t cxo utl: e I a, .
Ing shall IN- fixed at an equitable rate hr at
Joint committee.
Snc. 5. Tar j.mI it u,,:.,iItee ?,n .trr?
to appoint su, h et;), n?,, .'c',,::-
clans, and dlerlral '.., ? r..;;, ,' r tspli t _
nuts as I t cheerio, i i . , 'r??.,rv :.;i p.lvlbs? e
TLe conunittee I. au. L,.: r.?u to .,Laic t'd
services, tnforniatlon, facilities, and person-
nel of the departments slid ectabltshmct.t,
of the Government.
Sec. 6. T?he expenses of the joint commit.
tee, which shall not exceed $ per pear,
shall he paid one-half from the cnntlr,g.?nt
fund of the Senate and one-half from the
contingent fund of the house of Representa-
tives upon vouchers slgmed by the chairman.
Disbursements to pay such expenses shall be
made by the Secretary of the Senate out of
the contingent fund of the Senate. such con.
tingent fund to be reimbursed from the con.
tingent fund of the house of Representatives
in the amount of one-half of the disburse-
ments so made.
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 --------Approved For Release 2002/01/24: CIA-RDP84-00161 R000
a pr found differ?en, e I)--I vie--i.
CONGRESS IS ASKED 'fi 2i I l ?
ent is de gr- of -eri?,N
es~ o
achieve a rpe'rfre pr:r pas a::,l
secrr'cr' for the lucre x;ike of
TO SUPERVISE C.I.A. secrecy. Once seCrc, y 1 '( 10:,?il
sacrosanct. it ilivitea a.ruse. It wed
accept this Idea of aecrcx ?,? fur
Mansfield Cffers Resolution secrecy'a sake we will have not
Iway of knowing whether we h?ivel
for a Joint Committee- a fine Intelligence service or a'
very poor one."
Scores Super-Secrecy Until a joint committee Is
tablished, the Senator ad,le,!,'
"there will be no way of kno?, ing!
so.cwto The New Yorrrimer. what serious flaws in the t'eutr it'
WASFIINGTON. Jan. 14--Sen-, Intelligence Agency may be coy-
ator Mike Mansfield Introduced, cried by the cuiain of secrecy in
a resolution today to authorize' which it Is shrouded."
creation of a joint Congressional Meanwhile. The agency
committee to supervise sctivI- took two small steps towar,I lr:t
ties of the Central Intelligence Ing the curtain of secrecy it h-
Agency, always maintained in \'rarhinr:-
The Montana Democrat told ton: It put up a sign reading,
the Senate, in effect, that the "Central Intelligence AgPnry";
super-secret C. 1. A. WAS too outside its headquarters, an,i it
super-secret try, him. Thirty-two directed its telephone ope,r,,rs
co-9pom,ors of the resolution. ap? to come right out boldly anal 'ay parenily agreed. "Central Intelligence Agen,'}"
The Mansfield resolution, which when somebory.ca lIs up.
world have to he approved by The operators used.-to rent , rr
hoth houses of Congress before discreetly, "Executive 3-611'.. i
,t could take effect, would estab-Iwhich puzzled everybody wnn
l1+ah a twelve-nian committee, sea didn't take time to look it up
from each house, Its jurisdiction
over C. 1. A. would paralel that Co-sponsors of the bill were
which the Joint. Atomic Energy Democrats: Senators Den: ,s
Chavez of New Mexico, Prr
Committee exercises over the
Atomic Energy Commission. Daniel of Texas, Samuel J. Er in
I The Committee would be charged of North Carolina, J. W. Fulhrl}; lit
,with making "continuing studies of Arkansas, Walter F. George of
Georgia. Theodore Francis f;rcen
o[ the agency, which would be of Rhode Island, Lister Hill of.
directed to keep the committee Alabama, Hubert H Hum hr'ey
"fully and currently informed" on p
Its activities The committee of Minnesota, Henry M. Jackeonl
would be empowered to hold jof Washington, Estes Kefauvc. of I
hearings, either public or private, Tennessee, Herbert H. Lehman oft
as it deemed advisable, on th,' New York, Patrick J. McNam.,r..i
agency's operations, of Michigan. James F. Murray if.
"As it is now * . ? c. I. A. 1 Montana, Matthew M, Neck' of
freed from practically every ordl Went Virginia. Richard L. N^u-
narv form of Congressional Berger of Oregon, John O. I'a--
;ch,-ck," Senator 'Mansfield said. tore of Rhode Island, George .\
"Control of its expenditures Is Smatheis of Florida, and John .l
exempted from the provisions of Sparkman of Alabama.
,L.
law which prevent financial Republicans: Senators Ft ant,
abuses In other government age- Barrett of Wyoming, J. air r'?r
ties. Each year only a handful of Beall of Maryland, Homer F:.'
members in each house see the Capehart of Indiana, Norris Crt-
appropriation figures. There is no ton of New Hampshire, James 11.
regular, methodical review of thi:! Duff of Pennsylvania, Ralph E.
agency, other than a briefinr;F"landers of Vermont. William
which Is supplied to a few mem-'Langer of North Dakota, George -
ibcr% of selected sub-committees";W. Malone of Nevada, Karl E.
The Senator said he agreed 'AIucdt of South Dakot?i. Fm;-
that romplete ieereey of. opera-:cii,k G. Payne of Marne. Mar-
tron` wait necessary. Rr??ret Chase Smith of Maine, lie,.
Mors! cf t)rr'gon
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 A'' ,Lvtci< ,I1MN JAN Zd 1955 INTL
A r~yed r elease- 2002/U 1 A-RDP$4-00161 R000100110002-6
Dar . eNtFo C. I. A. "WATCHDOG"
atasc U.S. rAT. Orr. _ The secret eves and cars of the
'A 11 the NesThat's FittoPrint"
- '"' " "" '"?" '?"" as the Central Intelligence Agency,
Published Every Day In the Year by have been receiving an unusual
THE NEw YORK TIMES COMPANY amount of serious attention lately.
A special Presidentially appointed
ARTHURH,i-YaSULZSERGER group headed by Lieut. Gen. James
President and Publisher H. Doolittle (ret.) made a confiden.
tial survey of certain aspects of the
JULIUS OCKS ADLER C. I. A. last fall, and reported that
1st Vtce President and GeneralMenaAw
the organization was doing "a credi-
ORvit. E. Dayroos table job" but that some changes
Vice President were needed. An entirely distinct
AMosy H. BRADFORD and possibly more far-reaching in-
Secretary quiry has been proceeding for some
FRAVc15 A. COX time now under direction of Gen.
TrrW+rrer. Mark W. Clark on behalf of the
Tioover Commission.
Meanwhile, -Senator Mansfield of
Montana, a member of the Foreign
Relations Committee, has renewed
his long-standing demand for closer
Congressional liaison with the C. I. A.
through establishme:it of a joint
committee on intelligence, somewhat
comparable to the existing Joint
Committee on Atomic Energy. In
introducing his resolution with the
support of more than thirty Senators
of both parties, Senator Mansfield
fully recognizes the obvious need for
secrecy regarding intelligence opera-
tions; but he makes the point that
"once secrecy becomes sacrosanct it
invites abuse," and under present
+ nditions the C. I. A. Is "freed from
practically every form of Congres-
sional check." A secret intelligence
agency with so wide a field of opera-
tions as the C. I. A. is inevitably an
instrument tt g:,?at power; and it
seems to t: thrst Congress has a
broad respon obrirty. for it that should
not be avouf e I Of course this is not
to say that i"taile.i direction of the
I C. 1. A. Pi within th? province of
j Congress; tat it is to say that there
I is R place 1.e, a ++nrall and highly dis-
c.'eet C o-r jtr ssional body, aware of
what it being on in this sensitive
area, th;rt can deeply affect the for-
eign reF'Jtms of the United States.
Feud Lx iiore, the formation of a
joint r.l gresional committee on In-
tell r 4=+ge 1111 sirs should do niuch to
-tt tlv t eiations between C. L A.
a' 1' C ongre s and to reduce the sus-1
r t ir.r U:at the latter body inherently
its 14i1- the former. As Mr. Mans-
fief,t t tys. it would safeguard as well
as ipervr.+c the C. I. A., and It would
{.e to C. I. A. officials, now "de-
.s seless against criticism because
i. Ir lips are sealed," a Congressional
()A~ r:nel to which they v, uuld have
it?t`t across :'-,rue years ago a
1 *i 1' e- ( "rrtntssl" i to k force rec-
r t , r, Congressional "wat h-
d, ':~r;?n .' H. lnr C. 1. A. Its es-
t+'?4 '. +. n II in our opinion be
et i r t."t '. Congrc~s and C. I. A
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 Wf INGTON Posr JAN 31 19 5 5
n TTMRS H rRA1_n AY I
Appro U45*810fil-
NTL
t.5fl 5 rr'6SCI.L RTrK1T S. Vice President ;tie Wane the rditee JOIl' w e'V tYTTRMA'( . Ytre Pr,nte+it and oenersf Winer.,
R() FIR T H P TAtiROOK .............. . ddltertel Pass Editor TX)'~t f) M 1 TVARD. c President end Adcertutse Dm,.etee
F+TRI+Y!iT B2d.I8T N .. ................... Cantributu/I ?.Itor MAT'-R)' rfldo.,iti ... ................ Circulation Direeter
CEA,LE5 C. EOYtiEH .......................... . Se. reterV I!AW.` L 'RER1 ... ............ . Production Yanagw
JOHN & HATT6, Presidtnt WrOP Rvt:, and reieofne%
Intelligence Quotient
senator Mansfield has again introduced his reso-
lution for the establishment of a joint congressional
committee on central intelligence, this time with
the support of 32 other Senators. Initially this
newspaper was skcptical of such a step, not because
there is not a need for more intensive congressional
scrutiny of the Central Intelligence Agency, but
because of the danger that the confidential nature
of a sensitive executive agency might be compro-
wised. Now we are persuaded, however, that some
broader congressional review would on balaflce be
desirable and could be accomplished safely.
Most persons In a position to have some appraisal
cf CIA's work agree that the intelligence estimates
have impro%ed markedly in recent years and that
the undercover operations have been considerably
less flamboyant - despite reports of somewhat
clumsy and transparent undertakings in the Far
last. But a secret intelligence operation insulated
fr o:n normal checks and balances is, however neces-
sary, at best a risky enterprise. No agency is so
proficient, either, that it could not benefit from
informed criticism. CIA is responsible to the
National Security Council, It Is true; but NSC It,
turn also is a vehicle of the executive department
and has toe heavy responsibilities to give CIA any
very comprehensive scrutiny. A joint congressional
committee on the pattern of the Joint Committee
on Atomic Ent would not only provide a check
again,t free-.wheeling by this supersecret agency,
it would also give CIA a spokesman on Capitol Bill
and fcnd of McCarthy-type fishing expeditions.
There are some disadvantages to such a plan, of
course. One is the danger of leaks, though the
concern of the committee ought to be with broad
policy rather tlian with intimate details, and car(
in the selection of members could avoid loading
the committee with known blabbermouths. Another
difficulty lies in the fact that CIA is responsible for
only a part of the total intelligem.e operation; the
major intelligence contributors are the military
services, with CIA filling in the gips and providing
top evaluation. Still another lies in the possibility
that a congressional committee would be bitten by
the operating bug and be tempted to interfere with
the day-to-day work of CIA.
But these are all difficulties which, it seems to
us, could be overcome. The mera .~trship of the
committee a,- provided in the reap ution already
includes men from the Appr)pr itions Subcom-
mittees which handle CIA's fund ; otrhaps it could
he amended to provide some nor: V liaison with
the military intelligence a;encici. A task force of
spring. No action ought to be taken until these
recommmndations are weighed. But there is good
reason to think that the concept of a more informed
congressional review Is practicable and that such a
review would help the country improve its intelli-
gence efficiency.
the Hoover Corn Ap tovedcFa Rereate(2OG2/01/24: CIA-RDP84-00161R000100110002-6
now is studying the CIA, and t r c cubtedly it will
make some rec.-)m;r.endations .f.c r it reports this
ast161RO'00100110002-6
 A moved For Release 2002/01/24: CIA-RDP84-00161 R000100110002-6
T0 WATCH THE WATCHDOG:
31
Senator Asks Joint Committee on C/A
On Jan ia /7/ 14, Senator
.tlrrtrarl J. Mansfield, of Mon-
with .2 fellow Senators
as colxrtrons. cf/vied a resolu-
tion to create a new joint
Congressional Committee on
C r n f r?a 1 Intelligence, pat-
terned after the Joint Com-
wit!re on Atomic Eit gery.
The News Leader several
tir?rs has endorsed this pro-
ro.sal editorially. We believe
Senator 3fannftcld'a introduc-
nrrr remarks, which follow,
mrrif widespread consulcra-
t ion. -EDITOR.
Mr. Mansfield. Mr. President,
because of the very nature of the
,'entral Intelligence Agency, I
think that it is imperative that
a joint congressional committee
is established for the purpose
of making continued studies of
tiic activities of the Central In-
tel!igence Agency and problems
related to the gathering of in-
telligence affecting the national
security. I feel that there should
he a joint congressional comnrt!-
tee authorized, and that the CIA
should, as a matter of law, keep
!hit committee fully and current-
ly Informed with respect to its
activities.
The need for the Central Intel-
li /ence Agency is seldom ques-
tioned any longer and I certainly
am not challenging it now. What
I am concerned with, however, is
CIA's position of responsibility to
nose but the National Security
Council. I believe this should he
changed, It is true that intelli-
gence services of othe,' major
countries operate witiiou. direct
control of the legli,lature), 'nits
is understandable in a tot, tar.
ian government, such as the So-
let. Union. It is evert 1..nder-
siandable in a parliament try de-
rnoeracy. such as Crept Britain
-here the entire adnai'sistration
is a part of and is responsible
to Parliament. Our fo.rr-rn of gov-
eriiment, however, is i.r,ted on a
System of checks a 1,1 balances.
It this system gets jealously out
of balance at any p,;rt the whole
system is jeopardized and the way
is opened for tho growth of
tyranny.
ly every ordinary tome o! con-
gressional check. Central of its
expenditures is exem.;-t(d from
the provisions of law which pre-
vent financial abuses in other gov-
ernment agencies. Each year
only a handful of members in
each House see the appropriation
figures. There Is no regular me-
thodical review of this agency,
other than a briefing Which is
supplied to a few members of se-
lected subcommittees.
I agree that an intellig?nee
agency must maintain co:':plete
secrecy to he effective. If c ande-
stine sources of information were
Inadvertently rcvealr -f' t h e v
would quickly (Irv up N,,t only
would the flow of infoir,istion be
cut off, but the lives of many
would be seriously e'ndargered.
In addition, much of the value of
the intelligence product tsould he
lost if it were known that lee
possessed it. Secrecy for these
purpo es is oh\iousIv nCcrs'. ti'p'.
UNTIL A COMMITTEE of the
kind I am proposing is estab-
liNhed, there will be no way of
knowing what serious flaws In
the Central Intelligency Agency
may be covered by the curtain
of secrecy in which it is
shrouded In 1949 the Hoover
Commission examined the CIA.
A tack force stated that--
The Central Intelligence
Agency has not yet achieved
the desired degree of pro-
ficiency and deix'ndability in
its estimates. Without it, the
National Security Council can-
not succeed in assessing and
appraising the objectives, com-
rml't:ents, and risks of the
United States in relation to
our . . - military poser, with
sufficient continuity or defi-
niteness 10 constitute a practi-
cal guide to the Military
Establishment as to the size
of our military needs.
ITOWEVER, '111ERE Is a pro-
found difference behrecr, an es-
sential degree of secrecy to
-achieve a specific purpose and
secrecy for the more sake of
secrecy.
If a net% comrmitte.? is set up
as proposed in this legislation, all
bills, resolutions, and other emit-
tern in the Senate or rn the
House of Repiesentat;'-rc rela!-
ing primarily to the ('IA ,emit
be referred to the joit.t commit- i
tee; and the joint rrr,unittec
mould, front time to Limo, r?iakc
whatever reports are nr('i'-. iry
to the Congress concerning its
relationship nth the CIA.;:
This resolution wutr;i! establish
members shall be of the same po-
litical party.
THE JOINT COMMITTEE or
any duly authorized subcom-
mittee thereof would be au-
thorized to hold such hearing.,
to sit and act at such place,
and times, to require, by suhpena
or otherwise, the attendance of
such witnesses and the produc-
tion of such books, papers, and
documents, to administer such
oaths, to take such testimony.
to procure such printing and
binding, and make such expendi-
tures as it deems advisable.
'1'lHERE' ITAS FFl. s' almost no
eongrc,ssinnal iriclection of the
(',-ntral Tnteliigenee. ligenvy since
'e latter's estah!'s tr i'nt in 1947.
It is c?oncenab!r- it et t., the need
an in'elligri, ,? se,-%ice had
horn evident it i)41 ,Ile Con-
l;ressional Pv0l.l.Rnl!4'l y, 'Net of
'!,at year wou;,i ' t n ids pro- I
F,ons for con,,' -.s'oral partiei-
{ 4tp~o1J
r t e.ne r, ?s - i t? e nrnc-
rf r t
a joint conunittec, contpo,ed of TIII?: PURPOSE OF the joint
six members of the Senate to he congressional committee would
appointed by the President of he in 'A sense to safeguard as
the Senate and six meinbet s of well as to supervise the poll-
the House of Representatives to r dies of the CIA. In my opinion
be appointed by the 51>.cai.ct' of the Congress should, because of
the House of Reprcnen'xlivcs. In the very nature of the work of
each in+tance. not mare than lour the CIA, do everything in its
power to protect its activities
and to make .t possible that the
CIA as an or-F;anization, will not
lose Its effectivttress, and will be
able to continue its extremely
important work in such a man-
1-a' as to warrant the necessary
aroma of freedom of activity
ri tare necessary security to
fertram the duties allocated to
41 taxi f the law.
? tr President, if a joint corn-
I r ? s established, CIA nf-
i,'. w.11 no longer he dcf~ nfr-
t:I,list criticism boom I6e
r.i ' ,',t. are sealed. They would,
it n,: ,;: essional channel to
i.', I i 'i 1.r joint committee, in
r ~r''sc and the p'ib-
I of
 Approved For Release 2002/01/24: CIA-RDP84-00161 R0001 00110002-6
Eyes on Intelligence ,
HON. VERA BUCHANAN
Or ri3I aYLTANIA
IN TTlE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATWES
Wednesday, February 2. 1955
Mrs. BUCHANAN. Mr. Speaker. un-
der leave to extend my remarks, I wish
o include in the RscoRD an editorial
from the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette of
January 31, 1955.
The editorial calls attention to a reso-
lution Introduced In the Senate for the
creation of a Joint Committee on Intel-
ligence Matters. A resolution for a
similar purpose has been introduced In
this House, and I am happy to be one
of the cosponsors of it.
ETas ON INrLILxGrAcE
A resolution that deserves the early atten-
tion of Congress has been Introduced by Sen-
ator Mlxs MANSFIELD, of Montana, on behalf
of a bipartisan group of 33 Senators. The
measure would create a joint 12-member
congressional committee, similar to that on
atomic energy, to supervise the Central In-
telligence Agency.
Much of the activity of the Central Intel-
ligence Agency, like that of the Atonic
Energy Commission, is secret and not sub-
Ject to routine scrutiny by Congress. Yet
if the CTA is to be ultimately answerable to
the American T>ecpie for what It does all over
the world. It should come under the regular
observation of elected officials. It should be
subject to the system of checks and balances
designed to prevent any one department froin
becoming too autocratic.
A commit tee of Senators and Represent:?
tices could facilitate the handling of CIA
le{islatlve bustnes.. Like the Joi>t Congre:-
rional Committee on Atomic Energy, It could.
when secrecy is essential, hear testimony in
executive session without the necessity of
repetition such as occurs when two com-
mIttees of Congress must deal with the same
question. The proposed Joint committee
would bring under systematic review an
agency of Government which, to its detri-
ment, now only attracts congressional eye,
whe>i some nenlatlonai suspicion about it
Is voiced.
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 Ftti z
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l"ortitie to the ex,xuiK J wit Conr;ruhttee on are the military services. with CIA tllltnR to
.,.r .-vtrunv too evaluation, btlfl
Joint Congressional Committee on
Central Intelligence
i.X I-ENSION OF REM. 1 KS
NON. EDWARD P. BOLAND
OF YAe?aacut 9rrrTe
IN Tills ROUSE Ute REPR238ENTATIVE9
Wednesday, February 2, 1955
Mr. BOLAND. Mr. Speaker, I call
the atten'ion of the House to the reso-
lution of c-cnator MANSr1FLD creating a
joint ccniwittee on Intelligence. For
years SeliNtor MANSFIELD has argued
with increasing effectiveness for a closer
look at our intelligence efforts. In effect
this joint committee would be a watch-
dog of the extremely important and
highly sensitive Central Intelligence
Agency. Since Congress appropriates
the funds for its operation and because
there is little or no knowledge on the herently has for the former. As Mr. MAYS-
part of Congress as to the disposition niu.D say,. it would safeguard as well as
of the appropriated moneys, It does seem suocrvise the'CIA, and it would give to CIA
to be good commonsense that both because their deteiu eleasa led in t CnniciSm
branches of the Congress have some 1
atonal channel t-) whits they would have
Members who are aware of the mission ready access. Some year9 ago a Hoover Com-
mission task force recommended a congres-
not be so completely in the dark as to atonal "watchdog" committee for CIA. Its
its functions. The ereai:ion of a joint etitablLhment would In our opinion be of
committee such as recommended by benefit to Congress and CIA alike.
Senator MANSFIELD and several Members
of the House, including myself, would [From. the Washington Post and 'rimes
Herald I
go a long way in establishing better rela-
tions between the Agency and the Con- I'TrLLIC}:Nr1. Qt'oTfrtrT
gress; fears would be dispelled and the senator MANSFIELD has again Introduced
magn;flcent work of the CIA would be his Iesolutloti for the est.,blishment of a
appreciated. Joint Congteoslotifti ('onitnittee on central
In conjunction with the above, I in- Intelligence, this time with the support of 37
other senators Initially this newspaper was
elude with these remarks two very fine skeptical of such a step. not because there is
editorials-one front' the New York itot a need fur more intensive congressional
Times and the other from the Washing-
ton Post and Times Herald. Both arti-
cles approve the suggestion of a joint
committee on central Intelligence and
both point up, some very significant
observations:
1From the New York Timesl
CIA ' "WATCUDOO"
The secret eyes and ears of the Federal
Government, otherwise known as the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency, have been receiv-
ing an unusual amount of serious attention
lately. A special Presidentially appointed
group headed by Lieut. Gen. James H. Duo-
little (retired) made a confidential survey
of certain aspects of the CIA last fall, and
reported that the organization was doing a
"creditable job" but that some changes were
needed. An entirely distinct and possibly
more far-reaching Inquiry has been proceed-
ing for come time now under direction of
Olen. Mark W. Clary on behalf of the Hoover
Commission.
Meanwhile. Senator MANSTITS.D, of Mon-
ber of the Foreign Relntlons
tana, a mem
Committee, has renewed his long-standing Ing by this snp-rvecrei agency, it would also
demand for closer congressional liaison with give CIA a sp Seaman on Capitol Hill slid
the CIA through the establishment of a Joint , fend Off Mre Acme dYPe fishing to such expeditious. a
plan. of course One is the danger of leaks.
though the t inieein of the committee ought
to be with br:+nd Iwitcy rather than with
ini mate details and care to the seUxtion of
members could atold loading the committee
with know it iii tb he !n on tb; Another dim-
Cnite lies In the fact that ('IA to re., ponsible
I r only a part of tie total intelligence oper-
tors of both parties, Senator MANSFIELD
fully recrrgnlies tine (-btlous need for secrecy
regarding intelligence operations: but he
[Hakes the point that "once secrecy becomes
sacrosanct it invites abuse," and under
present condltiuns Ilie CIA is "freed from
practically every form of congressional
check." A secret Intelligence agency with
no wide a field of oiler itlon> as the CIA U
Inevitably an Instrument of great power;
and it seems to us that Congress has a broad
responsibility for It that should not be avoid-
ed. Of course this is riot to say that de-
tailed direction of the CIA is within the
province of Congress; bot It is to say that
there is a place for a small and highly dis-
creet congresatt...1 body. aware of what is
going on in this sensitive area, that can
deeply affect the foreign relations of the
United States.
Furthermore. the formation of a joint
congressional committee on intelligence af-
fairs should do uta,ch to irnriune the rela-
tions between CIA Lind Congress and to re-
duce the suapirlrnn that the latter body in-
sional committee would be bit ten by the
operating bug and be tempted to Interfere
with the day-to-day work of C'LA.
But these are all difficulties which. It scents
to us, could be overcome, The membership
of the committee as provided in the resolu-
tion already includes men frorp the Appro-
priations Subcommittee which handle CIA's
funds: perhaps It could be amended to pro-
vide some sort of liaison with the military
intelligence agencies. A task force of the
Hoover Commission under den. Mark Clark
now is studying the CIA. and undoubtedly It
will make some recommendations when it
reports this spring. No action ought to be
taken until these recommendations are
weighed. But there Is good reason to think
that the concept of a more informed con-
gresetonal review is practicable and that such
a review would help the country Improve
Its Itttelllgeaee eIItcteucy.
scrutiny of the Central Intelligence Agency.
but because of the danger that the confiden-
tial torture of a sensitive executive agency
might be coin pi, nii.sed. Now we are per-
sugdea. hnwer era that some broader congres-
slonal review world on balance he desirable
and could be a. conhpllaht?d safely.
Mist persons in a pc;sltlun to have some
appraisal of CIA's work ?gree that the Intelli-
gence estimates have luhproved markedly in
recent years ,u:1 that the undercover oper-
ations have been conslderably less flamboy-
ant -despite repr.r is of somewhat clumsy and
transparent undertaki rigs to the Far East.
Bill, a e:ecrct hitelllgerlte operation Insulated
from normal rjtecks and balances is, how-
ever necessary. at best a risky enterprise.
No agency is to pronclent, either. that it
could not benefit from Informed criticism.
CIA is responaihte to the National Security
Council, it is true: but NSC in turn also is a
vehicle of the executive department and has
too heavy res{xmISlblhtiCR to give CIA any
very cornpreheiisite scrutiny. A }Milt Coll-
gressional committee on the pattern of the
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy would
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 lrivl 5 HERALD
ZULU / IJ33
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Urges Unit
To Eye CIA
~e:.. Mike -Mansfield (D?Monl.)
-r
'aid yesterday he has the prom
r- ced support of 35 other Sena.f
tors for his proposal to set upi
.1 Ioi'it coil gressionaI committee;
ti keep a constant check" on
arc Central Intelligence Agency
We have no desire to pryI
;:ntr the necessary secrets oft
C1.%," -Mansfield said in an inter.;
victy. fiat, he contended, they
present method of letting a few,
lop members of Senate and r
)louse committees check the
stipersecrel agncy "is a
hodge- podge svitent."e
Mansfield said there "has been
almost no congressional inspec.
tion" of CIA s,nce it was set upi
to replace the Office of Strategic'
Services of World War 11 days.'
Only a few members o: Congress
even know how much money it,
spends or how many personsi
work for It, he said.
"I agree that an intelligence
agency must maintain complete;
secrecy to be effective," he said.)
! "Tat Dice secrecy becomes sacro-
'anct, it invites abuses."
I'he Montana Senator said the
]o:nt CIA committee he proposes
" would operate in much the a request for action or) hip
;
same manner as the presents proposal pond,r,g completion'
!.hint Atomic Committee operates of Clarks rr;ur
in that field."
His proposal is expected to run
into powerful opposition of the;
Appropriations and Armed Servi
r ices Committees in both the Sell-'
ate and House.
Chairman Richard B. Russell)
(I) Cass) of the Senate Armed
Service, Committee disclosed
test week that senior members
rrf that group had been check-
1,'; on CIA from time to time
since it was set tip by the Na.
tional Security Act of 1947.
lieut. Gen. James Doolittle,
World War I' Air Force lead.
en. has completed a special in-
vestigatiotr of CIA at the re-
quest of President Eisenhower,;
and a separate probe now Js j
being made by Gen. Mark
Clark under auspices of the
Hoover Commission on Govern-.
ment organization. Mansfield
..aid he probably would delay
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BA11,TI MORE 5UM
10
33.Seritors Propose Joint
Con y; ressional Chech.On CIA
Wa%hington. Ian. 14 -;Senator
',Ianxhtid (D.. Mont ) today in-
roduced with the support of 3:
ether senators, a resoluttea which
v+ould create a twelvernembel
Joint contnlttte In check an the
work of the sur-erseeret Central
Intelligence Agency.
Ills reaul,ttlon was apor,sr I'd
by eighteen othr r Drn.orratic
.senators, ,hlrteer. Raput)Ilcans
Iamong thrnc Rea'I of Mar,Ian.I
and the single independent
Mor.t r Clef 1 The Monta$a Sen
ator put f?t A ar?o a similar mras
lure in the last t'ongrew but It
was not arced upon.
Mansfield Gives Views
1l.vnafir?ld AciUPd t(Ntay that the
special )oInt committee alyouid he
Iauthoiized along the.lltsat of the
ffJolnf Committee ea Atumrc
I nergy. and that the CIA should
as ^ matter of law, keep the pro
posed committee "fully and cur
rrntlv informed with respect to
!ts sc?tr. (ties,"
He said there hop been almost
no congresional inapectiea of the
a1ancy since It :sass o0ablt$hed
7N7.
The need for the Qntrel In.
felilgenee Agency Is sojeem flues.
tinned any longer ^nd I am err.
tainly not Challenging it stow,"
tlidnalleld said. "What I as Coa-
corned with, however, to CIA's
position of responsiblilty to none
but the National Security Coup-
rill"
The National Security Council
is an agency of the President.
On the point that the CIA now
Is freed from "practically evc+t-y
ordinary form of congrosaional
check," Matssfield said:
"Control . of its expenditures is
exempted from the prosVtnns of
law which prevent ttnxnciai
abuses IN other - (3otrernment
agencies.
"No Methodical Rev4iiil
"T:aca year oply a handful of
members in each house see the
lIpronriation rgurea. There is no
,regular. methodical review of
this aghwy. other than a br-efing
Iwhd^h Is supplied to a few arm-
hers of salected subeornmittess "
Mansfield's resolution indicated
'th" members of C'ongreas who
i,.rw? e. r? gi'en such Inf.,rinntnn
about the CIA as Is suhmilte?d
Ills resolution provided that of
t'rr 'ix senators who woul4 be atI-
ar ofat.cLD otirvtM
(Washlnpfon Aurrau of The .Silts)
committer, thief would be lnenl?
bers of the CIA rut cn:nn:tl1H of
the Apprcnnatlo?ii ('c-ncnittee
and three would br e'nbers of
the CIA tub*otti all ee of the
Ai mod 'ervt(rs (ctnni,tlee.
The six limas mri-tl,rrs aim-
Ilarly wv.utd be aIpc?,ntc-d from
the ',-IA vtrtrurnmtltee. of Ihr Ap?
prepr:attons art .\rruru ~,rrvkea
cumrr,tlet-
As lltan,fie Id n,.trd. lhr l,gureai
In the ('(A. , pt ' p; L4* on, hats:
have no, been idrr it rd ?rplIrele'l.
Iy In Congte- of it, the budget.
1.aet (A-tr.b,?r 19 l.i"ur (,en
Jmw. A IN,oHttle Mho 1 radecl a
'cur men group alvpu''1 eci by the
1'tt:uirnt y+ ex..U. cfic' srnsii,v,
Nip, rl.- ui br a^.iigrn r
agency, rupnrtrd that t!n' ('I.A 1,
dmnq a 41'Pifilah1r J-0, - and
"gradually Improving is taps
bllitles."
Another retied general, Gen
Nark W (lark, heal. a Hoover
('ornnhJ,,Ion "task f,,rcr' wblch
has been a work on an Invest:
gallon of the ('IA fir srversl
months. The 1tom,r (Pminis%loni
11 expected to make a ri-4n1 t to
Congresa.
McCarthy Considered Probe
senator McCarthy in . A,ji l
talked of inveatigattng the CIA
last summer, alleging that lls
security standards needed exam-
inMg, but Allen Dulles, head of
the agency, ohjeeted that public
questioning of its of icial% would
jeopardise its operations
Senator Mansfield recaUedl
today that the Hoover ('rcmmts?,
stun examined the CI ii in 1949
and recommended that steps be
taken to improve the sgcnr_y sad
its work
"I agree that an lntellil;qyce
agency most retain eerrtpTetl~
secrecy to be elTeetive "1ilansftel
said. "It clandestine sources of Mi-
formation were inadvertently re~
veilecd. they would, Quickly dry
up ...
"However, there is a profound
difference bitwetn an elsentlal
degree of secrecy to achieve is
speclfie purpose and ?e(re for
the mere sake of sec-re -v
"Once sWr'eey heron. 'arro
'Lent, it ier, lie, abuse If c+c ac I
reps t } u . Trips of r , r rr . Mr.
seereey's 'Lake ..P -ill have no
way of kso.vtrg whether we have,
a fine intelligence - :. ur ur a
STATINTL
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 : * Th4 5uiwda,.i Necal&
artrquate informafAp bo,r"f ^fil,r ad QQ ~(~1.~4'0 IA-RDP84-00161 R0001 00110002-6
spa and Co;nmunist China. Cring-
rrc,icrnal chick :ups could rnrrtr aP arrurat ri " r r i Cl.i i
F it :i d. frrtrili'ir., hot holrts ='a= r"'
m ce
m
ca
would hatepupl to 22 meri9bers, there were serinus arimimstra-
the dangers of inadvertent Live flaws in the management of
"?iraks" would me multiplied] the agency, which gets its hinds
proportionately, lie has fesitflcrl.1 in a roundahnut tray, ar.d doesn't
Mansfield denies this. Ile sous ha`, to Account. to Cnnt;r?r+MM for
the atomic energy cornmittre its exprnditu:rt,
has a good record in aafeguant- The tank (orcr (n,:nd II s/ Ad-
ing rlaaifled information, et equaie piecautinn= air ia;crn to
have the Senate and Flouse ap-` keep suhtrrsnrs frr,rn infiltra-
propnatinta committee.. Mans-' ling CIA. In Oils rr espdNes among Chiang ia1-shek's
defeated Nationalists.
?I do not need to point out the tremen-
dous impact which this sort of activity
could have on our foreign policy. Other
cvtuttries cannot be expected to distin-
guish between CIA policy and United
States Policy. If these reports are true,
then It would appear to others that it
was United States foreign policy to pro-
mote a neo-Nazi organization, to Incar-
cerate a Japanese Citizen. and start a
revolution in one of our neighboring
countries, Moreover, ..the Burma epi.
sode. according to the Washington Poet,
"led to the resignation In disgust of one
of the best and most respected of our
career Ambassadors on the ground not
only that he did not go along with the
black diplomacy ? around him;, but that
he was kept in Ignorance of it." Is there
any wonder that there should be increas-
Ing concern with the absence of control
over this agency? We cannot permit
CIA. any more than we can permit any
other government agency, to lave free
reign to do anything It wants anywhere
in the world. It its agents play care-
lessly with fire. the whole world might
get burned.
I do not have o?elai verification of
any of the criticisms I have mentioned.
All lay Information, as'I have indicated,
has been taken from public sources,
But the point Is that any of these re-~
ported Incidents could be true, and we
would not know the facts. Would it not
be far more sensible it Congress were
aware of the general policies being pur-
sued by,Central Intelligence? Is there
any other way that we can be reasonably
certain that public funds are not being
wasted? That the country is getting
the intelligence It needs for its protec-
tion?
If a joint committee is established,
CIA officials would not have to seal their
lips and put on the face of martyrdom
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the CIA neither u1 ems nor denies; It simply mostly in South Pacific: resident of Arteons, people of the United States, In the sense that
evade, answering. cattle breeder and rancher. the people are permitted to form their own
F. what little has been printed about prank 0. Wisner. 43. acting deputy director. opinions of whether they are getting value
the CIA, It is known that the Agency has bad native of Laurel. Miss.. graduate of the Unl- received, but solely to the National Security
its internal difficulties. In October 1947 acv- varsity of Virginia; lawyer; perved in World Council--& group of top Government om-
eral employees were fired as "bad security War II as a naval intelligence officer, later ciais who have a thousand other concerns
risks." On another occasion, Senator l1C- with 098 in Africa. Middle East. Balkans. and cannot possibly maintain $ close check
CASTHT charged (with apparent accuracy) prance. and Germany, discharged as cor- tut the CIA's day-to-day spending.
that a pervert dismissed from the State De- Blander; with State Department, 1947. as Nothing like the CIA exists anywhere in
partment had turned up on CIA's payroll deputy assistant Secretary of State for Oc- the American Government. The Atomic
The Agency came In for severe criticism when cupped Areas; Joined CIA. 1948. Energy Commission deals in secrets of the
South Korea was invaded-to this Nation's Walter Reid Wolf. 58. deputy director: most vital nature, yet the A!C's budget is
total surprise-In June 1950 and again the graduate of Yale; banker; vice president of a matter of public record; the AEC pub-
following fall when the sins of the Chinese National City Bank of New York since 1938; 14hes an annual report: it special commit-
communist Intervention was tragically un- leader in many civic activities tee of OonOese keeps a watchdog eye on Its
derestlmsted. CIA was badly mousetrapped Charles Pearre Cabell. 49, director of the activities; the ABC's budget is not sacrosanct,
laat year when it swallowed a false tip that general staff; native of Dallas, graduate of and can be trimmed whenever the American
Owen Lattimore was about to skip the noun' West Point; holds rank of major general In people conclude that too much money Is
try for Russia. the Air Force: formerly director of Intel- being poured Into atomic research. The FBI
The extent of CIA's Successful efforts L ligence for the USA?, attended the Yalta 1s a highly secret outAt, yet is Is no secret
understandably unknown; In common with Conference. that the PSI spent nearly 977 million In the
intelligence services everywhere, the Agency That about exhausts our notes on the last fiscal year. and that it employs some
never mentions its successes. It to known CIA, and it thin batch of facts it to to work 14.00 persons whose average salary is 94.800.
that CIA had a hand in reporting Soviet Rus- with. What disturbs us about the Central Similarly, the defense establishment deals
era's Ant atomic explosion. Beyond that. Intelligence Agency U this very thinner6 constantly in matters sit the deepest secrecy.
nothing can be pinned down. To be sure, we recognize that some secret yet the budgets of Army. Navy. and Air Force
Of CIA's organization and routine, little operations are necessary If this Nation is to are available for any eltiasnti Inspection.
has been officially disclosed. One account be properly vigilant in the cold war, and No one in his right mind would suggest that
is that CIA has 5 major divisions-S to col- secret operations would cease to be secret if every American should have a pass to the
lect information. I to Index information, they were conducted in klieg lights and full Pentagon's code room, or access to Secretary
the fifth to evaluate the Information and publigtty. But we are far from certain that Wilson's private files; yet the very essence
prepare the CIA's estimates. These estimates the sweeping secrecy of the CIA-extending of the American farm of garerument by the
(originated by pen. Walter Bedell Smith even to Its most routine operations-can be people is reflected in the fact that the peo.
when he was director of CIA In 1950-52) are justified, or that the value of many of its ple am kept fully Informed on military
summaries of intelligence prepared by the Investigations outweighs the old. established spending and can check the high bra..
agency for the President and other top o15- value of Government accountability dl- whenever the spirit moves them to do so,
core of the Government. They arrive dally rectly to the people. Noce of this applies to the Central Intel.
at the White House, It Is Said. mimeographed Congress long ago created a special com- llgence Agency. It In a eeparats and clan.
In purple Ink and sealed to a blue folder. mutes to watch the Atomic Egnery Corn- destine entity In our Government. One of
Other more extensive estimates are prepared mission, in part to keep a check on the the most reliable budgetary experts In Wash-
weekly and monthly. These are compiled day-to-day activities of men with tremen- ingtoa has told us that he believes CIA's
not merely from the reports of the CIA's dous power over mighty weapons. It would spending "s In the neighborhood of a bil-
espionage agents-the cloak-and-dagger be in the public Interest, as we see it. for lion dollars a year,' yet no eommltee of
spies of adventure Action-butt more matter- a similar committee to be set up to watch Congress can obeck CD this figure nor can,
of-factly from the reports of Foreign Service the watchdogs of the CIA. to make spot. the beleagured American people find out
observers, military and naval intelligence checks on expenditures. to keep budget re- whether the CIA IS worth Its cosh-whatever
officers, immigration officials, narcotics In- quests In line, to nee that secret policies laid the cost may be. Funds may be transferred
apeptors in far-off corners of the world. and down by the director of the CIA are not to the CIA from other agencies of the Gov.
employees of the Treasury and Commerce opposed to the people's wishes as the peo- ernment "without regard to any provisions
Departments In foreign stations. It has plea representatives understand them. of law limiting or prohibiting transfers be-
been estimated that about 90 percent of We are uneasy about this outfit-the tween appropriations." llur*ly that clause
CIA's work is no more secret than a Carnegie power It holds, the secrecy with which it In the CIA Act makes a rockery of con-
library, and the bulk of Its work lies simply shrouds Its operations, the potential for evil gressional control over the publle puree.
In correlating factual Information that Is that lies in the CIA's virtually unchecked No restrictions are laid upon the CIA's
lying around for anyone to pick up. authority. And we commend to Congress a activities. The status reads that "Notwith-
How many employees this worldwide op- searching study of the powers it has vested standing any other provisions of law. sums
oration Involves. bow much they are paid, In the agency. What Congress has given. made Available to the agency by appropria.
how well they are doing their jobs. whether Congress can take away-and in the case of tlons or otherwise may be expended for pur-
the jobs are worth doing-to all of these the CIA, some taking away of excess power Poses necessary to carry out its functions."
questions the CIA stands dumb. Of a few might prove exceedingly wise. The CIA, of course. decides for itself what
executives, some names and skeleton facts its functions are. The law specifically ap-
are known. The top braes Includes From the Richmond (Va.) News Leader of PFGv"* 5Wend1tVres for "personal Services
without regard to limitations on types of per-
Allen Welsh Dulled. 59, director of the July 17, 19531 sons to be employed; radio-receiving and
CIA; brother of the Secretary of State. grad- "Aaotrr Watcn You AcTuALLT KNOW radio-sending equipment; purchase. main-
uate of Princeton and George Washington NOTHING" tenanee. and cleaning of firearms. Including
Universities. lawyer. in United States diplo- One of our more articulate critics, In a purchase, storage. and maintenance of am-
matic service, at Vienna. Berne. Berlin, Con- letter full of strawmen and ad hominem ar. munition: acquisition of necessary land:
stantinople, 1916-26, delegate to Interns- guments. takes us severely to task In the construction of buildings and facilities with-
tional conferences of 192533, attached to Forum today for an editorial of July 18. In out regard to 99 Statutes, ON, 40 United
08,9 In World War U. that editorial we reviewed the astonishing States Code 259. 297."
Sherman Kent, 49, assistant director for law under which the Central Intelli. ALL sums made available to the CIA "may
national estimates; native of Chicago; grads- gence Agency to permitted to conceal every be expended without regard to the provisions
ate of Yale and member of Yale's faculty aspect of its operations-including the size of law and regulations relating to the ex
(professor of history) since 1928: chief of of its budget and the length of its payroll- penditure of Government funds; and for ob-
the Europe-Africa Division of 069, 1941-45; from the American p ople. At no time has jects of a confidential, extraordinary, or
State Department. 1949; Instructor in Na- this newspaper suggested that CIA activity ebtergency nature, such expenditures to be
tional War College. 1947; author of Strategic be fully revealed to the American people. accounted for solely on the oertflcate of the
Intelligence (1947). What we have demanded is an amendment Director. and every such certificate shall be
Loftus E. Becker, 41. deputy director for to the basic CIA law that would provide some deemed a nuflicient voucher for the amount
intelligence; native of Buffalo: graduate of mea.+ure of public accountability for funds, therein certified."
Harvard and Harvard Law School; lawyer; and place some restrictions upon the CIA's We deny, as vigorously as we know how,
rose from private to major in World War U. now unlimited opportunities for Interna- that any such sweeping concealment Is in
served with Ninth Army In Europe, attended tional troublemaking. the public interest. The most effective re-
the Nuremberg trials as an adviser on Ger. One phrase In Mr. Lucas' letter serves to stralnt yet devised on the extravagant ambi-
man military organizations: joined CIA III buttress the point we have been making. Lions of Government omccials is the vigilant.
April 1951. He says we are spreading mistrust of an watch of the American people and the Amer-
Matthew Baird. 43. director of training: agency about which you actually know noth- Ivan press. Once that restraint is wiped out,
native of Ardmore, Pa., graduate of Prince- Ing discreditable Knock off the last word! and power is permitted to breed unchecked
ton and Oxford: educator, former head- We moat assuredly mistrust an agency of in the darkness. waste and corruption are
master of the Arizona Desert School; served Government about which we actually know provided a fertile loll in which to grow.
44 mouth, with Air Force In World War II, nothing. The CIA is responsible not to the Certainly we mistrust the CIA-and we will
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cnntinve to spread that mistrust in the ter-
vent hope that others will awake to the
dangers Inherent In this unknown and un-
knowable OOPU In our Midst.
(From the Richmond (Vs.) News Leader of
July 24, 19541
To WATch Tats CIA
Senator Mss .S a>rasnmA. Of Montana, this
week offered a resolution that serfs wide-
spread and immediate public support. see
proposes the establishment of a Joint Coat-
mittes all Central intelligence. to be pat-
tented after the joint Committee on Atomic
P3tergy.
'The CIA Is In somewhat the gams Cate-
gory as the AEC." Senator Msmtaezm.a aatd.
and just as a special eomm$ttee, with weu-
denned authority and power. has been cr-
ated on a joint congressional baste to over-
see and supervise the interests of Ow AE0.
ao I believe should a joint eoeprsaslonal
committee be created for the game purpose
in connection with the CIA ? ? ? for par-
poses of seeing that good management is
maintained in the CIA and also to keep a
constant check on its tntetligsum polides.
It is well. too, that this joint eoseatttee
should be in a position to criticise any MU-
takes which the CIA may make."
This newspaper has been urging the cre-
ation of such a committee for the put sev-
eral months. At Present the CIA L wholly
beyond the reach of the Congress that We-
ated It. The agwwp budget is eeoret; Its
payroll Is secret; Its employees are tinder
orders to ignore congressional comraitteee'
and to refuse to answer their q-.lestfotu. BY
law the CIA boa unlimited authority to
spend virtually Unlimited amotmts of
money for wholly unlimtted ' purposes.
Neither the Congress nor the pubtle has any
way of knowing whether the CIA is doing
a good job or a terrible job, whether it is
wasting millions or spending Its funds with
scrupulous care.
Senator Msnapsma's proposed committee
has been needed for a long time. W earn-
mend his resolution warmly to Virginia's
delegation on the Sill.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President. I
yield the floor.
MEDICAL SERVICE CORPS,
REGULAR ARMY ,J
Mr. KNOWLAND. I suggest the ep-
sence of a quorum. .s>!"
The PRESIDING OFFICER..+(Mr.
PUR2S1.L in the chair). The will
call the roll. r
The (tilef Clerk proceeded, ton the.
roll. Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr r dent. I
ask unanimous consent,that the order
for the quorum gall be (rescinded.
The PRESIDING ;'10MCER (Mr.
Got.DwsTti in the ahdlr). Is there ob-.
jection? The Char )rears none, and it
Is so ordered.
Mr. KNOW 114. President, pur-
suant to my earlier announcement, I
ask unanimous consent that the unfin-
ished busness be temporarily laid aside
and that the Senate proceed to the con-
sideration of House bill 5509, to amend
the Army-Navy Medical Services Corps
Act of 1947, relating to the percentage of
colonels in the Medical Service Corps,
Regular Army.
I might any to the acting minority
leader that the other bill which I hi4
contemplated might be called up today,
I have agreed to have go over until at
least Friday, because tomorrow the time
for debate will be controlled.
rdo far as I know, there was no objec
tion to the Medical Service Corps bill in
the 64mmittee, but I will address an In-
quiry to the junior Senator from Penn-
sylvania [Mr. Durrl. who is represent-
ing the ?rmed Services Committee In
oonnedtion with the bill. I understand
no minority views were filed.
Mr. DUFF. ? The Senator is correct.
Mr. JACKSON. Mr. President, as act-
ing minority lee,der. I may say that I
understand that: the ranking minority
member of the Committee on Armed
Services has no objection to the bill.
Mr. DUFF. The Senator is correct;
the Senator from Georgia I Mr. Russm.t.)
raised no objection. and there was no
objection to the bill in the committee.
The PRESIDING 0k7ICER. The
clerk will state the bill by title.
The Clam Ci.uulc. A bill (H. R. 5509).
to amend the Army-Navy Medical Serv-
Itxs Corps Act of 1947. relating to the
percentage of colonels In the Medical
Service Corps. Regular Army.
Mr. KNOWLAND. I might py, be-
fore the Senate acts on the bill, that I
utnderstapnd the Senator from Pepnsyl-
vania is prepared to make a statement
about the bill for the information of the
Senate.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection to the present consideration 9f
the bill?
There being no objection, the Senat4,
proceeded to consider the bill. _,I
Mr. DUFF. Mr. President. the pur-
pose of this bill is to repeal an existing
provision of law which limits the num-
ber of permanent colonels in the Medi-
cal Service Corps of the Regular Arliky to
I percent of the authorized Regular
Army officer strength of that -corps.
ThIs I-percent limitation contrasts with
a limitation of 5 percent which is ap-,
plicable to all other male arms and
branches of the Army.
, The 2-percent limitation was Included
*i the original legislation as "commend-
ed by the Department of the Army. The
basis for the limitation was the number
of positions justifying ofptrs of his per-
manent rank in the then" existing tables
of organization for Medical Service
Corps officers.
Since the Army-Navy Medical Service
Corps Act of 1947 was enacted, the De-
nartmnent of the Ari[ly has significantly
broadened the utilization of Medical
Service Corps officers. With the result
that today there lire many additional
areas and postUofis of responsibility for
of cers of the M. lical Service Corps that
did not exist in 1947.
? The Department of the Army is at-
tempting to rflieve medical and dental
officers from admintstrativtr and man-
agerial duties, so that they may devote
more time to the exercise of their pro-
fessional . duties and qualifications.
Army representatives maintain that the
full achievement of the objective of re-
lieving professional officers of adminis-
trative and managerial duties is hindered
by the 2-percent limitation which re-
stricts career opportunities for Medical
Service Corps officers.
Plrrthermore. the continued existence
of this limitation handicaps the Army
In procuring and retaining officers who
possess the educationtu, scientific, and
technical qualifications desired in the
Medical Service Corps.
Enactment of this bill will enable the
Medical (service Corps to have the same
percentage of officers serving In the per-
manent grade of colonel as 1;-now au-
thorized for the other arms and branches
of the Army. Notwithstanding this fact,
Army representatives have 4essured the'
committee that the Enactmg?n~t of this bill
will not result In full utl]!ttaUon of the
authority In the near fptxire. The addi-
tional positions of permanent colonel
would be filled gradually during the next
few years, as officers become qualified
and demonstrate die ability to serve In
this grade.
The PRIM117*0 OFFICER. The bill
Is open to am#idment
If there be po amendment to be pro-
the ~esUon L an the third read-
posed.
sof the
The
bill 4IL R. MOD) was ordered to a
third reading, read the third time, and
pained, r
M1 SSAOE FROM THE HOUSE
4, 1 >niessage from the House of Repre-
seltives, by Mr. Chaffee, one of Its
announced that the House had
to the amendments of the
senate to the bill (H. R. 5337) to pro-
rlde for the establishment of a United
-.8tatee Air Force Academy, and for other
purposes; asked a conference with the
Senate on the disagreeing votes of the
two Houses thereon, and that Mr. SHORT,,
Mr. Aaawna, Mr. Cos of New York. Mr..
tdcarza. Mr. Vineost, Mr. Saooss of
LeuWana, and Mr. KILDA7 were ap-
palpted managers on the part of the
Howie at the conference.
?18TATEHOOD FOR HAWAII
Th4ii Senate resumed the considera-
tion adobe bill (S. 49) to enable the peo-
ple of $Iwai to form a constitution and
State gerernment and to be admitted
Into the Vnion on an equal tooting with
the origlStates.
Mr. JA obtained the floor.
Mr. of Colorado. . Mr.,
President. will the Senator from Wash-.
ington yteld.I,t this .time., to permit me
to suggest tht absence of a quorum?
Mr. JACKSON. I am happy to yield'
for that purport. - ' -
Mr. JOfNS( f of Colorado. ? 't'hen,
Mr. President, I 1 ggest the absence of a
quorum.
The PRESIDINO OFFICER. ' The'
clerk will can the rOI}.
The legislative clegi proceeded to call
Mr. JACKSON. Mit. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for
the call of the roil be rea4trlded.
The PRESIDING OFFI . Without
objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. JACKSON. Mr. President. I rise
today to support of the amendment of-
fered by the distinguished Se>setor from
New Mexico IMr. ANDimsonl to add as
title II of the Hawaiian statehood bill
the bill reported from the Senate Com-
mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs
providing statehood for Alaska. ,
I should like to make It clear at the
outset that I have always supported
statehood for both Hawaii and Alaska.
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 WASE1INGTON Xp&ved For Releas 02
Democrats Propose'
Joint Committee to
Watch Over CIA '
A joint congressional commit-
tee similar to that which super-
viSes the activities of the Atomic
Energy Commission may soon be
&o !t up to keep an eye on the
Federal Government's No. 1 "un-
touchable"-the super-aecret,
hush-hush Central Intelligence
Agency.
The committee Is proposed In
a bill introduced by a group of
I>emocratic Senators led by Sen-
ator Mansfield of Montana, It
would create a 10-man commit-
tee, five from each house, which ? The Senator noted that calls
would make "continuing studies" for insestigations of CIA per.
,of the CIA. The agency would sonnel "have been met with a
he directed to "keep the joint resistance not encountered from
conimlttee fully and currently any other agency."
informed with respect to its ac- The administration," he said,
tivities." appears to support the view
senator Mansfield told the that CIA officials merit an lm-
6,rate, when he introduced the munity which has never been
bill, that "growing suspicion" of !sent claimed for
any othether Go St Dement
CIA might lead to "sporadic in- es Government
cestigattons by various com- agencies handling equally confi
mittees of Congress" unless a ?dential material. CIA seems to
tingle, over-all committee were have marked out for itself a act-
established. ISng above other Government
iagencies, Congress and the pub- I
McCarthy Planning Probe. lie."
senator McCarthy, Republican, Losing Confidence.
of Wisconsin tangled with CIA CIA, the Senator, acid, does
some months ago and reportedly riot enjoy the same degree of
has been considering a further I confidence from O ngresR and
probe by his Permanent Investi- the country that ? the Atomic
t:-atiotis subcommittee. He has Energy Commission does. And
said he has "a really major "all signs point to a steady loss
inquiry" in preparation but has of confidence."
refused to comment on whether Senator Mansfield said the
It might involve the CIA. agency is apparently involved in
Senator Mansfield pointed out matters directly affecting foreign
that CIA at present is "treed pollcy, such as aid to Nationalist
from practically every ordinary (Chinese troops in Burma and I
form of congressional check." alleged attempts to start internal
Both its appropriations and Its troubles In Guatemala.
personnel are concealed from "Until we create some sort i
Congress, he said, and, as a of watchdog committee" we will
result, "it is difficult to legislate have nothing but continued anx-
intelligently for this agency be- lety about the Central Ir,telh-
cause we have no Information ,,genre Agency and its widespread
which we can be positive is activities," the Senator said.
correct." Congress, he said. "Actually, the nature of its
can only guess at the amount work. Its peculiar place In our
Spent--some"rhere between $500. governmental structure have
Arad $800 n.dl;on-.and personnel given this agency in effect a po-
-- reportedly "between 0,000 and sition inviting Irresponsibility. At
30.000 emp:n.es." Its best this makes for continued
Suspicion: at its worst It is &I
menace to free government." i
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