(Sanitized) FROM LESTER D. SHUBIN

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83B00823R000600150009-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 25
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 24, 2000
• Sequence Number: 9
• Publication Date: August 16, 1971
• Content Type: LETTER

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20530
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
August 16, 1971
In response to your recent query concerning the success of the TMDT dis-
semination, our experience indicates that it has been extremely well received
by the law enforcement community.
The initial presentation at Bloomington, Minn., resulted in about 60
responses from the 82 attendees to a questionnaire which was mailed 3 months
after the seminar, many of which were highly enthusiastic. As a result of
that single set of presentations, it was noted from the responses that approxi-
mately 2,000 persons were trained in the technique. In addition, our entire
initial printing of manuals, about 3,000, has been completely distributed.
Since that time, Dr. Bart Epstein of the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Ap-
prehension demonstrated the technique at the National Meeting of the Inter-
national Association for Identification; and we were at the Pennsylvania Sec-
tion Meeting of this same organization in Erie on June 18 of this year. Thus
far, we have sent out approximately 800 copies of the second printing of the
TMDT Manual, which is also available through GPO. I have enclosed several
copies of the new manual for your information.
We have also received numerous inquiries from various police departments
who have heard of the technique from various sources, and are highly interested
in its application. These inquiries have come from as far as Israel and Den-
mark and include representatives of Interpol.
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To sum up, he consider the entire program from its inception to date to
have been an unqualified success. It was well received, and is in use in a
large number of departments. It is known to many who are not at present using
it, and in time, we expect that the TMDT will be generally accepted by all
agencies as a useful tool.
Best regards,
Lester D., Shubin
Research Engineer
Center for Criminal Justice
Operations and Management
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Trace Metal
Detection Technique
in Law Enforcement
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE ADMINISTRATION
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Trace Metal
Detection Technique
in Law Enforcement
A manual describing the technique for de-
tecting and identifying traces and specific
patterns left on suspects' skin and clothing
by weapons, tools and other metal objects.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
National institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, 'U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 20 cents
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Page
I.
INTRODUCTION
1
II.
DESCRIPTION OF TMDT
1
A.
Equipment
1
B.
Selection of Test Areas
2
C.
Application of the TMDT Test
Solution
2
D.
Drying the Test Area
2
E.
Examination of the Test Area by
Ultraviolet Light
3
F.
Detection and Identification of Metal
Objects on the Hands
4
G.
Detection of Metal Objects on
Clothing
4
III.
PROCEDURES FOR THE DETECTION
AND IDENTIFICATION OF HANDGUNS
BY TMDT
5
A.
Spraying the Hands
5
B.
Examination of Hands
5
IV.
CATALOG OF HANDGUN "SIGNATURES"
7
V.
DETECTION OF TOOLS AND OTHER
METAL OBJECTS
7
VI.
FAC TORS THAT AFFECT THE USE
AND RESULTS OF TMDT
8
A.
Contact with Non-Significant Metal
Objects
8
B.
Disassembly or Assembly of a
Handgun
8
C.
Similar Patterns of Metal Objects
8
D.
Exposure of Hands to Soap and
Water
8
E.
Fluorescence Brightness of Metal
Traces and Patterns
9
VII.
USE OF TMDT IN THE FIELD AND
FOR GROUP SCREENING
9
VIII.
ADDITIONAL USE OF TMDT
10
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Page
IX. ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT SOURCES 10
X. FLUORESCENCE PHOTOGRAPHY 11
A. Photographic Techniques 11
B. Black-and-White Films 13
C. Color Films 14
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A difficult problem in Law Enforcement is that of
linking weapons (particularly undischarged firearms),
tools and like objects to specific individuals. The
essential need for such identification in cases in-
volving homicide, suicide, assault, burglary, rob-
bery and civil disorders has resulted in the develop-
ment of a specific technique which shows whether an
individual has been in contact with a particular
metallic object. The technique can be conducted by
police officers using simple equipment and the pro-
cedures described in this manual.
Research has determined that metal objects leave
traces on skin and clothing surfaces in characteris-
tic patterns with intensities proportional to the inter-
action of weight, friction, or duration of contact with
metal objects. The Trace Metal Detection Technique
(TMDT) makes such metal trace patterns visible when
skin or clothing is treated with a test solution and
then is illuminated by ultraviolet light.
Examination by ultraviolet light of the metal trace
patterns which appear as fluorescent colors on the
hands or clothing of the suspect allows a police officer
to determine whether a suspect has been in contact
with certain metal objects, the type of metal or metals
in the objects; and also to infer what type of weapon or
metal object was probably involved. The patterns and
fluorescent colors can be analyzed with reference to
the circumstances requiring the use of TMDT and with
other related information to provide an initial source
of evidence. Physical evidence obtained by the use of
TMDT, however, should be used as an adjunct to
complete investigation.
A. Equipment. The TMDT requires the following
equipment:
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1. TMDT test solution.*
2. Plastic spray-type container (no metal parts).
3. An effective battery-:powered, ultraviolet
source. (See Section IX, ULTRAVIOLET
LIGHT SOURCES, page 10..
4. Material or device for field use to shield
area being examined from sources of
illumination other than that from the ultra-
violet light.
B. Selection of Test Areas. The areas to be
examined are selected in relation to the circumstances,
the suspect item (handgun, rifle, knife, tools, bludgeon,
etc.) and to the normal handling, use, possession, or
concealment of the suspect item. For example, if the
suspect item is a handgun, in addition to the hands,
those areas of clothing which may have been in contact
with the weapon and the skin areas directly beneath
should be examined. In the latter case, metal traces
and patterns are sometimes found to have penetrated
clothing to the skin area beneath.
C. Application of the TMDT Test Solution. The area
to be examined is completely coated with the TMDT
test solution. A spray container is generally the most
suitable for this purpose. Whenever possible, the
test surface should be in a vertical position while
being sprayed to prevent the formation of puddles.
Although the TMDT test solution is non-toxic to
skin surfaces, it should not be taken internally. Care
should be taken to avoid spraying the solution into the
subject's eyes. If spray does get into the eyes, the
subject should immediately flush his eyes with water
for at least ten minutes and obtain medical aid.
D. Drying the Test Area. The test area is allowed
to dry for a period of two or three minutes. The drying
time of hands can be shortened by swinging the arms.
Sunlight, breeze and hot air also shorten the drying
process. Test areas on clothing and other materials
should be allowed to dry thoroughly before examination.
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E. Examination of the Test Area by Ultraviolet
Light. The TMDT solution produces a light yellow
fluorescence on those parts of the test area that have
not been in contact with metal objects. This pale
yellow fluorescence provides a background for the
metal trace patterns seen on parts of the test area
that have been in contact with metal objects. The
metal trace patterns will give off fluorescent colors
that are unique to types of metals;, and appear as
silhouettes against the light yellow fluorescent back-
ground of the test area. Examples of fluorescent
colors produced by various metals are:
Steel-iron Blackish purple
Brass-copper Purple
Galvinized iron (tin) Bright yellow
Aluminum Mottled dull yellow
Lead Buff (flesh tone or tannish)
The officer first should identify the types of metal
that have been in contact with the test area by the
fluorescent colors that appear under the illumination
of the ultraviolet light. Essential. to the officer's
ability to make this identification is his knowledge
and experience of what fluorescent colors are pro-
duced by metals, such as: steel, brass, copper, lead,
aluminum, tin, chromium, iron, nickel, silver, and
certain alloys that can be contained in metal objects.
After determining the presence of metal traces in
the test area and identifying the metals, the officer
can next determine the pattern of the metal traces
as revealed by the fluorescent colors. The location,
size and shape of metal traces on the hand form
patterns that are characteristic of the size and shape,
and the normal way in which weapons, tools and other
metal objects are handled and used. The recognition
of these patterns in conjunction. with the determination
of what metals left traces on the skin are the basis for
identification of metal objects. In this way the officer
can ascertain if the pattern is pertinent to a suspect
item or to its having been in the possession of a sus- .
pect.
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F. Detection and Identification of Metal Objects on
the Hands. The shape, size and weight of the metal
object, the duration of contact;, and the use of the
metal object, all combine to produce the location and
intensity of metal traces and their patterns on the
hands.
1. Shape and Size of Metal Object. On holding a
metal object, depending on the object's shape and size,
more or less of the hand comes in contact with the
metal surface. For example, on holding objects that
are small or narrow in circumference or width, the
fingers are bent more and the surface area of the palm
is contracted, deepening the creases and lines of the
fingers and palm. The surfaces of the hand within the
depths of the creases do not contact the metal object,
which therefore leaves no metal traces at these points.
The larger the diameter and the more uniform the
shape of the object, the more :likely the creases will
be filled with metal traces. Similarly, a heavy object
will tend to flatten the creases and lines of the hands
to produce a more even and uninterrupted metal trace
pattern.
2. Intensity of Metal Traces and Patterns. The
intensity of metal traces left on the hands is propor-
tional to the weight and duration of contact with the
object. The intensity is also proportional to the actions
and forces involved in using a tool, striking blows with
weapons and the recoil from the discharge of firearms.
In addition, the intensity is increased when a suspect
resists action to disarm him.
G. Detection of Metal Objects on Clothing. As noted
earlier, metals leave characteristic traces on clothing
surfaces. Therefore, the suspect's clothing should be
examined by TMDT, in particular: gloves, hats, pockets,
linings of coats, shirts, areas used for concealment,
and other areas of clothing where the suspect item may
have been carried, concealed, or otherwise been in
contact.
The spray is applied to the test areas placed in a
vertical position whenever possible. Clothing and
other materials vary in their absorbency. Therefore,
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some of these test areas may require a heavier appli-
cation of spray, or two or more sprayings to produce
the maximum fluorescence and appearance of metal
traces and patterns. The maximum appearance is
obtained when a repeated spraying does not produce
a brighter fluorescence than the previous spraying
and drying of the test area.
Metal traces sometimes penetrate clothing to the
skin areas beneath. For example, metal traces may
be found on the hands even though gloves have been
worn while metal objects have been handled. Skin
areas directly beneath clothing areas where metal
traces have been found should be examined by TMDT.
However, it should be noted that plastic, leather and
rubber materials are impervious to penetration of
metals traces.
III. PROCEDURES FOR THE DETECTION AND
IDENTIFICATION OF HANDGUNS BY TMDT
Because of their unique shape and use, handguns
leave characteristic patterns and distinct "signatures"
on the hands that are specific to types, makes, models
and calibres of these weapons.
The police officer, with knowledge and experience
in identifying the characteristic patterns and signatures
of handguns by TMDT, can determine if a suspect has
had a handgun in his possession and the signature of the
handgun by the following procedures.
A. Spraying the Hands. The suspect's hands are ex-
tended from the sides of the body with the palms in a
vertical position and the fingers and thumb separated
and extended. The officer should make certain that
the entire surface of the front and back of the hands
are covered by the spray.
B. Examination of Hands. The officer can next exa-
mine the suspect's dry hands by ultraviolet light. He
should make a written record of the following observa-
tions and analyses of the suspect's hand:
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1. First, note and record the fluorescent colors
of the metal traces that make up the pattern for the
purpose of identifying the metallic content of the gun.
2. Look for the appearance of metal traces
(fluorescent colors differing from the light yellow
fluorescent color produced by the TMDT test solution)
on those parts of the hand that came in contact with
the gun: the index finger which rested on the trigger;
the remaining fingers and thumb which enclosed the
gun; the palm; and the degree of protrusion of the. gun
into the area between and beyond the junction of the
thumb and index finger. (Extensive protrusion of
metal traces beyond this area. are made by the over-
hang at the top of the back edge of the handles of auto-
matics, which is common to the design of this type of
handgun.)
3. Look for any irregularities or distinguishing
marks in the pattern which may have been made by
screws, protrusions, ornamentations and other mark-
ings on the gun.
4. Look for interruptions in the pattern which may
be due to nonmetal parts of the gun. Compare these
observations, with the suspect handgun, or if it has not
been recovered, with a Catalog of Handgun "Signatures"
(see Section IV, page 7). This comparison serves
to identify the "signature" of the handgun, or possession
thereof by the suspect.
5. Take a photograph of the pattern produced on the
suspect's hand under illumination by ultraviolet light.
(See Section X, page 11 , Fluorescence Photography. )
6. If the suspect handgun has been recovered before
the apprehension of the suspect, or shortly after his
arrest (it has been found that detectable metal traces
may be found on the hands up to 36-48 hours after con-
tact with metal objects), the pattern of the handgun
should be produced on a subject who has not recently
handled a gun. The patterns on the subject's and the
suspect's hands should be examined side-by-side, under
ultraviolet light, to determine whether or not the hand-
gun has been in the possession of the suspect. Photo-
graphs should be taken as evidence.
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7. If the suspect handgun has not been recovered,
the pattern on the suspect's hand should be compared
with the photographs of handgun patterns entered in a
Catalog of Handgun "Signatures". A. photograph of
the pattern on the subject's hand should also be taken,
and compared with those in the catalog to aid in the
possible identification of the type of gun the suspect
has had in his possession.
IV. CATALOG OF HANDGUN "SIGNATURES"
It has been noted earlier that handguns leave dis-
tinct patterns or "signatures" which are specific to
types, makes, models and calibres of these weapons.
It is important that police officers develop a thorough
knowledge and a permanent record of these signatures.
For this purpose, a catalog of signatures should be
prepared of as many types, models, makes and cali-
bres of specimen-handguns that can possibly be ob-
tained. The signatures of these handguns can be
produced on the hands of subjects and examined under
ultraviolet light, as described in Section III, above.
A photograph of each signature is then entered in the
catalog along with a record of the observations made
under ultraviolet light and the type, make, model and
calibre of the specimen-handgun.
V. DETECTION OF TOOLS AND, OTHER METAL
OBJECTS
Some tools and other metal objects leave patterns
that are characteristic of their shape, normal handling
and use, for example: pliers, wrenches, shears,
scissors, etc; while other tools and metal objects may
leave patterns that are similar because they are alike
in shape and diameter; for example: crowbars, pipes,
metal bars, etc.
Accurate analysis and determination of patterns
on suspects' hands depend upon relating the above
factors to circumstances, information and evidence
of the case, and upon the technician's experience and
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skill in using TMDT. Again, as an aid in obtaining
such experience and skill the technician should pre-
pare a catalog of patterns and metal traces produced
by tools and other metal objects.
VI. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE USE AND
RESULTS OF TMDT
A. Contact With Non-Significant Metal Objects. The
hands of individuals may have metal traces from con-
tact with metal objects such as handles, door knobs,
keys, etc. The intensities of the traces will be pro-
portional to the force and duration of contact with these
metal objects. In some cases, the metal traces will
be faint because of momentary and light contact with
the objects. But in other cases,, the traces from non-
significant metal objects may have sufficient intensity
to mask the metal traces and distort the patterns of
significant metal objects.
B. Disassembly or Assembly of a Handgun. If the
suspect has handled a handgun for these purposes,
metal traces will be left on the :hands which do not
form the pattern ordinarily produced by the weapon.
However, if the suspect has held the weapon in the
usual way for a period of time, the technician may
be able to detect the specific pattern left by the hand-
gun. (It should be noted that gun oils give off a
mother-of-pearl appearance under ultraviolet light. )
C. Similar Patterns of Metal Objects. Some metal
objects may leave metal traces and patterns that are
similar, but not identical to the metal traces and
patterns of the significant ob)ect. The officer should
be mindful of such potential ' false positives" and
learn to discriminate accordingly.
D. Exposure of Hands to Soap and Water. Exposure
to water after contact with metal objects does not
affect an examination of the hands. Repeated hand-
washings with abrasive soap or rubbing with dirt after
contact with metals will reduce the amount of traces
deposited on the skin in a deliberate attempt to remove
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metal traces. However, it has been found that metal
trace patterns may be found on the hands up to 36 to
48 hours after contact when the suspect has followed
a normal routine of daily handwashings.
E. Fluorescence Brightness of Metal Traces and
Patterns. The maximum fluorescence brightness of
metal traces and patterns that can be obtained in a
TMDT examination depends, not only upon the amount
of metal that has been deposited on a skin or clothing
surface, but also upon the following factors:
1. Adequate application and coverage of the
TMDT test solution.
2. A strong source of ultraviolet illumination.
3. Exclusion of all other illumination from the
test area.
4. The proximity of the ultraviolet light to the
test area.
VII. USE OF TMDT IN THE FIELD AND FOR
GROUP SCREENING
The successful use of TMDT in the field for check-
ing on a suspect or screening a group of individuals
for previous possession of weapons or other significant
metal objects depends on whether the circumstances
and conditions are suitable for such examinations.
The acquiescence or subjugation of the suspect must
be obtained to perform the examination. Sources of
environmental light must be greatly reduced or eli-
minated in order to produce adequate fluorescence by
ultraviolet light. And, finally, field personnel must
have sufficient experience and skill to ascertain
whether an individual has been in contact with a weapon
or significant metal object; and whether an individual
should be held for further detailed examination by
TMDT. Studies should be carried out by police officers
to determine the conditions and circumstances that pre-
vent or are conducive to valid use and results of TMDT
in the field.
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Another possible use of T]VMDT is the determination
that a metal object has rested on another, nonmetal
object. For example, research experiments involving
the successful application of this use determined that:
1) a pair of scissors, no longer present, had rested
on the paper lining in a drawer and; 2) coins, no
longer present, had rested on a paper document in the
buttom of a storage container. In the latter case, the
duration of contact of the undisturbed coins was suffi-
cient to show which side of each coin had rested on the
document.
Since friction is not involved, results depend on the
weight and duration of the contact of the metal object
with the surface on which it rests. When considera-
tion is given to the use of TM:DT for this type of de-
tection, the officer should conduct a test to determine
if trace metal deposits can be produced on the sur-
face in question.
Battery-powered, short-wave ultraviolet light units
are commercially available. Since the battery life of
these units is 45 to 60 minutes, it is advisable to have
on hand spare batteries and a. battery charger which
are available as accessories to the units.
Another commercial source of short-wave ultra-
violet light is the tubular type that can be obtained from
electrical supply companies (General Electric, Sylvania
and Westinghouse). Tubes can be purchased in various
lengths, up to 48 inches, at reasonable cost, that fit
into and operate in standard fluorescent light fixtures.
The selection of ultraviolet sources should be
based upon a number of factors, such as: the required
illumination, intensity, convenience, availability, cost
of replacement of lamps, batteries and accessories,
areas to be illuminated, and working distance (the
distance from the light source to the work surface that
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will permit examining and photographing hands and
clothing and will not appreciably reduce the intensity
of fluorescence).
PRECAUTIONS
Short-wave ultraviolet light is in-
jurious to the eyes. Do not look
directly into the light or shine the
light into an individual's eyes.
Protective goggles are commer-
cially available that prevent the
passage of short-wave ultraviolet
light but transmit the visible
fluorescent light, which is not in-
jurious to the eyes.
X. FLUORESCENCE PHOTOGRAPHY
It is commonly believed that ultraviolet photo-
graphy is also fluorescence photography. Actually
two types of photography are involved.
The main purpose of ultraviolet photography is to
record information about objects that have the pro-
perty of either absorbing or reflecting ultraviolet
light, or about objects in which two or more of its
elements will absorb or reflect ultraviolet light to
different degrees. These effects can be recorded
photographically to show differences between objects
or between areas of the same object. Whether or
not the object emits fluorescence does not enter into
the purposes of ultraviolet photography.
If a source of ultraviolet light is used to excite
fluorescence in an object, photographing the fluores-
cent object is known as fluorescence photography.
This type of photography is used for recording
fluorescent metal trace patterns produced by TMDT.
A. Photographic Techniques. The following factors
should be considered in photographing fluorescent
objects:
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1. Illumination. Efficient sources of ultraviolet
light, placed as close to the subject as is practical,
should be used to excite the maximum fluorescence
brightness of the object. The incidence of illumination
on the object should be at an angle of about 45 degrees.
Two sources (one on each side of the object) will pro-
vide twice as much light and prove more practical in
photographing three-dimensional objects.
2. Exciter Filter. This filter is placed between
the subject and the source of illumination to transmit
the ultraviolet light necessary to excite fluorescence
and to absorb all other radiation which, if higher in
brightness, may mask the fluorescence. Corning
Glass No. 9863 (Filter No. CS 7-54) transmits ultra-
violet in the long, medium, and short wave regions.
This glass filter can be placed in front of the ultra-
violet source as an exciter filter.
3. Barrier Filter. This filter is placed in front
of the camera lens to absorb the ultraviolet light
radiation transmitted by the exciter filter and to
transmit only the fluorescent light given off by the
object. An efficient barrier filter is Kodak Wratten
Filter No. 2A, if the exciter filter transmits ultra-
violet light only.
4. Exposure Determination. Because of the very
low brightness of fluorescence the proper exposures
for photographing fluorescent metal trace patterns will
have to be determined by tests. The beginner should
take a number of photographs of subjects at various
exposures. At a fixed lense aperture, exposure time
should be increased by a factor of 2, in successive
steps, over a wide range of decreasing shutter speeds.
A record of all exposure conditions should be made,
including: subject, ultraviolet source and its distance
from the subject, filters, film, shutter speed and lens
opening. With a record of such data and the experience
acquired in such tests, the police officer can develop
the know-how and skill in estimating the exposures
for photographing subjects.
An extremely sensitive exposure meter can be used
for determining exposures. However, its cell should
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be covered with a barrier filter to absorb ultraviolet
light reflected from the subject which, if higher in
brightness than the fluorescence oof the n the scamera. ubject, will
If
give erroneous exposure settings
the case of an exposure meter is feasible, the tests
described above may not be needed to determine
exposures.
B. Black-and-White Films. The black-and-white
films used in fluorescence photography should have
panchromatic sensitivity and high speed. The East-
man Kodak Company in its publication, Ultraviolet
and Fluorescence Photography, makes the following
recommendations:
When a 35mm film is indicated, Kodak Tri-X
Pan Film is recommended. It has very fine
grain and high speed (ASA 400). If extremely
high speed is desirable, and some graininess
can be tolerated, Kodak 2475 Recording Film
(Estar-AH Base) is suggested. It is avail-
able in 36-exposure magazines (RE 135-36).
Information about this film is contained in
Kodak Pamphlet No. P-95, available on re-
quest. By selected development it can be
processed to achieve speeds up to about 4000.
If sheet film is needed, there are many Kodak
Films on Estar Thick Base from which to
choose. In order of decreasing granularity,
they are: Royal-X Pan (ASA 1250), RS Pan
(ASA 650), Royal Pan (ASA 400), and Tri-X
Pan Professional (ASA 320).
Black-and-White films produced by other film manu-
facturers such as, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co.,
General Aniline and Film Corporation Polaroid Co.,
etc., should also be considered for use. Information
on the types and characteristics of films can be ob-
tained from the manufacturers.
Examples of black-and-white photographs taken of
fluorescent metal trace patterns, produced on subjects'
hands by treatment with TMDT solution after holding
handguns, are shown in Figures 1 and 2, page 16.
Following is the photographic data:
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Figure Weapon Film Type Exposures
1 .38 Special Royal-X Pan 4 sec.
Revolver at f/4. 7
(held for 15
minutes)
2 .25 Auto Royal-X Pan 4 sec.
Pistol at f/4. 7
(held for 15
minutes)
Illumination was by two 11.5-volt Mineralight UVS 11
lamps made by Ultra-Violet Products, Inc., San
Gabriel, California. The light sources were held
about eight inches from the hand at an angle of about
30 degrees from the camera optical axis. A Kodak
2-A filter was used over the camera lens. The pic-
tures were taken with a Polaroid MP-3 Camera, with
a 127mm lens, and a lens to subject distance of 19
inches. The film was developed in HC-110 dilution
"A" rated at an E. I. of 1250.
C. Color Films. The advantages of using color
films to record fluorescent metal trace patterns are
obvious. The patterns are produced in fluorescence
colors which are examined arid analyzed as such.
Photographing the patterns with color film records
their actual appearance; whereas black-and-white
films record the patterns, interruptions in the
patterns, and incomplete coverage by the TMDT so-
lution as varying shades of gray. In addition, many
persons cannot distinguish shades of gray as easily
as they can distinguish different colors.
These advantages of using color films, however,
are offset by their lower ASA speeds. Kodak recom-
mends High-Speed Ektachrome Films, Daylight
Type and Type B, and Ektach:rorne-X Film. Their
ASA speed ratings are 160, 125 and 64, respectively.
With a time adjustment in Kodak Process E-4, it is
possible to use these films at higher-than-normal
speed ratings which allows for shorter exposure
times with these films. Again, as in the case with
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black-and-white films, the beginner should conduct
tests to determine exposures using; these films and
those of other film manufacturers.
The Kodak Technical Publication, M-27, Ultra-
violet and Fluorescence Photography, published by
the Eastman Kodak Company, is an excellent source
of information on the technique and equipment used
in fluorescence photography. It covers such topics
as, illumination, filters, films, reciprocity effects,
exposures and procedures; and includes an appendix.
TMDT TEST SOLUTION
0.1-0.2% solution of 8-Hydroxyquinoline in
isopropanol (CP grade only).
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Figure 1. .38 Special Revolver,
Figure 2. .25 Auto :Pistol
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Official Business
Postage and Fees Paid
U.S. Department of Justice,
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 . UNCLASSIFIED
FORM
3-62
ROUTING AND RECORI) SHEET
AD/Sec.
DD/S
7 D 18 Headquarters
DCI
7 E 12 Headquarters
2 7 AUG 1971
OFFICER'S I COMMENTS (Number each comment to show from whom
INITIALS to whom. Draw a line across column after each comment.)
0 I U "?EDITIONS"' SECRET ^ CONFIDENTIAL ^ UEE ONLY ^ UNCLASSIFIED
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