HANDBOOK OF ECONOMIC STATISTICS, 1982

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Release Decision: RIFPUB
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• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 2007
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: September 1, 1982
• Content Type: REPORT

.tE;E~f Directorate of
Handbook of
Economic Statistics,
1982
CPAS 82-10006
September 1982
 This publication is prepared for the use of US Government
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 Directorate of
Intelligence
Research for this report was completed
on 1 September 1982
CPAS 82-10006
September 1982
 Handbook of
Economic Statistics,
1982
Purpose and Scope
The Handbook of Economic Statistics, 1982,
provides statistics for selected non-Communist
countries and all the Communist countries.
In general, the data in the Handbook are for
1960, 1965, 1970, 1975, and 1977-81. Data for
the Communist and non-Communist countries
have been adjusted, when necessary, to achieve
comparability and therefore may differ from
data presented in the original sources. Footnotes
have been used liberally to give definitions,
exceptions, and methodology. The base year for
average annual rates of growth is the year prior
to the stated period.
Rounding of the Totals
The totals have been rounded, with some excep-
tions, to three significant digits. Because of
rounding, components may not add to the totals
shown. Totals are not presented if missing data
are believed to represent a significant part of the
total. In general, zeros appearing after the last
nonzero number following the decimal point are
not significant but are used merely for con-
sistency in presentation.
Symbols
The abbreviation NA (not available) is used
when information about the existence of the
data or the magnitude of the data is not avail-
able, and the abbreviation NEGL (negligible) is
used when the magnitude of the data is less than
one-half of the final unit employed for each
table.
Sources
The data given for the most recent years are
frequently preliminary and subject to revision.
The data for the Communist countries are offi-
cial data from the country cited, CIA estimates,
or estimates made by other organizations. The
data for the non-Communist countries are from
publications of the United Nations, the Organi-
zation for Economic Cooperation and Develop-
ment (OECD), publications of US Government
agencies, unclassified publications of other in-
ternational organizations or individual coun-
tries, or are estimates of this Office.
Terms
Unless otherwise indicated, the term Commu-
nist Countries includes the USSR, the countries
of Eastern Europe, China, Albania, Cuba, Kam-
puchea, Laos, North Korea, Vietnam, and Yu-
goslavia; the term Eastern Europe includes Bul-
garia, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary,
Poland, and Romania. The term European
Community includes Belgium, Denmark,
France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and West
Germany. The term developed countries in-
cludes the European Community, Austria, Fin-
land, Iceland, Israel, Liechtenstein, Portugal,
Malta, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zea-
land, the Republic of South Africa, and the
United States. The term Organization for Eco-
nomic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
includes all the developed countries, except
Liechtenstein, Malta, Israel, and the Republic
of South Africa.
 The Big Six includes Canada, France, Italy,
Japan, the United Kingdom, and West Germa-
ny. The Big Seven includes the United States
and the Big Six.
Except for economic aid data, the term less
developed countries includes the following:
? All independent countries of Africa except the
Republic of South Africa.
? All independent countries of East Asia except
Japan.
? All independent countries in Latin America
except Cuba.
? All independent countries in the Middle East
and South Asia, except Israel and Turkey.
Except for Cyprus, no country in either Eastern
or Western Europe is in the LDC grouping.
Except for Hong Kong, no territory that is a
possession, trust, or protectorate is included in
the LDC grouping.
The definition of less developed countries for
economic aid conforms to that used by the
Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of
the OECD and other aid agencies and includes
the following non-Communist countries:
? All independent countries of Africa except the
Republic of South Africa.
? All countries of East Asia except Hong Kong
and Japan.
? Malta, Portugal, and Spain in Europe.
? All independent countries in Latin America,
except Cuba.
? All countries in the Middle East and South
Asia.
Totals for the country groupings may or may
not include all of the countries listed above,
depending on the commodity or services listed.
 prove
Contents.:
Graphic Summary
Page
Economic Profile 25 `,
Aggregative Trends 37
Soviet Economic Performance 67
FareignTrade,and Aid; ., 'I9
Minerals and Metals 131;'
Chemicals and Rubber 151,
Manufacturing Goods and Forestry 161
Agriculture 181'
Transportation 201
Index and Conversion Factors 221
 pprovea r?rKeiease
Figure 1.. ' Gross National Product Per Capita, 1981
World Gross National Product and`Populatio
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5'
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure L2;
Figu~ re `13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16'
Figure, 17
'igire..18
Figure 19.
Figure 2?
Figure 21;.
Trends
Graphic Summary
Less?Developed Countries, Aggregate Real GNP,. rowth Rates
Less Developed Countries Aggregate Inflation Rates
Percent Change in the Value `of Selected Foreign Currencies Relative to the
f- L
Current Account Balances
Non Oil Exporting LD s Current #ccount; Defici s.,and. et Oil Bill
Government Receipts, Outlays and Deficits?as a Share of ,GDP
Selected?Industrial countries Comparative Tax Burden
Big Seven Energy Consumption, Oil Consumption and GNP Growth
Big Seven Energy Consumption by Type of Fuel
Minerals and Metals: imports ns a Sharezof`Consumptton
Major Industrial Countries Output Growthin Manufacturing and
ih = a
I? tonmanufacturing Sectors L .
World Crude Steel Production
World passenger Automobile Production
ENT am
WorldLWheat and Coarse Grain Supplies
Page:;:
16
17
18.
19'
 More than $10,000
San Marino
Philippines
Australia
Venezuela
St. Christopher-
Brunei
$1,001 to $3,000
Nevis-Anguilla
Canada
Sao Tome and Principe
Algeria
il
S
d
Denmark
Andorra
waz
an
Th
il
nd
Finland
Antigua and Barbuda
a
a
T
n
France
Belize
ga
o
n
V
t
Iceland
Brazil
a
ua
u
m
W
t
S
Kuwait
Chile
es
ern
a
oa
Zimbabwe
Liechtenstein
China (Taiwan)
Nauru
Colombia
Norway
Cook Islands
Cape Verde Islands
Qatar
Costa Rica
Dominica
Saudi Arabia
Cuba
Equitorial Guinea
Sweden
Dominican Republic
Indonesia
Switzerland
Ecuador
Mauritania
United Arab Emirates
Falkland Islands
North Yemen
United States
Fiji
St. Vincent and
West Germany
French Guiana
the Grenadines
$7,001 to $10,000
Grenada
Sri Lanka
American Somoa
Guatemala
Solomon Islands
Austria
Iraq
South Yemen
The Bahamas
Ivory Coast
Sudan
Belgium
Jamaica
Zambia
Bermuda
Jordan
$201 to $400
Czechoslovakia
Macau
East Germany
Malaysia
Afghanistan
Faroe Islands
Malta
Benin
Gabon
Mauritius
Burma
Greenland
Mexico
Chad
Guam
Mongolia
China (Mainland)
Japan
Namibia
Comoros
Libya
Panama
Djibouti
Luxembourg
Paraguay
Guinea
Netherlands
Peru
Haiti
United Kingdom
Portugal
India
001 to $7
000
$5
South Africa
Kenya
,
,
South Korea
Lesotho
French Polynesia
Suriname
Madagascar
Hungary
Syria
Mozambique
Ireland
Tunisia
Niger
Israel
Turkey
Pakistan
Italy
Uruguay
Rwanda
Martinique
Yugoslavia
Senegal
Monaco
Sierra Leone
New Caledonia
$tt0 0
Tanzania
New Zealand
Albania
Togo
Poland
Bolivia
Tuvalu
Singapore
Egypt
Uganda
Soviet Union
Kiribati
Western Sahara
Spain
Lebanon
Loss 111fttl ON
Trinidad and Tobago
Morocco
Virgin Islands (US)
Nicaragua
Bangladesh
Nigeria
Bhutan
Ar
entina
North Korea
Burundi
g
Bahrain
Seychelles
Central African Republic
Barbados
$601 to $800
Ethiopia
Guinea-Bissau
Bulgaria
Angola
The Gambia
Cyprus
Botswana
Kampuchea
Gibraltar
Cameroon
Laos
Greece
Congo
Malawi
Guadeloupe
El Salvador
Maldives
Hong Kong
Ghana
Mali
Netherlands Antilles
Guyana
Nepal
Oman
Honduras
Somalia
Puerto Rico (US)
Iran
Upper Volta
Reunion
Liberia
Vietnam
Romania
Papua New Guinea
Zaire
 Figure 2
World Gross National Product and Population, 1981
Percent
Developed non-communist countries
European Community
Less developed non-communist countries
Communist countries
India 1.3-
Brazil 2.2
Other Developed 4.6
West Germany 5.9
France 5.0
United States 5.0
Japan 2.6
Other Developed 4.4
West Germany 1.3
France 1.2
United Kingdom 1.2
Other EC 2.2
Brazil 2.7
 Figure 3
Real GNP Comparisons
1971-75
1976-81
United Kingdom
Canada
France
West Germany
Italy
United States
Japan
USSR
 Figure 4
Real Gross National Product Trends
Average annual rate of growth (percent)
1961-75
1976-77
1978
1979
1980
1981
1961-75
1976-77
1978
1979
1980
1981
1961-75
1976-77
1978
1979
1980
1981
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
1961-75
1976-77
1978
1979
1980
1981
1961-75
1976-77
1978
1979
1980
1981
1961-75
1976-77
1978
1979
1980
1981
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I_ I I I I I I I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
 Figure 5
Less Developed Countries: Aggregate Real GNP Growth Ratesa
Percent
Non-OPEC LDCs
Non-oil-exporting LDCs
OPEC LDCs
LDCs
aWeighted by 1976 GNP. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1
1960 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81
 Figure 6
Less Developed Countries: Aggregate Inflation Ratesa
Percent
-. -? Non-OPEC LDCs
Non-oil-exporting LDCs excluding
Argentina and Brazil
OPEC LDCs
LDCs
aweighted by 1976 GNP. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1
1960 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81
 Figure 7
Percent Change in the Value of Selected Foreign Currencies Relative to the US Dollar"
German mark
? French franc
Trade-weighted average of the dollarb
British pound
Japanese yen
aChange relative to selected foreign currencies compared with
March 1973.
bRelative to 16 major currencies, weighted by 1976 trade in
manufactures.
II IIiII1It IIII11ii1111111I III I III 11111111111111111111111111111IIIIIIIIIII111111111111111
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
 Figure 8
Current Account Balances"
OPECb
--- OECD
--~ -? European Community
United States
Non-OPEC LDCs
aincluding goods, services, and private transfers.
b A consistent series for prior years is not available.
1970 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81
 Figure 9
7.4
 Figure 10
Non-Oil-Exporting LDCs: Current Account Deficits and Net Oil Bill
Net oil bill
 Figure 11
Government Receipts, Outlays, and Deficits as Share of GNP
10 1960 70 75 79 10 1960 70 75 79 10 1960 70 75 79 10 1960 70 75 79 10 1960 70 75 79
10 1960 70 75 79 10 1960 70 75 79 10 1960 70 75 79 10 1960 70 75 79
g 1960 70 75 79 -8 1960 70 75 79 -8 1960 70 75 79 -8 1960 70 75 79
 Figure 12
Selected Industrial Countries: Comparative Tax Burden, 1979
Taxes as a Percent of GDP
Social security Japan
contribution
General taxes
Direct
Indirect
Italy
United Kingdom
France
West Germany
 Figure 13
Percent
Short-term
(call money)
Long-term
(government bond
yields)
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
1960 65 70 75 80
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
1960 65 70 75 80
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
1960 65 70 75 80 1960 65 70 75 80
 Figure 14
Oil Dependency as a Share of Total Primary Energy Demand'
Million b/d Oil Equivalent
Net oil imports
Domestic oil
production
Other energyb
1981 36.3 1981
a Including natural gas, coal,
hydroelectricity, and nuclear
energy.
b Including natural gas liquids.
CBulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East
Germany, Hungary, Poland, and
Romania.
1981 24.5 1981
1970 MENEM= 14.8 1970
0.7 0.3 4.9
15.9
6.3
08.3
 Figure 15
Big Seven: Energy Consumption, Oil Consumption, and GNP Growth
Index: 1973= 100
Energy
? GNP
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
,1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81
 Figure 16
Major Industrial Countries: Energy Consumption by Type of Fuel
Percent
Oil
? Coal
- Natural gas
Hydro
Nuclear
1973
1980
1981
1973
1980
1981
1973
1981
1973
1980
1981
France
1973
1980
1981
 Figure 17
Minerals and Metals: Imports as a Share of Consumption, 1981
 Figure 18
Major Industrial Countries: Output Growth
Average annual percent
? Manufacturing
Nonmanufacturing
1964-73 1974-80 5 1964-73 1974-80
 Figure 19
United States
Community
Japan
USSR/
Eastern Europe
Other
 Figure 20
World Passenger Automobile Production
Percent
United States 1960
European Total: 12.8 Million Units
Community
Japan
USSR/
Eastern Europe
Other
1970
Total: 22.5 Million Units
 Figure 21
World Wheat and Coarse Graina Supplies
Billion Metric Tons
- Production
- Consumption
a Includes corn, sorghum, barley,
oats, millet, rye, wheat, and
miscellaneous grains
 Table l' ?
?
2.
Table
Table 3
Table 4
Tables 5
z
?z:
Developed countries
communistrCountries
u `~
r
Organization of Petroleum Exportln
SeectedNLess Developed Countries
L
~
2
r
Selected World Statistics
Table 6 ti y; Indicato s of Lzu ng Standards loathe US and USSR
Table 7 ;L N tiz 'reduction of SeleetedZCon un er o ds In the S and USSR
Table ~L u a za a ti (kZY modit r Production of the dnd US` ? Y~ 2
OM-
 Economic Profile: Developed Countries, 1981
United
States
Canada
Japan
European Community
Total
France
Italy
Nether-
lands
United
Kingdom
West
Germany
Million persons at midyear
229.8
24.2
117.6
271.6
54.0
57.2
14.2
56.0
61.7
Percent change from 1980
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.7
NEGL
0.2
Gross national product
Billion 1981 US $ a
2,925.5
280.2
1,149.6
2,420
576.8
298.8
140.7
502.4
686.7
Percent real growth in 1981
2.0
3.0
2.9
-0.3
0.3
-0.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.3
Per capita (1981 US $)
12,730
11,580
9,780
8,910
10,680
5,220
9,910
8,970
11,130
Industrial production (percent growth in 1981)
2.6
1.2
3.1
NA
-2.1
-2.7
-1.8
-5.1
-2.6
Industry
Primary energy (million b/d oil equivalent)
32.5
4.8
1.2
10.6
1.4
0.5
1.4
4.4
2.4
Electricity (billion kilowatt-hours)
2,448
388
522
1,260
260
183
62
278
369
Crude steel (million metric tons)
108.8
14.8
101.7
126
21.3
24.6
5.5
15.6
41.6
Cement (million metric tons)
66.1
9.5
84.8
143
28.2
43.0
3.3
12.8
31.6
Trade and international reserves
Exports, f.o.b. (billion US $)
233.7 b
72.6
151.5
665.9 c
106.4
75.3
68.7
110.1 c
176.1
Imports, c.i.f. (billion US $)
273.4
69.9
142.9
729.2 c
121.0
91.1
67.3
115.8 c
163.9
Trade balance (billion US $)
-39.7
2.8
8.6
-63.2 c
-14.5
-15.8
1.4
-5.7 c
12.2
International reserves (billion US $)
29.7
4.4
29.2
136
25.6
22.8
11.1
16.0
47.6
Indicators of living standards
Grain production (kilograms per capita)
1,451
2,010
117
453
881 c
319 c
91 c
341 c
364 c
Meat production (kilograms per capita)
107
99
25
80
97
59
140
53
75
Automobile registrations (units per thousand persons)
537
427 c
203 c
318-
357 c
310c
305 c
276 c
377 c
Energy consumption (barrels oil equivalent per capita) c
59
70
24
NA
27
19
39
27
33
Consumer price index (percent growth in 1981)
10.3
12.5
4.9
NA
13.3
19.3
6.7
11.9
5.9
Telephones in used (units per thousand persons)
791
656
476
413
414
318
486
477
434
a Data were converted from national currencies at average
1981 Par Rate/Market Rate factors.
b Excluding Department of Defense shipments.
c Data are for 1980.
d Data are for 1979.
 USSR
Eastern Europe
China
Yugo-
slavia
Total
Bulgaria
Czecho-
slovakia
East
Germany
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Population
Million persons at midyear
267.7
109.9
8.9
15.3
16.7
10.7
35.9
22.4
1,032.0
22.5
Percent change from 1980
0.8
0.5
NEGL
NEGL
NEGL
NEGL
0.8
0.9
1.4
0.9
Gross national product a
Billion 1981 US $
1,587.0
670.0
34.0
137.2
162.9
63.7
178.0
94.7
328.0
51.8
Percent real growth in 1981
1.8
0.9
3.0
0.1
2.4
0.6
-6.6
1.0
3.0
2.4
Per capita (1981 US $)
5,930
6,096
3,820
8,970
9,750
5,950
4,960
4,230
320
2,300
Industrial production (percent growth in 1981)
2.0
-2.0
3.2
1.4
2.9
1.6
-14.8
1.6
4.1
4.1 b
Industry
Primary energy (million b/d oil equivalent)
27.7
6.0
0.2
1.0
1.3
0.3
2.1
1.1
8.8
0.6
Electricity (billion kilowatt-hours)
1,325
420
37
73
101
24
115
70
306
60
Crude steel (million metric tons)
149.0
57.4
2.5
15.2
7.4
3.6
15.7
13.0
35.6
4.0
Cement (million metric tons)
127.0
61.1
5.4
10.6
12.2
4.6
14.2
13.9
84.0
9.8
Trade
Exports (billion US $)
79.4
83.9
10.5
15.5
19.4
12.2
13.4
12.9
22.4
10.9
Imports (billion US $)
73.2
87.0
10.6
15.3
20.9
12.0
15.7
12.5
18.6
15.8
Trade balance (billion US $)
6.2
-3.0
-0.1
0.3
-1.5
0.2
-2.3
0.4
3.8
-4.9
Indicators of living standards
Grain production (kilograms per capita)
712 c
711
897
614
531
1,180
551
837
315
673
Meat production (kilograms per capita)
57
94
89
107
116
144
71
80
NA
69
Automobile registrations (units per thousand persons)
31 b
81 b
56 b
149 b
152 b
85 b
67 b
11 b
NA
108 b
Energy consumption (barrels oil equivalent per capita) b
31
28
28
35
40
20
26
22
NA
13
Telephones in use (units per thousand persons)
84,
115 d
120 d
201 c
183 c
111 c
91 C
59 d
NA
85 c
a Data were converted at US purchasing power equivalents. c Data are for 1979.
b Data are for 1980. d Data are for 1978.
 Economic Profile: Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries, 1981
Algeria Ecuador Gabon Indonesia Iran Iraq Kuwait Libya Nigeria Qatar Saudi United Venezuela
Arabia Arab
Emirates
Million persons at midyear 19.4
8.3
0.6
154.3
40.0
13.6
1.5
3.2
79.7
0
2
9
5
1
1
17
9
Percent increase from 1980 3.1
3.1
1.3
2.1
3.1
3.3
6.2
5.4
3.3
.
4.0
.
2
8
.
11
3
.
2
8
Gross national product
.
.
.
Billion 1981 US $ 36.9
10.8
4.8
83.0
25.8
26.1
22.4
22.7
65.8
6.6
118
9
22
1
69
7
Percent real growth in 1981 a 5.0
5.0
5.0
7.0
-27.0
-30.0
5.0
-27.0
6.0
3.0
.
8
1
.
16
3
.
0
3
Per capita (1981 US $) 1,900
1,300
7,920
540
640
1,920
14,920
7,090
820
32,980
.
12
510
.
20
080
.
3
890
Industry
,
,
,
Crude oil production (thousand b/d) 805
210
150
1,605
1,380
1,000
1,125 b
1,140
1,430
405
9
815 b
1
500
2
100
Share of oil in GNP (percent) 30
10
50
16
30 c
66 c
70
57
22
66
,
66
,
74
,
29
Trade and international reserves
Exports f.o.b. (million US $) 11,816
2,542
2,173,
22,260
9,443
10,599
17,512
15,658
19,770
5,672
C
113
328
20
215
21
010
Government oil revenues (million US $) 10,660
520,
450
13,600
13,320
11,170
15,910
15,400
16,500
4,720
,
88
690
,
12
930
,
14
000
Oil exports (thousand b/d) 675
155
130
1,155
880
775
970
1,040
1,205
410
,
9
230
,
1
410
,
1
7
Imports c.i.f. (million US $) 10,626 c
2,246
673 C
13,272
12,473
18,704
8,554
15,466
18,564
1,423 C
,
35
268
,
9
823
,
00
12
439
United States (million US $) 717
855 c
128
1,545
300
914
976
813
1,525 d
157
,
7
327
,
1
077
,
5
330
European Community (million US $) 6,247
417 C
500
2,225
4,800
7,700
2,200
8,754
9,040 d
600
,
11
000
,
3
000
,
2
2
Japan (million US $) 460
275,
51
4,135
1,480
927
1,644
1,068
2,190 d
267
,
5
857
,
1
489
,
18
907
International reserves e (million US $) 3,923
649
199
5,140
15,389 f
6,9968
4,170
9,149
3,924
381
,
32
422
,
3
230
a Growth in GDP.
a I
,
,
8,631
b Including about one-half of Neutral Zone production.
c Data are for 1980
ncluding gold valued at SDR 35 per ounce.
f Data are for 1979.
. s Data a
d Data are f.o.b.
re for 197
7.
 Economic Profile: Selected Less Developed Countries, 1981
Ivory Kenya MoroccoZaire Hong Malay- Philip- South China Argen- Brazil Chile Colom- Mexico Peru Egypt India Paki- Syria
Coast Kong sia pines Korea (Taiwan)tina bia stan
Million persons
at midyear 8.3 17.1 21.6 29.4 5.2 14.3 50.3 40.4 18.1 28.1 124.8 11.2
Percent increase 3.3 4.1 2.9 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.5 1.6 1.8 1.6 2.3 \ 1.4
Gross national product
Billion 1981 US $ 9.4 6.8 18.8 5.1 23.8 24.6 37.7 63.2 44.6 100.6 250.0 24.9
Percent real growth a 1.5 2.0 -1.0 1.0 8.0 7.5 2.5 7.1 6.0 -6.0 1.0 5.0
Per capita
(1981 US $) 1,130 400 870 170 4,590 1,720 750 1,560 2,460 3,580 2,000 2,220
Industry
Electricity production
(billion kilowatt-
hours)
Agriculture
Grain production (mil-
lion metric tons) 1.0 b 1.6 b 2.2 0.7 b NEGL 1.5 12.0 7.4 3.7 b 32.7 38.6 1.8 b
Trade and international reserves
Exports, f.o.b.
(million US $) 3,034 b 1,183 2,441 b 1,662 21,830 11,200 5,655 21,254 18,179 b 8,021 b 23,293 3,931
Imports, c.i.f.
(million US $) 2,551 b 1,939 4,258 b 668 24,796 11,581 8,479 26,131 19,401 b 10,54lb24,079 6,378
International reserves
(million US $) d 20 234 258 166 NA 4,193 2,266 2,695 6,850 3,446 6,693 3,282
a Growth in GDP.
b Data are for 1980.
c Data are for 1979.
d Including gold valued at SDR 35 per ounce.
25.2
69.6 18.1
43.4 707.8
90.4
9.1
1.5
2.5 2.8
2.8 2.2
2.9
3.4
30.9
237.0 22.8
29.4 151.5
28.3
12.0
2.5
8.1 3.9
8.0 4.5
5.5
8.0
1,240
3,400 1,260
680 210
310
1,320
2.8
20.8 1.4
7.5 b 137.3
17.7
3.2
2,916
15,570b3,180
3,233 7,300
2,880
2,108 b
5,201
24,068 3,420
8,782 a 13,907
5,412
41,124 b
4,878
3,052 b 1,265
1,279 5,043
796
700
 Gross National Product (billion 1981 US $)
4,800
6,120
7,890
9,610
10,500
10,900
11,200
11
400
11
600
Population (million persons, midyear)
3,062
3,360
3,730
4,115
4,250
4,332
4,420
,
4,499
,
4
577
Agricultural production index (1975 = 100)
65
73
88
100
104
109
110
110
,
112
Exports (billion US $)
129.8
189.9
313.1
873.8
1,126.1
1,300.4
1,640.8
2
001.7
NA
Crude oil, excluding natural gas liquids (million b/d)
21.0
30.3
45.7
53.0
59.7
60.2
62.7
,
59.5
55.7
Natural gas (trillion cubic feet)
NA
24.5
38.1
46.5
50.3
51.8
55.5
57.0
- 57.0
Hard coal (million metric tons)
1,985 b
2,034 b
2,143
2,372
2,498
2,543
2,688
2,740
740
2
Brown coal and lignite (million metric tons)
640
742
793
863
927
956
974
996
,
1
020
Electricity (billion kilowatt hours)
2,348.
3,412
5,019
6,518
7,299
7,685
7,991
8,044
,
8
160
Iron ore (million metric tons)
522
621
769
892
841
847
904
896
,
861
Bauxite (million metric tons)
27.6
37.4
57.8
75.1
81.9
79.8
87.8
88.8
86.0
Pig iron (million metric tons)
259
335
431
468
488
508
530
510
501
Crude steel (million metric tons)
346
459
594
651
673
714
745
714
704
Refined copper (thousand metric tons)
NA
6,157
7,543
8,344
8,608
8,754
8,870
8
916
9
171
Primary aluminum (million metric tons)
4.5
6.3
9.7
12.0
13.8
14.1
14.6
,
15.4
,
15
1
Smelter lead (thousand metric tons)
2,313
2,641
3,292
3,369
3,190
3,224
3,299
.
3,205
.
3
159
Refined zinc (thousand metric tons)
3,025
3,949
4,827
5,460
5,812
5,884
6,269
6
057
,
6
140
Primary tin (thousand metric tons)
192
200
227
226
226
242
247
,
248
,
242
Mineral fertilizer c (million metric tons, nutrient content)
NA
42.8
66.3
93.3
100.6
107.3
114.4
119.0
..124
6
Nitrogen fertilizer c (million metric tons of N)
NA
16.8
30.2
42.5
47.6
51.3
55.9
59.7
.
62
7
Phosphate fertilizer c (million metric tons of P205)
NA
13.8
19.2
27.1
28.0
30.4
32.2
33.5
.
34
4
Potassium fertilizer a (million metric tons of K20)
NA
12.1
16.9
23.7
25.0
25.5
26.2
25.9
.
27
4
Synthetic fibers (thousand metric tons)
700
2,050
4,870
7,460
9,060
9,945
10,282
10
482
.
NA
Automobiles (thousand units)
12,800
19,100
22,500
25,220
30,430
32,380
31,360
,
28
880
27
720
Cement (million metric tons)
NA
449
595
750
710
711
806
,
760
,
734
Grain (million metric tons)
929
1,010
1,220
1,390
1,490
1,610
1,570
1
590
1
680
Wheat (million metric tons)
240
262
319
360
391
449
428
,
445
,
453
414
441
540
627
687
731
719
695
756
162
166
312
358
369
386
376
400
412
285
285
312
259
266
276
288
230
257
61.4 67.2 76.7 81.7 93.9 94.1 92.8 76.2 83.3
Coffee (thousands metric tons)
NA 5,057 3,873 4,644 4,316 4,738 4,970 4,808 5,887
Fish catch (million metric tons)
40.2 53.2 65.6 66.4 68.9 70.4 71.3 72.2 NA
 Table 5 (continued)
Cattle (million head)
901
1,072
1,096
1,202
1,210
1,208
1,223
1,213
1,225
Hogs (million head)
519
575
594
655
703
739
763
799
778
Meat (million metric tons)
65.4
73.3
102
117
128
131
134
137
138
Milk (million metric tons)
315
342
362
392
410
416
424
427
428
Wool (thousand metric tons)
2,450
2,540
2,840
2,710
2,660
2,670
2,740
2,820
2,850
Ginned cotton (million metric tons)
10.4
12.2
11.8
11.7
13.9
13.0
14.3
14.2
15.4
Tobacco (thousand metric tons)
NA
4,581
4,675
5,445
5,541
5,743
5,399
5,129
5,289
Railroad freight (billion ton-kilometers)
3,338
4,195
5,020
5,958
6,408
6,592
6,618
NA
NA
Fishing fleet inventory
(number)
NA
NA
12,889
18,940
19,940
19,969
20,408
21,523
21,781
(thousand GRT)
NA
NA
7,804
11,339
12,162
12,198
12,270
12,669
12,718
Merchant fleet inventory
(number)
17,229
17,825
19,503
22,353
24,102
24,036
24,155
23,855
24,247
(million DWT)
171.6
214.1
325.1
556.4
628.8
633.4
641.3
638.1
653.0
Tanker fleet inventory
(number)
3,371
3,533
4,119
5,177
5,503
5,363
5,342
5,439
5,606
(million DWT)
63.7
89.6
152.4
301.7
389.5
381.5
382.1
379.9
378.8
a For more detailed descriptions and definitions, refer to the
respective table. Unless otherwise indicated data include
China.
b Including brown coal at its hard coal equivalent.
c Fertilizer year ending 30 June of the stated year.
 Indicators of Living Standards for the US and USSR a
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
19796
1980b
1981
Total consumption
31.0
34.7
34.9
33.8
33.2
33.3
34.1
NA
Food
43.3
52.8
56.7
52.5
53.6
53.6
53.1
NA
Soft goods
30.4
37.4
39.1
39.5
37.9
38.0
39.1
NA
Durables
7.7
10.6
14.0
13.4
12.7
13.2
15.5
NA
Services
29.4
29.1
28.7
28.2
28.0
27.9
27.8
NA
Housing
16.8
15.3
14.3
13.5
13.0
12.6
12.2
NA
Utilities
14.5
16.7
20.2
20.8
21.3
NA
NA
NA
Public transportation
128.4
186.2
250.8
249.5
251.0
NA
NA
NA
Communications
18.4
19.5
20.2
19.6
19.0
NA
NA
NA
Repair and personal care
18.7
29.1
46.6
49.1
50.4
NA
NA
NA
Recreation
48.9
50.2
45.8
41.0
41.1
NA
NA
NA
Automotive
0.6
0.6
1.0
1.3
1.5
NA
NA
NA
Health
44.0
40.1
34.5
32.8
32.5
NA
NA
NA
Education
106.2
79.6
77.0
77.0
77.9
NA
NA
NA
a Soviet per capita consumption as a share of US per capita and services in the two countries. Relative levels for 1976
consumption. Shares are the geometric mean of comparisons were extended backward and forward on the basis of indexes
carried out in constant 1976 dollars and rubles. Comparisons for each component in constant prices.
were based on purchasing power parities (ruble/dollar ratios) b Preliminary.
calculated for 1976 from a large sample of prices of goods
 United States b
1,003
944
910
1,154
1,208
1,242
1,345
1,185
1,451
USSR
586
524
769
551
756
908
681
712
NA
Meat production d (kilograms per capita)
United States
71
74
110
106
114
112
105
107
107
USSR
41
43
51
59
57
59
59
56
57
Persons supplied per farm worker
United States
32
43
57
62
64
63
64
65
65
USSR
5
6
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
Transportation
Passenger automobile production (units per hundred persons)
United States e
3.69
4.79
3.19
3.11
4.18
4.12
3.74
2.81
2.71
USSR
0.06
0.09
0.14
0.47
0.49
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
Household equipment
Washing machine production (units per thousand persons)
United States
USSR
Washing machines in user (units per thousand persons)
United States g
158
170
194
238
256
267
273
280
266
USSR
13
59
141
189
200
203
205
205
206
Refrigerator production (units per thousand persons)
United States 8
281
295
336
340
349
355
352
352
336
USSR
10
29
89
178
210
226
240
252
260
a The data do not necessarily represent food available for
consumption, because imports of foreign grain and exports
of domestically produced grain are not included.
b Excluding corn silage and forage but including sorghum
for grain.
e Including miscellaneous grains and pulses. Measured in
bunker weight, that is gross output from the combine, which
includes excess moisture, unripe and damaged kernels, weed f As of the end of the year. -
seeds, and other trash. For comparison with US or other g Data are understated because they are based on the
country grain output, an average discount of 11 percent number of households with one or more units; thus, a
should be applied. household with more than one is counted as having only one.
d Data are on a carcass weight, bone-in basis.
e Data are for factory sales and include complete units
exported for assembly.
 1960 1965 1970 1975 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
Primary energy (million b/d of oil equivalent)
US 21.1 24.9 30.8 30.2 30.4 30.9 32.1 32.7 32.5
USSR 9.2 13.2 17.0 21.9 24.3 25.4 26.3 27.2 27.7
Crude oil (thousand b/d)
US 7,055
USSR 2,943
Natural gas (trillion cubic feet)
US
12.8
USSR 1.6
Hard coal (million metric tons)
US 391.5
USSR 355.9
Brown coal and lignite (million metric tons)
US 2.5
USSR 134.2
Electricity (billion kilowatt-hours)
US 893.7
USSR 292.3
Iron ore (million metric tons)
US 90.2
USSR 105.9
Bauxite (thousand metric tons)
S
7,804
9,648
8,375
8,245
8,707
8,533
8
595
8
568
4,835
6,976
9,570
10,700
11,150
11,405
,
11,700
,
11,800
16.0
21.9
20.1
20.0
20.0
20.5
20.4
20
4
4.5
7.0
10.2
12.2
13.1
14.4
15
4
.
16
4
.
.
475.3
550.4
576.2
606.2
577.1
670.9
710.4
697
6
397.6
432.7
485.0
503.0
501.0
497.0
493
0
.
487
0
.
.
4.6
7.2
17.7
26.2
30.9
38.0
42
3
46
4
.
.
147.4
144.7
160.0
160.0
163.0
161.0
160
0
155
0
.
.
1,229.6
1,742.7
2,131.1
2,361.7
2,436.0
2,472.1
2
437
8
2
448
0
,
.
,
.
506.
7740.9
1,038.6
1,150.1
1,201.9
1,238.2
1
293
9
1
325
0
,
.
,
.
88.8
91.2
80.1
56.6
82.9
87.1
70
7
75
5
.
.
153.4
197.1
234.7
241.9
246.2
241.7
245.0
242.0
U
2,030 1,680 2,125 1,800 2,013 1,669 1,821 1,559 1,510
USSR 3,100 5,300 6,700 8,000 8,500 8,800 9,000 9,100 9,100
Pig iron (million metric tons)
62.2 82.6 83.0 72.5 73.9 79.6 78.9 62.3 67.3
46.8 66.2 85.9 103.0 107.4 110.7 109.0 107.0 108.0
90.1 119.3 119.3 105.8 113.7 124.3 123.7 101.5 108.8
65.3 91.0 115.9 141.3 146.7 151.5 149.0 148.0 149.0
1,650 1,973 2,074 1,632 1,707 1,869 2,014 1,726 2,026
475 700 1,015 1,320 1,400 1,460 1,500 1,520 1,530
 Table 8 (continued)
Commodity Production of the US and the USSR a
US
1,827
2,498
3,607
3,519
4,118
4,358
4,557
4,654
4,489
US
347
379
605
577
549
565
576
550
500
USSR
300
385
470
540
575
580
585
600
600
Refined zinc (thousand metric tons)
US
788
978
866
450
454
441
525
370
345
USSR
360
475
690
820
860
875
890
900
900
Gold (million troy ounces)
US
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.3
USSR
3.6
5.3
7.0
8.3
9.2
9.5
9.9
10.2
10.4
Synthetic ammonia (million metric tons of N)
US
3.6
6.6
10.3
12.2
13.0
12.8
13.8
14.7
14.2
USSR
1.1
3.1
6.3
9.9
10.7
11.5
12.3
13.8
14.6
Mineral fertilizer (million metric tons, nutrient content)
US b
7.4
10.6
14.8
17.1
19.2
19.0
20.9
22.5
23.2
USSR
3.3
7.4
13.1
22.0
23.5
23.7
22.1
24.8
26.0
 1960
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
Automobiles (millions)
US
6.7
9.3
6.5
6.7
9.2
9.2
8.4
6.4
6.2
USSR
0.1
0.2
0.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
Trucks and buses (millions)
US
1.2
1.8
1.7
2.3
3.4
3.7
3.0
1.7
1.7
USSR
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
Cement (million metric tons)
US
56.1
65.1
67.4
61.8
71.4
76.2
76.6
69.8
66.1
USSR
45.5
72.4
95.2
122.1
127.1
127.0
123.0
125.0
127.0
Grain (million metric tons)
US
181.3
183.5
186.7
249.2
265.9
276.5
302.8
269.7
333.4
USSR
125.6
121.1
186.8
140.1
195.7
237.4
179.3
189.1
NA
Wheat (million metric tons)
US
36.9
35.8
36.8
57.9
55.7
48.3
58.1
64.5
76.0
USSR
64.3
59.7
99.7
66.2
92.2
120.8
90.3
98.2
NA
Coarse grain (million metric tons)
US
141.9
144.2
146.1
185.5
205.7
222.1
238.8
198.6
248.9
USSR
61.1
60.8
85.8
71.9
101.3
114.5
86.6
88.3
NA
Potatoes (million metric tons)
11.7
13.1
14.8
14.6
16.1
16.6
15.5
13.6
13.9
84.4
88.7
96.8
88.7
83.6
86.1
91.0
67.0
72.0
3.6
4.9
5.3
6.0
5.8
5.1
5.4
5.3
5.6
6.9
12.0
11.1
11.3
13.1
13.3
11.6
11.0
10.3
12.8
14.3
22.5
23.0
25.1
25.0
23.6
24.3
24.5
8.7
10.0
12.3
15.0
14.7
15.5
15.5
15.0
15.2
53.7
56.3
53.3
52.3
55.6
55.1
56.0
58.3
60.2
61.7
72.6
83.0
90.8
94.9
94.7
93.3
90.9
88.5
3,107
3,260
2,219
1,808
3,133
2,364
3,185
2,422
3,426
1,458
1,925
2,343
2,674
2,978
2,890
3,115
3,387
3,264
a For more detailed definitions, exceptions, and methodology b Fertilizer year ending 30 June of the stated year.
refer to the commodity tables.
 Tables 9-12,
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LL 2 F~~
Tale 2
Y zr? z d ,3hs z`
r x^ ^7 ws f L j.,~x~.
~ s xjr ?R~ z x='tzjr~3~
le;ay~,z,~`,. ;s
Tabled 36. xr
Yi 5x .,
Ta 1e 37x`
Real Gyre National Product Growth
a w ~ x n z 2h z Z, 7> z ~ '~
Rarirdu
el Goss Natonal Pet~ !er c ta< Gro ut
t r ~ - ^Sxz ^F' S s~ u s Y v
, a w Selected canon c indicators Growth
Aggregahve ,Trends
L mi ndica ors for ,Selected Diet OPE _ s velo Y
tent cunt# Bake
r-`:~Fhszz r jsxszz~ ML`rZ
IY to rr t o i e ldes
Agricu to al r 3uctio
industrial Prod cttan
"
~+
Zr +r~'z--fir S` 7 z r- - x k
ll ajor st al Gcuntr~r Output s
~j t^~ jr ti sx ~r
"~zsz'rsrs z
jr a
a s
S
"'S
L3` h
u ~
7
;
~`
Z
r
`
x z
F
F
s~
F
x ~,~F-r,u 2 sY twtr
$`L
Defense ae t res ssar iare;of rocs Nationaly rodu t
ter Europe s n Net ar e i cy Det t
r 11 tUral rte ya ~ ~ ~~>=~F
r m ~~ ~~i~r .~3k1 x Y fi~cxal ~ gP~3Ge'~* ~uz
rt s s .,S r3r ,r Y", t Y Y .t
^F z~ ~M z y r3.,s4^LY `L, m, z 'LZux-~ s L3` ^LS' S{.,~ ~z~?y LY
bolesalXe Pri Inde r ~ ri ist nt es
r ~' L,~ z ~ rz~r s r "~ ~ s z ~ 7 ^d zc kx, s *x ~ >< s sti
~';~ r"N~;^d"3xs~'x zY2 Y r~, 7 "f?r~z"~ ss 3 r ~z"~ j'r;x r ~s~S z s^ x,a ,~.
Will,
Popul t r k}r< L,z, x ? a '` ~"x, Fr''` r~ ^~r ~rkF '"ka z xx ^~r
z z" ^c . 8r z z~ x~1kc~
~L~'a5~, 'XxX,~~ra.ar
Industt1lEniplovm
x s ^F `Gt p L.d ~ x
'i a x$ r 3' i,7
d"3,t sx Y?'.zrlr xx s?;, -3x sL~L.
ry s k,Ya'~Lyx z ~xr_ur Y~~'x"' k,'~Z`k ~,L,3 t^s ?x.~, 5j ew`~k`~"h~'"y'Fy~C;
~~..^,.~ _.~'Tt s~Z~?,,. ~rw ~~jr ~.,xrsi~~~~k2~ ~"^S'Sr'~ r^ min ~F'~t,t ~'~~??7r
 World
4,800
6,120
7,890
9,610
10,500
10,900
11,200
11,400
11,600
Developed countries
3,020
3,940
4,960
5,820
6,350
6,610
6,840
6,920
7,020
United States
1,428.0
1,800.2
2,102.9
2,390.1
2,657.0
2,783.4
2,872.7
2,868.3
2,925.5
Australia
68.2
86.4
113.3
135.0
141.2
145.6
149.8
153.4
158.0
Canada
111.2
146.2
184.8
236.2
254.4
263.9
271.9
272.0
280.2
Japan
238.9
406.9
693.5
870.8
965.7
1,015.2
1,071.8
1,117.2
1,149.6
Spain
62.6
95.4
129.0
168.8
179.6
184.4
185.5
187.7
189.8
Sweden
60.9
78.2
95.7
109.1
108.2
109.7
114.2
115.8
114.9
Switzerland
52.2
67.3
83.9
87.1
89.2
89.6
92.1
95.7
97.5
European Community
1,170
1,480
1,930
2,090
2,250
2,320
2,400
2,430
2,420
Belgium
43.6
55.9
71.4
84.9
90.4
93.3
95.1
96.9
95.7
France
232.8
314.9
400.3
486.9
527.7
547.3
566.2
575.1
576.8
Italy
128.2
164.7
220.0
247.9
267.5
274.6
288.0
299.4
298.8
Netherlands
64.8
82.3
107.2
124.6
134.8
137.6
140.7
142.1
140.7
United Kingdom
319.2
373.5
422.3
468.5
491.7
508.0
515.2
506.4
502.4
West Germany
329.9
418.6
521.6
577.9
625.7
648.4
676.6
688.7
686.7
Less developed countries
603
790
1,060
1,450
1,630
1,700
1,770
1,850
1,900
Brazil
49.3
73.5
106.3
178.0
203.3
215.5
229.3
247.5
250.0
1,180
1,400
1,860
2,330
2,480
2,580
2,620
2,660
2,690
1,050
1,230
1,620
2,010
2,140
2,200
2,220
2,240
2,260
687.0
819.8
1,129.0
1,392.0
1,477.0
1,527.8
1,539.7
1,558.3
1,587.0
359
408
490
618
655
674
681
677
670
 Table 9 (continued)
Poland
Romania
Other
China
NA
120.0
179.0
234.9
247.9
278.6
298.0
318.5
328.0
North Korea
4.5
7.1
9.4
15.4
15.0
16.1
16.7
17.3
17.7
Yugoslavia
16.8
22.6
29.0
38.3
43.1
45.9
49.1
50.6
51.8
a Data for the non-Communist countries were converted
from national currencies by using the 1981 Par Rate/Mar-
ket Rate factors.
b See footnote a of Table 12 for an explanation of the data.
Figures for 1965, 1975-77 are from I. Edwards, M. Hughes,
J. Noren, "US and USSR: Comparisons of GNP," in US
Congress, Joint Economic Committee, The Soviet Economy
75.1
74.4
in a Time of Change (Washington, D.C., 1979). Data for
other years were derived by moving 1976 Soviet GNP in
dollars (geometric mean) through time by indexes of Soviet
GNP in 1976 established ruble prices. This shortcut proce-
dure gives results that are quite close to those obtained
through the more complex procedures used for the bench-
mark years of the study-1955, 1965, 1975-77. A detailed
discussion of estimating Soviet GNP in 1976 US dollars is
available in the study cited above.
c The dollar values of gross national product are not official
figures. They are estimates based on Western concepts and
procedures, which compare as closely as possible to values
published by Western countries.
 Gross National Product in Purchasing Power
Equivalents and Exchange Rate Equivalents
Purchasing
Purchasing
Average
Average
Average
February
May 1972
A
il 197
Power
Power
1981
1980
1973
1973
Exchange
pr
1
E
h
Equivalents
Equivalents b
Par Rate/
Exchange
Exchange
Exchange
Rate
xc
ange
R
t
(Kravis)
(Gilbert)
Market Rate
Rate
Rate
Rate
Conversions
a
e
Conversions
Conversions
Conversions
Conversions
Gross National Product, 1981 (Billion 1981 US $)
Belgium
NA
97.9
95.7
121.5
91.2
Denmark
NA
43.9
58.4
73.8
68.8
France
533.2
530.2
576.8
741.8
703.9
681.5
612
8
564
4
374.5
338.0
298.8
396.6
582.6
599.5
.
584
1
.
543
5
Japan
1,052.4
883.7-
1,149.6
1,118.1
931.4
.
.
104.3
140.7
176.6
125.6
120.2
108
2
97
0
38.3
52.7
61.2
52.0
50.6
.
45
5
.
42
3
United Kingdom
414.0
389.2
502.4
576.3
607.5
.
.
West Germany
603.1
536.3
686.7
853.8
580.8
Gross National Product Per Capita,d 1981 (United States= 100)
78
76
96
72
68
90
114
106
77
84
108
102
Italy
51
46
41
54
80
an
70
59
77
75
62
58
78
98
69
73
101
117
100
68
87
109
74
a For the individual OECD countries, the ratios for convert-
ing GNP in national currencies at 1981 prices into 1981 US
dollars on the basis of purchasing power equivalents are
derived from the 1970 ratios in A System of International
Comparisons of Gross Product and Purchasing Power,
published for the World Bank by The Johns Hopkins
University Press, Baltimore and London, 1975, p. 9, using
the geometric mean of foreign and US weighted ratios.
These 1970 GDP parities were moved to 1981 by applying
the following factor: the derived price index for each OECD
country for 1971-81 divided by a derived price index for the
United States for 1971-81. These price indexes were derived
for each country by dividing the growth of GNP in current
prices by the growth of GNP in constant prices. The ratios
thus obtained were applied to the GNP values, given in the
national currencies in 1981 prices.
b For the individual European OECD countries, the ratios
for converting GNP in national currencies at 1981 prices
into 1981 US dollars on the basis of US purchasing power
equivalents are derived from the 1950 ratios in Milton
Gilbert and Associates, Comparative National Products and
Price Levels, OEEC, Paris, 1958, using the geometric mean
of European and US weighted ratios. These 1950 ratios were
moved to 1981 by applying the following factor: the derived
price index for each European country for 1951-81 divided
by a derived price index for the United States for 1951-81.
The ratios thus obtained were applied to the GNP values,
given in the national currencies in 1981 prices.
c Converted at US purchasing power equivalents in approxi-
mately the same manner as the data for the European
countries.
d Based on 1981 prices.
 Gross National Product, by End Use,
in the US and the USSR, 1981
Consumption
1,395.3
563.5
New fixed investment
241.0
368.1
a US data in market prices. Total Soviet GNP and the
various end uses were converted to dollars not by the official
rate of exchange but by the average purchasing power ratio
of the dollar and the ruble calculated from actual or
estimated prices paid for various goods and services in the
two economies. For GNP as a whole and for each end-use
component of GNP, these average ratios (ruble-dollar ratios)
were estimated by weighting individual price ratios by both
US and Soviet expenditure weights. The geometric mean of
the US-weighted and Soviet-weighted ratios was then used
for the conversion of Soviet values into dollars. The above
GNP data should not, therefore, be used in conjunction with
Soviet foreign trade data appearing in Tables 63-65. These
latter tables use official foreign exchange rates to derive
dollar values for trade; we have yet to estimate the value of
Soviet foreign trade in terms of actual purchasing power,
which would allow for an estimate of the share of foreign
trade in Soviet national income.
The magnitudes for the Soviet end-use components were
calculated to measure quantity of output compared with the
United States but not the cost in resources. The share of
total economic resources devoted to a particular end use or
the share of total output originating in an individual sector
(for example, agriculture or industry) in the USSR should be
measured in internal ruble prices and costs.
The identified end uses of GNP are defined as follows:
(1) Consumption includes personal expenditures for goods.
and services for all purposes and noninvestment outlays by
government for goods and services for health and education.
(2) New fixed investment is defined as the sum of expendi-
tures for gross private domestic investment net of inven-
USSR as a
Percent of US
tories; for public construction other than that for military
facilities; and for equipment purchased by the government
except that for defense. Since part of new fixed investment
in the United States is capital repair, one-half of Soviet
expenditures on capital repair is included in Soviet new fixed
investment.
Other uses of GNP include defense, space, research and
development, inventory change, administration, net exports,
and a statistical discrepancy. The total value for these
expenditures cannot be derived for the USSR by subtrac-
tion, however.
b The sum of the end-use components of Soviet GNP, valued
in dollars, does not equal the dollar value of aggregate GNP,
because of the use of average ruble-dollar ratios in convert-
ing from ruble values to dollar values.
 OECD
5.5
4.7
3.3
5.0
4.0
4.1
3.4
1.1
1.5
United States
4.7
3.2
2.6
5.4
5.5
4.8
3.2
-0.2
2.0
Australia
4.9
5.6
3.6
4.0
0.5
3.2
2.9
2.4
3.0
Canada
5.6
4.8
5.0
5.5
2.1
3.7
3.0
NEGL
3.0
Japan
11.2
11.3
4.7
5.3
5.3
5.1
5.6
4.2
2.9
Spain
8.8
6.2
5.5
3.0
3.3
2.7
0.6
1.2
1.1
Sweden
5.1
4.1
2.7
1.2
-2.0
1.3
4.1
1.4
-0.8
Switzerland
5.2
4.5
0.8
-0.4
2.8
0.4
2.8
3.9
1.9
European Community
4.8
4.4
2.7
5.0
2.3
3.4
3.3
1.2
-0.3
Belgium
5.1
5.0
3.5
5.5
0.9
3.2
1.9
2.0
-1.3
France
6.2
4.9
4.0
5.2
3.0
3.7
3.5
1.6
0.3
Italy
5.1
6.0
2.4
5.9
1.9
2.7
4.9
4.0
-0.2
Netherlands
4.9
5.4
3.1
5.6
2.4
2.1
2.3
1.0
-1.0
United Kingdom
3.2
2.5
2.1
3.6
1.3
3.3
1.4
-1.7
-0.8
West Germany
4.9
4.5
2.1
5.3
2.8
3.6
4.3
1.8
-0.3
5.5
6.1
6.5
6.7
5.8
4.2
4.6
4.1
2.7
5.9
6.1
8.8
9.9
6.5
6.8
3.0
1.7
-0.8
USSR a
5.0
5.2
3.7
4.8
3.2
3.4
0.8
1.2
1.8
Eastern Europe
3.8
3.7
4.7
3.2
2.8
2.7
1.0
-0.6
-0.9
Bulgaria
6.4
5.1
4.7
4.7
-1.9
2.1
3.6
-2.8
3.0
Czechoslovakia
2.4
3.4
3.4
1.7
4.0
1.7
0.9
1.7
0.1
East Germany
2.9
3.1
3.5
2.0
2.9
1.8
2.7
2.4
2.4
Hungary
3.9
3.0
3.3
0.3
6.2
2.7
0.6
0.5
0.6
Poland
4.5
4.0
6.5
2.5
1.9
3.5
-1.7
-3.9
-6.6
Romania
5.3
4.9
6.7
10.9
2.5
4.7
3.8
-1.7
1.0
Other
North Korea
9.7
5.8
10.4
-3.0
NEGL
7.2
3.8
3.7
2.5
Yugoslavia
6.1
5.1
5.7
4.2
7.9
6.5
7.0
3.1
2.4
 Real Gross National Product Per Capita Growth
United States
3.2
2.1
1.5
4.4
4.4
3.6
2.1
-1.3
1.0
Australia
2.7
3.6
1.6
2.9
-0.6
1.9
1.6
1.0
1.6
Canada
3.7
3.1
3.7
4.2
1.0
2.8
2.1
-1.0
2.2
Japan
10.1
10.1
3.3
4.2
4.3
4.2
4.7
3.4
2.2
Sweden
4.5
3.3
2.3
0.8
-2.3
1.0
4.0
1.2
-0.8
Switzerland
3.3
3.4
0.1
0.5
3.2
0.2
2.4
3.8
4.4
European Community
3.7
3.7
2.2
4.8
2.1
3.1
3.0
0.8
-0.6
Belgium
4.4
4.6
3.2
5.3
0.8
3.1
1.8
1.9
-1.2
France
4.8
4.1
3.2
5.0
2.7
3.3
3.1
1.1
-0.3
Italy
4.2
5.3
1.6
5.2
1.4
2.2
4.5
3.7
-0.6
Netherlands
3.5
4.2
2.1
4.7
1.8
1.4
1.6
0.2
-1.7
United Kingdom
2.5
2.0
1.9
3.7
1.3
3.3
1.3
-1.8
-0.8
West Germany
3.6
3.9
1.7
5.8
3.0
3.8
4.1
1.6
-0.4
Communist countries
3.5
4.5
2.8
3.7
2.5
2.4
0.1
0.3
1.0
3.2
3.1
4.1
2.5
2.1
2.2
0.5
-1.1
NA
3.4
3.3
5.5
1.5
0.9
2.6
-2.4
-4.7
NA
4.7
3.6
5.7
9.9
1.5
3.7
2.9
-2.4
NA
 Average Annual Rate
of Growth
1961-70
1971-74
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
Industrial production
3.0
2.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3
0
4
0
United States
5.0
4.7
-8.9
5.9
5.8
4.4
.
-3
6
.
2
6
Canada
6.2
6.5
-6.0
2.2
4.1
5.3
.
-2
.
11
2
Japan
13.6
4.8
10.5
4.2
6.2
8
2
.
6
8
.
3
1
France
5.8
5.4
-6.1
2.0
1.9
.
4.5
.
-1
0
.
-2
1
Italy
7.0
4.6
-9.2
1.1
1.9
6.7
.
5
5
.
-2
7
United Kingdom
2.8
2.0
-4.8
4.7
0.8
2.5
.
-6
5
.
-5
1
West Germany
5.8
2.6
-5.5
1.9
1.7
5.4
.
-0
8
.
-2
6
Consumer prices
.
.
United States
2.7
6.2
9.1
6.5
7.6
11.3
13
5
10
3
Canada
2.7
6.5
10.8
8.0
8.9
9.1
.
10
2
.
12
5
Japan
5.7
11.4
11.8
8.0
3.8
3.6
.
8
0
.
4
9
France
4.1
8.1
11.8
9.4
9.3
10.6
.
13
5
.
13
3
Italy
3.9
10.0
17.0
17.0
12.4
15.7
.
21
2
.
19
3
United Kingdom
4.1
10.4
24.2
15.8
8.2
13.4
.
18
0
.
11
9
West Germany
2.6
6.2
6.0
3.7
2.7
4.1
.
5
5
.
5
9
Export prices (unit values, US dollar basis)
.
.
United States
2.0
12.1
11.8
4.0
7.0
16.0
10
6
9
2
Canada
1.4
13.8
6.5
-1.2
1.4
17.8
.
17
4
.
3
9
Japan
-0.4
16.3
0
10.4
23.0
4.6
.
7
6
.
5
7
France
1.3
14.4
18.3
6.9
14.5
16.1
.
11
7
.
-12
0
Italy
0.5
14.7
12.8
13.0
11.3
20.2
.
7
4
.
-7
8
United Kingdom
NA
12.5
16.1
14.1
19.6
22.6
.
23
0
.
NA
West Germany
2.6
14.7
13.0
9.6
15.7
14.6
.
7
2
-15
2
Import prices (unit values, US dollar basis)
.
.
United States
1.5
18.9
8.0
8.5
8.7
17.3
27
3
5
4
Canada
1.4
10.3
11.5
4.2
5.7
11.3
.
16
8
.
8
4
Japan
0.6
24.5
5.4
7.2
5.3
23.6
.
36
9
.
3
4
France
0.6
17.4
10.2
8.7
10.0
16.9
.
19
3
.
-7
8
Italy
1.1
23.6
5.8
10.3
8.7
21.2
.
26
1
.
1
1
United Kingdom
NA
20.3
7.4
12.1
13.9
22.6
.
25
2
.
NA
West Germany
1.5
16.1
5.3
10.5
11.5
22.3
.
15
6
-8
3
Productivity in manufacturing (output per hour)
.
.
 Table 15 (continued)
Average Annual Rate
of Growth
2.8
3.5
2.9
2.4
0.9
1.1
-0.3
2.3
Canada
4.3
4.6
-2.6
4.1
1.6
1.7
-1.9
0.6
Japan
10.8
7.5
3.9
7.2
7.9
8.8
6.8
3.0
France
5.8
5.0
3.2
5.0
5.3
5.4
0.6
2.3
Italy
7.1
7.0
-4.4
1.1
3.0
7.3
5.8
2.0
United Kingdom
3.8
4.6
-2.0
1.6
3.2
3.4
0.5
5.8
West Germany
5.5
5.6
4.8
5.3
3.8
4.9
1.1
2.6
United States
1.8
3.7
8.7
5.7
7.3
8.6
11.1
8.7
Canada
0.4
6.6
12.7
-1.0
-2.1
5.4
12.6
7.7
Japan
3.2
18.6
10.6
13.4
26.2
-6.6
-3.5
7.0
France
1.7
12.6
29.6
5.0
17.0
14.2
16.9
-11.2
Italy
4.5
11.3
34.4
10.5
15.6
12.0
8.9
-10.6
United Kingdom
2.1
10.0
25.9
7.1
24.0
27.7
34.8
-5.4
United Kingdom
4.8
6.7
-4.0
8.4
2.2
3.5
1.9
NA
West Germany
9.5
7.5
-6.0
5.5
4.1
7.1
4.1
5.3
Japan
14.7
8.1
-11.5
3.0
6.3
11.2
-5.9
-2.3
Italy
11.0
4.0
-11.4
-0.8
8.7
13.5
1.9
-9.4
 Economic Indicators for Selected Non-OPEC
Less Developed Countries
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
China (Taiwan)
20.5
-1.4
5.4
24.3
12.8
24.8
8.1
7.7
4.2
India
1.6
2.0
4.7
9.8
5.2
6.9
1.1
0.8
9.2
Mexico
10.1
7.3
4.7
2.7
3.4
9.9
10.3
8.4
7.5
South Korea
33.5
27.5
18.9
29.7
19.9
22.9
11.7
-1.7
10.4
Consumer price inflation
Brazil
12.7
27.6
28.9
42.0
43.7
38.7
52.7
82.8
105.0
China (Taiwan)
8.2
47.5
5.2
2.5
7.0
5.7
9.7
19.0
16.4
India
17.8
27.8
5.6
-7.8
8.5
2.5
6.3
11.5
13.0
Mexico
12.0
23.8
15.2
15.8
28.9
17.5
18.2
26.3
28.0
South Korea
3.2
24.3
25.3
15.3
10.1
14.4
18.3
28.7
23.3
Wholesale price inflation
Brazil
15.3
29.0
27.8
40.4
40.6
37.4
55.9
106.3
110.0
China (Taiwan)
22.9
34.0
-5.1
2.8
2.7
3.5
13.8
21.5
7.6
India
16.5
28.4
3.9
-1.9
7.5
-0.3
11.4
20.4
11.8
Mexico
16.0
22.4
10.4
22.4'
41.2
15.7
18.3
24.4
24.5
South Korea
6.9
42.1
26.1
12.1
9.1
11.7
18.8
38.9
22.5
Money supply
Brazil
41.8
37.1
33.6
40.3
38.4
38.6
51.6
74.0
73.0
China (Taiwan)
49.3
7.0
26.9
23.0
29.0
34.0
7.0
19.9
11.1
India
16.5
14.3
8.1
15.5
18.9
21.4
17.4
13.0
NA
Mexico
24.2
22.0
21.3
30.9
26.4
33.0
33.1
33.1
32.8
South Korea
51.4
26.3
26.1
30.8
39.0
28.2
20.7
16.3
4.7
 1960
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981b
NA
NA
12,100
17,200
-4,980
30,700
8,470
-43,600
-1,000
4,817
7,706
4,670
22,340
-9,910
-9,360
6,660
10,180
13,400
-1,219
-916
996
-4,695
-4,135
-4,107
-4,365
-2,028
-5,951
Japan
223
1,025
2,180
-390
11,300
17,980
-7,846
-9,430
6,140
European Community
2,780
2,140
5,210
6,710
8,010
25,400
-652
-26,700
-7,800
Belgium c
160
212
1,016
772
-267
-495
-2,488
-4,276
-4,500
Denmark
-62
-175
-510
-600
-2,117
-2,085
-3,331
-2,579
-1,838
France
719 d
581 d
289
1,100
-1,666
4,803
2,920
-6,160
-5,800
Greece
-88
-280
-406
-892
-1,075
-955
-1,886
-2,209
-2,400
Ireland
-9
-124
-197
-346
-802
-1,180
-2,522
-1,439
-1,800
Italy
371
2,353
1,424
-227
3,086
7,734
6,094
-9,392
-7,900
Netherlands
372
46
-420
2,364
929
-913
-1,811
-2,296
4,137
United Kingdom
-460
357
2,323
-2,644
1,929
5,091
2,662
11,142
13,100
West Germany
1,779
-825
1,690
7,180
7,990
13,430
-290
-9,450
-800
NA
NA
-8,520
-28,000
-23,000
-25,000
-40,000
-70,000
-80,000
-205
254
-160
-1,286
1,287
1,838
-537
-4,686
-2,064
-534
248
-861
-6,998
-5,116
-7,039
-10,483
-12,848
-10,800
-125
-80
5
-690
922
1,677
-241
-825
-1,000
-802
-1,422
-530
-342
1,739
400
-690
-4,100
-3,700
-2
-6
2
-460
503
221
1,065
-492
-2,650
-326
-403
-1,075
-4,068
-1,870
-3,261
-5,569
-7,720
-12,997
-64
96
-138
-1,076
-944
-1,272
-1,692
-2,123
-2,550
243
-125
-706
-1,955
-41
-1,122
-4,191
-5,370
-4,558
-37
-46
-250
-631
-1,122
-1,191
-2,135
-2,335
-2,300
NA
NA
588
28,900
20,800
-6,900
56,600
106,000
53,700
-125
-104
-511
4,400
5,900
2,300
12,100
-700
-2,100
Saudi Arabia 190
89
152
15,400
13,200
-1,200
13,900
46,700
54,600
Venezuela 394
36
-98
2,300
-3,200
-5,700
-200
4,800
5,000
a Including goods, services, and private transfers. d Excluding overseas departments and territories.
b Preliminary. a Data prior to 1975 are from the International Financial
c Including Luxembourg. Statistics.
 1960
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
1979
198
11981
19,359
15,450
14,487
15,882
19,393
19,582
19
984
27
395
29
683
743
1,317
1,693
3,257
2,383
2,418
,
1
790
,
2
044
,
1
994
714
1,305
1,751
4439
4243
6007
,
5048
,
6
223
,
6
145
Canada
1,998
3,037
4,679
5,325
4,607
4,569
3,887
,
4
029
,
4
371
Japan
1,949
2,152
4,840
12,815
23,260
33,500
20
639
,
25
717
,
29
196
Portugal
635
938
1,504
1,534
1,391
1,881
,
1
951
,
1
784
,
1
446
Spain
541
1,422
1,817
6,090
6,590
10,774
,
13
898
,
12
516
,
11
400
Switzerland
2,324
3,444
5,132
10,428
13,829
21,560
,
20
275
,
19
373
,
17
372
European Community
,
,
,
Belgium
1,507
2,334
2,847
5,797
5,761
5,908
6
991
9
349
6
345
France
2,272
6,343
4,960
12,593
10, t94
13,929
,
21
357
,
30
994
,
25
597
Italy
3,251
4,80
55,352
4,774
11,630
14,89
,
221
274
,
26
117
,
22
850
Netherlands
1,861
2,413
3,241
7,109
8
066
7
586
,
9
618
,
1
,
United Kingdom
,
,
,
3,607
11,130
3,719
3,004
2,827
5,459
21
057
17
06
220
585
21
West Germany
,
,
,
,492
16,013
7,033
7,430
13,610
31,034
39,737
53,883
56
942
52
261
47
597
Latin America
,
,
,
345
484
1,187
4,034
7
255
11
900
9
045
5
8
,
,
,
,
53
6,693
609
819
1,021
8,860
8,214
6
554
7
849
7
116
,
,
,
8,631
183
251
208
8,896
12,266
12
151
15
389
185
,
,
NA
NA
726
662
23,320
30,034
19
408
19
483
23
6
,
,
,
41
32,422
82
246
1,590
2,195
4
890
4
217
458
6
3
,
,
,
13,229
9,149
43
239
222
5,610
4,259
1
916
5
579
10
266
,
,
,
3,924
2
800
,
1,500
2,800
5,628
6,815
8
213
11
114
11
297
13
,
,
,
11,100
103
140
871
2,109
2,462
1 336
144-1
1
673
a Including gold and foreign exchange
Data for the no
-
ffi
i
l
,
.
n
Communist countries also include special drawing rights and
the reserve position in the International Monetary Fund.
Data before 1975 are expressed in terms of US dollars at the
o
c
a
par values and, in 1975-81, reflect the realignments
of the exchange rates and the revaluations of the dollar price
of gold. Gold is valued at 35 SDR per ounce.
 Agricultural Production Index
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
Developed countries
92
100
113
117
119
122
122
124
United States a
97
100
113
118
121
128
121
133
Canada
107
100
116
130
134
121
131
139
European Community
France
95
100
108
107
113
122
128
124
Italy
89
100
108
107
112
117
125
121
United Kingdom
92
100
105
112
114
117
121
120
West Germany
85
100
102
106
111
110
112
109
Oceania
85
100
120
125
141
137
125
133
Less developed countries
85
100
115
122
127
127
131
136
Africa
88
100
108
109
113
114
119
121
Far East
81
100
115
124
128
125
129
136
Latin America
88
100
115
125
129
133
137
142
Middle East
85
100
121
126
132
135
137
138
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
USSR
83
100
98
111
115
108
103
103
Eastern Europeb
91
100
119
125
129
128
126
128
Bulgaria
91
100
110
108
114
121
115
119
83
100
114
120
120
122
126
121
94
100
118
121
121
122
125
127
91.
100
125
140
142
142
144
143
92
100
118
118
125
121
113
119
92
100
133
153
156
161
153
151
81
100
119
118
127
138
134
135
90
100
154
170
170
180
180
NA
87
100
117
134
130
132
134
135
a Excluding production of seeds and of feed for horses and for feed), seed, and waste. FAO, East European, and Soviet
mules. wheat price relatives for 1961-65 were used to compute the
b Estimates based on the value of crop production plus the indexes.
value of livestock products, with allowance for changes in c Based on estimates of grain and cotton production.
livestock numbers, but minus feed (including grain imported d Based on official grain claims.
 Index of Industrial Production for Communist Countries
USSR and Eastern Europe b
USSR
Official
Adjusted
Czechoslovakia
Official
Adjusted
East Germany
Official
Adjusted
Hungary
Official
Adjusted
Poland
a Preliminary.
b The official indexes purportedly measure changes in the
gross value of industrial production. In general, the gross
value of production equals the sum of the.value of output of
all industrial enterprises. As a result, since both intermedi-
ate and final goods are included in the value of output of
each enterprise, industrial products are double-counted. If,
as the evidence suggests, intermediate product (for example
rolled metal) increases relative to final product (for example
machine tools) inflation of output from increased double-
1960
1965
1970
1975
1977
166
172
178
184
149
153
158
161
55
76
100
133
141
34
60
100
155
175
187
199
207
214
34
66
100
132
144
149
153
158
163
55
72
100
138
154
162
168
174
177
64
81
100
121
130
133
135
138
140
55
73
100
137
153
158
164
172
181
65
83
100
118
125
129
133
137
141
52
74
100
136
152
159
163
160
164
56
84
100
114
123
127
128
128
130
252
272
290
29
8
181
186
193
196
counting takes place. In addition to inflation in the official
indicator from this source, disguised inflation also enters the
index through new-product pricing, where minor product
improvements result in a new-product price that is substan-
tially higher than can be justified by either improved quality
or increased production costs. Because output of these
"new" products:grows from a small base, their rates of
growth will proceed at a higher rate than those of "old"
products.
Adjusted indexes of industrial production-parallel to those
used by the Federal Reserve Board for measuring US
industrial output-are constructed in order to circumvent
most of these distortions, that is, price-weighted samples of
several final products form output indexes for various
industrial components and these component indexes are
combined into an aggregate index for industry by use of
value-added weights.
c An official index is not published.
d An adjusted index is not available.
 Index of Industrial Production for Selected Countries a
United States
83
100
109
128
136
141
136
140
Canada
78
100
123
133
140
146
142
144
Japan
49
100
108
125
133
145
155
160
73
100
114
127
130
135
134
130
71
100
108
123
125
133
141
138
88
100
102
105
106
106
97
91
75
100
101
111
113
119
119
117
74
100
133
144
149
153
158
161
76
100
133
140
144
146
148
145
66
100
132
144
149
153
158
163
China d
Yugoslavia
a Indexes for the non-Communist countries are value-added
weighted indexes of intermediate and final products of
industry. Industry includes manufacturing, mining, and, in
most countries, public utilities. The indexes for the Commu-
nist countries are estimates of CIA (see Table 20 for detailed
explanation)---constructed as nearly as possible on the same
basis as the indexesfor Western countries-or other calcula-
tions accepted by CIA. The indexes for the Communist
countries include manufacturing, mining, and public.
utilities.
63 100 159 184
77 100 147 167
b Preliminary.
c Index of gross values of output for individual commodities
and branches are aggregated by 1970 value-added weights.
The three sectors covered-materials, machinery, and non-
durable consumer goods-constitute 49.66 percent, 32.36
percent, and 17.98 percent, respectively, of the value-added
weights for industrial production. This index is as compara?
ble as data will permit with the index of US industrial
production of the US Federal Reserve Board.
209 226 246 256
182 196 204 NA
d CIA estimates for 1960-75 were computed by applying
value-added weights to data for commodity production. The
data are fragmentary and uncertain; therefore, the index
should be regarded as providing only a tentative indication
of the general level and trend in production. The index for
1977-81 follows the trend for reported gross value of
industrial output.
 Major Industrial Countries: Output Trends
in Selected Manufacturing Sectors
5.3
-3.1
3.8
-3.7
Textiles
6.1
-0.4
Electric machinery
8.2
2.7
Electronic components
18.3
5.5
Communication equipment
3.4
5.2
Nonelectric machinery
7.3
2.8
Office equipment
11.4
4.5
Precision instruments
6.0
4.6
Japan
Motor vehicles
27.0
8.1
Iron and steel
14.0
0.7
Textiles
7.3
-1.4
Electric machinery
18.0
8.2
Electronic computers
35.9
14.5
Electronic components
26.3
12.5
Nonelectric machinery
13.9
3.1
Office equipment
46.3
29.1
Precision machinery
10.0
19.5
West Germany
Iron and steel
5.9 a
-1.1
Textiles
3.2-
-0.1
Electric machinery
8.3 a
-1.8
Nonelectric Machinery
3.0 a
0.9
France
-0.1
-2.4
11.2
7.8
Capital equipment
8.7
3.8
Instruments
17.2 b
-1.8a
Nonelectric machinery
7.9
1.1
Industrial equipment
8.5 d
6.3 c
Precision instruments
8.2
5.2-
Automation equipment
3.8
United Kingdom
Motor vehicles
2.3 f
-4.5
Iron and steel
0.1 f
-8.9
Textiles
2.3 f
-5.4
Electric machinery
6.5 f
1.6
Nonelectric machinery
2.3 f
-1.8
Precision instruments
3.5 f
2.2
Motor vehicles
4.8s
-1.6
Iron and steel
10.1 8
-3.0
Textiles
8.3 g
2.4
Electric machinery
2.8 h
Nonelectric machinery
3.7
Precision instruments
16.0
16.9 g
-1.3
9.38
2.9
9.3 g
1.3
10.1 8
0.3
7.8 8
2.3
20.7 8
-1.6
8.68
1.7
a 1967-73
d 1966-73
g 1972-73
b 1968-73
e 1974-79
b 1975-80
1974-77
f 1969-73
1976-80
 Defense Expenditures as a Share of Gross National Product
4.4
3.3
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.3
NA
Austria
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.2
NA
Belgium
3.1
2.9
2.7
3.0
3.1
3.1
3.3
3.3
NA
Canada
3.0
2.4
2.0
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.9
NA
Denmark
2.8
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
NA
Finland
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.5
NA
France
5.2
4.2
3.7
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.9
3.9
NA
Greece
3.5
4.7
4.1
6.3
5.7
6.6
6.4
5.6
NA
Ireland
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
NA
Italy
3.3
2.5
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.4
NA
Japan
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
NA
Luxembourg
1.4
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
NA
Netherlands
4.0
3.4
3.2
3.4
3.2
3.5
3.2
3.4
NA
New Zealand
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.6
NA
Norway
3.8
3.5
3.1
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.4
3.3
NA
6.0
6.5
6.8
5.0
3.8
3.3
3.3
3.2
NA
2.7
3.1
2.6
2.7
2.5
1.8
1.7
1.8
NA
Sweden
3.9
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
NA
Switzerland
2.6
2.1
1.9
1.9
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.1
NA
Turkey
5.0
4.2
3.7
5.6
6.1
5.7
5.1
4.3
NA
United Kingdom
5.9
4.7
5.0
5.0
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.8
NA
United States
7.1
7.4
5.4
5.4
5.0
4.9
4.6
4.6
5.0
West Germany
4.3
3.3
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.3
NA
NA
5.6
6.5
8.2
8.3
7.3
7.8
8.4
NA
NA
7.8
11.8
14.3
13.5
11.6
14.6
NA
NA
NA
5.9
2.9
3.4
3.8
3.9
3.5
2.5
NA
NA
11.9
10.7
18.9
19.3
15.2
15.6
18.8
NA
a Except for the United States, data are from the United prices. Military expenditures are for current and capital mixed activities as atomic energy, space, and research and
States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, World expenditures to meet the needs of the armed forces, includ- development; military assistance to foreign countries; and
Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, based on the ing expenditures of national defense agencies for military expenditures on paramilitary forces where they contribute
ratio of military expenditures to GNP at current market programs; expenditures for the military components of such substantially to a country's military capabilities.
 Eastern Europe: Gross and Net Hard Currency Debt to the West
Gross
Net
Czechoslovakia
Gross
Net
East Germany
Gross
Net
Gross
Net
Gross
Net
6,072
9,762
15,352
23,033
29,351
36,695
46,901
57,633
66,240
67,395
4,927
7,950
12,732
18,657
25,297
32,860
42,267
51,220
59,310
61,030
743
1,020
1,703
2,640
3,198
3,707
4,263
4,415
3,510
2,975
723
997
1,360
2,257
2,756
3,169
3,710
3,700
2,730
2,135
485
757
1,048
1,132
1,862
2,616
3,206
4,099
4,890
4,620
160
273
640
827
1,434
2,121
2,513
3,070
3,640
3,755
1,408
2,136
3,136
5,188
5,856
7,145
8,894
10,912
14,410
15,300
1,205
1,876
2,592
3,548
5,047
6,159
7,548
8,950
11,750
12,640
1,071
1,442
2,129
3,135
4,049
5,655
7,473
8,529
8,810
8,800
848
1,096
1,537
2,195
2,852
4,491
6,532
7,300
7,510
7,900
1,138
2,796
4,643
8,014
11,483
13,967
17,844
22,669
25,120
25,000
764
2,213
4,120
7,381
10,680
13,532
16,972
21,500
24,500
24,250
1,227
1,611
2,693
2,924
2,903
3,605
5,221
7,009
9,500
10,700
1,227
1,495
2,483
2,449
2,528
3,388
4,992
6,700
9,180
10,350
 1960
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
27.23
24.50
28.72
39.79
51.34
53.90
60.09
71.64
77.30
30.74
58.51
64.17
55.85
59.33
61.90
89.82
98.68
79.01
9.02
14.39
13.78
18.66
27.90
29.90
54.32
41.10
32.90
74.00
78.70
129.00
205.83
230.08
204.58
273.41
347.25
350.00
99.60
179.40
166.70
310.20
489.20
581.10
698.80
761.30
641.40
11.09
14.11
13.40
33.68
26.70
26.90
33.40
34.40
38.40
0.91
1.29
1.77
4.42
4.64
5.42
11.05
20.70
10.53
35.28
35.13
35.98
160.47
147.70
193.20
306.80
612.10
460.00
83.21
98.04
132.50
164.50
167.41
237.90
351.50
439.50
475.00
17.00
16.00
15.00
23.00
22.00
19.00
24.00
27.00
28.76
87.00
75.00
54.00
138.00
148.00
142.00
137.00
153.00
80.80
33.20
34.27
44.95
71.86
64.20
78.90
99.40
91.20
92.00
18.93
19.31
23.12
39.78
55.80
56.20
56.00
55.00
53.00
6.20
6.37
7.65
13.10
15.58
17.96
19.98
21.71
24.26
a Virgin unalloyed ingot at New York. a London Metal Exchange. ' India (US ports).
b London Metal Exchange electrolytic wirebars. f US price (New York). i Number 1, heavy melting average.
c London Metal Exchange refined pig lead, minimum 99.97 s Major producers, New York. k South African ports.
percent. h Brazil (North Sea ports). ' Weighted index of steel shapes.
d US major producer of cathodes, spot, f.o.b. refinery.
Aluminum a (US cents per pound)
Copper b (US cents per pound)
Lead c (US cents per pound)
Nickel d (US cents per pound)
Tine (US cents per pound)
Zinc e (US cents per pound)
Silver f (US $ per troy ounce)
Gold a (US $ per troy ounce)
Platinum g (US $ per troy ounce)
Iron Ore h (US $ per metric ton)
Manganese' (US $ per metric ton)
Steel scrapi (US $ per long ton)
Chrome ore k (US $ per metric ton)
Finished steel composite' (US cents per pound)
 1960
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
Beef a
NA
882
1,304
1,327
1,508
2,140
2,888
2
775
Cocoa b
NA
355
655
1,239
3,792
3,362
3,181
,
2
502
Coffee c
807
,
965
1,230
1,821
5,890
3,643
3,935
4
603
Cornd
50
56
58
119
95
101
116
,
126
Cotton a
692
670
653
994
1,358
1,270
1,369
1
792
Palm oilf
228
273
260
429
580
600
654
,
583
Ricer
179
183
190
419
333
399
381
496
Rubber, natural h
842
567
465
659
917
1,102
1,415
1,620
Soybeans'
92
117
117
220
279
268
297
297
Soybean meali
78
94
103
155
229
214
243
260
Soybean oilk
224
270
291
563
574
607
663
598
Sugar'
69
47
83
452
177
172
213
630
Team
1,422
1,280
1,092
1,375
2,641
2,187
2,158
2
235
Wheats
58
60
55
149
103
128
160
,
173
b Boneless Australian, f.o.b., New York. a US, domestic middling 1 inch, 12 markets. i US, 44 percent extraction, c.i.f., Rotterdam.
New York cocoa bean futures prices. Average of nearest f United Kingdom 5 percent bulk, c.i.f. k All origins, f.o.b., Netherlands.
three active futures trading months. 8 US No. 2, milled, f.o.b., New Orleans. ' Caribbean, raw, f.a.s., No. 11 bulk, New York spot.
a From Santos, No. 4, New York spot. h Smoked sheets, New York. m London, average price all teas.
US No. 2 yellow, f.o.b. Gulf ports. i US No. 2, bulk, c.i.f., Rotterdam.
US No. 1, hard winter, ordinary protein, f.o.b. Gulf ports.
1981
2,549
1,980
4,110
130
1,588
571
565
1,257
288
253
507
372
2,019
175
 OPEC c
3.39
11.28
11.02
11.77
12.88
12.93
18.67
30.87
34.50
Algeria (42? API, 0.10% sulfur)
4.79
13.33
12.06
13.01
14.37
14.14
19.65
37.59
39.58
Ecuador (28? API, 0.93% sulfur)
3.67
10.58
11.05
11.46
12.90
12.33
22.41
34.42
34.50
Gabon (291 API, 1.26% sulfur)
3.32
9.56
10.47
11.55
12.80
12.80
18.20
31.09
34.83
Indonesia (35? API, 0.09% sulfur)
4.00
11.93
12.65
12.80
13.55
13.55
18.35
30.55
35.00
Iran (34? API, 1.35% sulfur)
3.24
11.10
10.91
11.62
12.81
12.81
19.45
34.54
36.60
Iraq (350 API, 1.95% sulfur)
3.03
10.77
10.74
11.46
12.61
12.62
18.56
30.30
36.66
Kuwait (31 0 API, 2.50% sulfur)
2.93
10.79
10.60
11.26
12.37
12.26
18.48
29.84
35.08
Libya (40? API, 0.22% sulfur)
4.82
13.90
11.71
12.47
14.06
13.89
21.16
36.07
40.08
Nigeria (34? API, 0.16% sulfur)
4.50
13.00
11.90
12.93
14.45
14.07
20.86
35.50
38.48
Qatar (40? API, 1.17% sulfur)
3.29
11.61
11.34
11.85
13.19
13.19
19.72
31.76
37.12
Saudi Arabia, Arab light (34? API, 1.70% sulfur)
3.06
10.89
10.72
11.51
12.40
12.70
17.26
28.67
32.50
United Arab Emirates (39? API, 0.75% sulfur)
3.30
11.57
11.13
11.92
12.88
13.26
19.81
31.57
36.42
Venezuela (26? API, 1.52% sulfur)
2.91
9.54
10.63
11.33
12.75
12.75
17.22
28.44
32.88
a F.o.b. prices set by the government for direct sales and, in b Posted prices.
most cases, for the producing company buy-back oil. c Weighted by the volume of production.
 81'
100
139
156
168
187
212
234
83
100
142
165
180
197
217
244
77
100
171
203
212
219
236
248
84
100
150
175
183
189
202
217
81
100
153
183
200
221
252
285
88
100
171
238
268
310
375
448
Netherlands
66
79
100
151
175
182
190
202
216
United Kingdom
67
80
100
185
249
270
306
361
404
West Germany
77
93
100
132
142
145
151
160
169
Bulgaria c
73
86
100
116
127
131
138
161
166
Czechoslovakia
73
81
100
111
114
116
121
126
127
East Germany
89
94
100
102
107
108
110
113
114
Hungary
81
87
100
122
136
140
154
166
178
Poland
78
87
100
130
148
163
179
201
NA
Romania
NA
100
116
119
126
127
131
135
China
96
102
100
100
103
100
102
108
111
Yugoslavia
31
59
100
242
308
350
425
553
774
a Implicit price index obtained from a comparison of indexes
of goods sold in the retail trade network in constant and in
current prices. The current price index is based on the values
of total retail and collective farm market sales in current
prices regularly published in Soviet statistical abstracts. The
index in constant prices is derived from the goods compo-
nents of the CIA index of total consumption. A more
complete explanation of the methodology and a discussion of
the relative merits of an "official" or "alternative" price
index are contained in "Soviet Economy in a New Perspec-
tive," US Congress, Joint Economic Committee, 14 October
1976, p. 631.
b Calculated differently from that for the USSR; the official
index of personal consumption in current prices was deflated
by a calculated index of personal consumption in constant
prices. An explanation of the methodology used to calculate.
personal consumption is presented in T. P. Alton, "Index of
Personal Consumption in Poland, 1937 and 1946-1967,"
Occasional Papers of the Research Projection National
Income in East Central Europe (NY: L. W. International
Financial Research, Inc., 1973).
Price indexes are calculated from official figures for total
consumption of the population, including estimates of health
and education expenses.
 Population
1960
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
OECD
641.8
681.6
715.6
751.6
763.4
769.2
775.2
781.7
787.2
United States
180.7
194.3
205.1
216.0
220.2
222.6
225.1
227.7
229.8
Australia
10.4
11.4
12.7
13.8
14.1
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8
Austria
7.0
7.3
7.4
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
Canada
17.9
19.7
21.3
22.7
23.3
23.5
23.7
24.0
24.2
Finland
4.4
4.6
4.6
4.7
4.7
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
Iceland
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Japan
94.1
98.9
104.3
111.6
113.9
114.9
115.9
116.8
117.6
New Zealand
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
Norway
3.6
3.7
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
Portugal
9.0
9.1
9.0
9.4
9.7
9.8
9.8
9.9
9.9
Spain
30.5
32.1
33.9
35.5
36.4
36.8
37.1
37.4
37.7
Sweden
7.5
7.7
8.0
8.2
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
Switzerland
5.4
5.9
6.3
6.4
6.3
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.4
Turkey
28.2
32.0
35.8
40.8
42.9
43.9
45.0
46.0
47.1
European Community
240.5
252.1
260.3
267.5
268.7
269.1
269.7
270.8
271.6
Belgium
9.1
9.4
9.6
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.9
9.9
4.6
4.8
4.9
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
45.7
48.8
50.8
52.7
53.1
53.3
53.5
53.7
54.0
8.3
8.6
8.8
9.0
9.3
9.4
9.4
9.6
9.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
50.2
52.0
53.7
55.8
56.5
56.7
56.9
57.0
57.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
11.5
12.3
13.0
13.7
13.9
13.9
14.0
14.1
14.2
52.6
54.4
55.5
56.0
55.9
55.9
55.9
56.0
56.0
55.4
58.6
60.7
61.8
61.4
61.3
61.3
61.6
61.7
Less developed countries
Bangladesh
53.4
60.7
69.7
78.4
81.8
84.0
86.1
88.4
90.7
Burma
21.7
24.2
27.1
30.5
32.0
32.8
33.6
34.4
35.3
Brazil
71.7
83.1
95.7
108.5
113.7
116.4
119.2
122.0
124.8
Egypt
26.3
29.8
33.2
36.8
38.7
39.7
40.9
42.2
43.4
India
445.9
494.9
553.6
619.2
647.5
662.1
677.0
692.3
707.8
100.7
112.3
122.7
136.6
142.2
145.1
148.1
151.2
154.3
21.6
25.0
28.9
33.4
35.4
36.5
37.6
38.8
40.0
59
 Population
Mexico
36.2
42.6
50.1
58.8
62.6
64.4
66.1
67.9
69.6
Nigeria
42.4
48.7
56.3
65.7
69.9
72.2
74.6
77.1
79.7
Philippines
27.9
32.4
37.5
43.1
45.4
46.6
47.8
49.1
-50.3
South Korea
25.1
29.1
33.0
36.7
37.9
38.5
39.1
39.8
40.4
Thailand
27.5
32.1
37.1
42.4
44.6
45.6
46.7
47.7
48.8
Communist countries
1,070.9
1,154.6
1,288.3
1,415.9
1,455.0
1,473.8
1,492.4
1,511.0
1,530.5
USSR and Eastern Europe
311.0
330.7
345.8
360.6
366.5
369.5
3 72.1
374.9
377.6
USSR
214.3
230.9
242.8
254.5
259.0
261.3
263.4
265.5
267.7
Eastern Europe
96.7
99.8
103.0
106.1
107.5
108.2
108.7
109.4
109.9
Bulgaria
7.9
8.2
8.5
8.7
8.8
8.8
8.8
8.9
8.9
Czechoslovakia
13.7
14.1
14.3
14.8
15.0
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.3
East Germany
17.1
17.0
17.1
16.9
16.8
16.8
16.7
16.7
16.7
Hungary
10.0
10.2
10.3
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
Poland
29.6
31.3
32.5
34.0
34.6
34.9
35.3
35.6
35.9
Romania
18.4
19.0
20.3
21.2
21.7
21.9
22.0
22.2
22.4
Other
1.6
1.9
2.1
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.7
680.2
734.5
842.9
946.7
976.2
990.0
1,004.0
1,017.6
1
032.0
7.0
7.8
8.6
9.3
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.6
,
9.7
5.4
6.1
7.1
6.7
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.7
5.8
2.4
2.7
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.5
3.5
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
10.6
12.2
14.2
16.5
17.6
18.1
18.7
19.3
19.9
33.3
38.2
43.0
47.7
50.1
51.2
52.4
53.7
55.1
18.4
19.4
20.4
21.3
21.7
21.9
22.1
22.3
22.5
 1960 1965 1970 1975 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
United States b
72.14
77.18
85.96
95.96
101.42
104.37
107.05
109.04
110.81
Canada b
6.50
7.22
8.49
10.05
10.58
10.96
11.29
11.60
11.91
Japan b
44.33
47.01
50.97
52.77
54.06
54.84
55.45
55.98
56.56
European Community
France
19.92
20.32
21.41
22.21
22.72
22.90
23.05
23.19
23.33
Italy
21.89
20.82
20.33
21.61
20.93
21.03
21.33
21.64
21.79
United Kingdom
24.10
25.09
24.91
25.49
25.84
25.97
25.87
25.72
25.75
West Germany b
26.28
26.85
26.74
26.16
25.89
26.05
26.31
26.52
26.63
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
158
166
179
192
197
199
202
204
NA
USSR a
110.13
116.49
125.61
135.77
140.14
141.74
144.20
146.07
147.75
Eastern Europe
48.2
49.7
53.4
56.1
57.0
57.4
57.8
58.2
NA
Bulgaria
4.42
4.26
4.55
4.66
4.70
4.72
4.73
4.72
4.72
Czechoslovakia
6.40
6.77
7.03
7.36
7.45
7.48
7.51
7.55
7.35
East Germany
8.51
8.39
8.53
8.71
8.80
8.86
8.93
9.01
NA
Hungary
4.74
4.78
5.00
5.22
5.23
5.23
5.23
5.23
5.23
Poland
14.13
15.21
16.89
18.28
18.84
19.09
19.33
19.58
19.65
Romania
10.00
10.27
11.36
11.85
11.97
12.02
12.07
12.09
12.15
NA
286.70
NA
381.68
NA
NA
405.81
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.18,
4.45
4.62
4.73
4.85
4.99
NA
8.50
9.70
10.95
12.50
23.00
24.50
25.50
26.50
27.50
7.07
7.81
8.07
8.21
8.42
8.50
8.85
9.03
9.21
a Unless otherwise indicated, data include the armed forces dData are as of the end of the year.
and the unemployed. e Data are for 1971.
b Annual averages of monthly data. f Excluding the armed forces and prior to 1977, South
c Data are from Estimates and Projections of the Labor Vietnam.
Force and Civilian Employment in the USSR, by Stephen g Excluding those employed abroad and the armed forces.
Rapawy, Foreign Economic Report No. 10, US Department
of Commerce, September 1976, p. 19.
 Agricultural Labor Force a
1960
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
United States b
5.57
4.48
3.57
3.51
3.43
3.55
3.51
3.53
3.52
Canada b
0.80
0.69
0.60
0.56
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.58
0.60
Japan b
12.80
10.50
8.49
6.38
6.11
6.10
5.86
5.51
5
33
Communist countries
.
USSR and Eastern Europe
66.3
58.6
55.0
50.6
48.9
48.1
47.2
46.4
NA
USSR c
45.44
40.04
37.50
34.85
33.7
333.25
32.72
32.19
31.66
Eastern Europe
20.8
18.6
17.5
15.7
15.2
14.8
14.5
14.2
NA
Bulgaria
2.49
1.93
1.64
1.40
1.32
1.27
1.23
1.19
1.15
Czechoslovakia
1.68
1.48
1.29
1.13
1.11
1.11
1.09
1.08
NA
East Germany
1.56
1.38
1.08
0.93
0.88
0.86
0.86
0.85
NA
Hungary
1.83
1.42
1.26
1.09
1.05
1.02
1.02
1.01
NA
Poland
6.66
6.39
6.32
6.09
6.00
5.94
5.90
5.88
5
92
Romania
6.62
5.97
5.87
5.10
4.79
4.64
4.40
4.23
.
4
20
Other
.
NA
233.98
278.14
294.60
NA
NA
294.25
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.92 a
0.92
0.81
0.86
NA
NA
NA
Vietnam f
6.50
6.75
7.65
8.70
13.90
14.50
15.10
15.65
16
35
Yugoslavia
4.14
4.12
4.01
3.21
2.88
2.75
2.69
2.53
.
2.40
a Excluding the armed forces. d Data are as of the end of the year.
b Data are for civilian employment. e Data are for 1971.
e Data are from Estimates and Projections of the Labor 'Including South Vietnam beginning in 1977.
Force and Civilian Employment in the USSR, by Stephen
Rapawy, Foreign Economic Report No. 10, US Department
of Commerce, September 1976, p. 19.
 66.57
72.70
82.39
92.45
97.72
100.82
103.54
105.51
107.29
5.71
6.52
7.88
9.49
10.03
10.39
10.70
11.02
11.32
31.53
36.51
42.48
46.39
47.95
48.74
49.59
50.47
51.23
France
15.73
16.82
18.57
20.10
20.74
20.97
21.17
21.33
NA
Italy
15.38
15.79
16.49
17.36
17.81
17.98
18.34
18.74
19.06
United Kingdom
23.12
24.14
24.13
24.85
25.20
25.34
25.25
25.09
25.14
West Germany
22.76
23.97
24.48
24.34
24.24
24.44
24.75
25.00
25.15
Communist countries
92.0
108
124
141
148
151
156
158
NA
64.70
76.46
88.11
100.92
106.36
108.49
112.47
113.88
116.09
Eastern Europe
27.3
31.1
35.9
40.4
41.9
42.6
43.4
43.9
NA
Bulgaria
1.93
2.34
2.91
3.27
3.38
3.45
3.50
3.53
3.57
Czechoslovakia
4.71
5.30
5.74
6.23
6.34
4.36
6.42
6.47
NA
East Germany
6.95
7.00
7.46
7.78
7.93
8.00
8.07
8.16
NA
2.90
3.35
3.75
4.13
4.19
4.21
4.21
4.22
NA
7.47
8.82
10.57
12.19
12.84
13.15
13.50
13.70
13.73
Vietnam r
2.00
2.95
3.30
3.80
9.60
10.00
10.40
10.85
11.15
Yugoslavia a
2.93
3.69
4.06
5.00
5.54
5.75
6.16
6.50
6.81
a Unless otherwise indicated, data include the armed forces.
b Data are from Estimates and Projections of the Labor
Force and Civilian Employment in the USSR, by Stephen
Rapawy, Foreign Economic Report No. 10, US Department
of Commerce, September 1976, p. 19.
Data are as of the end of the year.
d State sector only.
e Data are for 1971.
1Excluding the armed forces and prior to 1977, South
Vietnam.
a Excluding those employed abroad and the armed forces;
estimated 1980.
 1960
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
United States
22.00
24.31
26.08
25.30
27.34
28.81
29.80
29.13
29.00
Canada
1.91
2.23
2.36
2.61
2.67
2.75
2.88
2.92
2.97
Japan
12.38
15.01
17.88
18.37
18.51
18.55
18.74
19.18
19.30
European Community
France
7.14
7.66
7.91
7.85
7.74
7.61
7.49
7.42
NA
Italy
6.86
7.17
7.59
7.66
7.66
7.63
7.64
7.77
7.72
United Kingdom
11.18
11.12
10.52
9.66
9.37
9.36
9.33
8.93
8.02
West Germany
12.40
12.76
12.45
11.17
10.88
10.90
11.01
11.11
10.88
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
34.0
40.3
46.1
50.3
52.0
52.7
53.2
53.7
NA
USSR
22.62
27.45
31.59
34.05
35.42
36.01
36.50
36.89
37.14
Eastern Europe
11.4
12.8
14.5
16.2
16.6
16.7
16.7
16.8
NA
Bulgaria
0.72
0.90
1.09
1.22
1.23
1.21
1.22
1.22
1
25
Czechoslovakia
2.21
2.41
2.60
2.67
2.70
2.71
2.76
2.78
.
NA
East Germany
2.78
2.78
2.85
3.07
3.11
3.13
3.13
3.15
NA
Hungary
1.39
1.57
1.79
1.80
1.76
1.73
1.70
1.67
1.64
3.01
3.50
4.12
4.68
4.72
4.78
4.77
4.76
74
4
1.25
1.67
2.06
2.80
3.03
3.10
3.15
3.20
.
3.24
NA
18.00
28.00
NA
48.00
50.00
53.00
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.44 c
0.47
0.52
0.55
NA
NA
NA
0.75
0.95
1.10
1.25
2.00
2.00
2.01
2.15
2.25
1.07
1.38
1.45
1.84
1.95
2.02
2.10
2.17
2.23
a Including employment in manufacturing, mining, and c Data are for 1971.
construction. d Including South Vietnam beginning in 1977.
b State sector only.
 Big Seven: Unemployment Rates a
United States
5.5
4.5
4.9
8.5
7.0
6.1
5.9
7.2
7.6
Canada
7.0
3.9
5.7
6.9
8.1
8.4
7.5
7.5
7.6
France
1.8
1.6
2.6
4.3
5.0
5.3
5.9
6.2
7.6
Italy b
3.8
3.5
3.1
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
3.8
4.2
Japan
1.7
1.2
1.2
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.2
United Kingdom c
2.2
2.2
3.1
4.1
6.0
5.7
5.7
7.4
11.4
West Germany
1.1
0.5
0.6
4.1
4.0
3.8
3.8
3.9
5.6
a Unemployment as a share of total civilian labor force.
b Data adjusted to US concepts.
C Excluding Northern Ireland.
Big Seven: Personal Savings Rates a
 Foreign Trade Exchange Rates of the Communist Countries a
Bulgaria
Lev
1.17
1.08
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.95
0.89
0.86
0.86
0.95
Czechoslovakia
Koruna
7.20
6.63
5.84
5.84
5.58
5.77
5.64
5.42
5.31
5.38
5.38
East Germany b
Deutsche mark East
4.20
3.87
3.48
3.48
3.48
3.48
3.48
3.48
3.48
3.30
3.30
Hungary c
Forint
11.74
10.81
9.50
9.15
8.57
41.56
40.96
38.01
35.58
32.43
34.33
Poland
Zloty
4.00
3.68
3.32
3.32
3.32
3.32
3.32
3.17
3.09
3.05
3.36
Romania
Leu
6.00
5.53
4.97
4.97
4.97
4.97
4.97
4.56
4.47
4.47
4.47
Albania
Lek
5.00
4.61
4.14
4.14
4.14
4.14
4.14
4.14
4.14
4.14
4.14
China
Yuan
2.39
2.25
2.01
1.96
1.85
1.94
1.85
1.68
1.55
1.49
1.70
Cuba
Peso
1.00
0.92
0.84
0.83
0.83
0.82
0.79
0.75
0.72
0.71
0.78
Mongolia
Tugrik
NA
NA
3.31
NA
NA
NA
3.30
3.11
3.11
NA
NA
North Korea d
Won
2.36
2.36
2.06
2.15
2.02
2.02
2.02
1.86
1.79
1.77
NA
Vietnam
Dong
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.30
2.54
2.17
2.80
9.00
Yugoslavia
Dinar
14.96
17.00
16.19
15.91
17.39
18.19
18.30
18.64
19.00
24.91
35.51
a Average exchange rate for the year. Some countries also b The unofficial rates actually used in East German account- its foreign trade in domestic forints rather than diviza
have special exchange rates for noncommercial transactions, ing of foreign trade transactions. The official rate is 2.05 forints.
such as diplomatic, tourist, and student expenditures and for deutsche marks to the dollar. d End of year rate. Noncommercial rate through 1977; 1978
personal remittances. c Since January 1976, Hungary has expressed the value of is a "special" rate for March 1978 as reported.
 Table 38
Tablet
O
4
Table 2
Table 43Tables 44.
Table 45.
Table 46
Table 47.
Table 48
Table 49.
Table 50.
Table r 51
41'
Percent Distribution of GNP, by End T; se
Growth of GNP, by End Use:
GNP byaSector of Origin
Gross Fixed Capital Investment
Mack of Fixed =Capital
,l.
Aggregate Factor Productivity
Industrial Fa tor;Product ity
Sonet Economic Performance
In ustrial': Production, by Branch ofzIndustry
Hard Currency Trade, by Commodity,
Hard Currency Trade with Selected Non-Communist Countries
.a
Hard Currency Balance of Payments
Hard Currency Debt to the West
68
69
 USSR: Percent Distribution of Gross National
Product at Factor Cost,a by End Use
Investment
24
27
28
31
32
32
32
33
33
New fixed d
20
22
23
25
26
26
26
26
26
Defense, administration, R&D, inventory change, net
exports, and outlays n.e.c.
18
19
18
16
16
16
14
13
13
a Because of the well-known difficulties in using Soviet cost basis by subtracting turnover taxes and profits and c Including consumption of food, soft goods, durables, per-
established prices as a measure of resource burden, the adding implicit amortization and capital charges and subsi- sonal services, and personal and government outlays for
shares of GNP in this table are based on GNP at factor cost. dies. These revised weights are then moved over time by education and health.
In calculating GNP at factor cost, 1970 end-use weights indexes of the various end uses in constant prices. d Including machinery and equipment, construction and
have been revised from an established price basis to a factor b Preliminary. other capital outlays, and net additions to livestock.
USSR: Growth of Gross National Product at Factor Cost, by End Use a
Defense, administration, R&D, inven- 5.7 3.9 1.3 -0.5 7.1 0.4 4.6 -7.7 -6.2 -4.1
tory change, net exports, and outlays
n.e.c.
a Because of the well-known difficulties in using Soviet cost basis by subtracting turnover taxes and profits and c Including consumption of food, soft goods, durables, per-
established prices as a measure of resource burden, the adding implicit amortization and capital changes and subsi- sonal services, and personal and government outlays for
growth rates in this table are based on GNP at factor cost. dies. These revised weights are then moved over time by education and health.
In calculating GNP at factor cost, 1970 end-use weights indexes of the various end uses in constant prices. d Including machinery and equipment, construction and
have been revised from an established price basis to a factor b Preliminary. other capital outlays, and net additions to livestock.
 USSR: Share of Gross National Product,a by Sector of Origin
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Agriculture
23
21
16
17
17
15
14
13
Industry
30
32
36
36
36
36
37
37
Construction
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
a Calculated at factor costs.
b Preliminary.
a Calculated at factor cost. c Excluding intra-agricultural use of farm products but does
b Preliminary. not make an adjustment for purchases by agriculture from
other sectors.
 USSR: Gross Fixed Capital Investment, by
Function and by Sector a
Total investment
By function
Construction and installation
29.1
35.5
49.9
66.2
68.4
69.5
69.1
69.3
NA
Equipment
10.0
16.9
24.4
37.1
43.0
46.6
48.3
50.2
NA
Other capital outlays
2.2
3.6
6.3
9.6
10.9
13.6
13.2
14.0
NA
By sector
Industry
14.86
20.62
28.53
39.71
43.45
45.60
45.69
47.28
NA
Ferrous metallurgy
1.39
1.78
2.02
2.80
3.06
3.03
3.21
3.07
NA
Chemicals and petrochemicals
1.05
2.16
2.40
3.79
4.48
5.32
4.50
4.01
NA
Fuels and power
4.41
6.65
8.22
11.14
12.19
13.62
14.03
15.35
NA
Machine building and metalworking
2.03
3.11
5.96
9.41
10.57
11.11
11.10
11.50
NA
Construction materials
1.19
1.01
1.67
1.86
1.89
1.80
1.92
1.86
NA
Consumer goods
2.00
2.43
3.51
4.54
4.26
4.32
4.42
4.60
NA
Other
2.79
3.48
4.75
6.17
7.00
6.40
6.51
6.89
NA
Construction industry
1.20
1.47
2.99
4.35
4.65
5.16
5.31
5.32
NA
4.09
5.61
7.99
12.72
13.89
16.33
16.20
16.15
NA
5.44
9.48
14.28
23.29
24.91
25.79
26.34
26.85
NA
Housing
9.42
9.59
13.36
16.26
17.01
17.52
17.33
17.93
NA
Services
6.29 d
9.23
13.45
16.57
18.39
19.30
19.73
19.97
NA
a The construction portion of gross fixed investment is
reported in standard project costs ("estimate prices" in
Soviet terminology) of 1 January 1976. Investment in ma-
chinery and equipment is in wholesale prices of 1 January
1973. Other capital outlays are for surveys, designs, techni-
cal documentation, and the like. Their valuation in invest-
ment statistics has never been described in Soviet sources.
Before 1976, Soviet statistical publications reported invest-
ment in prices of 1 January 1969. Official Soviet price
indexes show only small changes in construction costs and
equipment prices between 1969 and 1976. The USSR has
yet to release figures in 1976 prices for total investment in
1960, and for investment by sector in 1960 and 1965. Data
for these years in 1969 prices were converted to 1976 prices
by comparing investment in old and new prices for those
years where data are available in both sets of prices.
b Preliminary.
c Computed as a residual; includes investment in nonferrous
metallurgy, timber, paper, woodworking, and miscellaneous
other branches of industry.
d Computed as a residual.
 USSR: Stock of Fixed Capital, by Sector a
1960
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981b
398
601
860
1,256
1,437
1,537
1,637
1,744
551
1,851
NA
Total capital stock
5
385
445
480
514
100
168
25
51
NA
Industry
17
26
38
43
46
47
Ferrous metallurgy
10
13
23
36
41
45
51
56
NA
ls and petrochemicals
i
h
5
127
136
146
157
NA
ca
em
C
Fuels and power
building and metalworking
hi
M
32
18
51
32
78
51
112
82
99
26
109
27
118
29
129
30
NA
NA
ne
ac
Construction materials
6
9
22
14
32
22
47
53
56
59
62
NA
Consumer goods
14
18
21
22
24
25
NA
6
9
13
41
NA
woodworking, and paper
Timber
8
30
35
39
40
,
9
15
1
48
52
56
NA
Other
tion industry
7
12
22
35
47
43
55
58
62
64
NA
Construc
public dining, material, technical supply
Trade
11
20
31
106
167
194
209
223
238
NA
,
54
77
223
239
NA
Agriculture c
83
117
171
195
209
Transport and communications
54
159
204
267
294
309
323
339
NA
Housing
150
82
125
184
211
224
240
257
NA
Services
b Preliminary.
a The fixed capital series presented here is expressed in
prices of 1973 with the value of stocks estimated as of 31 c Including the value of basic herds.
December of the respective year.
 USSR: Aggregate Factor Productivity
Gross national product b
5.0
5.2
3.7
2.7
4.8
3.2
3.4
0.8
1.2
1.8
Factor productivity
0.5
1.0
-0.5
-0.9
1.1
-0.5
-0.3
-2.6
-2.0
-1.3
Manhours
3.4
3.2
2.0
1.3
3.6
1.7
1.7
-0.4
0.2
0.9
Capital
-3.5
-2.1
-4.0
-4.0
-2.4
-3.6
-3.2
-5.8
-5.0
-4.4
Land
4.4
5.6
2.9
2.7
4.8
3.4
3.4
0.8
1.2
1.8
Combined inputs c
4.5
4.2
4.2
3.6
3.6
3.7
3.7
3.5
3.2
3.2
Manhours
1.6
2.0
1.7
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.7
1.2
1.1
1.0
Capital
8.8
7.5
8.0
6.9
7.4
7.1
6.8
7.0
6.5
6.5
Land
0.6
-0.3
0.8
NEGL
NEGL
-0.2
NEGL
NEGL
NEGL
NEGL
a For computing average annual rates of growth, the base c Inputs of manhours, capital, and land are combined using costs (wages, other income, and social insurance deductions),
year is the year prior to the stated period. weights of 55.8 percent, 41.2 percent, 3.0 percent, respec- capital costs (depreciation and a calculated capital charge),
b Based on indexes of GNP (1970 rubles), by sector of origin, tively, in a Cobb-Douglas (linear homogeneous) production and land rent in 1970, the base year for all indexes
at factor cost. function. These weights represent the distribution of labor underlying the growth rate calculations.
USSR: Industrial Factor Productivity
1961-65a
1966-70a
1971-75a
1976-80a
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
6.6
6.3
5.9
3.4
3.9
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.9
2.0
-0.3
0.5
1.0
-1.0
-1.3
-0.6
-0.7
-1.3
-1.0
-1.8
Manhours
3.6
3.1
4.4
1.8
1.6
2.4
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.3
Capital
-4.4
-2.3
-2.6
-4.0
-4.5
-3.8
-3.3
-4.5
-3.9
-5.1
Combined inputs b
6.9
5.7
4.9
4.5
5.3
4.6
4.2
4.4
3.9
3.7
Manhours
2.9
3.1
1.5
1.6
2.2
1.5
1.7
1.3
1.1
0.7
Capital
11.4
8.8
8.7
7.7
8.8
8.1
7.0
7.9
7.1
7.2
a For computing the average annual rates of growth, the function. These weights represent the distribution of labor
base year is the year prior to the stated period. costs (wages and social insurance deductions) and capital
b Inputs of manhours and capital are combined using costs (depreciation and a capital charge) in 1970, the base
weights of 52.4 percent and 47.6 percent, respectively, in a year for all indexes underlying the growth rate calculations.
Cobb-Douglas (linear homogeneous) production
 USSR: Industrial Production, by
Branch of Industry a
6.8
5.8 " ?
5.4
2.6
3.6
2.9
2.8
1.0
2.5
1.6
Electricity
11.5
7.9
7.0
4.5
6.9
3.6
4.7
2.9
4.5
2.3
Fuels
6.3
5.0
5.0
3.3
3.7
4.2
3.1
3.0
2.3
0.9
Ferrous metals
7.2
5.1
4.0
1.1
2.7
0.7
2.2
NEGL
-0.3
0.2
Nonferrous metals
7.6
7.4
5.9
2.6
3.1
3.1
3.3
3.0
0.8
0.3
Wood, pulp, and paper products
2.6
2.9
2.6
-0.1
-0.1
0.5
-0.5
-2.9
2.8
2.2
Construction materials
5.4
5.7
5.4
1.8
3.5
1.9
2.4
0.3
1.0
1.2
Chemicals
12.0
8.9
8.6
3.8
4.8
5.2
3.6
0.2
5.2
3.5
Total machinery
7.4
6.9
7.9
5.3
5.5
5.6
5.6
5.6
4.4
2.6
Producer durables
8.9
7.8
8.6
5.9
6.4
6.5
6.3
6.0
4.1
1.5
Consumer durables
9.6
11.3
11.7
6.0
6.2
7.2
8.4
4.4
3.8
3.7
Nondurable consumer goods
4.8
6.4
3.4
1.6
1.2
3.3
0.6
2.6
0.1
2.1
Soft goods
2.6
7.2
2.7
2.6
4.2
2.5
2.6
1.8
2.0
2.5
Processed foods
6.8
5.9
3.9
0.7
- 1.1
4.0
-1.1
3.3
-1.4
1.7
Total industrial production
6.6
6.3
5.9
3.4
3.9
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.9
2.0
a Based on CIA estimates rather than Soviet official series.
The latter are believed to contain an upward bias in rates of
growth because of double-counting and disguised inflation.
The branch indexes shown above are formed by combining a
sample of products in which intrabranch purchases have
been excluded. The indexes for industrial materials,
consumer nondurables, and total industrial production are
formed by combining the component branch indexes using
1970 value-added weights.
b The base year is the year prior to the stated period. Rates
of growth are derived from unrounded data.
c Preliminary.
 1970
1975
1979
1980
1970
1975
1979
1980
Exports
2,424
8,280
19,417
23,584
19
25
30
31
Petroleum
430
3,391
9,585
11,995
29
41
43
43
Natural gas
14
220
1,404
2,704
27
34
44
48
Coal and coke
106
402
315
366
26
29
21
22
Machinery and equipment
193
647
1,574
1,466
7
10
14
12
Ferrous metals
137
164
216
246
10
6
7
7
Wood and wood products
389
739
1,370
1,500
47
39
51
49
Chemicals
64
243
542
746
19
26
37
37
Agricultural products
192
547
457
454
14
23
17
18
Diamonds
175
478
1,043
1,304
NA
NA
NA
NA
Other
724
1,449
2,911
2,803
18
17
19
17
Imports
2,984
14,577
21,405
26,052
25
39
37
38
Grain
101
2,323
3,279
4,360
75
87
95
89
Other agricultural products
657
1,760
2,854
4,400
30
27
28
35
Machinery and equipment
967
4,593
6,032
6,039
23
37
27
26
Rolled ferrous metals
303
2,627
3,536
3,606
51
79
79
78
Chemicals
215
722
1,190
1,545
50
54
58
53
Consumer
oods
g
392
630
699
1,091
16
11
9
11
349
1,922
3,815
5,011
20
12
46
47
a Including all countries trading with the Soviet Union on a
hard currency basis as of 1 January 1980.
b The importance of hard currency trade is understated in
Soviet statistics because of the favorable prices the USSR
extends to CEMA countries.
 USSR: Hard Currency Trade With Selected Non-Communist
Countries, 1981 a
Total
79,377
73,158
6,219
Developed countries
24,416
25,356
-940
Australia
16
750
-734
69
1,914
-1,845
3,183
3,785
-602
3,509
2,314
1,195
Switzerland
460
691
-231
United Kingdom
897
1,193
-296
United States
255
2,310
-2,055
West Germany
4,709
3,644
1,065
Other
3,722
2,462
1,260
Less developed countries
11,608
10,630
978
OPEC
2,550
1,386
1,164
Iran
567
653
-86
Unspecified 5,058 209 4,849
a Official Soviet trade data.
 USSR: Hard Currency Balance of Payments
Trade Balance
-250
-186
-500
-6,422
-3,300
-3,794
-2,036
-2,519
-4,000
Exports, f.o.b.
768
1,374
2,201
7,835
11,345
13,157
19,549
23,498
23,800
Imports, f.o.b.
1,018
1,560
2,701
14,257
14,645
16,951
21,585
26,017
27,800
Gold sales
200
550
0
725
1,618
2,522
1,490
1,780
2,700
Net interest
-2
-17
-83
-568
-846
-881
-799
-710
-1,300
Other invisibles and hard currency trade not included
elsewhere b
-66
-46
605
1,551
3,300
3,523
5,140
4,900
5,000
Current account balance
-118
301
22
-4,714
772
1,370
3,795
3,451
2,400
Direct investment abroad e
0
0
0
-3
0
0
0
0
0
Borrowing from abroad d
88
41
291
5,402
906
784
1,672
71
2,825
Lending to other countries e
0
0
-25
395
280
-1,552
-2,826
234
140
Capital account balance
88
41
266
5,794
1,186
-768
-1,154
305
2,965
Errors and omissions r
30
-342
-288
-1,080
-1,958
-602
-2,641
-3,756
-5,365
a Estimated.
b Including estimated receipts from arms sales, official
transfers, and net receipts from tourism and transportation.
e Estimated investment in Soviet banking operations in the
West.
d Including Soviet drawings on Western credits and East a Net change in Soviet assets held with Western commercial
European investment in construction of the Orenburg pipe- banks.
line. Excludes borrowings by the International Investment r Including Soviet hard currency aid to and trade with other
Bank and International Bank for Economic Cooperation, CEMA countries and trade credits extended to finance
which borrow on behalf of CEMA countries. The extent to Soviet exports..
which the USSR has borrowed (if at all) from these CEMA
banks is unknown.
 USSR: Hard Currency Debt to the West
Commercial debt
0.4
6.9
9.7
9.8
9.5
10.5
10.0
12.5
Medium and long term
NA
NA
NA
NA
6.4
7.2
6.1
6.8
Short term
NA
NA
NA
NA
3.1
3.3
3.9
5.8
Government-backed debt
1.4
3.6
5.0
5.8
6.9
7.6
8.1
8.4
Gross debt
1.8
10.5
14.7
15.6
16.4
18.1
18.1
20.9
Assets with Western banks
1.2
3.1
4.7
4.5
6.0
8.8
8.6
8.4
Net debt
0.6
7.4
10.0
11.1
10.4
9.3
9.5
12.5
Debt service
0.3
1.8
2.4
3.1
4.1
4.7
4.9
5.1
Debt-service ratio (percent) b
10
18
17
19
21
18
16
15
a Preliminary.
b Debt service as a share of commodity export earnings plus
sales of arms, gold, interest receipts, net invisibles, and
transfers.
59.02
61.08
 Foreign rad and Aid
e 593 /aS'" 5.,, x f a~, yx x -. s ,* e e (?~s~ Apo s' *~ a s 3~
^" t es , ~ s of Trx,/,1~5_S.lfs 'rtS:L; .S, : S.'~ 5 .':9S%
s~ 5
2.0
s- rF l y' 'L y y-S'"
gg-
Table 77
Tali e~ 78,
Table 79
 OECD
83,794
126,331
221,903
573,675
725,008
865,852
1,062,187
1,251,941
NA
United States b
19,651
26,751
42,659
107,130
121,230
143,680
181,860
220,630
233,680
Australia
2,050
3,005
4,771
11,943
13,352
14,416
18,667
22,031
21,767
Austria
1,120
1,600
2,857
7,519
9,808
12,175
15,483
17,489
15,838
Canada
5,834
8,471
16,747
34,073
43,545
48,429
58,298
67,556
72,638
Japan
4,055
8,452
19,318
55,727
81,083
98,353
102,299
130,436
151,495
New Zealand
847
1,007
1,223
2,160
3,196
3,738
4,706
5,421
5,618
Norway
881
1,443
2,457
7,232
8,880
10,882
13,546
18,542
17,988
Portugal
327
577
950
1,939
2,023
2,414
3,480
4,640
4,148
Spain
725
935
2,388
7,691
10,223
13,114
18,208
20,720
20,335
Sweden
2,565
3,971
6,795
17,384
19,082
21,786
27,602
30,911
28,411
Switzerland
1,859
2,941
5,063
12,953
17,614
23,560
26,538
29,632
27,049
Turkey
321
464
588
1,401
1,753
2,288
2,261
2,910
4,696
European Community
42,487
65,158
113,634
300,715
385,042
461,797
577,277
665,946
NA
Belgium-Luxembourg
3,792
6,394
11,600
28,802
37,538
44,947
56,700
64,654
55,628
Denmark
1,494
2,320
3,356
8,712
10,065
11,882
14,696
16,982
16,031
France
6,867
10,176
18,098
53,118
64,997
79,378
100,691
116,016
106,425
Greece
203
328
643
2,278
2,756
3,368
3,885
5,219
4,257
Ireland
426
619
1,120
3,193
4,404
5,691
7,170
8,500
7,787
Italy
3,653
7,200
13,207
34,816
45,305
56,067
72,232
77,679
75,289
Netherlands
4,028
6,398
11,774
35,097
43,700
50,124
63,702
73,940
68,745
United Kingdom
10,609
13,810
19,608
44,523
58,205
67,887
86,397
110,095
NA
West Germany
11,415
17,913
34,228
90,176
118,072
142,453
171,804
192,861
176,090
OPEC
7,434
10,553
17,426
110,275
150,020
142,836
192,257
297,898
NA
Algeria
394
637
1,009
4,691
6,116
6,315
9,483
13,660
11,816
Ecuador
146
164
221
987
1,216
1,502
2,173
2,506
2,542
841
708
1,108
7,102
10,853
11,643
15,590
21,908
22,260
844
1,305
2,624
20,211
24,260
22,200
19,876
14,278
9,443
Qatar
126
163
235
1,809
2,000
2,317
3,720
5,672
5,691
Saudi Arabia
816
1,264
2,360
27,996
44,061
37,914
38,751
102,113
113,328
United Arab Emirates
NA
NA
510
6,977
9,637
9,126
13,652
20,747
20,215
 Table 52 (continued)
Exports by Selected Non-Communist Countries a
Venezuela
2,305
2,428
2,599
8,800
9,545
9,188
14,317
19,221
21,010
Other countries
Argentina
1,079
1,493
1,773
2,961
5,652
6,400
7,810
8,021
NA
Bahamas
6
19
90
2,216
2,409
2,118
3,494
4,834
NA
Bahrain
190
165
218
1,203
1,845
1,892
2,485
3,602
4,283
Brazil
1,268
1,596
2,739
8,670
12,120
12,659
15,244
20,132
23,293
Cameroon
NA
139
232
474
704
803
1,123
1,384
NA
Chile
488
637
1,249
1,661
2,190
2,408
3,763
4,818
3,931
Colombia
465
539
736
1,465
2,443
3,038
3,232
3,925
2,916
Dominican Republic
180
126
249
894
780
676
869
962
1,188
Egypt
568
605
762
1,402
1,708
1,737
1,840
3,047
3,233
El Salvador
117
189
236
531
972
848
1,226
1,074
792
Guatemala
116
187
298
641
1,221
1,111
1,270
1,547
1,281
Hong Kong
689
1,143
2,515
6,019
9,624
11,497
15,147
19,720
21,830
India
1,332
1,687
2,026
4,406
6,378
6,671
7,806
8,242
7,300
Israel
217
430
779
1,941
3,084
3,921
4,546
5,538
5,670
Lebanon
43
87
192
1,121
691
755
773
868
886
Malaysia
1,186
1,236
1,686
3,831
6,080
7,413
11,077
12,958
11,200
Mexico
765
1,120
1,403
2,904
4,518
5,958
8,982
15,570
NA
Morocco
354
430
488
1,543
1,302
1,508
1,959
2,441
NA
Pakistan
394
528
398
1,052
1,189
1,475
2,056
2,618
2,880
Peru
435
667
1,048
1,292
1,730
1,936
3,484
3,892
3,180
Philippines
624
698
1,041
2,270
3,127
3,401
4,567
5,741
5,655
Singapore
1,136
981
1,554
5,376
8,241
10,134
14,240
19,378
20,967
South Africa c
1,995
2,585
3,355
8,959
9,987
12,875
18,397
25,680
20,856
South Korea
33
175
835
5,081
10,047
12,718
15,055
17,505
21,254
Sri Lanka
385
409
342
566
753
845
981
1,074
1,065
Syria
113
169
203
930
1,070
1,060
1,644
2,108
NA
China (Taiwan)
164
450
1,428
5,301
13,499
17,360
20,883
25,650
30,576
Thailand
411
622
710
2,208
3,490
4,085
5,298
6,505
7,032
Tunisia
120
120
183
856
929
1,126
1,791
2,198 _
2,485
Zaire
480
306
781
865
988
925
1.323
1,632
662
Zambia
577
533
1,001
810
897
844
1,376
1,400
1,005
a Data are from the International Monetary Fund, Interna- c Including data for Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, and
tional Financial Statistics. Exports are f.o.b. Namibia.
b Excluding Department of Defense shipments.
 OECD
87,223
133,978
231,140
601,761
789,506
908,593
1,164,265
1,397,317
NA
United States
16,367
23,185
42,429
103,389
160,411
186,045
222,228
256,984
273,352
Australia
2,662
3,763
5,056
11,097
13,515
15,568
18,231
22,479
26,185
Austria
1,416
2,101
3,549
9,394
14,487
16,019
20,255
24,444
21,052
Canada
6,163
8,687
14,255
36,208
42,257
46,546
56,957
62,700
69,926
Japan
4,491
8,168
18,881
57,839
71,340
79,923
109,831
141,290
142,866
New Zealand
786
1,052
1,245
3,152
3,361
3,491
4,553
5,473
5,734
Norway
1,463
2,211
3,702
9,705
12,883
11,497
13,706
16,926
15,644
Portugal
545
924
1,583
3,841
4,951
5,237
6,534
9,309
9,800
Spain
722
3,040
4,747
16,264
17,836
18,712
25,438
34,078
32,154
Sweden
2,901
4,377
7,007
17,450
20,140
20,589
28,735
33,497
28,782
Switzerland
2,206
3,642
6,374
13,303
17,940
23,804
29,356
36,342
30,682
Turkey
468
572
948
4,739
5,796
4,600
5,070
7,667
8,968
European Community
45,862
70,473
118,571
307,270
396,376
468,016
611,147
729,192
NA
Belgium-Luxembourg
3,970
6,502
11,412
30,779
40,406
48,609
60,913
71,863
62,109
Denmark
1,805
2,823
4,407
10,368
13,265
14,809
18,402
19,428
17,576
France
6,282
10,384
19,132
53,964
70,497
81,795
107,008
134,873
120,953
Greece
702
1,134
1,958
5,321
6,854
7,829
9,614
10,547
8,592
Ireland
634
1,041
1,624
3,778
5,396
7,121
9,883
11,154
10,603
Italy
4,732
7,378
14,969
38,367
48,090
56,459
77,893
99,476
91,104
Netherlands
4,531
7,471
13,426
35,604
45,891
53,826
68,188
78,041
67,333
United Kingdom
13,034
16,128
21,696
54,159
64,519
75,813
99,600
115,808
NA
10,172
17,612
29,947
74,930
101,458
121,755
159,646
188,002
163,914
5,403
6,359
9,916
52,040
85,698
96,104
98,893
135,477
159,889
1,264
672
1,257
6,008
7,125
8,681
8,403
10,826
10,626
114
165
274
987
1,508
1,630
1,986
2,250
2,246
32
63
80
445
716
617
532
673
928
574
695
1,002
4,770
6,230
6,690
7,202
10,834
13,272
560
859
1,662
10,343
14,645
13,549
9,738
12,246
12,473
389
457
510
4,214
3,899
4,213
7,006
13,642
18,704
NA
NA
267
2,669
5,048
5,364
6,952
8,746
9,823
 Table 53 (continued)
Imports by Selected Non-Communist Countries a
Argentina
1,249
1,199
1,694
3,947
4,162
3,834
6,700
10,541
NA
Bahamas
66
105
332
2,482
2,788
2,453
3,949
5,481
NA
Bahrain
180
168
247
1,198
2,029
2,045
2,478
3,484
NA
Brazil
1,462
1,096
2,849
13,592
13,257
15,054
19,804
24,961
24,079
Cameroon
NA
152
242
599
783
1,056
1,275
1,602
NA
Chile
526
604
941
1,535
2,259
3,002
4,218
5,821
6,378
Colombia
519
454
843
1,495
2,028
2,836
3,233
4,739
5,201
Dominican Republic
100
97
304
889
975
987
1,213
1,640
1,668
Egypt
668
993
787
3,934
4,815
6,727
3,837
4,860
8,782
El Salvador
122
201
213
614
930
1,027
1,039
971
986
Guatemala
121
229
284
733
1,053
1,286
1,504
1,598
1,774
Hong Kong
1,026
1,569
2,905
6,757
10,455
13,449
17,137
22,395
24,796
India
2,303
2,838
2,124
6,381
6,647
7,865
9,828
14,341
13,907
Israel
551
838
2,086
5,997
5,778
7,506
8,736
9,764
NA
Ivory Coast
131
236
388
1,127
1,756
2,326
2,492
NA
NA
Jamaica
217
289
522
1,124
860
891
993
1,171
1,498
Kenya
196
282
442
987
1,285
1,710
1,660
2,332
1,939
Lebanon
290
543
653
2,048
1,539
1,922
2,700
3,650
3,499
Malaysia
910
1,097
1,418
3,554
4,542
5,928
7,849
10,820
11,581
Mexico
1,187
1,560
2,461
6,571
5,883
7,555
12,086
19,460
24,068
Morocco
413
453
684
2,567
3,199
2,970
3,678
4,258
NA
Pakistan
654
1,047
731
2,158
2,446
3,285
4,056
5,350
5,412
Peru
379
730
622
2,551
1,911
1,959
1,820
2,500
3,420
Philippines
715
894
1,236
3,756
4,270
5,144
6,571
8,295
8,479
Singapore
1,332
1,224
2,461
8,133
10,471
13,061
17,643
24,007
27,572
South Africa b
1,629
2,563
3,843
8,293
6,270
7,615
8,989
19,246
22,616
South Korea
344
463
1,984
7,274
10,811
14,972
20,339
22,297
26,131
Sri Lanka
413
310
386
753
695
967
1,451
2,022
1,838
Syria
239
213
361
1,685
2,674
2,459
3,329
4,124
NA
China (Taiwan)
297
558
1,528
5,960
12,306
15,132
19,211
25,593
28,692
Thailand
447
742
1,299
3,280
4,617
5,356
7,158
9,214
9,932
Tunisia
191
246
306
1,424
1,825
2,138
2,849
3,540
3,994
a Data are from the International Monetary Fund, Interna- b Including data for Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, and
tional Financial Statistics. Imports are c.i.f. Namibia.
 OECD
-3,429
-7,647
-9,237
-28,086
-64,498
-42,741
-102,078
-145,376
NA
United States
3,284
3,567
230
3,741
-39,181
-42,365
-40,368
-36,354
-39,672
Australia
-612
-758
-285
846
-163
-1,152
436
-448
-4,418
Austria
-296
-501
-692
-1,875
-4,679
-3,844
-4,772
-6,955
-5,214
Canada
-329
-216
2,492
-2,135
1,288
1,883
1,341
4,856
2,712
Japan
-436
284
437
-2,112
9,743
18,430
-7,532
-10,854
8,629
New Zealand
61
-45
-22
-922
-165
247
-153
-52
-116
Norway
-582
-768
-1,245
-2,473
-4,003
-615
-160
1,616
2,344
Portugal
-218
-347
-633
-1,902
-2,928
-2,823
-3,054
-4,669
-1,586
Spain
3
-2,105
-2,359
-8,573
-7,613
-5,598
-7,230
-13,358
-11,819
Sweden
-336
-406
-212
-66
-1,058
1,197
-1,133
-2,533
-2,586
Switzerland
-347
-701
-1,311
-350
-326
-244
-2,818
-6,710
-3,633
Turkey
-147
-108
-360
-3,338
-4,043
-2,312
-2,809
-4,035
-4,272
European Community
-3,375
-5,315
-4,937
-6,555
-11,334
-6,219
-33,870
-63,246
NA
Belgium-Luxembourg
-178
-108
188
-1,977
-2,868
-3,662
-4,213
-7,209
-6,481
Denmark
-311
-503
-1,051
-1,656
-3,200
-2,927
-3,706
-2,446
-1,545
France
585
-208
-1,034
-846
-5,500
-2,417
-6,317
-18,857
-14,528
Greece
-499
-806
-1,315
-3,043
-4,098
-4,461
-5,729
-5,328
-4,335
Ireland
-208
-422
-504
-585
-992
-1,430
-2,713
-2,654
-2,816
Italy
-1,079
-178
-1,762
-3,551
-2,785
-392.
-5,661
-25,536
-15,815
Netherlands
-503
-1,073
-1,652
-507
-2,191
-3,702
-4,486
-4,101
1,412
United Kingdom
-2,425
-2,318
-2,088
-9,636
-6,314
-7,926
-13,203
-5,713
NA
West Germany
1,243
301
4,281
15,246
16,614
20,698
12,158
4,859
12,176
OPEC
2,031
4,194
7,510
58,235
64,322
46,732
93,364
162,421
NA
Algeria
-870
-35
-248
-1,317
-1,009
-2,366
1,080
2,834
1,190
Ecuador
32
- I
-53
0
-292
-128
187
256
296
Gabon
15
42
63
498
627
490
1,316
1,500
NA
 Table 54 (continued)
Trade Balance by Selected Non-Communist Countries a
Other countries
Argentina
-170
294
79
-986
1,490
2,566
1,110
-2,520
NA
Bahamas
-60
-86
-242
-266
-379
-335
-455
-647
NA
Bahrain
10
-3
-29
5
-184
-153
7
118
NA
Brazil
-194
500
-110
-4,922
-1,137
-2,395
-4,560
-4,829
-786
Cameroon
NA
-13
-10
-125
-79
-253
-152
-218
NA
Chile
-38
33
308
126
-69
-594
-455
-1,003
-2,447
Colombia
-54
85
-107
-30
415
202
-1
-814
-2,285
Dominican Republic
80
29
-55
5
-195
-311
-344
-678
-480
Egypt
-100
-328
-25
-2,532
-3,107
-4,990
-1,997
-1,813
-5,549
El Salvador
-5
-12
-23
-83
42
-179
187
103
-194
Guatemala
-5
-42
14
-92
168
-175
-234
-51
-493
-337
-426
-390
-738
-881
-1,952
-1,990
-2,675
-2,966
-971
-1,151
-98
-1,975
-269
-1,194
-2,022
-6,099
-6,607
-334
-408
-1,307
-4,056
-2,694
-3,585
-4,190
-4,226
NA
a Including data for Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and
Swaziland.
 World Big Other OPEC Com- Other
Seven OECD munist
1975 107,655 46,941 16,247 10,768 3,376 30,323
1976 115,006 51,299 17,675 12,568 3,639 29,825
1977 119,430 54,548 18,958 14,019 2,716 29,187
1978 141,423 62,872 21,264 16,655 4,535 36,096
1979 178,735 79,769 28,780 15,110 7,418 47,659
1980 216,445 92,836 34,893 17,763 7,648 63,304
1981 229,433 96,803 35,465 21,533 7,963 67,669
Japan
1975 55,728 16,559 6,067 8,416 5,166 19,523
1976 67,319 22,610 8,588 9,274 4,942 21,906
1977 78,508 28,034 9,720 12,026 5,334 23,394
1978 94,721 34,903 10,432 14,244 6,928 28,213
1979 97,952 37,548 10,167 13,272 7,479 29,485
1980 125,249 46,940 13,197 18,597 9,489 37,026
1981 146,101 56,115 15,560 22,824 9,770 41,833
1975 93,293 28,332 36,444 6,783 10,399 11,335
1976 105,334 33,438 41,864 8,249 10,427 11,356
1977 117,781 39,003 48,006 10,777 7,304 12,690
1978 142,099 48,522 56,947 12,254 8,887 15,489
World
Big
Seven
Other
OECD
OPEC
Com-
munist
Other
103,417
49,807
8,832
18,699
984
25,095
129,566
60,387
9,752
27,168
1,161
31,098
153,511
70,747
11,228
35,603
1,440
34,492
180,351
87,466
14,651
35,579
1,984
40,672
215,903
97,799
16,643
48,227
2,684
50,549
249,592
107,737
19,386
58,091
2,735
61,643
264,720
123,652
20,498
51,793
3,766
65,011
57,847
16,932
6,081
19,402
3,364
12,069
64,891
17,584
7,776
21,885
2,913
14,735
70,028
18,877
7,923
24,325
3,412
15,491
78,136
22,958
9,287
24,671
4,004
17,217
107,377
30,676
10,761
36,049
5,484
24,407
138,975
36,035
11,566
56,753
6,902
27,719
140,358
36,891
12,608
54,866
7,872
28,120
77,634
27,088
27,782
8,236
6,226
8,302
91,228
31,281
32,636
9,727
7,472
10,112
100,886
36,391
37,372
10,119
4,922
12,082
121,095
45,043
46,300
9,683
6,329
13,741
 Table 55 (continued)
Big Seven: Direction of Trade a
Imports from (c.i.f.)
Exports to (f.o.b.)
C
Other
World Big
Seven
Other
OECD
OPEC
Com-
munist
Other
World
Big
Seven
Other
OECD
OPEC
om-
munist
d
i
om
ng
United K
546
033 12
44
591
16
4,546
1,559
8,788
53,350
18,470
18,515
6,914
1,676
7,774
1975
976
,
,
027
118 14
46
,
17,535
5,130
1,390
8,036
55,563
19,656
18,811
7,290
2,081
7,723
1
,
,
289
931 17
57
22,203
6,773
1,633
10,033
63,822
24,032
21,380
6,324
2,420
9,666
1977
978
,
,
139
683 20
67
24,973
8,437
2,111
12,023
75,543
30,586
26,158
6,377
2,555
9,867
1
,
,
889
148 29
86
32,308
6,981
2,610
14,360
99,141
42,247
35,209
6,723
2,582
12,380
1979
80
,
,
296
855 38
109
40,134
10,330
3,146
17,949
115,190
48,795
39,230
9,898
2,547
14,717
19
,
,
706
462 36
102
35,062
11,454
2,684
16,556
98,846
41,008
35,350
7,585
2,370
12,531
,
,
1981
610
840 15
34
7,860
3,717
2,463
5,189
38,392
17,324
6,747
7,846
2,088
4,389
,
,
1975
406
972 17
1976 36
8,688
4,233
2,184
4,459
43,430
19,352
8,043
8,120
2,650
5,265
,
,
023
260 21
45
10,265
5,872
2,464
5,635
48,012
21,103
8,801
9,049
2,822
6,236
,
,
1977
012
967 27
978 55
12,260
7,028
2,737
6,930
56,327
25,348
10,701
10,004
3,200
7,074
,
,
1
032
35
723
16
767
7
3,062
9,516
77,652
34,376
14,979
13,597
4,365
10,335
,
1979 72,100
,
,
2
496
18
667
17
866
5
13,094
082
540 36
980 77
17,382
9,815
3,115
11,146
99,125
44,00
,
,
,
,
,
1
666
130 32
981 75
15,116
12,804
2,902
11,642
90,819
37,480
16,241
19,491
5,190
12,416
,
,
1
d
a
Cana
300
841 26
5 33
1,725
712
1,198
3,907
38,592
29,782
1,703
3,430
325
3,353
,
,
197
015
176 32
976 40
2,032
813
1,253
4,063
43,046
33,549
1,821
3,485
379
3,815
,
,
1
985
485 34
43
2,196
1,198
1,078
4,028
44,765
35,945
1,788
3,053
336
3,644
,
,
1977
602
339 38
978 48
2,059
1,333
1,425
4,920
49,158
40,067
1,972
2,913
373
3,833
,
,
1
700
207 45
9 58
3,034
1,382
1,732
6,359
60,347
49,079
2,368
3,252
537
5,110
,
,
197
631
341 50
980 67
4,332
1,813
2,838
7,726
66,457
52,443
2,671
4,902
549
5,891
,
,
1
1981 72,431 55,456
3,903
2,044
2,969
8,058
73,869
58,376
2,855
5,180
666
6,791
a Data are from the International Monetary Fund, Direction
of Trade. Country totals in this table do not agree with
totals in Tables 52 and 53 because of different practices of
reporting data in the International Financial Statistics and
the Direction of Trade.
 Big Seven: Exports, by Commodity
Big Seven
163,218
415,790
525,724
631,356
766,991
904,097
Foodstuffs
15,946
44,765
51,047
63,306
76,004
90,033
Raw materials
13,319
24,164
30,277
33,768
45,801
58,043
Fuels
5,274
18,085
20,677
23,403
36,383
48,554
Manufactures
124,555
318,916
410,778
495,235
589,732
683,801
Other
4,124
9,862
12,946
15,649
19,076
23,671
United States
43,226
107,652
120,163
143,660
176,774 a
216,916
Foodstuffs
6,919
21,105
22,710
28,709
33,253
39,392
Raw materials
4,114
7,538
8,588
10,765
15,310
20,063
Fuels
1,695
4,481
4,199
3,980
5,683
8,134
Manufactures
28,762
70,961
80,821
95,730
117,402
143,411
Other
1,736
3,568
3,847
4,478
5,127
5,917
Canada
16,185
32,300
41,293
44,080
55,117
63,105
Foodstuffs
1,975
4,399
4,811
5,038
6,287
7,773
Raw materials
4,850
7,450
10,140
10,170
13,224
15,519
Fuels
978
5,334
5,171
4,815
7,281
9,010
Manufactures
8,262
14,842
20,947
23,829
28,040
30,487
Other
119
276
223
227
286
316
Japan
19,319
55,728
80,470
97,501
102,964
129,542
Foodstuffs
674
808
945
1,167
1,323
1,704
Raw materials
433
1,262
1,351
1,366
1,520
2,218
Fuels
48
220
156
261
356
504
Manufactures
17,965
52,638
77,288
93,848
98,651
123,707
Other
200
800
731
860
1,114
1,411
34,189
90,021
117,932
142,090
171,437
191,647
1,188
4,241
5,902
6,912
8,598
10,146
1,192
2,643
3,350
3,878
5,246
6,512
1,011
2,813
3,120
4,509
5,685
7,143
30,232
78,706
103,172
124,047
148,695
162,431
565
1,618
2,389
2,744
3,213
5,415
17,739
51,604
63,363
76,494
97,959
110,865
2,803
8,069
9,233
11,896
14,538
17,796
376
1,410
1,893
2,047
3,490
4,485
88
 Table 56 (continued)
Big Seven: Exports, by Commodity
1970
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
Manufactures
13,147
39,052
48,316
58,488
74,576
82,102
Other
214
445
684
330
434
630
United Kingdom
19,351
43,660
57,439
71,483
90,504
114,380
Foodstuffs
1,259
3,221
3,980
5,709
6,414
7,774
Raw materials
1,190
1,961
2,468
2,876
4,298
6,417
Fuels
496
1,798
3,609
4,497
9,134
14,882
Manufactures
15,151
33,682
42,323
51,658
62,527
76,015
Other
1,253
2,998
5,059
6,743
8,132
9,293
Italy
13,210
34,825
45,062
56,048
72,237
77,640
Foodstuffs
1,127
2,921
3,466
3,876
5,592
5,448
Raw materials
341
682
1,142
978
1,282
1,462
Fuels
669
2,030
2,530
3,295
4,754
4,395
Manufactures
11,036
29,035
37,912
47,633
59,839
65,646
Other
37
157
13
267
770
689
89
 Big Seven
157,592
408,071
539,211
629,790
823,350
984;149
Foodstuffs
27,228
60,387
75,501
85,237
101,174
106,733
Raw materials
27,828
45,582
57,101
63,630
87,010
100,854
Fuels
17,018
101,364
132,710
135,166
198,331
280,218
Manufactures
81,261
190,483
261,396
329,210
416,861
471,370
Other
4,260
10,255
12,503
16,547
19,984
24,985
United States
39,962
96,941
147,847
173,290
217,455
250,280
Foodstuffs
6,446
10,518
14,680
16,287
19,955
20,572
Raw materials
4,687
8,116
11,381
13,777
16,253
17,503
Fuels
3,081
26,403
44,198
42,018
63,735
82,204
Manufactures
23,988
48,526
73,264
95,895
111,907
123,081
Other
1,761
3,377
4,323
5,309
5,608
6,921
Canada
13,348
33,954
39,485
41,697
52,622
57,707
Foodstuffs
1,153
2,817
3,303
3,381
3,837
4,301
727
1,578
1,639
1,775
2,701
3,635
Fuels
749
4,090
3,920
3,770
4,884
7,143
Manufactures
10,518
25,071
30,116
32,268
40,422
41,638
202
397
506
503
778
990
18,883
57,840
70,560
78,731
110,108
139,892
3,195
10,344
11,872
13,250
16,611
16,849
7,188
11,421
14,340
15,974
23,509
26,120
3,906
25,641
31,149
31,336
45,286
69,991
4,381
9,849
12,442
16,782
22,783
25,204
213
584
759
1,392
1,922
1,729
29,814
74,208
100,701
120,668
157,682
185,922
5,524
12,092
16,245
18,368
20,864
22,749
5,109
8,095
10,069
11,056
14,823
17,798
2,627
13,099
17,230
19,538
30,957
41,904
15,608
38,760
54,653
68,684
87,197
98,269
947
2,163
2,506
3,023
3,843
5,204
18,922
53,606
70,276
81,865
106,711
134,328
2,798
6,921
9,794
11,500
12,765
13,815
2,675
5,050
6,159
6,532
8,962
10,737
2,291
12,260
15,089
15,937
22,949
35,726
 Table 57 (continued)
Big Seven: Imports, by Commodity
Manufactures
11,103
29,210
38,994
47,453
61,380
72,869
Other
55
165
240
443
657
1,184
United Kingdom
21,724
53,595
63,658
78,425
102,613
117,902
Foodstuffs
5,267
10,345
11,388
12,806
15,092
15,564
Raw materials
4,342
6,048
6,922
6,991
9,633
12,437
Fuels
2,270
9,613
9,123
9,220
12,174
15,912
Manufactures
8,804
24,180
32,229
43,823
58,894
65,474
Other
1,042
3,409
3,995
5,585
6,822
8,517
Italy
14,939
37,928
46,683
55,115
76,158
98,119
Foodstuffs
2,846
7,350
8,219
9,647
12,050
12,883
Raw materials
3,100
5,274
6,590
7,525
11,130
12,624
Fuels
2,095
10,258
12,002
13,346
18,346
27,338
Manufactures
6,859
14,888
19,699
24,306
34,278
44,836
Other
40
159
173
291
354
439
 Million US $
Big Seven
5,626
7,719
-13,487
1,567
-56,359
-80,053
Foodstuffs
-11,282
-15,622
-24,454
-21,931
-25,170
-16,700
Raw materials
-14,508
-21,418
-26,824
-29,862
-41,209
-42,811
Fuels
-11,744
-83,279
-112,033
-111,763
-161,948
-231,664
Manufactures
43,294
128,433
149,382
166,024
172,871
212,431
Other
-136
-393
444
-898
-908
-1,314
United States
3,264
10,711
-27,684
-29,630
--40,682
-33,364
Foodstuffs
473
10,587
8,030
12,422
13,298
18,820
Raw materials
-573
-578
-2,793
-3,012
-943
2,560
Fuels
-1,386
-21,923
-39,999
-38,038
-58,053
-74,070
Manufactures
4,774
22,435
7,557
-165
5,496
20,330
Other
-24
191
-476
-831
-487
-1,004
Canada
2,836
-1,654
1,808
2,383
2,495
5,398
Foodstuffs
823
1,582
1,508
1,658
2,450
3,472
Raw materials
4,123
5,872
8,501
8,395
10,523
11,884-
Fuels
229
1,243
1,251
1,045
2,396
1,867
Manufactures
-2,255
-10,229
-9,169
-8,439
-12,382
-11,151
-83
-121
-283
-276
-492
-675
437
-2,112
9,910
18,770
-7,144
-10,349
-2,521
-9,536
-10,927
-12,083
-15,288
-15,145
-6,755
-10,158
-12,989
-14,608
-21,988
-23,902
Fuels
-3,858
-25,422
-30,993
-31,076
-44,930
-69,488
Manufactures
13,584
42,788
64,846
77,067
75,869
98,502
Other
-13
216
-28
-532
-808
-319
4,375
15,814
17,232
21,422
13,755
5,725
-4,335
-7,850
-10,343
-11,456
-12,266
-12,603
-3,917
-5,452
-6,719
-7,177
-9,577
-11,286
-1,616
-10,286 -
-14,110
-15,030
-25,272
-34,761
14,624
39,946
48,519
55,363
61,498
64,162
-382
-545
-117
-279?
-630
211
-1,184
-2,002
-6,912
-5,370
-8,752
-23,463
5
1,148
-561
396
-1,773
3,981
-1,476
-2,422
-2,922
-2,798
-4,041
-4,884
-1,915
-10,850
-13,197
-13,890
-19,458
-31,241
 Table 58 (continued)
Big Seven: Trade Balance, by Commodity
Manufactures
2,044
9,842
9,322
11,035
13,196
9,234
Other
158
280
444
-113
-223
-554
United Kingdom
-2,373
-9,935
-6,219
-6,941
-12,110
-3,522
Foodstuffs
-4,007
-7,124
-7,408
-7,096
-8,678
-7,790
Raw materials
-3,151
-4,087
-4,454
-4,115
-5,334
-6,019
Fuels
-1,773
-7,815
-5,514
-4,724
-3,040
-1,030
Manufactures
6,348
9,502
10,094
7,835
3,632
10,541
Other
211
-412
1,064
1,158
1,310
776
Italy
-1,729
-3,103
-1,621
934
-3,921
-20,478
Foodstuffs
-1,719
-4,428
-4,753
-5,771
-6,459
-7,435
Raw materials
-2,760
-4,592
-5,448
-6,547
-9,848
-11,163
-1,426
-8,227
-9,472
-10,051
-13,592
-22,942
Manufactures
4,177
14,147
18,213
23,327
25,561
20,811
Other
-3
-2
-160
-24
416
250
 Selected Non-OPEC LDCs: Indexes of Export
Prices, Import Prices, and Terms of Trade a
Export
139
191
185
194
226
233
274
315
Import
137
206
217
217
230
254
304
375
Terms of Trade
101
93
85
89
98
92
90
84
Brazil
Export
150
189
189
217
266
244
268
285
Import
139
210
217
224
232
247
297
380
Terms of Trade
108
90
87
97
115
99
90
75
Colombia
132
172
175
257
376
315
310
347
126
158
173
180
192
215
238
260
105
109
101
143
196
147
130
133
Export
157
220
183
214
246
273
368
414
Import
163
234
249
239
254
276
313
378
 Table 59 (continued)
Selected Non-OPEC LDCs: Indexes of Export
Prices, Import Prices, and Terms of Trade a
Morocco
Export
137
265
308
222
203
234
NA
NA
Import
158
213
232
211
162
NA
NA
NA
Terms of Trade
87
124
133
105
125
NA
NA
NA
Pakistan
Export
151
196
173
189
227
227
272
304
Philippines
Export
124
212
168
148
150
168
207
216
South Korea
Export
126
160
148
166
181
200
240
252
Import
135
210
217
212
217
229
279
355
Terms of Trade
93
76
68
78
83
87
86
71
Sri Lanka
Export
108
162
143
140
209
223
243
265
138
235
261
196
222
240
365
493
Syria
Export
174
338
291
358
381
405
533
690
Import
168
245
273
327
297
316
395
515
Terms of Trade
104
138
107
109
128
128
135
134
Thailand
Export
158
240
212
206
210
229
272
321
Import
131
215
239
251
270
294
337
418
Terms of Trade
121
112
89
82
78
78
81
77
Tunisia
Export
180
359
395
328
340
375
529
NA
Import
140
178
215
198
202
213
234
267
Terms of Trade
129
202
184
166
168
176
226
a Data are from the International Financial Statistics. US
dollar indexes for total exports and total imports converted
from national data, with the original 1975 comparison base
shifted to 1970.
 Developed Less Developed Communist
Countries Countries Countries
1970 24.8 17.0 4.6 3.1
1975 53.5 36.6 10.2 6.6
1979 101.1 72.2 19.4 9.2
1980 115.1 78.4 24.5 12.0
Developed countries
1970 16.8 12.9 3.0 0.8
1975 34.7 26.2 6.2 2.3
1979 63.3 49.1 10.6 3.5
1980 71.5 52.8 13.3 5.3
Less developed countries
1970 5.4 3.4 1.3
1975 13.1 8.4 3.2 1.5
1979 27.2 18.7 6.7 1.7
1980 31.9 20.7 8.6
Communist countries
1975 5.7 2.0 0.9 2.8
1979 10.5 4.3 2.2 3.9
 Selected Countries: Oil Import Bill a
a Total cost of imported crude oil and petroleum products ~ Data are not available for 1981 because of a six-month
(on a c.i.f. basis) less earnings of exports of these items (on an civil service strike during which time no trade data were
f.o.b. basis). collected.
b On an f.o.b. basis.
 Table 62
Percent
Importance of Soviet-Western Trade to
Selected Western Countries, 1980
Soviet Trading Partner Exports to USSR Imports From USSR Share of Trading Partner's GNP
as a Share of Total as a Share of Total
Exports Imports Exports to the Imports From the
USSR USSR
 Soviet Foreign Trade a
Total
Trade
Communist Countries
Total
Eastern
Europe
China
Other
Asia
Other b
Total
Developed
Countries
Less Developed Countries
Exports
5,558
4,210
3,071
816
66
256
1,348
1,022
326
31
Imports
5,623
3,974
2,792
847
98
237
1,649
1,120
529
33
Exports
8,166
5,555
4,551
192
165
647
2,611
1,506
1,105
270
Imports
8,050
5,605
4,668
225
120
592
2,444
1,647
797
2
Exports
12,787
8,359
6,752
25
415
1,167
4,428
2,453
1,975
792
Imports
11,720
7,630
6,627
22
156
826
4,090
2,849
1,241
16
Exports
33,407
20,271
16,494
129
480
3,168
13,136
8,588
4,548
1,899
Imports
37,070
19,415
15,723
150
277
3,265
17,655
13,566
4,089
31
Exports
45,227
26,009
20,762
161
628
4,458
19,219
12,091
7,127
3,896
Imports
40,926
23,353
18,839
177
400
3,938
17,573
13,586
3,987
68
Exports
52,435
31,244
24,910
241
726
5,367
21,190
12,920
8,270
4,219
Imports
50,798
30,494
24,661
257
521
5,055
20,304
16,244
4,060
65
Exports
64,912
36,152
28,380
268
1,081
6,423
28,760
19,578
9,182
4,367
Imports
57,958
32,810
26,761
240
618
5,191
25,148
20,405
4,743
49
Exports
76,437
41,431
32,216
261
1,201
7,752
35,006
24,934
10,072
4,766
Imports
68,473
36,420
29,407
226
681
6,106
32,053
24,386
7,667
168
Exports
79,377
43,353
33,774
115
1,445
8,019
36,024
24,416
11,608
5,058
Imports
73,158
37,172
29,399
131
582
7,060
35,986
25,356
10,630
209
a Official Soviet statistics using US dollar exchange rates for
the Soviet foreign exchange ruble as announced by the State
Bank of the USSR. Exports and imports are f.o.b.
b Cuba, Mongolia, and Yugoslavia.
 Total exports
5,558
8,166
12,787
33,407
45,227
52,435
64,912
76,437
Machinery and equipment
1,141
1,634
2,753
6,241
8,496
10,277
11,378
12,081
Fuels, lubricants, and related materials
902
1,403
1,986
10,473
15,860
18,695
27,379
35,874
Coal and coke b
242
384
408
1,399
1,422
418
1,504
1,695
Petroleum and petroleum products
657
998
1,469
8,212
12,784
14,776
22,211
27,851
Ores and concentrates
243
310
403
868
829
887
919
993
Iron ore
175
250
325
692
599
628
656
651
Base metals and manufactures
837
1,329
1,978
3,813
2,817
2,987
3,113
3,551
642
997
1,351
2,673
2,815
2,987
3,113
3,551
480
716
961
1,794
1,889
2,020
2,138
2,464
195
331
627
1,140
3
NA
NA
NA
35
111
184
356
NA
NA
NA
NA
Chemicals
150
244
364
1,027
1,063
1,284
1,606
2,139
Wood and wood products
305
593
831
1,916
2,300
2,339
2,666
3,093
Lumber
183
312
333
780
934
936
1,031
1,207
Textile raw materials and semimanufactures
358
421
437
976
1,448
1,313
1,304
1,435
Cotton fiber
288
334
372
917
1,372
1,229
1,221
1,357
Consumer goods
908
904
1,356
2,377
2,336
2,311
2,855
2,727
Food (foodstuffs)
702
664
1,019
1,556
1,391
1,165
1,661
1,426
Grain c
467
270
399
508
515
207
559
310
Other consumer goods
205
240
337
821
945
1,146
1,195
1,301
Other and unspecified
714
1,328
2,679
5,716
10,078
12,342
13,692
14,544
a Official Soviet statistics using US dollar exchange rates for
the Soviet foreign exchange ruble as announced by the State
Bank of the USSR. Exports are f.o.b.
b Including small amounts of charcoal and other solid fuels.
c Excluding wheat flour.
 Soviet Imports a
Total imports
5,623
8,050
11,720
37,070
40,926
50,798
57,958
68,473
Machinery and equipment
1,673
2,690
4,166
12,574
15,587
21,354
22,019
23,198
Transportation equipment
659
990
1,232
3,326
3,145
3,943
4,335
4,674
Fuels, lubricants, and related materials
237
198
228
1,447
NA
NA
NA
NA
Coal and coke
93
123
124
499
NA
NA
NA
NA
Petroleum and petroleum products
144
75
82
695
NA
NA
NA
NA
Ores and concentrates
314
315
303
583
574
578
747
NA
Base metals and manufactures
545
389
691
3,595
2,482
3,414
4,499
4,654
Ferrous metals
373
314
593
3,346
2,467
3,400
4,478
4,635
Rolled ferrous metals
338
287
568
3,197
2,287
3,176
4,184
4,335
Nonferrous metals
172
75
98
249
15
14
21
19
35
21
30
65
NA
NA
NA
NA
Chemicals
149
373
618
1,747
1,850
2,188
2,803
3,732
Rubber and rubber products
196
199
192
307
NA
NA
288 b
320 b
Wood and wood products
105
150
248
796
723
747
847
1,369
Textile raw materials and semimanufactures
364
358
561
887
1,087
1,025
1,122
1,493
Cotton fiber
180
162
249
271
226
93
158
96
Wool fiber
118
100
120
265
373
420
487
502
Consumer goods
1,573
2,656
3,789
12,720
12,802
14,750
17,834
23,334
Food
613
1,512
1,590
7,844
7,523
8,822
11,395
15,156
Grain c
17
397
135
2,673
1,392
2,433
3,448
4,891
Other consumer goods
960
1,144
2,199
4,876
5,279
5,928
6,440
8,179
Other and unspecified
466
723
926
2,414
5,871
6,742
7,799
10,373
a Official Soviet statistics using US dollar exchange rates for
the Soviet foreign exchange ruble as announced by the State
Bank of the USSR. Imports are f.o.b.
b Only natural rubber reported.
c Excluding wheat flour.
 Table 66
Million US $
Total
Trade
Communist Countries
Total
Eastern
Europe
USSR
Other b
Total
Developed
Countries
Less
Developed
Countries c
Exports
2,035
650
95
225
330
1,385
575
810
Imports
1,680
515
110
190
215
1,165
805
360
Exports
2,155
480
255
20
205
1,675
660
1,015
Imports
2,045
390
225
25
140
1,655
1,370
285
Exports
7,130
1,375
630
150
595
5,755
2,610
3,145
Imports
6,830
1,005
595
130
280
5,825
4,985
840
Exports
8,170
1,355
670
180
505
6,815
2,940
3,875
Imports
6,610
1,065
600
160
305
5,545
4,165
1,380
Exports
10,175
1,645
910
255
480
8,530
3,775
4,755
Imports
10,350
1,570
935
240
395
8,780
7,265
1,515
Exports
13,735
1,755
1,050
240
465
11,980
5,645
6,335
Imports
14,490
1,945
1,200
270
475
12,545
10,170
2,375
Exports
19,340
1,800
1,125
230
445
17,540
8,265
9,275
Imports
19,380
1,915
1,135
295
485
17,465
13,510
3,955
Exports
22,380
1,660
1,035
130
495
20,715
10,025
10,690
Imports
18,625
1,490
985
115
390
17,135
12,845
4,290
a Data are f.o.b. and rounded to the nearest US $5 million.
b Including data for Albania, Cuba, Mongolia, North Korea,
Vietnam, and Yugoslavia.
Including data for Hong Kong and Macao.
 1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
19
340
380
22
Total
2,155
7,130
7,270
8,170
10,175
13,735
,
,
Food and live animals
660
2,045
1,790
1,945
2,335
2,650
3,245
3,515
Live animals
70
215
230
245
260
265
340
375
Meat and meat preparations
105
240
235
215
280
305
385
365
Fish and fish preparations
70
190
215
195
285
380
405
450
Cereals and cereal preparations
150
615
325
380
430
420
475
535
Vegetables and fruit
170
435
450
535
625
775
955
1,050
Beverages and tobacco
20
80
90
90
100
100
135
125
excluding fuel
Crude materials
380
840
935
1,035
1,220
1,600
1,770
2,020
,
and oil kernels
oil nuts
Oilseeds
70
160
110
95
95
190
185
480
,
,
Textile fibers and wastes
105
245
310
315
400
510
485
470
Crude animal and vegetable
materials
115
225
285
365
400
450
550
500
Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related
materials 60
1,025
905
1,160
1,465
2,465
4,320
4,950
Petroleum and petroleum products 5
865
775
1,010
1,280
2,250
4,110
4,520
Animal and vegetable oils and fats 25
55
55
45
75
90
85
115
Chemicals 115
350
365
395
470
770
1,215
1,345
Chemical elements and compounds 25
100
100
95
140
270
480
500
Manufactured goods 590
1,650
1,855
1,975
2,665
3,515
4,605
5,415
Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up
articles 390
1,035
1,160
1,240
1,720
2,285
2,875
3,270
Nonmetallic mineral manufactures 60
170
185
210
260
330
440
455
Manufactures of metal 40
110
145
175
205
285
440
535
Machinery and transport equipment 75
260
285
285
370
485
735
955
Miscellaneous manufactured goods 225
800
960
1,220
1,450
2,025
3,165
3,850
Clothing 100
355
445
590
710
1,055
1,730
2,175
 1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
Total
2,045
6,830
5,565
6,610
10,350
14,490
19,380
18,625
Food and live animals
330
815
570
1,065
1,380
1,775
2,745
2,830
Cereal and cereal preparation
255
540
300
655
935
1,305
2,170
2,245
Sugar, sugar preparations, and honey
65
155
185
310
265
210
280
285
Crude materials, excluding fuels
235
730
620
1,025
1,390
1,960
3,440
3,060
Rubber, crude (including synthetic
and reclaimed)
95
165
135
210
215
315
430
255
Textile fibers and their waste
95
395
315
505
855
1,140
2,160
2,000
Mineral fuels, lubricants, and related
materials
40
130
65
120
155
180
205
215
Petroleum and petroleum products
10
40
10
30
35
35
70
55
Animal and vegetable fats and oils
5
40
30
155
135
180
185
110
Chemicals
310
815
550
865
1,185
1,445
2,165
2,075
Chemical elements and compounds
175
250
220
305
380
410
545
445
Fertilizers, manufactured
65
390
150
335
465
595
955
835
Manufactured goods
690
2,190
1,925
2,100
3,875
4,710
4,570
4,440
Textile yarn, fabrics, made-up
articles, and products
40
90
130
170
200
295
850
1,555
Iron and steel
390
1,475
1,405
1,545
3,010
3,460
2,250
1,685
Nonferrous metals
200
395
245
225
340
340
385
315
Machinery and transport equipment
405
2,010
1,715
1,170
2,035
3,845
5,410
5,110
Machinery, other than electric
190
985
1,010
440
875
1,990
2,810
2,780
Electric machinery
30
190
230
95
225
540
1,070
1,335
Transport equipment
190
835
475
630
930
1,310
1,525
1,000
Miscellaneous manufactured goods
25
75
80
80
155
300
490
635
NEGL
25
10
30
40
95
170
150
 East European Foreign Trade a
Total
Trade
Communist Countries
Total.
USSR
Eastern
Europe
Other b
Total
Developed
Countries
Less
Developed
Countries
Exports
7,624
5,523
2,817
2,102
604
2,101
1,603
498
Imports
7,754
5,541
2,954
2,084
503
2,213
1,772
441
Exports
11,789
8,423
4,692
3,172
559
3,366
2,581
785
Imports
11,611
8,114
4,436
3,111
567
3,497
2,765
732
Exports
18,159
12,546
6,612
4,955
979
5,613
4,426
1,187
Imports
18,522
12,503
6,803
4,908
792
6,019
5,052
967
Exports
45,269
30,193
15,619
12,230
2,344
15,076
11,282
3,794
Imports
51,314
30,607
16,345
12,238
2,024
20,707
17,687
3,020
Exports
56,520
38,225
19,236
16,021
2,968
18,295
13,341
4,954
Imports
62,661
39,078
20,916
15,704
2,458
23,583
19,415 .
4,168
Exports
65,512
44,574
22,997
18,071
3,506
20,938
15,324
5,614
Imports
72,597
46,091
24,778
18,046
3,267
26,506
21,889
4,617
Exports
76,862
51,021
27,082
20,372
3,567
25,841
18,836
7,005
Imports
82,586
51,579
28,516
19,834
3,229
31,007
24,392
6,615
Exports
86,169
54,899
29,940
20,523
4,436
31,270
22,611
8,659
Imports
91,190
56,046
32,254
20,433
3,359
35,144
26,171
8,973
Exports
83,947
53,119
29,609
18,727
4,783
30,828
20,329
10,499
Imports
86,955
55,513
33,191
18,387
3,935
31,442
23,539
7,903
a Official East European statistics. Trade with the Commu- Imports are f.o.b. except for Hungary, which is on a c.i.f.
nist countries was derived by converting the value of the basis.
trade expressed in the currency of each East European b Including data for Albania, China, Cuba, Mongolia, North
country to rubles and then to dollars at the prevailing Korea, Vietnam, and Yugoslavia.
foreign exchange rate. Exports are on an f.o.b. basis.
 1960
1965
1970
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981b
Bulgaria
571
1,176
2,004
4,807
6,303
7,485
9,013
10
491
10
469
USSR
307
614
1,078
2,643
3,396
4,048
4,673
,
5
267
,
4
935
Eastern Europe
151
275
431
968
1,373
1,506
1,622
,
1
741
,
1
631
Developed countries
73
190
289
474
663
763
1,298
,
1,638
,
1
402
Less developed countries
18
52
125
463
604
785
1,037
1
383
,
1
796
Czechoslovakia
1,929
2,688
3,792
8,158
10,011
11,669
13,313
,
15
286
,
15
544
USSR
659
1,023
1,222
2,664
3,397
4,041
4,771
,
5,493
,
735
5
Eastern Europe
561
789
1,213
2,621
3,376
3,857
4,046
4
294
,
4
080
Developed countries
335
468
783
1,673
1,943
2,143
2,690
,
3
242
,
3
200
Less developed countries
200
255
331
706
802
979
1,044
,
1
302
,
1
508
East Germany c
2,207
3,085
4,647
10,680
12,778
14,963
16,610
,
18
848
,
19
398
USSR
,
,
924
1,311
1,742
3,700
4,306
5,291
6,080
6,666
7
165
Eastern Europe
588
852
1,386
3,368
4,160
4,765
5,783
5
303
,
4
954
Developed countries
446
657
1,078
2,631
3,007
3,386
3,564
,
4
542
,
4
763
Less develo
d
t
i
,
,
pe
coun
r
es
89
131
183
431
571
772
977
1
356
1
337
Hungary
874
1,510
2,317
5,694
7,959
8,814
11,117
,
12,503
,
12
223
USSR
256
525
790
2,154
2,817
3,208
3,779
4
579
,
4
929
Eastern Europe
278
468
648
1,591
2,365
2,666
3,303
,
3,282
,
2
925
192
342
630
1,327
1,712
1,980
2,636
3,040
,
2
630
58
107
137
364
473
555
723
848
,
1
020
1,326
2,228
3,548
10,510
12,405
14,488
16,860
17,249
,
13
398
,
403
647
1,024
3,278
3,877
4,411
5,056
5,857
3
910
93
172
258
845
1,005
1,070
1,294
1,649
,
1
538
717
1,102
1,851
5,420
7,064
8,093
9,949
11
792
,
12
915
,
,
281
438
529
1,096
1,363
1,425
1,687
2,326
2
326
,
189
260
395
1,011
1,592
1,893
1,879
2,102
1
892
,
154
277
622
1,899
2,139
2,641
3,592
4
292
4
424
,
,
40
68
153
985
1,499
1,453
1,930
2,121
3,300
a Domestic currency converted into US dollars at the ex- b Preliminary. US dollar rate understates the value of trade. East Germany
change rate prevailing at time of transactions. Exports are c The official West German deutsche mark/US dollar rate converts West German marks into East German marks at
on an f.o.b. basis. Trade with the Communist countries was was used to convert intra-German trade in East German parity, but actually the East German mark is worth less
derived by converting the value of the trade expressed in the marks to US dollars because using the East German mark/ than the West German mark.
currency of each East European country to rubles and then
to dollars at the prevailing foreign exchange rate.
 East European Imports, by Country a
1960
1965
1970
1975
1977
Bulgaria
625
1,178
1,831
5,528
6,344
USSR
332
589
955
2,826
3,617
Eastern Europe
174
236
372
1,007
1,245
Developed countries
89
266
355
1,289
1,019
Less developed countries
13
37
81
209
263
Czechoslovakia
1,816
2,673
3,695
8,874
10,883
USSR 630 955 1,209 2,818 3,637
Eastern Europe 524 851 1,123 2,839 3,353
Developed countries 360 514 917 2,244 2,640
Less developed countries 161 197 214 501 733
East Germany c 2,194 2,823 4,923 11,947 15,049
USSR 958 1,205 1,945 4,172 5,137
Eastern Europe 496 693 1,246 3,147 4,183
Developed countries 484 656 1,378 3,704 4,365
Less developed countries 90 120 182 483 723
Hungary 976 1,520 2,505 6,795 8,558
USSR 303 553 832 2,284 2,859
Eastern Europe 317 415 726 1,813 2,280
Developed countries 237 383 678 1,966 2,441
Less developed countries 58 113 177 498 640
Poland 1,495 2,340 3,608 12,752 14,767
USSR 465 728 1,361 3,294 4,310
Eastern Europe 400 706 1,000 2,354 3,046
Developed countries 447 583 938 6,199 6,374
Less developed countries 99 210 196 597 700
Romania 648 1,077 1,960 5,418 7,060
USSR 266 406 501 951 1,356
Eastern Europe 173 210 441 1,078 1,597
Developed countries 155 363 786 2,285 2,576
Less developed countries 20 55 117 732 1,109
1978
1979
1980
1981b
7,658
8,580
9,777
10,562
4,571
5,042
5,639
5,840
1,433
1,587
1,777
1,617
1,151
1,321
1,657
2,067
249
300
378
480
12,488
14,371
15,537
15,275
4,377
5,131
5,658
5,988
4,007
4,401
4,505
4,017
2,897
3,408
3,691
3,551
606
709
829
810
16,452
18,384
20,774
20,888
5,686
6,546
7,508
7,682
4,750
5,105
4,947
4,741
4,622
5,681
6,332
6,350
673
885
1,288
1,150
10,584
11,919
12,628
12,045
3,672
4,325
4,620
4,432
2,451
2,875
3,186
2,831
3,210
3,330
3,719
3,682
710
712
848
757
16,489
18,164
19,437
15,658
5,036
5,831
6,698
6,776
3,549
3,729
3,963
3,273
6,510
6,665
6,699
4,476
858
1,373
1,789
946
8,926
11,168
13,037
12,527
1,436
1,641
2,131
2,473
1,856
2,137
2,055
1,908
3,499
3,987
4,073
3,413
1,521
2,636
3,841
3,760
a Imports are f.o.b. except for Hungary, which is on a c.i.f. b Preliminary. US dollar rate understates the value of trade. East Germany
basis. Trade with the Communist countries was derived by - The official West German deutsche mark/US dollar rate converts West German marks into East German marks at
converting the value of the trade expressed in the currency was used to convert intra-German trade in East German parity, but actually the East German mark is worth less
of each East European country to rubles and then to dollars marks to US dollars because using the East German mark/ than the West German mark.
at the prevailing foreign exchange rate.
 1970
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981b
Bulgaria
2,004
4,807
6,303
7,485
9,013
10,491
10,469
Machinery and equipment
581
1,956
2,855
3,525
4,029
4,658
4,816
Fuels, minerals, and metals
162
375
536
666
1,181
1,574
1,570
Agricultural and forestry products
870
1,620
1,847
2,028
2,298
2,560
2,303
Manufactured consumer goods
295
495
605
734
847
923
942
Other
96
361
460
532
658
776
838
Czechoslovakia
3,792
8,158
10,011
11,669
13,313
15,286
15,544
Machinery and equipment
1,911
3,916
5,136
6,161
6,803
7,689
NA
Fuels, minerals, and metals
705
1,574
1,672
1,785
2,263
2,629
NA
Agricultural and forestry products
277
587
741
887
1,038
1,315
NA
Manufactured consumer goods
629
1,485
1,752
1,972
2,197
2,430
NA
Other
270
596
710
864
1,012
1,223
NA
East Germany
4,647
10,680
12,778
14,963
16,610
18,848
19,398
Machinery and equipment
2,402
5,415
6,823
8,230
9,268
9,669
NA
Fuels, minerals, and metals
469
1,292
1,431
1,511
1,960
2,790
NA
Agricultural and forestry products
344
972
920
1,167
1,013
1,206
NA
Manufactured consumer goods
939
1,666
1,955
2,244
2,475
2,790
NA
Other
493
1,335
1,649
1,811
1,894
2,394
NA
Hungary
2,317
5,694
7,959
8,814
11,117
12,503
12,223
Machinery and equipment
755
2,107
2,674
3,050
3,802
4,026
3
801
Fuels, minerals, and metals
334
678
1,051
1,111
1,601
1,800
,
1
899
Agricultural and forestry products
619
1,435
2,093
2,274
2,657
3,263
,
3
080
Manufactured consumer goods
494
1,162
1,536
1,763
2,001
2,176
,
1,943
115
312
605
616
1,056
1,238
1
500
3,548
10,510
12,405
14,488
16,860
17,249
,
13,398
1,366
4,109
5,334
6,389
7,739
7,659
6
431
848
3,058
3,076
3,492
4,046
4,399
,
3
617
600
1,209
1,439
1,579
1,787
1,708
,
938
571
1,534
1,948
2,362
2,563
2,639
1
742
163
600
608
666
725
845
,
670
1,851
5,420
7,064
8,093
9,949
11,792
12
915
422
1,371
1,886
2,307
2,607
3,090
,
NA
420
1,209
1,469
1,805
2,905
3,479
NA
496
1,225
1,724
1,619
1,701
1,957
NA
335
873
1,173
1,416
1,622
1,828
NA
178
742
812
946
1,114
1,439
NA
a The values of East Eurpoean exports by commodity group
were calculated by applying East European data on percent-
age breakdowns to total exports expressed in US dollars (see
Table 70, footnote a).
b Preliminary.
 East European Imports, by Commodity Group a
1970
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981 b
Bulgaria
1,831
5,528
6,344
7,658
8,580
9,777
10,562
Machinery and equipment
743
2,289
2,512
3,086
3,183
3,461
3,591
minerals, and metals
Fuels
533
1,852
2,392
2,956
3,552
4,194
4,647
,
Agricultural and forestry products
291
702
666
766
841
948
1,056
Manufactured consumer goods
104
282
285
314
386
430
528
Other
160
403
489
536
618
744
740
Czechoslovakia
3,695
8,874
10,883
12,488
14,371
15,537
15,275
1,234
3,204
4,244
4,983
5,260
5,687
NA
868
2,467
3,123
3,721
4,455
4,925
NA
890
1,544
1,937
1,886
2,414
2,501
NA
314
683
653
787
862
917
NA
East Germany
4,923
11,947
15,049
16,452
18,384
20,774
20,888
Machinery and equipment
1,684
3,680
5,011
5,594
6,085
6,398
NA
minerals, and metals
Fuels
1,359
3,644
4,364
4,902
6,029
7,624
NA
,
Agricultural and forestry products
1,383
2,700
3,311
3,422
3,566
3,926
NA
Manufactured consumer goods
222
669
692
839
974
1,039
NA
Other
275
1,254
1,671
1,695
1,730
1,787
NA
Hungary
2,505
6,795
8,558
10,584
11,919
12,628
12,045
Machinery and equipment
774
2,188
2,790
3,662
4,041
3,877
3,216
minerals, and metals
Fuels
591
1,855
2,054
2,582
3,194
3,410
4,375
,
Agricultural and forestry products
611
1,291
1,814
1,990
2,098
2,349
1,096
Manufactured consumer goods
193
482
616
794
858
972
1,108
Other
336
979
1,284
1,556
1,728
2,020
2,250
Poland
3,608
12,752
14,767
16,489
18,164
19,437
15,658
Machinery and equipment
1,306
4,769
5,582
6,249
6,357
6,356
5,167
minerals, and metals
Fuels
960
3,826
4,076
4,551
5,377
6,045
6,263
,
Agricultural and forestry products
772
2,270
2,747
3,166
3,615
4,062
2,975
Manufactured consumer goods
231
676
960
1,039
1,162
1,244
939
Other
339
1,211
1,402
1,484
1,653
1,730
314
Romania
1,960
5,418
7,060
8,926
11,168
13,037
12,527
Machinery and equipment
790
1,880
2,591
3,312
3,585
3,207
NA
Fuels, minerals, and metals
596
2,070
2,640
3,365
4,836
6,558
NA
a The values of East European imports by commodity group
age breakdowns to total imports expressed in US dollars (see
b Preliminary.
were calculated by applying East European data on percent-
Table 71, footnote a).
 Cuban Foreign Trade a
Trade
Countries
Total
USSR
Eastern
Europe
Other b
Exports
691
529
323
103
103
162
Imports
866
649
428
98
123
217
Exports
1,050
778
529
150
99
272
Imports
1,311
905
691
125
89
406
Exports
3,572
2,401
2,011
279
111
1,171
Imports
3,767
1,935
1,513
304
118
1,832
Exports
3,284
2,484
1,998
353
133
800
Imports
3,879
2,267
1,818
356
93
1,612
Exports
3,669
3,056
2,602
341
113
613
Imports
4,362
2,907
2,341
471
95
1,455
Exports
4,575
3,868
3,319
399
150
707
Imports
4,753
3,782
3,096
537
149
971
Exports
4,830
3,967
3,270
512
185
863
Imports
5,088
4,220
3,483
572
165
868
Exports
5,593
3,930
3,177
569
184
1,663
Imports
6,358
4,949
3,963
811
175
1,409
Exports
5,451
4,195
3,142
NA
NA
1,256
Imports
6,504
5,248
4,125
NA
NA
1,256
a Exports are on an f.o.b. basis; imports are on a c.i.f. basis. quently subsidized in Cuba's favor and do not reflect real b Including data for China, Mongolia, North Korea, and
Cuban trade with non-Communist countries is based on market values. The result is a more favorable global trade Vietnam.
hard currency world prices while its Communist country balance than if Cuba conducted all of its trade at world c Preliminary.
trade uses soft currency negotiated prices which are fre- market prices.
 Total
691
1,050
2,707
3,572
3,284
3,669
4,575
4,830
5,593
Sugar
591
806
2,336
3,209
2,855
3,067
3,931
4,909
4,625
579
785
2,299
3,183
2,832
3,038
3,905
4,035
4,572
12
21
37
26
23
29
26
55
53
1965
1970
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
Total
866
1,311
2,693
3,767
3,879
4,362
4,753
5,088
6,358
Foodstuffs
205
263
684
718
723
736
861
NA
NA
Machinery and transportation equipment
133
368
552
911
1,220
1,433
1,277
NA
NA
Manufactures
153
131
341
465
399
438
541
NA
NA
 US Economic Loans and Grants Extended
to the Less Developed Countries a
Total
NA
4,908
5,590
6,626
7,106
7,572
Africa
9,141
335
417
603
601
799
Ethiopia
393
24
6
10
16
15
Ghana
416
8
13
12
24
28
Liberia
367
16
21
7
18
23
Libya
21
0
0
0
0
0
Morocco
1,062
24
27
36
27
27
Nigeria
406
9
0
0
0
0
Tunisia
936
13
24
39
32
29
Zaire
658
5
46
32
37
26
Other
4,691
236
280
467
447
651
East Asia
27,419
437
341
375
352
407
Indonesia
2,887
90
134
197
191
196
Kampuchea
941
149
0
0
0
38
Laos
903
26
0
1
2
0
2,200
68
87
84
72
83
6,012
37
77
59
41
31
China (Taiwan)
2,207
0
0
0
0
0
Thailand
773
7
18
11
26
30
Other
11,496
359
25
23
20
29
Latin America
12,915
520
348
385
449
499
Bolivia
819
26
46
53
51
30
Brazil
2,427
15
4
2
2
2
Chile
1,182
96
33
7
14
10
Colombia
1,367
28
9
7
9
23
Dominican Republic
685
12
14
6
48
56
Ecuador
338
8
4
6
6
12
Guatemala
470
14
21
11
25
13
Mexico
336
NEGL
16
20
13
7
Other
3,714
538
162
195
189
291
Middle East and South Asia
41,521
1,786
2,396
2,577
2,795
2,802
Afghanistan
537
21
21
12
11
0
Bangladesh
1,655
304
145
194
208
157
7,317
920
5
26
58
0
56
0
41
30
704
334
135
14
0
98
29
0
31
27
588
12
1
10
5
39
18
19
9
384
2,852
0
152
 Table 77 (continued)
US Economic Loans and Grants Extended
to the Less Developed Countries a
Egypt
Greece
India
Iran
Israel
6,350
353
742
792
790
786
764
Jordan
1,436
99
84
103
101
73
13
Pakistan
5,050
181
108
78
50
59
79
Turkey
3,185
4
NEGL
1
70
198
201
Other
2,729
203
262
258
249
141
235
Europe and Oceania
NA
95
263
360
52
95
44
Spain
Other
a Data are for fiscal years and are for official development b Data are reported on a net basis, excluding total c Data reported are on a gross basis.
assistance, which is concessional. deobligations.
a Net disbursements. Official flows consist of Official Devel- credits, and portfolio investment. Data differs from those
opment Assistance (ODA) and Other Official Flows (OOF). presented in earlier editions of the Handbook.
Private flows consist of direct investment, private export
 Gross Official Bilateral Capital Flows a from Development
Assistance Committee Members to the Less Developed Countries, 1954-80
244,715
102,115
142,600
60,416
9,080
51,336
7,312
913
6,399
368
172
196
Other
52,736
7,995
44,741
East Asia
43,038
24,500
18,538
Indonesia
9,749
3,127
6,622
South Korea
9,820
7,088
2,732
Other
23,469
14,285
9,184
Latin America
39,724
19,760
19,964
Brazil
7,522
4,710
2,812
Chile
3,189
2,266
923
Other
29,013
12,784
16,229
Middle East and South Asia
70,994
36,770
34,224
Afghanistan
853
466
387
Egypt
6,904
4,370
2,534
India
20,749
10,200
10,549
Iran
2,846
1,177
1,669
Iraq
426
53
373
Turkey
6,712
3,366
3,346
Other
21,877
11,379
10,498
Europe
6,752
3,900
2,852
Other
23,791
8,105
15,686
a Total gross official capital flows include official develop- b Including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,
ment assistance, which is concessional, and other official Finland, France, Italy, Japan, Norway, the Netherlands,
flows, which are less concessional or are primarily trade Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and West Ger-
facilitating in character. Data does not include flows to many; also including Portugal for the period 1954-72. New
Yugoslavia. Zealand became a DAC member in 1974.
 Energy
Tabte7 80. r rr, " aryS n rg ctio
Ta7 le 8 y7. ' _.~ ra mry Energy nsumpitio n
T"t. c.;f 2. `~T"S^r .~F ~Y ,h7Fkt~ i ry Ener gy Prod {.('::tion, b aT .
rr uNM 2,z . r s ,> a ='X?.u 7.. ~.~ . t L,., _ o , a,f r r . ~2,zr ~, 2 < ..~ r,
ss i
a.
,Y$s,. s~'"ti,a
y r 2
n'^s
i 2 "z r a, r,S Z~,
Y
?
.
s
c
tit"
>Y ~, '~ A ~3~ a .
r
~~
i,
~
?
{.~
-p
y~y2,pp
r
''{
y [!
y~ fi'
a
ry
,ry
Tale r Z h X L2 z rov I esyrves e t rude O 1, l atitural
Table8 a2Z,`ah .? Crudez~Oil el ntng a a:crt
.... ....:....:
~ r ?vkh ~ r -s~ h7~ z?,~ Lyxi??'?t,~,rx jh zZi~LS 2 ^2 ''h , F y i ~
Tabl $ Crude Oil Production
~
z,
xs,.; s< r,
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g'
.
v
`Table $V:zz17 z . rud ,O h u i{n
Table rx ~rx7 s z~3 'ta or Exporter f, pal
hr
'Emile 8& z tzF2 rL air porte of Oil
c,s
~"~?
^
G:"'.ir r K
,.s r'
>`3? r
I
r
z
~~
za
a
k
? z?
l
a,~1
x a'2r Lar ~y,7
'r S^
hs~
..::
ry ar'Fa~m 2t`r~^F,"zr> Xr trfR?z~{" r,~s F,z~.yr y ~tiz~ .3hI ~~ z,w~~.~ ;
abler Q r t sL s t Ylit z .a~rtion
~.;a... z H rrx z;.,
'r
;sF^L 'X Yty.,,,..,
~ ?F'k y^
r z.~" z z xF t, r s z hz
2
aZ
z
z
r
a~?,~,...z t
,
.,s
il
z
7
Table 9f r f~ a coa Prr ucrtion~{.
-
z a n , :~, se rte:
7t v~ - rx;v ~,r z>t ^?,F i . z? c ,;F.. zti l `hYa 3>-Y? ; r -'
Tale z ~, ~ sL LzY ictrz' t ot} ct r
7y ., ~~,: ~'r,~M ~ J~s~.~ 1 .,nSo. ry. .?5.. .. ?,S' :, a .2 ~ 1 ?l ?~,~.a ,...
Taible" 94,w t is ~ zs ~lectrictt XGenet tins c apaci
fa h.,j .,.'
z``'+. - zaai t~ ~, to ~ .3 z r Nr
Y
zs s
?
~K t~? t i
r
F
2
l
z
~
Y
2o..
~.~r~~ ~
Tail 9 p~ yr zy >Nuclea Electrici y Generat wcapacttj
'ss? L,a cos' .k~a i`FY~c,,.., ,, r._A. .,x{tib r,a2.:~i ~, z``^,, i?, ~, ?a h, r;-s.,. L ,.t aF -..*
126
1127
12$
 Primary Energy Production a
United States
21,143
24,918
30,819
31,071
30,508
30,154
30,403
30,886
32,146
32,679
32,529
Canada
1,750
2,539
3,709
4,942
4,893
4,678
4,772
4,834
5,258
4,837
4,758
Japan
1,017
1,106
1,028
774
861
874
849
990
1,072
1,186
1,201
Norway
158
255
298
403
427
595
653
991
1,297
1,424
1,412
6,940
7,280
7,220
7,770
7,850
8,280
9,220
9,340
9,970
10,100
10,600
31
274
161
129
120
146
160
155
144
155
157
1,082
1,115
1,026
860
874
899
977
980
983
1,101
1,382
395
423
490
502
504
510
532
539
532
524
527
216
233
648
1,349
1,583
1,702
1,671
1,587
1,662
1,562
1,446
2,691
2,680
2,346
2,453
2,290
2,571
3,363
3,642
4,131
4,242
4,450
2,503
2,521
2,495
2,400
2,402
2,357
2,398
2,318
2,390
2,423
2,449
Iran
1,126
1,977
3,920
6,267
6,481
5,802
6,096
5,654
3,564
1,846
1,447
Kuwait
1,766
2,451
3,138
3,171
2,686
2,225
2,137
2,312
2,771
1,880
1,353
Saudi Arabia
1,405
2,313
3,929
7,763
8,717
7,312
9,572
8,713
10,046
10,525
10,749
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
13,100
17,800
22,300
25,100
26,400
27,700
30,500
31,600
32,600
33,400
33,700
USSR
9,240
13,190
17,040
19,540
20,740
21,910
24,290
25,400
26,300
27,150
27,720
Eastern Europe
3,870
4,570
5,280
5,550
5,660
5,840
6,180
6,250
6,330
6,250
5,950
a Data are for coal, crude oil, natural gas, and hydroelectric
and nuclear electric power expressed in terms of oil equiva-
lent, and exclude minor fuels such as peat, shale, and
fuelwood.
b Including data for Luxembourg.
 Primary Energy Consumption a
United States
20,628
24,782
31,577
35,233
34,534
33,423
36,559
37,946
37,987
36,760
Canada
1,960
2,417
3,148
3,882
3,832
3,942
4,245
4,352
4,491
4,599
Japan
1,931
3,179
5,821
7,068
7,148
6,879
7,239
7,394
7,702
7,620
Norway
186
267
360
408
401
406
414
457
491
487
588
751
971
1,093
1,064
972
1,020
1,066
1,098
1,057
1,840
2,364
3,080
3,781
3,669
3,454
3,699
3,916
4,059
4,044
1,058
1,617
2,479
2,796
2,793
2,666
2,875
2,858
2,972
2,925
487
735
1,156
1,468
1,410
1,392
1,497
1,546
1,602
1,500
United Kingdom
3,506
3,962
4,358
4,587
4,384
4,129
4,286
4,288
4,460
4,079
West Germany
2,960
3,762
4,798
5,390
5,266
4,935
5,345
5,512
5,759
5,501
Other countries
Bulgaria
132
254
391
470
504
526
591
613
650
689
Czechoslovakia
798
986
1,136
1,243
1,275
1,298
1,452
1,439
1,496
1,470
East Germany
1,171
1,336
1,491
1,538
1,555
1,576
1,676
1,707
1,798
1,835
a Data are for coal, crude oil, natural gas, and hydroelectric b Including data for Luxembourg.
and nuclear electric power expressed in terms of oil equiva-
lent. Data exclude minor fuels such as peat, shale, and
fuelwood and include marine bunkers.
 Coal
Crude
Oil
Natural
Gas
Hydro/
Nuclear
Coal
Crude
Oil
Natural
Gas
Hydro/
Nuclear
Coal
Crude
Oil
Natural
Gas
Hydro/
Nuclear
7,359
11,380
10,686
1,394
9,785
10,168
9,935
2,791
9,629
10,156
9,930
2,814
171
1,625
1,110
803
437
1,754
1,194
1,452
462
1,605
1,175
1,516
538
18
45
427
244
10
41
891
240
8
55
898
6
0
0
292
4
566
431
423
4
534
448
426
Belgium b
154
0
1
6
86
0
0
69
83
0
0
74
France
523
68
118
317
256
51
129
665
277
56
129
920
Italy
9
30
227
224
7
39
214
264
8
38
205
276
Netherlands
59
43
544
2
0
35
1,506
21
0
34
1,394
18
United Kingdom
1,992
0
194
160
1,762
1,642
626
212
1,730
1,846
653
221
West Germany
1,999
152
224
120
1,690
92
327
314
1,711
85
283
370
a Data are for coal, crude oil, natural gas, and hydroelectric
lent, and exclude minor fuels such as peat, shale, and
b Including data for Luxembourg.
and nuclear electric power expressed in terms of oil equiva-
fuelwood.
 Proved Reserves of Crude Oil, Natural Gas,
and Coal, Yearend 1981 a
Natural Gas
Coal c
Natural Gas b
Coal b
Crude Oil b
(Trillion Cubic
(Million Metric
Crude Oil b
(Trillion Cubic
(Million Metric
(Billion Barrels)
Feet)
Tons)
(Billion Barrels)
Feet)
Tons)
OECD
Other countries (continued)
United States
30
198
190,900
Nigeria
17
41
100
Canada
7
90
4,400
Oman
3
3
0
Norway
8
49
NA
Qatar
3
60
0
Saudi Arabia
165
114
0
United Kingdom
15
26
45,000
South Africa
0
0
25,300
West Germany
NEGL
6
34,500
Syria
2
3
0
Other countries
United Arab Emirates
31
23
0
Algeria
8
131
NA
Brazil
1
2
900
Communist countries
Ecuador
1
4
0
USSR and Eastern Europe
Egypt
3
3
NEGL
USSR
40-100 d
1,060 a
165,500
India
3
12
13,100
Eastern Europe
Indonesia
10
27
200
Poland
NEGL
5
30,600
Iran
57
484
200
Romania
1
9
400
Libya
23
23
0
Mexico
57
75
1,500
a The portion of total resources which has been assessed as d The Soviets do not publish reserve statistics on oil. Most
being exploitable under local economic conditions and avail- recent published US and Western European estimates fall
able technology. within this range.
b Source for Non-Communist countries: Oil and Gas e Including proved, probable, and some possible reserves.
Journal.
Yearend 1980. Data are expressed in terms of coal equiva-
lent (7,000 kilocalories per kilogram). Source: World Energy
Conference of Energy Resources, 1980.
 44,216
Gabon
20
United States
18,700
Indonesia
498
Australia
742
Iran
530
Canada
2,200
Iraq
169
Japan
5,601
Kuwait
623
Spain
1,517
Libya
130
European Community
15,456
Nigeria
254
Belgium
1,035
Qatar
13
France
3,291
487
Italy
4,003
Venezuela
1
323
Netherlands
1,708
Argentina
,
677
United Kingdom
2,482
Bahamas
500
West Germany
2,937
Brazil
1
407
4,387
Egypt
,
292
Abu Dhabi
128
India
557
Algeria
122
Mexico
1
470
Ecuador
90
,
782
456
640
USSR and Eastern Europe
12,530
USSR
10,000
Eastern Europe
2,530
Bulgaria
300
Czechoslovakia
450
East Germany
450
Hungary
300
Poland
380
Romania
650
Other
China
1,860
Cuba
139
North Korea
66
 1960
1965
1970
1973
1974
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
OECD b
7,860
9,010
11,500
11,800
11,200
10,800
11,300
12,200
12,800
12,900
12,900
United States
7,055
7,804
9,648
9,208
8,774
8,375
8,245
8,707
8,533
8,595
8,568
Canada
526
793
1,305
1,800
1,684
1,439
1,320
1,313
1,496
1,424
1,285
European Community
221
309
264
212
200
197
955
1,270
1,750
1,810
2,020
Other countries
Algeria
183
544
976
1,065
980
945
1,100
1,161
1,154
1,012
805
Gabon
16
25
104
150
202
223
222
209
203
175
151
Indonesia
411
501
855
1,339
1,375
1,307
1,686
1,635
1,591
1,577
1,604
Iran
1,068
1,895
3,831
5,861
6,022
5,350
5,663
5,242
3,168
1,662
1,380
477
3
514
2
1
000
Iraq
1,004
1,311
1,563
2,018
1,971
2,262
2,348
2,562
,
,
,
Kuwait c
1,696
2,362
2,983
3,018
2,547
2,085
1,980
2,130
2,497
1,656
1,124
Libya
0
1,238
3,321
2,175
1,521
1,480
2,063
1,983
2,092
1,787
1,140
Mexico
271
328
420
465
571
705
981
1,209
1,461
1,937
2,312
Nigeria
17
263
1,090
2,054
2,255
1,783
2,085
1,897
2,302
2,055
1,430
Qatar
175
227
367
570
518
438
445
487
508
472
405
Saudi Arabia c
1,315
2,204
3,789
7,600
8,480
7,075
9,214
8,302
9,535
9,900
9,814
United Arab Emirates
0
282
691
1,533
1,680
1,663
1,998
1,830
1,831
1,709
1,501
Venezuela
2,846
3,473
3,708
3,366
2,976
2,346
2,238
2,166
2,356
2,167
2,101
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
3,210
5,140
7,300
8,710
9,300
9,920
11,000
11,500
11,700
12,000
12,100
USSR
2,943
4,835
6,976
8,370
8,950
9,570
10,700
11,140
11,405
11,700
11,800
Eastern Europe
266
304
327
342
348
349
350
331
302
286
287
4
5
7
4
3
2
3
3
5
5
Czechoslovakia
3
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
East Germany
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Hungary
24
36
39
40
40
40
44
44
41
41
40
Poland
4
7
8
8
11
11
7
7
7
7
7
Romania
230
251
268
286
290
292
293
274
246
230
232
Other
Albania
15
16
30
34
35
37
38
NA
NA
NA
China d
102
228
602
1,138
1,364
1,542
1,874
2,082
2,122
2,114
2,024
Cuba
1
1
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
Yugoslavia
18
40
57
68
69
74
79
82
83
85
88
a Unless otherwise indicated, data are for crude oil and c Including about one-half of neutral zone production, which
exclude natural gas liquids, shale oil, natural gasoline, and amounted to 371,000 barrels per day in 1981.
synthetic crude oil. d Including small quantities of synthetic crude oil.
 Crude Oil Consumption
1960
1965
1970
1973
1974
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
United States
9,797
11,513
14,697
16,855
16,175
15,860
17,895
18,330
17
985
16
410
15
985
Japan
590
1,750
4,000
5,390
5,250
4,965
5,400
5,420
,
5
500
,
5
000
,
4
740
Canada
837
1,115
1,484
1,755
1,690
1,765
1,765
1,800
,
1
850
,
1
815
,
1
685
Western Europe
4,010
7,660
12,400
14,700
13,800
13,100
13,600
14,000
,
14,400
,
13
400
,
12
300
Belgium, Luxembourg,
Netherlands
420
835
1,290
1,470
1,275
1,195
1,280
1,315
1,390
,
1,310
,
1,175
France
579
1,117
1,949
2,485
2,360
2,215
2,255
2,360
2
395
2
280
2
000
Italy
475
1,042
1,760
2,080
2,075
1,905
1,910
1,965
,
2
035
,
1
950
,
1
875
Spain a
121
253
540
760
845
890
955
975
,
1,035
,
1,040
,
990
United Kingdom
975
1,473
2,030
2,270
2,145
1,870
1,865
1,905
1
895
1
615
1
485
West Germa
6
,
,
,
ny
59
1,569
2,572
2,985
2,675
2,565
2,705
2,855
2,900
2
605
2
330
Other
778
1,372
2,261
2,640
2,410
2,430
2,670
2,675
2,735
,
2,550
,
2
415
a Including the Canary Islands.
,
Major Exporters of Oil a
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1,055
1,203
1,522
1,690
1,661
1,993
1,824
1,815
1,629
1
411
Algeria
985
693
1,007
1,029
937
940
1,065
1,081
1,031
892
,
675
Indonesia
725
7
49
943
1,167
1,160
1,095
1,473
1,387
1,270
1,182
1
154
Iran
3
519
4
,
,
,173
4,675
5,424
5,532
4,886
4,986
4,575
2,580
1
092
880
Ira
1
499
,
q
,
1,622
1,437
1,933
1,870
2,096
2,203
2,418
3,309
2,299
775
Kuwait
2
831
,
3,009
3,136
2,847
2,396
1,944
1,938
2,088
2,507
1
531
969
Lib
a
3
313
,
y
,
2,747
2,215
2,210
1,518
1,478
2,034
1,954
2,051
1,697
1
040
Nigeria
1,055
1,495
1,759
1,993
2,183
1,719
2,044
1,831
2,216
1
850
,
1
205
Saudi Arabia
3
564
4
48
,
,
,
,
1
5,764
7,346
8,244
6,932
8,950
8,064
9,192
9,365
9
229
Venezu
la
3
470
3
28
,
e
,
,
2
3,065
3,150
2,752
2,086
1,964
1,942
2,074
1
802
1
701
Communist countries
,
,
USSR c
1
920
2
11
,
,
0
2,140
2,380
2,340
2,600
3,130
3,300
3,280
3,300
3
250
a Including refined products.
b Excluding bunkers.
c Gross basis.
,
 Major Importers of Oil
1970
1971
1972
1973 11974
1975
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
United States
3,419
3,926
4,741
6,256 6,088
6,056
8,808
8,364
8,388
6,767
5,982
Canada
800
866
941
1,054 901
870
739
677
634
595
567
Japan
4,206
4,442
4,839
5,576 5,460
5,008
5,454
5,347
5,635
5,091
4,650
European Community
France
2,146
2,333
2,557
2,875 2,742
2,278
2,514
2,494
2,762
2,549
2,177
Italy
2,345
2,426
2,485
2,669 2,516
2,121
2,302
2,363
2,435
2,152
2,126
United Kingdom
2,487
2,586
2,613
2,738 2,585
2,052
1,691
1,596
1,471
1,158
925
West Germany
2,676
2,764
2,880
3,046 2,796
2,509
2,768
2,848
2,972
2,692
2,278
Other countries
Brazil
380
456
515
751 728
731
837
945
984
932
820
India
264
304
313
343 340
320
356
376
414
459
450
Philippines
188
186
188
191 188
197
216
217
222
223
208
Thailand
105
129
151
172 142
167
186
218
225
233
215
 Imports of Crude Oil and Refined Products
by the OECD Countries, 1981
Austra-
lia
New
Zealand
Total
West
Ger-
many
France
United
King-
dom
Italy
Nether-
lands
Spain
Other
Algeria
804
303
47
17
437
148
112
13
76
31
39
18
0
0
Bahrian
45
0
27
0
4
0
2
NEGL
NEGL
2
0
NEGL
9
5
Egypt
254
36
5
0
213
12
7
30
144
1
11
8
0
0
Iraq
507
19
58
NEGL
430
4
46
8
156
2
46
168
0
0
Kuwait
583
1
255
12
279
18
25
87
40
75
13
21
32
4
Libya
1,185
432
21
8
724
216
32
9
214
19
91
143
0
0
Qatar
344
7
150
0
182
6
52
1
33
47
30
13
0
5
Saudi Arabia
7,232
1,247
1,708
170
3,979
518
932
348
649
355
294
883
108
20
Syria
27
6
3
0
18
0
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
United Arab Emirates
1,247
197
581
3
449
72
145
44
45
25
52
66
17
0
OAPEC
12,228
2,248
2,855
210
6,715
994
1,371
540
1,357
557
576
1,320
166
34
Ecuador
76
49
26
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
101
45
0
0
56
7
16
6
5
13
9
0
0
0
1,168
386
705
0
35
3
0
0
24
3
0
5
29
13
482
4
135
0
343
30
29
25
56
10
101
92
0
0
1,180
672
21
4
483
103
111
3
48
100
37
81
0
0
a Products traced to source of crude. d Excluding intra-OECD trade.
b OAPEC members excluding Bahrain, Egypt, and Syria c Excluding intra-West European trade.
plus other countries shown. r Including bunkers, refinery fuel, losses, and refinery gains.
c Including unknown.
 13,700
18,200
27,100
31,100
30,700
29,500
29,900
29,900
31,300
30,000
29,900
United States c
12,770
16,040
21,920
22,650
21,600
20,110
20,025
19,975
20,470
20,380
20,370
Australia d
NEGL
NEGL
53
145
160
175
240
255
285
310
420
Canada
525
1,440
2,275
3,120
3,045
3,090
3,230
3,130
3,345
2,450
2,410
0
0
0
0
0
10
90
450
905
885
920
European Community
356
613
2,690
5,010
5,700
5,950
6,060
5,870
6,040
5,790
5,510
France
100
178
243
260
270
260
270
280
275
265
265
Italy
228
276
465
540
540
515
455
465
455
440
420
Netherlands
12
57
1,117
2,640
3,120
3,385
3,320
3,150
3,300
3,090
2,860
United Kingdom
NEGL
4
398
1,020
1,230
1,275
1,435
1,350
1,365
1,285
1,340
West Germany
16
98
465
550
540
515
580
625
630
670
580
49
149
212
240
255
280
305
295
295
330
365
34
43
71
695
785
770
740
685
705
292
52
Kuwait
33
63
180
185
185
185
210
220
305
305
356
Mexico a
222
250
481
540
560
585
600
745
920
1,299
1,480
Venezuela
163
250
349
460
475
450
525
510
575
520
605
USSR and Eastern
Europe
2,040
5,230
a Data include only gas from natural gas wells and associat-
ed gas from petroleum fields.
b Data are for net production-that is,'for gas actually
collected and utilized as fuel or raw material. They exclude
gas used for reinjection, as well as gas flared, vented, or
wasted, whether or not it has been processed for the
extraction of natural gasoline.
c Data for the United States are in terms of net marketed A much smaller share of total production in the USSR is
production. Data for the USSR refer to gross production less believed to be used for reinjection.
losses and waste. US gross production (less losses and waste), d Twelve months ending 30 June of the stated year.
which includes gas reinjected in order to maintain reservoir a Including gas used for repressuring and gas wasted..
pressure, would be as follows (in billion cubic feet): rGross production.
1960
1965
1970
1973
1974
1975
14,510
17,660
23,790
24,070
22,850
21,100
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
21,100
21,310
21,400
21,600
20,900
 OECD
923
992
983
914
898
953
977
948
1,040
1,100
1,100
United States
391.53
475.28
550.39
530.13
539.34
576.18
606.25
577.08
670.90
710.38
697.61
Australia
21.90
30.06
45.21 b
55.48 b
57.97 b
60.70
70.90
71.83
73.42
78.36
94.00
Canada
8.02
8.64
11.60
16.82
17.78
21.71
23.04
25.42
28.01
30.58
32.20
Japan e
51.07
49.53
39.69
22.41
20.33
19.00
18.25
18.99
17.64
18.03
17.69
Spain
13.78
12.94
10.75
10.00
10.45
10.82
12.07
11.69
11.50
12.73
14.27
European Community
432
409
317
272
244
257
239
236
234
242
242
Belgium
22.47
19.79
11.36
8.84
8.11
7.89
7.07
6.59
6.13
6.32
6.14
France
55.96
51.35
37.36
26.35
24.01
23.64
22.99
21.14
18.61
18.13
19.58
United Kingdom d
196.71
190.50
147.11
132.02
110.45
128.68
122.15
123.58
122.81
130.14
127.79
West Germany e
143.26
135.46
116.34
102.99
100.89
96.76
86.53
85.14
86.32
87.14
88.46
Other countries
India
52.59
67.16
73.69
77.87
84.08
95.89
100.12
101.54
103.45
109.10
121.00
South Africa
38.17
48.46
54.61
62.35
66.06
69.44
85.57
90.36
103.76
115.12
NA
South Korea
5.35
10.25
12.39
13.57
15.29
17.58
17.23
18.06
18.20
18.54
19.98
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern
Europe
496
556
613
657
675
696
728
733
737
725
689
USSR
355.92
397.64
432.72
461.22
473.37
485.00
503.00
501.00
497.00
493.00
487.00
Eastern Europe
140
158
180
196
201
211
225
232
240
232
202
Bulgaria
0.57
0.55
0.40
0.35
0.31
0.33
0.29
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.25
Czechoslovakia
26.40
27.76
28.20
27.78
27.97
28.12
27.96
28.30
28.11
27.68
27.50
East Germany
2.72
2.21
1.05
0.75
0.59
0.54
0.35
0.09
0.05
NEGL
NEGL
Hungary
2.85
4.36
4.15
3.41
3.21
3.02
2.93
2.95
3.00
3.07
3.07
Poland
104.44
118.83
140.10
156.63
162.00
171.62
186.11
192.62
200.94
193.12
163.02
Romania
3.40
4.66
6.40
7.17
7.11
7.32
7.15
7.42
8.11
8.06
8.00
Other
China f
280.00
232.20
327.40
398.10
409.00
478.00
550.00
618.00
635.00
620.00
620.00
North Korea
6.80
12.30
21.80
26.40
25.80
30.40
32.00
33.60
34.60
35.00
35.00
Yugoslavia
1.28
1.17
0.64
0.58
0.60
0.60
0.51
0.47
0.43
0.39
0.38
a Unless otherwise indicated, data are for net production of d Excluding data for Northern Ireland.
anthracite and bituminous coal. e Including low-quality coal at its hard-coal equivalent.
b Twelve months ending 30 June of the stated year. f Raw production. Including a negligible amount of brown
e Including brown coal. coal.
 OECD
111
155
166
190
202
210
229
240
256
266
283
United States
2.49
4.56
7.21
12.88
14.06
17.71
26.24
30.89
38.01
42.31
46.41
Australia
15.21
20.99
24.18 a
24.68 a
27.30 a
28.18
29.27
32.87
32.54
32.89
32.70
Austria
5.97
5.45
3.67
3.63
3.63
3.40
3.13
3.07
2.74
2.88
3.06
Canada
1.97
1.87
3.46
3.65
3.48
3.55
5.48
5.06
5.02
5.98
6.60
Spain
1.76
2.77
2.83
3.00
2.88
3.38
5.81
8.27
10.03
15.71
20.68
Turkey
1.91
3.09
4.44
5.73
6.34
7.11
8.56
9.32
9.35
9.50
10.00
European Community
104
113
120
136
144
146
151
150
158
156
163
Greece
2.49
5.09
8.08
13.57
14.40
18.41
23.57
21.67
23.39
21.72
27.72
West Germany
96.22
101.91
107.77
118.66
126.04
123.38
122.95
123.59
130.58
129.83
130.62
Other countries
USSR and Eastern
Europe b
469
550
587
588
589
602
615
622
627
630
633
USSR
134.21
147.44
144.74
153.47
157.18
160.00
160.00
163.00
161.00
160.00
155.00
Eastern Europe
335
403
442
434
432
442
455
459
466
470
478
Bulgaria
15.42
24.49
28.85
26.46
24.00
27.52
24.89
25.53
27.96
29.95
28.98
Czechoslovakia
57.89
72.33
81.30
81.25
82.16
86.27
93.24
94.88
96.21
95.73
95.30
East Germany
225.47
250.84
261.48
246.25
243.47
246.71
253.70
253.26
256.06
258.10
266.60
Hungary
23.68
27.08
23.68
23.37
22.55
21.87
22.53
22.72
22.66
22.64
22.88
Poland
9.33
22.63
32.77
39.22
39.83
39.87
40.76
41.01
38.08
36.87
35.54
North Korea c
3.80
5.50
5.70
6.60
NA
7.60
8.00
8.40
8.60
8.80
8.90
Yugoslavia
21.43
28.79
27.78
31.87
32.98
34.94
38.57
39.22
41.68
46.61
51.86
a Twelve months ending 30 June of the year stated.
b Net output.
c Including unknown amounts of hard coal.
 OECD b
1,710
2,430
3,520
4,300
4,340
4,400
4,890
5,090
5,260
5,160
5,220
United States c
893.72
1,229.64
1,742.73
2,081.23
2,086.28
2,131.06
2,361.71
2,436.01
2,472.14
2,437.82
2,447.98
Of which: Hydro
149.12
196.98
250.70
275.33
303.95
303.15
223.97
283.83
281.55
276.02
260.68
Australia
23.20
36.91
53.89
64.80
69.74
73.93
82.52
88.52
93.70
97.93
103.10
Canada
115.10
146.32
208.34
268.64
285.48
278.74
323.79
342.69
359.61
373.97
387.79
Japan a
111.49
188.38
359.54
470.29
459.04
475.79
532.61
563.99
589.64
514.03
521.87
Norway
31.14
48.95
57.61
73.06
76.70
77.48
79.72
81.11
88.99
83.99
93.52
Spain
18.61
31.72
56.49
76.27
80.86
82.38
93.80
99.54
105.41
110.32
110.70
Sweden
34.72
49.11
60.64
78.08
75.13
80.57
90.02
92.90
94.28
93.58
99.58
European Community
428
622
866
1,050
1,060
1,050
1,150
1,210
1,270
1,260
1,260
Belgium
15.15
21.71
30.52
41.07
42.76
41.07
47.10
50.84
52.26
53.64
50.65
France
75.01
105.58
146.97
182.36
188.18
185.31
210.71
226.67
241.13
243.29
260.33
Italy
56.24
82.97
117.42
145.52
148.90
147.33
166.55
175.04
180.53
185.02
183.20
Netherlands
16.52
25.01
40.86
52.63
55.35
54.26
58.28
61.60
64.45
64.80
62.24
United Kingdom
136.97
196.50
249.11
281.87
273.13
271.99
283.09
287.69
299.86
285.05
277.72
West Germany
116.42
172.34
242.61
299.00
311.71
301.80
335.32
353.42
374.22
368.77
368.77
Communist countries
USSR and Eastern Europe
406
677
'987
1,220
1,290
1,380
1,530
1,600
1,640
1,71
11,750
USSR
292.27
506.67
740.93
914.61
975.75
1,038.61
1,150.07
1,201.90
1,238.20
1,293.88
1,325.00
Of which: Hydro
50.91
81.43
124.38
122.34
132.03
125.99
147.01
169.70
172.02
183.90
181.00
Eastern Europe
114
170
246
301
319
340
381
402
404
420
420
Bulgaria
4.66
10.25
19.52
21.96
22.81
25.24
29.71
31.49
32.48
34.84
Czechoslovakia
24.46
34.19
45.16
53.47
56.03
59.28
66.50
69.10
68.09
72.73
73.46
East Germany
40.30
53.61
67.65
76.91
80.29
84.51
92.00
95.96
96.85
98.81
100.69
Hungary
7.62
11.18
14.54
17.64
18.98
20.46
23.40
25.54
24.51
23.87
24.21
Poland
29.26
43.77
64.53
84.27
91.60
97.17
109.36
115.36
117.47
121.86
115.01
Romania
7.65
17.22
35.09
46.78
49.06
53.72
59.86
64.26
64.93
67.49
70.00
Other
Albania
0.19
0.34
0.96
1.55
1.65
1.66
1.86
2.08
2.80
NA
NA
China
NA
63.00
107.00
150.00
164.00
187.00
223.40
256.55
281.95
300.60
306.00
2.90
3.56
4.89
5.70
6.02
6.58
7.69
8.46
9.48
9.90
10.60
North Korea
9.14
13.40
16.50
19.60
22.10
22.00
20.00
22.00
25.00
24.00
25.00
Yugoslavia
8.93
15.52
26.02
35.06
39.46
40.04
48.58
51.25
54.97
59.44
a Data are for total (gross) production at generating centers the thermal electric production to include tempt has been made to adjust the net production for
and therefore include transmission losses and station use (see production that is consumed by the station itself. Hydroelec- hydroelectric power.
footnote b). tric production that is consumed by the station itself is a c Beginning in 1980, data are for public utilities only.
b Data are gross production or estimates of gross production negligible part of the gross production. Therefore, no at
based on reported net, adjusted by increasing by 7.5 percent
 Installed Electricity Generating Capacity a
United States b
186.53
254.52
360.33
459.25
495.36
527.35
579.40
598.50
615.69
630.94
634.04
Canada
23.03
29.35
42.83
54.38
57.53
61.35
70.58
74.51
77.23
NA
NA
Japan c
23.64 d
38.06
59.48
85.30
95.50
104.21
116.87
122.35
131.22
137.94
NA
Norway
6.61
9.92
12.91
15.44
16.39
16.93
17.56
18.05
18.94
19.91
NA
Spain
6.57
10.17
17.91
23.20
24.32
25.76
27.55
28.28
27.91
29.32
NA
Sweden
8.96
12.04
15.31
19.46
20.77
23.14
24.73
25.69
25.77
27.42
NA
France
21.17 e
26.97 e
36.22
43.09
44.62
46.29
52.45
54.57
56.38
62.73
70.89
Italy
16.31 e
23.82 e
30.41
36.51
38.34
39.10
42.58
43.50
44.34
46.11
47.22
Netherlands
5.18
7.29
10.11
12.46
12.99
15.45
17.22
18.34
16.76
17.15
17.46
United Kingdom
36.60,
49.29-
62.06
72.65
74.11
73.92
72.67
72.79
74.33
73.75
72.73
West Germany
28.38-
40.60 a
47.54
58.50
66.17
70.11
83.58
80.76
82.79
82.60
84.64
North Korea 1.88 2.12 3.38 4.00 4.50 4.60 5.20 5.30 5.40 NA
Yugoslavia 2.40 3.73 6.97 8.65 8.88 9.39 10.40 11.91 12.89 13.09
a All plants for both public and industrial use. Unless d Capacity as of 31 March 1961.
otherwise indicated, data are as of the end of the year. c Gross capacity.
b Beginning in 1981, data are for public utilities only. r Including 410,000-kW capacity in industrial plants not
e Data are for the year beginning 1 April of the stated linked to the national grid system.
year.
NA
13.27
 Table 95 Thousand Megawatts
Installed Nuclear Electric Generating Capacitya
OECD
0.9
14.3
49.2
62.7
84.3
93.3
106
113
128
United States
0.4
6.0
29.4
37.4
47.6
50.1
50.3
52.2
55.3
Canada
0
0.2
2.5
2.5
4.0
4.8
5.5
5.5
5.5
Japan
0
0.8
3.7
5.0
7.6
11.0
14.5
14.5
15.0
Finland
0
0
0
0
0.4
0.4
1.1
1.1
2.2
Spain
0
0.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
2.0
Sweden
0
NEGL
1.0
2.4
3.7
3.7
3.7
4.6
6.5
Switzerland
0
0.4
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
European Community
0.5
6.7
10.5
13.3
18.9
21.2
27.5
32.1
39.4
Belgium
0
NEGL
NEGL
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
France
0.1
1.7
2.9
2.9
2.9
4.7
8.3
12.9
20.2
Italy
0
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
Netherlands
0
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
United Kingdom
0.4
3.4
4.3
4.3
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
West Germany
NEGL
0.9
2.2
3.3
6.2
5.9
8.6
8.6
8.6
aData are as of the end of the year and presented on a net
basis except for Communist countries which are gross
capacities.
 Minerals and Meats
Tabl 96 Iran Ore Production
rY - r z. z5 y -^z 4 s .
Tablet 97 < 7 Yh~ Manganese Ore Production Lr r i3 5
Table, 98. Tu tgstenrOrehProduction
z zs z ~N :..> ys " s ",c 7r . f,~Z = Fs
Table?} r~ Cromtte Production t t 1t F
y lr Z.z s zny~ t : rs z zF
Tayt y s ~aY.:?nf zH ZI> a y 3 Fir r z tli 2
ble 10~ z z r Bauxite Produ tion g%
aF ry Z `F '~ his k z z 1,
i 2 5 ) 'YI r 'L z d,' =tt y z' ,
Table.r1QLL 7z I `~,',2 Metallurgicalzcoke~Production1
s .s t z~ Y~
Table 10 Pig iron Product on ' t t
2 tr ny r s - L ..z YNS= tY'~. f Yr J s 5 F n l
F rf z2 t z s.tt z ^5 f" -rL 'VSS"2~3""L~ = r~ xS' y7 ' i c:.
Table 109.5 I Yl relined Zinc ProductionY i t
'r 52 Sl r r` F ns z,L~ 2 'S 1.. Y s s yM fi z r r _:r S
Table 11Q r `= zt Ylhlksh7s5 c 'rtaniuni=Spong Z fetal Production
N .y I ,s ,,a ~ z J l~~- Y z?s z F Y s 2 z T '. ins "Z'i "v3 ~x ' z z h'z FY ..
TSable 11'13 "Y Cobalt Production z Sr > 2
w i & -GI 7n5 2 .5~ d'Y ~"J
oz 2 Fist Yrs. c: ~ L -, k >i~ Y Ya -zyL k'*, '
Tables 11 3 r i y ;5=, Smelte'r~ Production] of Prima ry in
,;~ z 7 7 r F a Nz .-z .5 y x53 Jz y. G, i k t LI :kt
Table 11=13 12 f n it Primary Mag lesium Production