HISTORY OF CIA, 1960-1963: TRANSITION YEARS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-00764R000400050041-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 11
• Document Creation Date: November 17, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 22, 1998
• Sequence Number: 41
• Publication Date: May 5, 1964
• Content Type: REPORT

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Revised Outline Rev: 25 Apr 1964
Rev: 5 May 1964
MPC
HISTORY OF CIA, 1960-1963: TRANSITION YEARS
I. The Image of CIA and USIB By 1960: on the eve of the National
Change of Command: Progress and problems of the US Intelligence
Community, during its last year, serving abroad and at home as
an instrument of national policy: starting the new="fiscal
year" 1961, in July-;Au 1960 and last year under what in any
case was to be the isenhower Administration.
1. CIA's Self-Estimates,6f its Stewardship, as of July 1960:
The DCI's Community wide appraisal submitted to the Presi-
dent et al: the DCI's annual report to the NSC, 30 Aug 1960;
Comparatively, other reports and appraisals rendered by the
DCI and top management, as of 1960, either as head of CIA
and/or chairman of USIB structure:
(3u
T)Q c-r-
9_ et' justifications, 1960 -- Comptroller files
Briefinn notes? - O/DDI briefing files
Informal memoranda to the President et al? Re-check
DCI/ER 1960 file
Public and confidential te}timony to Congressional
authorities? O/GC and O/LC filea
AWD's swan song for the ? 1 "ff seer ewer Administration,
speech 17 Jan 1961 3
2. CIA and USIB Charters, by 1960: summary of their struc-
tures and management policies for carrying out the (above)
activities and programs:
Directives: NSCID's, last revised in 1958, being readied
for new Administration without Acnange~..?-`
DCI's Community-wide DCI Directives, by 1960
DCI's Hqs Regulations and Field Regulations
a T f4lZ t.
Organization charts for USIB and CIA (structure & leadership):
CIAts directorates and field establishment, in AWD's
last year
USIB and its committee and working-group structure,
by 1960
Cr
No --md"Jurs ffuuExcluded trsrn a.'G:t,~ ,
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DCI?s "Coordination" Responsibilities, in Theory and
Practice, by 1960:
Production and Dissemination Programs
Collection and Collection Requirements System
CS(and CA) Activities
Tec nica Programs and R&D for the future
Admin Support
Management, Inspection, and Review Authority
3. Outgoing Commander's Appraisals of CIA and USIB, by 1960:
appraisals up to Jan 1961 by the outgoing President
Eisenhower and his key advisers at the command, operations,
and policy level and by his instruments of Presidential
inspection and review; all at the national-command level
of accountability:
Survey and review reports, ca 1960, by:
Budget Bureau reviews, primarily in re upcoming 1961-
62 budgets
Pres. Board of Intell. Consultants (Hull), from per-
spective of "national citizens advisory committee"
NSC Sprague Committee review, in re certain non-intell
programs (both in and outside the USIB family), again
on "national citizens" level but a one-shot affair:
see DDP/CA files, Feb 1960 ff.
Joint Study Group, launched July 1960, at beginning of
the critical year, and on the eve of inevitabU
critical months, politically speaking; report Dec 1960.
Expressions by the President (Eisenhower) and the VP (Nixon)
themselves, as they viewed CIA and USIB in the last
months of an 8-year command relationship: re-check
1960 DCI/ER files
4. CIA's Prestige at the Legislative-Branch Level of Account-
abi ity; as of 1 0:
The pattern of '{CIA" subcommittees in the House and Senate,
by 1960:
Cannon, Vinson, Hayden, Russell, et al
Established relationships with other Congressional Commit-
tees and Staffs, by 1960:
Foreign Relations, House and Senate
Joint Economic Committee
Space Committees, House and Senate
Joint Atomic Energy Committee
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CIA's reputation on Capitol Hill, ca. 1960 ...
The continuing pressures for more intimate Intelligence
liaison, 1960:
The status of the old "watchdog" committee, by 1960,
dating back to before Mansfield's before ca. 1954.
Other Congressional probes skirting on matters of
Intelligence management, 1960:
"Scoop" Jackson's NSC "machinery" committee
Fulbright's committee, in re foreign policy,
State, and "ambassador" prerogatives
Symington's committee, in re defense management
and DOD
Stennis Preparedness Committee?
DCI's extensive reporting on major "CIA"-related
issues, addressed to the established Congressional
authorities (above), achieved by summer-fall 1960:
U-2 issue
Missile gap issue
Other issues?
Public appreciations and private expressions on CIA
and USIB in Congress, in balance, e.g.
Comments on CIA's Budget, 1960 (see Comptroller)
Cannon's public accolade ca. May 1960; and others
Dissenting views?
Re-check above historical sequences in O/LC, O/GC, DCI/PA,
and DCI/IG files.
5. CIA's International Reputation by 1960: among friendly,
neutral, and hostile security services (and among their
respective principals*); and continuing liaison programs
of CIA for cultivating world-wide assets for US future pro-
grams: Re-check at DDP/CI
* E.g., Macmillan, Adenauer, Khrushchev, et al
6. CIA's "public" image, in the domestic and foreign press,
by 1960:
E. g0, case study of U-2 shoot-down incident (May 1960)
hfs r ra.l y o at a T M s
review of various U-2, to illustrate
typical patterri.attacks and accolades on US intelli-
gence, both at home and abroad, alternately leveled
by friend and foe, and in various contexts, e.g.,
(among others) context of US policy and operations;
not only in the domestic and foreign "press," tech-
nically speaking, but also in the organs of opinion
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in Congress, within the Executive Branch,,(among
critics and defenders), and among both parties as
they were meanwhile campaigning to take over the
Government in the forthcomingielection in November
1960 and inauguration in January 1961
Other public issues involving "CIA" ands sfIntelligencert- --
in (a) the noisy campaign year of 1660, and in (b)
the noisy year at the UN as well, after Khrushchev's
"shoe" came down on the table:
Soviet strength and intentions; missile gap, etc.
China, Quemoy, Matsu, etc.; and southeast Asia;
Africa?
DCI's public statements, c. 1960- -- rare but significant
CIA and White House "responsibilities" to the public
press re "Intelligence.'" ...
NSCID Mandate and USIB concern
CIA's Public Critics and Defenders, c. 1960-
Congressional
Academic Elite
Business Elite
Columnists and Commentators
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II. Pre-Election Transition Planning and Liaison at CIA and NSC4-,
T..... /O
7 9
ct
60
y
~
1. Pre-1960 Precedents ~
in
CIAre supporting previous Presi-
dential-Campaign Changeovers:
1948: Truman-Barkley vs. Dewey-Warren
Dewey's liaison with Sec State Marshall and NSC
(also CIA?): Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles;
Marshall Carter?
Allen Dulles' work for NSC Survey Committee, during
and after 1948 campaign (report, Jan 1949) --
Transition overtones? Check also Gen. Carter,
DDCI, who in 1948 was Sec. Marshalls special asst.
1952: Briefings and liaison with nominees Eisenhower and
Stevenson
Vice Presidential candidates (Nixon and Sparkman)
25X1A2g Project ''-'r in CIA and NSC
Post-Election Support to Pres. Elect Eisenhower and
his entourage
1956: CIA, Stevenson, and Eisenhower's Re-election Campaign
Vice President Nixon (R)
VP Candidate Kefauver (D), and pre-Convention candi-
dates Kennedy and Harriman
2. Transition planning by the outgoing NSC and Executive Branch,
1960:
Civil Service Commission (Jones), ca. Jan 1960
Budget Bureau (Staats, Macy, et al)
Pres. Adv Cmtee on Govt Organization, evidently moribund
by 1960? (Arthur S. Flemming, Milton S. Eisenhower, Don
Price, and Arthur Kimball)
Brookings Institution's external research on "Transition"--
Ford Foundation (a s - W;)q,
NSC Surveys in nati6nal-security areas for Pres. Eisenhower
(and successor)
Preparation by NSC staff? -- Gray, Lay, etc.
Sprague committee, ca. Feb 1960
Kirkpatrick-Erskine-Macy-Elting "Joint study group,"
July 1960 (transition overtones?)
Hull board (Pres. Board)-- with transition overtones?
esp on old issue of divorce of CS activities?
Other advisory take-over studies before the November
1960 election? Re-check USIB policy studies (1960)
on emergency planning, cost-estimates and program-
ming, etc.
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3. Intelligence as an ''Issue" in the Campaign Debates, Jan-
Oct 1960 pre-Convention, Convention, and post-Convention
campaign periods)
a. CIA overtures to head off pre';Convention would-be Demo-
cratic candidates: (1) ngerof CIA as "football" in
partisan "politics" b4A2) "Legislative Branch" liaison
policy was also involved where candidates were also
Congressmen. J
Senator Johnson
Sen. Kennedy
Gov. Stevenson
Sen. Symington
Others?
b. CIA overtures to would-be Republican candidates (other
than Nixon (already "in," on the NSC).
4.
(
Briefings to the four Pres idential and Vice Presidential
Candidates
im
d
t
,
,
me
ia
y after Con
eerlA
n
i
t
v
N
om
na
ions:
initiatives by CIA for overtures made by President
Eisenhower, July 1960
a.
Briefings and liaison with Sena. Kennedy at Hyannisport,
July-Aug 1960 ff.; Salinger as liaison; others
(Harriman?)
b.
CIA overtures to Sen. Johnson, VP candidate (and
Space Chairman in Senate) summer-fall 1960
c.
CIA liaison and brfings to VP candidate Lodge (UN
Ambassador) 1960
d.
CIA-VP (Dulles-Nixon) relationship during campaign,
Oct 1960:
5. CIA and Presidential-Candidate Kennedy's Own Transition aq
Takeover Planning, July 1960 ff.
JFK's campaign and post-campaign organization for foreign-
policy and national-security advice, transition plan-
ning, and takeover procedures,! forming part of his
elaborate set-up, eventually totalling 29 task forces,
in summer 1960 to Nov 1960.
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Foreign policy and policy reorganization study groups (with
overtones for Intelligence):
Stevenson and Harriman, ca July 1960
Later Sharon and Ball
Defense reorganization, weapons development, etc. (also
with overtones for Intelligence):
Symington et al, ca Oct 1960
National-security post-election policy-survey and take-over
committee: Paul Nitze, David Bruce, Gilpatric, Perkins;
also advisors with Intelligence connections, e.g., Gen.
Hull, Gen. W.B. Smith, Robert Bowie, et al
"Scoop" Jackson's NSC machinery committee in Senate -- Demo-
cratic members served in effect'as still another JFK
advisory committee
j
- FT --.
t cr,- ,.,r,{,?r) W, i".e.v. ..
Pressures for
or partisan reorganization study of "Intelligence"
were increasingly relaxed as above studies and outgoing
Adm's studies proceeded; while simultaneously, pressures
and speculations increased, fall 1960, away from Intel-
ligence to the policy and op levels at State and De-
fense, including e.g., speculations on the "new" Secy
of State (Stevenson? Fulbright? etc, etc) and "new" Secy
of Defense (Symington, et al), and other "bigger" polit-
ical-military issues than tampering with USIB/CIA
Election campaign ended, Nov 1960, with immediate announce-
ment (10 Nov 1964) by new President
Clark Clifford, as JFK's "takeover" liaison with
Eisenhower Adm.; and
Allen W. Dulles redesignated, without change, to
manage the US Intelligence apparatus: spectacular
victory for non-partisan bi-partisan transition,
after all the "task force" planning on both sides.
J
. Edgar Hoover, in this triumvprate, was also re-
designated FBI head.
What other understandings (?), besides reappointment of
Allen W. Dulles (above) had been agreed to by old and
new Administration on the management of US Intelli-
gence? Staffing of deputy slots? Staffs of CI vS
slot after ultimate retirement of AWD?&ar
military control issue? Coldwarpolicy shift? etc.
Any quid-pro-quo for AWD reappointment?
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III. ,Interregnum, November 1960-January 1961:
Hardly two neat and separate packages of "lame ducks" and "new
frontiers"ApIr C/6'.
Change and C ntinuity of men (leadership), institutional arrange-
ments, and a common policy concern for the Nation's security.
1 . President Elect Kennedy's spectacular endorsement of exist-
ing CIA/USIB management, 10 Nov 1960, symbolized in re-
appointment of Dulles(AA.,t 4 )
Explanation of timing? Origins and credit? Alternative
options facing old and new Administration? Reception
at various levels of accountability--among NSC members?
Legislative-Branch level? etc.
L
2. Election Night Obligation on CIA, "traditional" by 1960:
to "protect" the new President, whoever he was not so
much the protection of the President's "person" (this was also
"traditional"--the obligation of a sister service--the
Secret Service of the Treasury Department), but the full
"protection" of the President and his entourage with the
benefit of the Nation's total intelligence-alert system,
addressed in relation to the national security in particu-
lar, especially initially during the interlude between
Election and Inauguration.
3. Launching of new series of briefings and liaison system for
President-Elect, both intelligence and operations; in an
atmosphere generally not hostile, critical, or awkward, but
largely cordial, harmonious.
Palm Beach briefings (by Dulles and Bissell), 18 Nov.
Arrangements for continuing current-intelligence, estimat-
ive, and related intell support : ~.u. DDIC ~~ -
Liaison arrangements for President-Elect's statutory alter
ego: Vice President Johnson
4. Initial liaison and liaison arrangements with President-
Elect's temporary headquarters:
Direct liaison by DCI himself, already on the new "team":
direct and immediate, cordial if not politically intimate
Off-campus liaison: Hyannisport, Palm Beach, etc.; cf.
Augusta in 1960
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Clark Clifford, announced at once as Kennedy's "Mr. Take-
over": relationship with CIA during interregnum2 &tture
relationships in PFIAB not heraldedri 'P'4 ?w.sn' 1Qut.v PRO
Overtures to CIA by (and to) other Kennedy advisers, e.g.:
Harriman - ex-NSC leader, ca. 1950-52
Gov. Williams and Representative Bowles
General Taylor
Kennedy's "29" task forces vis-a-vis CIA
Special significance of Budget Bureau liaison, via Staats
(and Macy?)
eve)
5. Early briefings and liaison with Kennedy's cabinet and
staff designees at the NSC level:
Rusk, Secretary of State,,d signee (briefing of 20 Dec 1960)
McNamara, Secretary of Defense (10 Jan 1961),, tL,4t k..
Bundy, to succeed Gray as White House "national security"
man (12 Jan)
Other NSC-related designees were not briefed, before 20
Jan, either because they were not yet appointed or for
other reasons:
Vice President: Johnson
Budget Bureau: Bell notto be appointed until after 20 Jan
Attorney General: Robert Kennedy, appointed (but held
aloof?)
Treasury: Dillon, another "bi-partisan" transition
executive
OCDM: Ellis not to be appointed until after 20 Jan
Other agencies with foreign responsibilities: Overtures
in behalf of USIA (Murrow), ICA (Labouisse), embryonic
Disarmament Agency (McCloy), etc. o~
CIA's "institutional reserve" to the rest of the new politi-
cal appointees 6-.V, J
~aT4.,_.~.r 4~
6. CIA ahd Eisenhower's outgoing NSC, Nov. 1960-Jan. 1961:
NSC weekly meetings, uninterrupted: DCI with DD/I staffing
NSC secretariat, continuity: Lay! Boggs, etc.
OCB "formal" and'Zuncheon" meetings: !DCI, with DD/P staffing
Departmental membership of special transition significance:
White House: Gray
State: Merchant
Defense: Douglas
AEC: McCone (not Publicly listed as " ++
USIA and ICA: OCB )
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Secretariat continuity: Bromley Smith, et al.
Sprague Committee recommendation (to keep OCB), form-
ally turned down later by JFK
"Committee of Principals" (Nuclear Testing): DCI, with
OSI staffing:
State, DOD, AEC (McCone), CIA, BOB
"Special (Group) Meetings," on Cuba etc., meetings accelerated,
Nov 1960 ff., over the preceding six months
DCI attendance at Eisenhower "cabinet" meetings--:
!/ c rr4~ ~.,_.
institutional overlap with NSC meetings; CIA relation-
ship to so-called "domestic" policy concerns; im-
portant for transition Z
Other CIA-White House-NSC established relationships, con-
tinued up to last moment of the not-so-lame "lame duck"
period. 61- ;
Major community matters cleared by outgoing President and
apparently endorsed by him, specifically, to the Presi-
dent-Elect:
JSG report of 15 Dec 1960, approved by Pres., 12 Jan 61
Sprague committee report, ca. 22-23 Dec 1960, likewise
President's Board recommendations, on CS transmitted
by DCI ca. 9 Jan 1961; with Kirkpatrik's caution
not to deceive higher authority re institutional
arrangements re CS kreorganizations"
Tremendous amount of "homework" available to new President
NSCID No. 1 (and others), dating back to 1958, was reaffirm-
ed by NSC, formally on 12 Jan 1961, personally approved
by President Eisenhower on 18 Jan, and left with new
President (who, in turn was to leave it unchanged as the
basic mandate): symbolic of the continuity of Intel-
ligence and the national-security alert system, regard-
less of Constitutionally-required political change.
7. DCI/CIA during Inauguration Weekend, 20 Jan 1961 ff.:
Ceremonial recognitions, luncheons, etc. (participated in
by DCI et al, sometimes publicly and sometimes privately,
which also was symbolic of Intelligence, addressed to
outgoing and incoming Administrations:
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Eisenhower entourage: DCI and Eisenhower, Nixon, Gray,
Gates, Herter, and McCone; and CIA "disengagement"
from the outgoing political executives
Kennedy entourage: "re-engagement," in effect, for
CIA, not a discovery of a "new" frontier: i.e.,
establishing new relationships with old friends
(and old critics, too), among the new appointees,
many of whom belonged to Washington's various "elites"
whom CIA had known, in some cases known for a long
time.
Formalities of takeover in 1961, compared (for CIA) with
1952-53 (Truman-to-Eisenhower) and 1948-49 (Truman-to-
Truman, but with Truman-to-Dewey expected by "everyone
except Truman")
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