KINGDOM OF GREECE MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS SERVICE OF HYDRAULIC WORKS REPORT ON THE MEGDOVA RIVER PROJECT OCTOBER 1952

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 239
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 9, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: October 1, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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KINGDOM OF GREECE
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS
SERVICE OF HYDRAULIC WORKS
REPORT
on the
MEGDCVA RIVER PROJECT
October 1952
Knappen Tippetts Abbott Engineering Company
New York Athens
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LIEFORT
ON THE
MEGDOV A RIVER PROJECT
CHAPTER I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1. Foreward . ? 0 8000? ?0??00 00000
2, Authority, Scope and Purpose of the Megdova
Project Studies 04.0000000000M
3. Previous Reports . OOOOOOOOOOOO
4. Acknowledgements
CHAPTER II GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AEL
II-1
1,
Location . ..................?
2.
Physiography ? . 000010?00? 000? *0
1
3.
Geology . . 0010000o 000 ? 00 000 0
3
4.
Groundwater ...,............??
3
5.
Natu-Fal Resources ..........? 0 000
li-
CHAPTER III CLIMATOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY
CLIMATOLOGY D:,TA.
1.
Climatologic Station ??? ? ? ?????????
III-1
2.
Records . . ..................
1
3.
Precipitation . . .. ...? 0.?0120?00
1
4.
Temperature Records ????..........
4
5,
Evaporation . O . . ? 000000M*
6.
Groundwater . ........,......?
7.
Physical Characteristics of the Drainage Basin .
10.
S TRE ATIFL OW
8.
Measurements and Tests . ?0 00100?00e?
11
9,
Water Quality Tests ?00?40 ,00?00? .
12
10.
Quantity of Runoff . . . ? . ? . 0 )0
12
11.
Megdova River Basin Floods 00??0?00???
15
12.
Karditsa Plain Floods . . . 000 00?00? ?
10
13,
Effect of Megdova Diversion on Acheloos River
Projects00.0,00???*00?00000
16
FUTURE HYDROLOGIC PROGRAM
14.
Personnel and Equipment ??0 000000
17
15.
Stream Gaging Stations
17
16.
Precipitation Gages .
18
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17. Snow Surveys . 0000100?000000?00
18. Evaporation , . 00 C?000000 000
19. Temperature Records 0011?00000 ? 3000
CHAPTER III TABLES
1 Summary of Climatic Records ..........
2 Mean Monthly Precipitation . .......00..
3 Average Monthly and Annua1 Temperature in C . .,
III I?
2
5
6
4
Monthly and Annual Evaporation at Nevropolis . 0
6
5
Groundwater Observations - May 1952 - Karditsa
Plain ....... ....?.......?
7
6
Groundwater Conditions - Karditsa Plain ....
8
7
Discharge Measurements ........???.?
11
8
Water Analyses in Karditsa Plain Area 0 0 . . ?
13
9
Mean Monthly and Annual Discharge, Megdova River
14
CHAPTER IV STATE OF DEVELOPMENT
CIVIC DEVELOPMENT
1. Political Subdivisions ?..........?. IV-1
2. Towns and Villages . 00000000000000 2
3. Population Trends . .............? 3
4, Domestic Water Supply and Sahitation ?0000? 3
5, Living Standards . . .. OOOOOOOOOO 4
6, Education and Training . ??0000000000 4
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
7. Power and Manufacturing 000000 0 5
8, Mining . . 0000000000?0??00000 6
9. Agricultural Processing 000?000??0?0 6
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
10. General 00?0??1000?00000/000 6
11. Land Use and Farm Practices 0,000000?0 7
12, Principal Crops . . 0?0?00000000?0 9
13. Ilgricultural Income 00800000 00?0?0 10
14. Forest Products 0?0000?08? 000?00 13
15, Irrigation Facilities and Practices ?00?00 13
16. Storage Facilities . . . . .......?...? 13
17. Marketing and Distribution . ?.,?...... 14
18. Land Ownership and Tenancy ............ 14
19. Land Values. . , 8000 OOOO O 000?00 14
CHAPTER IV TADLES
1 Fluctuations in Population in the Karditsa Plain 3
2 Present Land Use of the Karditsa Plain . . . . 0 8
3 Present Cropping Patterns in the Karditsa Plain 9
4 Production and Value of Agricultural Crops
Karditsa Plain?? 0 ??....? ? 000 00 11
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Plain . 0 ...?...? ?8?00 00000
IV-12
6 Ownership and Size of Forms in Karditsn Plain .
15
CHLPTER V ORONOMY LND LGRICUTURLL ECONOMICS
1. Scope of Lgronomic Study............ V-1
2, Soil Development ........??...... 1
3. Soil Terms . . . . o0 000 a 0000 00 0 0 0 2
4. Irrignbility Lend Classes ?.......... 4
5. Major Soil Series ?........?... 00 4
6, Laboratory analyses of Soil Samples5
. . 0 . . .
7. Drainage and Salinity Control ........? 11
8. Land Use Cpacity ?0000?00 000 000 ? 12
9. Consumptive Use end Not Crop Requirements . . . 13
10. Preparation of Land and Methods of Irrigation . 15
11, Crop Ldjustments with Irrigation . . 0 . 0 0 O? 17
12. Crop Rotation Systems . 00000 0 0 0 00? 0 18
13. Soil Management Practices ? 0000000000 19
14. Posture ManaLement . . . 30? 000 000 0 ? 0 19.
VLLUE OF LGRICUITULL PRODUCTS
15. Sample Irrigation area . . 0 . . 000 00000 20
16, Domestic Market for Lgricultural Products . 00 20
17, Foreign Markets for LLricultural Products . . 0 24
18. Price of Farm Products . . . . . 0 o 0?0 4 00 26
19, Costs of Production . . . . 0000 000 00? 27
ECONOMIC GLINS FROM IRRIGLTION
20. Direct IrriLation Benefit ...?......? 31
21. Incrase in Forei[n Exchange . ?0000?90 0 33
22. Enhanced Land Valu:s . . .33
. 0 . 0 o 00 o?O 0
23. Increased Tax Revenues . .34
O0 4?0 00 3 00?
24. Development of New Industrios'5'
O00 000000
FLRMERS' ORGLNIZLTIONS
25, Farmers' Cooperatives36
90 00000?0000
26, Irrigation Districts37
. 0 0 0 ?0 00 000000
27, Educational Program for Farmers37
O0 0004 00
MLRHETING LND STORLCE F:,CILITIES
28. Storage .38
0000000000 ?000000 00
29, Marketing38
0 0009 000 0 000000 SOO 0
CHLPTER V TLBLES
1 Irrigebility Land Cleses . . ??0?0 90 00 2
2 Soil quality Indicator Plants . ? . . ?00?O 3
3 Key to Major Soil Series . . .....?...? 6
4 Physical and Chemical Soil Characteristics ? a 4, 9
5 Usable Water Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6 Present and Prospective Crop Yields by Land
IrriEability Clases...?......??? 13
7 Crop Pattern and Yields-Present end Future
Development ? oopas000coaaa? 1.4
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9
Consumptive Use of Water by Crops . 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0
Crop Production in Tons Present and Future
Development . . ... a . a .........?
V-16
21
10
Consumption of Milk and Dairy Proucts ? e o ? *
24
11
Livestock Income . 0 . 0 0 0 e 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0 0 0
25
12
Relation Between Domestic anci. World Prices for
Principal Farm Products ..... 0 G.,.
27
13
Farm Production Costs-Present Development . . 0 4
28
14
Farm Production Costs-Future Development ? ? ? ?
29
15
Gross Farm Income-Present and Future Development
30
16
Net Farm Income-Present end Future Development .
32
17
Annual Gains in Foreign Exchange. 0 0 0 0 0 e ??
33
18
Increase of Land Values . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
34
19
Quantities of Products under Ultimate Development
35
CHAPTER VI HYDROELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT
1. The Mcgdova Poor Market Area.,.....??0
VI-1
2. Existing Power Facilities . . a 0 . ? a ? . ? , ?
1
3. Present Power Loads 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? ? 0
0 0 0
0
0
2
4. Estimated Future Power Market . 0 0 0 0
? 0 0
0
0
5
5. Value of Power 0 0 r 0 0 0 ?? 0 ? 0 0
0 ? 0
?
0
8
CHAPTER VI TABLES
,
1 Capacity and Output of -Homicidal Power Plants
...
2
2 Present Power Requirements for Industrial Plants
4
3 Typical Base Rates for Electricity. 0 0 ?? 0 0
?
5
4 Po)uletion Growth . . . . . . . , . 0 0
0 0 0
0
0
6
5 Estimated Future Power Requirements for
Industrial
Plants ? ? . . . ? a 0 ? 0 ? 0 0 0 Me
0 0 0
?
0
7
6 Estimated Energy Requirements . 0 0 0 0
3 0 ?
0
?
8
7 Comparison of Megdova with other Hydroelectric
Power Plants . . . .... 0. . 00
? ? 0 a
0
10
8 Estimated Average Electricity Rates for
1953-54
.
11
CHAPTER VII FLOOD CONTROL. DRAINAGE IRRIGATION AND
DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY REIDIREMENTS
1.
Flood Control . ...a.....?..,...
VII-1
2.
Drainage. .
.00.0.0..0.a.0.00.?
1
3.
Irrigation
.?...
..e.??.......
2
4.
Domestic Water Supply
a
. OO . 0 0 0 4 0 ?
3
CHAPTER VII TABLES
1 Irrigation Water Requirements ? 0 3 0 ? 3 0 0 0
CHAPTER VIII FLANS FOR DEVELOPMENT
1,
Multi-Purpose Utili:ation of Megdova River Water
VIII-1
2.
Irrigation and Drainage Plans Considered ? ? e
?
2
3.
Recommended Plan of Development ? . . ? 0 0 0 ?
0
4
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4, Domestic Water Supply and Sanitation . . . VIII-4
fliaLaRLc DESCRIPTION OF THE RECO!TENDED WORKS
NEVROPOLIS RESERVOIR
1. Description of Site. ...?........?. IX-1
2, Geologic Investigations me.m.... 3
3. Nevropolis Dam nnd Spillway 00000???00 6
4, Karitsiotis Diversion 0000009000000 13
5, Power Plant me's* 0o0000000?0 13
IRRICATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
6, General Plan . . . .......??.....? 16
7. Metropolis Diversion Dam oo?oo?eo?o? 18
8. Canals ...... ....?.....?.... 18
9. Irrigation Structures .?........??. 19
CHAPTER IX TABLES
1 Pertinent Data on Nevropolis Dam Reservoir and
Power Plant . 0 0 0 . 0 0?00?.0 ?o?e
2 Summary of Laboratory Test Results on Soil
Samples for Nevropolis Dam Construction
Materials . ..??........???
CHAPTER X ESTIMATES OF COST
2
10
1. Basis for Estimates of Cost a o ? 36016?00 X-1
2, Construction Units ...........?... 1
3. Construction Program ? . ...........? 2
4. Cost Estimates . . 00 ? 0 voo0 Go 00000 2
CHAPTER X TABLES
1 Principal Construction Quantities e??aeoo 2
2 Cost Estimate 0 . 0 0 00 0 0 0?0 0 00 0 0 6 5
CHAPTER XI ADMINISTRATION OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE
1. Coordinated Operation of the Megdova Hydro-
electric Plant . ? . 03 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 6 0 0
2. Karditsa Irrigation District . . . . . . 0000
3. Organization of the Irrigation District -110*0
4. Operation of the Irrigation District ? 000 O?
5. Personnel. . ? o 6000000000000000
6. Maintenance . 0?000000?00?0 a 0 O?
CHAPTER XI TABLES
1 Estimated Annual Costs op Operation and Main-
tenance - Megdova Power Plant
2 Proposed Organization - Karditsa Irrigation
District . . 3 0 0 ?a ao eye oo 0 0?0
XI-1
2
2
4
6
6
1
3
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3 Estimated Operating and Maintenance Equipment
Requirements9 Selected Irr. gation Lrea .
4 Estimated ilnnual Costs of Opur[rtion and Main-
tenance, Selected Irrigation Area. . MOO
CH PTER XII JUSTIFICZTION JTD FINNCINC OF :THE
PROPOSED DE7ELOPMENT
-5
7
1. Allocation of Construction Cost . .XII-1
0900043
2. Annual Power Benefits and Costs . 0 4 06400 2
IRRICTION PROJECT JUSTIFICLTION
3, Lnnual Irrigation Benefits and Costs .2
0 0 0 ? 0
4. Improvement in the Standard of Living. 4000
5. Increased Land Values . . . . 0300 00? . 5
6. Increased Industrial activity ?00?6?00? 5
7. Increased Tax Returns . . 0 MO ?00000 5
8. Foreign Exchange Earnings. 60003
9. Total Benefits . . , . . . 0 4 0000 ?0 060 6
IRRIC:,TION PROJECT REPAYMENT CLP,,CITY
10. Funds for Project Repaynt . .0?0.?0
11. Effects of Increased L-lor Rates , ? . . . ?
12. Effect of Free Interest O? O? ? 00 066
FINLNCING THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
13. Financing Schedule . . . ? 0 o 0?3
14. Charges for Electricity . .
15. Charges for Irrigation and Drainage
16. Project Net Revenue and 1),:bt Service
CHAPTER XII TilBLES
O 0 0000
30030
? MO 0
900000
6
7
9
10
10
10
13
1 Allocation of Construction Cost 00 1
2 Irrigation Project Justification . O V 3 3
3 Repayment Capacity. OOOOOOOOOOO ... 8
4 Proposed Financing Schedule - Megdova Power
Development . . ?00 0 0 0 ? 060?00 4? 11
5 Proposed Financing Schedule - Karditsa Plain
Irrigation . . ....?..?.....? ?4 12
6 Irrigation Annual Costs and Charges . . . . ? ? 13
7 Prospective Financing Statement - Megdova Power
Development ?....?..?..?? ? 0 ? ? 14
8 Prospective Financial Statement - Karditsa
Irrigation District . . . . . . . . . . . ? . 15
CHLPTER XIII CONCLUSIONS [.ND RECOMMENDATIONS
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II-1
I1-2
III-1
111-2
111-3
111-4
111-5
111-6
111-7
111-8
111-9
I1I-10
III-11
111-12
111-13
111-14
IV-1
V-2
VIII-1
IX-1
1X-2
1X-3
IX-1f
IX-5
1X-6
IX-7
1X-8
1X-9
IX-10
IX-11
IX-12
1X-13
IX-14
IX-15
IX-16
IX-17
IX-18
IX-19
1X-20
General Map
Basin Geology
Drainago Map
Precipitation-ltitude Relation
Lnnual Pre:cipitation - Lcholoos River Basin
Temporature-Lltitude Relations
Marathon Lake Temperature-Evaporation Relation
Water Table Map - May 1952
Quality of Irrigation Water
Rating Curve - Megdova Rivcrr
Rating Curve - Karitsiotis River
Megdova vs Lchuloos River - Period 1950-1952
Lnnual Discharge vs Rainfall Index Number
Mogdova Mean ilnnual Runoff vs Lgrinion Precipitation
Residual Mass Curve
Maximum Unit Discharge of Greek Rivers
Civic Map
Soil Classification, Karditsa Plain
Power Draft vs irrigation Draft
Reommended Works
Nevropolis Rus_rvoir, Storare and Capacity Curves
Nevropolis Damsite and Spillway - 1real Geology
Nevrpolis Dam, Foundation E:rplorations
Nevropolis Dam, Borrow Material Explera,tions
Nuvropolis Dam, Plan and Sections
Nevropolis Dam, Spillway
Karitsiotis Diversion Dam
Foundation
Power Plant Huadworks,
Geologic Section
ions took and Power House Lral Geology
Power Plant Headworks, Plan, Profile and
Penstock, Profile and Details
Power House, Plans and Suctions
Power Market Lrea
Irrigation System
Metropolis Divursion Dam
Distribution System Typical Layout
Typical Cross Suctions
Typical Irrigation Structures
Typical Irrirntion Structures
Exploration
and
Sections
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A
The following abbreviations have been used in this report:
cc
cc
cm_ centimeters
cmc- square centimeters
Dr drachmae
EC electric conductivity
El Elovation
gm grams
gr rain
he. hoPt (1 ha r, 10 str 2f7 acres)
hr hours
kg kilo7ra?
km kilometers
km-2
sql.larc 1:iloiAoters
kva kilovolt am.os
kw
kwh kilowatt hours
1/sec litors per second
meters
m2 scuro motors
m3 cubic meters
106m3
millions of cubic meters
mm millimeters
millioquivalonts
m3/soc cubic motors per second
str strommas (1 str . 0.1 . 025 acres)
tons (metric)
defT,ro s Contigradc
cubic
centimetors
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I LITER
INTRODUCTION
1. Foreword
Since the end of World War II and despite the civil dis-
turbances of the years 1944-19491 the people of Greece have made
remarkable progress in reconstruction of their destroyed facilities.
First emphasis was placed on the restoration of vital transporta-
tion, that is, railroads, highways, and ports. Second priority
was given to the development of land and water resources in con-
tinuation of a reclamation program on which an impressive start
had already been made prior to the war.
Greece is located in aqo of tne most strategic areas of
the world so that a desproportionate part of the national income
has had to be spent on defense. In spite of the great sacrifices
which this continual vigilance has entailed, many measures have
been undertaken by the authorities to advance the welfare and
culture of the people and they arc persevering in their work of
rehabilitation, reconstruction and development in the numerous
fields which were neglected owing to war conditions.
The almost continuous state of war between the years 1939
and 1949 caused severe food shortages and losses of well-establish-
ed markets ior agricultural products such as tobacco, raisins apd
citrus, the export of which was formerly one of the main-stays of
the economy of Greece. The severe dislocations caused by these
conditions have required extensive economic assistance in the form
of food imports mostly from the United States.
The imports during the past two years are an indication -
of the magnitude of this assistance. During the fiscal year
ending June 1951, the aid extended to Greece by the United States
for imports of food amounted to $89,000,000, while for fiscal year
1952, it amounted to $69,0009000. Imports of food on approximately
the same scale will have to continue as long as agricultural
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produc t P!!sMW1C- g
modest diet. As the only method by which these imports can be
reduced is through an increase in agricultural production, land
reclamation has been one of the primary features of the reconstruc
tion program of the Kingdom of Greece.
A second primary need of the nation is electric power for
domestic, municipal and industrial purposes. The present per
capita consumption of electricity in Greece is far below that used
in most other small countries. Construction of a series of hydro-
electric and thermal-electric power plants as proposed by the
Public Power Corporation will help offset the present acute power
shortage; however, it is expected that ithin a few years the
growth of demand for electric energy will far exceed the capacity
of the plants now being constructed, and additional generating
facilities will be urgently needed. The Megdova project is a
miltipurpose development which could help satisfy the over-growing
need for both electric power and irrigated land.
The Megdova River basin and the Karditso plain are located
in Central Gr.;ece about 110 km west of the port town of Voles.
The recommended plan contained in this Preliminary Report contem-
plates the transbasin diversion of water from the Megdova River to
the Karditsa plain for irrigation and for the development of hydro
electric power. The average annual value of agricultural produc-
tion in the selected irrigation area can be increased immediately
from a present value of 31.4 billion Dr to 71 billion Dr through
increased yields resulting from irrigation. The value of farm
products can be further increased over a period of years through
improved farming practices and better cropping patterns to 114
billion Dr. In addition, an estimated 203,000,000 kwh of primary
electric power and 26,000,000 kwh of secondary power having a
combined value of 649000 billion Dr could be produced annually.
The estimated project investment cost allocated to irrigation is
70,300 million Dr, and the projeCt investment cost allocated to
power is 196,800 million Dr, making a total project investment
cost of 267,100 million Dr including interest during construction.
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2, Au tlzi@flitt
CI 3
ria-Mffl
UN%
ease :tilibek.-Itionisw
Ap. Itce41t1ve
In May 1952 the Greek Government, represented by the
Ministers of Coordination, Finance and Public Works, retained the
Knappen Tippetts Abbett Engineering Company of Now York to prepare
a preliminary report cp; the development of the Mcgdova River for
irrigation of the Karditsa plainand for the generation of hydro-
electric energy. The proposal of the company for preparation of
the report was considred satisfactory by the Council of Public
Works by virtue of order No. L2.7 dated March 8, 1952, following
which the present agrement was ontrod into.
From April 1952 to S,ptember 1952 basic data needed to
supplement the information furnished by the Service of Hydraulic
Works of the Ministry of Public Works were collected in the field
by a group composed of an agronomist, an irrigation engineer, a
geologist, a soils engineer, a hydrologist, an agricultural
economist and assistants. Surveys and subsurface investigations
were made whore ri,2cded to supplement existing maps and to obtain
information on the foundations for structures.
In the office the field data collected were analyzed end
formed the basis for comparative studios of various plans for the
utilization of the agricultural and hydroelectric power resources
of the Mcgdova River basin and the Karditsa plain. These studios
led to the selec Lion of a practicable and economical plan of
development to meet the needs of the region and of the country.
The recommended plan for development of the Mogdova River
'presented in this preliminary report, includes estimates of project
costs and earnings, a construction program, an administrative and
financial program, and an analysis of the effect of the development
on the local, regional and national economies.
3. Previous Reports
Two reports on the developm nt of the Mogdova River arc
available; the' first report was written in 1929 by Louis Senn; in
1932 another report was prepared by M. Syrr?kos, Ministry of Agri-
culture.
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The bonn papor is titlod "Rapport Concornant l'Utilisa-
tion dos Eaux do la Rivioru Mugdova on Vue do l'Arrosage de
la Plaine de Karditsa et de Creation do Forces Motricos Hy-
drauliques". This short roport is of a reconnaisSonce nature,
On the basis of average annual procpitation it was estimated
that a continuous discharge of 3i m.5/sec could be developed
by a reservoir of 110,000,000 m3 capacity. Tho water would
be diverted to the Karditsa plain by moans of a 6.4-km tunnel
which would terminate in penstocks having a gross hood of
about 610 motors. About 100,000 str of land in the, Karditsa
plain would be irrigated.
The Syrakos (Ministry) report is titled "Irrigation of
the Karditsa Area from a Storage Reservoir on Megdova River".
This paper enlarges on the Sonn Report and proposes a shorter
diversion tunnel route. It is estimated that the average
annual yield Os thu Megdova and Karitsiotis Rivers is about
140 m4.1lion mi, of which 100 million m3, or an average of
3,2 mi/sec, would be avoiloble for irrigation and power each
year, The irriution of about 100,000 str annually is con-
templated. The Ministry report proposes the construction of
a concrete gravity dam at the Kakavakia dam site (Plate II-1).
Tho dam, 70 motors hith, would back up woter so that it could
be diverted through a tunpel about 2 km long with a maximum
discharge capacity of 7 m-Vsoc. The inlet portal would be
located in a tributary arm of the eastern Mogdova gorge, and
the tunnel would extend to an outlet portal situated in the
Knrabalis gorge below Kostania whence water would flow down
the Karobalis torrent to the Karditsa plain. It Was suggested
that the water could be used for generation of hydroelectric
power if 3 or 4 km of canal were constructed from the tunnel
outlet to a mountain saddle noar Kostmaia whore, utilizing a
power drop of 350 m, 24,000 HP plant could be installed to
generate electricity during tho six summer months, Other
power drops could be obtained further donwstroam by redivort-
ing the water at strategic plocos to gain the necessary fall.
In addition, throe reports dealing with flood control and
drainage in the Karditsa plain and adjacent areas have been sub-
mitted to the Greek Ministry of Public Works.
Tho first known as the Nobilo Report, was proparod by
an Italian engineer in 1913. This report recommended control
of flooding from the Punoos River by moons of levees, and
protection of the plains from tributary streams by moans of
intorcopting canals and channel improvumonts.
Thu second report, prepared in 1921 by Sir John Jackson,
recommends the control of flooding from tributary streams by
construction of rosorvoirs on their hoadwators; tho water thus
impounded would be used for irrigation and development of
hydroelectric energy. Flooding of the Ponuos River would be
controllod by levees and channel improvemonts.
The third report, prepared by Sir Murdoch Ma(bnald in
1931, conforms in general with the Nobile report and goes
into more detail on the locaLion and scope of the proposed
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channel improvements, and collector and interceptor drains.
This report has formed the basis for much of the flood control
and drainage work completed to date.
4, Acknowledgments
In the investigation leading to the preparation of this
report, many Governmental and private organizations and individuals
assisted in furnishing information. In particular it is desired
to acknowledge the cooperation of Mr. D. Papanicolaou, Director
of the Service of Hydraulic Works, and Messrs D. Arlietis and
K. kntonopoulos of the Ministry of Public Works.
Valuable information and aid were also obtained from
officials of the Ministries of Public Works and Agriculture and
of the Topographic Service of the former Ministry. Dr. D. Kata-
kouzinos, Director of the Central Soils Laboratory of the Ministry
of Agriculture cooperated in mal.cing laboratory determinations.
Generous cooperation was given by officials and their
staffs of the province of Karditsa and the many communities in
the Karditsa and Mogdova areas. In the field, Messrs C. Tsoutsinos,
Director of the Agricultural service in the Karditsa Nomos,
A. Vayakos, Director of the Union of Agricultural Cooperatives at
Karditsa, G. Lambiris, Director of the Service of Mechanical Cul-
tivation, C. Ayanoglou, Nomos Engineer and A. Haririopoulos, Technic-
al Director of the Agricultural Bank of Karditsa and B. Plastiras,
Director of Karditsa Electric Power Company, were especially help-
ful. Many other provincials, trade associations and farmers were
interviewed during the course of the field investigations and the
data, estimates and opinions received from those individuals were
valuable and contributed in a large measure to the progress of t'-o
studies. Only space limitations prevent n complete listing
together with appropriate acknowledgements and expressions of
appreciation.
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CHAPTER II
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA
Brief general descriptions of the location, physiography,
geology, natural resources and economic concUtlons in the Megdova
River basin and the Karditsa plain are presented in this Chapter.
More detailed description of these features may be found in
Chapters III, IV and V.
The Megdova project, which contemplates the trnnsbasin
diversion of the Megdova River, is concerned with two separate
areas, the first being the Megdova River basin which is the source
of water for irrigation and for hydroelectric power and the second
being the Karditsa plain, where the irrigation water and a pert
of the electric energy will be used.
1. Location
The Megdova Riv.r rises in the Agrafa Mountains which form
a part of the Pindos mountain range of central Greece. The upper
river flows in a south,rly direction following the trough of the
upland valley called the Nevropolis plain, which is terraced into
the easterly slopes of the Agrafa Mountains. About 2 km below
the confluence of the Karitsiotis River, the Megdova River enters
a gorge which cuts through the Agrafa Mountains. Below the gorge
the Megdova River swings westerly to discharge into the Acheloos
River which empties into the Icnian Sen. This report contemplates
the storage and diversion of the h-_adwaters of the Megdova
The upper basin with a drainage area of 147 km2 includes the
Nevropolis plain mentioned above. The principal geographic features
of the area are shown on Plato II-1.
2. Illysiograpla
Two topographic zones are traversed by the Megdovn River
in its course through the upper watershed. The headwaters are in
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the river branches into many short, steep tributaries which are
generally incised deeply into the limestone formation comprising
the mountainous portion of the wet .rshed. The second zone consists
of the Ncvropolis plain which is a benchlike trough into which the
upper tributaries collect to form the Megdova River. The Nevropo-
lis plain is bordered by the mountains to the west end a rim of
low hills (Ithome hills) to the east; its greatest width is about
2 km. The plain slopes gently to the south, becoming gradually
narrower until it ends at the deep gorge downstream of the Kari-
tsiotis River confluence,
The land areas suitable for irrigation and improvement are
located in the Karditso plain that begins a few kilometers east
of the Nevropolis plain and is about 600 meters lower in elevation
than the latter. The Ithome hills, that form the low ridge between
Mogdovn River and the Karditso plain, mark the easterly divide of
the Megdovn drainage basin,
The Megdova River basin and the Karditsa plain, and their
position in relation to the political subdivisions of central
Greece, are shown on Plate II-1,
The Karditsa plain does not have fixed geographical
boundaries, but is known locally as that part of the Thessaly
plains that surround the town of Karditsa. In this report the
Karditso Plain is considered to be the triangular area of about
600,000 str bordered by the Penees River on the north, the Sofa-
ditis River on the east and the foothills of the Agrafa Mountains
on the southwest, The plain cnsists of a broad expanse of smooth,
gently sloping fertile land devoted principally to cultivation of
small grain and sesame; limited amounts of field crops such as
corn, cotton end tobacco are also cutlivated.
A large port of the area suffers from high groundwater
conditions caused by flooding from tributary streams, artesim,
flow from areas at higher elevations, and pending of winter rain-
fall. Many shallow depressions have been formed in the plains
during flood seasons by intermittent meandering streams.
II-2
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3. 2(1212a
A variety of sedimentary rock types ranging in ago from
the Mesozoic to the Recent arc represented in the Migdova basin
(see Plate 11-2) and the Karditsa plain. Thu oldor formations
consist of compactly budded Mesozoic limestones interbeddod with
thin layers of hornstone and argillaceous shale. Interfolded with
and overlying the limestone unconformably is the Foccno flysh
consisting of alternate thin layers of argillaceous shales and
sandy shales, interbedded with thick layers of compact quartzite
sandstone, Overlying the flysh stratigraphically arc the Recent
s-dimentary deposits of clay, silt sand and gravels,
The high mountins comprising the western portion of the
drainage basin aro predoinately limestone while the lower slopes
and foothills are predominately flysh. The flat area of the
Karditsa plain consists of Recent alluvial deposits of unknown
depth.
The formations of the Mcgdova region have boon subjected
to tectonic movements which account for the highly folded and
faulted character of the rock. The ---rea is actually a southeastern
extension 01 the Alpine mountain system of south-central Europo.
While earthquakes of strong intensity have been recorded,
occasional earthquakes of mild to medium intensity have been
reported.
4. Groundwater
Prior to the construction of existing levees and drainage
canals, most of the Karditsa plain was seriously affected by high
groundwater conditions caused by flooding from the Peneos River
and oth-r str,ams, Although these adverse drainage conditions are
ocing corroctcd in great measure by the flood control and drainage
proram of the Ministry of Public Works, large parts of the plain
are still 2ff cted by excessive moisture particularly during the
wint-r and spring.
There arc no large springs in the plain, although a fow
good-yield artesian wells are found, principally between Karditsa
and the P? neos River. Whilu mnindwaterequif-rs underline most of
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the plain, many of the deep wells yield water in quantities suf-
ficient only for. domestic use. As described in Chapter
moderate amounts of irrigation water are obtainable in certain
ports of the plain by pumping from shallow wells or drains,
). Natural Resources
Land: The Karditsa pla n has n gross area of about
600,000 str devoted in large part to the farming of wheat and small
grain. With the exception of about 6,000 str which are iTrigated
from artesian sources, or by pumping from streams and wells, the
plain is dry-formed. From a regional standpoint, the Korditsn
plain may be considered to be a subdivision of the northern Sec-
tion of the extensive and fertile Thossnly plain, which it
resembles in climate, topography and ngriculture. West of the
Karditsn plain, the foothill 1anCs are utilized for dry f'-fming
and grazing while the mountainous region receives high pr cipito-
tion and is suitable for the frowing offorost pro(Ju(Jts.
Mineral The ret ion is generally lackini: in mineral re-
sources. There aro indications of lignite, manganese, copper,
chromite end natural gas however, the extent and workability of
these deposits is not known.
Water The annual pr,.cipittion, varies from about 1,850
mm in the Megdova basin to 750 mm in the Karditso plain. Ground-
water surveys conducted by the Associated Drilling Supply Company
of London show that a part of the plain is underlain by deep
aquifers with indication of other aquifers at shallower depths.'
Artesian waters are found in the plains, principally near Lozarino
and Megali Poliann. Several small springs are found alonE the
edge of the plain near the foothills. The average flow of the
Megdovn River is 8,6 m3/sec ; wide variations in monthly discharges
occur, the mean monthly flow for AuLust being 1,3 m3/sec and 1.5
m3/sec for December. hydroelectric power is developable by utiliz-
ing the 600-m drop in elevation between the Nevropolis plain end
the Knrditso plain.
Populationt Based on estimates de.ivd from the 1951
census, the combined population of the Korditso plain is about
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70,000 pPittAq APRRYIF,!of,Ff-qc)3clict FP ?ci?19,42 Q
0
I nets
villages while the remainder of 2_3,500 live in Karditsa. Practical-
ly all of the residents derive their livelihood directly from the
soil or from processing and marketing agricultural products,
Excluding the residents of Karditsa, part of whom are not engaged
in agriculture, there are appro::imately 9 str of arable land per
farm inhabitant in the plain.
The local inhabitants are, in general, cooperative but
not overly industrious, The rode of life is simple many old
'customs and modes of dress have been retained. The principal food
is bread and pulses. The isolation of the area has resulted in
generally poor educational facilities and in lack of improvement
in housing and sanitary conditions. Being principally grain
farmers, the people have consirable spare time for weaving and
other small enterprises, Nevertheless, in general, the farmers
have sufficient land to support themselves and their families and
appear to have a better-than-verae standard of living as compar-
ed with other rural :.rus in Greece,
I1-5
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CHAI"Til;it III
CLIMATOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY
CLIMATOLOGIC DATA
1. Climatolo ic Stations
In Table III-1 are listed stations in the Megdova River basin,
Karditsa plain, and surrounding region at which precipitation and
temperature are measured. The stations are operated by the
Ministries of Public Works, Agriculture and Air. As indicated in
the table, the majority of the stations record precipitation only.
2. Records
As can be seen from an examination of Plates III-1 and
111-3 .and Table 111-1, records of temperature and precipitation
in and adjacent to the Megdova River basin are inadequate both as
to distribution and length of record to define closely the local
variations in the climatic features of the basin. Both the pre-
cipitatioll and temperature vary markedly with differences in
altitude and exposure. As many of the available records are for
stations located in relatively low-lying sheltered valleys, only
approximate determinations can be made of areal precipitation and
temperature which, however, are generally sufficiently accurate
for the purposes of this report.
3. Precialtation
Ary.=1-alla.1.1.2.1-1,a-L2E: The Pindos mountain region,
in which the Megdova River basin is located, receives more preci-
pitation than any other part of Greece. In order to estimate the
average annual precipitation on the Megdova River basin, the
records of all stations in the region including the entire Acheloos
River basin and surrounding area, were studied. Precipitation-
altitude relations were plotted as shown on Plate 111-2 for water
years 1936 through 1939, the period during which the maximum
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ThFIE II1-1
SUTIMLRY OF CT-IYTIC PECOBIS IN AS h=j;,CFNT
TO THE MEG'rVA 7T?hINACTPASIN
I-1
Station
Location
Precipitation
Temnerature
Lat,
Long
Station
Elev.
Period of Pe(-ors
Mean i.m.*
Preci7D.
Period
1::e an Lm.**
of
iernEr.
Ayios V1assios 38?49'
AFrinion 38,0,37'
Analensis 38-30,
Ano Prostovas 38?38'
Arta,
Eezoina 39-18'
Cheljdona 3e?49,
C-avalou 38 32'
Gavdiki 39';32!
Cranits 39'06,
Crevcrjtion
Ioannina
Kbaka (Neteora) 3943'
Ka1a17aka(to,1in)
Yar:1itsa 39 22'
Karitsa 39?16'
Karnenission 3Sc?55'
Katafyli
Yonitsa 40-03?
Le,Denou 38'43,
Malakassion 39?47,
21?311
21?24,
21?441
21-38,
21?10,
21?41,
21'39,
21;,32'
21'16'
2129'
20'51'
2436'
21037'
21 55!
21?41,
21?49'
2154'
20u46!
21?17'
21?19'
(m)
250
96
800
620
39
930
625
50
1,100
700
980
50e
54e
250
110
1,130
963
1,050
556
180
1,080
1935-39
1904-39, 1947 to d'to
1950 to date
1950 to date
1e94-1939
1932-47,1950 c date
1950 to date
1950 to date
1932-L2
1950 to date
1936-42,1950 to date
1915 to date
1950 to date
1903-12,1929-31,1935-39
1903-10,1936-42,1950
to date
1950 to date
1904-31, 1946 to dote
1951 to date
1915-30, 1932-39, 1951
to date
1950 to date
1903-12, 1933 to date
(mm)
1,562
976
1,28
1,124
1,144
1,576
1,796
2,110
,
I 9465
1916
232
1,21e
778
1,066
618
19124
1,191
1,100
1,092
15400
(?r)
1e96-1929 11.7.70
1915-29,193)4014.70
1936-1940 14.3
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TABLE III-1 (Continued)
SijriIFY OF CLIt-ff.: TIC PEC,"07:7,8 IN 1_T.0
TO THE MEG:01":, GE 131,S IN
Stati7,n
Location
Precipitation
Temerature
Lat.
Long.
Station
Elev.
Period of Records
Yean Ann
Precir).
Period
of
Records
Tem71.
!.otscvon
VessolonFhinn
77.f7,aktcs
Pardisinn
Pertouli
D tones
Psilnvral-Ins
Pyli
Red ma
SorFhid
Stamm
Thcothori
Trikola
Tymfrist s
Tyrn
Vinini
3827'
3903'
3932!
f
j.?
2 31
3855'
3930'
3859'
2113'
21_2,
21L23'
21c_28'
2147'
21"4,
21'r,59'
21Z24'
21,16'
2113'
21'47'
2151
21?41'
(m)
1,132
4
5
100
800
19150
1,100
45o
-1c)
1,080
220
170
1,4oc
154
780
923
620
1915-269 1950 to date
1894-1399 1950 to date
191-37, 1950 to T.te
1950 to TI-f]c,
1950 t- 77,nte
790-79 1950 t.7-
1950 to itc
1950 to iota
1932-42
192-5, 1950 to. fte
1950 t7iota
-
1950 tdata
1951 to, iota
1894-1939
1930-1992
1907-129 1950 to iota
1950 to '7,,te
(mm)
1,897
30
7 9 052
2,6-
2,2L0
-r)4
1,710
197:57
725
1,920
19022
809
19392
2,306
1960
1900-1929
'Th 020
(cc)
1e.60
IC /.."1
* Proci7ftatir.n Id.justed to thT: -)erioi 1904_7951
** Temnerrro odustcd tn the .-criod 1896-1950
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numb e*aPkti7cetSlifieTR-rPtieflet9qce RIP1:14,3,-0013? Rov9I-L3(9102y9P9P11 s
meant the year beginning September 1 and ending August 31). From
the precipitation-altitude relations with geographical position
and exposure taken into account and with adustmont for long-term
trends as given in Table 111-19 the isohyetal map on Plato 111-3
was drawn; these isohyetal lines wore then transferred to Plate
III-1. From the latter plate, the average annual basin preci-
pitation was determined as follows:
Basin
Karitsiotis River
Megdova River above
Karitsiotis confluence
Megdova River below
Karitsiotis confluence
Drainage Area
(km2)
Average annual
basin precipitation
(mm)
53
2157
94
1764
147
1930
These estimates of basin precipitation are believed to be
conservative for two reasons: (1) Precipitation-gage observers
are not properly instructed regarding measurement of precipitation
in the form of snow; inasmuch as a largo proportion of the pre-
cipitation particularly at the higher altitudes is in this form,
much of the snowfall is lost and values that :are too low are
obtained. (2) Consideration of basin runoff and loss, as dis-
cussed later in this chapter, indicate that the abovecstimate of
basin precipitation is low.
Seasonal distribution: The Megdova River basin and the
Thessaly plains have a typical Mediterranean climate with a
distinct rainy season occurring during the winter. The months of
November, December and January have the greatest precipitation at
most stations as shown in Table 111-2. The summers are dry except
for occasional heavy showers accompanying thunderstorms in the
higher mountains. These summer showers are local in character
and occasionally cause floods on small torrents; however, they
rarely cause flooding in the main river channel.
4 Temp'eratUre Records
Records of monthly temperature are available for five
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staticSanittizei-tAppitogedvFoEiRikkiaCrikRPFT4-994PRIPM9Q40MA
in Table III-1. The monthly temperatures at the proposed Nevro-
polis reservoir were estimated from the temperature-altitude
relations shown in Plate 111-4. Table 111-3 shows the average
monthly and annual temperature for Trikala9 Arta, Ioannina,
Konitsa, Messolonghion and Nevropolis reservoir adjusted to the
period 1894 to 1929.
TABLE 111-2
MEAN MONTHLY PRECIPITATION
(millimeters)
Station
KARDITSA
TRIKALA
BE7OULA
Period of
records
1902-119 1935-43
1949-51
1899-1937
1932-1951
Month
Total
a
01TotalTotal
January
92
13
93
12
258
16
February
79
11
78
10
182
11
March
68
10
68
9
119
7
April
46
6
58
8
115
7
May
47
6
57
7
101
6
June
36
5
41
) r,
60
4
July
12
2
15'
,-)
c..
21
1
August
11
2
16
2
35'
,,_
September
48
7
35
4
67
4
October
85"
12
96
13
168
10
.
November
72
10
106
14
224
14
December
113
16
104
14
288
18
Annual
709
100%
767
100%
1638
100%
5. Evaporation
No evaporation records have been kept for any location in the
Megdova River basin or adjacent area; there are ton years of
evaporation records, however, for the period 1932 through 1942 at
Lake Marathon near Athens. From this record the water-surface
evaporation at the Nevropolis reservoir was estimated using the
correlation between temperature and evaporation shown in Plate
III-5. The estimated monthly and annual evaporation rates at
Nevropolis reservoir are given in Table III-4.
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AVITAGF MONTUIY
TIELE
111-3
TEM-)Erl.TUBU IN ?C
:NT) ANNUAI
Month
TRIYALA 2,RTA
Nevronolis
IOANNINA KONITSA MESSOLONGHION Beservoir
El 154 El 25
El 470
El 560
El 4 El 750
January
February
March
Anril
May
June
July
August
Scntember
October
Fever-ter
December
Annual
5.8
7.2
11.1
15.5
20.3
24.8
28.0
27.5
2.2
17.4
11.5
7.4
16.6
8.8
9.8
12.4
15.8
20.2
24.1
27.3
27.3
23.9
19.0
13.8
10.2
5.4
6.4
9.5
13.1
17.5
21.3
2,8
24.8
21.0
15.7
10.4
6.6
4.8
6.3
9.0
12.4
16.7
21.2
24.0
24.3
70.2
15.5
10.6
6.3
20,2
10.4
13.3
16.6
20.4
24.0
27.5
27.5
24.7
20.2
16.4
11.7
4.6
6.2
8.1
11.0
15.5
19.8
23.5
23.2
19.0
15.2
9.9
5.9
17.7
14.7
14.3
18.6
16.0
MOWTT.TLY ANT.-. ANNUAL TVAPOP.WION AT NEATROOIIS
Month
Fvaneration
Month
Fvaroration
(r177-
(mm)
January
21
July
200
February
28
August
140
March
35
Sentember
91
April
47
October
67
May
69
November
43
June
99
December
27
Annual
811
6, Grounwater
Trinage cenditions Groundwater is high throughout most
of the nlain due to the lack of channel maintennnce and drainage
facilities. Prior to the installation of the existing flood
control and drainage systems, a large nertion of the lower plain
near the Peneos River was swampy, rendering it entirely useless
for cultivtion.
The Knappen Tinnetts Abbott Engineering Comnany measured
111-6
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the depth to water in 67 shallow wells throuFhout the Karditsa
plain between Sofaditis and the Peneos Fiver with, results as riven
in Tables 111-5 and 6 and Plate 111-5,
TABLE III
GROUNDWATER OBETTVATIONS - MAY 1952
KARDITSA PIAIN
No,
of
wells
Location
Approximate repth
elev, of to
Fr. surface water
1
2
3
4
5
Artesianon
Artesianon
Ayios Theodoros
Ayios Theodoros
Ayios Theodoros
96.00
'7.00
100.00
105.00
104.50
1.60
1.80
1.70
1.50
2.00
6
Ayiopighi
124.00
2.00
7
raouti
115.00
4.50
P
Fannri
06.00
2.00
9
Fanari (Komylos)
95.50
2.00
10
Ftelopoula
111,.50
2.00-9.40
11
Franco
125.00
2.30-1.60
12
Georrhikon
122.00
2.00
13
Georghikon
128.00
1.50
14
GeorThikon
125.00
2.00
15
Gorrovites
'8.50
2.00
16
Gorgovitos
97.00
1.70
17
Kalyvakin
94.00
2.00
18
Kalyvakja
04.00
1.70
19
Kanalia (Lasda)
08.00
1.80
20
Kanalia (Lasda)
105.00
2,80
21
Kanalia (Lasda)
103.50
1.70
22
Karditsa
102.00
1.90
23
Karditsa
105.00
1.60
24
Karditsa
110.00
1.60
25
Karditsa
104.00
1.80
26
KarditsomaFoula
95.00
1.50
27
Karditsomaroula
93.00
1.75
28
Karditsomaroula
1.50
29
Karpohori
110,00
4.70
30
Kasnesi
128.00
1.20
31
Kasnesi-Magoula
118.00
2.00
32
Koumades
104.00
1.55
33
Kourtesi
101.00
1.80
34
Kria Vrissi
141.00
1.70
35
Makrihori
q4000
1.70
36
Makrihori
92.00
1.50
37
Markou
Q5.00
2.00
38
Markou
05.00
1.70
39
mrknu
94.00
1.60
4o
Markou
94.00
1.60
ITT-7
alb iLe - Approved For Release . CIA-RDP8..)-0 3R001300290 -5
CPYRGHT
Sanitized -Approved toftfeimeq Lit7*-4
It144 423KUU1aW29000
GROWDWATIT OBFEPVATIONS-MAY 1952
KART=EA
PLAIN
No.
of
wells
Location
Approxi irate
elev, of
or, surface
Depth
to
water
41
Mataranga
101.00
2.50
42
Mataranga
100.00
1.50
Metropolis
147.00
4.00
44
Metropolis
132.00
7.00
45
Mirous
97.00
2.00
46
Mirous
95.0o
1,80
47
Mirous
94.00
2.00
48
Mirous
91-.50
1.80
49
Palamas
93.00
2.20
50
Palamas
90.00
1.90
51
Palamas
90.00
1.70
52
Pa] oklissi
103.00
1.70
53
Polioklissi
99.50
1.00
54
Palioklissi
100.00
1.10
55
Palioklissi
98,00
1.75
56
Paldoklissi
104.00
1.20
57
Palioklissi
100.00
2.25
58
Paljoklissi
100.00
1.00
59
Pradaska
170.00
1.00
60
61
Pyrros Kierion
Pyrgos Kierion
1040t,0
208.00
3.50
3.70
62
Pflug?
130.00
3.40
63
Pizovouni
95.00
1.70
64
Sofades
109.00
4.20
65
Sofades
110.00
2.50
66
Xyroneri
138.00
1.30
67
Xyr(meri
139.00
2.30
NOTE: For location of wel1s9 see
Plate 111-5.
TABLF 111-6
GTOUNDWATFR CONDITIONS
KAPTITSA PLAIN
Approx. depth
below ground surface
Area
Percent of
.plain area
(1000
str)
1.0 - 1.5 m
21
3
1.5 - 2.0 m
237
4o
2.0 - 3.0 m
235
39
Over 3 m
107
18
600
100
111-8
-5
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
?...01 I I I I
Sani
water suitable
of the snrings are located in the southern nortien of the nlain at
the contact between the flysh nnd limestone of the mountains and
the alluvium of the nlain.
Very few dug wells exist in the Plain but almost every
family has a driven well with hand numn for domestic water sunply.
About 120 driven wells in the area are cquipned with 2 to 3 inch
pumps and yield 20 to 50 m3/hr. The total area irrigated by pump-
ing from wells, springs and streams does net exceed 6000 str in
the Farditsa plain. A groundwater survey, which included the
Karditsa plain., was made in lfl50 by the Associated Frilling and
Supn]y Company, Ltd. of London for the Ministry of Agriculture.
The results (mf the survey arc describe in "Fenort on to Survey
and Exnloration of Underground Water FOSOUTCCS in the Western
Thessnly Plain Area" (in two Volumes). The renort includes the
results of exnloratory drill in and geophysic72 investigations.
Tabulations and maps of existing wells together with locations,
deaths, yields, head and other pertinent data nre included.
In general, thc renort concludes that groundwater supplies
could be develoned by deen wells in c(:.rtnin selected areas in the
north part of the Karditsa pinin; however, the south and cast nnrts
between Karditsa and Pnlamns do not annear favorable for develen-
ment. Within the selected areas that could be developed, the
yields for a 6 to 8 inch diameter well 150 m deep is estimated at
about 35 m3/hr.
The Ministry of Agriculture has undertaken a well drilling
Program in the area but accurate records c,f yields arc not yet
available.
It is known that limited amounts of wtc.r for irrigation
will be obtainable at shallow denths from drains, natural streams
and shallow wells, and that the yields from these sources will be
strengthened by irrigation losses from the selected irrigation
area, The actual amount obtainable from low-lift numning sources
can be determined only after the recommended irrir'ntion Project
together with the current drainage nrogrnm of the Ministry of
Public Works goes into oncration and after the ultimate effects of
for
ease7d1A-RDP8S1-0042114116-f3
-061219-66biy_6c1c1
irrigation but only in limited volumes. Most
I 11-9
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
CPYRGHganitized - Approved For Release: CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
the reclamation works become evident. However, in order to in-
dicate the amount of water which miPht be available by numping
from drains, shallow wells and local streams, an estiriate on the
basis of recharge by nrecinitation was made. This estimate in-
dicatos that about 47 million rri3 would bc available from shallow
wells and d-eains, and an additional l million m3 of water would
be available from recovery of the irrigr'tion losses. This sun-
rlemental ,-ater could be used to irrigate abeut 71,000 str out of
the total of 530,000 net irrigable str or about 13 rercent of the
not irrigable area in the Karditsa rlain.
7. Physical Characteristics of the Drainage Basin
The drainage basin under consideration is that of the Meg-
dove River below its confluence with the Karitsiotis Tiver, which
is its rrincinal tributary.
The drainage areas concerned are as follows
Karitsiotis Tivcr 9 km-
Mogdmra Fiver above 9
Karitsiotis confluence 94 km
Megdova Fiver below
Karitsiotis confluence 147 km
The western nart of the basin is mountainous and cut by
deep ravines having a general easterly alignment. The mountain
slopes are steep and barren, and are devoid of all vegetation on
the urner nart while wooded and covered by fir and oak trees on the
lewer nart. The eastern nart of the drainage basin is hilly with
gentle slores intercented by saddles giving easy access to the
Thessaly nlain. The Mesenikolas and Tsardaki saddles arc the
principal means of access between the Karditsa and the Nevrrrnlis
'lain.
Frer7 its source the Vegdnva River flows in a southerly
direction ffollowing a tectonic valley, the urrcr rart of which
forms the Nevronolis nlain. Vava Lake nccunies the northeastern
nortion of the Nevrorrlis nlain. The Karitsiotis Piver originates
near the village of Karvasara and flows into the Mcgdova Fiver just
below the rrnrosed damsitc. The principal srrings feeding the
Megdova Fiver are located near the villages of Fylakti, Bezoula
and Kryoncri.
ITT 10
Sanitized - Approved For Release: CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
CPYRGHT
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
Little erosion has cccurred in thc 1P7)cr Yerdovn basin
exce-it in the vicinity of Lake Vvn and thu villaFe Kryoncri.
The main debris corn :r is th( Karitslotis River which drains an
arca of hliTh bar/ion limesten int ins.
STRTAMFIOW
Mensurer,unts ni Tests
Fecrrds stream mrasurc-ents m' de in the Merdova basin
arc summarized in Table III-7. Stnrc-discharf-c roltions for the
LISCHAPCF
TAT?LF 11I=2
MOd
River Place
clnrc .
1,,?lvhtTisch-lrFc
Fate
Made by
?
77) ?7777sec-)
MECTOU Fezoula Snrinns
P.
May
9
1952
KTA
MEG LOVA NeehrTd PridFc
no416
May
9
1952
YTA
I/
MFODOVA Ra7y
3.000
May
19
1950
V7W
3.690
May
20
1950
1,17W
a.o7
2.360
May
25
1950
VPW
1.33
13.139
Mar,
22
1952
MPW
1.08
3.550
Apr,
16
1952
M"W
1. CC
1.765
May
7
1952
LTd
7
n.92
0.961
May
22
1952
0,99
1.664
Juno
6
1952
9
0..87
0.300
Juno
21
1952
KTA
KARITSIOTIS Mandan'
1
?/
1.717
May
21
1950
MPW
Pride=
2
0.59
0.884
May
26
1950
MOW
3
0.99
10.371
Mar.
29
1952
V,OVI
4
o.95
2.474
Apr?
16
1952
T4PW
0.79
1.104
May
7
1952
KTA
6
0.72
0.621
May
22
1952
KTA
0.78
1,179
Juno
6
1952
KTA
0.61
0.24n
June
21
1952
KTA
1/
- Staff FaFc road daily by ebsrv(-r. Strvff rare rccrrds avallablo
,/May 1950 to date
-`---'Estimated
Note KTA = Knnen Tinnotts Uninoorinr Co.
= Ministry of Public ',IJrks
TIT-11
Sanitized - Approved For RereMr7LAA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
I
CPYRGHT
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP81-004z3R0013002,90001-5
two statins are shown on Plates anO IT1-0. The _lower nor-
tiens of each curve arc well efined by the current-meter measure-
nAlts. An ext,:nsien of the CUTVL on Plate III- F was determined
from varid-flew cer17utati-ns based on a series of measured cross
sccti-ns :?btaincd durinr May and June 1952. As, accordinr to
local inhabitants9 thre has been no chanro in the channel cross-
sections of thc Merdova River shice May 19c;09 the c(7,m-,uted -)oint
en plate ITI-8 shauld be accurate within abut 20. As the hirher
dischr-es are of sh-rt duration, the resultinr error in monthly-
averarc-flow determirrtiens is ,i.tch less than this porcentare.
For the Karitsietis Piver the stare-ischarre relation is doubt-
ful owinr to shiftinr of thA. stream bed.
9. 1/1:tor_9ualiTts_
Sampl(s for analysis -f water quality wer( taken from the
Merdova Pivor near the cnfluenco of the Faritsiotis Pivcr, the
qrtesifql well in t1-1,- Of Artcsian,Th
and a main drain ox-
cava ted recently near the vii Tore of Falenzi. The sam,m1os were
analysed in the seils lab-ratory ef the Ministry of Arriculturo
with results as shown in Tomb ITT-8. The diarram for water
quality shown On Plate ITT-7 was used as n uide in establishinr
the suitr'bility of water for irriratJon use. Beforenee is T-T-10.e
to "Diarnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkaline Soils", U.S.
Berl-nal Salinity Laboratory, Piverside, C!,Ilifornia, July 1947,
for the methods of watr analysis used and for the meaninr of the
symbols in Table III-8,
10. 2.printity of Runoff
For the ,7)eriod of rare-heirht records extendinr from May
1050 to date, the daily averarc discharre of the Merdova Fiver at
Daly Mill was determined as follws (1) For nerieds with only
minor variations in flow, the averaro daily discharre vis deter-
mined by direct readinr of the discharrc from the stare-dischrre
curve on Plate 111-8. (2) Fr 'r flood .;rfLc,ds9 rap.e-hciFhts.were
-)1rtted on a time scale and the rare-heirht hydrorraph was sketched
tilTr'urh the known r)oints; this a.r--laciht hydrorrrAph was then
converted to dischrTe by use of Plate III-8; the averaFo daily
Sanitized - Approved For Release: CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
CPYRGHI
Sanitized - Approved For Release CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
TABLE I1I-8
W\ TP :,Y;,LYSFS TN K.:=17;7,:? 7LAPT
Characteristics
Artesian well MeFdova
near
River
Artesianon at the damsite
(depth 200m)
W1
Wain Drain
near
Kalonzi
W2
pH 8,3 7.6 F,1
C'14Mg m.e./litei 2.44 2.84 3.16
(Max1n0 )
61i.0 5'1. Ii6.0
Ca+Mr+Na
Conductiyity
P50 490 E, 5 0
(EC x 11)') at 25?C)
Total salts by C.59 0.2
r,m 0.)-15
conductivity /liter
Cl gm/liter c.008 0.00 0.01F
Suitability for Arric?ti-n ,- rprissible Excellent to Oc(d to
nermissible
For locatic,n of samples W, and W2 see Plate I1I-6,
dischare wns then determined from thc discharge hydrorranh.
The discharge for each complete month of record, June 1c:T,0
to May 1952 inclusive, was comn'Ited from the daily average dis-
charv.os rivinF mean monthly discarresas summrized in Table 111-9,
A correlation curve, Plate III-10, was thEn pl-tted of the
mean monthly discharres of the Megd.,:,va Tiver versus the Acheleos
River at Kremasta; records of the latter are available since
Sentember 1937. The MerdPva Fiver is one of the principal trd-
butarics of the Acheloos River arrd the basin PreciPitatien and
basin characteristics are generally similar. From this correla-
tion the mean monthly elischarFes for the months Sentember 1937
through May 1950 were determined as ta'-ulated An Table 111-9. In
order to complete tiqo missing mcnIts of June, July and August
1952 when flows werc; known to be comparatively low, typical reces,,
sion curves were drawn from which the quantities shown for these
months in Table 1II-9 were estimated. The mean flow of the Mer-
dova Fiver for the period September 197 throurh August 1952
is 8.6 m3/soc as shown in Table III-9. A residual mass curve
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
CPYRGHT
-1IF -
Sanitized - Approved For Release:
CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
Th73LE 111-9
M71,1AN M0N7HT-v 0i =JAL 17I3CHLPG7
M7G007,Ti_ PTNER 11 az-y YILL
(m3/sec)
Oct.Year Se't. ' Yr)v, Dec. Jan, Feb.
rch
7,1ay
June July ALIT>
Mean
,fLnnual
1937-38 3.2
193.9-39 1.7
1939-40 2.8:
1947-14-1 1.14
194-1-42 3.2
191+2_L3 1.3
--193-1,-4 1.3
F-1
-1.9L-4-4r; 1.6
1945-46 6.
19146-1,7 1.7
1947-LE 1-2
1943-49 P.7
1949-50 1.7
1950-51
1951-5 2.3
4.2
L.4
2.5
r,
/0
,
1.6
1;.2
27
P
7,0
(,%6
n?
_,. ?
1.3
27.5
11.7
6.9
8.6
6.?
1F.4
13.2
19.c
12 '7
in .9
3.c
10.2
16.6
ip
290
2.2
12.7
P.?
17.14 72. 12.7
12.9 7.4
1,8 1-7.0 15.
90,r' 20.8 120';
173.4 13. -IL.
7.9,,..-
,,,, 2,6
c.,-2.:, -11.14 16.1'
14.4 17.0 12.2
,--_, r) 10.5 1 r '
14.P 25.0 2n.2
19.2 12.7 2,7
P 6.6
,
0 P -17,1 r 11.(-7
i.
13. 14.F 1q.):4-
1.-..e. 1fl.6 6.7
loan 2.1 6.3 17.9 13.5 13.2 13.3
13,7 12.0
12.3
1.7
15.9
C.9
kf..5
12,1
c 4
7.4
P.2
r-77.6
1.7
t7:
2.6
77
2.7
2,7
1.7
1,7
1.7 9.5
0
1.7 11.2
1.7 0.6
i.41.3
3.6
7.2
9.7
0.7
12.8
7,7
7.7
1.(_4
C
1.3
C.r
P.E
Sanitized - Approved For Release:
CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
?..1.11Y1.1.0
BogoriiiI i
uuddi.,,??????,,,.,,..?..???. .
,,, ?,
AM '
;lir ;VIA FA1
CPYRGHT
based on th
Sanitized Approved For Release : CIA RDP83 00123R00130090P01-.5 .iii....
, dhether the period ,Sontember 1937
t..3 data in Table 11179 is shcwn in Plate 111 -13,
In order to etermine w
:F-
_
annual precipitation at Vflri:ThuS static'ns in the region were 'lot-
through August 1952 is represc.,ntative of long-term trends, the
,
- ? - -
tad on Platc 111,11. Using the statin at Acrinien as an index
the correlation fnn Plate 111-12 was -)lotted? From a study of
these two platcs..it wase.stimatec, that the ionr -term Mo.DI.In liew, is
about 8,Q, m-/sec rather th,,,,,n the 8,6 m3/sec given in Table 1II,79,,
- ,. i -
ih!!!!
On the other hand, as can be seen frail Plate III-11, the period of
runoff records does include water year l949, the driest year of
procinitation in, Greece and thrPuFhout the Elddle East,
LLsin_sune,ff_aud_acap_wter lcess? The 1.-n7-term mean
average discharge of 8,0 m-/sec crresnends te a mean annual flc-w
of 2529000,000 m- or 1720 mm on the drainFe area of 147 km20 it
was stated nrevipusly in thjs chanter that the average annua,L .
basin. --)recinitaticn is 193n rim whJch value is flrobbly low awing
to improper measurement flf preci-,itaticn in the f-rn of snow,
This .conclusion is also T'..erne cut by censicration nf the nvc.ragc
basin water lesswhich would be 210 mn year if the values of
tIII,,:
1 -
1930 mm and 1720 mm arc accented resp(,ctively fcr the basin nro-
,
,
ci-)itatlon and basin runoff, Oasfd on stu-,,ies iirfcrmed by the
_
Knanpon Tisnetts Abbott Enrineerin Cem,dany in (-Lher arfns of
Greece the basin loss should be an the ardor of )400 mm for which
the basin nrecitatiPn w-uld be at' ut 2100 mm? Py comnariscn,
the basin runoff ef the LcheleAs fiver at Krenasta is 1770mm
11?
whili the basin ,?recinitatien, as n(ar as can be determined from
the avail ble in orriatic-n, is 1830 mm,
V
11, MeEdova Pivor :Basin Floods
renertrt,
Records ,r(T.,'f 'lceds on the Merdeva Biver are of only min -r
interest as there 'is very little actual flP nPtential darlpre
SUltin- from far ,ds downstream -f the nr-1-)cse.' Nuvrenolis
On the rther han22 fcr desitm f thL s-)-111wav of [he -jar records
GDPaFdIGGI
1111111M
''''"111111
911111111
of maximum fiends weur.:', he cf value'.' such ri:ccr,ds nre ri,--t avail-
,
r. _
able hflwover, therefore c-ITnarisen with other drainage-asins was
. .
made,
paxi..son with other U.,sins?, Maximum reccrled
Sanitized - Ap roved For RerFOra,1A-RDP83-00423R001300
1,1i111111 1111.11
.locd dis-
!!:11111111
11
111
Sanitized - Ap,?roved..1-dr:.Kelease.: U1A-KUPti3-UU42.3KUU13UU2,91.U.11 b
??tttcharces in Grecce nlcttei:. ar,';'?inst ..".'?rninnre nroa cPlatc 11J-sq7
'.ill'EH [' ?'-' !-,,..?''':'"'"': ? - 1 : .1: Li"' , .L,. ? ',,,;"' ,?,?,-: '.., ---,-,,,:,ikli,,m!!!!.
ha.vo. an envelcpe, Curve ?With. the equation Q7.7.50.V71", where Q equalS
[ f-: ? ',. . ' * ,,,-- -
the peac, i discha.rfe in m-isec and f.':. is the drainae area :in km2 .
i
.74s.. Q,quati-n iS similar in fern to 0 = 5000 V7" iv,e-'1 fOr the
:,
?,??? ??, ? -11?'???,-:??? i'? ,,:',,-:-:???:?:- 1 . . ,
,
Pacific Slo.r.pe:lunsins in Calif(-imin where 0 canals the aoak
t? . ??
,
1 p
charF.c in cubic feet per sec,-nd and 1% is the c'1,rn,inaFe %rea in
square miles, Tliis cluatirn cc-nvcrtc.3 tfl metric units, with Q
m3 /scc al-1(1 A in km2 , is Q =P T17; tint.: first equation thus Fives
rcsulLs E.qual to 57 ncrc(mt of the vnaile for
Drtta. 00maximurq recorded fl ?ds in Italy were .1.1sc,'examin
cd as contnir,(d an "Peine dci. Corsi :1' Aqua Ttelini",lputliShed
,
by Scrvizic Tdrocratficc,,ttni st..re dy.d. I ahoriPublici, Pem 1930
r-Ind"eth-des de L:Ltcrmin'Ition du TThit de Cruc Maximum A: P"rvcir
pour un Armando rice,-.119 Ce ission Internatfenale
1
des c?ran(ls Darraf-cs9 Pa.ris 101. It is rr.nsidered that (Ireek
rivers have charactcrisLics si,-11-r in -encral to riv(rs ih that
1
n-,rtiPn F Italy lyin- rfl-u.hly b(Awc.cn la,titudes )40(' and 114 . -
ximum in this 'part of Italy are et or bclOw the '
1
1 L
c.?,nv(.1 ---)e curve 0 50 cxecTA for scvcral basins that are at
ein ti v,?1 y hi h 101(vn ti ns if ,C(0 in in the ncsrthc'es
Slcr)cs of tbe 1,!).enniims in 1.1-1(: rol-ns af Pcmarnn and Mard'he the
cnvel( nc- curve r.-T lhesc hi:h basins is Q = 77 Vt. For to Nedcv
11:
Pivcr hasin, whmse mean el(xatl(n is 1020 m, the maximum irclmn1e
fl(
(us(d f-r.clesirn of the s-illway of the nrcn -scd dam as des -
crl?hr,d in Chonter TX) is estimated at 90 yr or 1100 m-/sc,c,
? : ? : ? ? [rt.' -
12, K:71rditsa.
17777*.?
For datil- on flcods in the Karitsa nlain, referenL is
? it-t?-? . .tt??? f V?: ?
made to Cha-Aers TV and VII,
: . . . ?
1,1;?t
13, Fffect fI ,ova. 4Versi-n -n Achelr,fls Fiver Pr(?Ldfc,s
-There r twn an the Acheloos live'r
. . ? ? , . . ,
?down.stream of I ccnflU:cnce With. the MeTdova River, dhe '.,fenttial-
.. ? t
cflmHtises the Kremasta hydreelectric dcvelnnment and the
other is thc Arrinion-Neohoriirri t1 ri nlano The Merd.c.-va diver-
sion will have r3::: nerliFiblo effect on those urjccts f(7.-jr -th6 Ini -
re,fl,sons ? 11['''11
Sanitized - Ap
roved For Release : CIA-RDP83-00423R00130090
1111111111
IflUIIIIIUIhIIhohIIII
IMIIflflli
11 II yy ,?,;1111111111',
1[ ,111,1111111 ' [[T1113N11
. 11111[1,1,111111,11111111i11111,111,1[1o1111[1 11
11[1 II 1111111[1111
'
i ?
CPYRGHT
Sanitized - Approygd For?Rp!,e_Las ? I
cP iTver cerr,-)rises
g2-0042aR001300290001-5
only about 3 'orcent of the tet(7,1 yield of the Acheloos
has in,
(b) An !-ive,rare of.12 m-/sec will b.o wasted by flood-
water s-2i1;in!: at Cr,e whereas en averaire of
only 6.8 mi/scc will be -Ltvertel from the MeF0ova Piver; mos;
of this d,dvQrsien wasted at the Kremasta sillway
durinf: floods.
(c) At the site of the Arrinion-Neoheri irrir,atien
projects the Onimum ailv summer flow of the Acheloos Rivor
is about 18 mi/sec, while the irriFfltion requirement is a1 Qua
17 m3/sec. The minimum icily summer flew for the dova
River is only nbout 5,2 m--") ',)er sec thus the -.Jiversicn of the
Merdova Fiver lurine the summer will rit affect aphrcialy
the amounts of watr availble fer irrir-tion iewnstream.
FUTUTT HYDOLOC-IC DRecwm
1)-1. Personnel and Flulim,,cht
The c-)11(,:ct.ie,n of the 1:-Isic iota houl-:. t entrusted only
to trainod9 reliaLle crsens ihstructeJ in A:Lil en how to collect
data and n the im-nortnce or cornet information for the develop-
mnt of the district arcrl the cr-ui4ry as a wItele WherovLr fl-ssible
automatic receriin instrunnts he intalled which will
-hrovide uninterrupted 1,:twcon visits ef enrinc_ers from the
Ministry of Public Works. Tho scheEule of tl-,n enrinLers sh.muld be
arraured sr that all st-tiens in t'1,, district will 1',e visited every
two wetks..
15. Stream Gain E Statiens
flecordinF, caresg Because of the relatively small drainar:e
areas of 'eth the Meudeva a i Keritsicti a rivers, these streams ore
.6,u17.'ject to rn.nii rise foll in water level, anI, therefore the
prsent ')rocodure whereby staff Fircs are r(ld once or at most
twice a day is censi,Thre?I inajequate. It is r(.cr,mmcn.duf, that
automatic recorThim- wat(zr-levcl F-cs be insUule near the at.-
inc vares on the Moo f_ova Five r at Daly Mill an en the Kari-
tsiotis River at or near Bridre. OwinF to the shiftini
n.7.ture of the channel of the Karitsietis T-iver, the site of the
recerdinu rare shoulc:1 be selected with care and at the same time
Censid,eratien shr,uld he riven to construction of a low concrete
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
11111111 11111111111 1111 E11111 MI WM H
P
P
1
CPYRGEgnitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP83-00423R0013002900
8111 in the fern of a ilnt "V" in or'ur to st:?11ize the stage-
disch,rre relntion s- that much mere accurntc 3etermin-tion of
flew c-C the Ksritsiotis PcfcrencO is mr.)de
tfl Wator SurThnly no-)Lr No. cf th(: U.S, Cwoloric-,1 Survey entitl-
el "Strenm Caiinr 'procedure" fyr the arrnnumcnt, installation and
mn.intenr)nce nutrmatic wctcr livl rec,:-rers9 rrim wells and
oth(Jr itrrts of equinment, t'articulflr reference is male to the
sectifn on thc instsllation of staffi--Tes hflth inside anl outside
t-,f the stillin7 wells, -,v!res 193 -Ind 277 end the section on
cicarim the sti2line well end ilaake9 ns cc227. The schirre
rP,tim curve shoul' be checke. dicelly by mnIcin,- curront
rctor mcqsur(_flerts t :last twice a menth Thrinr tl-R rainy srnson
and at once '? month duaini the dry scason.
Cal,lew?ys To nermit curront-m(ter /0c,surments durinr
hih-wflter ',,rieds, cal leways sh'ulJ be c-nstrucLei neer the site
of y-.ch r c rin- r- re. ItP Ler 7.1hcr NO; PP8 -lso cintains
t chnic-1 irHcrnt i n ')-1 this sul 1, et.
16. .Frcc.1.'it-U:11.2L-c(,_s
discusserl shove under hrcelitation there is evidence
th. t nrecinit,ti,n in the f::rm f snow is not hems men,sured nro-
nerly at oxistinfr nrecit'lti:-n stations. It is recommended thnt
ol'scrvers at thtse st.rtions be issue instructions rcrsnrline snow
measurements fer which reference is mode to U.S. Woather Pureflu
Circular F "Measurement of Preci')itatim" (1936) and Circulnrs
end C "Instructions for Corerntivo Observers" (1941). These in-
structions should loo issuod to thc ol-scrvers at Bezoul, Kardits
and Karitsn. It wr'uld he well t issue the sme instructions to
observers in the mountain-ns nortions of the hch(31ros Fiver 1-asin.
17. Snow 71.1rvcas
Snow surveys f-r lcturmin-,tt-n of the wnLer c-utent of
snow-crver on the Arn.inace asin 11.'77(_ -Iroved te be \ia]unblo aids
in reservoir r,-,erati.n an] in -romotinr maximum use cf the avail-
w,tcr sunhly. Fference is mode to "Sncw Surveyin,.", U.S,
f :sriculturc9 ilisce1lanr,us Publication 320 (1940) for 'cs-
crintjon of snow-surveyinr meth ds Pfad, to en ,rti, 1e by I-1;n. Poard-
banitizea - Approvea i-or Keiease : um-Kuiaths-uu42.3Kuu1.suu4uuuu1-b
CPYRGHT
banitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
man in Transactions of the Amprican Coonhysi.cn1 Unio n of Octol.-cr
. ....
1947 for a '.1(._scrintion r,f use of snow surveys for watcr-sunnly
forecsts, It is recommencf!, that f.-..... nrorram of snow surveys of thc.
,. -1-. 2., , :--:,--?
... .
MoFdova Fiver basin To cr'rrac.. , out by thc arcncy oncratinr the
Novrnolis rcservoir.
t...
,
18. Fv,s.7)qx,f:,.tin,.
Eva' cration will comnrisc a sizcable loss from t
Nevr(-17,,o1ii.J reser,V*-..ir an shnul bc ;Thtc.rr.linc with c,roatur
than has hcon possil.-lo for this r(-2m--.rt. It is recommen,Ae:i
-)ronoscc
accur'l.c3,
that an
01:ss(rvatIonsLfl.tion ho cstaT'lishc ' in th,:' reservoir area for mc'as-
,,
urcmcnt of (1) ova,-loratian by mc-ns of a "land pan",(:) air temnor-
i..
aturc9 () winJ 1./clociLy, Pn(-1, (,) barometric pressum
For furthcr (Icta,ils on tbc methc.'. of mnkinF th(.:sP measurements,
referunco is ma.c.1,e; tc "Fvaratin from Lakes an,.1 Fervoips'.;by
A.F,, Meyer, Minncsot 'urccs ComniF:sinn, dt. Paul, Minn.
19 TomnorPture Pc,coffq
It is r(.,ermmonc.l.e.d th-lt r.c.nr 1n of
institutul at Karditsa cortinud at Triknia,
1942.
tum.lerntures
be
111 -19
Sanitized - Ap roved For Release : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290 01-5
1211
"'!'..'91111111111
:1!:111111I
-AR
-",,,ii11111111
GHT
CiAPTER Iv
Lulz OF DFVTIOPMFNT
CIVIC DFVELOPMENT
?01itical_Subdivisions
The Megdova Megdova basin and the Karditsa nlain are located in
central Greece in the Nomos (province) of Karditsa, The Nomos
?
is an administrative unit at the head of which is a Nomarch ap-
pointed by the Central Government. loch Nome's is divided into
F?Parchies, which are geographical rather than administrative units,
Fach Eparchy is further broken down into municipalitiest "Demos"
for larger towns and "Kinctis" for smaller towns and villages. In
both cases a Municipal or Community Board is elected by the local
citizens and the board elects a mayor. The mayors of the munic-
ipalities are d;roctly responsible to the Nomarchs.
About 35rf of the Megdova basin is situated in Evritania
Nomos; the remaining 65';') of the basin, together with the Karditsa
plain, is located within Karditsa Nomos, Nomos 1-oundarics have
been indicated QD Plato II-1. As the part of Evritania Ncmos
occupied by the western portion of the Megdova basin is a moun-
tainous sparsely nopulated and isoJatcd area, it was not included
in the project studios except in connection with the hydrolcgic
studies. Karditga NomcNs has an area of apnroximatcly 29500 km2
and a 1951 population of about 1389000. The Karditsc plain does
ne-t have establishod Political or geographic boundaries; for the
purpose of this Teport its limits have been defined in Chapter II
as constituting an area of 600,000 str within which the FirrigPtion
and agronomic studies have been made.
The resnonsibilities of the nrcsont day local adminis-
rativc units, the Demos and Kinotis, include levying taxes,
alleting expenditures for administrative purposes and financing
public services and community imn,ovements. The budget of forty-
two Kinotis in t..c Megdova basin and the Karditsa 1ain (but not
:111111n
Sanitized - Ap
.?
?
roved For Relea
e : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
U1-)YRUHI
LH
inctigitsfecthAFetReleiserrelik-ROP83J0042-BRQQ3134=901)01-5
drachmae in 1951-52. In addition to monetary taxes, the Kinotis
require each citizen to contribute days of their nersonal labor,
Municipalities will benefit by the recently adopted
measure providing for government distribution of the cigarette
tax based on population figures determined by the 1951 census.
Receipt of such funds will permit the inauguration of many long-
delayed local inprovement Projects.
The existing administrative organization permits home
rule only at the rrunicipality level. With advisory aid from the
government, the municipalities will prove to he valuable vents
in the development of agriculture and in the improvement of livin
conditions in the villages. All Nomarchs and representatives of
the Government ministries at the Nomos seat are political ap-
.
pointces. New administrative forms will be needed to secure
local participation in the maintenance and operation of proposed
irrigation projects. This subject is treated further in Chapter
XII.
.:;
2. .a.Wn$2.n!?4.?Y4421.Los
Industrial activity in and near the Karditsa plain is
?,.
centered in the ?towns of Karditsa? Larisa, Trikala and Voles and
to a lesser extent in the villages of Sofadcs, Palamas and Farsa-
la.
Karditsa? with a ?population of about 18,500 is the only
settlement in the plain which can be characterized as urap.
about 656/ of city's population is entirely denendtnt on agricul-
ture while the remainder consist,s of factory workers, profession-
las, shop keepers and Government employees, many of the city
Wollers also owp land and do part-time farming. The urban
2haractor of Karditsa in contrast to the villages and smaller
:owns in the 1 arc.,
a results from the comparatively high living r
standards of its population, The budget of the municipality of
Xarditsa amounted to slightly over 2 billion drachmae in 1951-52.
Karditsa has its owndiesel-electric power plant of about 4-70 kw;
nn additional generator of 130 HP is planned for installation in
-,he near future,. The power plant furnishes electricity on a
IV-2
1
Sanitized - AP . roved For Releae : CIA-RDP83-00423R00130090b01 -5 '
,
1 ,
1 t 4
RN 1111 41 11 I{ 11II IIPIWP 1g 1' Y 041040MI
-
I
,1111:
:'.111111
zfA
r1-11m
111 11;1 11 1 .11 110 111 "4111111 1411110 1.11.1.1111,1
INIAMETK
7711111111E11111111:Eli:',.1511111111111111'!1;'.
111 11111
111
Iiii11111'111E111111111
, " 11,11 11111 'I 'ill I
Sanitizod Approvod For Roloaso : CIA RDP83 00423R001300290001 5
24-hour basis with a short outage each day for inspection and
servicing of the units.
Medical :service is bettor 1ln Karditsa than in'the other
towns of the p1in. Besides several doctors, pharmacies and
clinics, there is a State hospital and a Municipal hospit??al. Thor-3
are 35 doctors and 11 pharmacies in the plain, most of them locat-
ed in Karditsa $ Medical services arc
servo the ruralareas,
,
generally inacquate to
In the arditsa plain there are 50 rural villages organiz-
ed into 15 com-,unities in addlLion to the muricipalitios of Kar-
ditsn and Sefad'es9 the total populfltion being about 70,000. The
locations and approximate size of tl-e villages arc shown 6/1. Plato
IV-1. The populn_tion of the villages varies from 30 to 4,300
with 30 of the 51 villages having a population of less than 1000.
30 2.22112_ation Trends
II!
'r!
11
The fluctuations in population during the past 120 years
arc given in TAle IV-1,
The 1951 census compared to that of 1940
TALF TV-1
FLUCTMtiONS IN POPULATION IN THF KADDITA PLAIN
DUPING THE -PFRIOD 1928-1951
Year
Persons '74
of 1928
Families/r--
1
-
of 1928
1928
52,744
100
9,600
100 ?
1940
61,066
116
11,300
118?
1951
69,939
133
13,132
137
,
1/
Figures for 1928 and 1940 are estimated.
, .
shows an increase in peculation of 15 percent for the .Kardifsa
plain. This in:Crease indicates t.'-at tl-e population of t'-'e plain
, . . . .
. ._
. ..
was not affected durinF the occupation by starvation, eneMy action
_
_
and miFration to the same extent as other areas of Greece.
4, Domestic Water Supply. and Sanitation
KarditSa is the only settlement in the area provided with
Sanitized - Ap
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roved For Release: CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
op
MOM MUM
immaikaa
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Sanitized - Approved i-or Release : U1A-RDS-UU423KUU131/1/29UUU1-b
a distribution system for domestic water supply. Ample water of
7"eod quality, obtained from shallow wells located in former stream
. .
beds is available on a 2?-hour basis. However, the Karditsa water
?
ystem is very old and oportes under limited pressure. For this
.7cason? running water is generally rIvailable only at ground level,
Tho rura villagcs obtain their water from artesian wells,
drilled or drive tube wells, springs and streams. In most of the
,villages tle water supply is both inadequate and subject to con-
!1!!'
-.amination? As one of the villages have standard Pressure distri u-
7,ion systems much time and labor is expended in carrying water
I ! ot
from wells1 and springs. Most of the rural homes are small and
,
: ,......,,,4
poorly lighted and sanitary facilities are primitive.
Tulberculosis, dysentery and other intestinal disturbances
,
and occasionally maltp, fever are the most corvion dis cas es found in t le
area. It is to be. noted that most of these diseases are the
-
I 11,1111,1,111
11111111h,
7esult of poor sanitation.
5. Livinz Standards
4?00?As 7.114
Living standnrds within the area are generally low, Pasi2
foods are bread and pulses supplrwented by cheese, cc:Fs, some meab
and a few vegctables. Clothing is ',lad( largely from hand-woven
cloth and to a small( r extent from low-grade commercial cotton-
cloth, Housing facilities have only slightly -imProvcd in recent
7A.M(S and modern,houschold appliances and conveniences are unknown,
'
,111
6. Education and Trainiqz
,
The existing educational facilities arc not adcquat,e to.
I
meet the needs of the people. Nevertheless, even these Meager
,
facilities, could be utilized in carrying forward a reclamation prp- 4i
1
1
:, ilpl
7ram?
,
I 11!:.
The grade school, cern-prising six elementary grades, is tha
1 , ,.
1
main educational1 institution in the villages. There are r--;6 grade
;,:
-3chools with 90 teachers, serving the 51 villages in the plain,
The school buildings are generally inadequate in size; within the
plain there is an average of one elementary grade school teacher
?
for 85 students and one high school teacher for 110 students, At
least 610 percent of the
t-
buildings are in need of remodeling or
,-,?? ?
I I
77111I
Sanitized - Approved FOr. Release : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5.
. . .
? ? ? .. ??' ???'?':...-?-? ? ??
. . ?
? ? -????? ?
? '11-??:?.?:,.. ?
11,
11!
ICPYRGHT1
ref ,A
region with 3 high schools and sufficient grade schools to accom-
modate the nonulalion,
One of thc deficiencies of the present public school
system is that courses in agriculture ,rnd home economics are gen-
erally not included, inthougll the work of the Agricultur-1
I
Services is now beine reor-ani7ed with the view of proViding an
efficient extension progrnm for farm mcn and women of Greece, a
1 ,
1
great amount or work remains before an effecti-e channel_ of cora-
,
,
municatien is established between the farm and farm home on one
hand and the research centers on the other. This nrobioM'is con-
sidcrod further in Chapter V.
IKUSTRIAT DT-T-LOPMFNT
7. PoYcr
There ore at present no hydroelectric power plants in all
. .
ThessalY. The Public Power Corporation is planning to bring power
into the Korditsa plain in l95; this rower ATM 1,-,e gen, rated at
the Aliveri L3ectric plant near Chalkis. Further reference to
this development is given in Chapter VI.
At the present time only two towns in the Karditsa plain
have diesel-electric generating stations. Karditsa has a station
delivering power almost continuously; the Sofades plant delayers
electricity only at night for lighting purposes. In addition
small amounts of newer for industriol uses ore provided by isolat-
od diesel plants,
The principal industrial
Plants consist of a modern pncu-
natio flour mill in Karditsa, This mill which has a capacity of
50 tons lof flour per day, produces its own electric power by means
of a diesel-electric plant having a rated capacity of 276 kW". In-
,
addition there arc seventeen other small flour mills, two ice re-
,
friroratinn plants, nine carding machines, throe cot-ten gins,
seven machine shops, seven sawmills and several other smaller
enterprises located in the K ,ditsn nlnin,
The labor requirements of industry in the Karditn plain
remain insignificant in comparison with the large portion of the
Sanitized - Ap
roved ForRelease : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290
, r, ,,1,111111111111,1,11,, ,
01-5
111
.I1
111
.11111111111
CPYRGHT
111
popul?fOgE4-1WrOvVafeltgeleate:CIA,ROP-834704234130113(102960if15
home industry, mainly sninning mci weaving. The seven carding
machines in Karditsa and two in Sofades process wool Principally
for home use.
111
8, Mn
As described in Chapter IT, there are no mines actively
Working in the Karditsa Nomos or in the Mogdova basin.
9. A!ricultural"Processing
Industrial processing of agricultural products is limited
to millino, ginning, wool carding and extraction of oil from sesnme.
The balance of the agricultural processing nctivities in the area
is limited to home preparation f farm products for local use.
Dairy prOducts are proccss,-d by very primitie meth-,ds
with very little regard for even rudimentary sanitary requirements.
Lack of refrigeration makes ncc,)ssary the use of excessive salt
for the preservation of cheese, thereby adversely nffecting the
quality of this and similar dniry -qroducts. Processed dairy
products are produced in sufficient quantities to be shinned out
of the area only to n very limited extent.
AGBICULTURAL DITY-LOPMFNT
10, General
History reveals that the Karditsa plain had a relatively
high state of agricultural development in ancient times. Archae-
ological studies of the Thessaly plain, in which the Karditsa
plain is situated, roved 1 that a developed civilization existed
6000 years before the Christian era. P,etwecn 1100 end 800 B.C.,
the region was invaded by the inhabitants of Ppirus, a region in
northwestern Greece. Those invaders, called Thossalians, gave
the area its rlional name. ,Tudging from available records the
Plain has always been :levoted to raising grain and livestOck.
During the Peloponnesian wars (430-400 B.C.) the farmers of the
Karditsa area were engaged in active commerce, furnishing grain and
horses to the armies of both sides. In 1420, following len
Sanitized - Ap
IV-6
roved For Release : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290b01-5
iii',[1,1111,111111'1111in'ilill 1111q1'['illiiil
C11111111,1111m1,d111!1'11,11;1
111
14111,WANII
Sanitized Approved For Releas ? CIA RDP83 00123R001300290 01
!
, ominatinn by the Roman and Byzantine conquerors, ThcssalY waS
ccupied by thc Turks. It was Under Turkish rule, which lasted
ntil 18819 that the culture and customs of the inhabitants were
ilk
derived. Following the liberation, the lands of t'-e Karditsa
lain were genera:11y consolidated into large ostates under control
of individual lanflords. Under this type of farming the lands
were well 0-red frr because each landlord had at his disposal a
large labor force which could be effectively utilized in maintain-
ing the drainage "systems.
In 12.29 laT:c areas of to Karditsa rain were expronriat-
ed by the Government and redistributed in small parcels tr' land-
less farrlers. Dile to lack of cripitall inexperience in maintenance
of tie drainage Works, and othc,r factors, tbe then-existing drain-
ago works wore allowed to deteriorate until large areas of land
reverted to semi-swamp. Pecently, through the assistance of the
Ministries of public Works and Agriculture and the Mutual Security
Administration or the United States of America, a program of levee
construct! n and channel and drainage-canal improvements has been
carried forward With caooncint results.
The prcsnt custom of devoting most nf the plain to culti-
vation of grainsamdtounimprovod pasture lands does not fully
uti]ize the potential capacity of the land to produce crops of
high value. The residents of the plain are dependent on agricul-
ture as there aro no other significant sources of livelihood in
the area. In rencral, the farmers of the plain have incomes which
while little Pni'e than required for subsistence, are still suf-
ficient to meet their modest requirements; thus they have not felt
a pressing need to change from grain farming to a more intensive
type of agriculture. This lack of incentive along with the lack
of funds for capital improvements have caused the delay in the
development and growth of agriculture thrr-urh irrigation, drainage
and modern farming practices.
11. Land Usc and Farm Practices
Although tho average farm in the plain contains about '11-
str, each farm pronerty is usually divided into small scattered
parcels as described in Section 18 below, h large part of the
a - Approved ror Release . -
III III
I I
'
11F,'1111111",ii11,111:il',F1?
III
!!!,?-??? ? --??????
ant zea - pprove or e ease . -
farm work is don? by hand. the 'farm family supplying all the lab-r.
t
A limited number of modern fern implements ahd machines are in
Use; however, most rf the farming is performed with obsolete
equipment. The Principal crops are wheat and small grain, crrn
end sesame. Livestock subsists rn the limited native foie, and
nr) attempt hes been m-do to develop pastures or to plant hay crops
The absence of imprrved farm practices con be traced tc- the folio
in causes; (1) lock of economic pressure t change from grain
farming to more intensive use of the lend; (2) individual land
-
holdings are divided into scattered parcels; (3) the relative
isolation of the area until recent timos.
The 600,000 str of land comprising the Karditsa plain can
.1!
be subdivided according to proscnt land use as riv,n in Table
IV-2. Accrrdinr to present cropping pattern es rivcn in Table
IV-39 of the total of 530,000 str of agricultural land, 3P09000
str or 72r is cultivated while the remairinr 2Pr crnsists of hay-
,
. . . . . . . . .
fields, pasture and fall w. - About two-thirds (i-f the farm land
is used fc,r grain and pasture.. Crn and millet is frequently
grown on the heavier end wettcr Mnds, but lack of irrigation and
U?.
drainage greatly reduces the yiclds. Abrut 229000 str are effect-
ed by floods to the extent th7t rnly late snrinr crops can he
raised; hrwever9)17-)n coMnlotion of the current flood-contro
area will be
prrgram of the Ministry of Public Works, most of this
imprrved.
Crop rote,tions Consist :mainly of alternating sesame
or cotton with wheat, or wheat end fallow.
TAPLF IV-2
PREVFFT LAND USE', 0F TIT. KAFEJTSA
?LAIN
corn
Stremmes ' of total
1111116111111110 vapor.- quila*..1110. *toe
Agricultural land (includinr
pastures, and fallow)
Settlements, roads, wasteland
Swamps
Hills
Total
crop land,
530,000
429000
219500
69500
58
7
4
1
600,000 100
Tv-8
?
,
1E11
IhII
m
'lifil
1111
111111
iD
".111
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PRFSENT CROPPING PATTt7RIV IN THF KARDITSA PLAIN
Crop
Stremmas
of total
117,,
wheat and small grains 210,000
40
Corn 62,800
12
Sesame
77,000
14
Cotten
129000
2
Tobacco
3,700
1
Vegetables, potatoes 10,300
2
Pulses and beans 39200
1
Wine Grapes
19000
Hay, rasture, fallow
1509000
28
Total
Agricultural Land 5309000
I00
The use of commercial :fertilizers As increasing, although
at present the Use is insufficient te meet the needs of. the crops
During
Durinf the Present crop year r'nly n.bout 200,000 kg of nitregen
80,000 kg of Phosphate and 29000 kr rf potash were used in the
Plain. The dela,' in the (-1tion of fertilizers on a full scale
is mainly due to high costs and lack of knowledge of their use.
P,Teprrntion of land is chiefly b-sed upon rcncatt_d shallc
pl(wing, often resultinr in the formati-n of plow sole. Two-
thirds of the plowing is performed by draft animals and one third
5
by trnctors. In the Karditsa plain there are nbout 80 tra.ctors,
80 reaping machines, 40 grain drills, 0 threshing machines, 45
mowing machines and 60 wheat cicaninl? machines. Transrertation
4
is by horse and wagon or by trucks. There Pre about 8,000 horses
and mules, 6,000 oxen and 6,500 donkeys in the plain.
Wheat and corn scud are usually of improved varieties
introduced by the Dank of Agriculture ,nd the Agricultural Servic
Small grain is broadcast and covered either with harrow or light
plowinr. Corn 2.9 either broadcast or planted in the plow furrow.
About one-third of the harvested grain is cut by machinery; the
rest is gathered by hand. Thresbfrig is accomplished eithc;, by
tramPling with animals or by threshing machincs.
12. Principal Croas
The principal crops grown in the Karditsa plain a're Show
!!!
IV -9
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1,11L111 '
6PYRGHT
In Ta alin9g-117-APPTIT4fRfcR51PPs? WRIDIN.4_0944RO, niC10200-401-5
rem,Drks are anplicPb1c to the vPri-us tyncs of crops.
Zhoat and ^tiler small crams crnsitute? the mnst important
crop in the nlain. About two-fifths of the cropnLd land is pla,Itod
In wheat and sman grains (barley and oats) and yields Pbelit half
of the tntal income from crops.
Sesame ranks second in imnortPricc and occunios
14(// of the farm land. It nroduccs about 106/ of the agricultural
income.
.C.ezz,u Corn occunics r,r, of the crcnned land,
small nercentage of the corn acreage is irrigated. Lack of nroner
Jrrigntion and drPin!lge has resulted in relatively 1-w yields.
Corn urrduces about 10'7 of the agricultural income.
Cotton and tobacco occupy 27 and l resnectively of the
cropped arca. These crops grow well under dry-farming conditions.
Yields of cotton cnuld be substnntially increased by irrigation.
Tobacco culture"is limited to certain favorable areas in the for't-
hills. Those crops contribute abeut 6,/ of the agricultural income
of the nlain.
V ct Vegetables ,and watormolnns occuny about 2
of the crop-land and yield 5?7 of the income.
E.21aLl er_us2 Livestnek f-rage is nrnvided exclusively
7
by natural vegetation on pastures and hayfields, and by cron
residues, With-imprnved land and water conditions, leumcs and
forage crops should form a major nart of the crop pattern. Trrigat-
od pastures would reach high feeding canacities and contribute to
Only a
the active development of livestock industries.
13. LL121.2ulturl Income
Farm nroductirn crsts and net income including livestock
In the KarditsP plain arc shown in Table IV-5. The gross annual
income of the Karditsa plain from crops and livestock, as given An
Table IV-5, is 176,000 million Dr. Of this total 106,000 million
Dr are Used for Production exnenses including seeds, fertilizers,
feed, farm equipment, work animals, motor fuel, land rentil fees
and interest. The cost nf labor is net included as virtually all
mann-wor requirements arc met by the members of the farm families.
3
11111111
111
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1311
.11riiiri
140
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;111011.1111
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11
Crops
Sanitized - Approved For Release:
CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
CPYRGHT
Weat and small grain
Corn
_Beans (intercrop)
Sesame
Cotton
Tobacco
Vegetables and trucks
Grapes
Pulses and beans
Alfalfa
Hay fields
Unimproved pastures
Fallow
TABLE IV
PRODUCTION AND vALUF OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS
URDITSA PLAIN
Irrigated 7on-irrigated Pere. Pere. Gross
Total rice Total of : o' income
P
Area Yield Area Yield area value total toial per
area value str
(str)(kg/str)
(str) (kg/str) (str) (Dr/kg)(Drx1&)
- - 210000 160
2300 160 60500 110
- - (30000) 40
- - 77000 35
500 no 11500 80
- 3700 70
2500 1500 7800 loco
- loco 700
200 80 3000 60
500 1000 1500 600
- 35000 250
-- 78000 150
- - 3500C 150
210000
62800
(30000)
77000
12000
2700
10300
1000
3200
2000
35000
78000
35000
2000
1800
4000
5000
5000
l0000
600
loco
L000
600
600
600
600
Total
6000
524000
67200
12641
(4800)
13475
4875
2590
6930
700
784
84o
5250
7020
-u5o
() (Drxio3)
40 52 320
12 13 2C1
(6) '4 160
14 10 175
2 4 4c6
2 CO7
2 5 672
7co
1 215
1 420
7 4 150
15 5
6 3 co
530000 - 130255 100.0 100.0 216
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m
anitized - Approved For Release: CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
1
7ABM PPODUCTION COSTS AND NFT INCOME
KAR15ITSA MAIN
(millions of drachmae)
ZADLE_IE=
101111,t1
Production Production
cost cost'
per str
Gross Net
income income
1k
Wheat and other small grain
0.180
37,800
67,200
29,400
Corn, non-irrigated
0.165
99980
11,980
2,000
Corn, irrigated
0.200
460
660
200
Pulses and beans
0,200
640
785
145
Deans (intercropped)
0.100
3,000
49800
1,800
Sesame
0.120
9,240
13,475
4,235
Cotton, non-irrigated
0.155
1,780
49600
29820
Cotton, irrigated
0.190
95
275
180
Tobacco
0.320
1,185
2,590
19405
Vegetables, non-irrigated
0.170
1,325
496P0
3,355
Vegetables, irrigated
0.290
725
2,250
1,525
Grapes
0.2P5
285
700
415
Alfalfa, non-irrkigated
0,140
210
540
330
Alfalfa, irrigated
Hayfields
0.210
0.040
105
1,400
300
59250
193,8505
Pasture, unimipr6Ved
0.020
1,560
7,020
5,1-160
Fallow
0.030
19050
39150
2,100
Livestock
35,160
45,745
10, '85.
Total
106,000
1769000
70,000
Noter.;
f7----
- Production costs are given in Table V-9 and V-11,
labor e)menses are not included in the production
shown above.
1111111?4111114.1.1r*
Farm
costs
The net farm inCeme of 70,000 million Dr is avai1able for the
of arm families. Based on a total of 11,132 "farm
the nlain9 the average annual net income per family is
Dr or the equivalent of $420 at the official rate of
exchange of 15,000 Dr tn the Dollar. Based on the actual purchas-
ing power of the drachma a rate of 249000 Dr to the dollar has
been established as exnl ined in Chanter V. With this rate, the
average annual liet income ner family is only $260. Subh a family
income is capable nf sustaining only an extremely low standard of
living and provides ljttle opportunity for the farmers to imnrove
their agricultural practices,
maintenance
families in
6.3 million
1V-12
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HI, I III II
14. S4Op1.F1 74pp-tpyRd For Release : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
The mountainous r,rea west of Karditsa in the vicinity o
the Nevropolis plain is well suited for forest culture. In the
past, the native forests of oak, fir and chestnut furnished the
area with considerable lumber and fuel. Uncontrolled cutting 1-)as
greatly reduced the stand of trees in the area. At present,
harvesting of timber is restricted by the government; the cutting
of oak and chestnut trees is nrohihited while fir trees arc cu
on a controlled basis. During 1951, about 3,000 m3 of fir timber
was harvested in the region of the NevroPolis plain.
15. Irrlfation Facilities and Practices
At Present only a very small portion of the KarditSa nlain
is irrigate:1. Irrigation with powcr-driven pumns has been SUCCOSS-
,
ful, but only a"few installations are found in the area. The
utilization of Pumps on a large scale is handicapped by the fact
that each farm is divided in many small, scattered parcels.
? ,,???.
Irrigation is accomplished by flooding and diversion from
?
small supply ditches. Furrow irrigation is practiced on limited-
iV,??
areas of truck crops. Of the total of 600,000 str in the plain,
???4,?? "4,4, , ???:::.:44:??????? ? ? 44:4=44:: 4:444;!.4;?
only about 6,000 str, dispersed throughout the plain, are iTrigat-
ed.
;
16. Sterafp Facilitics
,,,.?
There iS one commercial refrigerated food storage Plant in
? ,?,??
?
Karditsa with a,capacity of 40 m3. Four warehouses in Karditsa,
,
Palamas, and Sofades, with a combined capacity of 3,500 T are
operated by the Agricultural Bank and the Union of Farm Cooperatives
and are used for storing farm sunplics, wheat, sesame and cotton.
Small private warehouses having a combined capacity of'2,500 T are
111
also rented and used by the Union of Farm Coopera.tivos.
Dairing h'is not dcveloned enough to supply sufficient raw
milk for modern processing and cheese-making plants. Local
I,
processing of individual dairy products requiring a minimum o
storage facilities is the usual pra,ctico.
:
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11,11 ,11.1
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As adequate roads aro not available to permit ready access
to most villages in the plain, it is difficult to move produce to
outside markets for general distribution. Farm produce is hauled
to villages maiply by horse or buffalo wagons and moved to cities
by train and truck. It is expected that local trucking will
increase greatly following improvement of rural roads.
The trading centers for the region are the towns of FKar-
ditsa, Trikala, Sofades and Palamas. The marketing of principal
crops is performed through the Union of Farmers Cooperatives
located in Karditsa.
Grain, sesame and cotton are the Principal products market-
ed. In 1951 about 10,000 T of wheat, 3000 T of harley and oats
2500 T of sesame, 1500 T of cotton, flOO T of hay, 700 T of corn
and 800 T of pulses were shipped from Karditsa and Sofades to
various market centers within the country.
.J11.101110
18. Land Ownership and?Tenanqy
As described in Section. 10 above the lands of the pains
f?-? , .
were distributed to landless farmers by the Government in 1922.
?
Under the method of distribution followed, the farmers were alloted
definite parcels of land in most cases, however, clear title was
not granted so that ownership of much of the land still ,rests
with the, Government.
The pattern of land ownership and tenancy is indicated in
Table IV-6. The families who do not own land represent ,the few
People who have immigrated into the area plus the normal P9Pula-
?,
tion increase. Fach land ownership is divided into many scattered
parcels. Usually each owner has 5 to 10 and sometimes as many as
40 parcels. This interferes withthe intensive development of the
land, and causes difficulties in the efficient use of mach).norY.
The consolidatipp of these Plots on a rational basis is n prarequi-
site to the intensive agricultural develoPment of the Plailz1.
19, Land Values.
Sales of land in the Karditsa plain have been very limited
owing to unsettled conditions and to the fact that a great many of
1111,r 11 111111111, 1 1
IV-14
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!,111 1111 111
'11.,11J11
i II 1,1 I II 111111
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.111011.111.1.2.,
TAUF IVr6
OWNEBSTiIP AND SIZE OF FARMS IN KAPDITFA PLAIN
"NNW, .1.1110?11114MINS.M.
Ownership
Up to 50 str
From 50 to 100
Over 100 str
Subtotal
str
Owning no land
Public ownership
Total land owned and
Number Average of
size of total
families owned--
families farm area
of % of Area1/
7,220
3,680
270
0?111511111.n.,....ti
(str) (str)
55 215,000 30 41
29 220,000 60
2 55,000 200 10
11,170 85 490,000 44
wan or-
1,960 15
40,000
92
rented 13,130 100 530,000 40
100
Notes/ Although the land is occupied by the farmers in
cases the Government retains a partial interest
land ad 70 to 75 --)ercent of the farmers do not
clear title,
the farmers to whom land has been
title, Quotations land values obtained from local sources Were
compared to values in other areas and related to capitalized
distributed do not have
.01611.0m.
many
in the
have a
returns,
plain
Dr.
The following land values were established for Karditsa
Non-irrigated crop land not affected by floods, 1,000,000
Dr/str
Non-irrigated crop land subject to floods, 500,000 Dr/str
The total land value is estimated to be about 520 billion
Tao potential land values to be oxnected from reclamation are
given in Chanter V.
'Iv-15
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_Sanitized - Approved For Release: CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
c4,1101.152 v
RONOMY AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
19-912......g_ILES.=1.12_Study
A preliminary field examination of the Megdova project
lands was made fro M June 30 to July 29 1952, Semi-detailed irrig-
ility-land-classification and use-capability surveys were start-
eh July 30 and completed on August 16, 1952. Test pits were dug
0 bored to a deptia of abdut l m at intervals of 1 km or where
c onge in topography, vegetation or soil condition indicated a
c ange in soil characteristics. Recently dug stock-watering pits
or drainage-ditch banks wore studied when practicable. These
0ften exposed profiles to 3-m depths. Soil profiles were examined
nd guide field tests made of pH, free calcium carbonate, salinity,
ermeability, texture, structu:e, related plant indicators and soil
5r.pe. This information concerning over 200,000 str in the southern
,
art of the plain was recorded on a topographic base map, scale
1 ,
l:50,000. North of the Mous drain and from below Castro Fanari
nd the round butte north of Palamas a reconnaissance-type soil
l'
urvey was made. Major drainage recluirements wore studied and
L
rrigntion water-supply requirements determined. The location
LI.
nd extent of land irrigability classes are described below and
hown in Table V-EL and on Plato V-1.
. Soil Devolopmbnt
' The parent geological material from which the Karditsa
T
lain soils are derived consists of the Lower Tertiary sandstone
and clay shales of the foothills and the limestones of the higher
ountoins west o? the plain. Soil development has taken place
under the influence of a Mediterranean-type climate. The precipita-
tion on the valley floor is about 700 mm and rises to nearly 2,000
,
mm in the mountains. Natural vegetation is mainly conifer on the
,
high mountains; oak, mostly scrubby regrowth, covers much of the
V-1
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001 5
11111
PYRuH
foot?ffedSARPRITAF961REOVAAQ chk-RCIRamag123RoaM002138004151e
some of those plants are found on other irrigability land classes,
they ore most prevalent on the group with which they are listed,
Climatic soil types recognised in the more developed soils
include Mediterr'anean red earth as in Ithome series and meadow
podzoloic (or ashy bleached soil) of Kierion series. The latter
is usually faintly acid to a depth of i to 1. m and contains a
few manganese pellets which are largest and most numerous 6t 30
to 60 cm from the surface.
?111.11111:.111.11114V.
Class
MVALW.WOOme.10,11,-WA,WarkfrOMMWRIE2
IPLEY-1
IRR GABILITY LAND'CLASSES 1/
KARDITSA PLAIN
Stremmas Percentage
Class 1
959000
15.8
Class 2
410,000
68.3
Class 3
80,600
13.5
Class 4
3,700
0,6
Class 5
3,200
0.5
Class 6
7,500
1.3
1.00.11111411C.110WPIC_
Total Land _
600,000
100.0
1/ See Section 4 for definition of land classes.
3, Soil Terms
The soil berms used in this report are defined as follows:
14...1114411_1211 is a natural active body forming a thin
covering on the land surface that supports plants and has
characteristic properties that wore caused by climate and
living matter having acted on the parent material over an
extended period of time.
texture refers to the avorage or effective degree
of finoss as judged by moistening and kneading soil in tho
hand until the soil aggregates are broken down and the degree
of stckinoss determined.
12.9.11 structure refers to the arrangement or natural
grouping of soil particles into crumbs, kernels or clods.
Platy, blocky or columnar forms may be present in a soil
profile as exposed on the side of a froshy dug pit.
rovinco includes groups of soils developed
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V-2
111
CI:YRGHT
Saliitizedn+Approved rRelease : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
2.0.211A_Y-2
'SOIL QUALITY INDICLIOR PLANTS
V.+ r, .pialrox...0 ?,aewne?.
and Soil series Name
Class and location Greek Common Scientific
1. Karditsa
Itea
Recent alluvial Platnnos
Glykoriza
Therm on
Fans and
terraces
Kier ion
and Ithome.':
Old alluvial
flats
Ptelea
Dre's
Gnidourangntho
Gortza
Pnliouri
Mentha
hgriadn
hRriotrifili
Trifili
Taka
Pond clay Karix
Vourla
Psathi
Marsh Goulinra
(Gravelly Wash) Pikrodaphni
Willow
Sycamore
Licorice
Elm
Oak
Blue thistle
Wild pear
Thorn
Salt cedar
Mint
Bermuda gass
Birdsfoot
trefoil
Strawberry
clover
Marsh Grass
Sedges
Tule grass
Cattail
Swamp grass
Oleander
-remisnoftwelamela.... r*s....???????nuamiffm-voemiar.
Salix
Sycomorus
Glycirrhiza (lo-
guminoza)G1nbraL.
Ulmus campestris
Quonus(Fagacese)
Circium cardus
Pyrus amygdaltforriiis
Paliurus aculet-Atus
Tamarix
Mentha lamium
Cynodon dachtylon
Lotus corniculatus
Trifolium fradi-
forum
Carex
Juncus
Typha latifolia
Sorghum hnlepense
Nerium oleander L.
soil group includes several soils within a limited
physiographic position.
aall%textural classes Soils of similar texture may
be grouped in a class; 0.g.7 clay loam texture as determined
by mechanical analysis or separation of the mineral soil
particles into size groups. These class names can be deter-
mined by reference to U.S. Department of Agriculture "Manual
of Soil Surirey", August 1951,
il series include soils of similar origin, position,
topogrnp y7 color, drainage, reaction, profile characteristics,
fertility and agricultural value.
Soi.41:typesg h soil which is a member of a soil series
and conforms to one of the above textural groups is designat-
ed as a soil typo,
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,11111
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11111411111.H011111iii.;Tillnad
,.....6.TQTTiroosTI,i111114111141116 .,411I1
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To-
11111
1,0
I 11111114d1111
11111? 1111111111'1111d
CPYRGESinitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
$0i typo names consist of two parts:
(1) The series name; o.g., Kiurion
(2) The texture, o,g., sandy clay loam
These are combined, to form the soil typo name;
Kierion sandy clay loam.
0 Fv ?
A $oil profile includes all that may be seen in a
vertical cut down through the differentiated horizons and into
the underlying parent material. Therein is recorded the
history of,tho soil development. The A horizon is the humus
enriched, leached surface soil; the B horizon is the zone of
accumulation or subsoil; the C horizon is the slightly modifiLA
parent material underneath.
1
::;111I11..!..111111111111,
14611
!11111
4. Irrigability Land Classes
As used ,in this study, soils are divided into irrigability
'
land classes as follows:
Choice, smooth, deep, permeable, neutral
soils with ,good wat-r capacity and fertility; slopes of loss
than 2%; depths in excess of one meter.
s 2: Good soils; slightly rolling or hummocky;
slopes 2 to 0; pH loss than 8.5; depths in excess of 75 cm;
fair usable water capacity and fertility; includes some heavy
Clay or gravelly areas.
Cla Fair land; slopes 6 to 12%; compact gravelly
to stony subsoils or mottled clay; groundwater in summer about
1 m below the surface; depths in excess of 50 cm; less than
9.0 pH.
plou 4s Arens of dark brown to black clay that are
difficult to cultivate and are subject to cracking or "slalcing"
upon drying, out.
C : Unsuitable due to water logged or saline con-
dition unti drained; water-table within 75 cm of the ground
surface.
,g1L44,..k: Lqnd physically unsuitable for reclamation
duo to roclw or steep areas, hills or river wash.
Suffi
exceptions; the letter "d" indicates poor drainage; "t" topographic
,,xos are used to show the reason for the Class
11
0 1. 1 all
defect; "a" indicates alkali or salinity; and "s" indicatas soil
r ,
of defective texture. Ultimate use capacity after drainage is
, 1 , .. h..
shown in parentheses; example, Class 5(2).
5.
E.,219r Soil eries
Six soil series
Were recognized in the project area
........
? ? : ? ?? 111,11
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
alaWallIMI""1111110 19114,
11116
1,14111111141fil,11111,1111111111115' 111,11., E'
11,1111IR
cluding throe soil series recognized in reclamation projec
1
Teas in other parts of Greece, namely, Scala, Ithome and Taka.
f the latter the first two are of minor extent in the Karditsa
,
1:lain. The new series, Karditsa Thormon and Kierion, occupy
ubstantial a_ceasof the plain. A condensed key showing identify-
ng?ill'
characteristics is presented in Table V-3.
A
,9a1a,? series is distinguished as old non-calcareous
residual soil with mottled subsoil on sandstone.
1142ne is old alluvial reddish-brown to rich-brown
terrace from limestone and mixed rock residues.
v
ka is pond bot*om'or marshy land with drab concre-
tionary sub-soil well supplied with organic matter and total
nitrogen when first reclaimed. The deep subsoil frequently
Contains sedimentary material which may be pale olive-green
and highly cmalcareaus.
liuld.11.12 series is recent alluvial calcareous soil,
brown or dak, brown in color where fertilized with manure and
irrigated. This is choice land with a deep permeable profile
and s:uitabld, for deep-rooted crops or intensive diversified
use, Good returns can be realized with double cropping under
irrigation.
Illuuan series is distinguished as outwash fans and
terraces derived mainly from sandstone. The profile is
fairly perm6able and medium texture. Commonly the top i to
* m of the profile is non-calcareous and rather low in
organic matter. Irrigation will permit crop rotations and
cover cropping which will improve the humus and nitrogen
content of this soil. Thermon soils are capable of fairly
intensive use,
Kierion soil series has developed in flats where fine
soil particle derived from clay shale have accumulated. It
is gray, bleached and somewhat leached at the surface and
contains pellets enriched in iron and manganese in the upper
subsoil. Fields composed of Kierion soils have been prepared
by plowing 'dead-furrows repeatedly in the same place for
surface drainage. Intensity of development of ashy or
podzoloicsoll has been accelerated by ponded water or high
water-table,. With water and weed control and use of phos-
phates, improved pastures with 2 to 3 times the present carry
ing capacity could be developed.
Laboratoryeelpalyses of Soil Sampleel
Soil profiles were sanipled at five locations. An addition
al sample was c011ected from the deep subsoil on the salty drain-
bank east of Castro. Three water samples were also collected.
All samples were submitted to the Central Soils Laboratory of the
V-5
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111111F-- '411F'
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TABLE V-3
KEY TO MAJOR SOIL SERIES
KARDITSA PLAIN
I Recent aluvials
II Mature Alluvials
III Rosiduals
CI \
Series
Position
Distribution
Vegetation
Annual preci-
tation. mm
Parent
material
Color:
Surface
Top subsoil
Deep subsoil
Special
features
Drainage
pH
Textural
types
KARDITSA
Bankland
Karditsa and
Palamas
Sycamore,
licorice
700
Limestone
mixed
Gr-Br, Dk-
Br
Frown
Yel-Br
mellow
good
7.2
SiCL
TLKA
Marsh
N Central
THERMON
Fans and
terraces
SW to SE
Reedsmarsh Elm, oak
grass
700 720
Sed. org.ma- Sandstone
tonal lime-
stone &mixed
Drab
Dk Gr-Br
vel-drab
sed cracks
mottled
slakes
poor
7.2-8.0
Si-0; 0
Li Br
Tan
Ye 1-Br
non calca-
reous to
2 -
fair
6.8-7.0
SCL-CL
KIER ION
Flats
SW and W
Bermuda thistle
clovers
700
Clay, shale
& mixed
Drab
Gray
Yel-Br
Low pastures
furrowed
poor
6.6-7.0
SiC-0
ITHOME
Old fans
terraces
Below Castro
Oak, thorn
750
Limestone
& mixed
Dull red
Rd-Br
Yel-Br
Compact
fair
7.4
Si-0
SKALA
[Jill
SW corner
750
SPndEtone
Drab yellow
Tan
Zel-DrEb
Kottled
Cair
5.6-6.9
3L,SCL
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CPYRGHT
MDT., V-3 (Continued)
KEY TO MAJOR SOIL SERIES
KARDITSA PLAIN
I Recent Alluvials
II Mature Alluvials
III Residuals
Net irrigation
requirement
mm
Irrig. class
Needs
Use capabili-
ty
750 650
1 5(3)
P, Legumes Dr, P2
Legumes
Intensive Shallow root,-General
ed crops
700 700
2 3
P9 Legumes Dr, P2
Legumos
Pasture ,&
annuals
700
3
P2 Legumes
Tobacco,
grapes
700
3
2, Legumes
Tobacco,
melons
NOT_ES 1. Li . light; Br = brown; Gr = gray; Yel = yellow; Rd =.red; Dk = dark;
Pk = pink.
2. Si = silt; S = sand; C = clay; L = loam.
30 Dr . drainage; P = phosphate.
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.1,1.11111:11111111111h1liii1111114111iiiiiiikkiii11111'w;iiil, 11111P111
911111,11111,1,
?0:11,,,;11111111
CPYRGHT. .
banitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
Ministry of Agriculture; the results of soil analyses are shown
in Table V-4 while the results of the water analyses wore given
1111111
III ,d11111111111111j1111111111111111111,11111111111:1111:111111111111111:111111111,11illilir ;111111111 p 1111
in Chapter III. Tho field locations from which the soil smples
were collected are shown in Plate V-1.
Usable water capacity is the difference between,tby
cqpil-
lary moisture that a soil will retain against gravity or "field
capacity", and the moisture content below which plant growth can
no longer be maintained, called "permanent wilting percentage"
or PWP. Field capacity was determined by centrifuging against
?
1000 times gravity. The moisture retained after centrifuging 30
minutes, expressed as percent dry weight, is called moisture
equivalent percentage (ME). If the ME is known, the PWP can be
estimated because it is approximately one half the ME. In order
to convert usable water capacity from percent to millimeters it
has been necessary to determine or estimate the volume weight or
apparent specific gravity of each Soil horizon as shown in Table
111
A good irrigable soil should have n usable water capacity
of at least 100 mm per meter of depth. A good productive soil
should contain to plow depth the following chemical nutrients per
he
Total nitrogen as N, about 0.12 percent or 3,000 kg.
Available phosphate, expressed as P205, 115 to 180 kg.
Available potash, expressed as K20, 600 kg.
The analyses show Sample 1 (Karditsa) to be sandy loam
with somewhat defective texture and fair usable water capacity;
it is low in organic matter, but good in total nitrogen; the supply
of available potash is excellent, while available phosphorus is
very good in the upper horizon (0-25 cm) and deficient in the lower,
Sample 2 (Taka) is clay with large usable water capacityl good
organic matter content and high total nitrogen; available potash
is good but the available phosphorus is deficient in the first
horizon and high in the lower. Sample 3 (Thermon) is loamy sand
with good usable water capacity; organic matter and total nitrogen
are low; the supply of available potash is good but that of avail-
able phosphorus is very low. Samples 4 and 5 (Kierion) are from
V-8
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11
111
111
1".1111111
111
'11111111
11111...
Jft
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PHYSICAL AND CEEMICLL SOIL CHARACTERISTICS
Sample No.
Location
Depth cm
Series
Size
Physical Properties (mm)
Coarse sand, 2. 2-0.2
Fine sand, % 0.2-0.02
Silt, % 0.02-0.002
Clay, % below 0.002
Total sand, %
_Textural class
Moisture equivalent
Specific gravity
Usable water cap., mm/m
Chemical Properties
pH
Organic matter, %
N available, kg/ha
Total N, %
P205 available, kg/ha/18 cm
K20 available, kg/ha/18 cm
Ca0;)3 %
Exchangeable Na, m.e./100 gr
Total salts,' ,by conductivity
'Base exch. cap., m.e./100 gm
Irrigability land class
1-(XXXX, Hole 9)+)
E of Karditsa
2 ( II, Hole 375) 3 (XXXVIII,Hole 48)
8 km N of Karditsa 4 km SW of Karditsa
0-25 25-50 50-100 0-30 30-50 50-100 0-50 50-100 100-
KARDITSA
2.0 1.0 1.0 0.8
72.0 73.0 56.0 34.0
12.0 10.0 19.0 22.0
14.0 16.0 24.0 4q.7
74.0 74.0 57.0
Sandy loam
14.5 13.6 17.2 23.1
1.14 1.15 1.15 1.44
90
7.8 7.7
1.64 0.77
68.0 43.2
0.126 0.080
360.0 72.0
2700.0 1125.0
0.4
2.0 1.2
0.011 0.17
0.11 0.11
15.9 14.4
is
T AKA
0.8
38.0
28.0'
33.2
38.8
Clay
20.5
1.41
148
0.5
38,0
"1.0
30.2
38.8
19.9
1.1-a
7.5 7.8 7.7 8.2
2.35 1.27
43.2 94.5 62.1 57.7
0.080 0.175 0.115 0.094
72.0 216.0
- 1350.0 675.0
T 16.0 13.1 13.0
2.0 3.0 0.6 2.4
0.017 0.006 0.006 0.011
0.11 0.18 0.20 0.16
18.4 30.0 20.7 20.0
THERMON
17.0 15.0 2.0
67.0 67.0 60.0
4.o 6.0 13.0
12.0 12.0 25.0
84.0 82.0 62.0
Loamy sand
10.3 9.8 18.1
1.30 1.44 1.44
100
7.8 7.7 7.5
0.35 c.45
25.4 25.4 50.8
0.047 0.047 o.o94
54.0 25.0 -
675.0 675.0 _
0.6 0.5 0.5
0.4 0.8 1.2
0.011 0.011 0.011
0.14 0.14 0.14
20.7 15.2 24.1
3ts 2
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TABLE V-4 (Cotninued)
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SOIL CHARXTERISTICS
Sample No,
Location
4 (XXXIX, Hole 93)
4 km SE of Karditsa
5 (XXXXI, Hole 339)
1.5 km SE of Markou
Depth cm
Series
Size
Physical Properties (mm)
Coarse'sand,% 2-0.2
Fine sand, % 0.2-0.02
Silt, % Q.02-0.002
Clay, % below 0.002
Total sand, %
Textural class
Moisture equivalent
Specific gravity
Usable water cap., mam
Chemical Properties
pH
Organic matter, %
N available, kg/ha
Total N7 %
P205 available, kg/ha/18 cm
K20 available, kg/ha/18 cm
CaCO3 %
Exchangeable Na, m.e./100 gr
Cl, %
Total salts, ,by conductivity
Base exch. cap., m.e./100 gm
Irrigability land class
0-25
25-50
50-100
0-30
30-50
50-100
KIERION
3.0 3.0
58.0 53.0
19.0 15.0
20.0 29.0
61.0 56.0
Sandy clay
16.6 16.9
1.51 1.41
122
5.9
1.01
54.c
O.10
72.o
2250.0
1.8
0.006
0.11
12.4
loam
5.6
0.28
35.1
0.064
1125.0
1.6
0,011
0.11
18.4
2s
KIERION
1.0
0.8
0.8
C'S
48.0
34.0
38.0
38.3
15.0
2200
28.0
31.0
3600
43.7
33.2
3c.2
49.0
34.8
38.8
38.8
Clay
18.7
25.1
20.5
18.8
1.31
1.35
1.35
1.35
150
6.3
7.4
6.4
7.5
2.45
1.52
37.8
54.o
54.0
0.070
0.171
0.115
C.094
54.0
54.0
900.0
1125.0
1.17
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.0
0.006
0.011
0.011
C.035
0.11
0.18
0.14
C.14
28.7
28.8
27.4
22.2
3ds
NOTE: T . trace
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1CPYRGHT
sanaanitiod1,Apptavesifpr Releasgo:431AszaPP83 4/9013 INIVACICt39P Ct41-5
organic matter varies from fair to good; available potash is very
good, but available phosphorus is very low. Base exchange capacity
In all samples is good.
1101141....11.???????messm....11,11n.
22414ILL_K=2
USABLE WATER CAPACITY
OF KARDITSA PLAIN SOILS
Soil type and
Sample No,
Depth
Moisture Usable
equiv. water
Apparent
sp.gr.
Usable Water
capacity
(m/177-77177
cm
Karditsa SL
0-25
14.5
7.25
1.14
20.6
40, Hole 94 by
25-50
13.6
6.8
1.15
20.0
Cemetery E Karditsa
50-100
17.2
8,6
1.15*
49.5 90
opitosOidiftriammegl*mmesamartaiameroffem,ffpama
14.1
Thermon LS
0-20
10.9
5.45
1.30
38, Hole 48
20-50
9.8
4.9
1.44
21.0
4 km SW of Karditsa
50-100
18.1
9.05
1.44*
65.0 100
Kirion SL
0-25
16.6
8.3
1.51
31.3
39, Hole 93
25-50
16.9
8.45
1.41
29.7
6 km SE of Korditsa
50-100
18.7
9.35
1.31
61.2 122
Kierion C
0-25
25,1
12.55
1.35
38.2
41, Hole "39
25-55
20.5
10.26
1.35
41.6
1,5 km SE of Morkou
55-100
18.8
9.4
1.35*
69.8 150
Taka C
0-30
23.1
11.5
1.44
49.7
42, Hole 375
30-50
20.5
10.25
1.41
28.6
8 km N of Karditsa
50-100
19.9
9.9
1.41*
69.6 148
19/1?????
* Estimated
111110111?1001?111..????
..01101.1%????????,????? ??14911*.001.1,`Tat*..1.0111.11?0/../IIIMJ,MNIOPM.......????...????????{46.1*14,1.0?11,11.P01,111......101.01111.
7. Drainage and Salinity_Contr,p1
r . .
The KarcIltsa plain area already has a major system of
existing dikes' Id deep drains; however, attention to control of
seepage and waste water will be needed to protect perennial plants
on land with impeded internal drainage. Excessive irrigation
tends to lower soil temperature, exclude air, and create a toxic
condition for plant roots and legume bacteria whIch may encourage
the growth of undesirable water-tolerant woods or may cause
moulding of green vegetables.
111,
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A
I!III?
""
' "Ill'i!ll
MWM
11 P111,111111 11
II
-
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Extension of lateral drains will be needaato lower_ the
water-table in the northeast and southwest extremities of the
project end to clear out salinity in a few low areas where salt
cedar is now prevalent.
Good surface drainage should protect clovers from damage
due to winter pending on the slowly permeable Kierion soils.
Heavy black clay areas of Class 4 irrigability land north and
east of Palamas may best be excluded from the irrigation project
so the water can be used on the best irrigable land.
Existing spoilbanks should be levelled off for roadways
as needed. Bridges are needed for crossing drains at least every
2 km, Other spoil-banks should be smoothed down and planted to
Bermuda grass and strawberry clouer or other sod-producing plants
to afford some pasture and help control weeds along the ditches
and levees.
I Hill livY
1111 1'11111,
l'',1111111'w
b. Land Use Cacity
The yields from crops now grown in the Karditsa plain
reflects the lack of drainage, flood control, irrigation, weed
control and outmoded farm practices. Present and prospective
crop yields by land irrigability classes are given in Table V-6.
With irrigation, two immediate effects on the present agri-
cultural pattern. will be: (1) increased yield of crops now grown and
(2) changes in the present cropping pattern. Both these effects
can take place with little or no change of the present land-tenure
system. The expected crop pattern and yields for a representative
"sample area" of 100,000 str (see Section 15) are indicated in
Table V-7 under the columns headed B.
Further Changes in both cropping patterns and yields are
attainable through better farming practices inclucing the use of
fertilizers and ,3,mprovod seed but without increasing the present
size of the farmed units. The coluns headed C in Table V-7 show
m!!!.
the pattern and yields which should be attainable 15 years after
completion of the works as discussed further in the section on
Economic Gains from Irrigation.
The cropping pattern and yields shown under columns D of
Table V-7 represent the maximum average capability of the soil
Saniti7pci Apilroved For Rpipaspv--6-A-Rnwin-nn49aRnniann9gnnni-s
110
!ir6! 11111111
1000000:
?
anitized - Approved For Release ? CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
.ttainable with modern farming practices and cooperative use of
t . - t
ho land so as to permit farming in sufficiently large tract's.
,
ILD.14Ly..-1
,
PRESENT AND PROSPECTIVE CROP YIELDS
.BY LAND IRRIGABILITY CLASSES
,
Land Soil
class series
Crop
Karditsa
The rmon
Kier ion
Beans, green
Melons
Corn
Cotton
Alfalfa
Melons
Sorgo
Corn
Cotton
Dry beans
Sosamo seed
Winter wheat
Winter wheat
Sesame
Corn
Improved pasture
sheop/str
Sorgo
Corn
Improved pasture
sheep/str
Present
yield
(kg/str)
700
700
120
80
700
500
150
100
60
50
35
200
120
30
80
1
270
100
3/4
Yield with ir-
rigation and im-
proved practices
. .
(kg/str)
2,000
2,000
350
250
1,250
1,500
350
300
150
100
100
300
200
75
250
2.5
500
180
Consumptive Use and Not Croeauirements
Crops may be classified, according to their consumptive
so roquiremonts, into three general classes (1) high requirement
rops including aifalfa and
9
pasture- (2) medium requirement crops
, .
ncluding corn, cotton, vegetables, deciduous fruit 5 and (3) low
equireMent crops including grapes
beans, sesame and grain. Con-
umptive-use and not crop requirements for the w,rious crops were
otermined in accordance with the procedure outlined in the public-
tion by Blaney and Criddle, USDA Department of Agriculture public-
000
V-13
banitizea - Approvea i-or Keiease : CIA-KUlath.i-UU41.3KUU1 JUUZVUUU1 -0
22111
''''111M1111
00hdilliiiiiiik000000001010 0',0000000 000000010 000,
111
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CPYRGHT
TABLE V-7
CROP PAT1ERN AND YIELDS-PRESENT AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
KARDITSA PLAIN
Sample irrigation area of 100,000 stremmas
Area in stremmas
Yields in kgistr
Crops
Present A
Future
(irrigated)
Present A Future (irrigated)
-
Non-
irrig.
Irrig. B
Non- Irrig. B
irrig.
Wheat and other small
grain
402000
20,000
10,000
5,000
160
200
250
250
.Wheat,other grain,double
crop
_
(5,000)
(7,000)
-
175
250
250
Corn
112400
400
25,000
15,000
10,000
110
160
250
350
350
-
Beans
600
40
2,000
3,000
q, 000
._,
60
80
120
150
150
IJ
Beans, intercropped
(5,700)
-
-
-
4o
-r
Sesame
14,500
5,000
3,000
3,000
35
100
125
125
Cotton
2,500
100
25,000
302000
35,000
80
110
150
200
200
Vegetables and truck
1,500
460
3,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
1,500
1,800
2,000
2,500
Grapes
200
500
2,000
2,000
700
1,000
1,200
1,500
Fruit, deciduous
500
3,000
3,000
-
600
750
800
Alfalfa and pasture
300
100
15,000
25,000
30,000
600
1,000
1,000
1,150
1,150
Hayfields
6,600
-
-
250
Vetch cover crop
(5,000)(25,000)(30,000)
-
150
200
200
Clover in wheat stubble
(1,000) (5,000) (5,000)
_
500
500
500
Fallow or idle
6,600
42000
42000
4200o
150
Sub-Total
842200
1,100
100,900
1002000
100,000
Pastures unimproved
142700
-
150
Total
98,900
1,100
100,000
100,000
100,000
Numbers in ( ) arc double crops.
Sanitized - Approved For Release:
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atioRaWegelt= Opp romedtEVE Reieaseirel&RDM-CM2ZROOta002g01101a50
given in Table V8 the factors considered aro2. crop, mean monthly
temperature and duration of daylight (a function of the ge6grephic-
,
al latitude). The project irrigation requirements are given in
t!
Chapter VII.
10 P4,salaretion of Land and Methods of IrmtLitim
Wherever, practicable, the initial preparation of land
for irrigation Should be carried forward on large tracts. There
are few buildinqs or fences in the Karditsa plain to interlkere
with this work.' Preparation of the lend in this manner wiil
permit more efficient use of construction equipment and will
result in an intogratud development of the irrigation facilities.
R
!
Thepeeparationod the land by groups of forms suggests tho desir-
ability of conselidating scattered ownerships so that each farm
can be operated as a compact land unit under one irrigation
lateral.
1!1
111
Each farm field should be properly graded or leveled
to establish a continuous slopeas uniform as practicable.
Such land preparation is necessary to obtain uniform irrigo4
tion? and in general to increase the case and efficiency of
application of water. The land leveling should be consistent
with the method of irrigation to be used and the liEitation
of the solat slopes and profile characteristics. Steeper
lends using the furrow or corrugation method of irrigation
generally do not require as precise leveling as bottom lends.
In shallow soils or soils having layers of gravel at shallow
depths, great care should be taken to sou that the sterile
subsoils are not exposed during the lend leveling process.
In such inSptances it is butter to modify the type of irriga-
tion to a lActhod that will maintain the shallow topsoil as
nearly as possible in its original state. Deeper soils of
Class 1 or Class 2 lands can stand more severe leveling; in
some instaalcos lands of Class 2 could be changed to Class 1
sitqly by grading and smoothing. Land leveling can be most
efficiently performed with a heavy construction-type tractor
and carryall scraper; usually the land is again floated with
a drag or land plane the following season after final settle-
ment of fi4od-in areas has taken place. The hydraulic
Fresno-type leveler and the Eversmon-typo smoother aro also
efficient or use in land preparation.
' Flood irrigation may take any one of several forms and
can be used generally for forage crops, orchards, end field
crops whore the topography is such that the border, check,
basin or contour stripping methods can be applied. Under any
V-15
roved For Releae : CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290b01-5
? 111,111119 111911111
1,1111 11 1, 1191
II!!11 III
pop inipolavirrg
d
MEM
111111111111111111111
1,1111i11,1111.!!
1111
SanitizeisflY-50:4frroved For Release:
U1A-KIJi-UU41,5KUU1 JUUZUUUU1 -0
Crops
I High requirement
Alfalfa & pastures
Clover in wheat
II Medium requirement
Corn
Cotton & raw peas
Vegetables & orchards
III Iza_usuirement
Grapes
Beans & sesame
Grain
Vetch cover crop
CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY CROPS
KLRDITSL PLIN
(millimeters)
Growing
K
season
Mar.
Lpr.
May
June
July
Lug.
Sept. Oct.
f
110
137
174
195
213
198
f
157
f
124
total
3/1-10/31 .80
88
11C
139
156
171
159
126
99
1048
711
6/1-10/31 .80
-
156
171
159
126
99
5/1-8/34. .80
139
156
171
159
625
5/1-9/30 .65
????
113
127
139
129
102
610
3/1-9/30 .65
89
113
127
139
129
102
699
4/1-9/30.50
69
87
98
107
99
79
-
539
5/1-8/31 .60
105
117
128
119
)+69
10/1-4/3c .80
88
110
Me
1???
99
297
1C/1-4/30 .8C
88
110
99
297
NOTES: 1. Consumptive uses in November, December, January, and February are not considered
because of adequate rainfall.
2. Consumptive use coefficient K for each crop was taken from U.S. Dept. of Lgricul-
ture publication SCS-TF-96.
3. Factor f - ( tc t. 18 ) p, where tc = mean monthly temperature in degress Con-
22
tigrade and p = percentage of daylight hours.
4. Consumptive use u = kf.
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milro "
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1
of those types of irriration the lend surface is covered by
a sheet of water sufficient to replenish the water supply in
the root zepe and to bring the soil up to field capacity.
Strip borders s',ould be more generally used on valley-floor
lends. Smaller borders are recluirod if spaced 7 to 8 m
apart and carried directly down the slope perpendicular to
the contours A nearly level area at the head of the strip
and ample size of headgete will facilitate the even distribu-
tion of wat4-.
Furliw irrigation is adapted to row crops and orchards
Water is diverted into small furrows and allowed to run until
sufficient has percolated and spread into the root zone.
Corn and cotton should be irrigated by the furrow method.
Test p of water penetration should be made by probing
to determine that irrigation is adequate before turning off
the water 4ipply and to avoid over-irrigation. Where the
supply of irrigation water is abundant, it is common practice
in Greece tp over-irrigate. This over-irrigation causes
saturation pf the soil, reduces yields? and contributes to
the formatipn of swamps. Over-irrigation is sometimes desir-
able for leaching of saline soils. Areas which are adversely
affected by concentrations of sodium or other toxic salts
should be treated with calcium sulphate or sulphur and manure
and then copiously irrigated to leach away the objectionable
salts. Where neutral sulphates or chlorides of calcium,
potassium or magnesium are encountered in objectionable
quantities, .the land can be reclaimed by deep drainage and
copious irrigation. After adverse saline conditions have
been corrected, further treatment will be unnecessary in
consideration of the high winter rainfall.
Permeability of tight; soils may be improved by adding
organic matter with deep rooted legumes such as alfalfa, and
by deeper plowing when soil is at the proper soil moisture
content, so' that plow-solo can be loosened.
The publication "Theory and Practice of Irrigation' by
W.E. Packard, Greek Ministry of Agriculture Extension Bulletin
,
' No. 12 January 1949 should prove useful in educating Greek farmers
in good irrigation practices.
11. Oro Ad'ustmonts with Irri,ation
With irrigation, the following desirable agricultural prac
tices can be accomplishedg (1) The practice of fallowing may be
eliminated; (2) perennial soil building legume crops may be grown
ir a rotation with grain and row crops; (3) annual legume crops
may be used (the latter may include vetch as a 1,intor cover and
humus-building crop and cowpeas or kidney beans as an intercrop
with cotton or corn); (4) stalks, legume, vines or stubble can be
V-17
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plowed under ?(after pasturing, manure or ammonium sulphate should
be added to aid in their transformation into humus).
L11_12.11dinL_L,Talm.s. now growing in the area to a
limited extent ineludo alfalfa, birds-foot trefoil (Lotus
corniculcaus), strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum),
broad beans, little kidney beans end vetch. Cow peas (Vigna
sinensis), should make a good summer intercrop, ladino clover
(Trifolitlm repens) should be included in irrigated pasture
:mixtures., Chick peas (Clear arientinum) are grown :In small
area now ,'and the _cash value per stromma is relatively high.
Peanuts qpn be grown on the free working textural types of
KaTditsa ?and Thermon soil series:
:
Sqji
aLulag_Lsassos for inclusion in pastures to
provide turfiness and lessen tendency of legumes to cause
bloating, include perennial rye grass (Lolium porenne),
Harding grass (Phalaris tuberosa), cite (tall) fescue (Fescue
elatior) and meadow foxtail grass (Alopocurus pratensis).
The latter grass tolerates innundation. Sweet sudan grass
(Sorgum sudanensc) can be sown after winter grain for late
summer forage.
211.1Iivated field croIL of major importance suited to
the conditions are cotton serge, early corn and dry beans.
2LalLaILIL crou which thrive in the area include
melons, tomatoes, okra, egg plant, green beans, onions,
lettuce, peppers, peas end squash.
111.:
'
'
. . .
".".111-?
12. .g.s..9.p Rotation aza.taaa
1
The recommended crop rotation for vegetable growers on
Class 1 irrignbility land is as follows:
Vegetables 4 years, Alfalfa or pasture 4 years.
The resommended crop rotation for the general farp Class 2,
and 3 lands is
4
a. A three year rotation Grain-legumes-rowprop,
b. , The previous rotation with alfalfa grown for 4
to 6 years, at a time on ono-fourth the crop area and then
shifted tola different quarter of the area.
c. A four-year rotation: Grain-legumos-rowcrop-row-
crop with fertilizc!r.
;
On heavy Class 3 or Class 4 land, shallow-rooted legumes
lad grasses should be periodically plowed up and their residues
tilized in theTgrowing of serge, cotton or corn.
The above crop rotations conserve water and soil ''?,()rtilitY
Lnd help to control pests.
, V-18
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The practice of burning or removing stubble and other
coarse crop residues should be discontinued, Those residues will
form needed humus if plowed into the soil. Treatment of those
residues with nitratus or manure will help their transformation
into humus and eliminate adverse effects on the immediate supply
of nitrates in the soil. Production of manure will increas With
1
the expansion of livestock industries which will utilize the im-
proved forego grown by irrigation. Proper use of manure will be
essential for attaining high levels of soil fertility.
Use of commercial fertilizers is an essential pert of
intensive agriculture, particularly under irrigation. However,
it will be found profitable to secure the largest part of the
nitrogen supply from the legumes included in rotations. Phosphate
will be needed in starting perennial legumes. Phosphates arc also
effectively used to balance or reinforce barnyard manure and help
in retention of ammonia.
w
Weed control is essential in the area,
thistle, velvet weed, bindweed, cocklebur and sourdock are weeds.
frequently found in the area, A cooperative water-users associa-
tion will be nudE,dod and the routing of a power-driven weed sprayer
should be one of its projects.
Dodder patches,
14. Pasture ManauEL3L1
Improved pasture management will be important in the
extensive areas of Class 3 lands which are bust suited to pasture.
Irrigated pastures should be started on a fine, firm, moist seed
bcd. Seed of new legumes should be inoculated. Use of 16 kgs of
42 percent superphosphate per str is desirable. Pastures should
be divided into three equal parts to permit rotational grazing,
say 10 day on ahd 20 day off of each lot. Young plants should
be allowed to got well rooted before pasturing begins and care
should be taken to avoid pasturing too closely. Also it is neces-
sary to avoid pasturing when soil is soft and muddy. Clipping
coarse woody growth once or twice in late season is needed,
Thistle or dock may best be pulled out. Harrowing droppings and
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011111111111111111r'1 1111 11
1,, ,
11
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CPYRGHT
11111,11,11 1 011111
SRnitizad - Approved For Ralease ? CLA-RDP83-00423R0013009g0001 5
application of superphosphate or manure in the fall will promote
growth. The carrying capacity of a good pasture mixture with
irrigation should be 2i to 3 sheep per str. Pasturing appears to
be the best USC for the heavy Class 3 soils.
VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
Greece, although primarily an agricultural country,
deficient in food production. Imports in the years 1935-38
average $;97.2 million and provided about 30% of the calories con-
sumed. In the two-year period from July 15 1950 to June 30, 1952
Greece's food imports from the United Status totaled $158,000,000,
Consumfition of food in 1935-38 provided 2,500 calories daily per
capita as compared to over 3,000 in the United Kingdom and most
West European countries.
The increase in agricultural production resulting from the
recommended plan of development for the Karditsa plain can be
readily absorbed in the domestic and foreign markets.
15.Larap.k.m., Irriation Area
Agricultural statistics presented heroin have referred to
the 600,000 stremmas defined previously as the Karditsa plain.
For simplification of the agronomic and economic evaluations, a
representative area surrounding the town of Karditsa, herein turm-
cd the "Sample rrigation Area" has been selected. It contains
100,000 stremma s to be irrif,ated annually. The area finally
selected for irrigation contains 1142000 stremmas irritated annua_.-
ly, and as this area has a soil-type distribution similar to the
,
sample area It would produce crops and livestock having 1.14 times
the value of that produced in the sample arua. The sample area
is divided according to soil type as follows 39% Class I land,
59% Class 2 land end 2% Class 3 land.
16. Domestic Market for Atricultural Products
Tho crops that will be grown in the sample irrigation
area with irrigation are listed in Table V-7 and V-9. The effect
V-20
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TABLE IT-9
CROP PRODUCTION IN TONS PRESENT AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
KARDITSA PLAIN
Sample irrigation area of 100,000 str.
Crops
- Present
Non-
Total
irrigated
Irrigated. present
A.
Future
Grain
' 6,400
6,400
4,000
37750
3,000
Corn
1,250
70
1,320
69250,
5,250
3,500
Beans
265
3
268
240
450
450
Sesame
510
510
500
375
375'
Cotton
200
10
210
3,750
6,000
7,000
Vegetables and truck
1,500
690
2,190
59400
10,000
12,500
Grapes
140
140
500
2,400
3,000
Alfalfa end pastures
180
100
280
15,000
28,750
349500
Hay
1,650
-
1,650
-
-
-
Fruit deciduous
-
-
-
300
2,250
2,400
Vetch and grain hay
-
_
-
750
5,000
6,000
Pastures unimproved
2,200
-
2,200
-
-
-
Fallow
1,000
_
1,000
-
-
Clover in wheat stubble
-
-
-
500
2,500
2,500
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on -cffitl,f54e-AYrT,Criterturol!q9-i!_eiiiRl7.1178117Lg;Cti.1!.PP1P?R9?V.illeipai
crops are discussed below. Other less-important crops, such as
deciduous fruits, gropes, vetetables, and sesame seed will be pro-
duced in such small quantities as compared with the existing doman
for these products that the domestic market will not be materially
affected.
Grain Tho most important element in the Greek diet is
grain as is the case in all countries with low standards of living,
Annual per capita consumption of grain in 1935-38 was about 180 kg
in Greece as compared to about 100 kg in the United States; approx-
imately ono-third of this amount was imported. Local production
has increased since the war but the country still imports about
:1
1-Fo0l.o00 T of bread grains yearly. In order to decrease these import
,
development will be toward higher yields per stromma, permiting
reduction of th,F.' total .strommas farmed in grains. With improve-
ment of the country's general economy, incomes and standards of
living will rise causing an increase in the, consumption of higher
quality foods and a decrease in the consumption of bread.
In the sample irrigation area it is anticipated that the
percentage of land planted to wheat will decline perceptibly in
favor of other crops with higher income, Nevertheless, although
the area planted with wheat will decrease to ono-fourth the area
in wheat at present, it is estimated that future tonnage will be
reduced to only half of the present tonnage.
,a2La: Another important factor in the nutrition of the.
Greek population is corn. It is estimated that about one half of
the 200,000 T of corn raised annually is used for broad. This is
about 1/12 of cal broad grains or an average consumption of about
13 kg per capita. The use of corn for broad is restricted, however
to rural areas with greater consumption in the mountainous areas.
d
No prepared corn (cereal) is used in Greece. Present annual con-
sumption of corn products in Greece is about 1 kg of syrup and 0.2
kg of starch per capita as compared to 3.5 kg of syrup, 2 kg of
corn sugar, and 0.7 kg of corn starch consumed annually in the
United States. Tho attainment in Greece of consumption levels
similar to those prevailing in the United States would provide an
V-22
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ibli;
111
2
PYRGHT
;11tim?-kiliti4(7-ekRRE?VrflEPSRq.194?9:1c.141AP43404?231RODIZt04290Cat-5
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:
of present total production by 50 percent. Such development will
oduco the consumption of importtod foods such as wheat and Sugar.
Corn is now grown on about 11,800 strommas in the sample
r
,
prigation area of tho Karditsa plain producing 1,300 T of brain0
he improvement of drainage and the expansion of irrigation will
increase the yiold and encourage the use of improved farm practices.
Although rotation noods and competition by other crops will permit
nly a small incroaso in the corn acreage, with higher yiolds proem-
tion will increase to about 5 9000 T.
Beans 2 To annual consumption of beans in Greece is approx-
.
imately 11 kg per capita, used mainly as dry beans. Approxi,mately
one-third of the total required quantity is imported from other .?.
,,,,.........
il'
3ountries. The arditsa plain is favorable for cultivation of
this crop, and if irrigated will Live high yields of 150 to 200 kg
or stromma. It is estimated that beans will be grown on 3,000
u
j
trommas, producing 450 T.
t
ILL..t. Consumption of meat is low in Greece. In 1935.-38
t
ho total consumption of all kinds of moat was estimated at 19 kg
1
or capita9 1/7 of which was imported. This compared with 80 kg
'
n the United States and 120 kg in New Zealand. Conditions of
dense population in Greece will not favor the establishment of the
arge-scale beef industry typical of countries with vast land
esourses, but the cattle and pork raising activities will expand
and will constitute a market for the increased corn and other
animal food crops. Present annual consumption of pork in Greece
is estimated at L2 kg/capita as compared to over 30 kg in the
United States. If pork consumption in Greece is raised to only
half that in the United States, a production of 100,000 T of pork
1
will be required in addition to 17,000 T presently produced. This
would require feed amounting to 400,000 T of grain, mainly corn.
Prewar consumption of beef from local production was
estimated at 2 kg per capita and was supplemented by imports of
0.8 additional kg per capita. Present demand in Greece, a6 indicat-
ed by imports, suggests an immediately available market for over
5,000 T of beef. It is estimated that the sample area will add
V-23
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MN 11.111111Mil 91, 4, ,IITIMENT1111,11,0.,11.1
I I'll I I 4 II ffh ri [I' 41 11 .1huhdi ' " malimmilL
1.1,111
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,,i1,,m1,4:,?-.4,41,r4r1111111,,pii.i41!!4!!!!!!!,4S4V49140,rpq,:,,,;914;,lohoi,,mr,y
flAjWilamm.4
bjMiI
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11 111111 II 11111
11111111i11111111111,
!1111111',' ;di
plotIllgi:111,11111111,1w
450 T of beef to'the present supply,
1,);zy_RE21-ilala must make the greatest contribution lo.the
, improvement of the Greek diet. Present consumption of milk- and
milk products is extremely low in Greece as shown by the comparison
with other countries
in Table V-10.
2.64.1.Yz12
C0NSt1MPTION OF MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS
g per capita annually (1935-38)
? ???-? .
??
?
Product
United
Greece England
S ates
4111111111111111111,1111M.Preempow.mai...........i.galmiumworom.aureme* .V101Malems.malipmmormir
Milk
Cheese
Total milk
Butter
43
154
9
3
41
(milk and dairy products
in milk equivalent)
125
500
700
1
7
11
To double the present consumption of milk and dairy pro-
ducts of 190009000 T would require the replacement of about
500,000 native lbw-producing cows by improved animals.
4
The production of forage as required for maintaining and
improving soil productivity will make possible improved feeding
and higher yields of owes and will also support about 5,000
improved dairy cows thus adding 11,000 T to the present milk
production of 19000 T. Tho urban center of Karditsa and the farm
population provide a market for 2,000 T of fresh milk, while
10,000 T will be processed for cheese and butter. Table V-11
shows the present and future livestock income.
t
1
17. Foreign Markets for Agricultural Products
Exports of farm products constitute an important and
necessary element of Greek economy as 3/4 of the value of all
Greek exports consists of farm products. The improvement ofGreek
agriculture will reduce imports of food which now absorb two-thirds
-
of the foreign exchange secured from agricultural exports
The most promising exportable farm product from the Karditsa
-
V-24
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Sanitized - Approved For Release:
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Kind
A
Head
TABLE V-11
LIVESTOCK INCOME
KARDITSA PLAIN
(millions of Dr)
Sample irrigation area of 100,000 str
Gross 2/
income -
Production
Net farm
cost exclud-
ing,apbor 3/ income
Cost of
labor
Surplus
A
Cattle
Cows, dairy
Beef
Buffaloes (milk)
Sheep
Goats
Hogs
Poultry
1,320 4,700 1,780 23,580 1,210 17,700 570
94o 1,890 620 19450 530 1,130 90
210 - 310 - 260 - 50
16,970 99430 3,770 3,770 2,730 2,830 11o4o
190 - 60 - 4o - 20
1,130 1,890 680 1,890 590 1,410 90
18,860 479000 1,42o 5,535 1,160 49130 260
5,880
320
;40
4-80
1,405
100 3,610
4o 250
20
520 620
10 -
70 300
170 920
470 2,270
50 70
3C
52C 320 _
1C -
2( 180
9C 485
Total
- 89640 36,225 6,520 27,200 2,120 9,025 930 5,700 1,190 '9325
Selected irriga-
tion area
9,850 419290 79430 31,000 2,400 10,290 1,960 6,500 1,360 3,790
1/
- Irrigated annually.
2/
- Includes the value of the total livestock production (milk, meat, dairy products, eggs,
wool and hair).
Includes the value of feeds either raised on fern or purchased, and other costs.
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CPYRGHT
saniti7pci Approved For RPIPaSP ? ciA-Rnpga-ona9aRnninno9gnAniz
area is cotton. Cotton will be the principal cash crop on the
better land and can benefit from the effect of soil-improving
rotations. Yields of cotton will be high while, with prevailing
rates of wages, production costs will be low. The proximity of
countries laciiing cotton, as Yugoslavia, Albania and Ita4y,
in-
crease the possibilities for ,profitable exports of cottow ,
r T
In case of depressed world trade and low prices, the in-
11111.,11
i
111111111
dustry can depend to some extent on an expanding local market.
Present per capita consumption of cotton in Greece is less than
1/4 the consumption in the United States. If a rising economy
leads to a 50 percent increase of consumption, an additional
P
production of 12,000 T of lint cotton will be absorbed It is
assumed in this study that irrigation of the sample irrigation
area would add to the present Greek production 2,000 T of lint
cotton,
The foreign exchange value of crops which would be grown
in the sample irrigation area is given later in this chapter.
18. rice of Farm Products
Until cently,
currency lost practically all its value during the occupation.
ilre' Greek currency was very unstable. Pre-war
The new drachma,. issued after the liberation (1944) underwent re-
peated devaluations; the official rate of exchange of 200 Dr to
the U.S. dollar has increased progressively and since September
1949 has been 15,000 Dr to the dollar. As no free market in the
1 .
drachma exists,, it is necessary to establish the true purchasing
power of the drachma for use (1) in establishing reliable domestic
prices of farm iroducts in relation to long-term world Trices,
and (2) in dete7mining the true value of agricultural income result-
ing from the proposed development.
A rate of 24,000 Dr to the dollar was estimated to cor-
respond to the -ue valyp of he drachma, With this rate, the
prevailing domestic prices for, principal commodities are 1,,n
able agreement with present world prices as can be soon from Table
V-12. This table also gives the accepted domestic prices :used ta
F
determining present and future farm incomes and project benefits, ,
? h,,,,,,,
1
:?
1; V-26
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:
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"'' 111,,11111
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RELATION BETWEEN DOMESTIC AND WORLD
PRICES FOR PRINCIPAL FARM PRODUCTS
cal_
Product
101.10.11?711?111111M
(a_
U.S. U.S. U.S. Fstimat-Provail-
,
' price price price ed ing Accepted
1951 1935-39 1951 domestic domestic domestic
'actual average adjusted price price price
77717)-77kg) 7 /kg) (Dr/kg) (Dr/kg T (Dr/kg)
?,!!.
* *
Wheat
079 .031 .090 2,200 2,200 2,100
Corn
t
,
,063
.026
.075
1,800
1,900
Cotton, lint
.900
.218
.630
15,100
15,000
Potatoes
.041
.026
.075
1,800
1,200
Beans, dry
0180
.077
.223
59400
5,000
Pears
-
.033
.095
29300
3,000
Hay9 all kinds
,
.023
.012
.035
800
700
* *
10.0.101.11RVEIMIae.....0-PrAmaiNAMO.,./?/.4*?*
1,800
14,000
800
49000
2,000
600
amwaswww11.,-7,1*,,limorwwwill,
Column (2) x2,9. The factor 2.9 is the ratio of 1951 U.S.
farm prices to 1935-39 U.S. farm prices as determined by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Column (3) x 249000.
4
19. Costs of Production
Presentcosts of production are adversely affected by low
.??
yields, wasteful methods of cultivation and harvesting and use of
man-power rather than animals9, machinery and efficient farm toels.
In addition v.11.1age economy makes it necessary to travel long
distances. from 1dwelling to fdAld and adds to the inefficioncy of
;' ... .,,
labor. With:th ;1 present wage scale in Greece, however, the estim-
ated1
?,,
costs for raising crops in the sample irrigation area are low,
. .
as evidenced by the breakdown of costs for roprbsentative crops
,
now grown in the sample irrigation area shown in Table V-1,3.
;II
Itisawamodthattheproposed development will coincide
,
with a general rise of the economy of the project area causing a
higher wage v scale. On the other hand improved farm practices will -? ,. . , _
0?.
lead to higher efficiency of labor while improved roads will foci -
f
litatemovement.from village to farm. The costs of production for
_ _
various stages in the development of the sample irrigation area
are shown in Table V-14.
1,11!
r.
V-27
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1,,,,,, ill11111
W90111
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CPYRGHT
TABLE V-13
FARM PRODUCTION COSTS-PRESENT DEVELOPMENT
KARDITSA PLhIN
Sample irrigation area of 100,000 str 1/
Cost per stremma in 1000 Dr
Total area cost in
million Dr
Crops Materials
equipment
and draft
Interest,
contin-
gencies
Water
Total cost
excluding
labor
Labor
Total
excluding
labor
Labor
Wheat and other small grain
120
20
-
140
60
5,600
2,1H-00
Corn, non-irrigated
105
20
-
125
66
1,425
752
Corn, irrigated
110
20
10
140
80
56
32
Beans
125
25
-
150
65
90
41
Beans, interc2opped
40
10
-
50
30
.285
171
-Sesame
80
15
-
95
40
1,380
580
Cotton, non-irrigated
85
20
-
105
110
263
275
Cotton, irrigated
90
20
20
130
130
13
13
Vegetables, non-irrigated
100
20
-
120
125
180
188
Vegetables, irrigated
150
30
50
230
200
106
92
Grapes
85
150
-
235
180
47
36
Alfalfa, non-irrigated
30
60
-
90
60
27
18
Llfalfa, irrigated
40
60
50
150
80
15
8
Hay fields
10
-
-
10
20
66
132
Sub-total
9,553
4,567
Land retention
3,427
Livestock cost (not including
value of feed)
1,020
933
142000
5,500
Selected irrigation area, 114,000 str
16,000
6,300
Sanitized - Approved For Release:
CIA-RDP83-00423R001300290001-5
-
Crops
Small grain
Grain(double
cropped)
Corn & sorgum
dry
Beans,
Sesame
Cotton
Vegetables &
melons
-Grapes
Fruit
Alfalfa &
pasture
Cover crops
Clover in
wheat stubble
CPYRGHT
Sanitized - Approved For Release:
IA-RDP83-00423R00 13139A/90144
_FARM_PB0DUC2ION COSTS-FUTURE_DEVELOPEENT _
KARDITSA. PLAIN
Sample irrigation area of 100,000 str 1/
Unit cost per stremma in 1000 Dr
Total area costs in million Dr
Material Interest Total unit
equipment & cost exclud- Labor
& draft contin-0 in labor 2/
BCDBCDB0DB
125 175 185
- 145 150
150 240 250
155 210 215
105 150 155
130 180 185
25 35 40 150 210 225 56
- 25 30 - 170 180 -
30 45 50 180 285 3co 100
30 4c 4o 185 250 255 80
20 30 30 125 180 185 70
25 35 35 155 215 220 180
185 270 270 35 50 50 220 320 320
160 280 280 180 300 300 340 580 580
130 225 225 200 325 325 330 550 550
55 115 115 70 90
55 80 80 10 15
50 80 8c 10 20
200
250
250
go 125 205 205 80
15 65 95 95 30
20 60 100 100 40
Sub-total
Land retention
Livestock costs
(not including
value of feed),
C D
55 55
55 55
120 120
100 100
90 90
225 225
245 245
320 320
275 275
?g ?F(0'
60 60
Total cost
2/
excluding labor -
Labor
3,000 2400 1,145 1,120
850 1,260 -
4,500 4,275 3900 2,500
370 750 765 160
625 540 555 350
3,875 6,450 7,700 49500
660 1,600 19600 60y
170 1,160 1,160 125
165 1,650 1,650 125
550 295
275 ? 385
1,80c 1,200
300 300
270 270
6,750 7,875
1,225 1,225
640 640
825 825
1,875 5,125 6,150 1,200 2,250 2,700
325 2,375 2;850 150 1,000 1,200
60 500 500 40 300 300
T T - _ _ _ _ _ _ - - 15,62527,37528,315 ic,87: 16,185 17,215
- - - - - - - 3,427 3,)1-27 - -
_ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ - - 1,448 5,698 6,258 2,130 5,815 6,785
Total
_ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - 2C2 500 36,500 382000 137CCO 22)000 242000
Selected irrigation area, 1149000 str
239400 41960C 439300 149800 25,100 279400
1/
- Irrigated annually.
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+ COMPUTED DISCHARGE C SLOPE?AREA)
I 0 20 30 40 50 60 70
rIAPpX AI EIE
DISCHARGES IN M3iSEC
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1949
0
1944
0
?1943
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194B
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1951
1950
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KAIIEIE
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SLOPES
AOPOI /TIKH KAMIlYAH ArlOXON Ano TOY MEIOY
RESIDUAL MASS CURVE
1949-50 1950-51 1951-52
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1938-39 939-40 1940-41 1941-42 1942-43 I 943-44 1944-45 I 945-46 1946-47 1947-48 946-49
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14 ARAP1TSA ;RIVER, west tOCEDONIA, 1935
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16 KOUT1K A RIVER, WEST iktCEDONIA, 1935
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