YUGOSLAVIA ENERGY RESOURCES OF YUGOSLAVIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-00423R001200390007-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 135
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 16, 1998
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: April 14, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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YtLAVIA
BNGY PJWUHGZS OF YU 3OSLAV,[A
Prspawred by
?dA 173/65/04
14 April 1953
twvm H, haxgIo
Expert Appointed by the ?ssmtaa1 Aasi.taz ce Adaird.strati o
at tA0
Jt itsd $aUoas
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Introduction
1, HYDROPOWER 5
A. S&+zaary Perspectives 5
la Physioal base for Yugoslav hydropower
5
2, Principal 47drootreaas 6
3o International waters 6
4, ?l wtters $
5,, Total bydroptw,ar $
6a Energy exports 9
B Physical data
11
to Hydrology and aeteorology 11
2, Topographic mapping 1.4
34 Geologic ripping 15
4, General water cadasters 15
Sc Pacer cadssters 17
C. Inventory of neable hydropower 20
la General plans for utilisation of
water resources
2, Power delomeftt p;=-
3. Status of power dewelopaant plans
Historical review
Set"bia
Croatia
Slov ni.a
Doss" and fiersogovina
Maceshonia
lioatenegro
smawy
4, Commentary on the planning and design
of plants for the utilization of the
n&tiong s water resources
32
D.
Reo~-ondatiaaa
34
II.
FOSSIL FUELS
38
A.
Scary Perspective
38
B.
f of Fossil Puols
38
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C o Oil azad 3sa
1o Preface
2a Historical perspective
30 8'V1orations
a Serbia
b Croatia
c Slo?enia
40 bnoim reserves of oil and gas in
Yugoslavia
(a) Method of computing reserves
(b Total reserves in Yugoslavia
(c Serbia
d Croatia
e Slovenia
50 Production
70 Program for oonpletion of the inventory
of oil and gas
S0 Foreign assistance
Refma"es on all and gas
D 0 Coal
10 Is trodu Lion
20 Methods for determination of reserves
LM
41
41
41
42
43
44
46,
47
47
48
49
49
51
53
53
56
27
50
58
59
a Stgslorations. 59
b Classification of reserves 59
(c Quality of coal 60
3 0 Reserves as now known 61.
(b) HSumaryard es 6,?
(a Brown coal 62
(d Lite t62
40 Production of solid fuse 65
50 Cons icn 65
a or principal consuming groups 65
b Per capita oonsuiaspEion 60
(a Trends 68
(4) Rxports sod imports 68
(e) Adequacy of reserve 69
60 Processing of lignite 69
(a Iagacoved solid fuel 70
(b Manufacture of owe 70
(c Industrial complex based on
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LM
7s' Prvgm of axpiaration
71
a Methodology and classification
71
b Exploration.
72
a Processing of lignite
72.
d Foreign assistance
73
go
Oil Shales
74
10 Introduction
74
20 Rersewr+ww;,
?4
3, Retorting of oil shales
75
44 Progrma of uploratiox and research
75
APPENDIX I
Snm?ary Report on EMergy Resources
Conference, Belgrade 1953 by Inge SlebirAger
77
APPENDIX II
APPENDIX III
Proposals of the Caoaittee an Liao of the
EQergy Resources Conference, Belgrade 1953
The Use of "(cross Water Powers' in Deter
Potential rdra Resources by Dro Ingo Vladimir
3lebingee
$t
02
APPENDIX IV
Partial N3ib11agraplwy of Published end Unpub-
lished Data an Yugoslav Hydropower
90
APPENDIX V
Report of the Commission on Fossil Fuels of
the Nbmergy Resources Conferrenoe, Belgrade,
1953
90
APPENDIX VI
Problems of Classification of Fossil Fae1
Reserves by Ingo VJekes1av Milo ote
102
APPENDIX VII
Geology of Oil in Croatia by Nafaplin Zagreb
104
APPENDIX VIII
Explanation of the Geophgsical Map of
Cbs n 3e by Rai"ta Landava (Slaveni3a)
105
APPXWjX IY
Statemreut an Technical Assistance by the
Institute for Geophysical Research, isg ob
109
APPENDIX X
APPMXX XI
Report on the Oil. Shales of ' Serbia by
Ingo Dimitrije Katie
The Oil Shales of Tugoalavia by Dro lag,
Aleicsemxdar Petrusio
III
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Introduction
This is a provisiona report on a ai,r.nth energy resource.
mission in Yugoslavia
The mission originated, so far as the Barney is aware, in the
visit to Yugoslavia by Director Keonleyside :41 .d-l95l. The scope
of the mission as outlined shortly thereafter IMP-13 as follows!
"{1) To ace a survey of energy resae::cs in ?'t oslavia;
(2) To advise the Go ne .: wnt of Yugoslavia ont
(a) the possibilities of exploitation on a
regional or national basic with respect to each
form of energy;
(b) the priority in which the various torn. of
energy should be developed;
e the ecoewoeic lop i,catiori. of such dove'l,op ent;
d methods of development;
e methods of utilisation -=,A distribution of
eaesgy produced with special reference to
export possibilities;
X3) To discuss steps already taken by the Tugoslay OovWnment
to develop power resources end to advise the Government
on the possible nature and extent of any farWer aasia-
tanse the United Nations could provides in this field,"
Because this was obviously more than one expert could accomplish
within the go-day 'term of the original assignment, and was in fact of a
scope and, complexity that called:.for a team approach, TAA authorised the
greatest flexibility in imps, ting first tac the assignment. Accordingly the
was to re-define the mission in tern. which were in accordance
with the desire of the, GOVOINMent and which . at the same time were Vi thin
the limits of aocomplistnt,0
The preparatory nature of the mission was geaeranX recognized,
In its initial conference Goverment offiaialo stated that they know that
Yugoslavia was rich in energy resources but that they needed a competent
statwsht IA terms that are consistent with i atetatiocaal, usage, as to the
abaie'a tee and e e of these resources, The Gaer?asraaent asked ghat we cos[
older all energy urce,, methods, of exploitatjon and n national, ,taerg;r
"quire mo", Principal interest was Clearly in oydrw? awe~r arid in
possible ktm sots to central iaropea e
This was an abitious prop-as for the limited tine that was aviilableo
In an effort to scooapl h as ,ch as po-geiblei fioverment officials aoaep-
tsd the res n.ibi pity for assembli and Orgarising data with respect to
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known energy resources and with regard to needs for further investigation
and exploration. Arrangements for a joint and coordinated approach to
the problem having been made, the Government then proposed that the
writer proceed to the Capitals of the several Republics which under the
present decentralized operation of the. Goverment are centers ct explara.
tion and exploitation, officials of the Republics and the various insti-
tutes and enterprises participated fully in the review of present kncvledge
on energy resources and consideration of a program of further exploration.
Because of the continuous absence in Geneva of Mr, Stejepan Han,,
director of the Institute to thich I was arActi ed, and because of the
Government's desire that I be ;:resent in Genova during an PACE conference
on energy exports, I returned to that city in late November for a week of
conferences with Mr. Han and ECE staff members, In this discussion the
Government' a concept of the mission became more clearly defined. Its
interest was stated to be primarily in obtaining a thoroughly competent
inventory of its energy resources, vdth only such incidental reference to
development and utilization as time permitted. Most specifically it was
agreed that:
(1) The Mission is exploratory, in nature, its primary
function being to lay the groundwork for a comprehen-
sive series of studies to be undertaken over the next
several years,
(2) The Government's primary interest is to complete
its inventory of energy resources as quicklly,, economi-
cally, and effectively as possibled
(3} The Government desires that technical assistance be
provided at this time with regard tot
(a) the method for completing the inventory
in the most acceptable manner;
(b) advice as to the instruments, equipment
and organization of the work; and
(c) actual provision of instruments, literature,
fellowships and foreign experts.
With this more manageable approach, the Government requested that the
mission be extended for a second three months. Mrs Han also asked that s
preliminary report be available for discussion in February at a conference
in Belgrade on Yugoslav energy resources. This conference was to be ;re-
paratory in nature for an ECE-sponsored meeting in Geneve in mid-February
on hydropower exports.
Accordingly the writer returned to Belgrade to concentrate on the
problems involved in completion of an energy resources inventory. The essen-
tials of the approach to be taken could bt stated in the following simplified
terms:
(a)
what data are now available, i0 e. what is the
present state of knowledge with respect to
energy resources;
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(b) what further data are needed to complete
the inventory in acceptable terms;
(c) what program is required to complete the
data including work by'Yugoslav officials,
engineers and scientists and foreign
assistance.
December and January were utilized to bring together the material,
which had been prepared by various officials and engineers in accordance
to the previous arrangements. As is always the case in such group efforts
the data was of uneven quality, although much was of the highest quality
v
and adequacy. It became clear, however, that mechanical problems involved
in the assembly and translation of materials prepared by others, and the
actual preparation of an integrated report on Yugoslav energy resources were
such that within the time limits available, it was not practicable to attempt
any systematic compilation of data. This mission must rather confine itself
to methods and plans by which others might undertake the work most effectively.
The three-day Energy Resources Conference hold in Belgrade in
February was attended by leading engineers and scientists from all Republics*
it was apparently suecesful in directing thinking to problems of completing
and improving the energy-resources inventory. The attached summary report
(see. Appendix 1) indicates the action taken to organize working groups of
tgoslav scientists and engineers for the purpose0 The use of working com-
mitteee in a carefully prepared and coordinated program was proposed by the
writer as the most likely device to utilize the talents available and to
achieve early and effective results. The success of this effort will depend
entirely on the extent to which continued direction and guidance can be
provided.
During January and February also, attention was given to the problem
of energy exports to central Drape in the preparation of the Yugoslav dele.
gation to the forthcoming meeting on energy exports to be held in Geneva.
Both before and after the Geneva conference the writer advised in such
vaaare
as he could with respect to the analyses of potential hydro resources avail-
able for export and the engineering organization which should be set up to
direct the necessary studies. Thus the mission may have had some of the
practical value envisaged by Mr. 3(eenleyside.
The energy resources to which it has been possible to direct attention
during this short mission, includes only hydro-power and fossil fuels (oil
and gas, solid fuels and oil shales). It has not been possible to include
either fuelwood or the minor energy resources. Fuelwood at present accounts
for almost half the energy consumption ct Yugoslavia. It has recently, .
however, been the subject of a comprehensive study and report by the Govern-
ment. As to the minor energy resources, only wind energy seemed to be of
particular promise in Yugoslavia, and it could best be handled by a special
study. Neither tidal power, solar energy., geothermal sources or submarine
temperature differentials appeared to offer immediate or substantial prospects
of exploitation although attention to them should not be continuously deferred.
This report will present-a summary of the data now available on the
hydro and fossil fuel resources, point out the gaps in these data, and suggest
so far as possible the most likely steps to improve or complete the inventory.
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Because of the limitations of the writer's experience the fossil fuels
are presented more tentatively than hydro, but with the aim of providing
others who are more competent in fossil fuels with.more perspective to
enable them to undertake any further work which may be-desired, with a
minimum of waste motion,
Amplifying materials are presented in the form of appendixes,
several of which are believed to contain materials which have not hitherto
been available. Others are included either for convenience of reference,
or to indicate the current thinking of Yugoslav engineers.
It is impossible to make adequate acknwledgeeenb to all the indi-
vidual and the organizations who have participated in the work of the
mission and contributed to this report. The Yugoslav Government has at an
times made its records and its facilities fully available. Aoiasowledgsment
must be particularly made to Messrs. Dular and Hann of the Institute of
Planning of the National Govern4t nt under whose sponsorship and auspices
the mission was formulated and conducted, and the Foreign Office for its
interest and cooperation. Acknowledgement must also be made to the many of4-
fidale, engineers and scientists from the Governments of the six Republics,
the technical and scientific institutes, and the various enterprises for the
study and exploitation of energy resources,
The Technical Assistance Administration in New York and Geneva has
been most understanding and helpful throughout the course of the work.
The TAB Liaison Office in Belgrade has been invaluable in acing its facili-
ties and counsel available.
Individual recognition must be given, however, to.Drd Ingo Vladimir
Slebinger of the staff of the Institute for Technical and Economic Research
who was assigned to the mission for its entire duration, and whose exten.
sive knowledge of Yugoslavia and professional competence were invaluable.
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1. 1fDR0FOWER
A, ?g Men Perspectives
1. Prsical base for Yugoslav hXIMM"r
The waters of Yugoslavia?s rugged term constitute perhaps its
most valuable energy resource - large in map.' tulle and non-depletable,
This power potential derives from the happy combination of high
mountains and heavy rainfall, The Julian Alps with their related strap-.
tares rise to heights of 2800 meters, The Dinexic Alps extend down the
entire length of the Adriatic coast at heights of 1500 to 2500 meters.
From the ridges, the land drops quidcly toward the Adriatic or the plains
of the Sava and the Danube, thus creating the steep gradients which, toga.
ther with the large streaaflow, establish conditions favourable for hydro..
power.
Warm moisture laden winds from the Mediterranean sweep northward
over these Alpine mountains during much of the year, rising cooling as
they pass, their moisture condensing in the form of rain or snow, The high-.
est rainfall in Europe is to be found in the mountains of Montenegro
(more than 6000 Ca per year). Having lost most of their moisture in the
mountains the winds are comparatively dry as they reach the interior plains,
The lowest rainfall in Yugoslavia (500 cm per year) is thus found in
Macedonia only 125 kilometers from the point of the highest rainfall on the
Continent,
The climate of the northern plains and much -of the interior of
Yugoslavia is continental- and is characterised by smaller but more unifom
rainfall through the year, with frequent summer storms, This inland cli.,
mate extends south to but does not include the upper slopes of the Dinaric
range. The occasional summer showers are not sufficient to prevent summer
droughts,
The significant feature of the heavy precipitation on the mountainous
area is that it occurs for the most part in the winter months. This is the
sowcalled-'MMediterrauean pattern", a pattern which prevails in the Appenine
peninsula,- in the southern Balkan Peninsula including the Adriatic coast of
Yugoslavia, an the southeast slopes of the Alps, and in many of the other
lands bordering on, the Mediterranean., ? It is characterised by heavy prodpi-.
tation in the winter months and by long periods of low rainfall during the
sheer,
Because most of the psecipitation along the Dinaric range is in the
form of rain, the streams rising on the slopes have what may be termed.a
Mediterranean type of ruu.-off, with their peak flows over the Minter months
and with comparatively low flows during the summer, Contrarwise, there is
a so-called Alpine type rum-Off from the higher mountains of, the north which
is dominated by the high euMeaer flows from the melting snows and by low
flows in the winter when runoff is retarded by ice and snow formation.,
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2, Principal hydrost
The consequence of those geographic factors is that there are three
or four concentrations of waterpower in Yugoslavia, each with its charaeteris.
tic run-off pattern,
First, there are rivers which rise in the southern and the highest
part of the Dinario range where the heaviest rainfall occurs. On these
streams the Drina, which flows inland to the Sava w A the Danube, is the
largest,, and in fact the number one power stre:? m. of Yugoslavia, It has fa-
vourable sites for storage reservoirs and power plants, few of them developed.
It has a modified Mediterranean type of run-off with large spring flows, a
summer minimum, and a small peak in the tall.b It is the easternmost of the
rivers to have this secondary fall peak. On the Adriatic slope are the
Neretva, Trebisn jica, Zeta, and Cetina, so-called karstic streams beoaia a of
the limestone formations through which they flaws They have much the saz
run-off pattern as the Drina except for more pronounced winter peaks and sum.
mar lows.
The second concentration of power is the Drava, Sava and Sooa, which
rise in the Julian Alps in the extreme northwest part of Yugoslavia. The
Drava is the nation?s number two power streams. It has the Alpine pattern of
run-off with large flows during the summer and minimum flows in the winter,
The Sava and the Soda have a mixed pattern influenced both by the summer snow
melt and the winter rains from the Mediterranean* Nearby karstic rivers in
the Planing add to the power potential of this area and to the potential
winter energy productions
The Danube at the Iran Gates is the third concentration of hydropower
in Yugoslavia even after allowing for allocation of half the potential to
adjoining Rumania. Here the large and comparatively uniform flow of this
large river can be utilised through a head of about 36 meters.
The many other rivers offer smaller but important opportunities for
power development in almost all parts of Yugoslavia, There are the tribute-
terries of the Sava flowing inland from the Dinaric rang, the Vardar and
its tributaries which drain Macedonia and flaw to the Aegian, and the nume-
rous karatic rivers of the Adriatic coast,
Altogether the hydro potential of Yugoslavia is only 3% developed.
Although no reliable cost determinations have been made., it is generally con-
cluded that the sites land themselves to comparatively economic exploitation.
3s Into rnat ono . waters
A considerable part of_Tugoslavia9s hydro potential is on rivers or
lakes affected with an international interest. There are such boundary
streams, for example, am the Drava and the Danube, which presumably can be
exploited only by agreement with neighbouring Hungary and Ramarniao The
same is true for Lake Ohrid and Lake Preapa on the Albanian boundary, which
offer economical, storage for power sites downstream in Albania, but which
can be developed only by Joint arrangeanerit between the two countries,
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There are also the so-called "consecutive rivers" whose headwaters
are in other countries (such as the Danube and the Drava) or which flow
from Yugoslavia into dowustreaa countries (for exsmpls the Danube or the
Vardar). Any development which Yugoslavia may contemplate on these ri-
vers within its boundaries can be affected by, or can have an effect on,
the interests of the countries upstream or downstream, The total poten-
tial power of international streams can be maximised through interna-
tional agreement on the optiaou development plan,
Following is a tabulation of the principal rivers of Yugoslavia
which are affected with an international interest:
a) Boundary streams Border country Nature of inter-
Lower Pura
Lower Drava
Lower Danube
Bo3ana (lower Drim)
Lake Ohrid
Skadar Lake
Lake Prispa
amen
~;, ^ r natilwiMr
Haungazr
Hungary
Rumania
Albania
Albania
Albania
Albania and
b) NConariive rivers"
Drava
Danube
Small streams in
Banat
Nisava
Tributary of
Crna Reka
rising in other countrieso
Power
Power
Power, navigation
flood control, ir-
rigation and water
supply
Navigation and
flood control
Flood control and
power
Flood control and
navigation
Power
oslavlae s
Austria
Hungary and
other countries
8manta
Bulgaria
Greece
Power
Power' navigation,,
flood control,
water supply
Water supply and
flood control
Flood control
Flood control
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c)
"Consecutive rivers" flowing from Yugoslavia to other countries.
Downstream country
Interest of down
stream country
Rumania, Bulgaria
Power, flood control
and USSR
,
navigation
Vardar
Greece
Power, flood control'
Strusdoa
Bulgaria
Irrigation
Bosica
Bulgaria
Power and irrigation
Saoa
Italy
Power, flood control.
Black Drim
Albania
Parer, flood control
and Lake 0hrid
,
water supply,,
navigation
Lake Prespa
Albania and Greece
Power and flood control
4. SSma31 waters
The smaller streams of Yugoslavia, including many swa33. tributaries
of the main rivers, are also the potential sources of a substantial amount
of energy, much of it economically usable, It is estimated that up to
2 million KW of gross power wd.sts in these small streams at sites which
would support an installation of up to-1,000 KW? Several hundred such sites
had been developed before the last war, for electric power production, another
500 had been exploited with turbines to provide mechanical power for the
operation of mills, and perhaps 30 thousand primitive water wheels had been
built to drive small village sawmill, flour mills and to provide motive
Now, however, the awl] hydro sites are comparatively neglected,
Some thinking has been given to the installation of perhaps a thousand such
small power plants with a total installed power of perhaps 600,000 KW, for
driving mills and providing a general electricity supply to villages, Con-
sidering how few villages are electrified and the remoteness of most vil-
lages from present or proposed power lines, it would seam feasible to pro-
vide at least an initial electric supply from many such local sources, In
many instances, the power plant could be a joint development with a reser-
voir for general water supply, erosion control, flood prevention, or other
purposes,
5,
Total hydropower
The gross hydro potential of Yugoslavia has been estimated at about
125 billion kilowatt hours a year, and the net usable waterpower at about
50 billion KWh a year, based on the mean annual streamflow, This is about
10% of. the Bmpean total and tas same order of magnitude as the hydro potence
tial of Sweden and Italy. It is exceeded in Europe only by Norway and France,
The potential hydro energy of Yugoslavia is also large with relation
to its population and its land area,- If completely utilised, the potential
hydro would be equivalent to about 3,000 KWh a year per capiita, a figure that
is exceeded in Sumps only by Scandinavia, Switzerland and Austrian A level
of consumption of 3,000.KWh per capita per year has already been attained in
Norway and is being approached in Sweden0
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Because only 3% of Yugoslavia's hydro potential is now utilized
it would seem that the nation could provide for its future growth largely
from its hydro resources for at least several decades, 1f is require-
ments were to double each ten years (to employ one actaman measure of load
growth) hydro could supply national requirements for tour or five decades,
If as seems more likely, industrial growth is more rapid, the period of
hydro sufficiency would of course be shortened,
b. Baersr esporrts
To the nations-of Europe which are already utilizing the best of
their hydro resources, the prospect of importing energy from Yugoslavia
appears attractive. This is particularly co because of the Mediterranean
pattern of Yugoslavia?s stresmfiow, and its consequent ability to supply
winter energy, Yugoslavia?s hydra pattern thus is complementory to that of
the Alpine rivers of central Europe. Consequently there would appear to
be good reason to think in term of a substantial energy movement north.
ward for several decades or until such earlier time as Yugoslavia itself
could use its entire hydra production. It also seem likely that there will
always be an exchange of energy between Yugoslavia and central Europe to
take advantage of the diversities in their run-off pattern,
Because of the current interest in this matter some further details
:nay not be amiss, The attached diagram (Figure 1) illustrates the Alpine
m d Mediterranean type of streamfloes,
The Alpine pattern affecting the streams of central Europe, the
Drava, and to some extent the Soca and the Danube, is characterized by a
discharge of only one-third of the annual mean flow during the winter
months,, and peak flows from May through August,
In the Mediterranean pattern of streamflow, which in Yugoslavia ex-
tends, from the Soca to the Vardar and into Greece, threefourths of the
annual mean flow occurs in the winter months from late October to early
with continued low flows during the summer and a small - eeoondat7
decline in January and February when precipitation occurs to some extent
in the form of snow,
The Alpine streams of Yugoslavia have a combined annual potential d
about 340 billion M (source: MR, Quarterly Economic Bulletin, Third
Quarter 19529 page 33) and the non-Alpine stream of Yugoslavia a total
potential of about 48 billion KWh (deducting 2 billion from the nati ones
total for the Drava). There is thus a threeto-one relation between physi.
cal capability of the two stream regimens,
This neglects for the moment the difference in the run-off pattern
and in the comparative value of the summer and winter power, Winter power
in Europe is costly to produce, whether in thermal or hydro plants, Any
expansion of hydro plants will only increase the summer energy surplus,
Expansion of thermal generation must be accompanied by heavy investment in
the collieries and by ?colnstantly higher fuel costs,
As the diagram shows, Yugoslavia has two seasons when water can be
stored to advantage. The first is in the late spring, when water can be
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stored for release during the long summer- drought and the second in
the autumn when water can again be stored, for release during the early
spring for the benefit of central Surops,
Storage on the Alpine streams of central Sump* will of course
occur during tie summer peak flown, Whether it is economical to over-
install in the Alpine plants to utilise summer spills for return of energy-
to Yugoslavia is a matter beyond the scope of this inquiry, as is also the
problem of achieving an economical balance beteoen Storage, thermal yen ran
tion and transmission.
The wide diversity between the two water regimens suggests the
obvious desirability of integrating the power systems which they each sup-
port, Because central Europe is an energyddcficient region it is more
likely that there will be a net movement of energy north than of balanced
seasonal interchanges,
This ch_apt,eerr, like others in this report, will be directed primarily
toward 'the p b o ma involved in Improving and completing the Jwrentory of
resources. The present state of knowledge will be briefly reviewed in
order to determine what the needs are for further work, foUowing which the
elements of a program for further exploration will boom more evident,
In the case of hydro the potential resources are determined by the
systematic assembling of data on atreamflows, precipitation, topography and
geology.- It is than possible to delineate overall plans for the utilise,
Lion of the rivers for various purposes including power, and to formulate
more specific plans for harnessing the falling water, We shall consider
each of these steps in the pages which follow.
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B. P sipal. Data
1. Hydrolofy and Meteorology
These two elements of hydropower analysis and engineering have
fortunately been the subject of other recent UN-TAA missions to Yugos-
lavia. Meteorology was the subject of the mission of Mr..James M. Beall
in the spring of 1952 (see his "Final Report - Fact-finding survey of
the Hydrometeorological Service of the FPRY, 1 May 1952). The hydro-
logical work of the Federal Hydrological Service was the subject of a
mission by Mr. Max A. Kohler in early 1953, a report on which is in
course of preparation..
Reference can be made to these two sources for competent treatment
of. meteorology and hydrology. What follows here reflects the special
interest of this mission in the use of basic data for appraising the
extent and. character of the nation's hydropower resources. Although
the matter has been discussed with Mr. Kohler he is of course in no way
responsible for the facts or the recommendations which appear herein.
Attention will be given principally to hydrology although the importance
of meteorology and the relation between precipitation and streamflow
is not intended to be minimized.
As a general observation it seems clear that there are sufficient
data (when supplemented by data on precipitation) on streamflows, to
permit an appraisal of hydro resources, and the formulation of general
plans for their development. As in any country, there are gaps in
the desired data which cause difficulties, but these usually can be
overcome by correlation and extrapolation. At the same time, here as
elsewhere, sufficient attention should be given to the improvement of
hydrologic and meteorological data to permit more accurate estimates
of energy resources and to facilitate and render more efficient the work
of planning, design and operation of projects for the exploitation of
this natural resource.
Much of the early data on Yugoslav rivers was for the general
purposes of water control and utilization. At present, the power
development program generally sets the pace for the hydrologic net-
works.
. Water power has been utilized in Yugoslavia for many centuries
through primitive water wheels used for wood cutting, grinding grain,
iron forging and other purposes. Toward the end of the last century
the first turbines were installed to provide motive power to paper mills
and tectiles factories. About the beginning of this century small
hydroelectric plants were first built. The Tito hydroplant built on
the Cetina River about 1912 its installed capacity of 62,000 KW was
at the time one of the largest in Europe. Inasmuch as the early plants
utilised only continuous flows (available all the time) hydrologic
studies were often limited to the determination of minimum flows and
to topographic surveying of river beds.
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In Yugoslavia the meteorologic and hydrologic services are now
united and centralised in the Federal Hydro-meteorologic Service known
as SUHMS. This organisation tabulates and publishes weather and water
statistics among many other functions, and maintains the national files
and archives for such material. It is paralleled in each republic by
a similar organization. The Republics actually operate the networks
of stations and collect the data, copies of which are then sent to
SUHMS. Special networks of stations are operated by navigation, agri-
cultural9recreational, power or other interests either directly or
through contractual arrangements with the hydro-meteorological services.
As might be expected, weather and stream-gauging stations were
first established in the sections of Yugoslavia which were parts of
old Austria-Hungary. There, as may be seen from (Figure 3), many gaug-
ing stations on the Drava, the upper Sava, and the Danube were .estab
lished more than a century ago, Establishment of an observation net-
work in Bosnia, Hercegovina and Dalmatia followed the annexation to
Austria and grew especially rapidly after 11390. In Serbia the gauging
stations on the larger rivers in the northern plains are about 100 years
old. South of.the Sava, and in Montenegro and Macedonia,, only scattered
.observations were made under the Ottoman Empire.
-Following the formation of Yugoslavia, in the period from 1923
to 1928, a network of stations were established throughout the country
under the Water Board headed by the Russian engineer Bernacki working
together with the French specialist Vignerot. In this period regular
publication was made of rainfall and river stages. From time to time,
also, measurements were made of the volume of flow at selected stations,
so that by 1936-1938 it was possible to issue two publications on the
duration and frequency of river stages with the corresponding discharge
curves,
During World War II there was a consideration gap in observa-
tions for some stations, especially those in the mountainous areas.
SUMS has now issued yearbooks on hydrology for the war period so that
the continuity of publications since 1923 is not interrupted. So far
as meteorological data are concerned, however, the publications had
stopped with 1940. This year, however, publications of the meteoro-
logical data has been resumed.
The present hydrologic network is shown in (Figure 4). A
number of new stations were established during the last few years,
many-of them on the smaller mountain tributaries. A revised and
expanded hydrologic network has been.recomnended by SUHNiS after con-
sultation with the power and other interests involved. Some of the
new stations have already been established, including many in the
karat regions. (Figure 5) shows the locations of the 105 new stations,
all of which are said to have been carefully located where they can
contribute most to the network, and some of which will replace older
stations which were not so well located.
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Figure 6 shows the location of the stations for the measurement
of streamflows as contrasted to river stages.' Prevent information on
streamflows, especially at high water levels, is inadequate.
It is beyond the capability. of this mission to comment on
technical work of the hydrometeorological service. SOHMS and its asso-
ciated organizations in the republics are aware of the present defi-
ciencies, and are moving to overcome them. Suffice it to say that
power engineers have expressed the need both for more records and better
records. The present emphasis upon hydroenergy has naturally imposed
a heavy and perhaps unexpected demand for hydrologic .and meteorologic
data on the reporting networks. The importance and the value of
adequate data cannot be exaggerated. Constant adaptation to changing
requirements will pay handsomely in more efficient and more productive
engineering work.
Basic needs so far as power is concerned are for sufficient data
for the planning of river development schemes and the design. of indi-
vidual power projects. At a later stage a somewhat different type of
data will be needed for operation of the power system, in conjunction,
of course, with other water uses.
Following are several points for improvement of the hydrometeoro-.
logical data which are presently mentioned by the power engineers and
which may be worth considering:
1. Expand the reporting network in accordance with the general,.
plan worked out by SUHMB, modified to reflect any change in conditions.
2. Improve the quality of the observation, particularly on
smaller streams that are subject to rapid fluctuations. This will
require additional recording gauges.
3. Obtain better measurements of streamflow as contrasted to
river stages.
4. More weather stations may be needed, particularly in
headwater areas and especially for use. in forecasting run-off for
operating purposes.
5. Further studies should be made of the relation between
precipitation and streamflow, both for planning and operating purposes.
6. The karat areas constitute a particular problem. Because
of the-proposed power developments in these areas the study and measure-
ment of etreanf7 ows deserves the attention it is being given. Among
the methods which can be used to advantage are geophysical and geological
studies of underground structures, and chemical and other means for tracing
the flow of water, including the use of radio-active isotopes.
?. Hydro engineers might find it desirable to review their plane
with the Hydro'meteorological Service at frequent intervals, to ensure
that their most important needs may be considered and priorities estab-
lished for the improvement of data in areas of particular interest.
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The above proposals are advanced as an expression of the need
felt by power people in connection with the appraisal and the devel-
opment of hydro resources. They are subject to such specific views
as h1r. Kohler may express on the conclusion of his work in Yugoslavia.
It may be noted, however, that similar views were expressed by a
temporary subcommittee on hydro power at the Energy Resources' Confer-
ence in Belgrade on February 12, 1953. See Appendix 2.
2. Topographic mapping
Figure 7 shows the rivers where detailed topographic mapping
has been undertaken, including establishment of river profiles and the
minimum, average, and maximum river elevations of record. The year-of
mapping is also indicated.
The rivers basins of Slovenia and Croatia were surveyed by
Austria-Hungary through its Army Geographical Institute and the Central
Hydrologic Institute in Vienna. Yugoslavia undertook such surveys in
the eastern part of the country in the period between the two wars.
This was the period when 8ernacki was establishing a hydrologic new-
work. In Serbia he had to work with faulty topographic maps prepared
under the Turks. Subsequent mapping has indicated that his watersheds
and river profiles were not too accurately delineated. 'i'he most recent
surveys have been made in connection with the preparation of the water
use plans.
Following World War II a number of river basins have been mapped
by photogrammatic methods, including the Drava, the Sava from Sisak to
Belgrade, about 100 kilometers of canyon sections of rivers which are
important from the view point of water power, and a number of shorter
sections which were significant for one purpose or another.
Despite this work over the last few decades, there is still a
need for further topographic mapping. The old Austro-Hungarian section.
including the Sava, Drava and parts of Dalmatia should be in part
re-surveyed to insure the accuracy of the older maps and to bring them
down to date. In the eastern part of the country the work which was
started between the wars remains to be finished. Many of the smaller
streams and headwater tributaries were never well surveyed,, including
the headwaters of such-power streams as the Drina, Zeta, Bema and Vrbas,
The most important mapping is now being done by the Army
Geographic Institute. This organisation is mapping the entire country
to a scale of 1:25,000 by photogrammattc methods combined with trian-
gulation in accordance with international standards. The Geographic
Institute made topographic maps of Yugoslavia before the war to a
scale of 1:200,000 and 1:100,000.
More precise surveys needed in connection with river basin
planning are made for prescribed areas and sections of the rivers by
geodetic methods in combination with the photogrammatic surveys of
the Arnr. Such work is done by the enterprise known as Georad, in
Belgrade.
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In the case of both Georad and the Geographic Institute the needs
for their surveys are large and their work programs are heavy. Both
organizations are impeded by lack of instruments, equipment, and trained
personnel. Accordingly, it may be desirable to bring into proper pers-
pective the value of an augmented.topographic program to the inventory-
ing and development of the nation's. hydro resources.
3.
Golugic Maw
All of Yugoslavia is covered with geologic maps to a scale of
1:100,000 or 1:75,000. These maps and the related survey data have
either been published or may be consulted'in the archives of the
National Geologic Institute. The mapping was done some years ago and
is of uneven quality. Although all sections are generally satisfactory,
others need to be improved.
More detailed geologic surveys are always made in connection with
the preparation of the general river basin plans (osnova),.to determine
for example the suitability of the geologic structures for reservoirs,
dams, tunnels or power plants. Still more detailed site explorations
.are of course needed at a later stage in connection with the preparation
of final. plans and design for a project.
Continued geologic investigations will be needed as the prepara-
tion of river basin studies progresses. Particular attention is being
given to.the karat areas in an effort to determine more exactly the
underground movement of water and the suitability of upland valleys
for storage basins. In this work many techniques are brought to bear
including geology, laboratory analyses of permeability, and geophysical
exploration. The full importance of detailed geological investigation
of proposed dam and reservoir sites has not been sufficiently recognized.
In this work as in some many other fields of activity, the shortage of
modern instruments and lack of proficiency in their use is,a considerable
handicap,
4. General Water Cadast ere
The first step of SUHMS after.-World War II was to re-establish its
observation network and to resume the collection and publication of the
raw data.
In Yugoslavia the next step toward the orderly assembly and analyst e
of the data so far as concerns its eventual use in connection with power,
is the preparation of what is known as a water cadaster. A cadaster,
as the term is used in Yugoslavia, is a systematic 'compilation of data
for a particular purpose. The term is in such general use that it will be
convenient to retain it in this report.
Water cadasters are an assembly and organized presentation of.
physical data for individual river basins, including data on the drain-
age area, land forms, and on the water resources. The water eadesters
are thus the first organized study of a river basin. They stop short,
however, of proposing plans for the development of the water resources.
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The first water cadasters prepared by SUHMS after the liberation
went beyond the scope as described above to the actual determination
of the power resources of the river system. Based on this experience
the question of the desirable scope .of a water cadaster was thoroughly
discussed in 1947 and 1948 by SUHMS, and the former Water Economics
Committee in conjunction with power, flood control, irrigation, agriculture,
water supply, civil works and others concerned. Agreement was reached
that it was unworkable to include in one cadaster the.basic studies with
regard to all the above aspects. Accordingly SUHMS was henceforth to
confine its work to the preparation of water cadastere?of the scope out-
lined above. Its water cadastere could then provide the foundation for
other more specialised and supplemental cadastere.
A water cadaster for a particular river will thua,include topography,
geology and other physical features of the drainage area together with
data on weather, precipitation, and streamflow. Other data on water
temperatures and turbidity is also often included.
Special and supplementary cadastere of river basins are:prepared
on the following aspects of river basins:
Power cadastere - prepared by the power enterprises--
to convert head and etreamflow into
the first approximations of hydropower.
Water supply cadasters - prepared by sanitary authorities -'
show the water supply and requirements for
industrial another consumptive purposes
Cadasters of underground water.supply - prepared by water
authorities
Flood control cadastere - prepared by water authorities
to show flood control needs and works
Irrigation cadastere - prepared by water authorities and
agriculture departments jointly - to
show irrigation needs, soils, crops and
other related data
River regulation cadastere - prepared by water authorities
to show the bridges, highways, railroads,
and other points and structures subject
to damage from high water
Navigation cadaster - prepared by the department
responsible for this function
Pollution control cadaster -- prepared by the sanitary
authorities to show the pollution
and needs
Fish and wildlife cadaster - prepared by the agriculture
department
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Figure 8 shown the rivers for which general water cadasters have
been published. In preparing these cadasters it was necessary to make
use of all available source material, adjusted as necessary for consist-
ency and uniformity. The deficiencies in the old Austrian data have
become particularly apparent, as for example their lack of observation
on average and maximum flows.
The general, water cadastere on the Danube, Sava and Tisa were
prepared by SUHMS under Pecinar's direction after 1948 when it was
decided to restrict the SUH)S work to the general water cadasters.
Now that the power analYees are not made by SUHMS but by the
several republics or by designated institutes, it might again be desir-
able to review the form and content of the water cadastera to ensure
that they meet most effectively the needs of the power people with the
minimum expenditure of time and money. Attention might be given
especially to the analysis or'variations in discharge over time, the
records of extreme high and low flows, and of short-term fluctuations.
5. Power cadasters
Power cadasters are the fir t general studies of the power
potential of a stream. The essent a1 contribution is thus the multi-
plication of head and flow to determine the quantities of power and
their distribution in space and time. The water power is usually
.shown for each section of the river, sometimes in unite as short as
one 'to five kilometers..
The first such computation iras made by Bernaaki in 1922
(see Appendix ). He used the continuous streamflow, and stream-
flow available nine months of the year, but not mean flow.
At the second World Power Conference in 1936 a method was agreed
upon for estimating the gross water power available in nature and with-
out consideration for the possibilities of economical exploitation.
This method was based upon the use of head and flow at 100% utilization
with computations for power available 95% of the time, 50% of the time,
and mean power available.
In 1945 a detailed study of gross water power in Yugoslavia was
presented to the Planning Authority which showed a total gross water
power in Yugoslavia based on annul mean flow of 125 billion Kilowatt
hours a year, A sunm ry of this work is attached in Appendix 3 and
graphically '4hown in Figure 10.
F011awing 3s 'a'list of the rivers for which power cadasters have
been completed: (see also Figure 9):
Power cadasters prepared by .sums (1949-1950):
Main atom of Morava with tributaries
Western Morava with tributaries (Thar)
Southern Morava with tributaries
Middle and lower Drina
Vardar
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Power cadastera prepared by Cerni Institute (since 1950):
Cetina
Vrbas
Boone
Lim
Uvac
Neretva
Power cadastera in preparation by Cerni Institute:
Una
Vardar
Power cadastera prepared by power enterprises in connection
with their planning of hydro projects:
By Slovenia:
Drava River in Slovenia
Sava and main tributaries in Slovenia
Soca River and main tributaries
Cetina
Dobra
1:reznica
Korana
Krka
Like
Rama
Dana
Vrbas
Neretva
Two general problems remain with regard to the scope and content
of the power cadasters. One problem is the avoidance of duplication as
between the water cadastera and the power Wasters. Either because the
preparation of general water cadastera has tagged behind the power Wasters,,
as may be seen from the above lists of the Wasters made to date, or for
other reasons, many of the power cadastera have come to repeat the element-
ary physical data on the river basins which it had been intended to present
only in the general water Wasters.
The second problem concerns the method of analysis of streamflow
and hence of power potential, as used in some of the power cadasters now
being prepared. The Cerni Institute has developed what it terms a "mean
hydrograph.'? for presenting the variations in streamfiow over time. By
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observation the number of presumably typical peak flows in, say, a
month, and their most probable maadmum value, is determined. From
each peak a recession curve is made based on the assumption that no
rurther precipitation will occur during the interval., , !y this
device the Cerul Institute- attempts to show the probable timing of
..uct?iations in river flows, their shape, duration, and extre le
values, The usefulness of such an idealized hydrograph has beer the
eubiect of discussion among hydro engineers, most recently in .'M eneip
resources conference held in Belgrade in February of this year. lte,vu .,'
n : concluaions were reached at this conference it is expected :.oat iao F question of the contents and usefulness of power cachet-n re as
now prepared will be further considered by the hydro engineers a er
this ,dear,
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C. Inventory of usable hydropower
lm General plans for t_he.utilization of "ter
resources (Osnovat
The desirability of comprehensive development of its river
basins for all their uses is clearly recognized and widely accepted
in Yugoslavia. It is reflected, for example, in the establishment
several years ago of the Water Authorities and of their associated
planning and design staffs. It is likewise quite deeply ingrained
in the thinking of the power and other engineers who are working on
plans and projects for the exploitation of the water resources of
this country.
Water Authorities were established by Parliament in 1948 at
the national level and in each republic. Their function was to assume
the central responsibility for the planning and administration of the
water resources of the nation. Without going into detail, their work
involves the preparation or the general supervision of plans for the
comprehensive development of water resources. A second function is
the administration of the various laws pertaining to the use of water
for consumptive, agricultural, industrial or other purposes. The water
authorities also have technical staffs which engage in the design,
operation and maintenance of drainage, flood control, irrigation or
other works either for their own account or for local agencies or farm
organizations,
In 1951 the water authorities were reorganized as part of the
decentralization move. The staff of the national water authority was
disbanded, and most of its work transferred to the water authorities in
each of the republics. At the present time the essential work of the
water authorities is not adequately recognized. Means are not provided
to permit the performance of the broad responsibilities with which
these bodies have been charged. Whereas they are the only bodies capable
of assuming the broad function of guiding the broad development of the
nation's water resources owing to adequate means at their disposal they
are confining their efforts more and more to smaller projects and to
administrative and operating duties.
Changes were made in the water authorities in 1953 but their
exact nature is unknown to the writer.
The preparation of comprehensive plans for the best and fullest
utilization of the nation's rivers is thus essentially the work of the
water authorities. The first general concepts with regard to the over
all utilization of the river are assembled in a report known as an
"osnova." The osnova were to be prepared either by the Water Authorities
or with their collaboration and approval. The federal water authority was
engaged in the preparation of a comprehensive survey of the Sava river
basin from 1948 to 1951, when the reorganization practically stopped its
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work. The Sava river osnova is still in preparation. The Boon River
osnova has been completed and given limited distribution. The following
osnova are also in course of preparation:
Zeta River
Cetina
White Drim
Vardar
Morava
Banat
The status of the preparation of these water use schemes is
shown in Figure 11.
Other osnova have been prepared by other organizations such as
the Cerni Institute. Among the osnova which the latter has published
are the Lower Drina in 1948.
The osnova prepared by the Cerni Institute on the lower Drina
in 1948 was more comprehensive than most. It included the basic data
pertaining so the water and land resources of the Drina River drainage,
a review of the principal problems and needs of the area as related to
agriculture, water supply, irrigation, drainage, erosion control, re--
forestation, sedimentation, navigation, industry and similar aspects,
and proposed a general plan for meeting these needs through the devel-
opment of the water and land resources of the basin. Cost estimate
were also provided, although plans were not prepared in detail.
The preparation of comprehensive development plans was initiated
on a systematic basis in 1949 with the establishment of the water autho-
rities. Their intention was that the osnova should be composed of two
parts: 1/ essential, physical, economicp, cultural and other data and
2/ a general scheme for the development of the water and land for all
purposes. The development possibilities were to be outlined in terms
of a long-term program in which the work could proceed by stages as the
means and opportunities permitted. Again, however, it should be recog-
nized that this general plan was for the purpose of providing perspec-
tive on the needs and opportunities for comprehensive development and
that it did not elaborate the plans for any particular feature.
The agencies responsible for hydropower recognize clearly that
their work can be done only against the larger frame of reference provided
by the comprehensive development plans. Water development schemes must
be available for the determination of the best over-all uses of the rivers
and hence to indicate the amount of water available for power production.
Such plans likewise indicate the possibility for the construction of
reservoirs which have a multi-purpose value for other aspects than power
as well as the possible conflict of power with other features.
All of this requires a systematic study of rivers and their drain-
age areas, for the purpose of formulating a comprehensive plan for the
integrated development of the waters for their maximum values,
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Because the water authorities have not been equipped to move
ahead as rapidly as needed with the formulation of such over-all
plans of development, the power enterprises have been handicapped
in the preparation of their development plans. The problem was die-
cussed at conference of power officials and water authorities at
Maribor in October 1952. There it was again agreed how important
the water utilization schemes are to the work of the hydro engineers,
a priority order was worked out for the Preparation of osnova for
rivers for which no general development plans are yet available,
and an arrangement was made whereby the per ;r agencies will prepare
the , hydro portions of the osnova working ire cooperation with the
water, authorities, and the latter will thus be free to concentrate
on the-non-power portions of the osnova?
At the Belgrade energy reacurces conference in February 1953
the hydro people went firtherto recognize that power plane could
only be prepared against a background of knowledge with respect to
the. power needs of central Europe and the possibilities of energy
export.
Until such time as the preparation of water utilization plane
can overtake and anticipate the plane for hydro development, the
latter must be prepared according to the beet judgment of the hydro
people and. then submitted for review and approval by the water autho-
rities. The latter will be forced.to act without having the studies
which-can form an adequate basis of judgment.
So far as hydroenergy is concerned, th% it is important that
the water authorities exercise the coordination vented in them for
the most effective use. of the nation's rivers. Failure or delays in
working out comprehensive development schemes makes the work of hydro
development both more costly and lees certain. The osnova obviously
cannot be prepared for all streams at once, and indeed, it is undesir-
able that they be prepared any farther in advance than they will be
used. -Hence the-need for consultation between all interests on the
relative order of priority for the various streams and the general
scope of the more essential problems.
2. Power developent plane
During recent-years the practice has been introduced of preparing,
upon completion of a water utilisation scheme, a preliminary plan for
a power plant which will, propose one or-more alternative solutions and
present the pertinent engineering and economic data and analyses.
The preliminary .plan (idejni project) includes estimates of cost
and feasibiUty. LIt is reviewed by competent authorities, and when
and if approved is turned over to the design staff of the power enter-
prise for preparation of more detailed plans and cost estimates. It
thus constitutes a'proposal for development and serves as a basis for
entering into contracts for supply of major equipment and for prelim-
inary discussions with construction companies. Upon approval of the
"idejni project", work is started on the so-called "main project" which
includes details for construction purposes.
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The above system thus provides for the following sequence of
Water utilisation scheme - osnova
Preliminary power plan - idejni project
Detailed power plan - main project
The detailed power plan (main project) contains sufficient detail
to provide the basis for final authorisation to construct. From this
point forward the preparation of any further details of design are
usually entrusted to the construction organisation. The fact that this
latter organisation does the building (without competetive bidding),
the supervision of construction and the preparation of the final details
of the design and cost estimates is, incidentally, one of the observed
weaknesses of the present system. The principle of competition should
be introduced as quickly as possible and the sponsoring organisation
should retain supervision over construction.
The following table shows the installed capacity and annual
production for power plants which have thus far been planned (including
those now in operation or under construction) for the utilisation of the
falling waters of Yugoslavia's streams, together with the status of work
on each river as of larch 1953.
The information contained in this table has been supplied by the
design organisations of the several republics.
Most of these plans have been made since World War II. Although
changes will undoubtedly be made in individual plants shown in the table
as the planning work progresses, the total capability of these plants is
believed likely to remain within the general order of magnitude of the
figures shown, plus perhaps 10% to 20% to reflect the more effective use
of waterpowers through more storage and integrated operation. Major
shifts in the economic relation between hydro, coal, or other energy
resources would of course change these conclusions.
The location of the potential developments is shown in Figurel2.
From this map may also be seen the rivers for which plans have not been
prepared.
Section 3 below will describe in summary fashion the work which
has been done in each republic on engineering plans for the development
of water power. As will be apparent, it has not always been possible
to follow the above ideal sequence of studies. On some rivers the power
plans have had to be made prior to the formulation of general water use
schemes.
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NET USABLE WATT OF YUGOSLAVIA
KEY - PS 'Preliminary studies only
GP General project - now superseded
by Osnova
0 Osnova, or general water use plan
Ide jni project, or preliminary plan
for a power plant
M Main project, or detailed construction
plan for a power plant
.Installed
capacity
Annual
output
/millions
of kWh/
SERBIA
Upper Drina /Ruk Bijela/
20600
600
Middle Drina
675.9
740
Lower Drina
259.8
1,557
Uvac
128.7
695
M
Lim
366.7
2,414
I. plant under constr.
Ljuma
120.0
287
Prizrenska and Bietrica
95.3
211
Viasina
113.8
388
M
Western Morava
13.3
81
4 plants under constrm
N
Kaska
6.0
29
2 plants under constr..
M
14.0
64
I plant under constr.
M
36.0
159
I plant in operation
Decanska Biatrica
32.0
196
GP
0 in preparation
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Installed
capacity
Annual
output
/millions
of kWh/
Pedeka Bistrica
24.0
149
GP
0 in preparation
Danube /Iran Gates/
5,350
Total Serbia
2,685.9
12,386
CROATIA
56.0
190
Vinodol system
88.0
200
M.
1 unit In operation
2 units being installed
Lika and Gacka
148.9.
808
Ricica, Obsenica, etc.
85.0
345
Krka and tributaries
Cetina
Ricica, Vrlika
98.8
625.5
4r8~7~
3,224
Tihotjina, to the sea
47.0
250
Treb3i6htji ca
250.0
800
PSX
Dobra,, Mreanica, Korana
135.0
610.
is M
Kupa
80,0
400
PS
Una from 0 to 73,
60.4
330
Sava /navigation channel/
10.0
85
Semac /Vukovar canal/
Drava and Mura in
43.0
230
Croatia
150.0
900
Total Croatia
1,877.2
8,859
XPreliminary estimate based on an strian plan made in 1916;.later plane
now in preparation which provide for storage reservoirs and full use of
water will increase the installed capacity to 670 MW and annual output to
2.6 million kWh.
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SLOVENIA
Drava. to Croatia
Sava
Soca
Smaller plants in the
drainage. area of the
Sava
Smaller plants in the
drainage area of the
Soca
Cabranka and Kupa down
to Kostela
Reka /Tim&v/
Installed
capacity
/VV'//
8644.1
719.5
373.6
1044
7.5
33.2
37.0
Annual
output
/millions
of kWh/
4,07045
3,182.0
1,528.0
365.1
29.1
127.4
165.0
Total Slovenia
2,139.3
9,461.1
BOSNIA & HERCXOVINA
Rama
80.0
660
Ulog, Neretva
60.0
490
Glavati6evo., Neretva
110.0
365
Ljuta, Neretva
19.0
15?
Jablanica, Neretva
144.0
714
K
Prenj, Capl jina, Neretva
280.0
1,710?
under construction
Sipovo, Pliva
?26.5
138
Jajce it Pliva
42.0
264
M
Doljan, Vrbas
6.1
30.0
under construction
Doganovidi, Vrbao
12.8
78.0
Han Skela, Vrbas
25.0
121
Jajce II, Vrbae
37.5
236
M
under construction
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Installed
capacity'
. Annual
output
/millions
of kWh/
Status
Bocac, Vrbae
102.0
588
Tra, Vrbas
8.0
46
0
Laktasi, Yrbas
8.0
48
0
Ugar
13.5
80
0
Vrbanja
17.0
107
Slain, Sans
20.0
77
Kljuc, Sans
60.0
239
Vrh Polje, Sana
18.0
78
Capljee Sans
13.0
68
Bogatidi, Zeijesnica
8.0
52
Mesi4i, Praca
2.8
20
Upper Trebisnjica
/Boana, Una, Spreca,
Krivaja etc./
/not available/
PS
Total Bosnia & Hercego-
vina:
1,113.2
6,366
MACEDONIA
/No data available/
Approximate Total
180.0
700
MONTENEGRO
Bjelosevina
3.6
6.2
M
Glueje
2.5
11.3
M
Liverovidi
8.0
28.6
M
216.0
1,164.0
Under construction
Musovi&a Rijeka
1.3
7.7
M
in operation
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Installed
capacity
Annual
output
/millions
of kith/
Statue
Glava Zete
4.8
30.9
m
Slap zeta
1.5
5.6
under construction
M
Total Montenegro
237.7
1,254.3
in operation
RECAPITULATION
SERBIA
2,685,9
12,3860o
CROATIA
1,877,2
8,859.0
SLOW NIA
2,139.3
9,467.7
1,113.2
6,36600
MACEDONIA
180.0
700.0
MONTM RO
237.7
1,254.3
Other small streams
all republics
y
.600.0
R
1,800.0
Total
8,433.3
40,833.0
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Hi, etoric al review. A brief historical review may be helpful to
an understanding of the present status of hydro plans and projects.
Immediately after the liberation in 1945, the Ministry of
Economics organised the first hydro designing offices under its
Department of Power and Energy. These offices included Electro
Istok (electro-east), and separate offices in each of the Republics
of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia.
In 1947 all work was centralised (except the separate offices
in Slovenia and Croatia) in Electroprivreda (Electro-economics) in
Belgrade. Its planning and design staff, headed by Ing. Cerni, was
divided into working groups for the Drina, Neretva, Vlasine, Mavrovo,
Zvornik, and possibly other major streams. In 1918 Elektroprivreda
was given the status of a ministry.
In 1950-51 decentralisation resulted in the formation in each
republic of a council for power and energy to handle hydro, coal and
oil with a parallel council in the national government in Belgrade.
The Energoproject of Serbia was formed to take over the design and
planning work for this republic, and the Hydroelektroporjekt was
established in Bosnia. The design staffs of Slovenia and Croatia
continued as before. It was not until 1952, however, that Macedonia
formed a hydro design staff, while in Montenegro there is still no
hydra engineering organisation, this republic continuing to contract
with Serbia and Slovenia for its project designs.
There is now some sentiment for a stronger measure of central
coordination, possibly through the formation of an association of
the electric enterprises of the several republics. During the past
several years, project planning has been on an isolated and independ-
ent basis. The principal exception has been in Croatia and Slovenia
where a number of projects like the Cetina and Vinodol were planned
on the basis of integration with the Alpine-type run-off of the Drava.
Serbia: The Zvornik project with Drina River is under construc-
tion. Several projects designed by Energo-Project Serbia are going into
the final stages of design with a view toward early construction, These
include Kokin Brod (on the Lim River) and the Zeta Project in Montenegro.
The general studies made in 1947 for the Drina and the Lim may
now be completed by the Cerni Institute by the addition of the non-power
aspects. This Institute will also prepare osnova for the upper Drina
and tributaries?
The cadasters for the non-power aspects of some of the smaller
rivers, and particularly the agricultural c adasters, are being com-
pleted by the Water Authority of Serbia for the white Drina, the
Morava River and tributaries and certain other streams.
Power studies remain to be made for the Ibar River and the Morava
River and tributaries. The above studies will increase the total annual
production from the 12 billion kilowatt-hours a year shown in the table
which is attached to about 17 billion.
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Further work on plants for which preliminary designs are prepared
will probably result in some changes in design, but not a great deal
of change,in the total installed capacity. It has already been stated
that the work thus far done has. been on the basis of isolated plant
operation without reference to the integrated operation of reservoirs
and plants.
Conment has been made that the Energopro j cot . is so completely:
occupied with final design for plants being prepared for construction
that its staff is unequal to the further ts..;k of preparing prelimin-
ary power plans for rivers not yet studied.
C t a: The planning and design staffs have proceeded on the
basis of obtaining a continuous annual production for the Croatian
power system as a whole. For this purpose it has been assumed that:
some summer energy could be obtained from the Drava River in Slovenia
to complement the winter production at Vinodol and the Cetina.
Now with the prospect of finding an export market for surplus
winter energy, plant designs and power system plans should be reviewed
for the purpose of achieving a fuller utilization of winter stream
flows. Both storage reservoirs and installed generating capacity oan
probably be increased to advantage. This may raise the total output
from the 8.8 billion kwh a year shoonin the table to perhaps 10 billion kwh.
As the table indicates, only preliminary studies have been made
for the Drava and the Sava in Croatia.
Slovenia: Systematic studies have been in preparation since 1945
for hydro plans for Slovenian streams. At least preliminary work has
been done on all the major rivers including the Drava, upper Sava and
the Soca. Until recently at least, the planning has been based on the
assumption of achieving a balanced annual, energy production for an
independent Slovenian power system. This task is facilitated by the
considerable diversity between the principal streams.
If the assumptions are to be changed and the Slovenian plants
operated as'parts of a larger system, plans should be reviewed. As
in, Croatia, storage could be increased and larger generator capacity.
installed. Winter energy can be obtained by advancing the development
of the Soca and other streams in the west.
There is agreement between the plans-of Croatia and Slovenia
with regard to the use of summer energy from the Drava to balance winter
output in other streams. It was on this basis that the 110 kv inter-
connection was built from Maribor to Varazdin.
Bosnia and Hercgoyjna: The design organization established
after the liberation worked on plans for such large projects as Jabtanica
and Jajce which are now in construction, and on preliminary water and
power schemes for the Neretva, Vrbas and Sana. The current status of
work is shown in Table above. Inclusive as this list is it does not
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include the streams of the karat fields, the upper Trebisnjica.,
karstle tributaries of,the Neretva, non-karstic tributaries of the
upper Neretva, some tributaries of the Drina, Boena River and tri-
butaries the Una and the Unac. Power in these streams can increase
the total shown in the table by about 40% from 6.3 billion kwh to
perhaps 9 billion kwh per year. Bosnia proposes to complete at,
least preliminary power plans for all its rivers within the next
several years.
Most plans and designs for this reptihlic, too, have proceeded
on the assumption of isolated operation ?_Ld,i,thout considering the
possibilities of integration with neighboring systems. Recently con-
sideration has been given to redesign of some plants for larger winter
production for the purpose of export.
Macedonia: Some years ago a small engineering staff in Skopje
.prepay pans for the }avrovo project which is now in construction.
The figures contained in the table include only Yavrovo and a few
smaller projects.
Lacking a planning and design staff of its own, Macedonia has
contracted with the Cerrii Institute to prepare a water utilization
scheme for the Vardar River over the next three years, and with other
organizations to prepare plans for the Black Drim and parts of other
rivers.
Inasmuch as erosion control, flood control, and summer irrigation
are of primary importance in Macedonia, large storage reservoirs are
planned to carry water over into the summer season. Power production
is thus likely to be shifted into the spring and summer months. Inter-
connection with Serbia, Montenegro and Greece would permit advantage
to be taken of seasonal diversity in streamfiows.
Total usable hydro production, upon completion of the plans
for all the streams in Macedonia., is expected to reach 2 to 3 billion
kwhr a year.
Montenegro This republic, like Macedonia as yet has no planning
staff of its own. The Energoproject of Serbia has undertaken the res-
ponsibility for the design of the Zeta project. Designs for this
relatively large project are said to be completed as well as for the
other smaller projects included in the table.
Other tossibte.develo ante on the Morava, cijevna and the
tributaries of the Drina im, Tara and F'iva/ are of considerable
magnitude. The Drina River tributaries however will probably be
planned by Energoproject of Serbia and have been included in the
17 billion kwhr potential, production show for that Republic.
Swnar : Thus it seems probable that when plans have been com-
pleted the usable waterpower of Yugoslavia will total in the neighbor-
hood of the 50 billion kwhr figure that is generally quoted. This-total
will depend on considerable amounts of storage and completely integrated
operation.
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The proportion of the nation's hydro potential which can be
economically developed may be maximized through such means as the
following:
1/ integration of all hydro plants into a single national
power network to take advantage of diversity in stream-
flow, diversity in loads, and other system factors;
2/ construction of additional storage reservoirs over those
which had been originally planned on the basis of isolated
operation;
3/ possible use of thermal pleats to supplement seasonal
storage and to firm up hydro during low-water years;
4/ export of winter and other surplus energy.
On the 'basis of the present knowledge it is not useful to attempt to
guess whether the 50 billion kwhr figure will be appreciably changed
through operation of the above factors.
4. Cmmentar r on the afar pin, n aandd design of olanta for the
utilization of the natiign's, water resources
Discussions with hydro engineers have revealed how uncertain Is
the basis on which many of their plans and designs have been prepared,
Their engineering work has been sound in the sense that valid solutions
have been reached from the facts at their disposal. But they are'now
faced with the task, in many instances, of reviewing their plans to
fit them into a different set of assumed conditions.
In a word, engineers cannot make good plans for an individual
plant unless they have at their disposal the general water utilization.
scheme for the river,. on the one hand, and a general power system plan,
on the other. Engineers have often lacked data on power toads and on
the alternative possibilities of power production in thermal plants.
Accordingly they have been unable to reach valid conclusions with
regard to such matters as the economical' size of reservoirs and
generator installations.
To be more specific, the following comments are ventured:
I - Water use schemes should be expedited. Lacking the background
that, such general plans can provide, power engineers are faced with deci-
sions (for example on the diversions of water from one drainage area to
another, as in the case of the Lake Bohinj plan) without the possibility
of competent guidance.
There may also be significant conflicts between power and non power
interests as in the case of the Belgrade Bar railroad now under.construo-'
tion which would run through the proposed reservoir sets on the upper
Drina. Priorities for completing the river basin studies should be
established, on a national basis, with a view toward meeting the needs of
power, an well as other interests,
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2 - Agreement should be reached on the integrated operation
of a river system, i.e., on whether all river projects (for power,
flood and erosion control, navigation, general water supply, irriga-
tion or other purposes) are to be operated for combined maximum ben-
efit, or whether each project is to be operated on an individual
basis without relation to the water uses.
3 m Similarly, understanding should be reached as to whether
power facilities are to be operated as an interconnected and inter-
grated system, and if the latter, the extent and the characteristics
of the system. There seers to be little doubt about the formation
of a power system within each republic. but there is apparently no
explicit agreement with regard to integration on a national basis.
It may also be only a matter of time until there will be one or more
interconnections between the Yugoslav network and the networks of
neighboring countries.
4 - Means should also be found for the concurrent consideration,
so far as the electric system itself is concerned, of generation,
loads and transmission in order that the optimum engineering solution
may be reached. For this purpose there is needed what may be termed
a system engineering staff which can be charged with this task on a
national level.
5 - Thermal generation, based probably on the use of solid fuel
wastes, should also be brought into consideration. This will require
further study of the availability and cost of solid fuels, which in
turn will hinge to a large extent on national policies with regard to
the conservation and exploitation of solid fuels.
6 - Economic analysis should be strengthened. Lowing to the
almost complete absence of competent cost estimates and records it
has been impossible, up to the present at least, to maka analyses of
the comparative costs of various river projects or of alternative
engineering solutions. Similarly, it has been impossible to determine
within a reasonable margin of accuracy, the magnitude of the invest-
ment which must be made to develop those resources. When a means has
been found for making reasonable competent cost estimates it will also
be possible to make studies of the economic possibility of projects,
something that has not been possible up to the present.
7 - Means must be continuously available for providing guidance
and direction with regard to national policies and programs which have
a bearing on water and power developments. e.g., policies with regard
to the conservation and development of resources, and policies on
energy exports, programs for economic and industrial develo:ment, a
timetable for development of water resources, programs affecting the
availability of manpower, equipment materials and investment funds;
national practices with regard to prices and costs, and defense con-
siderations to be followed in the planning of voter and power projects.
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lie eamm~endatiaess
D!
Following are some observations which may serve to summaries and
correlate the views evreseed throughout the above sections on hydropower.
1,. Comprehensive planning for the development and utilization of
the water and land resources of the nationus river basins should be
strengthened. The principle that the rivers should be developed for all
their uses is generally recognized. Investigation and planning for water
use must move forward simultaneously and in proper sequence with the re-
lated land aspects. Only on this basis can the hydro engineers know how
much water they can. utilize for power production, can consider the joint
use of reservoirs and other etru:cures for multiple purposes, and can con-
sider such limiting factors as conflicts with oommunication and transporta-
tion lines or other improvements.
The priority in which the nationee rivers should be considered for
river basin studies, and their general timing of these studies,, should be
established and occasionally reviewed,. Such priorities should be based
on the relative needs for various uses of water and land rew urees, the
status-of the basic data, investigations, and the national investment
program,
Presumably this is the work of the Water Authorities, both in the
republics and the national B,4vernment. Fu lest support should be given to
the work of those bodies, and fullest reopgaition to.the public policy which
guides stheir actions, Any lag in their work as compared with the enphasis
energy resources developeent should'be brought into balance, 11 As In the- case of the general Coordination of energy resource pro...
gram. as a whole, there is undoubtedly mob to be gained by the exchange of
experiences and views between Yugoslav administrators and prrofeeaional people
and their counterparts in other countries who are engaged in river basin
developments Any Proposals. for such interchanges should be given high
priority,
2, fyndrologie data are sufficient to permit a general appraisal of
energy resources, but should be improved in several respects includi,
expansion 'of the re nS
Porting network in accordance with a carefully Considered
set of priorities (b) better quality of observations partiqularly on the
smaller streams, to) better oeasuresent of streamflows as contrasted to ri-'
ver stages, and (d) with continuing special attention to the karat areas.
3. Meteorologic data can be improved through, such means as the
establishment of more weather stations, especially in the higher elevations,,
and through further studios of raitefall run-off relations,
4, Tg ra?~k cal curve s Continued topographic surveying and
mapping is needed both to complete areas not yet survaVed.and to correct
older surveys. Based, sin the information that this work is being Centralized
in the Geographic Institute of the Array, the work of this organization should
be supported. Geodetic surveying is.aleo needed both in conjunction with
the photograwatio work and for more detailed studies of certain areas where
water use projects are under study, More photograasnatic equipment and
trained personnel can probably be used to advantage,
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50 As two eolo 9 continued investigations of river basins will
be needed as the work preparing power development plans progr.saes o
Preliminary water use ,laming requires- general explorations to determine
the suitability of sites for reservoirs dame, power Plants and tunnels,
The use of geologic methods in eucploratlg the karat regions has already
been mentioned. Reference is made to the forthcoming report of the mission
headed by Mr. Karpav with respect to the need for more detailed geological
explorations of foundation conditions,
40 Water cadasters: As already suceested, it may be desirable
to review the published h diologt records to ewe both that they are
sufficiently complete and that there is the Proper division between them
and the more specialised cadastera prepared b,i other agencies (e.g. the power
cadastere.)
7. or cadasters: It may be also desirable to review the purpose
and content o ire powers sae asters. The Problem of avoiding duplication
between the water and power cadasters has been mentioned as also the problem
of making ti ,
:e power oadasters serve the most useful function, It may be pos-
sible at tae present stage to telescope the work which was necessary at an
earlier stage with a consequent saving in time, :coney and effort o
The whole problem of the Method and scope of reports an hydro resour.-
cis is currently under consideraflan by a temporary oodttee established by
the F.iiergy Resources Conference which was held in Belgrade in February.
S. Power divelo at leas: The practice of arriving at final
development P or. MUeve Icsnt in saquenoesn starting with the gene.
sal water use scheme and ending with the detailed project design in both
sound and in conformity with general practice elsewhere.
The fact that only prelimtaary power development pis have been worked
out as yort .for most rivers, coupled with the pressure for t$
Mont, suggests the desirability of maintaining at all times a general agree-
ment on the order of priority in which the further and more detailed Plans
will be undertaken and the wisdom of oonaentrating the anginearing skills
and other moans available on the areas of greatest interest.
Attention has been directed in the text above to am* observations with
regar final uPoss;ble improvements in the work of power development planning.
(a) Provision of a broader frame of reference to J dro engineers
to include such factors as objectives of development, the time-table of do.
velopment, the assumptions to be used with respect to-the availability of mans
materials equipment and other mans of constructions, the assumptions to be
used as to whether all river improvements will be operated as a single, Inte-
grated river system for maximum overall effectiveness,, assumptions with re-
gard to the integrated operation of the nation's power network, and the military
or other non-power considerations which should enter into the plans,
almost Better
p
o good cost estimates other aspectso The
records for or power plants
and hrydro developments has been noted, as also the importance of cost analysis
as a tool for engineers and administrators. Similarly, the economic benefits
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of proposed developments should be considered and analysed more
effectively in order to ensure that the most economically desirable solu-
tion is reached?
(a) There might well be established ii at would amount to a
central system engineering staff for the enterprises of Yugp,slavia, possi-
bly under the sponsorship and general direction of an association of
electric enterprises of the several republics.' This staff could consist
of several well-qualified engineers who would be charged with the review
of plans prepared by the several existing institutions and enterprises in
the light of conditions that would prevail in an interconnected and inte-
grated network, and the rendering of advice ' awed guidance to the design
engineers in adapting their plans to system n neer ds,
This system et i.neari g staff would bring together most
effectively the situation d th regard to power loads, power generation, and
transmission, including the operation of reservoirs and then al plants, It
could likewise bring into consideration interconnection with foreign sys-
tems to the extent appropriate,
.An approach toward the above objective was made at the Energy
Resources Conference in Belgrade in 1953 in the recommendations that a
committee be established to assemble estimates of .nergy regairemsnts
and schedules of generation, and that another committee be established to
prepare plans and engineering standards for an integrated transmission
network.
Such working committees can be of great help in assembling data
and effecting interchanges of views., Nevertheless it would also seem to be
necessary to form a small staff of engineers who would be charged; with the
responsibility of guiding the development of a national .', integrated power
network, Such a responsibility cannot be assuuaad by a committee, although
committees can assist, as already, suggested, in the preparation of data, as
also in providing general policy gofdnoe0
What is called for is consistently top-grade engineering
analysis of a casplez series of plans and designs for power plarb and lines
which must be considered against a constantly changing background of present
and estimated future conWitionso It is submitted that work on the Irdro po-
tentiality of Yugoslavia has progressed to the point that such a group of
working engineers can make a rema contribution to the sound development of
hydro resources,
With respect to the preparation of plans for power developments,
it is always possible to gain from exchanges of views and Werience with
professional and administrative personnel in other lands, Following are soma
of the phases of this work which suggest themselves in this cot s ations
. Power system development; the broad aspects of the preparation
of plans for the expansion of- the power systems including hydra and thermal
generation, power utilisation, economic analysis and financing,
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'Power systems enugineering: methods and technique used by power
system engiasMs in arriving at overall plans for power syate n development
and operation, including the concurrent consideration of generation, bade
and transmission.
.'Power requirements: techniques of preparing load estimates
including source of data on future requiramen,ta, degree of accuracy desirable
in longer-rage forecasts, period to be covered,
bilit of -1brdro generation: methods, and techniques for amlysing the caps..
T hydro plants, for working out the capability of integrated systems
of hydro plants and reservoirs, and of preparing plans for the coordinated
operation of such a system under assumed conch tiona of load.
-Transmission Planning,, indudi ng the analysis of power movements
over an interconnected system and the solution of problems observed,
-Eaooomic analysis of power system construction and operation,
including cost determination estimates .of benefits, analysis of economic
feasibility and possibly also Problems of financing and repayment,
It is likely that many, if not all of the above phases of power
system engineering and analysis, will enter into the joint studies of power
exports from Yugoslavia to central Europe which are about to be u rd ertaken
under ECE auspices. Accordingly the desirable exchanges of views arA ex>
periences with foreign engineers and administrators can perhaps be provided
during the course of the BOB work, an the other hands, it may be found desir-
able to anticipate or to supplement the foreign contacts made in this
cohnectiono In any event, any proposals advanced by Yugoslavia for fora
contacts in the above or related phases of power system development All be
deserving of prompt and sympathetic consideration,
and maculating It is possible also that laboratory equipment and instruments
Ming devices may be useful or highly necessary in connection with
the above, If proposals are advanced for technical assistance in the supply
of such instruments and equipment, including training of technicians in their
use, they can be considered on their merits at the time,
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II. FOSSIL FUELS
A. Summary Pea+speatirs
The fossil fuels - oil and gas, coal, and oil shales
constitute the second great energy resources of Yugoabvia. Based on
present knowledge, the fossil fuels are quite extensive although not
as predominant as in the industrial nations of Europe, The largest
deposits are the lilto which quite extaxsive are of such low calorific
value- as not to be economically usable in their native state, Progress
is being made by Yugoslav scientists in techniques for their treatment
and processing.
Productions of coal is low, about one-third of a metric ton per
capita per year, but is growing. Oil is not produced in sufficient
quantities to most domestic needs there is no substantial exploitation
of natural gas, and none yet of oil shales.
Because the author can claim no technical Competence it fossil
fuels, it has seemed beat to restrict the contents of this section to
an assembly of the most useful materials available with a view laderd
providing perspective on this energy resource and particularly on the
status of knowledge with regard to reserves. Only limited expressions
of judgment are wade as to the main problems which still remain for
attention and the most likely avenues for further exploration and
Investigation.
The need for further work an the inventory of resources is rec.
flecked in the report of the Commission-for Fossil Fuels to the recent
Energy Resources Conference in Belgrade, a Copy of which is attached
as Appendix 3. The problem of Classification of fossil fuel reserves
was discussed at this Conference by Director Mikinsia of the National
geologic Institute. His Statement is attached as Appendix 6a.
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B. Geology of Fossil Fuels in Yugoslavia
Although complete information is not available, it is possible
on the basis of present knowledge to present the main elements of the
geology of the fossil fuels in Yugoslavia. From this analysis there
will appear more clearly the further studies and explorations which
should be made to extend or to complete the existing knowledge
of these resources, It will be helpful if at the start we recollect
that coal and the primary bituminous shales are of sedimentary fresh
water origin whereas oil and gas are the remains of marine algae
which grew in warm salt seas.
Apart from the small known deposits of hard coal of the Jurassic
and Cretaceous periods found in the Carpathian-Balkanic mountain arch,
all the coal deposits of Yugoslavia are of Tertiary origin.,. Most
Tertiary formations contain brownooais or lignites.
Coal appears in the Tertiary of the Dinaric Alps in three bests:
the northern or inland belt (Podravina, Posavina), the middle belt
along the mountain ranges (Trbovl,je, Lasko, Boena, Morava), and a coastal
belt (Rasa, Siveric, Moetar)o The salinity of the coastal belt of
the Panonian shores disappeared during the formation of the Dinaric
ranges, That means. that the older Tertiary strata of the Panonian
Belt may be found to be oil-bearing and should be explored.
During the older Tertiary period conditions existed in the shallow
waters of the shores of the Dinaric ranges along the Panonian Sea
that favored the formation of oil-bearing deposits.
Later this area experienced conditions favorable to coal formation.
Therefore it is believed that oil, gas, and secondary shales may be
found in the deeper marine sediments, and coal in the upper fresh
water deposits, This conclusion was apparently only recently reached.
Thus the Eocene formations of Majeviea are oil-bearing whereas
toward the west they are overlaid by the Miocene deposits which contain
the Kreka lignites. Methane,,, salt, and oil have been found in the
latest drillings below the lignites.
The great Tertiary basin on the Save plain from Vrbas to Banja
Luka and along the new railway to Doboj and the Kreka Basin and Zvornik,
originally was a salt-sea and therefore may contain oil below the coal-
bearing formations. This basin extends further to the Western Morava
Valley from Cacak'to Aleksinac where oil shales have been found.
Accordingly it would seers that the bituminous shales of the West Morava,
Kolubara, Tratenik and Aleksinae were originally part of the older
marine sedimentary oil-bearing strata.
The situation is clear in the older Tertiary formations of the
Sava and Drava plains in which numerous oil-bearing strata have been
found by geophysical means. Here only the erosian remnants of the
older formations are not oil-bearing. Geophysical explorations are
appropriate to these plain areas, by deep seismic methods for oil,
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and shallow seismic methods for coal. The latter is indicated particu-
larly for the coal deposits along the Drava, along the Sava at Brod and
to the south of Sava; The geophysical results can be confined at
suitable locations by drilling and analysis of the cores for physical,
chemical, and micropaleontological properties.
The middle or mountain belt of the Dinaric ranges such as the Plevlje
Basins Ivangrad, and others in the karat arrea, as well as Kosovo and
others in Macedonia, probably contain only fresh water. sediments where
coal and primary bituminous shales are. to be fcaind. These coal forma-
tions are of great iaportance and.deserve farthor exploration by topo-
graphic, seismic and other manna.
The geology of the inner or coastal best along the Adratic shore
is entirely different. Invrsatigatioris carried out recently in Montenegro
indicate that; the oil strata along the coast are older than the Tertiary,
being marine deposits from the younger Paleozoic era. It is first.
necessary. to establish the existence of favorable structural conditions
for the storage of oil. It is known that the Dinaric mountains were
formed by the folding and the thrusting action with pressures from the
Panonian basin toward the Adriatic. It seem unlikely that the structures
could have remained sufficiently intact along the backbone of the Dinaric
mountain. Along the Adriatic coast where the folded Dinaric masses
overlie the older formations, conditions favorable to the preservation
of the oil deposits are believed possible. Oil found in Albania in
Tertiary strata is thought to have migrated from deeper Paleozoic forma-
tions. Similarly, aeph*ltic outcroppings in the limsstance north of
Mostar and in the Dresniea Yallsy are the result of oxidation of. crude
oil from the deeper and older structures? Also the bituminous shales
near Sinj and at other. locations are believed to be of secondary origin,
the result of migration of oil from the adjacent Paleosoic formations.
Oil explorations along the coast should first be carried out
ichere the older formations are overlaid with only a thin covering of the
younger Dinaric masses. This condition is found near Bar, Dubrovnik,
Popovo Polje, Vrgovac, Sinj, and parts of the Velebit and of Istria.
Here is nearly impossible to. apply geophysical methods of investi-
gation. Detailed geological explorations are necessary, followed by
deep. drilling.
In summary, current geological thinking is to the effect that
geological explorations should be continued on a broad regional basis,
supported by geophysical explorations In the northern plains, and by
deep drilling in the middle and coastal belts of the Dinaric mountains-.
Yugoslav geologists express the expectation that upon completion
of these explorations, known coal reserves may be increased from 21
billion to about 30 billion tons, and the 30 million tons of petroleum
reserves may be trebled. The writer is not able to express any judgment
on this matter.
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CA Oil andbas
1. Preface
.The purpose. of this section, as indicated above, is to provide a
general perspective on the status of information on oil and gait resources,
for whatever guidance this may be to a petroleum specialist in determin-
ing the further steps to be taken to add to available knowledge,of this
important energy resource.
The bulk of the data which follows has wen supplied by the oil
and gas enterprises of Serbia, Croatia and 51.ovenia. The geological and
geophysical institutes and the exploration companies have also provided
information within their respective spheres of activity and Interest,
as has- also the Petroleum Institute at Zagreb.
The production.of petroleum is now in the hands of local state-
sponsored enterprises in each republic, as followas
Naftag8s, Zrenjanin (Serbia)
Naftaplin, Zagreb (Croatia)
Nafta Lendava Slovenia)
Nafta Tuala (Bosnia)
Nafta Uloinj (Montenegro)
The Institut as Nafu, Zagreb, performs engineering and chemical
work for the oil industry on a consulting and contractual basis.
The several geological and geophysical institutes engage in consult-
ing and exploratory work by agreement with the oil and gas enterprises.
2. Historical per, ss~aectives
Oil and gas are the youngest' of Yugoslavia's energy resource industries,
Not until the second World War were oil and gas discovered in significant
quantities. Only in the post-war years has production attained any.
significant volume. Small as present consumption.of petroleum is.in
Yugoslavia, however, domestic production in able to supply only a minor
part, with principal reliance still being placed on imports. Hence the
interest'in the discovery and exploitation of now wells, and hence also
the attention being given to possible alternative sources such-as oil
shales and lignites.-
At the beginning of the century traces of oil and gas were discovered
near Tuzia in. Bosnia, and Peklenica in Slovenian, During, World War I
gas-wells were drilled in Slavonia. Gas was also found in the Banat
north of Belgrade. Production from these early discoveries was of no
Importance except for a well at Bujevica in Croatia where four million
cubic meters of gas were produced per year. Between the wars only a few
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local explorationswere undertaken, although geological studies were
continued on a more or lase systematic basis. Oil production was only
a thousand tons per year and natural gas was exploited only for a few
local uses.
When the Germans occupied the country in World War II they conducted
geophysical explorations over large parts of the northern plains through
their German firm Salomon of Hanover. Similar German exploratiorm were
made of the Panonian Basin in adjoining areaE of Austria, Hungary, and
Rumania. The attached map (Figure 13) shows the extent of these war-time
explorations. Copies of the German records and maps which remained in
the hands of the Yugoslavs after the war-have served as a basis for
the present drilling and exploratory operationso
The Germans were able to exploit the Slovenian and Croatian fields
only to a limited extent, their total war-time production being. estimated
at only 66.thousand tons. They were preparing to drill their first w+xll
in the Banat when the war ended.
After the liberation in 1945 the Yugoslavs continued with both
exploration and exploitation, using the German maps as a guide.- Structures
as indicated by the German maps were further checked by geophysical means
and by drilling, and production was brought up to the present level of
about 160,000 tons per year. Lacking both experience and equipment,
however, the Yugoslav engineers and scientists have been greatly handicapped
in what to them was a new line of endeavor.
Recent structural drilling on the Adriatic coast of lontenegro
Is said to have found favorable Indications for the occurrence of oil
in the older Paleozoic structures along the entire coast. encourages
the view that large new oil-bearing areas may be -fdaed- heir . Whsthor this
view is correct or not, it indicates that the petroleum geology of
Yugoslavia is young and that only the beginning has been made in syq-
tematie exploration.
3 0 ors tior~
Thus the traditional tools of petroleum exploration (geology and
drilling) have been supplemented in Yugoslavia by the modern geophy-
sical techniques.. As already suggested,-explorations have for the most
part been confined to the tertiary formations of the northern plains
bordering on the Panonian Basin, although Interest is now extending to
the inter-Dinaric areas and the Paleozoic formations-of the Adriatic
coast.
The geology of Yugoslavia so far as it relates to petroleum has
been described above. Further statements cm explorations In Croatia
and Slovenia are attached as Appendixes 7 and g.
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ad Ssrb - Geological. mapping-of Serbia has been undertaken.
during AQW years by geologists such as Petkovic, Cvijic, Zujevic,
Lukovic, Pavlovic and Laskarev, and by the Geological Institutes of
Yugoslavia and the several republics.
The extent of the geophysical explorations made by the Germans
during World War II is shown in Figure 13. As may be seen these ex-
plorations covered part of the plains area north of Belgrade known as
the Banat and the Backa.. The German maps show about 30 antiolines in
the 600 square kilometer area which theV explore. As already indicated,
the Germans drilled at Velika Greda but were forced to withdraw before
obtaining any results0
- Explorations were resumed in 1949 by the former Company for
Oil and Gas Exploration and Production, and have been continued by its
successor .company, Naftagas Zrenjanin, and by the Geophysical Institute
of Serbia. Thirteen anticlines have been verified by geophysical
means and five by structural drilling. 'Gravimetric explorations. are
being continues,, with other verifications in prospect. Owing to the
lack of seismic apparatus, only the gravimetric, and magnotometrie methods
are used. Recently, geophysical explorations have been extended-to the
#iiyaaouth,of the Sava Inver and including the Western Morava valley,
Some nine anticlines have been found here, one of which near RAnkovicell0
has been verified by structural drilling,
An area of 13 square kilometers has been covered by deep drill.
ing in the Velika Greda gas field where reserves of an estimated 1,6
billion cubic meters of gas are said to have been established. The gas
contains 1a8% of hydrocarbons by volume." Inasmuch as the boundaries
of the field have not been determined, the total reserves may be expected
to be increased as the drily continues. Naftagas, Zronjanin, bas
supplied the following statement on this matters
"Since the structure of Pelika Breda is continuous southward,
with two more anticlines at Jormonayci and Lokve which. probably
form a single structure with the one at Velika Greda, the wand
C?reserves are probably more than 10 billion cubic meters of
gas.. ? This assumption is confirimed by the fact that ?the? first
well.. drilled at Jsimenovci resulted in an oil--bearing stratum
more than 100 maters think. It must be mentioned that the well
was not completed owing to a lack of tubing and Christmas tree
equipment. If we ensider the depth of the Velika Greda wells,
the above supposition that there is a connection between both
structures is quite real. That means that the area which'is
interesting from the economic standpoint does not cover only
13 square kt1cmaters but, about 70 square ki]l.ometers. This
latter area has been taken into consideration in computing the
reserves. B and C reserves of carbon dioxide have been esti-
mated at 5 billion cubic meters with a 10% methane content. The
estimate is based on the deep drillings at Becej" o
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Explorations should be extended, according to Naftagas Zrenjanin,
over the tertiary plain known as the Vojvodina (north of Belgrade),
most of the valley of the Morava River and its tributaries, the area
south of Belgrade, and other scattered areas such as.Negotin on the
Danube in northeastern Serbia.
Naftagas' immediate' program calls for geologic mapping' In 1. the
vicinity of Negotin, 2. the area south of Belgrade, and 3, the area
near Vranje. The Negotin area on the Danube in eastern Serbia is
structurally connected with the Rumanian oil fields. Geophysical
work will be directed toward verifying the German maps of the Backe
and other areas north and east of Belgrade. Deep drilling will be *on-
tinued at. Velika Greda-Jermenove; and Lokve far the production of oil
and gas, at Zrenjanin for gas, and at Rankovicevo for gas.
Deep drilling is being undertaken in the go anticline in Backe
near Becej where three wells have been drilledarbon dioxide and math-
a4e' have been found. Exploratory drilling at other locations can be
undertaken only when the rigs can be spared from producing fields..
b, Croat -- The extent-of the wartime geophysical-explorations
by the German firm "Seismoa" is indicated in Figure 13., - On the basis
of these explorations, together with geologic studies and other pertbat
data, the relative value of the several indicated structures was
appraised and a program of drilling was determined.
As stated by Naftaplin Zagreb, the work cone to date is as follows:
"S_umecani(central Kris structure)
In the middle part of the Kris structure 81, wells have been. drilled
to date. Of these, 65 were positive and 19 negative. For further
contouring of the field it will be necessary to'drill more wells,
MaLad easteatit,.,Kriz, st,. )
In the south-eastern part of the Kriz structure, the existence
of oil-bearing strata has been established by drilling in the
same stratigraphic level as at Sumeoani. The field can be exploited
as has been proven experimentally, new exploitation wells are being
drilled, and exploratory wells also to determine the boundaries
of the field, The quality of oil is not the game as at Sueecani,
having much more light fractions and much more gas,, . but also a
considerable amount of paraffin,
Ugs&M western Kris atructuri)
So far,, the Kris structure has been opened for production in the
northwestern part (Surnecani) and southeastern part (Bunjani), In
the.extreate northwestern, part of the structure near Ivanio Kloster,
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a well was drilled as early as 1905 on the site where, according
to old data, there had been gas-eruptions.
Taking into consideration these phenomena, and on the basis of the
results obtained at Bunjani, a well was drilled at Kloster this
year (1952) with positive results.. In the rest of the structure
oil horizons are situated in the Miocene. Here, however, the
presence of oil has been estab'ished in the Abichi deposits which
are more fully developed, and have good collectors. Miocene
has not yet been explored in this area because rigs with bigger
capacity will be needed,
ftser~
The field was put in operation in 19490 21 wells have been drilled
to date, of which 7 were negative, The other 14 wells are either
under exploitation or are being prepared for production. All the
wells produce eruptively0
The field is almost exhausted, Secondary methods are being applied
according to. the instructions of Mr0 D.B. Taliaferro in his report
to the United Nations of May 1952. Of the wells drilled in this
field.. 53 are positive (43 oil and 10 gas) and 24 negative,
On the southern flank beyond the syncline, folding has been
established. Therefore it is possible that a storage of oil
occurs which will eventually be reached by deep drilling".
-Proposed future exploration as also described by Naftaplin
Zagreb are as follows:
1, "Drilling plan for 1953
After the Liberation (1945), the following structures in,
Croatia were explored by deep drilling: Kriz(Sumecani,-Bunjani
and Klostar),, Mramor Brdo, Janja Lipa, Osekovo, Sedlarica and
Dubranec...
The Dubranec structure has been abondoned, being negatives
The positive structures have been put in operation, They are two:
Kris and Mramor Brdo,
Two structures (Sedlarica,, OsOkove) arm still under wxploration,
:bile at one (Lipavina) drilling has been stopped until seismic
measuring can be carried out.
At Janja Lipa four wells have been drilled to date, of which two
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were positive (gas) and the other two were negative (one of the
latter will be further explored). Since larger quantities of
gas were established in the two wells, drilling is going on'in
order to determine the resources and delimit the gas stratum.
The 1953 plan includes the continued drilling of the structures.
which have been drilled during these.yearso
In addition we plan to drill the Prosorja (gas), iiartinska Yee
(oil), and Kosarica (gas) structures.-
2. Geo].ozic and Gsop slcal Work
Geologic surveys will be made in the areas of Zagrebacka .
Gore, Kalnik, Psunj, Moslovack& Gora, Poseaka Gora and Pap*,
The structures which remain to be investigated and explored lie
between the above-nmentioned mountains or on their slopes.
Generally speaking, only geophysical nape are available for the
above structures. The structures are seen as folds or monocline
folds. Some.of then lean against older massives. It is possible
that such structures are -closed, if the flank influences of old
massives are excluded.
In Slavonia geophysical measurements have been planned (Braafa.
Topolovica-Grubleno Polje-Djakovo-Levanjeka-Yaros-ImriJevoi-
.Braeevci-Djakovo) with partial completion of gravimetry as well
as geologic mapping. The structures having been treated geologi-
cally and geophysically will be prepared for deep exploration
drilling. These will be carried out on the basis of geophysical,
work, because geologic mapping is unfeasible in that terrain.
From the geophysical point of view these structures are adequately
shaped and are of a elosed'type?
Dalmatia is being surveyed geologically, following which extensive
geophysical observation should be carried out, the extent of'which
wil_1 depend upon the.results of the geologic work.
Many structures in Croatia thus remain to be explored The main
tasks are as follows.
1. Opening and exploring of new oil deposits,
2.?Extending.of oil deposits already under exploitation,.
3' Exploring of gas deposits ,to determine whether they also
contain oil" ;
a. S ov nia -Part of the.Petisovei structute near Lendava hag
been explored by.drilling, and part-by geological, geophysical, and
other surface methods. rteference id made to the table in section 4e
below and to Appendix 8 for a view of the explorations which have
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been made in Slovenia and an indication of the work yet to be done,
4s- Known reserves of oil and gas in Yugoslavia
a. Method of computing reserves
Following is a statement, supplied by Nafta Lendava with
regard to the method used in Yugoslavia for computing reserves:
"In calculating oil reserves, we use this equations
V a S. h. gamma. p, alpha
where
S : r2 pi it r : 100 a - drainage radius
h = thickness of the stratum
gamma = specific gravity of oil (083)
p _ porosity coefficient (a1)
alpha W all saturation coefficient (06)
By A-l-a reserves we understand the reserves from the wells which
are actually in operation in an area where the strata have already
been drilled. These reserves are attained by calculation,
A-i-b reserves represent reserves in the strata of wells which
have already been drilled but not yet explored and are believed
to be oil-bearing.
A-2 reserves are those which exist between the positive wells.
.B reserves are probable reserves which are believed to exist
in the vicinity of the positive wells.
C-1 reserves are those which cannot yet be considered as industrial
reserves although there are signs of their existence.
C-.2 reserves are those established by geologic methods.
Gas reserves may be calculated with the approximate formulas
V r, S.h.p.P
where
S a r2 pi where r = drainage radius
h a thickness of the stratum
p porosity
P initial pressure
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The calculation is made in this way since we have no instruments
for measuring the subsurface pressure, temperature, and other
factors which are necessary for more exact calculations of the
reserves".
The practical problems involved in the use of this classification,
and indeed the classification itself, are matters of continuing interest
and discussion. The need for more precise and uniform measurements of
quantities and qualities is generally recognized? ,
b. Total reserves in Yugoslavim
Following is a tabular summary of known oil reserves based on
data supplied by the several oil and gas enterprises:
Oil Reserves in Yugoslavia
as of December 1952
(Millions of metric tons)
A B and C
Total
Serbia
Croatia ln0 13.2
?14.2
Slovenia 2.6 35
38 3
Total 3 ,,6 48.9
5205
Gas reserves can be summarized as follows:
Gas Reserves in Yugoslavia
as of December 1952
(Millions of cubic meters)
A B and C
Total
Serbia
W
19600
15,000
16,600
Croatia
.265
5,9100
58365
Slovenia
S .&A
9
Total
3,183
288766
31,949
Velika Greda and Jarmenovci
Janja Lips and Gojlo
The above reserves are all located in the northern plains of
Yugoslavia bordering on the Panonian Basin. The inter-Dinaric zone
comprising the Vrbas, Kreka, western Morava and Aleksinac areas has
not been sufficiently explored to allow any sound estimates to be made.
This is also true of the coastal area of Montenegro and Dalmatian
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c. Serb - Nafta Zrenjanin states that it has not computed oil
reserves because the three wells which were drilled have not been com-
pleted owing to lack of equipment. Oil strata not yet reached are believed
to be 30 to 100 meters thick
The gas reserves have been computed according to the formula and
based on data obtained by deep drilling. The figures shown above do
not include the Becej field or other areas believed to be rich in
gas but not yet drilled.
d0 Croatia - The following detail has been supplied by Naftaplin:
Oil Reserves in Croatia
(Millions of metric tons)
A-1 A-2
C-1
C-2'
Total
Sumecani .546 -
-
-
.546
Bunjani .019 n165
.700
,Sg4,
Klostar - -
1,000
--
1.000
Mramor Brdo 0292
1.500
-
1.792
Other structures - -
-
10.000
10,000
Total oil .857 ,165
3.200
10.000
14.222
Gas reserves in Croatia
(Millions of cubic meters)
A-1
C-1 C-2
Total.
Goj1o
105
-
105
Janja Lipa
160
600 -
760
Other structures
-
4,500
4,500
Total gas
265
600 49500
5,365
*Explored by geophysical methods in Podravina, near i4oslovacka
Gora, and in Slovenia.
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e, Slovenia - The following details have been supplied by Nafta
Lendava:
Oil and Gas Reserves of Slovenia
Oil
Ca ive ga3*
(millions of
millions of
Petisovci formation
metric tons)
cubic voters)
A-i-a reserves
1.138
2500360
a-1-b
0.327
71.940
A-2
i11100
24&-OOD
Total A reserves
2.565
564300
* Captive gas is calculated on the basis that 1 ton of oil Contains
220 meters of gas.
B 0.390 85.800.
G-1 2.815 619.300
C?`2 2815 619?3
Total B and C 6.o2 l- ?
Total A,pB and C 8.585 188880700
Lovasi Ratka series in Petisovci formation
Lovasi - A reserves
Ratka C
753.600
753660
Dolina (probably C-i) - 500000
Other structures - C-1 reserves
Mureki,Gozd 0.220
Dolina 0.060
Lendawske Gorice 1,200
Nog 4.220
Selnica-Peklaniea 24,000
Total other structures 29.720
1,507p200
48.400
11,200
264.000
932.800
L292,
6.538.400
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Total. all structures
A (Lovasi)
-
753,600
A-i-a
1.138
250.360
A-l-b
0a 327
71.940
A-2
14100
242. 000
Total A
24565
1,317.900
B
0.390
85.800
C-1
320535
7,9614300
C-2
2 g
. 6,0
Total B and C
35.740
8,666.400
TOTAL all reserves
38.305
984
300
9
0
,
5* Production:
Production of crude oil in Yugoslavia has levelled oft at about
150,000 tons a year, having reached this volume in 19514 Production
at the major fields is currently running about as follows:
Lendava
50,000 tons per year
Sumecani
69,000 "
n
n
Mramor Brdo
22,000 "
n
n
Gojla
109,000 0
n
tt
The following table shows the trends since the war... As stated
above, the pro-war-production was negligible.
Production of crude oil in Yu slavia
(in metric tons)
Total
Yugoslavia
Croce atia
Slovenia
-312..
798
-
19
28,835
22035
00
1947
33,245
25,211
8?034
1948
36,498
25,187
11,311
1949
63,240
37,184
26,056
1950
111,287
53,898
57,389
1951
155,626
80,571
75,055
1952
151,538
101,888
49,650
Including 324 tons produced in Bosnia and Hercegovina from
wells that are no longer in production,
Source: Indeks (Statistical Bulletin), Federal Statistical
Office, 1952 data from Naftaplin Zagreb,, and Nafta Lendava.
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Inasmuch as production falls short of domestic needs, the problem
is to increase output through secondary recovery methods,, by bringing
wells into production which are drilled but lack pipe or tubing, and
by drilling new wells.
As to natural gas, statistics seem to be lacking on the small
quantities which have been produced for commercial use.
Turning now to brief accounts of production in each of the three
oil-producing republics:
Serbia: No oil has been produced as yet. Nafta Zrenjanin states
that aside from the lack of equipment it has the problem of a large
gas factor and high paraffin content. A start was made in production
of gas for local use at Velika Greda and for shipment in pressure con-
tainers..
C oa -a: Two thirds of the total Yugoslavia production is from
Croatian wells. Following is the trend in each of the Croatian producing
areas:
0i, proms on in Croatia
10
Sumecan
i
Mramor
Brdo
T
T
r
-
otal,
ons No.of
wells
To
ns
No.of
wells
Tons
No.of
wells
1941
2,158
2
158
1942
9,666
8
666
9
1943
1
21,460
,
21,460
944
1
22,481
22
481
945
19
6
25,$66
22
2
,
250866
4
1
,
95
22,295
947
1
8
25,211
25
211
94
25 186
,
25,186
1949
22,202
6 255
10
,
1950
1951
239657
22,,717
20
6
580
2
52,
1952
17,057
31
50,948
44
7,742
3
75747
10,525
18
69,417
55
21,947
7
101,888
Source: Naftaplin, Zagreb.
Note the discrepancy between the total for Croatia as shown here
and in the preceding table. Naftaplin Zagreb states that the
table above is correct and should supersede the figures shown in
the preceding table,
The Gojlo field is on the decline. Only 18 wells are still in
operation out of the 77 which were drilled and the 53 which were put
in operation. Secondary methods are difficult to apply because of the
physical properties of the oil-bearing strata.
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The rlramor Brdo'field was put into production erruptively in 1949.
Fifteen wells have been drilled, of which six were negative and seven
are now in production. A de-gasolinizing plant is being built which
will permit the re-cycling of the dry gas back into the oil strata.
At Sumecani only the central part of the field has as yet been
brought into production with the drilling of some 84 wells most of which
are producing.
Slovenia: Nafta Lendava explains the drop in production as due to
two facto sr (1) secondary recovery methods have not been applied, and
(2) pressure is falling with the continued discharge of gas into the
atmosphere.
6. Consumption
The present level of consumption is about 500,000 tons a year.
This is comparatively low for a'nation of 16 million people and may be
expected to increase' substantially with the mechanization of agriculture
and the growth of industry.
Refineries with a capacity of about 500,000 tons a year, located
at Rijeka, Brod and Steak, will-be expanded to about 800,000 tons a
year by 1955 The Rijeka refinery operates only on imported crudes,
but Brod ind'Sisak can handle either domestic or imported crudes.
The Steak expansion will utilize residual paraffinic crude oils
which must now be disposed of as bunker fuels. Additions to the
Rijeka refinery. will make it possible to produce some lubricants
now imported. At the present time it is necessary to import-high test
gasoline, lubricants, and some waxes because of the limitations of
refineries,.
Natural gas from the Gojlo field has been utilized in small quanti-
ties at Kut ina for burning chalk, manufacturing lamp-black, and shipment
in pressure containers for illumination of railway cars and use as a
motor fuel. Here also, as at Lendava and Velika Greda, gas is consumed
in the near-by villages. There has been considerable stud of gas
transportation by pipeline from (1) Lendava to Stirnisce and Aaribor.,
(2) from Mramor Brdo to Sisak and Zagreb, and from Velika Credo to
Belgrade, but nothing definite has yet come of the proposals.
7. 1'roaram for completion of the 3nventorv of oil and e
As has become apparent from the above account, only a snail
part of Yugoslavia has yet been explored for oil and gas. In the view
of Yugoslav scientists and petroleum engineers there are favorable
indications for the existence of petroleum in other parts of the'
country, The area over which it is proposed to extend the explorations
has been shown in Figure 13. It has also been described in the
section above on the geology of fossil fuels, and in the statements of
the work being carried on by the several oil and gas enterprises,
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With these views the writer is neither in a position to agree
or to disagree because he is not qualified-in the matter of oil explora-
tion. It is hoped however, that the information here presented will
provide a helpful perspective for others more competent.
In summary, the view is generally held in Yugoslavia that explora-
tions should be continued srunewhat as follcHrsa
a. Continued exploration of the northern plains areas bordering
on the Panonian Basin, to complete and round out the work started
by the Germans during the war.
bq Extension of the geophysical explorations, followed by
structural drilling as appropriate, 1) to other marine Tertiary
basins in the south side of the valley of the Sava toward the
foothills of the Dinaric mountains, and 2) to the tertiary belt
which parallels the Sava and the Dinaric range from the lower
Vrbas through the Kreka coalfields to the Aleksinae coalfields
in the Morava River valley.
c. Exploration of the Dinaric range, and the other structures
along the Adriatic coast, by geologic methods followed by deep
drilling and by geophysical work in local areas. Here the moun-
tainous. character of the terrain reduces greatly the usefulness
of geophysical methods.
The fundamental processes employed in petroleum exploration con-
tinue, of course, to be geology, the more modern geophysical techniques,
and structural drilling. The latter is accompanied by laboratory analysis
.of drill cores, and measurements of pressure, porosity, and other
underground conditions. Reserves can then be computed. according to
accepted formulas and classified according to the classification in
general use. Good cadastral and topographic surveys are necessary for
the control of atratigraphic work. Economic appraisal should constantly
be made of probable production costs as compared with the probable
value of reserves.
Whatever program of exploration is decided upon should of course
be selected with a view toward obtaining the maximum results from the
application of the limited manpower and technical equipment available
Because the work of.exploration and production is divided between a
number of enterprises and scientific bodies in the several republics,
measures should continue to be taken to prevent the scattering of work
over too large an area, to concentrate efforts on a desired number of
top-,grade projects or areas, and to establish priorities for explorations
on the basis of over-all national considerationsn
Turning now briefly to the means at hand for carrying out a program
of exploration, it may first be observed that although much has been
accomplished with the equipment and the trained men available, the
lack of facilities has often made it difficult or impossible to
achieve satisfactory results, This observation is applicable alike
to the geophysical,' drilling, and related laboratory and other tech-
nical work.
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Nothing can be ventured here by way of comment on the problems
of geological research or the means that should be provided to facili-
tate this basic work. Suffice it to say that the necessity for continued
progress would seem to be unquestioned. Geology provides the basic know-
ledge of the physical structures from which the geophysical and drilling
operations can proceed.
As to geophysical technioues, they are comparatively new and con-
stantly being improved. They have of course come to be an essential
tool without which exploration is both costly and uncertain, Never-
theless so far as petroleum explorations are concerned, the geophysical
facilities are inadequate to do the work which is expected of them.
Instruments and equipment are for the most part old and many are either
partially or wholly obsolete. They are not capable of the volume of
work or the precision which is desirable. Seismic apparatus, which
is particularly necessary for the deeper explorations, is almost
wholly if not completely lacking. The statement provided by the Insti-
tute fbr Geophysical Research at Zagreb contained in Appendix 9 is
illustrative of this situation.
It must be emphasized that both equipment and trained operators
are needed. Equipment without the operators is only partially usableo
Drilling equipment is also somewhat lacking, particularly the deep
drilling rigs. Owing to a shortage of foreign exchange much of the equip-
ment is either prewar or rebuilt from war salvage.
Small field laboratories for the analysis of'cores and other work
may be needed in greater numbers and with more complete equipment than
at present. Whether the most appropriate division of work has been
arranged as between field laboratories and the central research,labora-
tories was not determined4
It may also be mentioned that the necessary instruments for under
ground measurements are often lacking, thus making it difficult or im-
possible to achieve the required degree of accuracy in the computation
of reserves.
We have called attention frequently to the lack of trained and
experienced technicians and engineers, Although much experience has
been gained during the postwar years, it must be kept in mind that the
petroleum industry is new in Yugoslavia and that most engineers
and other oil field workers were thrown into the work without previous
experience,, They were left to themselves when the Russians left in
194 and have since proceeded as best they could, In fact, few Yugoslav
engineers have seen an oil well except those which they have drilled in
their own country. Their obvious need is for the maximum possible
contact with oil people in other countries.
As to economic analysis of petroleum explorations and production
it is handicapped by the unstable price levels and price relations
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generally prevailing and the absence of accepted principles for the deter-
mination of costs and economic feasibility. Until economic analyses
can be made, the engineers operate somewhat blindly in la6ring out their
exploration programs and appraising the worth of the resources discovered.
S. Foreiv Assistance:
The above brief review of the proposed plan of explorations
and the facilities available to carry it out should be suggestive of
the ways in which foreign aid could be applied to advantage, The in-
formal request made by one of the oil enterprises for foreign technical
assistance may also be suggestive. This request included the following:
?l. Foreign travel and training for Yugoslav engineers and tech-
nicians in each of the following subjects:
Oil geology
Geophysics
Deep drilling
Exploration, secondary recoveryg and production
Compressor stations and pipelines.
2. Seismic equipment for the geophysical institute.
Instruments and equipment for an oil laboratory and
for underground measurements
.
4.
5,
Drilling rings and tools for both deep and shallow wells.
Foreign experts to come to Yugoslavia in each subject
listed in item (1) above.
6. Literature.
This statement would be more or less closely repeated by other
oil and gas enterprises.
Although, so specific. recommendation, for UN Technical Assistance
will be made.here it is urged that in view of the obvious benefit which
would accrue to Yugoslav engineers and technicians from experience
and contact with their counterparts in other lands, the moat favorable
reception should be given to any requests which may be made along
the general lines mentioned above?
Several suggestions have been made that the first step would be
to send Yugoslav engineers and technicians to petroleum centres in
other countries. As regards foreign experts coming to Yugoslavia the
first step might be to petroleum engineers who could provide assistance
up to the limits of their abilities and who might propose the more
specialized assistance which should follow.
Through other channels a recommendation is being made that UN
supply A selected list of professional and trade literature for which
the need appears to be so obvious as to merit immediate attention,
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Oil and gas enterprises
Naftaplin Zagreb (Croatia)
Nafta Lendava (Slovenia)
Naftagas Zrenjanin (Serbia)
Nafta Tuala (Bosnia)
Nafta Ulcin3 (Moontemegro)
Oil and gas institutes
Institut as naftu, Zagreb
Geological and geophysical institutes
of the republics of Serbia, Croatia,
Slovenia, and Bosnia
Geological Institutes of the Academies
of Science in Ljubljana, Zagreb and
Beelgrade o
Publications
Geoloski Vasnik Srbija
(Geological Review of Serbia)
Geoloski easopis Hrvatska
(Geologic Magazine of Croatia)
Casopis "Nafta" (Magazine "Gas")
Bilten Akadamije Nauka evih republika
(Bulletin of Acadea7 of Science of
all republics)
List of oil scientists and engigeers
Prof . S. Lazio I, Zagreb
Prof. Ozegovic, Zagreb
Prof? Mihajlovic, Beograd
Prof Paylovic, Beograd
Prof. Slokan, L3ubl3aaa
Inge Vuekovic, Zagreb
Ingo Paradjaning Zrenjanin
Ingo Cerovac, Dol. Lendava
Ingo Lucia, Ulcinj
Ingo Karnelije MirkovD Beograd
Ing. Dj. Diaitr: jevic, Beograd
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D. Coal
1. Introduction
Solid fuels are a major energy resources in Tugoslavia although
less important as compared with hydro than in the major industrial own.
tries of Europe.
Lignite is the most important of the solid fuels. The full ex>m
tent of the lignite resources is only now boooming known. Recent discove.
rise in the Kosovo Basin, for example, have lad to the doubling of the
known reserves, Equally important is the fact that the large lignite
beds are well located with relation to the centers of population and to
transportation and seams are sufficiently shallow to land themselves to
economical expL,oitation.
Solid fuels have not as yet, however, played a correspondingly
significant part in Y oalav energy consumption. New demands are ocming,
it may be noted, frog (1) the replacement of fuelwood, 'which must be cone
served and diverted to higher uses, and (2) the expansion in total energy.
use which accompanies the countries industrialisation. At the saws times,
the advecing technology promises to make solid fuels, and especially
lignite, a source of raw material for agricultural and industrial chemicals.
Lignites are not being utilised at present in proportion to their reserves
as compared with brown coal and hard coal. official policy is to bring
the use of lignites into better proportion with their relative abundances
The purpose of this chapter is to provide a general perspective
on the solid fuel resources of Yugpslavia, particularly with respect to
their extent . and quality,, with a view toward facilitating the determinatica
of the further steps that should be. taken to complete and improve the
inventory.
Principal sources of data..*or solid fuels haw been the Economic
Council of the national government,- Professor Samec of the Institute for
Fuels of the Academy of Science in Ljubljana, Ingo, Boma Popovis of the
Institute for Research in Coal in Belgrade, and P jekoslav 7Likincic,
Director of the Federal Geologic Institute at Belgrade.
The coal industry was admdnistered several years ago by coal
mining directions established in each republic and in the national govern.
went. Production is now handled by a mining enterprise established in each
republic, with local managemw for the individual mines. The gsvernaents
of the republics have offices for gsneral planning of coal production and
for geologic and laboratory work needed. The to yap n ew each hee
their own geologist, surveying staff, drilling rigs for exploration, and
other major facilities, whereas the smaller mime frequently resort to the
laboratory and other facilities afforded by the mining institutes. In ad-
dition, there are institutes for coal research in.the Academies of Science
of Serbia and Slovenia where basic scientific research is conducted in the
utilization of solid fuels.
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2. Methods for detenoinatian of reaere
(a) 'colorations Geology, mining, drilling, and more
recently geophysics, are the too-3& of exploration for coal, These methods
are accompanied by laboratory analyses to determine the physical and
chemical properties.
A brief review of the geologic investigations has been
given above in the section on the geology of the fossil fuels, supple-
menting this review, it may be said that at tie end of the 19th century
and during the early years of the 20th, Kat .er, Beysohlag, Krusch, Waagen,
and other German and Austr a geologists investigated the coals in the
areas which were then part of Austria-Hungar*y,, Between the two World Wars
the Yugoslav geologists and mining people oontiasb ed the investigations,,
particularly in Serbia. At present new investigations are being performed
for the most part by the geologists attached to the individual coal mines.
They send detailed geolagi.cal maps-to their respective republics and fede-
ral geological institutions. Their exploratory equipment consists, how-
ever, of only a few drilling rigs. Geophysical methods are now being
applied to a limited extent.
A s wary of the geology of the Yugoslav coal deposits is
provided in "Geology for Miners" by Be Milovanovic, Belgrade,, 1950, Pub-
lished works are few, although special studies are available in liadted
quantities through the various mining and scientific institutes,
The lignite basins of Kreka, Velenje, Kolubara and Kostolac
have bean rather well eug ored, while the lignites of Kosovo, Plevlje (in
Montenegro), Oslcnej (in Macedonia) and some sites in Bosnia have not yet
been adequately investigated.
As geologist Yikinoic of the Federal Geological Institute
has stated, although geologic investigations were started in Yugoslavia at
a tie ' U3 science was already well-developed elsewhere they were not
carried out systematically until the formation of the Repub io, Only after
the end of World War II were organised and systematic geologic in-
vestigations undertaken,
(b) Classification of racervea Until World war II,
Yugoslavia used the so:ca s system-of clAssiicationo it may
be generally said that except for the larger and more profitable coal pro.
portion, detailed explorations were very limited, and in any event results
were not published or reported to government bodies,, The quality of the
investigations and of the data on coal reserves was thus very uneven,
Good data were available an some deposits but not on others.
With the nationalization of mines in 1945 the first necessity
was to bring all available data together on a uniform basis for all mines,
The English classification was thought to be too subjective and otherwise
unsuitable for a state. directed economy. The Russian classification was
adopted and all data were reorganized on this new basis. Under the direc-
tion of teams of engineers who travelled from mine to mine, the available
data were redwarked into what is believed to be the most unable inventory
yet available based on this now inventory.
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Current thinking in Yugoslavia with regard to claosifics-
tion is reflected in the statements contained in Appendixes and referred
to above, The Russian method has not proven satisfactory, Efforts
are being made to find a system which is more objective than the old'
Ehglish?classification while not so rigid and costly to apply as the
Russian, An effort is also being made to introduce elements into the clas-
sification which provide some guidance to management as to the most desir-
able parts of the deposits to work from a coat view points The new system
must also be sufficiently simple that it can be applied by smaller minest.
Thus the task of improving and codifying the known data on
solid fuels continues. It is obvious that as and when agreement is reached
on new standards of exploration and classification, the data on each dspo
,sit must necessarily be reviewed to bring them into conformity with the
new classification and to reveal the more serious deficiencies,
(e) Qualitz of coo The basic current reference work on
the quality of Yugoslav coals was cowpiled in the years since world war II
and published in 1951, -Although the particular purpose for which it was
prepared has now passed, namely the establishment of a uniform price for
coal of each particular grade, it is of continuing usefulness as a refer.
once on the properties of the coal of each mine or deposits
The necessity for analysis of the quality of its coals has
always been recognized by Yugoslav scientists, Their attention is now
being directed particularly at the low-grade lignites whose abundance has
already been referred to, many of which can be produced cheaply by open-cast
methods. Recent experience has demonstrated that improved lignites with the
same calorific value can be produced more cheaply than the brown coal that
has been the principal solid fuel of the country,
Accordingly, the lignite of the Kolubara Basin has been
thoroughly explored both for quantity and quality, while the other large US-.
nits basins of Kosovo, Plevl,Je,and others remain to be explored, The inves-
tigations include the suitability of the lignites for mining and tho.various
methods of washing, drying, Coking or other forms of benefioiatione Following
are the main properties for which the lignites are testeds
(a)
(c)
(ej
(f
(g
(h
(i
Property of washing for the. removal
of dirt;
Heat content;
Drying properties; strength of the
dried coal;
Content and the quality of volatilesf
Sulphur content and possibility of
removing it;
Coking properties;
Gasification properties;
Chemical analysis;
Moisture content,
Because the lignites within the same deposit have such different properties
at various points in the deposit, it is recognized that the best site for
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exploitation cannot be determined until extensive taste have been made
of the whole deposit. That is the stage at which the Kosovo Basin now
is.
The tests which require precise methods and extensive
laboratory equipment are now made at the central laboratory in Belgrade
of Ingo Bozo Popovic and in Ljubljana at the institute directed by
Professor Dr? M. Sams.? Elementary testing of samples and cores is done
In small field laboratories at the sites of exploration,
Ing. Popovic is currently pa..ticipating in the work of
the United Nations commission in Geneva on rules and standards for the
classification of low-grads fuels for quality.
31. Reserves as now knoeaa.
(a) 3vmm view. The following table summarizes the
solid fuel reserves in- Yugo a as now imown:
TABLE I
COAL RESERVES OF YUGOSLAVIA
(millions of metric. tons)
Hard Coal
Brown Coal
Lignite
Total
A
6,01
8265
01,2
16908
61.6
152o3
38.0 50o7
l 547 1 3a?g1a9
.. mango. 12-1963
730.0 20,929101 21,1901.9
C Tot
The location of the coal fields is shown in figure 14
Two aspects are apparent: First, the reserves of mineral coal
and brown coal are comparatively small. Second, only a small proportion of
the reserves have been fully explored. Thus the A and the B reserves are
lees than 5% of the total known reserves.
Compared with other Etvopean countries,, Yugoslav hard coal
deposits are insignificant, totalling as they do only some 5o million tons
out of a total for Europe of 643 billion tons. In brown coal and lignite,
however,, Yugoslavia has about 20 billion tons as compared with a total of
just under 100 billion tons for Europe as a whole. In fact, Yugoslaviats
lignite deposits are larger than any other country in Europe except East
Germany, comparing with 18 billion tons in West Germany and L2 billion tone
in Czechoslovakia (source: ECE Power Transfers p.79).
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(b) Hard co &j, Hard coals are found mainly in Istria and
eastern Serbia. These coals have a thermal value of about 6500 kcal/kgo
The Istrian coals have been utilised mainly in Italy. Although the
coal is high in sulphur content the Italian plants and locomotives are
adopted to its uaie.
ing tablet
The principal hard coal deposits are shove in the follow-
Istria Basin (Rasa)
Eastern Serbia
Ibar River.(Serb a)
Majavica (Bosnia)
Total
TABLE II
tESEAM OF HAo COAL
(in milli..o of two)
C
A
/y
4.8 3.4 2709
.3 .2 6.8
1.0 09 05
6.1
Source: National Economic council.
OQ& .1?.0
605 3801
(c) ?Bresn ao o The principal deposits of brown coal are
found in the Sava River Basin of Slovenia, the Roan River Bain of Bosnia,,
and in the MEoravra Va1147 of Serbia. They have a thermal Value of from
3500 to 5000 kcal/hg4, Brown coal belongs exclusively to tertiary forms-
tiona, the deposits in Sloveenia being badly faulted and folded, while the
,structures in Honda are more simple. The depth of the deposits is mode-
rate, and there is 'soma possibility of open-cast operations, as at Banovici
in Bosnia and Trbovi3e in Slovenia.
Table 3 lists the principal known braen coal deposits.
(d,) tetoo. These ]ow-grads fossil fuels, with a calorific
value of from 200 to 3500 koal/kg., are founLin three largo deposits, naaae , .
Kosovo in eouthirm Serbia, Kreka in Bosnia, and Kolubaza in northern Serbia,
with a fourth deposit of considerable site and importance at Velen3e in
Sloveniso Table' lists the main-, knows deposits,.
Lignite Its found in. the- upper tertiary as at Kz'ska, or the
lower Miocene, as at Vol en jo, K lubara, Kostolao, and Koaav. The deposits
are comparatively thick (from ten to one hundred. ,raptors) and mbrukeno
Lying close to the surface as manly of them do, the lignites offer. possir
bilities for economical open-oast productions
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REMM OF BROWN COAL
on minions or metrio tons)
Total
Alekalnae Basin
04
.2
26.1
2647
SON - R.sava
2,5
15
194?
2207
Despotovac
,4
1605
1714
Jankos a Gorge
568
340
3
4001
Soko
03
4.7
1
15.8
20.8
klava Basin
.7
15.3
14+004
15604
T 4s ik Basin
al
301
390
6.2
Jelasnica Basin
03
12
304
3.9
Bogovina
Arandj.l,ovao
,1
02
300
3.3
Banovioi Basin
42.6
27,4
26810
33840
:Central- Bosnian- Basil
(Ziniaa, Kak*n j, Bros-40
13.8
41D,6-
45.6'
700.0
I& nno - Duvno
.8
21.7
-
22,5
Ugijavica Basin
loo
5.8
1808
2640
Mil3evini, kostar Subaaa,
Banja Lnka
800
9066
1300
30,6
Zagor3e
1.4
200
96.6
10060
Trbovll. - llrsstnik
4,8
2.6
2 .8
28,2
Zabukovca, Kan jisari,c3
ICoasvSe? Liboje, Santo
Sts Janes:, Lasko
4.6
1166
1.300
2942
Oolubovas - 8iverio
.2
16
9.1
9.9
other
ors
Total
82x5
152.3
1,567.1
1,78109
Sources National Boamoadc Cot nc 1.
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TABLS IV
REM = OF Z1 1ITS
(in mil Uon s of =trio tons)
Total
KOeto)ac Baadn.
207
U00
30000
31309
Koinbara Baadn
55.0
1,44500
1250000
Kosovo Basin
207
300
32,19403
12,200.0
Lubnica, PetroIvac
05
02
og
145
and LeeIcovae Barite.
Kreka. Basin
12.4
84,4
3,90305
4,000 0
Kon3ecina,.Ratkavici
Ivanec, lour. Sredisteo
Bolgi Basins
207
909
262.9
27565
Velenjo Basin
4o9
45000
29501
75000
Kicevo Basin (OslcmisJ)
02
705
L20.O
1270?
Plov-1 je Basin
15608
15b0$
ZivoJn, KaitlanovQ
Neresi, Svil,arg Baal
Total
- -A. 5A 71.
8112 571x1 18,70 600
Sour": National Sconomic Council.
19,35803
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4b Ptaductioa of solid fuels
Pre-war requiremetnts were met by a domestic production of some
7 million tone, together with the importation of I million tons of
hard coal. Present domestic production is about 12 million tons and im-
ports are. negligible. Needs by 1955 or 1956 are estimated at 18 mi.lliasl
tons, to meet which domestic capacity of 20,2 million tone is planned,
with an expected capacity utilization factor of 906,
As may be seen from Tables 5 and 6,0 W o production of broom
coal and lignite has doubled as compared with prewar production,
Bosnia, with its brown coal and lignite wines is the largest prom
duper of solid fuels, followed by Serbia and Slovenia,
Following the second war, Tugoslavia made a determined effort to
rationalize Its coal mires and expand production. Old mines were put back
into production, capacity was increased, and now mines were opened, The
limiting factors have been the availability of labor and machinery. As
will be noticed from the tables, production has flattened out at 12 to
33 million tons since 1949, As has been mentioned, further expansion to
about 24 million tons is scheduled by 1956.
Although the recent expansion has occurred in both brown coal aW
lignite, it is expected that lignite will henceforth show the largest and
the most persistent growth. This is because the lignite deposits are
larger and lend themselves to the more economical and highly mechanized
open-cast methods. With the opening of more lignite deposits-the margi-
nal brown coal mines may be abaerdowd, It must be emphasized, however,
that exploitation of lignite hinges on the success of methods for its bens.
ficiation, including washing and- drying to make a good solid fuel for homes
and industry, production of poke,, and other processes such as gasification*
distillation and hydrogenation.
5. Corns on
{a} p:ino .? ng group, Following. is a tabular
summary of the use of **I= fuAIi by principal consuming groups in 1954:
(thousands of metric tons)
Mining and
i str70....,.. s.....
Tranepoe't,?.'' ..................?o.
Power ge~nerationaa.....s.........
Household oonaumptionb...s....~.?
Hisc, sous..o....M.e...raaa
Export
5640 3360
law
l'i20
760
Sources Data supplied by Yugoslav governmsnt to
International Bank,
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TABLE V
P1)DUCTI0N OF SOLID FUELS BY REPUBI,IC3
(thousande of =trio tans)
Total
Serbia
Croatia
Slovenia
Bosnia &
Renew-
TIM
Mace.-
donia
Yante
Negro
1939
6,973
18683
10663
1,852
1,765
1946
6,90x,
1,693
18168
2,044
1,899
1947
9,291
2,434
1,654
2,4;36
2,0767
1948
10,724
2,799
18757
2,562
3,406
1949
119
38230
2,151
2,706
38980
25
15
1950
129966
3,441
2,056
2,830
4,500
21
18
1951
1281143
2,999
1,817
2,652
4,525
35
15
1952
12,096
2,970
1,955
2,644
4,496
16
17
Source a Index
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TABLE VI
GOAL PRCDUCTI(T IN YUGOSLAVIA
(thousands of tow)
Lignite
1939
6,973
1,351
4,312
1,310
1946
6,804
757
3,823
00224
1947
9,291
1,0)62
5,325
20904
1948
10,724
973
6,331
3,420
1949
128107
1,275
6,682
4,151
1950
128806
1,154
7,2
4,508
1951
12,042.
992
68916
4,134
1952
12,099
1,011
6,842
4,245
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(b) Per ca tam ti O 7nasmsu-oh as the bulk of
the above solid fuels are the ow-cads gnites and brown coals,, the
thermal value in even less than the total would indicate0 Consumption
compared with other Nuropeanconntrles Is as follows for the year 1949:
Availability of oaprsceseed solid fuels per
capita, 1%9
(equivalent metric ton)
United 0000000000000eU000O
4,08
GerawpaY~y... O. O O a 0 0 0 0 0 0 p .... 0 0. 0 0 AO
2032
Poland 8.....p??0o00?S00.*0004000
1092
Belgium, Czechoslovakia
France and Netherlands-
00000000000
2,pp
Rest of ,D2rope00000000000.0000000
"ope average 1063
Yugoslavia 03D
Source: ECE, Selected .European Energy Statistics, Geneva,
May 1951. Yugoslav data based on Table 6 of this report
with the use of a factor of ?33 to convert broen coal and
lignite to hard coal equivalent. This*' factor was employed
by ECE for the Southern European countries. Use of a
more appropriate factor for Yugoslavia does not change the
result materialiy0
a
ong Yegos a e now MaporUng some bituminous coal and in-
dustrLal coke, there are no nearby sources for solid fuels which offer an
economical and dependable supply. Most coal producing countries in
Western Europe are having difficulty meeting their requirements, and more
distant soinves am no more promising.
The low. use.of fuels in Yugoslavia may be attributed both
to the lack of industrialisation and to the comparatively low productivity
of labor in the coal mines.
(c) . Off-setting the growing energy requirements
in Yugoslavia is the t toward greater efficiency cf utilization. Thus
the present stoves used for spaceheating in homes and shops are not well
adapted to the use of dried lignite, This is also true of loomwotive
boilers. The use of coal in industry is not rational at present because
of obsolete boilers, overloading of equipment and deterioration of the
quality of By modernization and adaptation of furnaces and boilers
to available types of coal (particularly the use of automatic 'stokers for
coal fines) efficiency of utilization can be greatly increased.
(d) rte and lm2orts,
As to foreign sources for solid
fuels h
lth
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Exports of solid fuels from Yugoslavia, on the other
hand seen more likely to expand in some degree. Brown coal can possibly
be marketed in Austria and Western Germany, Istrian hard coals in Italy,
and improved lignites in Greece and the Middle East.
(e) Adequacy of reserves for future needs. No attempt
will be made here to sVi"M4 was Probe future magniti a of coal
consumption. Suffice it to point out that the increase of annual con-
sumption to the Etaropean average of 1663 tons of hard coal equivalent
per capita would involve a fivefold growth of oonn mption to about 60
million tons per Ceara Measured against this standard, the projected in-
crease of production to about 20 million tone per year by 1956 seams modesty
E3aw adequate are Yugoslavia. a solid fuel reserves? By
way of illustration the following figures may be not doen8
Known reserves of solid fuels.... .20,000 seillion tons
Possible realization factor........ - 70%
Net realization solid fuela...o..6.14,000 million tons
Annual requirements
As fuels *Woo .p6O.6...66O 6 60
For Ieilbon tons per year
of liquid fuels at 10:1 ratio...... 5
Other chemical usas.6.6..66.6..66.._ _S
70 million tons
Reserves on this basis are thus equal to 200 yearsa requirementsa
For the above figures can be substituted whatever assump-
tions or data one cares to use. Ccnservationi-satnded in iriduaXa can find
in them the grounds for urging the most rational utilisation of the
nations energy resources. Others with a more sanguine turn of mind may
be inclined to let matters take their course. Resolution of these opposite-
inclinations on the basis of a- careful determination of all energy reserves,
probable national requirements, and rational utilization, is needed to ar-
rive at a policy and program for energy resource exploitation and conservation.
6. Processing of ?_t:
The processing of hard coal or-brown coal poses no peculiar probs.
Ism to Yugoslavia. As regards lignites however, the improvement of their
calorific content is an essential atop In their utilization. Yugoslavia
has therefore done much work in adapting known processes to its own condi-
tions and in pioneering in the techniques of lignite processing.
In their native states the lignites are so low in calorific value
and have such other properties that they are not economically usable. Thus
owing to?their high moisture content and the large proportion of inert
material, the thermal value may be in the neighbourhood of 2,500 koal/kgo as
compared with perhaps '?,500 kcalfkgo for hard coal. The lignite is not
only difficult to burn, but it will not stand the cost of transportation for
any appreciable distance. Lignite is also easily fractured in handling and
transportation and by expeure to air,
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When put into their context-of Yugoslav useds and conditions,
these properties of lignite pose the following specific problemse
(1) to produce an improved solid fuel for domestic
and industrial uses
(2) to produce an industrial coke;
(3) to utilize the fines effectively;
(4) to develop processes for the cost effective
overall utilisation of lignites both for their
thermal value and as a raw material,.
These problems are in a fair way toward s:.Aution, thanks to the work of
Yugoslav scientists.
(a) jg&jMv*d solid uo The first step in the improve-
ment of lignite is washing and drying to produce a solid fuel suitable
for domestic,, industrial and railroad useo Inert matter is removed by
washing in heavy medium (water mixed with quartz sand) following which
the lignite is dried in steam or hot water under pressure. The product
is a fuel of from 20 to 3AO mm, in size and with a thermal value of
4,000 kcal/kgo (equivalent to about 7,200 Btu/1b.), 33% ash, and 18%
moisture, which can be transported and stored without substantial further
breakage and which will not again absorb moisture. It is, therefore,
suitable for the domestic, industrial and locomotive use for which good
fuels are now lacking.
As to the fines, which at the oin.'enuth are from 15% to
25% of the tonnage produced, and are increased further by breakage as the
lignite is screened, washed and dried, it is believed that the technical
problems of their beneficiation and use have likewise been, solved. They
can, of course, be burned in thermal power plants erected at the sitea
either in their raw state or after drying to improve their thermal value.
This will probably be the first use to which the fines will be put. Ther-
mal plants will be built., for ex Ample'. at Velenje, Kreka and Kolubare. Thermal
produatS* coin pr-obdi) r ta concentrated in the suer months when h do
production is at its seasonal low. The fines can also be dried for gasi.
fication, or washed and dried for coking or for use as an industrial
fuel. The washing is done in batteries of cyclone washers, and the
drying by floating in hot air or gases.
Washing and drying plants have been built at Kreka, and
will also be buflt at Kolubara.
(b) ? Manufacture of coke. Lacking a suitable supply of
coking coal, Yugoa1 a amm enccurag its scientists in the pursuit
of a method for the carbonization of lignite. Recent studies of the
coking of lignite and other native coals which do not coke with established
processes have Justified the construction of the first plant for the
making of coke frm a mixdure of hard coal., broom coal and lignite o The
plant has just been put into. operation at Lukavac in.t Kreka basin.
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 ON 73L
Further experiments are being directed to the artifi-
cial aging of young lignites to the grade of coal susceptible of
coking through the introduction of additional coal tar onpounds ob.
tained from the coking process itself. It is confidently expected
that an all-lignite coke can be produced on a commercial basis in a
one-stage process.
(c) Industrial ocmplex based on li te. This is not
the place to elaborate on the more vid processes r the utili-
zation of lignite. Suffice, it to say that Yugoslav scientists believe
that their lignites will lend themselves to carbonization and gasifi.
cation,, and thorough these processes will provide the-basis for the
manufacture of agricultural and industrial chemicals starting perhaps
with fatty acids, paraffin and nitrogen- copound,0 The gases with
higher calorific value (such as methane, ethane and propane) can be
separated for transportation by pipeline from the coal fields to neat
by industrial and population centres for use as a fuel or raw material.
The emphasis will, of course, differ at each field
depending on the situation with respect to the characteristics of the
lignites, the availability of natural gas, higher grade coals,, or other
fuels, the market requirements for fuels and - for raw materials based on
the hydrocarbons, and similar factors, Thus, the Velenje lignites are
regarded as appropriate for gasification because they are located in a
populated and industrialized area. By contrast, the Kolubara lignites
are expected to be used for preparation of improved solid fuels? but
with the manufacture of limited quantities of gas for use as a raw
material and heat source for industries which would be located in the
immediate area.
An advancing technology,, thus gives every promise of
making its lignite deposits the nation's primary source both for fuels
and for raw materials for industrial and agricultural chemicals.
70 Program of exploration
Much is known, about its coal deposits, there some to be general
agreement that further explorations are needed with respect to the
quantities and the qualities of this important energy resource, Un'-
doubtedly many deposits remain to be discovered, and it is certain that
known deposits are only partially explored. Hence the government is in.
terested in moving ahead with,the improvement and the completion of its
inventory of solid fuels as rapidly as conditions will permit, Until
more is known, for example, about the lignites in the great Kosovo deposit,
it is impossible to select the most likely sites for initial exploitation
or to prepare a general plan for the entire best,
(a) Methodolo anj c;&sSjWjtjM. As indicated in
Appendixes 5 and 6 rerer d toabove# the first step appears to be to
review carefully the standards used for investigating and classifying re-
serves. This would involve agreement not only on the quantitative and
qualitative aspects but also an the physical aspects of the deposits
so far as they affect the feasibility of production and utilization, The
oommiasion proposed at the S4ergy Resources Conference in February Is
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Presumably at work on this aspect of the problem, proceeding with the
consideration of the situation in each republic and then aiming to
reach agreement on a unified approach for the country as a wholeb The
prominent part taken by Ing. Popovic in the deliberations of the UN
commission on standards for classifying the quality of fuels is help-
ful in this connection.
(b) Fc orations, Upon the basis of the agreed-Won
methodology and standards, next step would presumably be to under-
take a thorough review of known data and the extension of explorations
to areas where data is deficient or completely lacking.
Topographic surveying, supported by cadastral surveying,
is necessary in a number of areas, such as in the Kosovo basin, to fa-
cilitate the correlation of geologic work and for other purposes,
Photogrammatic techniques will be employed as a matter of speed and soo-
nomy to a great extent.
Geologic surveys should be continued in accordance with
the general approach discussed above.
Geophysical methods can be used to great advantage in
conjunction with other methods. Here again the lack of modern equipment
(especially seismic devices) and trained technicians, is a limiting
factor,
detailed expl+oraDrinslling and mining continue1 of course, to be used for
(c) Processing of 14 ites. Because the development
of. processes fore improving he quality of ~tes and for converting
them into useful fuels and raw materials for industry is the key to the
usefulness of these abundant resources, there is every reason for moving
ahead as rapidly as possible with the scientific and applied research an
which Yugoslav scientists are- so wen advanced. This would include tech-
niques for washing and drying;, coking, gasification and chemical utiliza-
tion for ammonia., fertilizers, and other products. Upon the results of
their work will hinge not only the unlocking of the very acnatderable
lignite reserves, but also the determination of" a sound national policy
with regard to these and other energy resources, and indeed, industrial
development as a whole.
(d) F " assistance can undoubtedly be used to an
advantage in many aspects nclu exchanges of views and experiences
on the methodology and? standards for exploration and classification,
methods of exploration, and certain phases of the research in the process-
ing of coal. Here, as in the case of other fossil fuels, the need is
for instruments and equipment for geophysical and photograemtic survey
ing, including the training of technicians, An opportunity is also desired
for ?ugoslav chemists to go abroad to acquire laboratory experiences in
the washing, drying, and coking of ligniteso
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It may also be that the goverment will find it worth-
while to invite a generally competent coal expert to come to Yugoslavia
for several months to review the situation and ihr consultathn on the
main problems., While he would be expected to extend his attention to
all the solid fuels, he would undoubtedly devote himself particularly to
the exploration and exploitation of lignites. It is my understanding
that the technical assistance program for 1953 includes an expert on
coal production. It might be possible to combine in one person the de-
aired qualifications in both production and exploration,
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B. Oil Shales
1. Introduction - Although one of its minor energy resources,
oil shales continue to attract interest and attention in Yugoslavia
because of their possible source for liquid fuels and other 'coal tar
derivatives. Several of the larger deposits were explored before
World War II, notably by the French in 1935. During their occupation
of Yugoslavia the Germans engaged in exploration under their
Prof. Deyschlag.
Subsequently the Yugoslav geologists and scientists have carried
their studies further, both with regard to the size of the reserves
and to their possible exploitation. The crisis in oil supply created
in 1948 by the break with Russia stimulated efforts to extract oil
from shale as a domestic source of supply. With the improvement in the
situation in 1949 these efforts were relaxed and the company which had
been organized for the purpose of exploiting the Serbian shales was
dissolved. Nevertheless, exploratory work is being continued on a small
scale under the auspices of.the Serbian enterprise "Rudnik." As yet,
however, there has been no commercial exploitation of oil shales in
Yugoslavia.
2. Reserve m The principal known reserves are shown in Figure 13
(map of oil and gas explorations).
Alekeinac in eastern Serbia is. the leading deposit, according
to present knowledge, with reserves estimated in the neighborhood of
several hundred million tons, of which a large part is said to contain
more than 14% bitumen.
The second most prominent deposit is near Sinj on the Dalmatian
coast for which no reliable estimates are available but whose reserves
are-variously estimated at from 20 to 200 million tons.
Other deposits are found at Kakanj in the Beena valley and
Zlotovo in Macedonia, but no figures are available on the size of
these reserves. There are smaller deposits at Vakup-Rankoviceve
and Trstenik on the Western Morava, Cicevac in the Morava Valley,
and Slovac-Kolubara, all in Serbia.
Along the Dalmatian coast there are quantities of bituminous
limestones and shales of the Jurassic or Triassic ave which are of
such low grade as not to be classified, but which may have economic
importance if they can be burned underground.
The Aleksiindac shales are described in some detail with report
prepared by Ing. Matit, director of undertaking "Rudnik" attached as
Appendix 10. They are found in conjunction with brown coat in seams of
considerable thickness but in inclined structures that make mining
difficult. Accordingly it seems clear that the coal and the shales
should be mined together. Explorations have not been sufficiently
thorough or comprehensive to permit any reliable calculation of
reserves or to provide a basis for exploitation.
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A statement by Ing. Petrunid, Zagreb, is attached in Appendix 11.
The Sinj,shales are located some 25 miles from the sea in the
coastal limestone formations. These deposits have been studied by
Prof. Lukevid of Belgrade and Prof. Margetid of Zagreb. The latter's
report published in 1952 is the most useful source of information.
Only a small part of the area has been systematically explored. The
bed is formed of several parallel deposits which contain thin strata
of bituminous shale and which lie at a steep angle and in some sections
at a considerable depth.
Tar content ranges up to 30% and is rich in paraffin. The richer
shales have a lower melting point than the Alekeinae shales, which adds
to the problem of retorting. Sulphur content is high.
Because of their limestone contents the recovery of the tare and
gases can be combined with the manufacture of cement. The same rotary
kilns used for making cement can probably be used for extracting the
tars, the tar-laden gases being exhausted from the upper end of the
retort and the clinkers being used for the cement. Experiments con-
ducted during the summer of 1950 at the cement factory at Selin near
Split are said to have yielded satisfactory results. According to
Dr. Aleksandar Petrunid of Zagreb, the processing of the Sinj shales is
economical only conjunction with the production of cement.
Apart from the method of retorting of the Sinj shales, there
is still the problem of further exploration to determine the size of
the deposits and the percentage and characteristics of the bitumen
content,
3. Retorting of oil shales - A pilot plant built in Aleksinac
in 1948 achieved an overall efficiency of 80% in the recovery of tars
from the Aleksinac shales. This experiment is described in Appendix 10.
Tests then were made in a larger plant but an efficiency. of only 45% was
obtained and the work was stopped, Inasmuch as the Aleksinac shales are
similar to those in Colorado (although the Yugoslav tars are richer in
the lighter fractions) there has been some effort to exchange informa.
tion and experience with the Bureau of Mines Laboratory at Rifle.
Distillation of the tars recovered from the shales poses further
problems for research. Attention has been given to deparaf.fing and to
the use of a cracking process to recover the lighter fractions. The
addition of a cracking plant at the Sisak oil refinery provides facilities
for the treatment of the shales tars, As yet Yugoslavia has no hydro-
genation plant in operation.
4. EM&ram of e loration and research -
a/ From the above it may be seen that a good start has
been made in explorations of the quantity and the quality of oil shales`
in Yugoslavia. The Aleksinac and Sinj deposits have been given most
attention, but not enough is known about them to permit the beginning of
exploitation,
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Explorations will presumably be continued as manpower and
facilities permit. This will involve the use of geological, geo-
physical,, drilling and mining methods as in the case of coal and
the same problems of classification of the reserves.
b/ Mining presents some problems, as at Aleksinac and Sinj.
Continued attention is being directed toward these problems. Mechan-
ization is being considered at Aleksinac for the simultaneous mining
of coal and shale.
c/ As to the retorting of shales, the Yugoslavs have concluded
that the "gas combustion" method worked out by the Bureau of Mines at
its Rifle Colorado experiment station is the best adapted to their
conditions. Assuming that the experience gained at Rifle can be made
available to Yugoslavia, the problem remains of adapting the USBM
process to the Yugoslav shales and then of developing a plant for
commercial exploitation.
Economic studies should also be undertaken from time to time
to reveal the comparative feasibility of using oil shales as a source
of liquid fuel. Such studies can reflect the most likely technical
processes available at the time and can thus put these sources of fuel
in their proper perspective within the framework of the national econ-
oigy and the national defense. The economic analysis would presumably
include a comparison between oil shale, petroleum and possibly other
sources of liquid fuels both as regards the investment cost and the
cost of production.
Appendix 10 lists the specific ways in which it is hoped the
Bureau of Mines can be of help to the Yugoslav scientists, including
advice in the mining and processing of shales, training of one or more
engineers and technicians, the supply of certain equipment, and the
provision of literature.
The needs outlined in the appendix and the plan of procedure
would seem to have merit and should be given such weight as the govern.
ment attaches to the investigation of its oil shale resources.
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A_PPENDXX I
Energy Resources Conference, Belgrade, February 9 to 11, 1953
Summary Report prepared by Ing. Slebinger
The Institute for Technical and Economic Research made arrange-
ments and convened the conference with the following agenda:
I Problems involved in inventorying of energy resources
of Yugoslavia
II Problems on the cost and economic feasibility of
electric energy
III Possibility of export of electric energy from
Yugoslavia
The conference was held in the Serbian AcadevV of Science on
February 9th - 11th, 1953 at 9-13 and 17-21.
In connection with item I of the agenda (attached hereto) the
conference was attended by directors of the electric systems of all
Republics and their most competent experts on the above problems,
counsellors with the Institute of Planning, the director of the Geo-
logical Institute of Yugoslavia, experts with the Institute of Geophysics,
experts in geology of fossil fuels, experts for the investigation of qual-
ity of coal, experts on hydrology, and experts on working out of energy
resources records. In connection with items II and III the most com-
petent experts were present from the whole country from the correspond-
ing hydro-electric design offices and from the institutions and bureaus
for power development. The conference was also attended as guests by
Mr. Warren H. Marple and Mr. A. V. Karpov, United Nations Technical
Assistance experts in Yugoslavia.
For the conference the following papers were prepared and
printed:
I On the problem of inventorying of energy resources
of Yugoslavia:
W. Marple: An Energy Resources Program
for Yugoslavia
2/ Inp. V. Ydkineic: Brief Survey of the
Geology of Fossil Fuels of
Yugoslavia
3/
Dr. Ing. V. Slebinger: Some Problems in
Inventorying "Gross" and "Net"
Hydroenerpy
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4/ Two large wall maps, one covering the geology of
fossil fuels and mother covering all hydro plants
in Yugoslavia that have been designed to date.
II The problems of cost and economic feasibility were dieruseed
and treated by an ad hoe commission.
III On the problem of export of electric energy the following
papers were prepared and read:
5/
6/
Ing. A. V. Karpov: Export of Electric
Energy from Yugoslavia
Ingo J. Jeri6: Possibilities of Export of
Electric Energy from Yugoslavia
to Italy
Ing. V. Korosec: Electric'Activities of
Austria.
The director of the Institute of Technical and Economic Research,
Inge Stjepan Han, opened the conference at 10.30 a.m. (on February 9th,
1953) and outlined the problems to deal with and the agenda.
In the morning the papers under (1) and (3) were read, in the
afternoon the paper under (5). Discussion followed and the following
commissions were formed to work out proposals on further work and its
organization:
a/ Commission for inventorying of hydro power
resources ("gross" and "net" power)
'b/ Commission for inventorying of fossil fuels
c/ Commission for investments and economic
feasibility
d/ Commission for balancing of electric energy
in Yugoslavia and for the analysis of foreign
markets
a/ Commission for the transml,esion of electric
energy
f/ Commission for inventorying of wind resources
in Yugoslavia.
These commissions hold separate meetings on February 10th, 1953
in the afternoon and reported their conclusions at the morning session
of February llth.
In the morning, February 11, 1953, Irg. J. Jerid read his
additional paper which was a supplement to that under (6). After-
wards, the export of electric energy was discussed..
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MWM
The discussion was led by Dr. Ing. V. Slebinger.
In the same morning of February 11th, Ing. S. Han presided a
special conference attended by the directors of the Electro-systems.
The conference discussed the problem of the organization of a future
union of electric enterprises and institutions in the individual
Republics. Such a union should coordinate the work among the Republics,
determine general methods to be used in the establishment of economic
feasibility and tariffs, and should represent their members in foreign
countries and at international conference.
On the same day ('11-II-1953) in the afternoon the conclusions
of the commissions (a - e) were read and followed by a discussion. It
was proposed unanimously to form commissions of experts who will work
out reports on the problems posed within an appointed time. Financial
funds and the composition of the commissions were also proposed.
The plenary meeting entrusted Ing. Brelih to work out the statute
of the union of electric enterprises. The plenary meeting stressed that
the need for the formation of such a union had existed since the business
of electric enterprises had been decentralized. Since then the need had
appeared for the coordination of the common important problems, especially
to form a body who could represent the electric branch of the national
economy in various international organizations.
The work of the conference was useful, because it outlined the
basic problems existing in the Yugoslav electrical economy of technical,
economic and organisational nature, and worked out proposals for future
work.
Belgrade, February 12, 1953.
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A G E N D A
of the conference to be held in Belgrade
on 9, 10 and 11 of February 1953
I. Inventorying of energy resources.
A. Water power.
1. Methods for inventorying of "gross" and
"net" water power
2. heasuring of streamflows in the Karst
B. Fossil Fuels
1. Methods for inventorying of fuels reserves
2. Programme of geological and geophysical
exploration work
II.. Methods for determination of cost of projected power plants
1. Selection of a general method for the
determination of investment needed for
the construction of power plants,
2ti Selection of a general method for the
determination of economic feasibility
of the projected power plants.
III, Possibilities for export of electric energy from Yugoslavia.
1. Production and consumption of electric
energy in Yugoslavia and future development.
2. Appraisal of future possibility of absorb-
tion of.our electric energy abroad (Austria,
Italy, Germany, Greece).
3. Techn.-econ. problems involved in the trans-
mission to large quantities of el. energy to
longer distances.
IV. Organization of the future work on some aspects of our power
development,
Organization of the work on inventorying of
energy resources.
2. Organization of the w ork on formulating of a
general method for finding out of the econ,
feasibility of power plants.
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APRENnTX n
Proposals of the Committee on Hydro
1. It is proposed to form a Subcommission for hydropower which
will be part of the Commission for energy resources formed with the State
Department of National Economy. The task of the Subcommission will be
to take care of the development of studies and utilization of water
power; at the same time .the Subcommission will make the proposals there-
upon to the State Administration. The Subcommission will consist of
experts in the field of water power utilization. They will most at
definite time and beside that, if necessary:
2. The inventorying of water power should be done in two steps
(stages, parts):
*/ Inventory of natural hydropower, ices of hydro
energetic potential.
b/ General plan of'the utilization of available
hydropower.
Enough work has-been done to date on both inventories, particularly
on the inventorying of natural hydropower. This work should be carried
on systematically. The HydroenergetLc Institute "Jaroslav Cerny" is asked
to submit a report which will show the present status of thewvrk on inven-
torying of hydropower. The Institute will also propose the methods for
the study of our water power and the form in which our hydropower will
be presented. The Institute is asked to do that until May 15th. The
basic data which are necessary in the study of hydropower are hydrologic
data. The hydrometeorologic service which collects and treats such data,
is not abreast of requirements, either with regard to the volume of the
work done or its quality. Therefore it is indispensable and urgent to
extend the hydrometeorologic service and to improve it.
It is recommended that the Federal. Administration of the Hydro
meteorologic Service should work out a program for strengthening and
improvement of its service in all respects.
Belgrade, February 12, 1953.
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APPENDIX III
De earnainiM
The Use o * s P " $L
P "Ma 1 ibd... uroere
(Fran an etnpublishcd paper by Dr, Ing n Vladimir
Slebinger, Institute for Technical and
Economic Research, Belgrade)
1Q a of the a waate M r of ?naoslavis
In order to establish the gross water power available, regardless
of its economic value or possibility of utilisation, it is only necessary
to have physical data an river profiles and discharge,, Gross power is
defined as the total power avaSla'b3,e in a streaa assuming 100% eftiaiano7,
according to the formula P egwOm 9o8/} Accordingly, with a sdnimm
of basic data, it is passible to arrive at an upper limit of the t;ydro
resources of a country and their geographic distribution.
The first tabulation of Yugoslav waterpower was oompoled by
Bernacky in 1922, His data were based meetly on the estimated river flours,
the enact data for which were unknown at the time.
Flaws of the aatn rivers are now such better known and possible
errors are considerably suallero The 1abft tabulation uses only arith-
natical mean floes, for which rather reliable informatiosc can be obtained0
Ri133ons of
kilosatt hours
per Year
DANUBE
(a)
MOSS'WATE R POSER OF UJ O8LAVIA
The Dumb* within ltepyoslavia (from
the point wlore it enters Yugoslavia
to basins where it begins to form the
boundary to Via) bas a kinetic
energy of 4.9 billion kilowatt curs
pry'OWO
(b) The Danube which fonts the border with
Z is (including the Iron Gate) has
energy of 1709 ad" ton Mom of which
the Yup Slav share would be halt or
8095 mile ls,
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409
So95
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BS 1]io na of
k laaatte.houra
per .rear
DRAVA
(a) From the Aatrisn border soar
Dravograd to the Kura Rivers
70goalav part of the river.
(b) From the Musa River to the Danube,'
Yugoslav pert of the rit0
7055
1086
From Spi1J. to the mouth,' Yugoslavs
pert of the river. 1,5
From its .onus to the Kupa River
including tributaries,' about 2,30
With its tributaries Dobra,' Yreadca
and Korana 2080
SAVA
From the amauth of the Kupa River to the
Danube
2o63
(exclusive of its tributaries) 2032
( N
0,92
214
PLIVA
N N 10 N )
0 N N N )
0018
3056
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,w b4 4a
Tributaries of the BO3NA River
(min tributaries)
The Upper Drina (Tara) true its source to
Seepauapo13e (3tephsnfield)
(Eoalueiire of tributauri")
From SeepancpalJe to the Sava
Riser (Elusive of tributaries)
(Ealusive of tributaries)
C1 3TINA
Billions of
idlo stt 'hours
Per Tear,
1060
2022
9005
2,55
2022
0082
0 N N N )
THE BIG 110RAYA
( N N N )
from 3ta2sa to the Danube
THE SOUTHIM MORAVA
(.z.],uaive of tributaries)
THE WESTERN I RAVA
NISAVA
0479
10 1
0.99
Ooh!
x033
1037
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 -95 -
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Rflh4 Aa of
kilosattihoure
Per Tsar
TI11OK
(exelusiye of tributaries)
Total Black 3" Draluage Area
(8022 million average kilowatts)
80 Drain's? Ares of the Adriatic Se
SOCA acid its aata tributaries, (Ytslav part)
REKA (Tierra,), dawn to sea level with its under-
ground course
RIJECINA
LOKVARKA, LICANKA, K
POT0K, POTWS, (TINQDOL5
using the total drop to sea level,
RUCICA, OTUCA, st.ao
047
2068
OA6
Oa94
1,49
wing all the head to sea level
1023
ZMIANJA
KREA
0029
CETINA
inclusive of its tributaries
M It a N in
1000
NTRSTVA
the large Karat fields
5o30
(exclusive of its tributaries)
4x28
Tributaries of the Neretva and Rama,
0,92
to the Dol3e i ka
Tributaries of the Neetva from the
Karat region d * stream of the
1Q69
Doljenka about
2000
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 OV y
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TRBBISNICA
Frain Gatacke Field dom to the
sea l!r-el
TIN BOJANA RIVER
8111400 of
kilowatt-hours
per year
2g68
Drainage area (drainage areas of
Seadae iske) Smtari (]false of the
Zeta and Maraca Rivera)
2030
CRNI DRIK
From Preapanske Lake to tbb RadikCa
River
0o90
RADIKA
inclusive of its tributaries
0,93
B= DRIM
a a " It
doom to Vrbaiaa (border)
Total Adriatic Drainage
0.5 .Ilion average kilo-
matte)
30006.
N ter only that energ;r of the Karat rivers has been included in the
e calculation which relates to the surface water; underground
tributaries which cannot be captured have been oni ttedo
Lr.a
maws Area of the As"= An
YARDAR
Frasm its source down to the
Greek border, ezolusive of its
tributaries
2,46
(e elusive of its tributaries)
0,59
( N
402'1
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Rillione of
kiloanttr-hours
POP 7o'
BREQALNICA
(azolusivs of its tributaries)
046
CRNA REKA
a of )
Oo98
Major tributaries of the Vardar and 8trisicct
River (Lepeansa, Narkava Reka, Teplca, Babuna
and Besava)
0175
Total Aegean Drainage
Total of the Above
(1203 ri1lion average kilo-
watts)
The MIj&iM mallef rites (suit as thO Nlava, Pak, Pereeko Reka and
Nora Rivers, the left-bank a utarlea of the Drava River, tributaries-
of the Sava River downstream of the Rupa tributaries of the Mai Sava,
Vrbae, Lim and Piva? Rivers, the Crai., Bait Veliki? and Mali Rsaav, .radar
and Kelubara River. tributaries of the lbar River, smaller rivers of
Serbia and Macedonia eta,) anastt to about 2 mil]ion kwo, i,e, to about
17026 billion kwo per year,,
S1 .aIxS, the total kinetic energy of water in the streaaass In an
average year in !u oslsvia amounts to about 125 billion KWhs, or in terms
of average power, 1403 ndllion kilmattso This is the eactreana upper limit
of hydropower, only a fraction of which can be econoadcaUz utilized,
20 R e l a t i o n between a e" "not" wat2E EM 2C
in 1952, the total world output of electric energy reached in round
figures, 1,000 billion kwho- anropean production, which amounted to a
quarter of the world output should be increased by 100 billion kwh by
1956, Such an increase wi l involve, a tremendous expenditure in the build.
ing of hydro and thermal plants, The conclusion may be reached on the
basis of present studies that Europe can attain an ultimate "uet" bydro
output of g09 billion kwh per year (Ecc nomic Bulletin for Euucope, 2nd
quarter 1952),
The 'grass" hYdropower, iaso the total energy of all, running waters
of B wope, is estimated at .1,800 billion kwhq so that the not utiliza-
tion amounts to 5O9:1800 or 28 per cent,
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It is interesting bow the (snoop* of the uaablenesr of water
power has changed with the passage of.tinso In Saritserland, for
example, sons tine before f]d War I, it was thought that
430,000 k lowatts could be utilized coonamical3yo In 1914 they raised
this to about 1 millian kilowatt. At proasat they estimate that 302
million kilowatts, of roan power could be udltsedo
Italy asserts that it has already developed over 60 per cat of
its usable water pow r, and that only the mw e expensive plants remain
to be builto
Similarly, in the United Stateg the yep tion of its roes water
power which im regarded as ecaeio i.ca.oly usable, is continually being
raised owing both to a rapid inorease of do and to iaprovament in
teohnolagy0
The overall efficiency (etatet), Ioeo the relationship between
the "net" drmenergy,vhicb can be generated and the "mss" mere of
a river system depends out
(1) the proportion of available stream flow which
reaches the turbine . eta Q,
(2) the quantity of available head which is utilised
by the turbine m eta H
(3) the efficiency of the turbine - eta T, the gene-
rator eta 0 and the tranettorner - eta Tre and
(4) the efficiency of tray omission - eta L
The following table gives several txpioal cases and illustrate.
the gradual development of the technology of water parer utilisationa
TnM Of Plant aria Q
eta H
eta T
eta 0
eta Tr
eta L
eta Total
(a) Early type .
PlInt
Q1 W Q20
0033
0092
O075
0o90
0a98
0090
0018
(b) Modem rm:. of
rive plant
Ql 8 102 Qw
0072
0097
0a89
0,96
0099
0093
0955
(c) as (b) but with
regulated flog OQ67 0.97
alas 1043 Qs 0
0.89
0.96
Oo99
0093
0466
(d) Storage p
in an integer
ted eysteym 0096 0.97
Q1 a, 1.75 Qsr
094
Oa97
0099
0.94
0075
and up
1200390007-9
 -M 6n 4W
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After aodesst turbines had been developed, no substantial ins
crease of efficiency could be eacpected with regard to intakes, electrical
machinery. aid transsdssion system, The total. officio r can be raised
only by reducing water losses through spills,, That can be done if the
streamfUm is regulated by storage and if extensive integration is pro-
vided in large electrical systems. Multi-purpose water development
schemes permit the best utill eatiou of available water both for the gene-
ration of power and for other purposeso If the h,err are regulated
by storage reservoirs and if high flows are evened out the lower reaches
of streams can also be utilised eaonosic& y, 'aspecia1lg if navigation
comes into consideration, When everything is oonaidered, we see that
the utilisation of water paimr gradually c:: endm over entire river Bye-
tees from mountain' brooks dam to the mainat
In Yugroelaaia, hydroplanta such as Tito, Doblar and Flays (with
no storage) shows an overall utilisation of 56 per cent, and those an
the Drava 60 per cent, also with no storage basins, A good illustra.
tion of plants with mall storage is provided by the DobraaNa*esai,caoraaa
River system, where an overall efficiency of about 65 per cent is attained,
Yav'rovo and Vinodol storage projects approach the highest percentage
attainable, ice, about 75 per canto
An important feature of Yugoslav rivers is that they are rich
in water in the winter moans (October through March) contrary to the pat-
tern of Alpine and Scandinavian rivers, If tranudasion lines are built,
these winter water masses will represent valuable enemy for integration,
Thus, winter overflows will be reduced to a atniarun. That means that
larger installatlow will be made where large quantities of winter water
occur,
The producing capacity of Yugoslav hydroplante both projected and
under consideration mounts to about 42 billion kilowatt-hours, Many ri.
ver systems have not yet been Studied, In the opinion of the Yugoslav
de igoerss the total net energy-th&t'.can--be attained in Yugoslavia within
the limits of economic feasibility, amounts to 50 billion kilowatt-hours,
The ,goes t0droemmrgy of all Streams of !bgosaavia bed about 125 billion
kiiowattmhoursa the above quantity of 50 billion would represent a total
utilisation of 40 per sent,
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,. 90 M
A_P.1'.. E N, D.. I. X IV
PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PUBLISHED AND UNPUBLISHED DATA ON
YUGOSLAV HYDROPOWER
No.
Publication
Publisher and year
of publication
Content
Language
A- Inventory of Streams
1. Inventory of streams of
the Kingdom of Serbians,
Croates and Slovenians
Main Water Board, Inventory of streams
Belgrade, 1924 starting from those
10 km long and up and
including all their Serbian
features (length, drain-
age area); a map and
longitudinal profiles
are attached
B-- _Maming of Streams (published and unpublished)
2a Maps and profiles of
the Great Morava, the
Southern Morava, with
Bi,nacka, the Western
Morava, the Ibar and
the Danube Rivers
3. Longitudinal profile
& cross sections of
the Danube River
4. Longitudinal profile
and cross sections of
the Tisa River (section
Tisbetch-Segedin)
Mapping of the rivers
Nishava (1924), Brina
(1926-1929), Vardar
(1926), Ptchinya with
the Kumanovska River
(1927 and Drava (1930)
Main Water Board, Technical report, a
Belgrade 1924-1927 map, longitudinal
profiles and cross Serbian
sections geologic map
and typical profiles
Budapest, 1905
PIM,
longitudinal profiles
& cross sections of the Hungarian
Danube River
Budapest 1934 Plan,
longitudinal profile
& cross section of the Hungarian
Tisa River
Unpublished
Technical report, map
longitudinal profile
and cross sections, Serbian
detailed plans
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-91-
N?.
Publisher and year
of publication
6.
Local plan with profiles
of the Drina River (1,
2, 3 and 4)
Unpublished
Rapping of small streams
in the drainage area of
the Great and Southern
Morava (47 streams), West-
ern Morava (20 stream),
Ibar. (12 streams) and
Nishava (9 streams)
Unpubli ehmd
C- Annual Reports
a. Reports on precipita-
tion, water stages and
-stream flows
9. dater stage observa-
tion in 1940
10 Documents pluvio-
metriques et Hydro-
metriques du Royaume
des Serbes, Croates
et Slovenes
Main Water Board
with the Ministry
of Public Works, Belgrade
Zagreb, 1942
Main Water Board,
Belgrade,1923
Language
Suitability of Drina Serbian
for floating of-timber
Technical report, map,
profiles and detailed Serbian
plans
Daily oebservatione
made at rain and stream
gaging stations, data
on the measurement of Serbian,
water quantity. Attached
are a map showing rain-
fall, -a map showing.. the
distribution of gaging
stations, and graphs of
water stages.
Daily observations of
water stages, made at
gaging stations. A
map is attached showing
the distribution of Croatian
gaging stations. (Serbia,.
Montenagro, Macedonia
and Slovenia are not
included).
Preface to the report
on water stages and French
rainfall in 1923
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No.
Publication
=11. Hydrologic Yearbooks
(from 1941 to 1950)
(Book VII)
Publisher and year
of publication
Language
Federal Hydrometeor- Daily observations at
ologic Service Admin- grater stream gaging
istration, stations, observations
Belgrade, 1947-1952 of ground water, water Serbian
temperature. Attached
are a map showing the
network of gaging eta-
tions, and graphs of
water stages.
120 Water stages and preci- Budapest, 1893-1917
.tationa (rainfall).
Mom 18138-1916)
Daily observations at
rain and stream gaging
stations with many
graphs. Included arei
the Danube from Bezdan
down to Orshava, the Hungarian
Drave from~Donji Miholjac
down to Osijek, the Sava
from Zagreb down to
Nitrovica, the Kupa from
Karlovats down to Sreditcka,
the Tisa from z)enta down
to Titel.
13. Observations of rain- Civil engineering Daily observations of
fall and water stages Department of Croa- water stages and rain-
in the Kingdoms of tian and Slovenian fall. Attached is a map
Croatia and Slovenia Kingdoms, showing the location of
(from 1894-1913) Zagreb, 1898-1914 rain gaging and (stream)
gaging stations. Covered
is the territory delimited
by the Drava down to Croatian
Osijek, by the Danube
down to the mouth of the
Sava, by the Sava down to
Jasenovats, by the Una
down to Srb, by the Zrmanja
down to sea level (Adriatic
Sea), farther the border
goes along the sea coast
up to Rijeka, crosses
Nilanov vrh, follows up
the.Kupa River to Virodin,
the Sutla upstream to Nil jan
and farther up to the Drava
northwest from Ormoz.
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/10: CIA-RDP%0Q423R001200390007-9
Publication
Publisher and year
of publication
Language
14.
J8hrbuch des K.u K.
Mydrographic Service
hydrografisohen Central-
of Austria,
Bureaus (1893, 1397-
1897-1917
1909, 1912, 1913)
15.
Annali idrologici
Ministry of Public
(1927, 1929, 1936)
Works, Rome 1930,
1939, 1941.
U.
Report on duration and
frequency of water sta-
ges and on streamflows
for large and minor
rivers of Yugoslavia
Daily observations of
water stages and rain..
fall, water temperature,
duration of water stages.
Attached. is a: map show-
ing average rainfall
Lund the1ocation of
hydrometeorotogic sta-
tions. The territory
treated as that whose
limit goes up from German
Adriatic, crosses Visot-
chitsa, turns eastwards
to Mlinishte,'then to
south - east across
Byelashn:ttsa, south-
wards to Triglav, then
to the south tilt Oryen
and down to sea near
Sutomer from where it
goes along the seacoast
up to Visocica.
Daily observations.of
water stages and rain-
fall, water tempera-
ture, oceanography.
Includes data on the Italian
measurements of alluvian
Covers the territory
from the, source of the
Sotcha down to its mouth
then along the sea coast
to Rijeka, then across
Postojna up to the source
of the Dolinka River.
Ministry of Public Durations and frequencies
Works, Hydrotechni- of water stages, stream
cal Department, flow with corresponding
Belgrade, 1936-193a graphs for the following
large rivers: the Danube,
Drava, Tisa,Sava and Serbian
Morava, and for the fol-
lowing minor rivers :
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Publication
Publisher and year Content Language
of publication
the Kupa, Una, Vrbas, Bosna,
Drina, Piva, Lim, Kolubara,
Souther Morava, Nieava, Western
Morava, Ibar, Mlava, Pek, Timok,
Tamis and' Vardar
D- General S i r e Flow ,ec as of Xu~cr; av ,a
17. General stream flow Federal 3iydrometeor- Technical report, a map
records for the rivers: ologic Service Admin- showing average pre-
Danube, Tisa and Sava istration, cipitation, tables co- Serbian
Belgrade, 1952 vering stream flows &
graphical representa-
tion 'of hydrologic data
18. General stream flow Federal Hydrometeor- Technical report, a map
records for the rivers: ologic Service Ad- showing average pre-
Timok, Crni Timok, ministration, aipitation,; tables in-
Veliki Timok, 1lava, Belgrade, 1952 cluding stream flows & Serbian
Pek, Drina graphical representa-
tion of hydrologic data
19. Hydrologic data on
the Sava Dolinka
River
Runoff of some major
tributaries of the Sava
from Radovl.jica down-
stream to Catis
The Sava River from
Radovljica down to
Radece
Ministry of Public Hydrologic data on the
Works, Sava Dolinka inclusive
Ljubljana, 1947 of graphical represent- Slovenian
ation of k drologic
data
Hydrometeorologic Discharges of s ome
Service Administra major tributaries of
Lion, the Sava In the Ra
Ljubljana, 1947 dovljica Catez reach Slovenian
(river section).
Hydrologic data are
graphically represented.
Hydrometeorologic Hydrologic data on
Service Administra- the Sava River from
lion, Radovljica down to
Ljubljana,'1947 Radece. Graphical Slovenian
representation of
hydrologic data is
included
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Publication
Publisher and year
of publication
Language
22. The Middle Drina Hydroelectro project Hydrologic report to
(hydrologic report) Belgrade, 1947 the basic plan of
water power develop-
ment scheme of the Serbian
Drina River including
numerical and graph-
ical data
23.
A study of the stream
Hydroelectro project
flow of the Drina at
Belgrade, 1952
Zvornik
The Lim River
Hydroelectro project
Belgrade, 1947
development of the Serbian
Lim River and its
tributary Uvac.
Graphical represent-
ation of hydrologic
data is included.
25,
Variations of stream
flows in the rivers
Western Morava, Rzav,
Lim, Uvac and Great
Morava
Federal Hydrometeor- Technical report: a.
ologic Service Ad- map of the drainage
ministration, basin including ave- Serbian
Belgrade, 194a-1949 rage rain fall, hydro-
logic data (graphs)
are included.
E- Water Power Records
26 Preliminary inventory Main Water Board Technical report in-
of water power of the Belgrade, 1921 cluding graphs and a Serbian
Kingdom of Serbians, map of water powers
Croates and Slovenians
27.
Federal Hydrometeor-
ologic Service Ad-
ministration
Belgrade, 1928-1950
Technical report
inclusive of gra-
phical representa- Serbian
tion of hydrologic
data
Hydrologic report
introducing the ba-
sic plan of power
Technical report: a
table showing stream
flows and graphs thereof;
profiles including Serbian
water power of the
individual streams
Tres)Kpprrvedd;oh- se 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423 R001200390007-9
power records of tht
Great 14orava
inclusive of their tribu-
taries; of the Vardar and
Records of water poorer
of Yugoslavia in the
drainage basins of the
Western Morava, Southern
Morava, and Drina Rivers
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28.
Publisher and year
of publication
Language
Water power of the rivers Hydroenergetic Insti- Technical report
Catina (inclusive of the tute "Jaroslav Tcherny" including all
karat fields), Neretva, Belgrade, 1951-1952 numerical and gra- Serbian
Rama, Una, with the Unac phical data and a
and Boana map of water powers
F- Per odicals and Studies
29. Rydrometeorological
courier
30.
The Courier
Federal, Hydrometeoro-
logic Service Admin-
istration, Belgrade
Federal Hydrometeoro-
logic Service Admin-
istration,
Belgrade, 1952
31. Navigation map of the fain Water Board
Iron Gates (Djerdap) Belgrade
on the Danube River
32. Caverns in the vicinity
of Osijek, Velika
Paklenica and Zamet
33.
34.
Geologic Institute of
Yugoslavia,
Belgrade, 1938
Serbian
Work on the study -of a Main Water Board 8 volumes of tech-
general regulation of Belgrade, 1924 nical reports on the Serbian
the Danubian sector regulation of the
"Djerdap" (Iron Gate) Iron Gates
Statistics and consider- Main Water Board
ations on the traffic in Belgrade, 1924
the "Djerdap" sector
`35. The Danube, its econo-- Vienna, 1932
mic and cultural func-
tion in Central and
Eastern Europe
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German
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No.
Publication
Etude our Is Regime des Rome, 1934
glacee du Danube (A Study
on the regimen of ice on
the Danube)
Publisher and year
of publication
37. Zur Hydrographic des Belgrade, 1934
Cerknisko Polje (Hydro-
graphy of the 'Cerknieko
Field)
38a
The traffic on the wa-
. terways in 1923, 1924
and 1925
39. Report on the regiment
of ice on the Yugoslav
section of the Danube
in the 1928-1929 winter
Main Water Board
Belgrade, 1934
Ministry of Public
Works,
Belgrade,, 1934
Report on the distri- Ministry of Public
butionof the precipita- Works,
tion by quarters and on Belgrade, 1937
the rainfall depth in the
vegetation period in the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
41. Code for geodetic works Main Water Board
Belgrade, 1929
42.
43.
44-
Report on the activities Main Water Board
of the Main Water Board Belgrade, 1921
A list of the works of
the Main Water,Board
Main Water Board
Belgrade, 1928
Technical directions for Main Water Board
the investigation of the. Belgrade, 1924
Morava River
45. Compte-rendu de l'etude Alain Water Board
de Is crue de 1926 dane Belgradep 1928
le secteur Bezdan-Bukin
(Report on the study of
the 1926 high water on
the Bezdan-Bukin section)
Approve or a eas
Content
Language
German
Serbian
Serbian
Serbian
Serbian
Serbian
Serbian
Serbian
 ? 98
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APPENDIX V
Gassmission fcu~ ,,Fossil Fuels
Report to the Energy Resources Conference, Belgrade,
Fobruuy'11, 1933.
The task of this commission is to propose a general methodology
for the computation of the reserves of fossil fuels,
Considering the d efisi * nc e8 and voids in, the present regulations
which relate to the manner of computing reserves, it is necessary to
make a new general methodology which should, in the first instance, cover
the following ite=s
1, The computation should include not only quantitatiTe data on
the size of reserves, but also data on the quality of the useful matter
as well as information on the special distribution of the different kinds
with regard to their technological properties Further, ,the computation
should ' include d to on the geologic conditions of occurrence of useful
matter and on other natural. factors which determine the conditions con-
nected with the work of mining and production.
2, Stand+ds for the classification of reserves should be as
specific as possible to reduce as match as possible the" influence of the
subjective elosaezts'. But the standards should not be so eAensive as to
render the exploration work too expensive or time consuming. At the same
time the standards should not be so general as to lessen the accuracy of
the computations.
3. So-called, "Out-of-balancer on =totalled reserves should be
required to be computed* Limits determining such reserves with regard to
the- depth of the eef4' matter, the minimum thickness of .the mineral depo-
sit, the minimum content of the useful matter, eta,,, should be specifically
presented.
The commission should also classify the deposits of fossil fuels on
the basis of the geologic conditions which characterized the individual de-
posits. It should also work out detailed regulations and requests which
govern the classification of the reserves for each category of deposits
separately..
During. their work, the oooaoission should make a critical study and
comparison of the present standards for the classification of reserves
elsewhere in the world, and evaluate their deficiencies ad advantages<
C-r anization of the work of the camas on
The work on methodology will be or?g ized in such a way that groups
of experts should be formed by each republic.. These groups, guided by the
above. mentioned tascks, will make their own plans for proceeding with the
above-mentioned tasks.,, aid will discuss them later at the Sant meeting where
a general proposal will be made,
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s
The sai nths which start %theme complete
their proposals in three m day when this
proposal is accepted by the plenary vonferenceo The f nal proposal for
methodology vdll be worked out. in a time which will be determined later
at a plenary meeting of the cacdssione
cost of the wort of the o02WOBI
The salaries for the work of them of the commission will
amount to about 1.700?000 diners. The cc: .*n o-nsists of 24 members;
if the republic n groups an iioluded, t hsa :hc are 23 aen ers in
total.
rlanation of the asats:
Travelling e~ esa~~aoeosmamaa sQ
Daily allowances, 22 iC7OQ din;,,,,,,
Haanoraria to the collaborators,
eocreteries a9 other sapeneas4.aae
Members of the aoewd.ssi?u
1) In& Popovia Boca,
Inge Blasek A1eksaadar
3 lug* Mir cov Korneli je
(4 Professor Pavlovic Itilos
(5 Ingo Vukanovia Brauko
(6 Professor From Dragutin
(7) 'Geologist ldikincio Vj.koslav
Zit
1 Professor Ogulinac Josip
2 Professor Rubinia Antun
(3) Inge Kisia Peter
(1) Naga Vra lov Ni ko
(2 Ingo Gr jia Ne .ad
Lublaics
1 lug, aka n Karl o
(2) . In. JegAia
Dine 690.O000.
K 154*00o?-
a ,..
Din.l70O.QO0o.
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Ing. Popovic Bosa was proposed to asau s the work on the
scientific classification of coal with regard to its technological
propertieso
Ingo Yikincio Vjeloasls was proposed to organise the whole work
of the cored Sion.
In nveutorying fossil fuels it will he indispensable to carry
out as soon as possible the necessary geologic and geophysical e lora-
ticos. Before the. work starts,, our inetitixe : ohould be supplied with
some additional geophysical lns nts and our geologic and geopl rsieal
staff should be improved by searing some of theem abroad to specialise
and train. In that regard the assistance of the UNO should be very
useful.
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APPENDIX VI
Problems of Classification of Fossil eee
Statement by Inge V jekeslav Uikinoic, Director of
the National Geologic Institute, before the Eaaorgy
Resources Conferonce in Belgrade, Febx + y U. 1953
The result. which have been achieved to date, though incomplete,
are of great scientific and economtc sipificualco and point the way
to be f olloired in our further works It is necessary, however, that tie
results achieved be of use to the co a try in its further and proper
economic development. Therefore, they must be expressed in terms of
reserves of our mineral raw suers s4 Such a c amputation' of reserves
should provide the basis for establishing the extent of our mineral sup-
plies which in turn will serve as the basis of our future economic
developments
If we are aware of the importance of the mineral wealth than it
is quite obvious that the problem of the exact cctation of reserves
and the problem of the methods used in the calculation are of primary
significances It appears, however, that this problem has been definitely
solved either in our ooumtry or in other countries, For this reason,
we believe that the problem- of the methods which should be adopted in
the computation of reserves, and in their classification, should be ?
posed and some solution reached0
What does this problea consist ct?
An far as we kbow, there are, broadly speaking, two a'1.assificam
tions of mineral raw materials. According to the first olaasedfice, jam,
mineral deposits are divided into "visible" reserves, Oprobable" vs.
serves and "possible" reserves. This classification, with a nmber of
subdivisions, is used by most countries in the world.
According to the second classification, which is used in the
Soviet Un on, ndneral reserves are divided into Al, A2, B, Cl, and C2
categories.
If we compare these two basic classifications,, we shall find that
Al and A2 categories correspond to "visible" reserves, the B category
to "probable" reserves,, and Cl and C2 categories to "possible" reserver,
What than is the difference between the two classifications? Substan-
tially, there Is no difference in the classification itself, The
difference appears in the criteria according to which gives reserves
are classified. In fact, the criteria doter ncs the way in which
reserves are compF at ed i.e. the methods used in their comptation, Them
fore -it is not ea .ntl.al what we shall call, the reserves. What is of
essential significance is the conditions on which the classification is
based, ie. what elements sat a ,st to allow us to classify a given
reserve into one or another category* This is the question that has
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to be solved, because the criteria used in the determination of
categories is neither generally accepted nor precise,, and'this fact
often gives occasion to everyone concerned with the computation of re.
serves to act subjectively when he has to decide into which category to
include individual mineral deposits. Because of that, there is often
no agreement in the appraisal of reserves as between different engineers,
and this fact certainly renders the exactness of the estimates themselves
rather doubtftal.
In our opinion which is based on experience gained to date both
the above mentioned c ,assitications are def a ., .t as to the criteria
adopted for the determination of mineral
ti rr sa
The main deficiency of the first alasaif'ioation which could be
referred to as the English classification (its be principles were
determined by the Institute of Vluing and Metallurgy in London in 1902
and 1912, and later were accepted and completed by specialized scientific
institutes in Germany, the United States and other countries) is that the
necessary elements governing the inclusion of a particular reserve into
a given category are not precisely enough determined, This is particularly
true for the "probable' and "possible" reserves,, These two categories
are conceived in a much too general and indefinite way, They are also
ladling in concrete conditions which should specify the criterion for clas-
sification more exactly, This fact in its turn, creates' broad possibilities
of acting subjectively in the computation of the reservesg which in turn
often leads to considerable differences in the reserves coomputed for the
same mineral bed by different estimators,
Another deficiency of this classification, so far as our condition
are concerned, is that the classification dove not provide for a special
category of reserves for these resources which as a practical matter
cannot be a .cited tor one reason or another (depth of useful ore, very
thin deposit, very low content of useful minerals, etas.). This is whgr
there are considerable differences In the computation of reserves, especially
of these of lower categories.
The Russian classification does not possess these basic deficeen.
cisso It provides for precise conditions which govern the assignment of
a deposit to a particular category, This classification also comprises a
special category, the submarginal or no called untotalied reserves which
include these mineral reserves that under present conditions cannot as a
practical matter, be utilized0 It is obvious that this olassification is
more complete, which is why we adopted it in its ontiretyb
It has deficiencies, howe+rer, which reflect in the first instance
in too rigorous dwn~da imposed in the classification process. This is
particularly true of the categories of higher rank. This classification
demands for each type of mineral deposits special conditions which permit
the classification. These damanft for higher rank categories are often
so demanding that the wipe ,ture for the reaUriation of conditions i*,
posed generally weeds the value of the deposits themselves, Apart-from
that, the prelimin investigations called for by these regulations
demand so long a period of time that actual a for ation is retardedoa
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These are the basic deficiencies of the present c2assifioat,one
of the mineral reserves, with regard to the methods used in the oc uta.
tion. There are also other deficiencies which are not of essential
significance and which can be easily r nedied by appropriate instructions,
As to our own needs, it is necessary to adopt a single general
classification with clearly defined canditiora for the categorisation of
reserves. The conditions should be so provided for,that the influence of
the subjective elements in the co -utation off" reserves could be reduced
as to a minimum. Such condit a should not bo so extensive as to increase
appreciably the cost or to retard the explorrtia-" work.
The computation of the reserves sho, l.d include not only quantitative
data on the deposits, but also data on the geological position of the ore,
its quality, the distribution of the different t , eo of the sacra mineral
ore on its physical and cheeeical properties, and other aspects which affect
the conditions of mining and exs? oitation. That means that the mineral re-
serves should be not only a geolsgia concept but also a mining and tectmical
concept. The classification itself should be ba,od on a iAiversal principle
of conputaticaa The classification must provide for definite rules and
conditions which will define bow reserves are to be computed with regard to
the practical possibility for their eloitation, and will state what me-
thods have to be used for the deterwin Lion of each category, such as mining
exploratory works, deep drilling, geophysical invastigatiouns or geological
conclusions.
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APPI2IDIX VII
gel= Of 2M IA2221.11
by
Haf`taplin Zagreb
The northern part of Yu wlavid is o3 Fief covered by younger
sedimentary deposits from all periods of the Ce >aoic era, Such deu-
posits over a large part of Tuuelavia extending from Slovenia on the
most across Croatia and Vojvodima on the east, ie-ral ding the northern
slopes of the bills of Bosnia and Sum sdiJsa At certain places the se-
dimeary- rocks form very thick beds, so that geologic forseatieans
sometimes exceeds the thickness of several hsd metres, There are
many geologic structures there some of than larger, other smaller,
They all represent potential places for the aeaui ul tion of oil and
gasp . This possibility is indicated by the geologic fom, stratigraphic
composition or existence of sand and sandstones, most of which struc-
tures are of - collectorsa
In this area., the swarces of all and gas are connected chiefly
with strata between the Yesosoic and Ce osoio, i0e. chiefly with
Viocame and Pliocene and to a smaller extent with Eocene, The oil
and gas in exploitation at 0o3lo, Lendava, Yramor Brdo, and Sumecan ,
originate from these geologic formations, idea from their Torton and
Abichi layerso
In addition to these younger geologic areas in the northern part
of Yugoslavia., there are older sedimentary rocks - from the Paleosoio
and Mesozoic era, which cover the whole. southern and coastal belts
comprising parts of Montenegro Hercegovina, Bosnia and the whole of
Dalmatia, the Croatian Litter $ and Istria, In these areas deposits
more abundant and richer than those In northern- Yugoslavia may be found
owing to the nature and genesis of the deposits, neely, a large open
ocean in the geologic past, extensive and deep sedimentary deposits
and favourable ors .tics for oil aocum ulationa Mile contrasts with
the, large closed seas, but smaller structures which are revealed in the
Seclogy of northern T agoalaviaD
. gt+ aive eVleratiom work is now being carried out in the
Montenegrin Littoral. Depending on results achieved, the investigation
may be extended to Daineatta, tho' Croatian Littoral and Istria0
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APPENDIX 8
PLANATION OF THE GEOPHYSICAL MAP
OF OBMURJE
Statement by Nafta Lendava /Slovenija/
Obmurje, which is presented on our geophysical maps, geographically
belongs to the southeastern part of the Slovenske Gorice. The Slovenske
Gorice lie on the southwestern half of the map, stretching towards the
Mura River Valley in low hills.
Geologically, this region belongs to the Graz Gulf which is one
of the numerous gulfs of the Panonian Sea. This is a young Tertiary
basin, delimited on the south by the Sava folds, on the west and north
by the central Alps, on the east it opens into the Panonic Lowland.
The Graz Gulf contains Miocene, Pliocene and Holocene sediments'.
The sediments have been affected by some Pliocene folds. From our point
of view, the most important was the Post-dacian folding. The origin of
the so-called Selnice-Pekienica anticline and our oil deposits at
Petisovci near Lendava can be connected with that folding.
On the extreme western edge of the map, Torton and Sarrnat strata
occur on the surface. The strata sink gradually in the eastern and south-
eastern direction under the Panonian sediments.
Geologist Dr,.Moos determined the following regional boundaries of
the formations in the Graz Gulf: the line Graz-Spllja separates the
older Miocene strata from the Sarmat strata. On the west of this line,
there are older Miocene strata with coal content, Silt also occurs there.
On the east of the above line are the horizontal Sarmat strata,
The Sarmatic strata sink under the Panonian sediments near the
Lendava Valley, somewhat east from the boundary between Yugoslavia and
Austria and south from the Mura River, in the region east from Radgona.
Exploration and exploitation of oil wells have shown how the
thickness of the Pliocene sediments grows in the eastern and southeastern
directions.
The wells were drilled near 1'ureka Sobota. The western well met
bedrock at 800 metres; the eastern well met bedrock at 1100 matron.
They were both drilled through the 'anon. Sarmat and Torton are not
mentioned in the reports.
The reports say that the bedrocks are made of gneiss.
The Lendava well is drilled through the Panon at a depth of about
1800 metres. The Lendava Panon will probably be followed by the Sarmat
about 200 metres thick, below which Torton is likely. This was estab-
lished by drilling a well to the depth of 2500 metres,
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In Hungary, the Panon is 2000 metres thick,
In the attached geophysical map we can see several anticlinal
structures. Going from the northeast:to the southeast, we can see the
Radgona anticline flret, at Strukovci.
The Sobota anticline follows. Its axis has a SW-NE direction.
It stretches from the Videm village to Sebeborci. At this anticline,
one of the above-mentioned wells /near Muraka Sobota/ was drilled and
it reached bedrock at a depth of 800 metro.
Northeast from H4urska Sobota Use the Bogonja anticline. On its
southeastern flank the second well /near Mureka Sobota, at Rakicane/
was drilled; it reached bedrock at 1100 metres. One the eastern and
southeastern flanks of this anticline, Panon strata are supposed to
be thicker. But these regions have not yet been investigated, though
they are likely to contain some oil.
The Sobota and Bojina anticlines embrace the large Ljutomer
syncline which lies between Ljutomer and. Beltinci.
Very instructive for the whole area, particularly for the Lendava
oil field, in the anticline which goes from Ormoz to northeast-and turns
southwest from Strigova and Selnica and Peklenica. The axis of the
anticline sinks towards the east. Between Peklenica and Ornoz, straight
along the crest of the .anticline, low hills extend which enable the
geologists to observe its structure. As the axis of the anticline goes
down in the northeast and east direction, the oldest strata which form
the anticline, i.e., its core between Ormoz and Strigove, become visible
owing to the denudation phenomenon. Younger sediments follow in the
eastern direction until they get covered-over by Holocene alluvium, in
the plain, east from Peklenica.
Torton appears on the surface in the'area between Ormoz and Strigovo,
followed by Sarmat in the northeastern direction and further east Panon
overlies the Sarmat formation.
The exploratory deep well at Kog showed that Torton was about
800 metres thick and that probably Helvet was beneath it, but Velvet
was not proven as no fossils were found. The well failed in the alleged
Helvet after it had been drilled for about 700 metres.
Torton is formed of sandy marls and sandy clays, which contain
Dyers a few centimetres thick of Leita limestone and calcareous sand-
stones. These. sandstones are very hard. The marls contain many macro
and microfoasila.
Helvet is formed of dark, hard sandy marlaj, which are badly faulted.
This tectonic fracturing of the structure makes drilling very difficult.
Sarmat, 200 metres thick, overlays the Torton, and'Panon is above
the Sarmat. On the crest of the Selnice-Peklenica anticline, are old
oil fields /near Selnica and Peklenica/. Gil was obtained there from
the Upper and flower Panons. Panon lies in these areas rather shallow.
The wells are 50 to 200 metres deep. Panon is formed of sandy loose
marls and sandy clay with thinner horizons of flint sands and flint
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At Selnica, the Lower Panon in its Abichi stratum is oil bearing;
at Peklenica, the Upper Panon in its Rhomboidea strata is also oil
bearing.
At Selnica, in the Abichi stratum, there are two oil horizons lying
at depths .of 0 - 200 metres. The strata are five to six metres thick.
From the and of the past century up to the present, about 130 shallow
and 14 deep wells have been drilled there. Shallow wells, in most cases,
do not exceed a depth of 200 metres, while deep wells go from 200 metres
to 1100 metres. Thus, deep wells reach the Torton. So far, only one
well is believed to give oil from the Tor~?on.' Most deep wells failed
owing to poor and inadequate equipment. Now that more modern methods
and more experience in drilling are at our disposal, we should investi-
gate the deeper layers, because the Panon has already been explored
there and rather exhausted. Perhaps it would pay to investigate the
Panon on the southern flank of the anticline, where little has been
drilled so far.
At Peklenica, the oil bearing sandy horizon ties in the Rhomboidea
stratum. A hundred years ago, people began to exploit oil from this
stratum which is about three metres thick. Altogether, about
70 shallow wells and 2 deep wells were drilled. The deep ones were
negative.
The area east from Peklenica, towards the. Hungarian border was
explored by drilling four deep wells. No well gave positive results.
Probably.the wells failed because of technical deficiencies with the
equipment.
More exactly and systematically were explored the Panon strata on
the northern flank of the Seliiea-Peklenica anticline. There, the strata
formed a kind of terrace. On this terrace, the Petisovci /near Lendava/
Oil Field was developed.
In the Petisovci, oil field the Panon is subdivided as follows:
Upper Panon - Rhomboidea strata
Lower Panon - Abichi strata
Pre-Valentian strata
In the Lower Panon occur marls, marl sandstones and light grey,
course grain sized and comparatively loosely bound. flint sandstones
which are oil collectors at Petisovci.
The strata of flint sandstones occur in series.. The series are
se;,arated by thicker strata of marl. The aeries of sandstones have their
particular names. The lowest of the Pre=Valentian strata are called the
Petisovci strata. In the past, we distinguished five horizons. At
present, we have established that only the first and, eventually, the
second appear continually across the whole field; all the others occur
more or less lens-shaped, therefore they are developed in each part of
the field, sometimes even in each well, in a different war.
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Our chief oil resources lie in the Petisovci strata, at a depth
between 1600 and 1750 metres. The single sandy strata are six to ten
metres thick.
Over the Petisovci strata, there is a 20 to 30 metres thick strata
of marl, that we call Lendava marl. A sandy series called Lovasi
series lies over it. The Lovasi series which has been investigated
incompletely, contains chiefly gas and only infrequently oil. The
series reaches from 1610 metres to 1525 metres.
The Petisovci strata and the Lovasi series belong to the
Pre-Valetian strata.
Three series called Ratka series belong to the Abichi strata. They
contain gas, especially in the northeast part of the Petisovci area
and at Dolina. Their depth ranges from 1550 to 1230 metres.
The Lenti marl separates the Lovasi series from the Ratka.
The Paka series lies over the Ratka. It also belongs to the
Abichi strata, The Paka cort sins gas at Dolina. In the Pestisovci
area there is probably no more gas. The Paka lies at a depth of from
1000 to 1100 metres.
Single sand strata at Lovasi, Ratka and Paka are five to fifteen
metres thick, sometimes even twenty metres.
. The Rhomboidea strata which are developed predominantly from fresh
water sediments. are not interesting for our oil as they have no suit-
able collectors. There are chiefly sands and sandy clays there separated
by imprevious marls as in-the lower strata. The Rhomboidea strata are
800 to 900 metres thick. A 30 metre thick Holocene alluvion lies over
them.
Thus, we get oil and gas only from the Lower'Panon. It would be
very interesting to investigate Sarmat and Torton tbaroughly and perhaps
the strata below_Torton, which are quite unknown to us at Petisovci.
Such investigations are very expensive owing to great depths, and at the
same time,, we lack drilling rigs. This is because Miocane lies at a
depth of more than 1800 metres.
As already known, the quality of oil is the better the lower are the
strata from which it derives. That can be applied,to our oil fields, too.
From the young Rhomboidea strata at Peklenica we extract heavy asphalt
.oil .(0,93.), from the Abichi strata at Selnica and from the Pre Valentian
strata at Petisovci. Good paraffin oil is obtained ..(O,83). We expect a
still better oil from the Fliocene, provided that we discover it.
Geologist PLANICAR
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APPF2 DIX IX
Statementn Te ntca1l A tag
by
Institute for Geophysical Research, Zagreb
Needs for geophysical equipment with regard to
the plan of development of oil production is
Croatia 1953--19643
Extensive research work in the field of geophysical investigations
and structural drilling has to be done in respect to the future produc-
tion of oil in Croatia in the 1953-1960 period.
We think that it will be necessary to increase the existing capa-
cities of equipment for the above period, and particularly for 1933, if
we take into consideration the plan of investigations ad explorations
made by the geologists of "Naftaplin" Zagreb, Thus, geophysical research.
work will be carried out on schedule and in proper sequence with other
work.
The following instruments and devices which would hasten the geo-
physical work, are very necessary and wanted:
1 Vorden" gravimeter
1 portabls'seimaio apparatus, complete with spare
parts
2..portable drilling rigs especially built for
drilling seismic wells mounted on a truck
(sage Willyrs or Jeep pick=up)
2 portable motor drilling rigs
3 s graphs for measuring the speed at which the
waves propagate in a well
2 d r i l l i n g r i g s for A t up to 600 m. (Failing type
for structural drilling)
1 drilling rig for drilling up to 1200-15000 a.# of
Falling type for drilling structural wells and
those where the speed of seismic waves will be
registered.
With respect to the above requirements, we give the following.
explanation:
Our institute has 3 gravimeters, but all three, bet ng less exact
in measuring, have a considers y masher efficiency too. In a moathas
work, with our instruments, we achieve 600 points in the best case, while
with "Wordeu" 750 Points can bm attained. Besides that, the metering
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accuracy of "Wordenn being 0.01 mgal, structures cannot be accurately
established. These structures are sometimes of great significance in
oil-bearing areas. Iti addition to all that, if we had an accurate in.
strument we should be able to start solving particular tectonic rel.ar-
tions by gravimetric methods. The accuracy of our instruments is only
0.05 to Only mgals per point,
At present, seismic investigations represent the most efficient
and widespread method of geophysical exploration of oil-bearing areas.
This method has been comparatively little used so far., partly because
it did not give usable data and partly becate it was very expensive.
But in 1952 the situation changed, as the sgis o methods gave better
results, so that we expect that during the Loxt years itth some improve.
ment we shall apply the seta mlo methods in largo measures.- We want to
approach the degree of American geop,*sicaal, investigaticnsp therefore,
it would be necessary to got one .yore seismic apparatus, because the-
two apparatus we have (one of them is rather heavy for our terrains),
will not be able to correspond to all tasks imposed on them.
We experienced difficulty this year, as we had no seismograph
for registering the speed of the waves in the wells, Thus we were net
able to determine exactly how deep the reflexes were which influenced
our interpretations by making them somewhat uncertain. This is why we
need 3 seismographs, for deep walls.
We attained little efficiency in measuring. The daily capacity
of 0.5 km. agai nxt. 5.5a sq. W. in the United States cannot satistr us
on the one hand because the investigations become rather expensive, and
on the other because they take too long, The .mall, capacity can be at-
tributed to the fact that we have no, suitable drilling rig for drilling
seismic wells, In. the best case, we o n .drill 3 to 4 wells 10 to 12 as
deep in a day, instead of a 'to 12 that we should drill. We plan-two
drilling rigs mounted. on Willys Jeep or Pick-up Jeep and two portable
motor drilling rigs mounted on sedan-chair for our throe seismic tea=.
We do not think that we exaggerate, as a rig is necessary as reserve,
In ow opir4on we need two drilling rigs for dzilling 600 a. and one for drilling to 1200-1500 a. (altogether 3 Failing rigs).
They will be used for structural drilling as well as for drilling walls
where we could study the speed of propagation of the seismic waveso
It is true-that the acgevisition of the instruments and egai pment
is very important, but it i6 also true that it Is important to have an
experienced staff to. handle the instruments, Therefore, we think that it
would be useful if now of our younger engineers went to the U.S, to study
the modern methods there and get famf3kr with then. For the time being,
we propose three men. to go abroad; two of them would study the seismic
problem. in tonne on with the exploration of oil fields; and the third
an electrical cation engineer) would go to a factory for seismic
instrumecrtso
Boxi dar Zalokar
chief weer
Institute for Geophysical Research
Zagreb
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APPIsDIX X
Report on the Oil, Mares of Sar"
by
lag., Dindtrije static
Director of State Uadertaidag "R 1k"
(Bureau for adni,ng, engineering and research)
. .. tit" On
In the PR of Serbia oil shales occur at several-sites, obief33r
at Alsksinao, Podvia, Bela Palsnka (ILironavao), Trsteaik,. Teljsto, Baca,,
Kolubara, etc, The most igpartalat reserves, however are those in the
basin~of Alek.inac, both as to the quantity and quality, If we consider
the fact, first, that here the shale deposits go parellol with the bro*t
coal seams, the exploitation of which tends to became mace and mere ex-
pensive because the seam sinks down ti bier and bigger depths; second,
that by mining of the coal only, larger quantities of shales are wasted
or future a*itation of the adjacent strata of oil shales become impoa.
Bible or at least less possible, it is obvious that we are Immediately
interested in the oil shales of Alelcslaao, especially if we trice into
consideration that it would be possible to mine both coal and shales tom
gether (or at least partially together and partially oil shales separately),
because the ratio. of coal to shale is at least 100. If this ratio, in
computed in calorific values, it will be 1:15 in favour of oil shale..
Nevertheless, investigation work and exploration of the Aleksinac
basin have not been as" in such a way and degree to permit the units e-
tion of exploitations.
A. to the geologic and mining exploration works and mining
exploitation we could be able to carry out the work outselves? since our
people have many years of experience in mdningq Nevertheless, some tech-
nical assistance would be desirable. On the other hand, we need more
technical assistance as will be seen below in this report, for teohtical
investigations as well as for the processing (retorting) itself of *11
shales and crude oil,
Geologic and &IRIES exloration works
The most ac prehaftsive end detailed information among all geologic
and mining reports an oil shales of the Aleksine-c basin is undoubtedly
that supplied by the Geiwsn con ulting engineer Drs Beysctag. and by our
geologists Dr. tukwio and Paelovice An other reports generally rely on
these studies, Therefore, it will be of some interest to outline briefly
the remelts of theme studies, According to Dr. Be{ysohlag, whose work was
done during World War II, the deposits of Al knac belong to t!re Dligoc
period. A croiespaection of the deposits shown the following piateree
from bottom to tops
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50 asters or7sta].Ltne schist!
50 "
red (ferruginous) sandstones
50 "
yellow sandstones
40-50 "
looter zone of oil shales
3 meter. brown coal
10 " marlstones
2D6 bro z coal
46.5 " second acne cd'utl shales
75 meters aarlstones vA eandetcnss
4.6 scsi deposit
50-81 " third was of oil shal set
9 astern upper now of marl
520-53D Asters total thickness
According to the ana]Pes given by Prof. Bsyschlag the crude
oil content of the tooted ssples armaunts to 10 to 20%o his cannot
be considered as the av rrage, however because Prof, Beyaohlag made to
test drill or exploring sUery throng i all oil shale deposits,
degrees,
The deposits of coal and shale lie at angles of from 30 to 80
According to the geologist., Dr, Lukorio and M. Parlo6 a, the
strata of the Alekainac Tertiary above the oryatal3iaa schiste look se
follows, from, bottom to tops
250300) miters red sandstones and conglomerates
30=150 " m oaceons sandstones., clays,. etc.
200 " cleyr, clay elates leas or more
bitusrlnoue
3-6 " brown coal
50 100 oill shales
150 ,resters marls, pawl slates with sand and
was all shale
In 19478 Drp Lukeric made seven Arilli s to a depth of 200
metere in the vicinity of Smbotinao V age just at the point where oil
shale deposits outcrop and where ope a sass mining operations started
later with the purpose of exploiting the- oil shales. On the basis of
these drilling., open sdniug operation. which go through the shales,
and geological information, the reserves in the Aieksinae basin may be
computed as follows s
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Oil Shale ftervese .e Lingo S oliace
Average oil Millions
coat of
LOW.
A Rase w 22 to 14% 1
6% 2
4 to 5% 9.,.,.
Total A Reserves U
B Resieu-e
].2 toMj 289
6% ...209
...,...
Total B Reserves 847
C Reserves
32 to 34%
6%
4 to 5%
300
700
Total C Reserves 1j&
Total A3eksiaao Z 0
During 1951 and 1952 four more shallow dzi llings were made in the
area mentioned which was Intsaded for the exploitation at oil shales by
open-cant, id nin 0,
0 0 0 0 0 Attached are Tables A to .R showing the crass-sections of thew
wells with the corresponding' chemical analyses.
A number of deep driliittgs were made with the purpose of expUrIft
the coal beds. Unt tmaMtsly? cares have not been analysed. Only the
shale from well. Non. 38 was analyald (see Table R) but it is regarded as
typ~icalo
The former ftterprise for Rxloitation of Oil Shales of Aleksimnt
also made a number of exploration works by means of galleries in that sec-
tion of the area where it was intended to produce shales later on. In
Table D is shown the oil content of a test shaft cut through a part of the
shale' deposit from the so-called old pit. During the exploitation of coal
a number of galleries had also been opened through the shale deposits.
As may be seen from the above, no systematic exploration has been
made of oil shales in the basin of Aleksinac which could be used for an
accurate determination of tlw reserves and their content of organic mattes
Systematic investigations must be made if one wants to start exploiting
the reserves with oertaintyo
For this reason it is intended to formulate in 1953 a prel nary
plan of study of the Alekeirac basin. The plan will Include both the
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necessary geological and pining exploration works,, and data for working
out more final plans for the parallel exploitation of coal and ail
ahaleso
To carry out these works and to make the plans, there are enough
competent engineers in Serbia0 Technical assistance could be used, haw-
weer, for the introduction of heavy mechanisation. It has been planned.
that foreign experts might be consulted towards the and of the year 195.%
We expect that up to that date we shall prepare material for diecussiona,
Chemical and technological works
(See also the short stataunt on tar processing in Appendix 11).
A large nastier of cheaLtcul end technological experiments have beev
made on oil shales of the Alekeinav basin, The works, however, have not
been carried out far enough to allow us to decide as a method of prooes-
sing these oil shales0
We are going to give here a brief survey of all, Important chemical
and technological work, and at the and we will indicate in which stage the
works are at present and what should be the technical assistance from the
United Nations0
Balm is given the chnioal analysis of a sample of the Aleksinao
oil shale which can be considered as an average shale in this bed acoordr-
ing to the sniye*s. which have been made of cores and open mining opera-
tuns to date, .
eta MSSjU o
Mftm
afterpri ry
an wa tig to
-
Crude oil
Sni-coke
water
Gas plum waste
chat):
909 %
77095%
'7a0 %
2A 1
99095'
kdzd! - 2C sib
5102
035%
48
Fe?A3 plus A1203
~
32G
coo
14078%
M90
2glg
Anmlvsis of Acs
97?96%
Quantity of gas per 200
gas of shale 3,6
C02 28,,0%
1002 %'
Butane l6 9 %
I+ lean 1-4%
CO 30ta%
H2 30.,4, %
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CB plus 392 %
H2 6.11.-
72p6 72;96 %
Y~ sir
C H 8 S
18,51% 2433% 0.8% 1a?3%
The oil shales of Alehslne-o have becsa evaluated several times
abroad, As an illustration, reference may be made to trio following two
eoDMmp1es s
to In 1935 the Free company "La Braude Paroisse" prooorsed
about ten tons of the Uokminao 031 shale in their pilot plate of the
"Grand, Pamirs," types The shales selected were those having 11% crude
oil content according to Fischer, The report shows the rate of output
with this easporimrsato It is laustn that with plants of, such type recovery
of mars than 95% of crude oil can be obtained. The recovered crude cal
had the following content:
gasoline up to we C 1505%
pet ro1sma from 2W-MP C 3,0%
gas oil f om 22D-350o C
3805%
The residue after the pr.distillatioo was ooaposed as follows:
Paraffin
lubricating oils
residue
1.5 %
25 %
_ 12 %
50 %
The report does nit include infomation on the quality of these products .
2Q In 1949, the Gen= oompany Lwl Ao Gag Frankfurt, carried
out a much more detailed analysis of the Aleksiuac oil shales in their
pilot plant 1mrgicSchmeisera Thq obtained an efficiency which.ooordfg
to Fischer amounted to 85,/a%' in the most favourable tests, out of a ga+ooo
on Content of 15%. Snh a low output oxaludod this type of plant fro,
further consideratic , The result was as followss
gasoline up to 2000
33.1%
gas oil from 3000 C
42.7%
cake for electrodes
9239
95.0%
The quality of these products were satisfactory0
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In our coimtz,, to teohoologioal experiments have, been made
using recent principles of oil shale processing. Scat, fat'ther x*.
search was undertaken bpr students but results will, not be considered
her...
Re. etc
In 3.948 eaperiduata were made with an esp-riseotal kiln six
meters long, l meter wide, about 1 meter' high. The kiln was?ve 7
primitive. Actually, it was only a chutb with three walls, tilled
with crushed shales, and covered with imperviouaa clay, A fire was
built at one end,, and at the other openings wed made through which
gases were drawn off -and went into a prim ,tive condenser paseftS
across a fan. An overall efficiency of up to 70% was attained In this
experiareated plant (i.e. 70% of the analysis according to Fischer).
The ahoy. results encouraged the .xploitatioh in larger kiln
(8 x 2 x 3D a), The `shale was misled from underground works and about
300 tons per day were trweatedo The output of oil,, bowovers was only
30 per vent of the output obtained in the laboratory tests, according
to Fischer.; Only recently after some ro-dodgnAng was it possible to
obtain. an efficiency as high as 45%.
Such low efficiency, of course, raised the unit cost so much
that all work was disoantiued,9 It was decided that further aptemaat&c
geologic, sdahng cad. tech ologi,cal Investigations should be carried out
.before deciding whether to attempt exploitation on a larger scaled
-tars
R._... 't
It would -probably be of some interest to mention here the re-
sults achieved In a Yugoslav refinery. and thus a obtained by the German
company Lurg Ltd., n, Germany, in the rstixd gg of
crude oil obtained' from the Aleksinac' oil .shales. Crude oil, resulted fiat
from the ,Ybecalsv k4lasd
Tuostav r.finers
~
t
.
Method I Method II
Method I
Method II
Gasoline
9.09%
25.5%
11.5%
31.8%
Motor kerosene
22.7
77.5
Gas and Diesel oil
T
t
i
39.3
23.3
2604
42 0
rac
or o
l
Paraffin
s
log
-ft
.~
30.0
24,1
Fuel oil and coke
1208
16.0
15.3
1.040
Waste and gas
10.8
1707
. 207
16.2
The method I used in a Yugoslav refinery consisted of the primary
and vacuum distillations, and extraction of paraffin from the last die
tillate? The residue was then cracked. with Method II, all crude an
th
was
ermally creckedd
When Lurgi Ltd., used the Method I they obtained gasoline up to
2000 C and Diesel oil from 200-3O0 C. With. resat distillation, they
obtained tractor oil from 300-45DO Co From the latter they extracted
paraffin incluaive of organic solventao With Method n, they first extrao.
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So far as the quality of final product. is concerned, it may
be said bore that the light fractions (gasoline) showed always rather
a big percentage of viscous matter and sulphur, and relatively large
waste when refined with the usual acid processes, while its sueoeptii
bility to tetraethyl lead treatment was quite standard. Heavy fraos
tions (kerosene, gas oil, and diesel oil). correspond to the standards
for such products; they *could be marketed without encountering great
difficultyo
From the above, it may be concluded that mw e favourable results
could be expected fr a the crude shale oil if it was produced with a
better process. The WA procoss used in Yupal;avia was wry primitive.
Ctwzint 'aragr_am of work
Below is described the work which Tugoalav engineers are now
engaged in order to arrive at the best methods for processing the
Alaksinac oil,shaleso Technical assistance needed from the United
Nations is than outlined.
In the first place, as alreadIt mentioned, systematic explora-
tion work, iseo geologic and ainifg work., should be carried out* For
this puorpose, a preliminary plan will be worked out which will embrace
all geological and mining works for: the Aleksimc basin,
(a) jj rtiX 2ffoil s All research work elsewhere to
the world concerning .hs processing of oil shales has been looked Duero
Reference may be made to the following sources which proved most useful.;
"Second Oil Shale-and Canal Coal Conference
Glasgow, July 1950"=
"The Oil Shale Industry of Earope", by Boyd
Guthrie and Simon Kloe , 1951, US Bureau
of Mines;
"Synthetic Rigid Fuels", US Bureau of Mines,
Annual Report February 1951;
"Sjnthetio Liquid Fuels", US Bureau of Mines,
Annual, Report JuIr 3.952
Oil shales have been most thoroughly investigated in the United States.
by the Bureau of Mines o Tugoslav' engineers should aim to adopt the
American methodso For one reason, the Yugoslav oil shales, especially
those from Aleksinac, are very sindlat' to those from Colorado with
regard to the content of mineral and organic matter.
That is why Yugosla% decided that they will build as their first
pilot installation a "gas combustion" retort, having a capacity of 6 to
7 two of shale Per day- The retort will be almost the saw as that
which was tested by the Bureau of Mines and with which very good results
were achi.evedo
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The Yugoul sv plait will be dirt ded into two sections t the
retort itself ared the devices for the extraction of oil from gases which
carry the oil-mist produced In On retort, The design of the retort is
completed and the equipar nt is being manufactured,
There is,, iwos?ar, detail in the construction on which
there is no reliable inforwa-tion mrailable. though in me of their re-
ports the Bureau of Minis supplied ' some de,' Tina quG .lion relates to
the gas air mixer in the gas combustion procoso (fig. of recycled gas
and ad r) o This problem has not been solved yet in Tugoaa avit.
As to the problms concerning the second part of the plant
1,e, dodoes for the eztractlon of oil from gages, Tugo lava are in con.
tact through Petroleum. Machinery Corpoa*tios Now York, with Mr, Boyd
Guthrie of the, Bureau of Pities, Judging from a letter from Nro Guthrie
to the Company, it would seem that no definite solution Me yet been found
with regard to the choice of an apparatus for the sartrsotion of oil from
gases produced in the retort, In Yugoslavia, for the time being, two aal.d
ternatives have been advpWs the first alternative is the its. as the
one described by the Bureau of Mines in, its Annual wapiti dated Julyv 195
The second alternatives ;resents a modified proposal of a Gerw oompW
which deals with teary distillation at coalo
If the first alternative is to be realiaed,, e loser coopers.
Lion is desired with the Bureau of Pines and also assists os from its
espertiso
Tacebld a Kikr-tim of oil #W"& ?. The
following technical ae ar In, o o o s desired fiam
the United Nations:
(1) Dodgais and sketches for the construction
of the gaaeir mixer of the Bureau of Pines
gas oobusttcn retort;
(2) 8gnipmmtt 2 centrifugal soparatore 1 gas
blower and devices for extraction o on from
gases in the same way in which the Burssa of
Nines does it, Daily capacity; 6.7 tons of
shalre;
(3) Corresponding mefauring instruments;
(4) Te Iwaical? description of the process, the
equi4aento mi apparatus;
(5) Visit of one of- our everts for a 24 months
period at Rifle. Colorado to get acquaint ed
with teci ai cal processes;
(6) After the Yugoslav pilot plant has been Uses
bled and put in operation, an eagaert of the
Buzau of Mines should come to Belgrade and
Alskainac for a star of one or two months,
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Here it can be mentioned that the Bureau of Mime agreed
(as reported by the Yuuslav technical adviser with the Tugoclar W aasy
in Washington,, Mrs Gruden who was in contact- with, the Bureau of Mime)
that a. Yugoslav expert be sent to Rifle, Colorado, with the purpose of
getting familiar with the technological processes. The Iugos].sv Technical
Assistame Administration engaged eesg5-neer Gradeaa to take allthe necea-
sary steps to acoaaplish the formalities required.. Ysaawhlle, Kr, Gnat
was. appointed to a new dtetyo It appears that further steps were there...
ulion. suspended.
(b) Roftning of crude oil So aethir has been done and, same
experience has gson gaaraea in refining of crude oil extracted f
Alaksinac oil shale through th kiln process.' Here, too;, we wish we could
benefit by Hureau of nines ezpcriencee. This, of course, could be coop
sides only after we have prodor$ our first quantities at crude oil in
the future pilot plant for proceasS g of oil shales. We should be very
grateful if we had suggestions thereupon from the Bureau at Vivo* experts
who were engaged on this problem. Since the crude oil from Alskainac shale
has high paraffin content, we are interested in. the technological process
which would render it possible to obtain that valuable raw material.
Technical, asslowIng + -ante in cooneetion with, processing of crude
oil should compsase the items s
(1) what rrooemendaticos do Bureau of Mines
eacpsrts have as to how our crude oil should
be processed and transtorued into final
products? What processes should. be used?l
(2) Our method of processing crude oil would be
thermal cracking, catalytic reforming and
acid treating; for this purpose we need comm.
plate laboratory equips ant.;
(3) One or two fellowships for our people who
should work with the Dr eau of hires Depart-
se nt for processing of crude oil. from shnles8
(4) We should appreciate the j dement of British
experts (Scottish Oita Ltd., and others) as
well as that of Gore= experts, on the most
efficient method for the extraction of
paraffins
for technical once from the UN with regard to oil .hales could be
aumenarised as follows:
girl workcs
(1) For in estigation works 1 modern drily
rig for drilling from pit up to 100 m8
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(2) For ~Ploitati=9
(a) Advice of foreign mina eperts in
the field of heavier awah anisation
which would be utilised in tin
parallel adning of coal std oil
shale (probably at the and of 1953
or in the first half of 19544) i
(b) Fellowship for one of our mine eagi..
seers whoa uid atw ' the applica-
tion of hearlar mechanisation
(undargrou ) in 1954
(e) Literature dealing with this aspect
of mining work,
Fiaaressin,c .alerts
(1) For investigation work in the. retorting of of l
shale. t
(a) Information on the construction of
the air+ gas a ,soar of the Bureau of
Musa gas combustion retort;
(b) 2 centrifugal separators for the
separation of crude oil from gases in
the gas combustion retort or technical
data on their oonstruoticn;
(a) Description of the technical process
and operation of the individual parts
of the plant;
(d) Instruments for measuring tenserature
an gas quantity in this plant;
(e) FsUlowahip for a technologist for the
retorting of on shales at Rifle,
Colorado in the second half of 1953;
f Literature;
a Visit of a Bureau of Mines eotpert in
the aidd] a of 1954,x,
(2) For refining of rude oils
(a) Cooplete laboratory equipeszt for
thermal cracking" catalytic reforming
and acid treating;
(b) Fellowship at the bed of 1954
with the Bursae of lines at Laramie,., flyoo j
(e) Literature,
(3) problems of laboratory analsi ss
(a) Special laboratory equipment for the
investigation of odl abuse and, crude
oil.;
(b). Literature;
(o) FOLIMSh p with the beau of Mtnse0
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(d) istaim ,- of technioal . ~~~. -! i9s
(1) Info Lion from the Bureau of Hines on
the construction of the air-gas ad i of the
gas combustion retort;
(2) Inforaation frog the Bureau of Mass an the
construction or purchase of the centrifugal
separatore for the Su cc buation retorto
The capacity should be 6-8 tons per day of
Alezao oil shalee3
(3) Fsl3oceh3p for a techuologi,st with the
Bureau of Mines for the retorting of all
.bales, aecod half of 19530 The Bureau of
Nines ha r+.aay agreedo
logo Do Matic
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TA3LE A
Depth
(in meters)
115.2 - 31905
1195-1.005
12005-~3Zy3.0
3x3.0- 3.270
32700 -12808
'12808 - 229.5
3^9.5 -33705
330.5 '- 331.0
]31oO - 341.4
14184 - 14106
141.6 - 14900
149.4 - 15400
154.4 15500
155.0 - 15600
156%0 - 157.0
1570 - 16208
1612.8 - 165.1
163,0 - 165.0
y165155-16&00
16600 - 168.8
168,8 - 170.5
170.5 - 17407
17500 - 179.0
18200 - 383.7
1850 - 19080
Water
tin `S)
302
604
502
5,2
308
402
600
400
506
7.0
666
600
700
808
6;02
506
6,2
706
64
602
604
3,0
8.0
Tar
(in %)
16.6
12.8
1702
1308
2708
3305
2`407
3404
19.2
8.3
12.8
904
507
4fl2
36,0
9.4
2.4
606
908
3402
1000
4,6
Saurae Inn. Dindtrije Matias, B41grsde, 1952
Dee and
Wets
tin s)
52
400
708
10,4
702
704
6101
400
523
2.8
3,1
204
3.3
202
103
404
209
200
3.7
342
3.2
400
302
2,0
Semi-corke
On S)
73.0
76.8
69?8
70.6
61.7-
b54 9
77.6
6908
8242
79.6
0001
89.0
8410
86.4
88A
7400
8105
8800
76.8
93,a
80's
8008
75.4
8108
85.4
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : GIR83-00423R001200390007-9
TABLE B
Aaalyda of Wall 6 W Wall ? - Alekeiaao. 1947
Well 6
Depth
(in meters)
Thlcknsea
(in meters)
Bltwaen
content
(in %)
34.8-334
35.4-42,-3
4243 - 5285
5285 - 5601
56.1 - 5985
5905 ? 6*05
6805 - 7240
?zoo - 8500
11540 - 8900
2086
689
1082
306
304
9,0
345
1300
410
12450
71775
3,05
B1?5
2050
8180
0170
50'x0
1210
won
19-0- 4388
4318 - 79%?
79.7- 8810
88pO - 14413
X1483 - 10?8O
10/00 i n7.2
U7.2 - ,11917
11947 - 120Q?
2408
3509
16,3
287
~~n/
10 2
205
110
6100
14060
2000
6*20
6060
4950
10095
640
Sources Prof. M*L0 LuIc da9 1947
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TAM C
.A a sjs 9 Iia11 6 ?Alaic ns-, =
note")
MW
watAw
4ss and Yeasts
(in %)
Oak*
(in %)
5502 - 6600
7,2
502
314
6600 - 6700
405
34
S6Or
6700-? 7000
191
5
5
7405
0 - 72
70
0
0
405
70e?
0
.
3399
509
3o9
76
3
72.0- 74,0
]208
508
401
0
3
7
7400 ? 74.5
1706
505
JI~A
o
/(
74-5- 75.5
12
500
4
7505 - 1000
1
2,7
7.0
9
3.6
7,500
76
7
10000 s 3A.0
3.2
700
102
0
88
5
11102 m 11295
6
907
6
6
299
1
81
4
11
00 13903
1201
o
299
0
78
4
11995 ? 120,0
10.7
300
2
8
0
22000 - 3244
1190
507
,
300
80
3
125?0 - 12996
1008
408
208
,
81
6
232.5 - 33595
500
592
200
.
87
8
13944 ? 14894
601
698
1,9
.
8502
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m
at Ya-1500 %
" 2a~n57~
" 3 a ?? ]505 %
4a-1800%
" 5a4300%
6a-25,0%
" 7a- 26o5%
" 8 as m _2290 %
". 9^e 1~a5 %
" 10a-2Do0%
? lla -24.0%
12aa* 15.0%
13 a 23,0 %
24a123.5%
" I3a?2700%
16a2000 %
" 17a26.0%
2a
at 1?a = 1e05 %
" 20 a = 22oO %
" 21am20o5%
b 22 a r 14,O %
" 23*? 4DO%
" 24 a - 5d0 %
" 25 a - 400 %
" 26ac 495%
" 2?^-265 %
" 288 2"5%
" 29A-25o0%
16 30a~llo,~-%
" 31 a ? 2305 %
" 32A 1903 %
" 33a1905%
Sou"et Ing, Dlattrije Uatlv,, Belgrade, 1953
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40226
TABUS
ell,?a~19'
.meta Of
leap coordinate.
z m 4 07 739
7 554 255
11evatioz abase aea 1avel 25846) m
E1.n ,oa above sea Iowa
Oi1
Water
Coke
G" and
(in meters)
(in %)
(in %)
(In %)
waste
(In %)
399000 - 4000
112
402
8009
30?
V4.00 - 400000
907
500
81.4
3*9
2
D
00 - 422o
408
23
1
3
0
67
8
401
.
/'
~
'
44.2 - 428,60
,
15,2
0
404
,
76?8
3o6
40,60 -.435.00
7.8
406
a
302
435.50 - 441000
9.0
7
200
44x..50 - 454060
10*1
6e
900
7
491
451960 - 465olO
10,4
~0
82.0
2.66
465.40 m 475.00
7,2
83.2
3.6
- 488.15
475.00
2205
6.0
780
304
,
40.15 - 492.00
1207
5.2
793
208
494.20 - 501.20
21
91
502
6816
560
5 .x0 .0 507.50
1
492
5=100 - 52000
10,4
4.4
881.4
398
5355.00 -. 537,90
Sources Ing. D3attrij MaUop 8ee1&rade, 1953
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CAA R83-00423R001200390007-9
APPENDIX 131
THE OIL SHALES OF YUGOSLAVIA
Possibilities of 'I ploitation
Dr. Ing. ALICSANDAE PE RUISIC
Director of enterprise "Motan'"
Katina Croatin
I. Processing the Aleksinac tars
...The tar should (1) be treated at the site only for separation of
the basic groups (separation of paraffin). (2) Then it should be
processed either in special refineries, where lower fractions should
be recovered (the most important of them is for manufacture of motor
fuel or cracking), or (3) it should be treated in special plants for the
processing of tars. (4) The solid residue can then undergo hydrogena-
tion, i.e., the crude paraffin should be refined and softened.
There is no recovery of lubricating oil from higher quality tars.
It is true that special derivatives, such as light gasoline and so
on, could be recovered from the tars, but it would not be reasonable to
start such production because these sources are too expensive and the
output too small. On the other hand, the high-quality paraffin is a
valuable material that cants used as motor fuel.
Residua : A valuable source of thermal energy is represented
by the residual gas which forms after the primary distillation. The
residual gas has a chemical composition similar to that of a good quality
producer gas. There is information thereupon in the report of the German
company Lurgi to which reference may be made for more detailed data. In
any case it can be said that from a medium quality shale at least 1 cubic
meter of gas can be recovered per kilogram, having a heat content-of at
least 1,000 kilogram-calories.
The residual gas can be utilized by the mining works in the t1rat
place, but also by power plants, chemical plants and metallurgical
works in a word by all plants which use thermal energy.
lineralresidue: The mineral residue is of no particular value.
It is true that experiments have been made with remarkable success,
specially from the economic standpoint.
II. Sini Shales
At the foot of the Kamesnice Mountain in the northeastern part of
the Sinjako Pore (Sinj Field), a small basin is located through which
the Ruda River flows. This small basin represents the 5inj synoline where
bituminous shales occur. The bed is 1? km from -inj by road and less by
airline.
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Most useful and detailed information on the bed can be found in
Prof. I'argetid's report which was published in 1952. Parts of the report
were also published in the Geological Courier, 1932.
The bed is formed of several parallel deposits and thin strata of
bituminous shales. The shales are oily, black and shiny in colour. The
mineral residue is made of cretaceous marl. The tar content ranges from
a few percentage to above 30 per cent with high paraffin content. Accord-
ing to the'statement of Prof. Margetid, the deeper deposits of oil shale
become thicker, and what is most interestirg, the water does not penetrate
into them because of the pervious character of the karat ground. This
latter property is very important when deeper horizons are exploited.
Reserves: Only a small part of the area has been explored system-
atically. The whole area should be systematically drilled first in
order to obtain a real picture of the total reserves. The reserves are
estimated for the time being to be 10 million tons, the probably reserves
being at least double.
'Exploitation is possible only with deep underground workings.
Character of oil shales: There are several varieties of oil shale
in the Sinj Field. ?Nevertheless, all of them have a common feature, i.e.,
richer shales are subject to melting during the primary distillation,
which is not the case with the Aleksinac shales. Therefore the problem
of their processing is not so simple as at Aleksinae. This aspect
indicates the need for caution in the selection of the processing method.
Large quantities of rich gas are recovered during the primary
distillation.
The.Sinj shale is characterised by high sulphur content. The
mineral residue is of marl character. All analyses of the different
parts show that the deposits have a composition of a relatively good.
clinker cement.
Experimental works; I did not do any semi-industrial experiments
with these shales but attended industrial distillation in large kilns.
The process goes quite normally in such plants. the melting of ash does
not take place at all, because the temperatures are too low; nor are the
phenomena of the melting of the organic matter of essential significance.
because the average percentage was about 15% of the tar content.
In the cement factory Majdan at Solin (near Split) experiments
were made in the summer of 1950 in order to get the clinker from the
shale and then to produce cement. The final, result was highly satisfactory.
Normal construction cement of the type of 400 kg cm2 was obtained by ad-
ding 12 per cent of clay which occurs in sufficient quantity in the vicin-
ity of the shale bed.
The oil tar recovered has the melting point about 30?C; separates
slowly from the water, and also processes slowly.
The residual gas can be considered as good producer gas.
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The mineral residue contains from 15 to 20% of fixed carbon, which
is very important in the manufacture of cement.
Exploitation and ,proces inter: After the First World War the bituminous
shale of Sinj was used in a small scale as locomotive fuel instead of coal.
Furthermore, large part of those materials were considered as coal, although
they have no coal content at. all. On this basis the mine was opened and
enlarged. The material happened to be so tough that the mine needed no
timbering. This was concluded from the corridors which lasted for several
decades without any change. According to that it may be expected that in
the future, too, such mining work will be possible, though with more
timbering because the work will be carried out at considerable depth.
The. mechanisation of transportation from the pit bottom to the surface
is possible due to the cheap supply of hydropower.
Though the shale of Sinj is among the best in Europe,. I think that
exploitation and processing for the recovery of tare alone would not be
economically justifiable, because mining and processing costs would be too
high.
On the other hand, the processing itself would be rather simple.
The primary distillation could be done with direct combustion of the fixed
carbon, and also with the indirect, which would be possibly more favour-
able in the case of Sinj. In the case of indirect combustion, gas of at
least 4,000 to 5,000 kilogram calories per cubic meter could be recovered.
The condensation of tars would also be simpler. Consequently, the primary
distillation could be solved without any difficulty and normal systems can
be used.
As a matter of fact, the processing of tars depends, upon the possibility
of manufacturing of cement and utilisation of the residual gas.
In connection with this it must be stressed that all necessary raw
materials are available at Sing and in its vicinity: clay used in the
processing of oil shales, lignite used in the burning of the mass prepared
with clay. There are several lignite deposits in the Sinjako Polje;
deposits are accessible to open cast mining methods, By combining of
bituminous shales, clay and +. ignite, clinker cement, tar and gas can be
produced' without any waste immediately after the primary distillation or
even during the distillation. If such a happy combination is taken into
consideration, one can see that the Hudo bed of oil shales is of first
importance.
ASanutactu, re of cement: Accordingly, it is obvious that the
production of cement is of first consideration, the recovery of tars being
of secondary significance. The reason is that cheap raw material can be
supplied for the manufacture of cement, i.e. the mineral residue after
the primary distillation which already contains the fuel necessary for
baking the cement clinkers.
The location of the bed is also favourable. It lies in a region
which is connected with the western part of Bosnia where the supply of
cement is rather difficult. If production of cement started at Sinj,
large quantities of cement from the coastal factories could be released
and either exported or used in the building of large works where better
cement a ed
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Residual gas and its use: As Prof. Margetid reports, a large
deposit of high-quality gypsum in large quantities occurs in the same
geographical area. The deposit lies on the road between the shale bed
and Sin,, near the Glavioa site. This gypsum is designed in the first
place for exports owing to its quality and its vicinity to the coastal.
seaports.
Dalmatia is nowadays a large exporter or gypsum, but baked gypsum
is not exported in such quantities as it couin be. If the residual gas
is used for baking of gypsum, the manufacture of it will be cheaper.
At the same time the processing of oil shale will be less costly.
Zagreb,
22 January 1953
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r
Uo-A -~ 2 7
Attachment fo
"Energy Resources of Yugoslavia"
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