GLIMPSES OF PEOPLE'S CHINA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-00418R007700130004-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 149
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Sequence Number: 4
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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GLIMPSES OF
PEOPLE'S CHINA
FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS
PEKING CHINA
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PREFACE
Ever since China became a land of New Democ-
racy, following the triumph of the revolution, there
has been a constant stream of visitors from all parts
of the world to this country to see for themselves how
things are going under the people's rule.
In the spring of 1953, trade union leaders from
twenty countries and representatives of the World
Federation of Trade Unions came to China, at the
invitation of the All-China Federation of Trade
Unions, to attend the May Day celebrations and the
Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions. During
their brief stay, they visited factories and farms,
schools and institutions, construction sites in cities
and villages; they talked with workers, peasants,
intellectuals, the young and the old, men, women and
children.
The following is a collection of radio speeches
made by delegates from countries of Southeast Asia
and by Louis Saillant, General Secretary of the World
Federation of Trade Unions, and a poem written by
Rewi Alley of New Zealand.
As the purpose of this booklet is to give the
delegates' impressions of People's China, it is thought
advisable to omit those parts of the speeches which
do not directly concern this country. Where no title
is available, the editor has ventured to give one that
reflects the general idea of the speech.
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CONTENTS
Preface ........................
China's Three Realities
Louis Saillant .................
Victory for Peace
Bang Tai Uk . ................. 7
Vistas of the Land of New Democracy
Tran Bao . .. ....... . . . . . . . . . . 14
For a Better Understanding Between Japan
and China
Mitsuo Nakamura . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 19
We Must Learn from New China
Yutaka Kubota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
What the Chinese People Have Achieved
S. S. Yusuf .... ...... ......... 28
New Spirit in the Land
S. Saksena .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 35
A Railwayman Looks at China's Railways
S. Guruswami . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 45
My Visit to Northeast China
Thakin Aye Choe .... ........ ... 49
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Joint Statement by the Delegation of the All-
Indonesia Central Organization of Trade
Unions (SOBSI) and the Delegation of
the Federation of Indonesian Trade
Unions (GSBI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
China's People Are Cared For
T j ug i to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Culture and Education in People's China
Suhard jo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Education in New China
Sudjono . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Six Weeks' Tour of the Chinese People's Republic
M. G. Mendis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
China Wants Peace
G. M. Dawson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
What I Saw in New China
James H. Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
The Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions
Rewi Alley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
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CHINA'S THREE REALITIES
Louis Saillant
General Secretary
The World Federation of Trade Unions
On this tour I was able to come into direct con-
tact with the realities of People's China. There are
three kinds of reality that have strongly impressed
me: political, economic and social. These realities
together present a vivid picture of the intense activity
going on in present-day China.
What is the dominant political reality? The
adherence by the Chinese people to the policy of the
Central Government, to the policy defined by the
Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
The fact is that the people of China regard the Cen-
After its Seventh Con-
gress, the All-China Fed-
eration of Trade Unions
gave me the opportunity
to make a study tour of
several areas of China.
For me, this tour was
of great interest and I
am grateful to the All-
C h i n a Federation of
Trade Unions for having
given me this chance to
become better acquainted
with China and its people.
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tral Government of the People's Republic of China
not as a government, but as their government. And
this is true of the worker as much as of the peasant,
of the intellectual, of the merchant as much as of the
patriot among the national bourgeoisie.
What is one to think of China's economic reality?
The process of industrialization has been launched
on a very large scale. To fulfil high production
quotas and to evolve new production methods is the
goal of nation-wide emulation campaigns that one
encounters in all spheres of production. China today
is successfully changing her economic basis in a
magnificent display of creative and constructive effort
by all the living forces within the nation.
What can one say of the social reality? I could
speak on this topic for a long time. Yesterday, that
is, before the triumph of the people's revolution, social
reality in China was characterized by the absence of
social gains. The inability of the government organs
to solve the most elementary social problems was
matched by the opposition to popular demands on the
part of the ruling class. This is no longer so today.
Social services for children, for women, for men, for
old workers, are developing at ever-increasing speed.
These are the political, economic and social reali-
ties of People's China, realities for which this old
country deserves to be called "New China."
We have seen these realities. We have listened
to men and women, young and old, telling us of their
new life. We have studied carefully every one of
the replies made to our questions.
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By "we" I mean the delegates of the trade unions
of some twenty countries who went on this tour.
This group of delegates was characterized not
only by its multi-national composition; it also in-
cluded representatives of national trade union organ-
izations in India, Burma and Indonesia not affiliated
with the World Federation of Trade Unions.
The diversity of opinions represented made this
meeting of delegates a great experience in itself. It
was an experience of jointly studying an event as
formidable as the transformation of China, a semi-
feudal and oppressed country only yesterday, into a
country that is modernizing itself, that is in the van-
guard of the struggle, waged by the peoples of the
world in defence of peace against imperialism, be-
cause it has' become free and independent.
This group of trade union delegates has been
unanimous in admitting the tremendous will with
which the Chinese people are building a new life
leading them towards socialism.
How was this unanimity in admitting and ap-
preciating such a fact possible?
It was possible because truth is an irresistible
force and facts are eloquent and convincing.
The old miner in Fushun, the textile worker in
Shanghai, the peasant and the teacher in the small
village of Pa Chiao were not engaging in oratory
when they answered our questions. They were giv-
ing us the facts. They were asking us to verify their
claims, immediately, on the spot.
They explained to us: "Before the people's rev-
olution, we were over-exploited, humiliated and
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robbed seven days a week. That is all over with us
now, and neither we nor our children will ever know
such circumstances again." One of them told us:
"At last, we occupy the place in society that befits a
human being. We had nothing before . . . here is
what we have now." And one of them showed us his
farm tools, and the other his land: "Here are our
plans for tomorrow!" And yet another spoke to us
of a municipal plan of social construction and service
which will make possible immediate industrial devel-
opment.
Why should the trade union delegations, invited
by the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, not
have been unanimous in admitting this simple,
though highly demonstrative, truth: that great atten-
tion is being paid to the solution of problems con-
cerning the children and education, housing and
public health? The worker is assured labour safety
at his factory. Yesterday, the factory to him was
hell. Now, he works joyfully, striving to do still
better.
Old workers are now assured a comfortable life
in homes for the aged, especially reserved for them.
Our Chinese comrades have told us that greater
numbers of such homes are needed and will he built.
There is no unemployment in China. What do
you think of this, you, workers of India who are
unemployed by the million?
The Chinese people no longer know the atrocious
evil of going hungry, of being daily gnawed by
hunger. What do you think of this, workers of the
Southeast Asian countries where millions are under-
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nourished, knowing only long days without joy, years
of hunger?
In People's China, the trade unions are endowed
with extensive rights but also great responsibilities,
both of which are recognized by the state. Trade
unions play an active role at the very core of the
new society. What do you think of this, workers of
Japan, you who have experienced brutal police inter-
vention, the exploiters' constant manoeuvres against
your trade unions, their constant attacks against your
trade union rights which are inseparable from your
democratic rights?
The Chinese people stand as much for peace as
for their national independence. They are united in
a single force behind their Government which ex-
presses their will to peace.
These people sing and shout openly and publicly
their love of peace. They have proclaimed their
active support of all those in the world who effec-
tively and sincerely defend peace. What do you
think of this, you peoples of Asia and Australasia,
inhabitants of countries where to be an ardent peace
partisan is a crime in the eyes of governments that
obey the orders of imperialism?
Since we made this tour of China we have come
to understand better why the imperialists and remnant
feudal elements are dissatisfied with the changes that
this vast country is undergoing.
In the old days, they were able to humiliate and
enslave China as a nation. Up to only a few years
ago, they scandalously exploited the Chinese people.
To reap bigger and bigger profits they worked out
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new plans for making their mastery absolute. They
fostered corruption. They found traitors inside the
country to help them in their despicable plots.
Today, this situation has been definitively re-
moved. The Chinese people have become the masters
of their own destiny. Never again will they be
humiliated and scoffed at. On the contrary, they are
feared.
These are the rightful objectives which the peo-
ples who are still slaves to imperialist law and the
colonial yoke wish to attain. These peoples have
every reason to want to attain such objectives. At
present, the Chinese people as a whole are helping
them by proving that it is possible to end all this
odious, unbearable imperialist exploitation, to end
the enslavement by feudal lords.
Finally, we must admit yet another thing: that
in China the strength of proletarian internationalism
is developing, thanks to the power of a patriotism
that is of the purest and healthiest kind.
We have admired the Chinese people for their
deep-rooted friendship for the Soviet Union. We
have also seen the sincerity of their generous feelings
towards the peoples of all countries with whom they
desire to have nothing but friendly and fraternal ties.
These are the conclusions that I have drawn
from my tour of China, from my contacts with its
people.
Such is People's China.
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VICTORY FOR PEACE
Bang Tai Uk
President of the Miners' Union of the Federation of
Trade Unions of Korea
On that May 1, columns after columns of people
plan.
Chinese people were enjoying a happy life under the
leadership of their Communist Party and Chairman
Mao Tse-tung, and how they have rallied round this
leadership. We were moved by the love for peace the
Chinese people displayed, no less than by their deter-
mination to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea.
We were also impressed by the inexhaustible fighting
spirit they showed for the successful accomplishment
of their historic first five-year economic construction
The May First parade
in Peking, in celebration
of International Labour
Day, was on a gigantic
scale. More than 500,000
people - workers, peas-
ants, government . em-
ployees, students and
ordinary citizens - took
part in this magnificent
demonstration. During
the short time we were in
China, we had many op-
portunities to see how the
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were streaming past Tien An Men Square, holding
aloft colourful flags symbolizing their love for peace
and the unity and solidarity of the labouring people
throughout the world. They were carrying along
portraits of Chairman Mao Tse-tung and the leaders
of the Soviet Union, Korea and the other People's
Democracies. The marching columns were reviewed
by Chairman Mao from the rostrum on Tien An Men
while the people poured their great affection and
admiration out for him. A column of 7,000 Young
Pioneers, gaily marching past with a poster inscribed
"Always Ready," released doves in great numbers.
The workers' columns held up posters on which
was written: "Let's make every effort to improve
our work!" "Carry out the patriotic labour emula-
tion!" "Learn from advanced Soviet experience!"
"Fulfil and over-fulfil the 1953 state plan for econom-
ic construction!" They also carried charts showing
production targets, charts and models illustrating
both their new achievements in industrial production
and the strength of unity in their ranks. Peasants
carried posters showing their endeavour to produce
more food and demonstrating agricultural produc-
tion achievements and record harvests. The students
in the parade expressed their determination to study
Marxism-Leninism and advanced scientific technique
in order to serve their country better.
What we saw during the May Day parade in
Peking gave us a clear picture of the power that is
New China with her 500 million people. In partic-
ular, we realized all the more clearly that the Peo-
ple's Republic of China, giving the blood of her best
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sons and daughters to the Korean people's war
of liberation, possesses immeasurable strength and
monolithic stability. This knowledge bolsters up our
faith in the ultimate victory of the camp of peace,
democracy and socialism and of the peace-loving
people in the whole world.
Apart from the May Day celebrations, we also
had the opportunity to attend the Seventh All-China
Congress of Trade Unions. This Congress, attended
by 800 delegates from all parts of China, had great
significance. Also present were more than 105, trade
union delegates from 20 countries.
The Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions
met as China was launching her historic first five-
year plan which will transform the country from an
agricultural into an industrial one on the road to
socialism. The Congress proved not only that the
Chinese working class movement is entering upon a
new era, an era of struggling for the country's indus-
trialization; it also was a tremendous factor in
strengthening working class unity and solidarity
throughout the world and in consolidating the camp
of peace, democracy and socialism. New China's
achievements in various spheres of construction since
the victorious conclusion of the people's revolution
constitute a source of inspiration and encouragement
to the Asian countries, particularly the people of the
colonial, semi-colonial and capitalist countries, in
their struggle for national liberation.
The Chinese working class and the Chinese peo-
ple as a whole have, under the leadership of Chair-
man Mao Tse-tung and the Communist Party, not
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only defeated the domestic and foreign reactionary
forces, but also scored many brilliant successes in
the sphere of national construction. Through their
joint effort, they brought about in the past four years
the restoration and development of the national
economy and carried out many social reforms. The
result is that China presents a greatly changed pic-
ture. One needs only to glance at the output of a
few major industries to understand this.
As compared with 1949, the production of pig
iron in 1952 had increased 7.64 times, that of steel
8.46 times, of crude oil 3.58 times and of electrolytic
copper 10.2 times. With few exceptions, the level of
China's industries has surpassed the peak reached
before the War of Resistance to Japanese Aggression.
In the production of daily necessities, output of cotton
yarn has increased twofold, of cotton cloth 2.87 times.
Agriculture has also remarkably progressed. In
1952, the gross yield of grain reached the highest
level ever registered in the history of China, totalling
163,750,000 tons. Raw cotton output in the same
year came to 1,290,000 tons, or double that of 1949.
Progress has also been rapid in the development of
the railways and other means of transportation, of
posts and tele-communications, water conservancy
and commerce, as well as of culture, education and
public health.
There has been a steady rise in the people's
purchasing power as a result of the rapid restoration
and development of the nation's economy and the
attainment of financial and economic stability
throughout the country. Together with their ma-
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terial life, the people's cultural life has also steadily
improved. This is borne out by what we saw at the
railway repair shop at Changhsintien and in Liang-
chia Village, on the outskirts of Peking. When we
visited the former, we learned that the workers now
have five times as many new living quarters as they
had under Kuomintang rule. Besides, the plant
recently set up a library, a nursery, an over-night
rest-home and a technical school. In 1952, wages
increased 3.15 times over what they were under the
Kuomintang when workers often were starving, with
nothing to eat but soya bean cakes and thin rice
gruel. Now they have good rice and wheat flour for
their staple food. Every worker is able to buy new
furniture for his home.
In the three years since land reform, the peasants
of Liangchia Village which we visited have shown
great spirit in agricultural production. They have
turned dry fields into watered land; they have helped
each other working the waterwheels to irrigate their
fields so that grain production has increased. Seven
new classrooms have been added to the primary
school in the village. A peasant in the village by
the name of Li Chung, who was a farm hand under
the Kuomintang, was treated like a beast of burden.
It mattered little whether he was suffering cold or
hunger, he had to toil all the year round. And yet,
his three children died of starvation. In the land
.reform, he was given land and built himself a house.
He was also financially able to clothe his family ade-
quately and buy sufficient bedding for them. The
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family now eats rice and white-flour steamed bread
daily and is leading a happy life.
These are but two examples, typical of the
drastic changes from a life of grinding misery that
have come over China's millions. They give us suf-
ficient insight into the happiness of China's workers
and peasants who ascribe this happiness and well-
being, with heartfelt gratitude, to Chairman Mao Tse-
tung and the Communist Party in whom they place
their complete trust.
The Chinese working class and the Chinese peo-
ple as a whole are now struggling to implement the
three directives laid down by Chairman Mao Tse-
tung: e.g., to strengthen the struggle to resist U.S.
aggression and aid Korea; to carry out the first five-
year plan of national construction; and to convene
the All-China People's Congress. The first five-year
plan is of vital importance to China. The plan lays
emphasis on the development of the country's indus-
try, particularly heavy industry, to transform China
from a backward, agricultural country into a modern,
industrial one so that China will gradually advance
towards a strong socialist society. The plan is unan-
imously and whole-heartedly supported not only by
the labouring people throughout the country, but also
by all the peace-loving people in the world. The
rapid development of China's industry will be a
significant contribution to the cause of world peace.
In order to fulfil the first five-year plan, many
factories and mines throughout China have carried
out emulation drives for increased production and
econorny. Many have fulfilled or even over-fulfilled
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production plans for the first quarter of the first year
of the five-year plan.
The victory of the Chinese people means also
victory for the Korean people. The victory of the
Korean people means victory for the world camp of
peace and democracy.
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VISTAS OF THE LAND OF
NEW DEMOCRACY
Tran Bao
President of the Supervisory Committee of the Viet-Nam,
General Con/ederation of Labour
On our visits to fac-
tories and villages, we
saw the happy life and
labour enthusiasm of the
Chinese people. On May
3, we visited the Chang-
hsintien Locomotive
Plant. More than 50
years old, this plant, be-
fore it was taken over by
the people in 1948, had
been successively owned
by the French and Jap-
anese imperialists, the
warlords and the Kuomintang. In 1951, it topped
the number of locomotives produced under the Kuo-
mintang by 121.5 per cent, and the number of rail-
way carriages by 508 per cent. By April 1953 it
fulfilled 102 per cent of its production plan, the over-
fulfilment of which was intended as part of the prep-
arations for the International Labour Day on May
1 and the Seventh All-China Congress of Trade
Unions.
The living conditions of the workers of this plant
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have greatly improved. Before the liberation, the
workers very often did not have enough to eat and
wear, and most of the workers were forced to subsist
only on millet and maize. Today they are not only
amply provided with food and clothing, but also enjoy
a full cultural life. The plant has a library, a spare-
time school with an enrolment of over 700 students
and a sanatorium situated in peaceful surroundings.
Every week workers see films at their club. The
workers live in their own pretty houses, and their
wages are increasing year by year.
We also visited Liangchia Village on the out.
skirts of Peking. The peasants of this village told
us that since the liberation it had undergone radical
changes. One of the peasants we visited was Li
Chung, a poor peasant before the liberation, heavily
oppressed and exploited by the landlord. Three of
his children had starved to death. But now he is
quite well off, his eldest son is married and his young-
est son goes to a secondary school. His wife, Mrs.
Li, opened some chests and showed us the pretty
clothes they had recently bought and the little dresses
and bedding for their future grandchild.
We called on Cheng Chung-ching, a poor peas-
ant before the liberation. He was given land in the
.land reform and now lives as owner in the house of
his former landlord. Because of his initiative in pro-
duction, he was elected model worker, and his pro-
duction records found their way into the newspapers.
One of the Chinese People's Volunteers has written
to him from Korea, thanking him for supporting the
front by conscientious production. He showed us
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the letter, and said that he would strive to increase
production to support the front, to make his country
more wealthy and prosperous and to help establish
lasting world peace. Today, the peasants of this
village are organized into many mutual-aid teams;
they are also preparing to set up an agricultural
producers' co-operative next year.
We have come to realize that once the peasants
have been organized and have been given political
and economic rights, they can contribute much to the
revolution. From this we have come to understand
the importance and necessity of the decision of our
Party and Government to mobilize the masses so that
they themselves implement the policy regarding
reduction of rents and interests.
Our visit to the Peihai Kindergarten will long
remain in our memory. The children sang and
danced to welcome us. We were extremely moved
when they asked us about the health of Chairman
Ho Chi Minh and the children of Viet-Nam. We took
a look around their dining-room, playroom and class-
rooms. Their life is indeed a very happy one. Here
they receive the best type of education. As we were
leaving, they brought out many pictures they had
drawn for us to give to their little friends in Viet-
Nam. I shall never forget their rosy cheeks, charm-
ing smiles, and their sweet little faces, nor how they
kept on waving to us as we were leaving.
The Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions
opened on May 2. Apart from the trade union dele-
gates from various parts of China, there were over
20 foreign delegations attending the Congress, as
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well as Louis Saillant, General Secretary of the
WFTU, and Comrade Liu Shao-chi, Secretary of the
Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
After hearing the speech delivered by Comrade Liu
Shao-chi, and various other speeches and reports, we
came to understand the great historic significance of
the Ccngress. The Chinese working class movement,
led all along by the Communist Party, has achieved
a brilliant victory. In the past three years, condi-
tions have been prepared for China's large-scale
economic construction. At the beginning of this
year, it entered the stage of large-scale construction.
In order to foster the initiative and creativeness of
the working masses in accomplishing this glorious
task, the Seventh All-China Congress of -Trade
Unions discussed ways and means to intensify Com-
munist education among the workers, to. raise their
political consciousness, and to improve their cultural
and material life. It also discussed the international
task of the Chinese working class, i.e., its struggle
for the solidarity of the world working class and the
unity of the working class movement, and its strug-
. gle for world peace and security. Comrade Liu
Shao-chi stated: "The Chinese working class which
has already won its victory must whole-heartedly
render all kinds of aid to the working class and
labouring people in capitalist as well as colonial and
semi-colonial countries." Acting in accordance with
the directive of Comrade Liu Shao-chi, delegates in
their reports critically examined the defects still
existing in their work. They unanimously declared
that they were determined to overcome various dif-
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ficulties so as to lead the working masses to carry
out the large-scale national construction plan and to
fulfil the international task of the Chinese working
class.
The speech of the Viet-Namese delegate was
warmly received by the Congress. The words "To-
gether with the people of Khmer and Pathet Lao, the
people of Viet-Nam are resolved to smash the French
aggressors and the American interventionists, and
to struggle for final victory," were greeted by thun-
derous applause expressing support for our struggle.
At the end of his speech, all the delegates rose and
applauded him warmly for a long time.
We were extremely touched by this show of real
friendship. A Chinese woman said to us: "Your
victory is near, and you are sure to win, for now you
are strong." These words from the mouth of an
ordinary Chinese woman are truly expressive of the
sincere faith the Chinese people put in the resistance
of our people, and of their goodwill.
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FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING
BETWEEN JAPAN AND CHINA
Mitsuo Nakamura*
President of the Niigata Local Executive Committee
of the National Railway Workers' Union
We have noticed, from the moment of our arrival,
that in food, general appearance and habits, the Chi-
nese people are very much like us. They are indeed
an amazing pace.
our impressions of the new China which has achieved
such resounding successes and is forging ahead at
Availing ourselves of
the kind hospitality ex-
tended to us by the All-
C h i n a Federation of
Trade Unions, I, together
with the other members
of our delegation, visited
many part's of New
China. We learnt a great
many things. Before our
tour comes to an end
soon, I would like to take
this opportunity to tell
our people at home about
* Mr. Nakamura visited China in November 1953 after
attending the World Conference of Agricultural and Forestry
Workers in Vienna.
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more akin to us than any other people in the world.
This makes us feel that we and the Chinese people
are brothers. The question how the Chinese workers
and people in general feel towards the Japanese peo-
ple has always been of great interest to us; now we
have obtained a very clear answer. Much as they
hated the Japanese imperialists, the Chinese people
have always cherished great friendship for the people
of Japan. They have drawn a sharp line between
the Japanese people and the handful of Japanese
rulers who calumniate China and pursue an aggres-
sive policy against her.
We can bear witness to the tremendous changes
that have taken place in the new China. This coun-
try is progressing along a path entirely different from
that taken by present-day Japan and the Western
capitalist countries. The people of China, led by the
working class which has a staunch ally in the peas-
antry, are now leading a free and happy life. As
masters of the country whose living conditions are
constantly improving, the workers are doing their
utmost to increase industrial production, with a con-
sciousness worthy of their hard-won new status.
China's peasants are now working happily and
enthusiastically; gradually discarding their individu-
alistic ways, millions of them have taken to co-
operation, and are increasing their agricultural pro-
duction through improved farming methods. The
wretched life of the Chinese peasant, as we used to
know it before the liberation, has become a thing of
the past. The students of China are attending schools
with modern facilities; tuition fees and other expenses
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are borne by the Government. Trained by competent
teachers, many of these students have been able to
play an important part in the building of a new
society since their graduation. The others, conscious
of their importance as cogs in the wheel, are studying
hard and preparing themselves for their future tasks
with great confidence. China's children, whose mis-
sion it will be to build their country in the days to
come, are regarded as the most precious property by
the state; and as such future builders, they are ex-
tremely well cared for. These are the people we
have met and seen in New China.
When we discuss these new phenomena among
ourselves, we cannot help asking: Why is it that the
great majority of the Japanese people cannot live as
happily as the Chinese now do? Tackling this ques-
tion from different angles, we have traced it to two
main causes: (1) Japan has not yet won complete
independence; (2) the rulers of present-day Japan
only'protect the interests of a handful of monopoly
capitalists. We have come to the conclusion that the
Japanese people must free themselves from the
shackles of U.S. imperialism to win complete inde-
pendence, and set up a government that protects the
interests, not of a few monopoly capitalists, but of
the Japanese people as a whole. It is impossible,
however, to achieve this end if our people are not
united as one and if we do not have the help and
support of all the Asian peoples. The friendship be-
tween the peoples of China and Japan is, therefore, of
extreme importance. The Chinese people welcome
more and more delegations like ours to visit their
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country. Seeing the facts for yourselves, you will
realize not only the falsehood of the slanderous prop-
aganda directed against this new China, but also the
significance of Sino-Japanese friendship.
There is still another important point which
must be clarified. Some people say that China will,
some day, invade Japan. I can tell you that such
talk is nothing but lies. China and Japan are like
brothers, both culturally and in their ways of living.
It is China's aim to promote the prosperity of both
to ensure a brighter futura for the two countries.
This being the case, we must ask ourselves: Why is
it that the present Yoshida government forbids the
Japanese people to come to China? Why does it ban
trade with China although such trade would be done
on a basis of mutual benefit and of equality? On
what grounds does it base its charge that China will
invade Japan? The answer is that such false charges
provide the Yoshida government with a pretext for
rearmament, for the building of more military bases
and for putting Japan back on a war economy basis;
but all of this will only mean greater sufferings for
our people. These are questions which do not worry
me alone; in fact, they concern the Japanese people
as a whole. After our return to Japan, we shall dis-
cuss them further with our compatriots.
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WE MUST LEARN FROM NEW CHINA
Yutaka Kubota*
Member of the Japanese Diet and President of the Central
Committee of the Peasants' Association of Japan
with workers and peasants, ordinary citizens and
students. All this has acquainted us with the true
facts about New China since her liberation four years
ago,. and I think that the understanding gained there-
from will have an important bearing on our struggle
for national independence, freedom and peace. Here,
I would like to mention only two things to our fel-
low-countrymen back home, particularly to our. work-
At the invitation of the
All-China Federation of
Trade Unions, we 'came
to China two weeks ago
and have had the chance
to visit factories, schools,
cultural and social in-
stitutions in Peking,
.Nanking, Shanghai and
other key cities, as well
as in villages. During
our tour, we have had
intimate talks with lead-
ers in various fields,
ers and peasants.
*Mr. Kubota visited China in November 1953 after at-
tending the Third World Trade Union Congress in Vienna.
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First, the new China is entirely different from
the old China. Influenced by past experience and by
the malicious propaganda launched by U.S. imperial-
ism, many Japanese people still think that New
China, four years after liberation, is still the same as
old China. This is an entirely mistaken view. The
workers of New China are quite different from work-
ers in the past. They have become the masters of
the country in the true sense of the word and their
living standards have immeasurably improved. In
social status, they rank first among the population
and, compared to workers in capitalist countries, their
spirit and cultural level are excellent.
A complete change has also taken place in the
life of the peasants who were given land and are
assured of a stable livelihood. Their cultural level
and knowledge of agricultural technique have been
raised to an amazing degree. Whichever village you
visit, you will be struck by the peasants' joy over
their liberation and by their determination for build-
ing a new and better life. The same may be said of
other sections of the working population.
At the same time, through the broadest applica-
tion of the "mass line," the Communist Party and its
leader, Chairman Mao Tse-tung, and the Chinese
People's Government have achieved solid unity with
the people. The five hundred million people of China
are displaying great initiative and creative power;
they have developed Into a perfect organism for
united action.
We have seen the tremendous construction going
into the building of the famous Kuanting Reservoir
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on the Yungting River, the new machine-tool fac-
tories and reconstructed cotton mills in Shanghai, the
state farms and agricultural producers' co-operatives
that have made such great achievements; we have
seen workers' living quarters with modern conven-
iences, workers' cultural palaces and various schools.
The gigantic motive force which has brought about
all this construction springs from the complete in-
tegration of the working people-who are, in all their
creativeness, the masters of the new China-with the
Communist Party and the People's Government
through the "mass line." This is a motive force
which will ensure the success of China's greatest
task at the present stage: the First Five-Year Plan of
economic construction.
The factories we visited all had fulfilled or even
overfulfilled their 1953 production targets already in
November. Today, New China has reached a high
level not only politically, culturally, economically and
in production technique, but also in the people's living
standards, and is progressing at a pace second only
to that of the Soviet Union. Here I appeal not only
to the working people of Japan, but also to our na-
tional capitalists, in the hope that they will cast away
their former outlook on China and their superiority
complex, so that they can look objectively at China
and learn from her. I firmly believe that this is
essential if the Japanese people want to overthrow
the occupationist rule of U.S. imperialism and achieve
national independence and peace.
In the second place, I have to tell our country-
men that the Chinese people stand for peace as
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whole-heartedly as the Soviet people do. They show
genuine sympathy, fraternity and concern for us, the
Japanese people. In years past, we working people
of Japan were hoodwinked by our imperialists and
forced into army uniforms; as soldiers we inflicted
long years of hardships and devastation upon the
Chinese labouring masses. It was this that made
my heart heavy before I came to China. But what
surprised me is that the Chinese people, not only
their leaders but also ordinary workers, peasants and
students, all think that their enemy is Japanese im-
perialism whose onslaught they are determined to
check whenever necessary; that, in the aggressive
wars against China, the Japanese working people
were victimized, just like the Chinese people; and
that today, as in the past, there is a common interest
between the working people of both China and Japan.
Fully aware of the sufferings endured in long years
of imperialist occupation, the Chinese people are
nevertheless deeply sympathetic towards us Japanese
who are at present groaning under the jackboots of
the U.S. imperialists. They have great concern for
our struggle for liberation, and are always ready to
give us their. fraternal support. These sentiments I
have heard expressed by all sorts of people in China,
from outstanding leaders down to primary school
pupils wherever I went, in Peking, Nanking or
Shanghai.
The wild tale that the Soviet Union and China
will attack Japan is nothing but a brazen lie, com-
pletely without foundation, invented by the U.S. im-
perialists in league with our domestic reactionaries.
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Such vilification only reveals the foul plot hatched
by the U.S. imperialists and the Yoshida government
and their attempt to use the Japanese working people
once again as cannon fodder, in another war against
China. But, this time, we shall not allow this to
happen. The Communist Parties and the Govern-
ments of the Soviet Union and China and the
millions of their people have no hostile intentions
towards us Japanese. We must, therefore, learn to
view China from a completely different standpoint.
The China of today is no longer the China of the
past, and the China of tomorrow will be even more
different. To understand China as she is, to learn
from the experiences of the Chinese people and
strengthen our fraternal ties with them-these are
the only correct principles which we Japanese must
follow in our struggle for independence and peace.
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WHAT THE CHINESE PEOPLE
HAVE ACHIEVED
S. S. Yusuf
Vice-President of the All-India Trade Union Congress
The May Day celebra-
tion was an historical
event, which will remain
ever green in our memo-
ries. The colourful dis-
play in a disciplined
manner by more than
half a million participants
-workers, youth, wo-
men, Young Pioneers and
students--at the May
Day parade carrying
with them flags, banners
and flowers cheerfully
and enthusiastically at Peking manifests the great
faith the people of China repose in their leaders and
the Government. The joy and enthusiasm of the
people I have noticed at the parade can be better
imagined than described. How this miracle was
wrought during such a short period of three and half
years!
During my month's tour of the country, during
which I visited villages and industrial cities in China,
things began to unfold themselves one by one.
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Firstly, the great transformation that has been
brought about in the countryside in the lives of the
peasants by agrarian reforms whereby the land
belongs to the tiller of the soil. This has created
great enthusiasm among the peasants. I visited
several villages near Peking and Mukden and saw
the entire life of the peasants revolutionized. The
peasant who was leading a life of want and starva-
tion before the liberation, now has plenty to eat, to
clothe himself and his family, for building new
houses; he has also been enabled to send his children
to school. The Government is continuing to help
the peasants by granting loans, seeds and improved
implements and machinery for cultivation. - All these
things have made it possible for the peasants to
increase agricultural production and today China is
not only self-sufficient in food-grains, but is in a
position to export, whereas, before the liberation,
food-grains were imported.
The concern of the Government for bettering the
circumstances of the peasants is indicated also by
the attention paid to harnessing rivers like the Huai
and Yungting, which used to devastate huge areas
of lands with floods in the past. Now these rivers
are being controlled through the construction of
dams. As many as 40,000 workers are vigorously
carrying out the construction work at the Kuanting
Reservoir on the Yungting River under unfavourable
weather conditions. At the speed with which the
work is progressing, it is likely that construction will
be completed before the stipulated time. When
completed, the project will not only save many
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villages from floods, but will also provide irrigation
in the near future for several hundred thousand
acres of land.
Great efforts are being made to industrialize the
country. At Mukden, Fushun and Shanghai, I visit-
ed several factories. At Mukden and Shanghai,
heavy machine-tools like automatic high-speed lathes
and other tools are manufactured. The surrounding
areas will be converted from a state of destitution
and hunger into a land of plenty and joy.
The patriotic zeal shown by the peasants is
confirmed by the formation of several thousands of
mutual-aid teams and agricultural producers' co-
operatives. The initiative shown by every peasant in
organizing collective discussions to improve the
methods of agriculture indicates the new life spring-
ing up in the villages of New China.
The factories which were merely repair shops
before the liberation are now being converted into
manufacturing centres. Workers are performing
their day-to-day work with fervent zeal and en-
thusiasm. Their supreme object is to industrialize
their motherland rapidly. Many model workers
have emerged from the labour emulation drives.
They have all opportunities to display their skill,
with the result that many of the innovations they
evolved have been installed in the factories. These
latest methods have not only reduced the amount of
labour, but also improved working conditions.
At the Fushun open-cut mine, as well as in the
pits, the process of extracting coal has been highly
mechanized. The huge oil refinery at Fushun, manti-
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facturing gasoline and various other by-products
from shale, bears ample testimony to the progress
made in the industrial field.
in Shanghai, I visited the Textile Machinery
Works. -The huge automatic machinery used for
moulding is a marvellous innovation, the like of
which I had not seen before. I was amazed when
I was told that this was an invention of the workers.
This confirmed my belief that, given proper en-
couragement and opportunities, the workers exhibit
great skill beyond all imagination.
I was deeply impressed by the great attention
paid by the management and the Government to
labour protection by improved working conditions,
e.g., the proper casing of transmission belts, in-
stallation of air-conditioning at factories to keep the
temperature at the work-spot cool, and proper ven-
tilation to avoid injurious gases.
The wages of the workers have been constantly
rising, year after year. In addition to improved
standards of living, many model workers have been
promoted to the rank of director and deputy director
in the factories. Huge amounts are set apart for
rewarding the workers who suggest improvements
in the use of machinery.
The Government appropriates annually a great
sum for the construction of living quarters for the
workers. Many workers who were living in hovels
for long years are now housed decently with all
modern amenities like running water, electricity and
proper sanitation.
The Labour Insurance Regulations which have
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been enforced in all enterprises, whether state-owned
or private, fully safeguard the workers during sick-
ness, and temporary or permanent disablement re-
sulting from accidents. Special care is bestowed on
the women workers. Maternity benefits are drawn
from the Labour Insurance fund.
One very remarkable feature of labour welfare
activities is the provision of spare-time rest homes,
hospitals for workers and sanatoria at well-known
health resorts. In China, the worker as the pro-
ducer of wealth is fully cared for. Homes for the
aged have also been established, with all modern
comforts of civilized living.
Unemployment has been completely eradicated.
Workers have no fear of the morrow or insecurity of
employment.
Today, great emphasis is laid on the training of
cadres to man the huge projects and factories that
are springing up. Special facilities are afforded in
technical colleges to students of workers' and peas-
ants' origin. At the People's University at Peking,
the Institute of Technology at Mukden, the College
of Textile Technology at Shanghai and the Engineer-
ing College at Canton, several thousands of students
are studying free of any expense. Not only is there
no tuition fee; even board and lodging expenses are
met by the Government. Students in need of clothes
and other necessities are also provided for.
Another very notable feature of the new life that
is surging forth in China is the provision of equal
opportunities for women. They are treated on a par
with men and given the same pay, on the principle
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of equal pay for equal work. Today, women are
seen doing highly skilled work and, in some cases,
managing factories. Women have been completely
liberated from the thraldom to which they were sub-
jected for ages.
The eradication of bribery, corruption and
nepotism has created a great enthusiasm among the
people. Beggary and prostitution have also been
eliminated and become things of the past.
The criticism occasionally levelled by reaction-
aries at the lack of civil liberties in China is not
borne out by the facts. We have been free to go
wherever we liked and to meet people. Further, the
people are allowed to criticize the actions of the
Government through their newspapers. The Gov-
ernment has adopted criticism and self-criticism as
the basis for development. This is proved by the
highly self-critical reports made at the Seventh All-
China Congress of Trade Unions in the presence of
many international delegates.
Even though such commendable achievements
have been accomplished, yet the leaders of China are
very modest and one cannot find any trace of
arrogance in them. I am fully convinced that they
are pursuing peaceful construction to industrialize
their motherland with patriotic zeal and fervour.
Therefore, they love peace above all and their aim is
to defend world peace. If the mad warmongers of
American imperialism think they can subdue China,
they are thoroughly mistaken. The Chinese people
who have paid a great price for their liberation and
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who now enjoy the truils, of this liberation know that
no power on earth can enslave them.
In conclusion, I thank the people of China and
the workers and leaders of the All-China Federation
of Trade Unions for the warm reception accorded to
us wherever we went and the care and hospitality
shown us. Finally, I salute the great people of
China and wish them great success in their construc-
tion work and assure them that, on return to our
country, we will utilize the lessons and experiences
gained during this visit.
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NEW SP1111T IN THE LAND
S. Saksena
President of the All-India Sugar Mill and Distillery
Workers' Federation
I came to China as an
impartial but sympathetic
and eager student of the
Great Chinese Revolu-
tion. I am not a member
of the Communist Party
of India and my testi-
mony can therefore be
regarded as that of an
impartial observer. I am
a member and one of the
chief organizers of the
All-India Kisan a n d
Mazdoor Praja Party,
i.e., the All India People's
Party under the leadership
of workers and peasants, in the largest Indian prov-
ince, the province of Uttar Pradesh which has a
population of nearly 63 millions.
The thing which has impressed us most power-
fully is the spirit which the new Government in China
has infused in the people. The May Day Parade and
the celebrations by the common people in the Tien
An Men Square at night after the Parade gave the
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most powerful demonstration of this spirit, which
has permeated the masses. All pe ple, men, women
and children of all ages in China seem to feel that
they have a great destiny and that this destiny can
be realized under the new People's Government and
its leader, their beloved Chairman Mao Tse-tung.
For the fulfilment of this great destiny of the Chinese
people, every individual, man, woman and child
seems anxious to do his or her utmost. It seems
that the achievement of the Government during the
last two and a half years has produced in the people
unbounded faith and confidence in the wisdom,
goodness and creative ability of this Government.
It may be that there are still many hidden enemies,
consisting of those who have lost their previous
positions and opportunities to indulge in luxury, but
we are convinced that the vast majority and the
overwhelming masses of the people are solidly
behind the new Government. This is our impres-
sion No. I and we Indian delegates are unanimous
about it.
We have tried to find out how the new Govern-
ment and ils leaders have succeeded in infusing this
new spirit amongst the people. The personal ex-
ample of the topmost leaders of the Government and
their unbounded trust in the people appear to be
the secret of success of the new Government. The
policies which the new Government has put into
effect in the last two and a half years are the result
of mature experience in the last thirty years of the
revolutionary war which was led by these same
leaders of the present Government. In fact, the
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Agrarian Reform Law which the new Government
has put into effect during the last two and a half
years, and which probably is their greatest and most
revolutionary achievement, is nothing but the out-
growth of directives issued by Chairman Mao Tse-
tung as early as 1933 for distribution of land during
the guerilla warfare against the Kuomintang forces
and the reactionary landlords.
During the last thirty years of their revolution-
ary struggle and by practical administration of large
areas which they liberated and administrated during
all this period, these leaders have acquired a perfect
knowledge of the needs and psychology of their peo-
ple and they have before them a clear-cut vision of
the new China of their dreams which they know how
to build and construct. They have, therefore, wasted
no time on foolish experiments but have set about
their business in right earnest. The way in which
they have put an end to corruption which was so
rampant under the Kuomintang regime and the speed
with which they have put an end to inflation and
stabilized the currency and prices is unique in his-
tory. The land reform which has already liberated
over 350 millions of people and which it is proposed
to carry through amongst the remaining 125 millions
of people in the next two and a half years has released
such tremendous enthusiasm among the rural masses
that the production per acre of land has almost
doubled. Everywhere in the fields we have seen
amazing bumper crops all through our travels. We
have found that though there are still poor people
in China and the standard of life is low in some vil-
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lages, still there is plenty of food and nobody starves
for want of it. It is obviously due to the increase in
agricultural production, which has resulted from the
land reform.
The manner in which the land reform has been
carried out shows the practical ability, experience
and far-sightedness of the new Government and its
leaders. That they were allegedly deviating from
Marxist theory did not trouble them at all. Social-
ism for them is an ideal which has to be achieved
through many stages. Therefore, we find that al-
though the landlord class has been liquidated, the
rich peasant and the well-to-do peasant classes and
the national bourgeoisie have been allowed to live
and are even regarded as fulfilling an essential func-
tion in the economy of New China. Even the land-
lords have not been physically annihilated, and they
have been allowed to live and earn their livelihood
like all honest citizens.
The practical advantage of this wise method has
been that the Government has antagonized only a
microscopic minority in the villages, i.e., the land-
lords who did not form even one percent of the rural
population.* The ten percent of the rich peasants
and almost an equal number of well-to-do peasants
have been neutralized by this wise policy and this
has enabled the land reform to be completed smoothly
* According to the report on the Agrarian Reform Law
made in June 1950 by Liu Shao-chi, Vice-Chairman of the
Central People's Government, landlords and rich peasants
constituted less than 10 percent of China's rural population
-Editor.
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without any powerful opposition. Gradually the rich
peasants and the well-to-do peasants as well as the
national bourgeoisie are realizing the anomaly of
their position in the new set-up and it should not
take much time to convert them, and particularly
their children, through political education to social-
ism when that stage arrives. The transition to
socialism will be a long process but already the wis-
dom of farming through mutual-aid groups and co-
operative and collective farming is being realized by
the rural masses in villages where mutual-aid groups
have been formed and co-operatives and collective
farms have been introduced. This wise policy of the
new Government has enabled the greatest agrarian
revolution in history to be accomplished without
almost any bloodshed or even large-scale resistance.
In fact, it has been the most peaceful agrarian revolu-
tion in history and it has laid the foundations of all
future industrialization and the progress of China
towards its cherished goal.
Ours is a trade union delegation and naturally
we were most interested in studying the role of the
trade unions in the new set-up in China. Trade
unions in our country are constantly engaged in
struggle with the management for better wages and
better conditions of service and the Government very
often backs the capitalists. The management and
even the Government very often look upon trade
unions as a necessary evil and they seldom take them
into confidence. Often they try to divide the unity
of labour by sponsoring yellow trade unions which
are able to exist and function only on account of the
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patronage of the Government. The trade unions on
the other hand are constantly engaged in devising
sanctions and forging strength for the fulfilment of
their most elementary demands, through various
methods including strikes.
Here in China the situation is entirely different.
So the functions and the responsibilities of the trade
unions are also completely different. Here in China
you have a People's Government. The trade unions
are, therefore, the real rulers of New China.
Though the organization of the trade unions is
separate and distinct from that of the Government,
yet there is such close liaison and co-operation be-
tween the trade unions and the government organ-
ization at every level that they work in complete
unison. It was, therefore, that although our various
trade union delegations had been invited by the All-
China Federation of Trade Unions and we were their
guests, yet for all practical purposes we were the
guests of the People's Government of China. It is
this complete identity of the trade unions and the
government organizations that ensures to the work-
ing class its leading role in the direction of the Peo-
ple's Government of China. The trade unions in
China, therefore, are the means through which the
Government secures the co-operation and guidance of
the working people in the formulation and carrying
out of their policies.
We were greatly struck by the marvellous enthu-
siasm of the workers for increasing production. This
enthusiasm was mainly due to the fact that every
worker feels that it is his government and he must
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do his utmost to help the Government in increasing
production and in carrying out government policies
and programmes. The Government has large
schemes for raising not only the standard of living
of the workers but also for raising the political con-
sciousness and the intellectual level of the workers
as a whole and of the leading cadres of the trade
unions in particular. The People's University at
Peking was a wonderful demonstration of the anxiety
of the Government to equip the most promising
cadres of the trade unions with the highest education
and learning. Our visit to the factories at Mukden
and Shanghai has given us the most happy experi-
ence of our life. The workers' clubs, dormitories,
theatres, sanatoria, creches, clinics, cultural palaces
and numerous other amenities which have been pro-
vided for them show that the Government pays its
highest attention to the well-being of the workers.
Naturally, therefore, the workers regard the Govern-
ment as their own. They are, therefore, every minute
doing their best to help the Government and to in-
crease production. We could not get detailed figures
and statistics about wages and production in each
factory owing to the hurried nature of our visit and
the limited time at our disposal. But it was obvious
that the condition of the workers is much happier
today than what it was before under the Kuomintang
rule. The system of honouring the most efficient
workers by calling them model workers and labour
heroes raises the enthusiasm of all the workers in
their work, and encourages everyone to emulate these
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labour heroes in producing more and more at less
cost and in less time.
The most remarkable demonstration of the work-
ers' enthusiasm in their work was seen during our
visit to the Huai River Project. We have larger river
valley projects in India like the Damodar Valley pro-
ject, the Bakha Naugal project and several others
like these. But the manner in which the Huai River
Project has been completed is unique and incompa-
rable. With almost no machinery, this project has
been completed with record speed and the millions of
people who have worked in completing the project
have been inspired with a strange zeal and enthu-
siasmn. This enthusiasm for production with the
highest speed and at the cheapest cost and with the
minimum amount of waste is the highest achieve-
ment of the new Government and is its greatest asset.
While so great an emphasis is paid to production
in New China we were greatly impressed to find that
the cultural development of the people is not given
a secondary place. In. fact the most useful lesson
that China has to teach is the manner in which litera-
ture, art, music, drama, cinema and radio have been
harnessed to increase the people's enthusiasm for
production, and for fulfilling the Common Pro-
gramme of the People's Government. In this man-
ner, literature and art have themselves been enriched
and have been carried to the masses. They now re-
flect the sentiments and the feelings of the masses.
This is a very great achievement.
Another very striking feature of Now China is
its wonderful women and children. The equality of
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man and woman has become a concrete fact here.
The enthusiasm of women is marvellous. We have
seen them working in fields as well as in factories.
They even do heavy work in machine-tool factories.
And they seem to be so happy under these new condi-
tions.
But what we shall never forget are the children
of New China. Their discipline is wonderful and
their enthusiasm unbounded. We can never forget
the affection with which they welcomed and greeted
us everywhere throughout China.
Many people in India believe that the peace
movement is merely a propaganda of the Communist
Party of India. But in China we realized how in-
tense is the longing for peace. Those alone who
have known the horrors of war can realize the value
of the peace movement. India was fortunately spared
from the actual horrors of war. The peace movement
in India is therefore confined to the intellectuals. In
China it is a mass movement. The longing for peace
is real and genuine. It is also a national necessity.
Given ten years of peace, China's reconstruction will
be completed, and it will have marched very for to-
wards its cherished goal of socialism. We are, there-
fore, convinced that the Chinese peace movement is
real and genuine, and its 475 million people are all
for peace.
The peace movement led by Soviet Russia and
China embracing 700 million people is, therefore, in
our opinion one of the greatest bulwarks of world
peace.
The Chinese people's love and admiration for the
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Russian people and its leader Marshal Stalin is re-
markable. Soviet Russia has given real help to the
Chinese people to carry out their reconstruction pro-
gramme. The alliance of Soviet Russia and the Peo-
ple's China is not an alliance of convenience or polit-
ical strategy but it is a genuine and deep-rooted
unity. This unity is bound to grow more and more
as the years pass by.
The world was amazed at the heroism of the
Korean people and the Chinese Volunteers who help-
ed the Koreans to resist American aggression so
successfully. We now know the secret of this suc-
cess of the Chinese people. It is the new spirit of
the Chinese people which Chairman Mao Tse-tung
has infused in them. This spirit is invincible. It is
unconquerable. The American bacteriological war-
fare cannot bend this new spirit of the Chinese people
and the atom bombs cannot conquer it.
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S. Guruswaml
General Secretary of the
All-India Railwaymen's Federation
impressive sessions of the Seventh All-China Con-
gress of Trade Unions. I came into contact with
her great leaders of labour, witnessed several cultural
performances and the totality of impressions left in
me have exceeded my most sanguine expectations.
Right from the time I entered the country on
April 25, 1953, the reception given us everywhere and
the hospitality shown us has been unique and won-
derful and never before experienced by me in this
hearty manner in the course of my visits to Europe
It is a great pleasure
to me to be able to give.
my first impressions of
New China gained dur-
ing my tour of one month
in this great country. I
have visited six cities,
having a population of
more than a million each,
have been' at several in-
dustrial areas, saw the
villages develop agricul-
ture under the new
economy. I attended the
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and America during my 28 years of trade-union life.
I will never forget the little children and the youth
of New China who welcome us so well and who are
playing a very enthusiastic part in the building of a
new era. This is the most encouraging feature of
this country.
In the first place, the wonderful May Day Parade
in the Tien An Men Square in Peking has left an
unforgettable impression on my mind and was
symbolical of the fact that all sections of the com-
munity are politically conscious of the great role they
are called upon to play in the building of a socialist
economy and May Day is the occasion for celebration
of their determination.
Before I came to China, I had the feeling that I
was going to see a country with signs of war damage
everywhere and a poor railway system. Under the
leadership of Chairman Mao Tse-tung, New China
has completely effected her economic recovery and is
well on the road for fulfilment and even overfulfil-
ment of her Five-Year Plan for economic advance-
ment towards socialism.
Her railways are not only well maintained but
are being expanded at a rate not to be compared with
any other part of the world. I have so far travelled
some 4,000 kilometers on the Chinese railways and
the impression I have is that maintenance is second
to none, and in a short period the standard of
management will be ahead of many so-called ad-
vanced countries. The bad legacy left over by for-
eign imperialists, bureaucrats, and capitalists is being
rapidly liquidated and several innovations are being
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introduced to increase the efficiency of rail transport.
I had the pleasure of meeting at Mukden Comrade
Tien Kwei-ying, China's first woman locomotive
driver and hearing from her first hand how she was
trained to become such a good model worker.
The railway wages system in India has all the
symbols of an old capitalist society with a variety of
grades providing for the highest official a wage ex-
ceeding 50 times the earnings of the lowest paid
worker. In the Chinese, railways, it does not exceed
more than five times for the corresponding categories
of workers and the principle followed is each accord-
ing to his labour and it is amazing to observe how
the workers determine their wages.
The railway workshops I visited are doing a
magnificent job and are models of enthusiastic co-
operation between the administration and the work-
ers. The railways are run in the interests of the
country and for the development of her national re-
construction.
The success of the management of Chinese in-
dustrial concerns is due to the close co-operation be-
tween the managerial staff and the trade unions.
The enthusiasm and the political consciousness of
the workers are the keynote everywhere and careful
planning and keen desire not only to fulfil but over-
fulfil the targets are in evidence everywhere.
The new land reform has demonstrated how in-
crease in agricultural production can be secured and
the standard of life improved for the peasants. The
new river valley projects are calculated to avert
famine and benefit the peasantry.
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The interesting and instructive report of Com-
rade Lai Jo-yu at the Seventh All-China Congress of
Trade Unions showed how industrial production re-
sults have been achieved and improvements in pro-
ductivity effected both in quantity and quality. His
report gave a note of warning against bureaucratic,
economist and syndicalist tendencies in trade unions
and rightly emphasized that improved standards of
living cannot be divorced from production results.
Stabilization of commodity prices is a great achieve-
ment.
The delegations from foreign countries gave the
Congress the character of an international labour
conference and it was truly stressed that, without
peace, democracy and socialism will be jeopardized
and that it should be the joint endeavour of the work-
ers of the world to unite and strive for peace.
The people and the Government in China are
determined to build for socialism. I congratulate
the workers and peasants of New China on their
magnificent achievements and I wish them all hap-
piness and success in completing their new Five-Year
Plan ahead of schedule.
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MY VISIT TO NORTHEAST CHINA
Thakin Aye Choe
Member of the General Council of the Burma
Trade Union' Congress
masses of workers.
At .2 p.m. that very same day we visited the
Technological -Institute' which is housed almost en-
tirely'in new buildings. We examined their methods.
of construction with great interest. They have a
arranged an itinerary.'that would enable us to study
conditions in the various industries. The first place
we visited was Shenyang (Mukden) in Northeast
China. Leaving Peking at 3 p.m. on May 14, 1953,
we arrived at Shenyang at nine the next morning.
At the railway station we were warmly received by
We representatives of
the workers of Burma,
who are engaged in
struggle against impe-
rialism, arrived in the
People's Republic of
China on April 29, 1953
to take part in. the May
Day celebrations and in
the Seventh All-China
Congress o f T r-a d e
Unions. After the Con-
gress, the All-China Fed-
eration of Trade Unions
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very large number of students-over six thousand!
We were told that last year 1,500 students graduated
from the Institute. Class-rooms were completed only
two years ago. Most of the students live in. The
many buildings-administration offices, class-rooms,
with student dormitories on top-were very impres-
sive. All the students were very earnestly at work:
at lectures, in the laboratory or doing other practical
work. Whenever they had time the students would
join the workers while construction was still in pro-
gress on the school buildings. On one of the largest
buildings the foundation had just been laid and
ground work was beginning. We were amazed to
learn that the building would be completed in August
-only three months off!
In the morning of May 16 we visited an indus-
trial exhibition where the display of all sorts of
machinery, from iron smelting to the manufacture of
porcelain and glass-ware-all made in the People's
Republic of China--thrilled us. In one section of
the exhibition peasants ,'were shown how to make and
use fertilizer. The industrial exhibition was arranged
in two parts-actual products in one, charts statistics
in the other-to show how China was to be trans-
formed into a socialist country. We did not have
time to go through all the rooms of the exhibition.
But what we were able to take in was immensely in-
teresting.
In the afternoon that day we visited a machine
works. This was the first time in my life that I saw
such a big factory. We saw Soviet-made machines
and similar machines that were being turned out by
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that factory. All the workers were very busy. The
factory had been severely damaged by the Japanese
invaders during the war; now it was almost com-
pletely restored. Before the liberation, the workers
had been on the verge of starvation; now they lived
well. This visit to a factory was convincing evidence
of China's assured industrial progress.
The following day, we went to a coal mine near
Fushun where we spent the whole day from 10:30
a.m. onwards. In the town, new workers' residences
were to be seen everywhere. We went into the open-
cut mine. There were two parallel tracks on every
level. Electric trolleys delivered the coal to a point
from which other electric trolleys took it to the dump-
ing ground. The car by which we travelled into the
mine was also electrically operated. To our delight,
we found that every part of the mining process was
power-operated. Working conditions were, here too,
greatly improved and the workers' living standards
rising steadily.
In the late afternoon, we paid a visit to the home
for the aged and the nursery established by the col-
liery. The nursery had spacious, bright rooms; bath-
rooms were spotless. We were entertained with a
performance by the children. In the home for the
aged, everything was neat and tidy, too. The oldest
inmate was 85 years of age. All rooms were very
nicely furnished, some even beautifully. When we
talked to these old people, they told us of their suf-
ferings under Chiang Kai-shek's rule; they pointed
to the contrast in their life now, under the loving care
of the Communist Party and Chairman Mao Tse-
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tung. The home was comfortable. All workers enjoy
labour insurance which grants them pensions in
their old age.
We did not have enough time to see all of Fu-
shun. But what we saw in the way of the number of
schools convinced us that a great deal was being
done in education and culture. It was already dark
when we left the mining; town.
On the morning of May 18 we visited a village.
We were particularly interested in seeing it because
it was at some distance from the railway line and the
highway. The village consisted of about one hun-
dred households; at each of these, outbuildings and
farm implements were in good order. The peasants
were eating well and their women were well-dressed.
We also visited the village school which was neat and
well-kept. The village had two co-operatives. The
people told us that the peasants who had formerly
been very poor now had surplus grain and that they,
whose homesteads used to be seized by the land-
lords, could now safely call their homes their own.
We also learned that formerly only 35 out of 105
school-age children had been able to attend school
and that of these 35, 15 were from landlords' families.
Now there were 127 children of school-age and all
of them could go to school. We visited a nursery
that had 20 children and four nurses to care for them.
The nursery's library had several hundred books,
showing what emphasis was placed on proper educa-
tion. I took notes on some of the interesting things
we saw in this village: They had, for instance, a
chart showing how much rice had been produced in
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the previous year and how, much would be -produced
this year; another chart showed how much fertilizer
was required to produce how much rice. It seemed
this small village was quite advanced;. but if this
small village, was so advanced, .then it. was easy
to imagine the, advances made by other villages
throughout the People's Republic of China.
We saw many two- or three-storied houses with
modern conveniences recently built and many more
going up. -Clothing is unpretentious; all dress in
blue cotton uniforms. Under Chiang Kai-shek's re-
gime, the working people were in rags; now they not
only have adequate clothing, but also special clothes
to suit the type of work each worker is engaged in.
While in the past, the workers were continuously
threatened by starvation and often had nothing but
wild herbs to eat,- they now have rice regularly and
other nutritious foods and are entirely free from the
want of food and clothing.
With progress made in communications 'and dis-
tances greatly shortened, goods move freely from one
part of the.country to the other. As wages have been
rising, the workers have been able to buy bicycles,
wrist watches and radio sets. There is no need to
worry about getting an education since everybody
can attend school and new schools have been estab-
lished in great numbers.
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Joint Statement by the Delegation of the
All-Indonesia Central Organization of
Trade Unions (SOBSI) and the
Delegation of the Federation
of Indonesian Trade
Unions (GSBI)
At the invitation of the All-China Federation of
Trade Unions, delegations of the All-Indonesia Cen-
tral Organization of Trade Unions and the Federa-
tion of Indonesian Trade Unions, which are the two
largest trade union organizations in Indonesia, parti-
cipated in the 1953 May Day celebrations in Peking
and attended the Seventh All-China Congress of
Trade Unions. After that, the delegates went on a
sight-seeing tour of various places in New China,
from Shenyang (Mukden) in the north to Canton in
the south.
The delegates saw with their own eyes the social
transformation taking place in the largest country in
Asia, transformation of an agricultural country into
an industrial power. This transformation is now
being pushed ahead at a fast pace with the great
First Five-Year Plan of economic and industrial con-
struction.
The Indonesian trade union delegates, together
with other trade union delegates from Asia, Europe,
* This statement was read at a reception given by the
Chekiang Provincial Trade Union Council on May 28, 1953
in honour of the delegations.
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Africa and Australia, have had the opportunity of
visiting factories, cities and villages. They have ob-
tained first-hand knowledge of the life of all strata of
the Chinese people who overthrew the corrupt Kuo-
mintang regime which had been supported by the
imperialists. They have paid particular attention to
the heroic expression of patriotism of New China's
working class in creative emulation drives in the
building up of the country which is now their own.
Thanks to the deep concern in the workers' material
and cultural life displayed by the Government of the
People's Republic of China, the Chinese workers'
standard of living is going up daily. New living
quarters, sanatoria, hospitals, nurseries and spare-
time schools for workers are being built all the time.
Labour insurance, old-age pensions and other social
amenities receive the attention of the trade unions and
the Government.
This visit has convinced the Indonesian trade
union delegates that the workers play an important
part in the building of their country. The workers
can be filled with high labour enthusiasm only when
they realize that they are working for their mother-
land and not for monopoly capitalists.
The working class plays a leading part in the
struggle for complete national independence. Re-
calling the struggle of the Shanghai workers, the
Indonesian trade union delegates realize how acute
this struggle was against oppression by the Japanese
fascists and the Kuomintang rulers. The ruthless
slaughter of workers' leaders could not cow the
Shanghai workers, imbued with patriotism as they
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were. They carried on the fight for their rights to
the very moment the People's Liberation Army
marched into Shanghai.
At present the primary task of China's trade
unions is to mobilize all forces for increased produc-
tion, so as to carry out China's First Five-Year Plan.
Having noted the efficiency shown by China's
workers, in building the Kuanting Reservoir and in
the manufacture of all kinds of machines, the Indone-
sian trade union delegates are convinced that the
Chinese workers .will be able to accomplish their
tasks with brilliant results.
The daily growing prosperity of New China and
the daily rising living standards of its workers are a
great contribution to world peace and international
trade. They also greatly inspire the Indonesian peo-
ple who have always been shackled by round-table
conference agreements and are striving for complete
independence.
It is the hope of the Indonesian delegates that
the Indonesian workers. will also be able to lead a
life as the Chinese workers do, and to contribute
their immediate efforts to the build-up of their coun-
try and to the defence of their national interests.
The workers of New China have many things the
Indonesian workers can learn, especially their ex-
periences both in the struggle before the liberation
and in national construction at present. The In-
donesian trade union delegations which represent the
All-Indonesia Central Organization of Trade Unions
and the Federation of :[ndonesian Trade Unions ap-
peal to all the members of these two organizations as
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May Day 1953 in Peking-the first year
of China's First Five-Year Plan showed
the improvements made in all fields of
the national economy. A mighty throng
of 500,000, including workers, peasants,
students, the national minorities, cheer-
ed for International Labour Day with pro-
mises for still better efforts in the future
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The day after May 1st, the Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions
opened in the palatial Huai Jen Tang. Representing over ten million
trade unionists in 29 industries, 813 delegates from all parts of the
country met for ten days. Also present were 105 guests from abroad,
including representatives of the World Federation of Trade Unions
led by their General Secretary Louis Saillant, and trade union dele-
gates from 20 countries
After the Congress, the foreign delegates visited the Kuanting
Reservoir on the Yungting River near Peking, the biggest
reservoir under construction
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On the way to the Kuanting Reservoir, the dele-
gates had occasion to see parts of China's Great
Wall. Some of the Japanese and Indian delegates
posed, with the Great Wall for a background
In Peking, the Polish, Czechoslovak and Australian dele-
gates visited a creche run by the Girls' Secondary
School affiliated to the Peking Normal University.
The children performed for the foreign guests
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Bang Tai Uk (left) and Bak
Sam Yun (right) of Korea
visited a Chinese People's
Volunteers combat hero,
Tsui Chien-kuo, who was
convalescing in Peking
State farms have great educational and directional impor-
tance. At the Wulitien State Farm near Peking, the delegates
watched a demonstration of insecticide being sprayed over
a cotton field by means of a tractor
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On a visit to the Lungfeng Colliery in Fushun, Northeast China, the
foreign delegates donned miners' outfits, prior to going down into the
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. 11 1
Another place of interest
was the open-cut coal
mine at Fushun. The dele-
gates travelled on elec-
trically-operated trolleys
about this mine where
machines have taken the
drudgery off human backs
In the Fushun Colliery's Home for the Aged, the
Indian delegates obtained a first-hand account from
74-year-old miner Hu Ching-teh (2nd from left)
about how terribly different working conditions were
in his time. Now he can live out his last days in
peace on a pension, granted him and all others like
him under the Labour Insurance Regulations of the
People's Government of China
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The use of disc ploughs was explained at the agricultural producers' co-
operative in Kao Kan Village near Shenyang (Mukden)
At Shenyang, the Indian delegates paid a visit to the Technological Insti-
tute and posed in front of the Institute's Metallurgical Research Building
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11; 1, I ;I
M. G. Mendis, Head of the
Ceylon Trade Union Dele-
gation, inspected rubber
tyres made in China, at the
Northeast Industrial Ex-
hibition in Shenyang
Indonesian delegates at the Northeast Indus-
trial Exhibition
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In Nanking, the delegates walked up to
the sumptuous Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
Outside Nanking, the dele-
gates visited the memorial
to the revolutionary and
patriotic martyrs who gave
their lives during the Jap-
anese occupation and under
the Kuomintang terror and
paid tribute to their mem-
cry. The monument bears
the inscription: "Everlast-
ing Glory to the Martyrs of
the Revolution!"
MINE MIKE
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Shanghai's cotton mills interested
the trade union delegates from
abroad. Here Ceylonese delegates
visited a textile mill in Shanghai
The Indian delegates took a brief rest on the
lawn of the Shanghai Workers' Sanatorium
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Affi~
Flanked by members of the delegation of the All-Indonesia Central
Organization of Trade Unions (SOBSI) and of the delegation of the
Federation of Indonesian Trade Unions (GSBI), Tjugito (second from
left), leader of the SOBSI, reads the joint statement issued by the two
delegations, calling upon the workers of Indonesia to strive for a
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well as to the members of other trade unions and
workers who have not yet joined trade unions, to take
more positive action in forming a workers' united
front. With their united strength, the Indonesian
workers can certainly take the same road as China,
to free themselves from the shackles of imperialism
and build up their country.
We would like to express our gratitude for the
opportunity given us by the Chinese trade unions and
hope that the friendship between the Chinese and In-
donesian workers will be further consolidated.
Delegation of the All-Indonesia Central
Organization of Trade Unions
Leader: Tjugito
Deputy-leader: Suhardjo
Members: A. S. Darta Hanapi
Harjo Suprapto
Bardi
Delegation of the Federation of Indonesian
Trade Unions
Leader: A. M. Datuk
Members: Sudjono Agung Sutadi
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CHINA'S PEOPLE ARE CARED FOR
Tjugito
First Secretary, Department of Organization, All-Indonesia
Central Organization of Trade Unions
feel happy now that they
have been liberated from
oppression by the Kuo-
mintang and the land-
lord clique and, what is
more, now that they
have, under the leader-
ship of the working class
kMm and Chairman Mao Tse-
tung, achieved s u c h
magnificent successes for
the benefit of the people
in all fields.
In Chungking, for instance, the workers com-
pleted thousands of new houses in order to greet the
approaching May Day Festival; and so, thousands of
workers with their families are now able to celebrate
May Day in new homes with modern conveniences.
Last year, China appropriated 2,800,000 million yuan
for building new houses for the people; these provide
pleasant living quarters for a million workers and
their families.
During the labour emulation movement to greet
May Day, another dam, 697 metres long, was com-
Chinese people should
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pleted on the Huai River. In the past, particularly
under the corrupt rule of Chiang Kai-shek's govern-
ment, floods caused death and injury to thousands of
people, destroyed millions of yuan worth of property,
good rice fields and land. But now, after the com-
pletion of the Sanho Dam, 1,720,000 hectares of rice
fields will be irrigated. In consequence, the peasants
and other inhabitants of the area will be able to live
happy, prosperous lives.
In my country, the people's health is miserably
neglected. Even Minister of Health Dr. Leimena
despairs when he is faced with the situation of one
doctor to 60,000 patients, and of 10,000 people fight-
ing over eight accommodations in a hospital! In
China we found an entirely different situation. Pe=
king, with a population of 2,400,000 (less than the
population of Djakarta), has 10 large hospitals, not
counting the clinics sponsored by every factory,
school and organization.
In our country, according to the statistics of the
Indonesian Teachers' Association and the Ministry of
Culture and Education, 2,300,000 children of school-
age cannot go to school as a result of the lack of
school buildings and teachers. These children, un-
able to obtain the necessary scientific schooling, thus
cannot become educated and useful people. In the
People's Republic of China, not only have great
numbers of school buildings been erected for the
country's younger generation who will be the pillars
of her future. But 152 parks and cultural palaces
have also been established for them. This number
does not include the cultural establishments and
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stadiums in all the factories and mines. Nor does it
include the 20,000 dramatic, dancing and choral
troupes that entertain the people with their perform-
ances and inspire them with greater energy for the
country's large-scale economic construction, for a
happier future and for a lasting world peace.
Since all the people are now living lives of hap-
piness and prosperity, and since their cultural as well
as material requirements are being satisfied, it is na-
tural they should make May Day such a gay event.
We saw 500,000 workers, peasants, students, Young
Pioneers, women, athletes, artists and writers, carry-
ing many-coloured flowers and flags, marching in
columns 5 kilometres long. They cheered their be-
loved leader, Chairman Mao Tse-tung with songs and
shouts and slogans for three whole hours.
To-day, the Chinese workers and the Chinese
people have achieved their emancipation and are
leading a happy life. But they are not stopping at
this. In fact, they are aiming at further progress.
The Chinese working class, which played a major
role in the liberation struggle and is now playing the
major role in national construction for the benefit of
the entire people, is whole-heartedly behind the
Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions. All
the minds and thoughts of China's workers are con-
centrated on one thing: how to guarantee the fulfil-
ment of the Five-Year Plan of construction which will
bring still greater happiness to the people.
The success of the Congress of the Chinese work-
ing class and the launching of the Five-Year Plan
constitute part of the victories won by the people in
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their fight for freedom and peace, against imperialism
and the warmongers. Hence, every victory won by
the freedom and peace-loving people is also a victory
for our Indonesian people.
The victory of the Chinese working class and
the Chinese people under the brilliant leadership
of Chairman Mao Tse-tung was possible only after a
long series of bitter and persistent struggles. If the
Chinese workers and the Chinese people have succeed-
ed in changing their life into one of happiness and
prosperity, that is the result of the struggle by the
masses themselves based upon the policy of a national
united front of all democratic and patriotic people,
regardless of political or religious belief, in the
struggle against imperialism, for better living con-
ditions, complete national independence, democracy
and lasting world peace.
The theory of such a struggle has been put into
practice in China. What is more, the correctness of
this theory has thus been proved. We have seen
with our own eyes the magnificent accomplishments
achieved with this theory.
The people of Indonesia must come to believe that,
by strengthening our national united front and inter-
national unity, we will be successful in our fight
for better living conditions, for complete national
independence and for a lasting world peace.
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CULTURE AND EDUCATION RN
PEOPLE'S CHINA
Suhardjo
Secretary, Department of Culture and Sports, All-Indonesia
Central Organization of Trade Unions
as well as achievements
It is twenty-five days
since we came to the
People's Republic of
China. During this time,
we saw the May Day
celebrations; we took
part in the Seventh All-
China Congress of Trade
Unions, held in Peking;
we visited other big cities
and also villages where
we could observe the
large-scale economic con-
struction now going on,
made in the cultural and
educational fields; we were able to come into contact
with workers, peasants, intellectuals, university stu-
dents, children . . . the old as well as the young.
In Indonesia as ;:n other countries, which are
still under direct or indirect imperialist domination,
we were given to believe that the freedom of religious
belief, of political conviction, of trade, and even of
loving one's own kinsmen is suppressed in the Soviet
Union and in the People's Democracies, including
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the People's Republic of China. That this is contrary
to fact has been shown by the Moslem member of our
Indonesian delegation. He had the opportunity of
meeting freely with Moslems in Shanghai. He found
that they are free to exercise their religious rights.
In Djakarta there are only six mosques for more
than 2,500,000 Moslems in the city, whereas in
Shanghai there are 13 mosques for only 30,000
Moslems. One of, the Shanghai mosques was in
bad repair during the Japanese occupation and the
Kuomintang regime. But after the liberation, the
district people's government appropriated 270,000,000
yuan (270,000 rupiah) to repair it and to install
modern conveniences.
The imperialists have been shouting that personal
freedom is suppressed in the Soviet Union, in the
People's Democracies and in the People's Republic
of China. If there were any suppression in China
at all, then it had been directed against the activities
of a few, which were detrimental to the interests of
the people as a whole, activities which should be
suppressed. This suppression started in January
1952. with the "San Fan"* and "Wu Fan"** mass
movements.
The people throughout the -country took an
energetic and conscious part in both these move-
*
A movement among government workers against cor-
ruption, waste and bureaucratism.
**,A movement among industrialists and traders against
the bribery of government workers, tax evasion, theft of
state property, cheating on government contracts and stealing
economic information for private speculation.
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ments. Since then, everyone in China is helping to
do away with bad practices in daily life. We have
seen with our own eyes some of the achievements
of these mass movements.
For instance: One day, when we took a walk,
we saw an iron box with a glass top at a busy street-
corner. Inside the box. were postcards, stamps and
envelopes. Many people took some of these out by
themselves, then dropped the money into the box.
No one was there to watch the box, but then nobody
cheated.
In Indonesia, appropriations for culture and
education constituted only 8.9 per cent of the 1951
budget, but in the People's China 14.9 per cent of the
1953 budget, a sum of 34,807,700 million yuan
(equivalent to approximately 34,807,700,000 rupiah),
was allocated for this purpose. And this at a time
of national economic construction which is taking
up 44.34 per cent of the total 1953 budget.
With the achievements in national economic
construction, the rate of the increases in the wages
of the working people in 1952 ranged from 60 to 120
per cent, as compared with 1949. In a textile mill
we visited, we were not surprised to find that among
the 340 workers 110 owned wrist watches; 102 had
purchased a total of 323 books, and 95 per cent of the
workers went to the cinema three times a week because
nowadays films are educational as well as recreational.
To meet the ever-increasing people's demand for
culture, the People's Government has produced and
shown 143 feature and documentary films. Besides,
Soviet, Czech, Polish, Hungarian and other educa-
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tional films, on the topics of democracy, socialism
and world peace have been widely shown in China.
In 1950, 146,380,000 people saw films; in the first
half of 1952, this number had risen to 213,500,000.
We have been greatly impressed by the fact that the
All-China Federation of Trade Unions has 500 pro-
jection teams with 817 cine-projectors touring the
country to show films exclusively to workers . . . a
fact impossible at present in Indonesia.
The main task of these projection teams is the
political and cultural education of the workers.
Apart from 2,436 cultural centres set up-in the
whole country, the workers are given material assist-
ance to carry on cultural activities at places where
they work, in factories as well as in government or-
ganizations. The owners of the enterprises or the
administration appropriate funds for cultural ex-
penses -not deducted from the workers' wages -
equivalent to 1.5 per cent of the total workers' payroll.
Sports stadiums and theatres have been built, too.
Writers and artists are invited regularly to give
lectures; and exhibitions are often held of the workers'
artistic or literary creations. The workers' cultural
and art teams also give performances in the country-
side and help the peasants organize their own
cultural and art groups. The trade unions have set
up classes training dance, singing and sports in-
structors. Recently, the railway workers' trade union
mobilized one hundred of their trained members to
instruct the people in field and track events, as well as
other sports.
The working people of Indonesia also have the
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right to enjoy cultural and recreational activities, but
without political and economic guarantees this is
hardly possible. In order to meet the cultural de-
mands of the Indonesian working people, our slogan
today remains: Rally around the united front of the
workers and the national united front to struggle for
improved living standards, complete national in-
dependence, democracy and lasting peace.
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EDUCATION IN NEW CHINA
Sudjono
President of the Indonesian Teachers' Trade Union
delegation have already spoken of their experiences,
conclusions and. hopes in the various fields in which
they specialize. As a teacher, I would like to say a
few words about what I have seen in the field of
education.
I cannot describe in detail everything that I have
seen, and the material that I have collected is by no
means exhaustive. This does not mean, however,
that I cannot draw any conclusions. While on tour,
I have had the opportunity of discussing problems
with educationists, trade unionists, teachers and
As a member of the
Indonesian. trade union
delegation, I attended the
Seventh All-China Con-
gress of Trade Unions
that was held recently in
Peking and was given a
chance to visit the key
cities of China. Although
our tour has not yet come
to an end, I am, sure it is
going to be a great suc-
cess.
Some comrades of our
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students. The following is a summary of my impres-
sions.
First, I have been deeply impressed by the fact
that every school pays great attention to the well-
known and advanced educational principle, that is,
to the principle that there should be no discrepancy
between words and deeds. In the education of chil-
dren, theory is stressed in the same manner as
practice. It is true that to put this method into effect,
there is need not only of teachers but also of sufficient
experimental apparatus, and this sometimes causes
difficulties. Nevertheless, this method is extremely
beneficial to the mental and physical development of
children. What the schools train for the society are
not students who are acquainted only with theory but
not practice; they are turning out cadres who are pre-
pared to engage in economic construction.
Secondly, the system of People's Democracy is
widely applied in the field of education and this is
borne out by the establishment of short-term second-
ary schools for workers and peasants. These schools
are like ordinary secondary schools except that the
course is very short, ranging from six months to one
year. They do not admit ordinary students. They
are for the talented youth of worker and peasant
origin who have contributed to the development of
the society by their work. I visited such a school in
Shenyang (Mukden) where I met a student named
Tien Kuei-ying, a woman locomotive driver and a na-
tionally famous model worker.
Thirdly, I have noticed that the teachers and stu-
dents of the schools I have visited are very happy.
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They study seriously and get on well with each other.
They do not show the least sign of embarrassment
when they meet new people. I think that all who
have visited the schools have had the same experi-
ence.
Fourthly, New China pays great attention to
technical schools. Technical schools of different
kinds (including agricultural technical schools) are
set up everywhere to meet the needs of the large-scale
industrialization of the country.
Fifthly, nurseries contribute much to the mental
and physical health of children and make it possible
for mothers to engage in productive work. From a
very early age, the children are trained to adapt
themselves to collective life. It should be pointed
out that this is all to the good, for parents who are
apt to spoil their children at home have fewer oppor-
tunities of doing so.
Lastly, as an official of a teachers' trade union
I should not forget to mention the prospects and liv-
ing conditions of the teachers in China. I have seen
with my own eyes that their life has improved sub-
stantially since the liberation. They are paid several
times more than they were in the Kuomintang days
and, moreover, they enjoy the benefits of social
amenities (living quarters with water and light, free
medical service and sanatoria). No wonder that
under such circumstances they work whole-heartedly
and happily. In addition, they attend lectures on
various special subjects and have access to all neces-
sary reference books so that they have a good chance
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to increase their general knowledge as well as their
professional knowledge.
These are the impressions I have obtained dur-
ing my short stay in China. It is quite clear that
New China's Government and society lay great
emphasis on education. They do so because they
believe that education is an essential condition for
national construction. The Government appropriates
a large sum from the budget for the development of
education. This is only possible when state power is
in the hands of the people. What I have seen is, in
fact, only the beginning of their plan. I believe
their educational work will expand along with the
development of national construction.
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SIX WEEKS' TOUR OF THE CHINESE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC .
M. G. Mendis
General Secretary of the Ceylon Trade Union Federation
'.U111I!1L11 16L rni Ly V1 %.I11I1d.
The May Day Parade also demonstrated the
ardent desire and the great determination of the Chi-
nese people to fulfil and overfulfil the national con-
struction programme and to defend world peace.
The Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions
is an event of very great significance not only for
was a unique event which demonstrated in all effec-
tiveness the tremendous love and boundless confi-
dence. all classes of people in Chinese society have in
the leadership 'of Chairman Mao Tse-tung and the
During the six weeks`
of our stay in New China
we have been able to see
the Great May Day ;
Parade in Peking, the
Seventh . All-China Con-
gress
of Trade Unions
and the vast achieve-
ments made by the Chi-
nese "people during the
short period of three and.
a half years since the
liberation.
.The May Day Parade
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the Chinese people but also to all peoples in colonial,
semi-colonial and capitalist countries who are fight-
ing for national liberation, democracy and peace.
It is an event which has given great hopes and
confidence to all freedom-loving peoples all over the
world. At this historic congress we were able to ob-
serve the great unity of the Chinese working class,
their political maturity, their iron discipline and their
overwhelming enthusiasm to overfulfil the national
construction programme to lay the foundation to
make New China a mighty industrial power.
During the six weeks of our stay we have visited
many cities and villages. When we visited Shang-
hai we were able to see many machine-tool factories
for the manufacture of machinery for heavy as well
as light industries. We saw many such factories in
Mukden and Nanking too. This vast production of
machinery and tools is for the purpose of starting
heavy and light industries throughout the country
to increase the wealth and prosperity of the country,
for the Chinese people to have a richer and happier
life.
We were also able to notice in many cities and
villages, how the Central People's Government is
taking great concern in providing living quarters for
the people. Large building construction schemes are
in progress in every city and throughout the villages
to provide decent houses for the people.
Workers who lived in shanties, hovels and mud
huts before the liberation are living in well-ventilated,
well-furnished modern houses with electricity and
drainage. We saw tens of thousands of such houses
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in Shanghai, Mukden, Nanking; Tientsin and many
other cities.
Workers are also provided with decent rest
homes and sanatoria to spend their annual holidays
and periods of convalescence after illness. These
rest homes and sanatoria which we visited are pro-
vided with all modern conveniences and comforts.
Facilities have been provided for indoor and outdoor
games. Reading rooms, libraries and theatres are
provided for cultural activities.
All facilities are provided to look after the wel-
fare of mothers and children. Nurseries have been
established in factories, in different parts of cities
and villages to nurse the children when mothers are
at work. These children are given vitamin-rich food
and they are given toys to play. Trained nurses look
after these children and teach them to sing and dance.
During our travels we observed that the Central
People's Government is paying very great attention
to child-welfare and also to the welfare of women
workers.
Women workers get equal pay with men and
during the period of confinement and after childbirth
special attention is paid to their health. They get
56 days' leave with full pay during confinement and
sometimes this period is extended.
In the villages the conditions of the peasants
have improved very considerably after land reform.
I visited many villages and we were able to observe
the great love the peasants have for Chairman Mao
Tse-tung and the Chinese Communist Party for
liberating them from the yoke of the landlords and
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the reactionary Kuomintang rulers. They are work-
ing with very great enthusiasm to increase produc-
tion. The peasants not only have enough food to
eat, they have reserve stocks in their barns.
We noticed that the conditions of the Chinese
peasants are much better than the middle peasants
in our country who are fast getting indebted and
pauperized.
Health and sanitation is another factor that
strikes any visitor to New China. The patriotic
health movement launched at the call of Chairman
Mao Tse-tung has produced marvellous results. The
first city that we visited in the course of our tour in
New China was Canton. Canton was one of the
most insanitary cities in China before the liberation.
But we saw a different picture when we visited this
city. The streets in this city were perfectly clean.
We noticed common people and even children observ-
ing cleanliness in every detail. During the three
days and three nights we stayed in Canton we did
not see a single fly, mosquito or any other insect
injurious to public health.
In Canton we saw the new People's Hospital
with all the modern conveniences and comforts pro-
vided for indoor patients. This was only one of the
many hospitals in Canton. The hospital had 1,200
beds and it was provided with all modern equipment
and appliances. The number of doctors, nurses and
attendants in that hospital was amazing. A hospital
of that size in our country does not have even one
third of that staff.
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G. M. Dawson
Member of the Australian Council of Trade Unions
It is most refreshing to meet people who are so
friendly to each other and to us, but, meeting the
children of China provides inspiration for everything
that is good Whether they are the children of the
tior..;of. China.
upon practical personal experiences of the workers
and peasants, of swiftly improving living standards.
The poor, exploited peasants receiving land of their
own for the first time' in history; and the workers
managing their country free from exploitation and
insecurity; all work together in amazing friendship
and:-unity 'for the economic and, material reconstruc-
There are - so 'many
conditions enjoyed today
by the people of China;
and for which we still
struggle, that it is dif-
ficult to 'select that which
makes the `most impres
sion upon us. However,
the 'most striking fact is
the friendly unity of the
peasants, the workers,
and the people generally,
in all of their activities.
This unity is, based.
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city worker, or the village peasant, we found every-
where beautiful, happy, carefree, healthy children
who laugh, sing and play most joyously. They ex-
tend their genuine friendship so happily, as they clap
their hands, and seek to hold ours, or insist that we
join in one of their games that, very often, try as
we may to resist, we are compelled to respond to such
friendship with tears of joy.
We talked to the school children at Peking, where
1,700 happy children looked up to us and cried, "We
want peace," "Long live peace," while we thought
of rich warmongers in our country, who talk of using
atom bombs which would murder millions of children.
After seeing the many thousands of happy, healthy
children, the need for action in their defence becomes
a most pressing need.
We in Australia, who today are commencing to
join together in our wrath to try to stop the poisoning
of the minds of our children and youth by American
horror, crime, and sex perversion comics and books,
would increase our activity a hundredfold, could we,
as in China, see, hear or play with children whose
minds are completely free from that or any other
poison.
One of the most amazing actions of the people
of China is the manner in which they quickly defend-
ed themselves against the use, by America, of
bacteriological warfare. The People's Government
organized a nation-wide campaign in action to rid
China of the fly menace by regarding every fly as an
imperialist enemy agent, which had to be destroyed.
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The result is that in the thousands of miles of travel
in China we have not seen one fly.
Another aspect of life in China which makes a
deep impression is the large amount of building in
course of construction or recently completed.
In one year alone, 1952, the People's Govern-
ment of China provided 41.6 million pounds for hous
ing construction, and, in that year alone housed one
million people.
Urgent building construction is proceeding in an
amazing fashion in China. Yet, because of their love
of their country, its history and culture, large sums
of money, much labour and materials are used to
restore and repair palaces of culture, museums and
historical buildings.
Many economic demands for which we in Aus-
tralia are still compelled to struggle, are already
enjoyed by the trade unionists of China. For ex-
ample, equal pay for the sexes operates in China.
Prices of commodities are stabilized, while wages
have on the average doubled since 1949 and are still
increasing.
Recognition of union representatives is an issue
about which many a long industrial battle has been
fought in Australia. The Trade Union Law of China
prevents the transfer or discharge of any union rep-
resentatives and, in fact, of any worker until or
unless the relevant trade union approval has been
secured.
The same law provides that state or private
enterprises, employing 200 to 300 employees, must
employ, at full wages, one full-time trade union of-
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ficial and a further official for each additional 500
employees!
This is explained by the fact that the working
class is the leading class in China and not the ex-
ploited or oppressed class as in Australia.
It creates a deep impression to recall the head-
lines, billboards, front and other pages of newspapers
in our Australia which predominantly deal with
murder, incitement to war, or disgraceful and fan-
tastic lies and slander against other nations, and
compare the Australian position with that in China.
The newspapers and posters in China, we find,
tell of the accomplishments of the Chinese people in
production, in the arts, the sciences or literature, and
they tell of the rights of the people.
There are thousands of posters in China calling
for world peace. In each village, at each school,
factory or job which we visited, the peasants, workers
and their children cried in voices full of sincerity,
"Long live peace."
The majority of the people wear emblems of some
kind which bring to mind the call for Peace.
The May Day procession in Peking which con-
sisted of 500,000 people-and this was because of a
decision to limit the participants to that number-
made the call for peace and peaceful construction of
their country the main theme.
There are not any words to describe a procession
of 500,000 people, marching 70 abreast like a human
tidal wave, with every marcher carrying something,
flags, beautiful silk flags, flowers, balloons, doves of
peace, ribbons, streamers, or posters.
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Words such as "stupendous," "super colossal,"
"marvellous" fail, by far, to describe the procession,
but the inadequacy of our language is greater, when
one is attempting to describe the enthusiasm of the
people.
The workers and peasants in the May Day pro-
cession not only marched but almost jumped out of
their skins with joy and enthusiasm, as they jumped,
cheered, clapped and sang or shouted, "Long live
Chairman Mao Tse-tung," "Long live peace" so
loudly that, very often, the brass band with its 500
performers could not be heard.
One group released hundreds of doves, another
hundreds of toy aeroplanes into the sky, while at the
same time rockets were releasing beautiful, red, silk
flags of China, anchored to parachutes, to sail away
fluttering in the breeze.
The colour, joy and enthusiasm of the people, or
the grandeur of the spectacle, is indescribable. While
500,000 marched on May Day in Peking, and half a
million sang, danced and shouted with joy in the
evening, the people in every other part of China car-
ried out similar celebrations. For example, 600,000
marched in the May Day procession in Shanghai.
May Day, in spirit and enthusiasm, was an ex-
pression of the people of China at work and at play.
We have been inspired to do all in our power, to
help promote full recognition of China, help promote
peaceful relations and trade between Australia and
China and, in this way, assist towards securing
world peace.
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HAT I SAW IN NEW CHINA
James H. Young
President of the Sydney Branch of the Waterside
Workers' Union of Australia
Since our arrival in
Peking, trade union rep-
resentatives from Hung-
ary, Rumania, Bulgaria,
East Germany, Thailand,
Burma, Indonesia and
Viet-Nam and others are
quartered at the same
hotel. Truly this expres-
sion of internationalism,
friendliness, and peaceful
relations with the peo-
ples of other nations,
irrespective of race, creed
or colour must have a profound impression on a visi-
tor to China. This must prompt the question, "Is this
show of peace and friendship only on the surface?"
Allow me to answer in the most factual way that I
know.
China has become in its three years of liberation
a nation able to supply food, sufficient for its own
population, and also a surplus for export. This pro-
ductivity of food has been obtained through the
system of land reform, whereby the peasants have
been given areas of land in proportion to the size of
their families.
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When one travels only from Canton to Peking,
a distance of 2,000 miles over land rich and fertile,
one realizes that the whole of the Asian world has a
"Bread Basket" in China.
We Australians visited farming villages, and
saw land which had never before been cultivated be-
cause the individual landowners had no interest in
the national economy. This land was delivering now
two crops of rice a year.
In Australia we know, from our own observa-
tions, how hard the Chinese work in the vegetable
gardens surrounding the cities. Imagine millions of
Chinese peasants, who previously worked as farm
labourers on rented land, earning enough to provide
food for six months of the year on a level of poverty,
where it was common for parents to give children
away rather than see them starve, to suddenly have
a government that introduced land reform, which
gave poor peasants land, and supplied farm imple-
ments and seed. The result is that the peasants are
showing their appreciation by producing more food
than ever before. In one village production had in-
creased by 230 per cent over the past three years
mainly through land reform. The peasants had im-
proved their homes, and had three times more cloth-
ing than before liberation. Primary schooling had
been extended for 250 students, whereas three years
ago there were only 30, they being the children of
the wealthy. Previously 90 per cent of the peasants
were illiterate, but now adult education at day and
night schools is provided. A government who helps
the peasants in these matters naturally is popular.
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On the industrial side, China has commenced a
five-year plan to industrialize the whole nation. Coal
mines and large iron and steel works are already
producing.
To supply the technical skill, universities such
as the one we visited near Peking, are training many
thousands of civil, electrical, mechanical and
hydraulic engineers, on a scale never attempted
before. Side by side with this work is the building
programme of new homes, schools and hospitals, and
I might say that the total number of beds available
has more than doubled in three years. All this makes
China a hive of industry.
What part have the women of China played in
this revolutionary change? This question is one in
which all Australian women, whose heartfelt sym-
pathy has always been expressed towards the women
of China, would be interested.
No words of mine could ever describe the noble
and courageous role they have played in the making
of New China. No more is it humiliating nor is it
a tragedy to be born a girl. Gone is the inherent
knowledge that, as mere children, they could be sold
into marriage or slavery like mere chattels by whose
sale a whole family could avoid starvation for a part
of a year.
The People's Government has abolished this by:
1. Banning polygamy, 2. Revising the Marriage Law,
giving women equal legal rights with the male, 3.
Equal pay for both sexes.
This reform has made the Chinese women the
most happy and dignified humans in Asia, and for
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that matter the whole world. One admires the pride
and dignity in their marriage, their creative genius
as leaders in industry, and their intense love of their
country. Both young and old have at last found
their freedom, and believe me, accepting it, in that
humble, sincere manner, which is characteristic of
the Chinese people. One could say that People's
China is women's China.
These changes are the direct result of the Peo-
ple's Government being determined to break the
shackles that for so long bound women to a life of
slavery.
Never have I seen such love for a leader as that
extended to Chairman Mao Tse-tung, the head of the
People's Government, who every Chinese is con-
vinced is responsible for the better life they now
enjoy. One can never forget the demonstration of
love and affection bestowed on this man at the May
Day Celebrations in Peking.
A half-million of people marching 70 abreast,
each carrying either a silken flag, flowers, or stream-
ers, making a most colourful scene. As they march-
ed, they shouted as one, "Long live People's China,"
"Long live Chairman Mao." He stood on the ve-
randah of Tien An Men, the Gate of Heavenly Peace,
with a number of his ministers. No armed guard,
no bullet proof windows, or slinking security police
to protect him, and waved his hand in salute to his
people, who jumped with joy when he waved to each
group. For three hours they marched, and at its
conclusion a huge wall of people who were onlookers
packed the square, cheering wildly as Chairman Mao
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acknowledged their affections. It was an unforget-
table sight, for we Australians had always believed
that the Chinese were not demonstrative.
I feel that China extends to Australia and other
nations the hand of peace, friendship and trade and
that we in Australia should accept this offer. We
have as our nearest neighbours 1,200,000,000 Asian
people, who really desire peace and the ending of
exploitation by other nations.
Australian trade with China amounted to many
millions of pounds prior to the war, when the pur-
chasing power of its, people was miserably low.
With the rising level of the Chinese standard of liv-
ing enormous opportunities for the export of Aus-
tralian primary and secondary products exist.
The cry of the Asian people is for peace, and the
right to live a decent life in security and comfort.
In my opinion, this will not be denied to them, for
China will never again be an insulted nation.
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THE SEVENTH ALL-CHINA CONGRESS
OF TRADE UNIONS
Liu Shao-chi
a name to conjure with in Asia,
greets the Congress in the name
of the Chinese Communist Party,
telling of the new role of workers
in the new day; we shall learn
from the Soviet Union; we shall
* Rewi Alley (New Zealand), member of the Peace
Liaison Committee of the Asian and Pacific Regions, was an
observer at the Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions.
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fulfil our plans; we shall give
full play to the initiative and creative
power of the people;
and then speaks Louis Sailliant
on behalf of eighty million
in the World Federation of Trade Unions
saying how struggles for national
independence mean so much to workers;
the necessity for united action
everywhere;
one people's leader
after another, rises
to speak; applause
fills the warm air
of early summer, scented
with the freshness
of Peking;
here, row by row, sit
worker delegates, from
all of China's vastness;
here with a message for
each other; a message of
encouragement, plans, hope,
criticism, accomplishment;
faces old and lined
that have seen so much,
and faces fresh, young;
workers and their guests
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the workers of many lands,
glad to be in Peking;
a slip of a lass
from Wuhan; head erect
looking over the packed benches
with quiet assurance; master of
her environment; standing
so quietly, and telling so clearly
of that other day; of the long hours
the swollen feet; of hunger, of _
conditions that killed; then change
and what this meant to her, and hers;
and looking at that face, the face
of a people's heroine, turned up
into the colour of the congress hall,
and knowing of the hell of the old,
tears started to one's eyes, as one
listened to her;
a guest from Indonesia
tells of the millions, looted
taken in profit from his country
by foreign business; of the
terrible deaths in childbirth,
of the unemployed, the homeless,
the denial, the repression;
a government worker reports
how this year new construction
is commencing, which will transform
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China, the agricultural land
into China industrialized; how
strength must first go into
basic industry;
an educational worker speaks for
the seven hundred and sixty thousand
members of his union; eighty per cent
of fifty million primary students
are from worker and peasant homes;
men from India talk of great problems
food for their millions, the low
standards of living; the misery; of how
the eyes of so many turn to China
in this today;
a railway engineer tells how
in the old clay, he planned, while
others grafted; how now at sixty-six,
grey-headed, but erect, he feels younger
every day, as railways, once only dreamt of
strike through the hills to reality;
Australians bring the news
of labour in their land, its
struggles; the need for unity
too little done for peace; the
organized attack of the enemy;
from Inner Mongolia, a girl
sent to work as a child of seven
herding stock; once treated
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like an animal; today, a tractor driver
a labour heroine, an honoured person, her
own world, her own future sure;
the New Democracies bring gifts
tokens of the industries that
rise within their borders; but
their greatest gift is the record
of hopes realized, obstacles overcome;
of steel, irrigation, social services,
of the growing will for peace;
from Korea, a Chinese volunteer
railway worker, tells of railways
run on time, of competitions for
gardens up and down the line
always bombed, never stopped; of
the enemy, "No use to be soft
with him"-softness gets nowhere;
a Negro worker from Dakar
is grateful for Marx and the Paris Commune
and tells of how the name of Mao Tse-tung
now resounds through the forests of Africa;
in the language of Thorez, he speaks
of slavery
of forced labour,
of miserable hovels for workers
living on starvation wages,
burned with fevers, sick,
unemployed, all under the heel
of imperialism; then his comrade
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from the Cameroons, his words
tumbling out like waters from
some pent-up reservoir, speaking
of the colonialists' hope for
an inexhaustible supply of cannon-fodder;
of the huts of the people beside the
luxury villas of their exploiters who
say, "They die like [lies,"-who condemns
whom to die? ninety per cent illiteracy
long hours of work, with no overtime pay;
and one from Algiers takes up the tune
talking of half a million peasants
with less land than a handful of
colonialists;
from Central China
come reports of the hundreds of
nurseries, kindergartens, hospitals,
rest homes, sanatoria, worker clubs,
libraries, schools, maintained by
the new industry for its workers;
familiar figures that, today, come
from all over China;
as are the figures brought from
the Northeast, of wages raised,
quality of production improved;
production costs reduced; completion
of plans, emulation drives;
a Japanese thanks his Chinese comrades
for encouragement and aid; tells all
of how American and Japanese reaction
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have joined together; yet never would
the people of Japan permit Japanese
to fight other Asians;
"I come from Factory 724"
a worker's dependent, she
has organized other worker
dependents, to support workers;
her husband was backward, now he
understands, is stepping out
with the others; he trains apprentices
he does his work well; we were
ashamed of him, now we are proud;
"I had eight children; seven
died in the old society, from
malnutrition; I cannot read,
but I have learned how to teach
new weaving methods; we Shanghai
workers, know that the workers. today
are the real masters";
Korea, Viet-Nam, Laos, Khmer,
the very words from the mouths
of the speakers, bring applause
that comes from respect for people
who stand up, fight back; their
victories, the victories of all
who would have peace;
"I am a worker in a machine shop
and want to tell you about how
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to teach lathe work quickly; now
in three months, our apprentices
can learn what in the other day
took years; everyone encouraged me
to find ways to teach; before,
the road to knowledge for a worker
was a twisted one; now we make it
direct, straight";
our seamen helped in liberation
they have pushed railway material
up into the heart of China, they
have speeded up many production processes
with efficient transport; our organization
grows stronger;
I was a girl worker
despised by everyone in the old society
today, deputy director of a clothing factory,
elected member of the Tientsin Municipal Council,
delegate to Berlin for a World Textile Workers'
Conference; ninety per cent of
the working women of Tientsin
have taken up educational courses;
one after another, they mount the rostrum
one after another, they tell their story
as only workers can tell it, clearly
without verbiage, each word telling;
and the representative
from the Soviet Union gets
a resounding reception, and
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this
historic congress that the many
will look back on; that will be
discussed where workers meet,
millions of workers; one of the new
meetings of the new age, that
will draw peoples together, peoples
with similar aims; that will
bring sure support for the new
great victory for peace on earth,
the swift industrialization of
China.
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over the whole assembly comes
a warmth; red banners reflect
their light on upturned faces,
welcoming the story of socialism
triumphant, of peoples living
fully, doing great things, true
to the cause of internationalism
in working for peace for all peoples,
peace and construction;
and the Congress places issues
clearly before the workers; we
must train better administrators
improve cost accounting, better
planned management; train more
technical workers; the next five years
will be years of constructive effort;
all these things and many more
must we do together;
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C~~ U L u- 4 (~S,)
EL COMUNISMO Y LOS PAISES
POCO DESARROLLADOS
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EL COMUNISMOYLOS PRISES
POCO DESARROLLADOS
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OBJETIVOS DE LA POLITICA COM[JNISTA
Se ha dicho que el siglo XX sera, con toda probabili-
dad, recordado principalmente, no como una edad de con-
flicto politico o de inventos, sino como una edad en la que los
gobiernos se atrevieron a pensar en el bienestar de la hu-
manidad como un objetivo alcanzable. Mas y mas se ester
haciendo cada dfa parer reducir la ignorancia, la pobreza y
las enfermedades y para elevar los niveles de vida, especial-
mente en las regiones poco desarrolladas del mundo, y hay
una creciente comprensi6n de que el bienestar de in sociedad
depende del bienestar de sus, miembros. Las gentes que pien-
san, por to tanto, estan prestando mayor atenci6n a in ma-
nera de guiar a las areas poco desarrolladas por senderos
de progreso material, en el convencimiento de que tienen
mucha capacidad, Panto para el bien como parer el mal.
Entre esters gentes reflexivas estan los miembros del
Comite Central del Partido Comunista de in Union Sovie-
tica. Estos hombres siempre han justipreciado sutilmente la
fuerza latente de las regiones menos adelantadas y, bajo la
direcci6n de Stalin, la revolucion en dichas areas se convir-
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ti6 en uno de sus objetivos primordiales. (1). Se proponen
aprovechar esta revolucibn como escabel para la "revolu-
cibn mundial", es decir, para la creacion de condiciones que
harian posible la completa supresibn de la libertad perso-
nal.y de la libertad de pensamiento y la introduccibn del Co-
munismo Sovietico en todos los paises, dirigido por el Co-
mite Central del Partido Comunista en Mosci1. Aunque sus
esfuerzos se vean dificultados por las exigencias y distor-
siones de la teoria Leninista-Stalinista, han aprendido mucho
en sus 35 anos de experiencia. Sus metodos y tecnicas me-
recen, por lo tanto, cuidadoso estudio por quienes ven una
meta diferente para el hombre.
EL SISTEMA DE VIDA SOVIETICO
El objetivo de los hombres de Moscu es el de introdu-
cir en el mundo entero el sistema de gobierno y el` modo de
vivir sovietico. Esto nunca ha variado ni se ha ocultado, aun-
que ha habido cambios tc cticos en los metodos empleados.
Asi, Stalin dijo:
"La victoria del Socialismo en un pais no es una
tarea suficiente por si misma. La revolucibn que ha
1.-Stalin - "Antes....... se suponia t&citamente que in
victoria del proletariado en Europa era posible sin una alianza di-
recta con el movimiento de emancipacion de las Colonias...
"El Leninismo mantiene que las posibilidades revolucionarias
inherentes al movimiento de liberaciSn nacional de los paises opri-
midos.... pueden ser utilizado.s para el fin de eliminar al enemigo
comun".
("El Marxismo y In Cuestibn Nacional y Colonial" 1947, pdg.
192-193).
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para apresurar la victoria del proletariado en todos '
los poises. Porque la victoria d.e la revolution eri un
pals, en el caso presente. Rusia... , es el' .comienzo y
of ~?nra.-rm ter, i.. .L- 7... ........1....:L..,' .._~.L?.=.1" I')' -
triunfado en un pais debe considerarse,. no como en-
tidad autosuficiente, sino como una. ayud6 un medio
Debido al fracaso de la Revolution Rusa en -producir.
explosiones por simpatia en todos los poises: industrializados
del Oeste, los hombres de Moscu ,se han percatado, :adernas,
de que Para subyugar al mundo libre, debendirigir una gran
parte de sus esfuerzos a ganarse aquellas regiones. que ac-
tualment'e est&n poco desarroll'adas. A plazo. cortd, 'estei es-
fuerzo se dirige a envenenar las relations entrelas 6reas po-
co desarrolladas y los poises mas adelantados,,edndustriali=
zados. Intenta desbaratar la economia del rnundo' libre obs-
truyendo el torrente de materias primas a los meircados in
ternacionales, evitando el desarrollo. en los paisos menos. evo-
lucionados de attitudes -mentales. desfavorables a la expan-
sion del Comunismo Sovietico, y estableciendo, . si es posi
ble, regimenes y hdbitos de pensamiento fcicilmente conver-
tibles al Comunismo Sovietico cuando haya inadurado la,
oportunidad. El senuelo ofrecido a los comunistas s locales
es un atajo en la via del progreso:
"Ademcts, la alianza con la U. R. S. S. y con el pro-
letariado revolucionario de los poises imperialistas crea
para las masas trabajadoras de.. . poises coloniales
y semi-coloniales la posibilidad de un desarrollo eco-
nomico y cultural libre e independiente', evitando la
2.-Stalin - "Problemas del Leninismo", Editorial' en Idiomas
Extranjeros, Moscu, 1941, pag. 113.
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etapa del sistema capitalists e incluso el desarrollo de
relaciones capitalistas en general... En esta lucha, la
cooperacidn del proletariado revolucionario de todo el
mundo y las masas i:rabajadoras de las colonias repre-
sents la mots segura: garantia de victoria sobre el im-
perialisnno". (3).
3.-Tesis y Resoluciones del VI Congreso Comunista Interna-
cional (1928): "Tesis sobre el Movimiento Revolucionario en Ins Co-
lonias", International Press Correspondence (12 de diciembre de 1928),
Vol. VIII, No. 88, p6g. 661.
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Los metodos que deben emplearse para ganar un asi-
dero en los pafses atrasados fueron expuestos por Stalin en
1925. Son los siguientes:
"l.-Atraer hacia el Comunismo a los mejores ele-
mentos de la clase trabajadora y formar Partidos Co-
munistas independientes.
"2. -Formar un bloque nacional revolucionario de
obreros, campesinos e intelectuales revolucionarios.. .
"3 . -Asegurar la hegemonia del proletariado en es-
te bloque. ,
"4 . -Luchar por la liberacion de los pequefios bur-
gueses urbanos y rurales de la influencia de la sos-
pechosa burguesia nacional.
"5 . -Vincular el movimiento de liberacion nacio-
nal con el movimiento proletario de los pafses progre
sivos..." (4).
4-Stalin - "Tareas de la Universidad de los Pueblos de
Oriente", 1925; Problemas del Leninismo, Voly. 1. p&g. 194-195.
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Los puntos 1 y 3 se ocupan del establecimiento de un
lirme nucleo de comunistas rnilitantes, disciplinados e instruf-
dos desde el principio por Moscu . Los puntos 2, 4 y 5 se ocu-
pan de la actitud de ese firme nucleo hacia in poblaci6n en
general, y por .lo tanto, son de interes para el estudio de las
tacticas comunistas.
Operaci6n arriesgada.
La experiencia, notablemente en Europa Occidental y Chi-
na, ha demostrado recientemente al Partido Comunista que el
cuarto punto de Stalin, que demander introducir . una curia
centre los sectores de la llamada "burguesia" (en este con-
texto es uri termino para designar a toda la poblacion que
no puede ser clasificada Como "clase trabajadora") es una
operaci6n arriesgada, cuyo exito depende de escoger bien
is oportunidad. Si se comenzara demasiado pronto se corre
el grave riesgo de que los sectores influyentes de la pobla-
ci6n atacados por la misma pudieran disociarse del "blo-
que nacional revolucionarlo" requerido por Stalin en su Se-
gundo punto, y originasen su fracaso. En ciertos paises, co-
mo por ejemplo, China, se necesitaron. largas operaciones, de
adoctrinamiento para aseciurar el suficientq apoyo a un ata-
que sobre personas a menudo de simpatias liberales y qui-
zds activamente ocupadas en,planes de desarrollo econ6mi-
co y social.
Por lo tanto, el Parti.do. Comunista ha llegado gradual-
mente a reconocer que es necesario conservar, tanto tiempo
como sea posible, in cooperaci6n de aquellos sectores de la
poblacion que son "revolucionarios" en un sentido naciona-
lista, y que, in formaci6n y fomento de un movimiento de
"independencia nacional" es el primer y menos arriesgado
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Paso a tomar, en la mayor paste de los casos. (5) Durante
la confusa. etapa de "independencia nacional" se pueden
hacer facilmente preparativos para, la eventual escision . de
la coalicion de "indeperidencia nacional", mediante, por -
ejemplo, la tecnica de las "rebdnadas" empleada en Hun-
gria --graficamente descrita por el lider comunista hungaro,
Rakosi, (6)- y la subsiguiente instalacion del Partido Co-
munista, en posicion dominante. Esta politica de concentra-
5.-Al mismo tiempo, el Partido Comunista no debe perder
nunca la iniciativa "revolucionaria", de manera que, por una parte,
los Partidos Comunistas han de ser extremadainente activos en su
alianza con los Partidos Nacionalistas, teniendo ostensiblemente por
objeto la "liberaci6n nacional"; pero igualmente activos, por otra
parte, at combatir contra estos Partidos Nacionalistas cuando la "lu-
cha" nacionalista haya triunfado. La actitud de las fuerzas revolu-
cionarias comunistas, - por lo tanto, ester llamada a variar en propor-
ci6n directa de su fuerza en relaci6n a los "Partidos nacionalistas
burgueses", y al calcular las circunstancias en las cuales sus fuerzas
pueden finalmente capturar el poder con exito, los lideres comunistas
deben darse plena cuenta de las realidades de In situaci6n y de su
obligaci6n final de convertir el tipo de situaci6n "revolucionaria" en
que participan en una "revoluci6n democrdtica del pueblo". Esta
ficci6n se mantiene hasta que los ultimos elementos de la oposici6n
quedan liquidados y se establece tan plenainente el dominio que el
Gobierno quede calificado como candidate id6heo al ingreso en la es-
fera Sovi6tica.
6.-Rakosi (primer secretario del Comite Central del. Partido
de Jos Trabajadores Hungaros, y Primer Ministro): "Cuando pediamos
alga, mediamos cuidadosamente las posibles reacciones, y siempre
que era postble comenzabamos presentando modestas peticfones,
evitando asi que el enemigo. se movilizase contra nosotros. Luego
aumentdbamos las exigencias y empleabamos, cuando era posible,
formas provisionales. Por ejemplo, primero pediamos solo el control
del gobierno sobre Jos Bancos; m6s tarde pediamos In nacionaliza-
ci6n de los tres Bancos m6s :in1portantes. Analogamente, en la in-
dustria.... Al mismo tiempo lanzdbamos un contra-ataque contra
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cibn formando movimientos de "independencia nacional" fue
oficialmente consagrada por el Cominform, en enero de 1953,
con Ins siguientes palabras:
"La lucha de liberacion nacional en los paises co-
loniales y dependierttes estd adquiriendo una indole
mds resuelta y activa. Los centros espontdneos y se-
parados del , movimiento de independencia se estdn
convirtiendo cada dia en mots organizados en varios
poises; la lucha est6: alcanzando amplio cardcter na
cional... Se estdn formando Frentes Unidos de Libe-
raci6n Nacional porn luchar contra la opresion colo-
nial, contra el dominio de los monopolios extranjeros
y por el derecho del pals a decidir su propio destino"
(7).
Explotacion del Nacionalisrno.
En resumen, a los comunistas de los paises poco desa-
todas las formal de reacci6n que se manifestaban. En los pueblos
y en las ciudades movilizabamos las masas, y bajo in forma de
"juicios populares", de "movimientos populares", elimin&bamos a los
elementos reaccionarios de la administraci6n de las aldeas y ciuda-
des.... El Partido de los Pequenos Terratenientes se veia forzado
continuamente a expulsqr adeptos, o a eliminarlos individualmen-
te o en grupos... Este trabajo de reducci6n fu6 llamado "tdcti-
ca de salchich6n", por la cual dia a dia cortdbamos en rebanadas
a los elementos reaccionarios reunidos en el Partido de los Peque-
nos Propietarios.... Alcanzabamos un dominio sobre ellos y aumen-
tdbamos nuestra influencia...."
(Conferencia en un Curso de Adoctrinamiento para el Partido
de Trabajadores Hungaros, en 29 de febrero de 1953, publicada en
"Tarsadalmi Szemle", edici6n de febrero-marzo de 1953).
7.-Diario del Cominform "Por una Paz Duradera, por una De-
mocracia del Pueblo", 9 de enero de 1953.
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rrollados se les ha dicho que su primera obligacion es la de
despertar y explotar el sentimiento nacionalista en todas sus
formas -no solamente el nacionalismo en el sentido politi-
co, sino tambien la auto-determinaci6n nacional, racial y de
otros grupos en todos los ordenes. Estas actividades com-
prenden la presion para el desarrollo industrial, economico
y cultural y para una menor dependencia en la economfa y
la cultura de otros poises, especialmente de la Europa Occi-
dental y Estados Unidos; demandas de mds altos niveles de
vida y la erradicacion de males sociales; y exigencias de
igualdad social y radical. Los comunistas deben, ademas,
desarrollar los aspectos mds siniestros, del nacionalismo: odio
racial, xenofobia, intolerancia y extremismo. Para esta obra
les ayuda mucho la doctrina marxista del materialismo, que
tiene una evidente atraccion para los menos privilegiados y
para aquellos cuya filosofia tradicional ha sido destrozada
por el impacto de la tecnologia occidental. Estos elementos
han de ser explotados bajo el estandarte de "liberaci6n na-
tional" o de "independencia national".
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LA TECNICA DE LA " INDEPENDENCIA NACIONAL"
En el campo de in politica,. in tecnica de in "indepen-
dencia nacional" exige que el Partido Comunista forme una
alianza con el mayor numero posible de los intereses y gru-
pos politicos existentes, sobre in base de un "programa" de
vasto alcance y ostensibles reformas. La base del "programa11
es in reivindicaci6n de in "independencies nacional", que de-
bera lograrse mediante el derrocamiento del gobierno y la
clase gobernante existentes (calificados de "titeres de los
intereses extranjeros") si el territorio es ei de un Estado so-
berano y por medio de in cesaci6n de relaciones con el pals
metropolitano, si el territorio no es completamente aut6no-
mo. Debe propagarse que in "explotaci6n" extranjera es in
causa radical de los bajos niveles de vida y de todos los ma-
les econ6micos y sociales; r que el apoyo al movimiento de
"independencia nacional" es in unica manera de frustrar los
perversos prop6sitos de los "explotadores". En in America
Latina, por ejemplo, ha de d.ecirse que el movimiento quiere
"libertar al pals de in opres:i6n colonial y econ6mica de los.
Estados Unidos" en los Estados soberanos, y in liberaci6n
de in "opresi6n colonial" en los territ'orios no aut6nomos.
- 12 -
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El "programa de independencia national", aunque
realmente es un manifiesto y en modo alguno un programa
de acci6n practica, estd concebido. para atraerse el mdximun
de simpatia popular. No intent- armonizar sus componen-
tes. De este modo, el "programa" tfpico exigird el fracciona-
miento de los grandes fundos, una mayor industrializaci6n,
mds importaciones de bienes de ,capital,, expropiaci6n de in-
tereses y capitales extranjeros, e igualdad racial. Sin dete-
nerse a respirar demandard ma's "altos niveles de vida y me-
jores viviendas, salarios mas altos, seguro social, educaci6n
universal y "derechos" democrdticos y sindicales (sufragio
universal, reconocimiento de la libertad de asociaci6n y de-
recho de huelga).
Fines ocultos de los Comunistas.,
La fndole comunista del "programa de independencia
nacional" se oculta en generalidades y en el lenguaje espe-
cial, de clave, elaborado bajo Stalin. En ester forma se dice
que el programa es en interes de la "paz" -significando con
ello un apoyo indiscutible a la politica sovietica e inflexible
oposici6n- Basta por medio de la fuerza armada, si proce-
de,, a quienes se opongan a eila: ("Los.socialistas, sin dejar
de ser socialistas, no pueden oponerse a la guerra en gene-
ral. En. primer lugar, los socialistas no se han opuesto ni po-
drfan oponerse nunca a la guerra revolucionaria") (8).
"Estamos por una guerra. libertadora, anti-imperia-
lista, revolucionaria, a pesar de que una guerra tal, Como es
8.-Lenin - "El Programa de Guerra de in Revolution Prole-
taria", 1918 ("Obras Recopiladas", Vol. 23, pccg. 65).
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Bien sabido, no solamente no ester desprovista de todos "los
horrores del derramamiento de sangre", sino que inclusive
abunda en ellos" (9) . 0 ben se pretende que es en interes
de la "democracia" -significando con ello la creation, por
medio de la "democracia popular" y segizn el modelo impues-
to en Europa Oriental, del Estado del tipo sovietico.
("El Gobierno sovietico es un millon de veces mds democrct-
tico que in mds democrata de las republicas burguesas").
(10) Por otra parte, se dice tambien que es en interes de in
"libertad" -significando con ello in dictadura sovietica.
("El Gobierno Sovietico garantiza a su pueblo una verdade-
ra libertad) (11). Se anode que es en interes de la "inde-
pendencies" ---significando sujecion a un nuevo y despiada-
do imperialismo ("Relaciones de estrecha amistad con la
Union Sovietica son la base de toda la politica exterior del
Estado Democr(itico Rumano, la politica de paz y la indepen-
dencia national") (12). Adeinds, se dice ser en interes de las
"masers" y "del Socialismo" -significando Comunismo So-
vietico. El prcgrama ha de realizarse bajo la direction de la
"close trabajadora" o "proletariado"- nombre, en slave, del
Partido Comunista.
Eso en cuanto a tdctica politica. Sin embargo, dsta
solo no puede llevar a los comunistas locales a una position
de dictadura. Para ello deben, ademds, movilizar el apoyo
9.-Stalin - Carta a Gorki, 1930 (Publicada en 1949).
10.-Lenin - "Obras Recopiladas" (Edition Inglesa) Volu-
men XXIII, pag. 365 (citado per Vyshinsky en "Ensenanzas de Lenin
y Stalin sobre la Revolution Proletaria y el Estado", Soviet News,
Londres, 1948, pstg. 59).
11.-Preparati6n Acadernica. - "Democracia Sovietica". Folle-
to de la Editorial en Idiomas Extranjeros, Moscu, 1939.
12.-Ana Pauker. - "Izvestiya", 16 de noviembre de 1947.
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popular, por lo menos, asegurarse una "neutralidad benevo-
la" (13), y, a este fin, controlar las organizaciones que esten
en Intimo contacto con el pueblo. Tratan de obtenerlo por
medio de las' organizaciones de "fachada" y movimientos de
"masas" dirigidos por comunistas: organizaciones sindicales,
juveniles y . femeninas, comites de "paz" y organizaciones
con un atractivo especial para los sectores influyentes de la
poblacion: las .profesiones academicas y de abogados, cien-
tificos, maestros,. periodistas, estudiantes y demds. Las dife-
rentes organizaciones encubiertas del Partido Tudeh, en
Persia, son un ejemplo notable. Les son especialmente utiles
en.los casos en que el Partido Comunista como tal ester pros-
crito, o es tan debil e impopular que toda actividad comu-
nista debe realizarse tras cortina. Su funcion principal es la
de llevar a los comunistas al poder por medio de un movi-
miento desde abajo. A este respecto se asigna importante
papel a los "companeros de camino y a las personas quo
creen que pueden utilizar el Partido Comunista para sus pro-
pios . fines.
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MISION DE LOS SINDICATOS OBREROS
Y DE LA F. S. M.
Los Sindicatos obreros son, con mucho, las mas impor-
tantes de estas organizaciones. Estan mas expuestos a la
penetracion comunista, puesto que en la mayoria de los paf-
ses poco desarrollados los sindicatos obreros o no existen en
ubsoluto o son de creacion relativamente reciente, su orga-
nizacion es rudimentaria, sus directivos carecen de experien-
cia y el nuznero de sus afiliados es pequeno.
Son las organizaciones mas influyentes porque se ocu-
pan directamente, a coda m.omento, de la vida del obrero, y
expresan sus necesidades :materiales en terminos de aspira-
ciones politicos y economicas y sociales . Son de la mayor
importancia estrategica, porque en los poises donde la orga-
nizacion politica y social es relativamente sencilla y las po-
tencialidades de desarrollo econ6mico son grandes, la orga-
nizacion y control del trabajo es el elemento mas critico y es-
ter llamado a la mayor influencia politica en el futuro.
Son las mas eficaces, porque los actos con fines po'.d-
ticos pueden ocultarse detr6s de la actividad sindical rutina-
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Los movimientos sindicales controlados or comunis-
tas, con programers politicos y sociales que repiten los de la
alianza local por la "independencia nacional", han sido siem-.
pre reconocidos por Mosci como una parfe esencial del me- :
canismo necesario para poner a un pals bajo su dominio:'
En muchos poises y territorios poco desarrollados, donde la,-
politico es mas o menos un coto reservado para el sector aco-
modado de la poblaci6n, solamente mediante.la presion po-
litica ejercida por los sindicatos pueden esperar los comunis_,
tas el forzar su entrada en la arena politico. Desde el punto
de vista comunista, por lo tanto, es bde maxima importaneia
que sus tacticas en el campo sindical esten adecuadamente. '
coordinadas y dirigidas por algunas organizaciones de -arnpli-
tud mundial y en contacto directo con Moscit. .
ideal para encubrir las actividades comunistas.
Son las mds poderosas, porque un movimiento sindi-.
cal centralizado, que abarque la totalidad o la mayoria de,,
Ia poblaci6n trabajadora, puede utilizarse. por sus lideres,
si son poco escrupulosos, no solamente pare ::paralizar la .
vida politico y econ6mica de. la comunidad, sing causar, ode-
mas, la perturbaci6n del sistema econ6mico internacional. El
sindicalismo, por lo tanto, suministra una potencial pantalla
venci6n en la libertad de asociaci6n.
ria y la -interferencia externa puede resentirse'.como inter
tunidades a los comunistas y a V los simpatizantes del Comu-
Esta vinculaci6n la proporciona la Federacion Sindical.
Mundial (F . S . M .) que tiene su sede central en el, sector so- .
vietico de Viena. Organizando congresos, ?:conferencias y,
cursos de entrenamiento, la F.S.M. tambien-? suministra opor-
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nismo de todo el mundo para reunirse y discutir los metodos
mds efectivos de aplicar, en el campo local de operaciones,
las instrucciones emanadas del Comite Central del Parti-
do Comunista de la Union Sovietica.
La F. S.M. no oculta su interes especial por los paises
poco desarrollados. He aquf lo que dice una publicacion dis-
tribufda en relacion con el congreso de Viena en 1953:
"Uno de los mds importantes aspectos del desarro-
llo de la situaci6n de la post-guerra es la lucha de los
pueblos coloniales y dependientes contra la esclavitud
imperialista. La unidad que se estd forjando en estos
paises sacude hasta los cimientos del imperialismo.
iUnidad de los trabajadores! jUnidad de los trabaja-
dores con los otros sectores de la poblaci6n! j Unidad
entre los pueblos! Esta es la plataforma de la lucha
de la F. S. M. Los importantes exitos logrados demues-
tran el acierto de la orientaci6n que se ha dado". (14)
La misma publicaci6n habla tambien de las oficinas
especiales de enlace de la F. S.M. para Asia, Africa y Ame-
rica Latina, a traves de las cuales la F. S . M .: "Ayuda a los
obreros de los paises coloniales y semi-coloniales a fortale-
cer sus organizaciones sindicales, donde existen, y a crearlas
donde no la halla". La oficina especial para Asia fue inau-
gurada en 1949, siendo uno de sus fines el de conectar la
accion entre los sindicatos controlados por comunistas en
Indo-China y Malaya y las fuerzas armadas comunistas de
esos territorios. Al mismo tiempo, la C. T . A . L . (Confedera-
.ci6n de Trabajadores de America Latina) fue reconocida co-
14.-Publicaciones de la F.S.M. Ltd., Viena 10-21 de octu-
bre de 1953.
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mo el agente de la F. S.M. en Latino-America. Comites es-
peciales de coordinacion sindical para Africa fueron creados
luego bajo los auspicios de la C . G . T . (Confederation Ge-
neral du Travail), controlada por comunistas. La C. T . A . L . ;
con su central en Ciudad Mexico, ha estado muy activa
recientemente, enviando agentes viajeros, que actuan de
estafeta para los comunistas del area, y subvencionando la
produccion y distribucion de propaganda comunista, espe-
cialmente para los establemicientos docentes. Estaba en fntimo
contacto con la C. G. T. G. (Confederacion General de Tra-
baj adores de Guatemala), controlada por comunistas, en la
Republica de Guatemala.
La F. S . M . ester prestando creciente atencion al entre-
namienfo de agentes pares infiltrarlos en los sindicatos obre-
ros existentes y los educa para lideres de .los futuros sindica-
tos controlados por comunistas. Los cursos de entrenamiento
detrds de la Cortina de Hierro de individuos prometedores
para regiones poco desarroliadas prosiguen en escala siem-
pre mayor y una "Escuela Central. de Cuadros Sindicales de
la F . S. M. " se inauguro en julio de 1953. (15)
15.-Saillant (Secretario General de la F.S.M.):
"Las organizaciones Sindicales han estado mucho tiempo pi-
diendole a la F.S.M. que las ayude a formar cuadros sindicales..
En julio inauguramos la Escuela Central de Cuadros Sindicales le la
F.S.M. Ya tenemos una organizacion. Sus primeros cursos se die--
ron en julio, agosto y septiembre, con resultados positives. La F.
S. M. va a tratar de desarrollar esta labor de Cuadros porque es
cierto que cuanto aids adelanta nuestro movimiento y crece nuestra
influencia, mds necesidad tenemos de camaradas idoneos y alta-
mente responsables para dirigir las luchas obreras y las organizacio-
mente responsables pares dirigir las luchas obreras y las organizaciones
sindicales".
(Informe principal; folleto del Tercer Congreso Sindical Mundial,
1953, editado por Publicaciones de la F. M. S., Lda., Londres).
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tin Segundo Eslabon.
La F. S . M . tampoco pace ningun secreto de su papel
esencial de dirigir a los Sindicatos en apoyar el "programa"
de los movimientos inspirados por los comunistas, de "inde-
pendencia nacional" y favorece, por ende, las alianzas que
puedan explotarse para llevar a. los comunistas al poder.
Asi, di Vittorio, Presidente del Congreso Sindical Mundial de
Viena en 1953, dijo:
"...Las tareas de In clase trabajadora y de los Sin-
dicatos :obreros en los paises capitalistas se amplfan y
nuevas oportunidades de alianza con vastos sectores
de la.poblacion se abren ante ellos .... Hablando en
sentido general, ningun renacimiento economico y so-
cial es posible en los paises coloniales y semi-colonia-
les sin una reforma agraria completa... Pero la realiza-
ci6n de tales reformas radicales, tan vitales para los
pueblos coloniales, ester condicionada por su liberaci6n
nacional y el fin de toda dorm naci6n imperialists y
colonial"... Por esta razon, los sindicatos obreros en los
paises coloniales deben siempre -empleando las for-
mas y metodos mss adecuados a su particular situa-
cion- vincular la luchc por sus demandas econ6mi-
cas y sociales con la lucha por In independencia na-
cional....En los paises capitalistas mccs adelantados,
sujetos a los controles econ6micos y politicos del im-
perialismo norteamericano, la lucha por la indepen-
dencies nacional constituye una base objetiva para
una vasta alianza de diferentes sectores de la pobla-
cion en torno de la clase trabajadora.
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Las posibilidades. de una tal alianza son aun mds
amplias cuando recordamos que la lucha por la inde-
pendencia nacional es un aspecto esencial? de la lu-
cha por la paz... ..
"Pan, trabajo, libertad, independencia nacional y
paz mundial son los pilares de la alianza de trabaja-
. dores y pueblo por la cual abogamos. En nuestra
opinion son precisamente lo.s sindicatos obreros los
que deben iniciar esta vasta alianza. popular y luchar
on su vanguardia, por las justas demandas de los
trabajadores y de cada sector de la poblacion" (16)
En estas declaraciones, di Vittorio estaba desarrollan-
do las implicaciones que para la F. S.M., y los sindicatos
influidos por eila, tiene el pensamiento contenido. en el dia-
rio del Cominform "jPor una Paz duradera, por una Demo-
cracia Popular!" de cinco meses atras: "Creciendo tambien
ester la lucha de liberacion nacional en los passes colonia-
les y dependientes. Con las armas en la mano, combatien-
,do por su libertad, estdn los pueblos de Vietnam, Pathei
Lao, Malaya y las Filipinas. Los pueblos de Africa, del Cer-
cano y Medio Oriente, del Asia Su'doriental y Latino-Ame-
rica estdn levantandose contra el yugo imperialista y. por
la independencia nacional". (17)
El tercer Congreso de la F. S . M . , ante el cual habla-
16.-Extracto del InIofrme del Relato sobre el discurso en
el segundo punto de in agenda, Tercer Congreso Sindical Mundial,
Viena 15 de octubre de 1953.
17.-Diario del Cominform, 19 de mayo de 1953.
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ba di Vittorio, era de especial importancia puesto que esta-
blecio una nueva politica y nuevas tdcticas para in F . S . M .
y sus sindicatos afiliados en los pafses poco desarrollados.
Consisten en "pelear en primera lines de in "lucha por in
independencia nacional" y para tratar de unir el campesi-
nado con los trabajadores industriales y los pequenos co-
merciantes en un nuevo "frente unico" contra "el imperia-
lismo norteamericano y la opresion colonial". En el campo
industrial, estos sindicatos deben vocear "incesantemente"
las demandas de los obreros, especialmente las demandas
cie salarios mds altos, apoydndolas con la amenaza de la
accion, con huelga de masas. (18) Los esfuerzos para mi-
nar y desacreditar los sindicatos obreros independientes y
la Confederacion Internaci.onal de Sindicatos Libres (C. 1.
S. L.) deben intensificarse.
18.-"El objeto del movimiento (anti-imperialists) .... es el
mismo en todas partes: to lucha contra el sistema colonial, la lucha
para conquistar la libertad y la independencia nacional... El movi-
miento de liberaci6n nacional se ha convertido en una fuerza irresis-
tible.... La close trabajadora de estos poises, y las organizaciones
sindicales donde existen, estan colocdndose coda vez mss a la cabe-
za del movimiento de liberaci6n nacional, donde estan tomando efec-
tivamente el papel principal que le corresponde a la close trabaja-
dores como la close social md:s adelantada. Los hechos to demues-
tran:
"La huelga general de 1950 de los obreros de Costa de Oro...
"Las luchas de los trabajadores y sus Sindicatos en Tanez,
Marruecos, Algeria...
"Las luchas de liberaci6n de los trabajadores en Indonesia, Bir-
mania, Vietnam, Malaya y Cored".
(Folleto de la F.S.M. "3ajo la Bandera de la Unidad y Soli-
daridod Internocional", publicado durante el Tercer Congreso Sin-
dical Mundial, octubre de 1953, prig. 16-17).
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ORGANIZACIONES "DE FACHADA" Y MOVIIAIENTOS
DE "MASAS".
El Partido Comunista no solo tiene por objeto fomen-
tar una fuerza militante en la F. S . M . y los sindicatos con-
trolados por comunistas, sino que ademas . maniobra por
medio de organizaciones y movimientos propagandisticos,
los mas conocidos de los cuales son el "Movimiento Pro
Paz", la Federacion Internacional Democrdtica de Mujeres
(F . I . D . M . ), la Federacion Mundial de Juventudes Democrc - .
ticas (F . M . J . D . ),. la Union Internacional de Estudiantes
(M. I . E .) y la Asociacion Internacional de Abogados Demo-
crdticos (A.1. A . D .) . Algunos dirigentes de la F. S . M . son
iambien dirigentes de estas otras organizaciones, y las acti-
vidades propagandisticas de todos forman un diseno cohe-
rente y caracteristico. Dentro de los poises del bloque sovietico, las orga-
nizaciones "de fachada" y sus afiliados forman parte del me-
canismo del Gobierno y del Partido. En este papel ayudan
a la sistemc tica supresion de la libertad individual y han
prestado apoyo al servicio militar obligatorio, entrenamien-
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to militar auxiliar y rearme. Ademds, han respaldado a las
fuerzas armadas empleadas en agresion franca o en insu-
rreccion, Malaya, Indo-China y Corea.
En los poises fuera del bloque Sovietico los Sindica-
tos comunistas adoptan una' linea muy diferente. En la pro-
paganda dirigida a los poises poco desarrollados, los Sin-
dicatos controlados por Comunistas se concentran en el
"programer" bEsico del movimiento local de "independen-
cia nacional" y se limitan a generalidades obre sus fi-
nes comunistas. La F . I . M . D . tiene dos objetivos principa-
les: atraer a las mujeres -por medio de llamamientos es-
peciales para ellas como esposas y madres y ostensible-
mente abogando por sus derechos- al "Movimiento Pro
Paz" (19), y utilizarlo como campo donde reclutar comunis-
tas militantes (20). El "Movimiento Pro Paz", por medio de
sus comites y campanas, trata de entorpecer a los pueblos
y gobiernos que resisten a la politica sovietica, el exponerlos
en la picota como reaccionarios y agresivos, (21) y re-
19.-Los Partidos Comunistas y de los trabajadores tienen la
obligacion y el deber de atraer masas mds amplias de mujeres obre-
ras a la vida politico y publica y al movimiento de la paz...."
(Diario del Cominform, 29 de mayo de 1953).
20.-"El naciente movimiento entre las mujeres demuestra...
que no solamente necesitamos mds adeptos femeninos, que estdn es-
perando que lo pidamos, sino nuevas luchadoras militantes que ye
estdn desempenando una pane activa en el movimiento y que deben,
y pueden, conquistarse pare que se afilien al Partido Comunista".
(World News and Views", 22 de marzo de 1953).
21.-Las tareas vitales pare la prensa comunista comprenden
"denunciar la propaganda imperialista del chovinismo, el odio racial
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ducir la resistencia popular a la implantacion de la politi-
co sovietica propagando la idea de "Paz a cualquier ~ pre-
cio" El Movim ent'o Pio'nero". ester ideado para moldear a la
infancia segiin modelo sovietica (22) convertida en su h6-
roe. Los objetivos de la F. M. J. D . , que controla los movi-
mientos "Pioneros" y otras organizaciones juveniles, son los
de adoctrinar a los jovenes en general, y formar uria fuerza
de masas con ellos parer las campanas y demanders inspi-
radas por los comunistas, incluyendo, por supuesto, el "Mo- .
vimiento Pro Paz".. ' Al igual que la F . I . M . D . , la F. M. J. D.
sirve ademcts de vivero donde reclutar comunistas militan-
tes. (23) La U. 1. E . , bajo la caper de aparente preocupacion
y in enemistad national, aislar alos traficantes imperialistas de gue-
rra y luchar por in amistad, entre los pueblos de sus poises y los
pueblos de in Union Soviotica y de las Democracias Populares".
(Diario del tComihform,, 12 de agosto de 1953.
22.-El joven pionero "inspirado en el amor mas vivo por
el Partido, debe alimentar en su corazon un amor ardiente por In
gran patria del Socialismo.... debe conbcer las vidas de los ninos
sovieticos, los ninos mas felices del mundo, las actividades maravi-
Ilosas de los pioneros de in U. R . S . S . y los' actos heroicos de los
"Komsomols". . .
(Gheorghe Florescu, Primer Secretario del Movimiento Pio-
-lero Rumano, "Scinteia", 3 de inayo de 1949).
23.-"Los objetivos y tareas de In Federation Mundial de in
Juventud Democratica queridos porn in juventud sovietica...... La ju-
ventud sovietica, participara activamente en el futuro; como lo hizo
en el pasado, en las actividades de in F.M.J.D., en in lucha por es-
trechar in unidad entre las filers de In .juventud democratica de todo
el mundo".
(Resumen del mensa)'e del Comite Antifascista de in Juventud
Soviotica a in F.M.J.D. el D'ia, Mundial de in Juventud,.12 de no-
viembre de 1950).
"Denunciando in odiosa y calumniosa difamacion de la Union
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por Los problernas especiales de los estudiantes, intenta ex-
plotar esta clase para fines politicos. (24) Es significativo
que en 1948 la 1. U.S. haya creado in "Oficina de Estudian-
tes que Luchan contra el Colonialismo", can su sede en Pra-
ga, y que esta publique un periodico tutilado "Estudiantes
Contra el Colonialismo".
Sovietica y de las Democrac;.as Populares, in F.M.J.D. elige a la
juventud sovietica como modelo de in juventud del mundo".
(Diario del Cominform, 9 de junio de 1950).
24.-"Solamente in unidad de los estudiantes progresistas en
el mundo entero puede garantizar el exito de in lucha de los estu-
diantes de los paises capitalistas y dependientes en in lucha contra
in militarization de in educaci6n, contra in reducci6n de los obje-
tivos educativos en beneficio de los armamentos, contra in discri-
minaci6n racial y social en Las instituciones de ensenanza, en in lu-
cha por in democratizaci6n de in educaci6n, por el Libre acceso al
estudio, por in igualdad nacional y social".
("Trybuna Ludu", Varsovia -- Artfculo especial sobre el Ter-
cer Congreso Mundial de Estudiantes, Varsovia, agosto de 1953).
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La forma en que las instrucciones y avisos del Comi-
te Central del Partido Comunista en Moscu son transmitidas
por medio de esta red a los Comunistas y organizaciones
Comunistas que estdn en campana es, en gran parte, ma-
teria de conjeturas, cuanto mds porque el Partido Comunista
emite tan pocas ordenes como le es posible y se concentra
mds bien ? en colocar miembros entrenados del Partidoo en
puestos clove donde puede confiarse que serdn leales a
Moscu y que elaborardn, sus ,propias tdcticas sobre el terre-
no. Cuentase principalmente can "Radio Moscu" y el Diario
del Cominform pare propagar amplias directrices politicas,
aunque coda vez que se produce un cambio importante de
tdctica es usual que se oiga tambien la voz del Comite Cen-
tral por medio de uno de sus miembros o de alguna perso-
na prominente del Gobierno Sovietico.
Las instrucciones mas detalladas pueden algunas ve-
ces ser transmitidas a los Partidos Comunistas y a los hom-
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bre clave en las organizaciones "de pantalla" y en los mo-
vimientos "de masas" bajo control comunista, a traves de
las llamadas "fracciones del Partido" dentro de las mismas
organizaciones -una cadena dentro de otra cadena. 'Esto
presenta poca dificultad, especialmente en in F. S . M . donde
In Vice-presidencia estd ocupada por un sovietico nativo,
Shvernik, y otros nativos del bloque sovietico estdn distri-
bufdos en puntos vitales de la administracion. En nivel infe-
rior, in politica se resuelve, a menudo, en cuestion de contac-
te personal, brindando excelente pretexto las conferencias
y visitas ideadas por las varias organizaciones. Alternati-
vamente, puede delegarse a un mensajera especial, para
entrevisfarse sobre el terreno con los lideres comunistas lo-
cales, combinando su ocupacion mds importante con 'el tra-
bajo de organizacion del cuerpo que represents. En algu-
nos casos se han entregado mensajes a traves de los cana-
les del Partido dentro de organismos oficiales sovieticos-
misiones diplomdticas, consulados, representantes comercia-
lest representantes locales de in "Tass" y otros semejantes.
En direccidn inversa, los informes y las recomenda~
ciones de los comunistas locales acerca de sus progresos o
dificultades pueden usualmente transmitirse con bastante
seguridad, por ejemplo, por los conductos de in F . S . M . Sin
embargo, es probable, que excepto cuando la indiscrecion
o in urgencia dicten otra cosa, que las partes mds vitales
de tales informes se envien a Moscu por medio de las mis-
mas "fracciones del Partido" que ' sirvieron pars transmitir
las instrucciones detalladas.
El Ejemplo de la Guayana Inglesa.
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108 planes Comunistas para la Guayana Ingle.sa1ueron tra-
zados y llevados a cabo bajo la responsabilidad de los if
deres comunistas locales, y.en que medida estaban basados
en instrucciones de fuera. La alianza local de "independen-
cia nacional" fue formada por iniciativa comunista sobre in
base de un manifiesto, el cual en muchos puntos difiere po-
co, por ejemplo, del manifiesto del "Partido de los Trabaja-.
dores" (comunista) en Indo-China. (25). El "programa" de la
alianza de "independencia-nacional" de los de la Guayana
Inglesa y el P. P . P . ("Partido Progresista del Pueblo") tam-
25.-Resumenes de la declaraci6n de objetivos de:
(a) El Partido Progresista del Pueblo, de la Guayana Ingle-
sa y de
(b) El Lao Dong (Partido de los Trabajadores) de Indo-China.
(a) "...El P.P.P. se esforzara por la unidad de los obreros y
campesinos, cooperatives, sociedades fraternales, comerciantes y pro-
fesionales progresistas, empleados del Gobierno y amas de. casas
de todas las razas. Serd el campe6n de sus intereses inmediatos co-
tidianos. Luchard inflexiblemente contra el imperialismo y la opre-
si6n, colonial y apoyard -con todos sus fuerzas a la close obrera in-
ternacional y los movimientos de liberation nacional de todos los
poises 'dominados y dirigidos para beneficio de intereses extranje-
ros.
Luego, despu6s de una lista de reivindicaciones, viene el
Llamaasiento a la action.
El P.P.P.. estd equipado con una teoria comprobada, es
decir, con la experiencia de la close obrera de, todos los poises toma-
do en su forma m&s general. Nosotros no somos gufas ciegos de los
ciegos. En esta crisis que se ahonda pedimos, por lo tanto, a la nu
merosa close de los obreros manuales y obreros intelectuales refor-
zar sus Sindicatos y su vanguardia, el P.P.P. Pedimos que todos
se unan para acabar. pronto el viejo sistema de democracia para los
ricos y para el establecimiento de la democracia de los trabajadores.
(Del 6rgano del Partido, "Thunder", enero de 1952).
(b) "El Lao Dong es el partido de las closes laboriosas y
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bien siguieron el modelo traditional, y, para los Comunis-
tas que se hallan al corriente de las t&cticas y del pensa-
miento en curso, no se hc:brfan requerido instrucciones muy
detalladas para elaborarlos. La infi.ltracion en posiciones
clave -el Magisterio, los funcionarios, la policfa- fue ana-
logamente un metodo esencial y obvio de acrecentar la fuer-
za, y, en el rnomento en que la Constitution de la Guaya-
na Inglesa fue suspendida, los comunistas estaban realizan-
do extremados esfuerzos para apoderarse de la direction
del movimiento sindical. Otras "organizaciones de masas"
controladas por comunistcs, especialmente los "Comites de
Paz" y un "Movimiento Pionero", existfan ya en embrion y
estaban abriendose camino bajo la influencia del activo me-
canismo de propaganda del P. P . P . ; por lo menos dos co-
munistas militantes figurahan en el Gobierno como Minis-
el pueblo trabajador del Viet Nam. Acepta las doctrines de Marx,
Engels, Lenin, Stalin y la ideologfa de Mao Tse-Tung y las combing
con las caracteristicas de la Revolucion del Viet Nam para servir de
"base ideologica y brujula de coda acto del partido. Las tareas
mayor es de los Revolucionarios del Viet-Nam son echar a los invaso-
res imperialistas, eliminar las huellas feudales y semi-feudales y de-
sarrollar la economia del pals, el entendimiento politico y la cultura
democrdtica a fin de asegurar las condiciones necesarias para pro-
mover la construction de un regimen socialista.... Para realizar di-
chas tareas el Lao Dong debe fortalecer el Frente Unido Nacional
sobre la base de la alianza de obreros y campesinos bajo la direc-.
cion de los obreros, y debe reunir alrededor del partido a la mayoria
de los obreros, campesinos, intelectuales, burgueses, y todos los ele-
mentos politicos patrioticos y progresistas, a fin de consolidar el regi-
men del pueblo y fortalecer y desarrollar el Ejercito del Pueblo. El
partido reconor_e que la Revolucion del Viet Nam es una porte in-
tegrante de la revolucion mundial dirigida por la Union Soviotica.
(Radiodifusion "Voz del Viet Nam del Sur", 21 de mayo de
1951).
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tros, habits una Oposicion letargica y dividida y una pobla
cion no informada pero inquieta. Los comunistas locales
estaban en contacto con las organizaciones del Comunismo
lnternacional, especialmente con la F . S . M . , y habian asis-
tido a sus conferencias y Congresos.
Sin embargo, los lideres comunistas locales trataron
de marchar demasiado aprisa y al precipitar una crisis e.co-
nomica y constitucional, antes de que estuviesen prepara-
das las fuerzas que debian apoyarlos, crearon una situacion
en la cual la intervencion externa se hizo, no solo necesa-
ria, sino tambien posible sin dar lugar a derramamientos
de sangre o siquiera al desorden. Es posible, que, a este
respecto, los lideres comunistas de la Guayana Inglesa ac-
tuaron por inexperiencia o con impaciencia y sin instruc-
ciones especificas de sus superiores del Partido on el Ex-
tranj ero .
Pero, sea que actuasen bajo instrucciones concre-.
tas o no, y por muy ortodoxas que sus opiniones teoricas
puedan haber sido (pues parecen haber sido bastante orto-
doxas, a juzgar por sus declaraciones y por el organo del
P.P.P. "Thunder"), el hecho de que fracasaron quizas "pue-
da atribuirse a "desviacion oportunista". Esto no impidio,
26.-"Sabemos que in gente ester proclamando otras ideas
ideas de Socialismo y Comunismo, ideas progresistas que oportu-
namente, si se les da una oportunidad igual, reemplazardn a las
ideas decadentes sobre las cuales se fundan el capitalismo. Fascismo e
Imperialismo son solamente palabras del orden capitalista... de modo
que, en todos los aspectos y porn todos los fines, el mundo estd divi-
dido en dos campos- el campo socialista o comunista, que es el
campo del pueblo, y el campo que todavia se auto - titula democrd-
tico; pero que realmente es el campo capitalista".
(Dr. Jagan - extracto de un discurso sobre la derogacibn de
la Ley de Publicaciones Indeseables, 24 de julio de 1953.
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por supuesto, que la F.S.M., la F.M.J.D., la F:I.M.D. Y
el "Comite de Paz" britanico se esforzaran, concertadamen-
te, en capitalizar politicamente todo 10 que pudieron la cri-
sis de la Guayana,,segun las lfneas aprobadas se. "indepen-
dencia nacional" (27), altamente reveladoras.
27.-F.S.M. - "El... Tercer Congreso Sindical Mundiai expre-
sa su completa y fraternal solidaridad con el pueblo de In Guayana
Inglesa y denuncia los actos de agresi6n realizados por el Gobierno
Britanico en aquel pals. El tercer Congreso considers que el recurrir
a la fuerza es un acto de franca provocaci6n, con el prop6sito de dar
un pretexto pars aplastar el movimiento de liberaci6n nacional y
negar el ejercicio de los derechos sindicales en in Guayana Ingle-
sa...... Este acto incalificable del Gobierno Britanico es un intento
pares intimidar a la gente que ansfa progreso y libertad con inde-
pendencia y paz.... El Tercer Congreso. Sindical Mundial pide a
todos los obreros y sindicatos sin distinci6n, y a todos los hombres
que aman la libertad, la dernocracia y la paz, que demuestren su
activa solidaridad con el pueblo oprimido de la Guayana Inglesa...
para reclamar... que el Gobierno Britanico retire inmediatamente
sus fuerzas armadas, restablezca in Constituci6n, levante el estado
de sitio y restaure plenamente los derechos sindicales y democr6ti-
Cos.
(Acuerdo de la F.S.M., octubre de 1953).
F. M. J. D. - "La situaci6n en in Guayana Inglesa durante los
ultimos meses ha Ilamado in atenci6n de la juventud del mundo en-
tero. Fue con jubilo que in juventud de todos los pafses recibi6 In
noticia de la victoria de las fuerzas democr6ticas amantes de la paz
en las 61timas elecciones. Tanbien hubo profunda indignaci6n cuan-?
do se conocieron las medidas brutales del Gobierno Britanico....
la juventud de la Guayana Inglesa pudo conocer, durante el Congre-
so Mundial de la Juventud y el Cuarto Festival Mundial de la Ju-
ventud, a los que ' habfa env-ado delegaciones, que cuenta con in
simpatfa y solidaridad de la juventud de todo el mundo... in F. M:
J.D. envia a Uds. (la juventud de la Guayana) la expresi6n de su
sincera solidaridad y pide a todos sus organismos filiales que les
apoyen activamente en su lucha. La F.M.J.D. protesta en6rgica-
rnente ante el Gobierno Brit6r.?.ico.....
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(Comunicado de prensa de la F . M . J . D . , 11 de noviembre de
1953).
F.I.M.D. "En un telegrama al Vicepresidente del. Parlamen-
to de la Guayana Inglesa, Janet Jagan, la F.I.M.D., asegura a la po-
blaci6n de la Guayana Inglesa su solidaridad en, la lucha por sus
derechos democrdticos. La F.I.M.D. asegura al pueblo de.la Gua-
yana su completo apoyo.
(Agencies de ?Noticias de Alemania Oriental, A.D.N., 24 de
octubre de 1953).
Comite Britanico Pro Paz -.El Comite "pidi6 al pueblo que se
teiegrafiara al Primer Ministro y a los miembros del Parlamento in-
smstiendo en que: 1) se retirase a cualesquiera fuerzas armadas en-
viadas a la Guayana Inglesa;' 2) que se informe de los, hechos al
publico; 3) que se arreglen pacificamente los conflictos
(Daily Worker", Londres, 7 de 'octubre de 1953).
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El quinto punto del programa de Stalin para lograr
un asidero en las regiones poco desarrolladas es el de
"asegurar la vinculacion del movimiento de liberacion na-
cional con el movimiento proletario (es decir, Comunista)
de los poises adelantados".
Las actividades de los Comunistas locales y de las
"crganizaciones de fachada" controladas por comunistas en
este aspecto, se han indicado ya. Sin embargo, hay otras
dos fuentes posibles de ayuda directa para un movimiento
do "independencies nacional": Los gobiernos Comunistas (el
Gobierno Sovietico, el Gobierno Chino y los Gobiernos Sa-
telites bajo su control) y las fuerzas simpatizantes en el mun-
do Libre.
La ayuda que los gobiernos Comunistas pueden pres-
tar depende de su fuerza militar e influencia politico en el
pals en cuestion. Cuando el movimiento de independencia
nacional ocurre en un territorio adyacente, no vacilan en
darle ayuda militar directa en su intento de aduenarse del
poder por la fuerza, como en Grecia, Corea e Indo-China.
Cuando una intervencion, ayudan con la accion diplom&ti-
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ca y con la adecuada manipulacion de su politica econo-
mica y hasta cultural. De este modo, los convenios comer-
ciales, las ofertas de asistencia tecnica y comercial, las visi-
tas de "buena voluntad", los intercambios culturales, los
campeonatos deportivos internacionales, etc., se emplean
para ayudar a los movimieritos de "independencia" nacio-
nal, debilitando a las fuerzas que les ofrecen resistencia.
Quiza de mayor importancia, sin embargo, es la ayu-
da que pueden sacar los Comunistas que trabajan bajo la
mascara de un mmovimiento de "independencia nacional", de
ciertas fuerzas y corrientes de opinion del mundo libre. La
principal entre estas, tal vez, la proporciona el tema del "an-
ti-imperialismo": la idea de que la politica de las Potencies
Europeas Occidentales y los Estados Unidos hacia los poi-
ses poco desarrollados este determinada por un deseo de
controlarlos y explotarlos, y que la accion hostil a las Po-
tencias Occidentales y a los Estados Unidos debe ser, por
lo tanto, ventajosa para los pulses poco desarrollados. Es-
ta conviccion ester a menudo acompanada de una ingenua
falta de informacion sobre la naturaleza del imperialismo
comunista ruso y chino.
Tambien hay el "anti-colonialismo": la creencia de
que la existencia de territorios dependientes es moralmen-
te injusta, y la consecuente tendencia a suponer que cual-
quier movimiento que incluya entre su miras el independen-
tizarse de la Potencia Colonial de que se trate, necesaria-
mente merece apoyo. Hay el "anti-imperialismo" y el rece-
lo hacia la politica de los Estados Unidos. Hay la gran fuer-
z.x del trabajo internacional ozganizado, vigilante pare pro-
teger la libertad de asociacion y los derechos de los obre-
ros e instintivamenfe simpatizante con cualquier movimien-
to que parezca o pretenda favorecer sus intereses. Hay el
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pacifismo, con su renunciacion a la fuerza; el neutralismo,
con su ineptitud, para darse cuenta de que el Cornunismo
amenaza a todo E1 mundo libre, "neutrales" y no-neutrales
por igual. Estas 'r otras Corrientes que se entrecruzan, de
pensamiento, opinion e interes pueden'ser utilizadas por los
Comunistas y cripto-comunistas para quebrantar las defen-
sas del mundo lily re actuando dentro del mismo.
36
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Las conclusiones de este estudio pueden resumirse
Como sigue:
1) Los pafses y erritorios poco desarrollados se estan
convirtiendo en un objetivo coda vez mess importante pares
la actividad y penetracion Comunistas.
2) El metodo preferido por los Comunistas es la ex-
plotacion del nacionalismo.
3) La actividad y la penetracion Comunista se rea-
lizar&n, por lo tanto, siempre que sea posible, bajo la mas-
cara de un movimiento de "liberacion nacional" o de "in-
dependencia nacional". En los Estados soberanos tomard
la forma de ataques contra las alianzas extranjeras y con-
tra el gobierno existente come no representativo, anti-
democratico y titere de los intereses extranjeros. En los te-
rritories no-autonomos adoptara la forma de un movimien-
to pare la autonomia complete o bien la Cesion.
4) Los comunistas intentaran formar una coalicion
de "independencia nacional" con cuantos partidos politicos
sea posible, sobre la base de un manifiesto con amplios in-
centivos que atraigan al pueblo.
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5) En el ,clano popular se intentard asegurar el apo-
yo de las masas al manif:iesto y a in coalicion por medio de
organizaciones cle "masas" y especialmente, mediante los
sindicatos obrercs.
6) A este fin se realizara un esfuerzo especial para
cpoderarse de in direcc:ion de los movimientos sindicales
existentes y parcx establecer nuevos Sindicatos obreros ba-
jo el control de la F. S. M. y se procurara un aumento in-
cesante de confErencias, visitas, viajes, "intercambios cultu-
rales" y publicidud dirigida bajo los auspicios de la F. S. M.
7) Se har6n intentos para fomentar el descontento
social y la intranquilidad obrera, especialmente por medio
de huelgas y deinandas de elevacion de salarios.
8) AT miEmo tiempo, se hardn preparativos para el
caso de fragmentacion eventual de in coalicion de "inde-
pendencia nacional" y para in ocupacion Comunista del Po-
der mediante la infiltraciin de los servicios slave (gobierno
central y local, :coder judicial, escuelas, policia) y la colo-
cacion de Comunistas en los puestos de mando dentro de
In misma coalicion de "independencia nacional".
9) Los gobiernos comunistas procurardn prestar
ayuda directa e indirecta a los comunistas que trabajen en-
cubiertos por in mascara de movimientos de, "independencia
nacional", extendiendo y explotando su influencia politico,
militar, economica y cultural en el mundo libre.
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