NORTH KOREAN TRENDS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-00418R006800240005-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 15
• Document Creation Date: December 21, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 19, 2008
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: October 2, 1956
• Content Type: REPORT

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FIELD INFORMATION REPORT
NORTH KOREAN TRENDS
2-October 1956
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CONFIDENTIAL
to The Communists in North Korea propagated that the farmers in South
Korea were deprived of their farm products by the government, the
laborers were out of jobs because of the non-operation of. factories,
and most of the youth were forced to join the military service, and
thus a large number of farmers, as well as laborers, were about to
die of hunger throughout the whole area.
3. No food rationing by the goverwient for the population existed in
a pure farm village. only poor
farmers were given a little amount o rice on ra on by the govern-
ment.
40 The prices of commodities prevailing in and around the Korimsang
village (YD 127794) (Tbngnim ni, Muul&-kun, PI y?ongan-namdo) V
were as follows:
Rice Os....?....... ?........?.0.O
Yel'."2v millet .......... s e .......
Hatches ...-.e..e........e......e
Cigarettes (Taedong-mun) o.......
Cigarettes (Kalmaegi) o..........
Tobacco (Payrong) o ........ a ..... e
Laundry soap (Chinese-mmade) ......
Soap (Chinese-made) ... a ....... o
Towel .........................
Socks ...........................
Rubber shoes (Men).....o.........
Rubber shoes (Women) ............
Pencil ... e.....e ...............e
Note-book ......e.e....~.........
White paper (known as Paengno-j i)
Cotton cloth e.. e ...............o
Hemp cloth se.s..........o.....oo
Dish (container) ................
Beans ...........................
Rice-with-pork soup .............
Rice-cake O.e.O.e??...w..?.......
1,300 - 1,1400 An
1,300 - 1,1400 Won
2%,
5 Won
25 Won
30 Won
30 Won
100 Won
200 !fin
-- -n0 Wun
100 Won
1400 Won
200 - 250 Won
5-7Won
6-7Won
25 - 30 Won
320 Won
200 - 220 WSn
35 Won
1,300 - 1,100 Won
60 Wan
50 An
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per Mal
per Mal
per box
per package
per package
per package
per bar
per bar
--ach
per pair
per pair
per pair
each
each
per sheet
per Yard
per lard
each
per Mal
(5 to 6 pieces)
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The third price reduction resulted in a vast decrease in. the prices
of commodities. the price reductions which had
taken place in North Korea produced good results for farmers as
well as laborers.
6.
70
(prices were reduced by the govern ent.
commodities on private sale0 were some 20 percent higher
than those at the consumerst guild storea
purchased by the population. Among the relatively scarce items were
cereals, such as beans and kidney beans, which were also not hard
to obtain in the area.
abundancy of rice, which could be easily
C O N F I D E N T I A L
the Soviet Union aided Korea with
(the entire population village had suffered
from a food shortage in the summer when the people had sub-
sisted on leaves and weeds, which was caused by the forced payment
of grains in the area in 19514 to the government purchasing stations,
and so with the population in other areas, where tree bark was added
to the substitutes. Relief measures by the government included the
distribution of rice (2 to 3 kilogrwu every five (5) days, which
was too snail in quantity.
the government.
grain from fanners would be safeguarded by
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13. The poor
which they made gruel.
bartered their corn for rice, with
111. The fishermen) caught fish aboard the boats of
their cooperative, which distributed the fish to its members.
Thus, the diet for these fishermen was predominately fish, such
asshrimr and gray mullet. No bakery foods were available in
area.
16.
170
the people marked New Year's Day and August 15 of the lunar
c dars, the mid-autumn festival, with rice-cake in the household*
noodles for the publico
the free market. The guild store also served rice with soup and
some liquor was available at the consumers' guild store or on
18. Inside the household, the peop a made Korean
clothing for both sues. The Norm orean soldiers and the
internal affairs station personnel wore military uniforms, and
students wore school uniforms of cotton cloth, black for winter
and dark blue for Thara wain inn cific clothing for
the average civilian
19. The general farmers wear either cotton-cloth suits for streetwear
or old military uniforms for work*
the free market
had on sale various daily
comm. s, such as clothing, food goods and others.
21. The consumers' guild store served cheaper articles for the public,
and the free market dealt in either scarce items or those hard
to obtain at the guild store.
22. The major items sold on the blackmarket consisted of rice and
vegetables, which were sold by the housewives of agency personnel.
The authorities propagated that private dealings on the blackmarket
would be closed down, and urged the public to shop at the consumers'
guild store.
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23. The man's pocket items I (consisted of his tobacco
bags, matches, purse, and various certificates, such as the citizen-
ship certificate, the party membership certificate, and the youth
league membership certificate, and the women's pocket contained her
money bag, handkerchief, and certificates. A few villagers carried
watches, and none of these pocket goods came from abroad.
214.
25.
26.
were privately owned.
was located a total of 54 houses. the sewing machines
ere were some eight sewing-m chine in village, in which
village was equipped with such utilities
electricity gas
The charges were 140
Won per lamp per mon , which was colevery quarter of the
year. The power for this village frequently stopped once a week
every Sunday. Once it stopped for some 20 consecutive hours.
27. Because of the government purchase of stra from the farmers
the o u tion could not in much of it for
heating . more than two (2) to
three (3) cart-loads of peat for ousehoand some kerosene on
the blackmarket. There was no fuel rationed
28.
29.
There were scores of large houses
them had bathtubs or sink, or yards.
The largest house villl.sge consisted
of six rooms and one (1) kitchen, which was valued zt 140,000 Won
or 20 bags of rice. The homeless villagers shared rooms of others on
a free basis.
30. There was a consumers' guild boarding-house at the Yonho Market
some four (14) kilometers from Sources village. However., none of
the visitors had ever used this boarding quarter, but stayed with
their relatives or strangers.
31. I various taxes_aere in effect in North Korea, such
of the paddy yield and 23 percent of the field cro s. The production
quota for the farm cooperative was established
by the government prior to the farming and the volume of the tax-in-
kind was based on the quota. The government made it public that the
annual tax-in-kind was based on the averse figure of the yield of
the previous three (3) years farriers in fact paid more
than half of their crops, which was due to the improper estimation of
acreage and yield by the government. In other words the government
included idle land and even field ridges in estimating the acreage,
as the tax-in-kind, water tax (materials mobilization tax), electric
tax, income tqx, fishing tax, and several other business taxes.
The tax-in-kind, which was paid in high-grade grains in bags, 91 K n
(120 Lbs.) per bag (including the per-bag weight), covered 27 percent
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32.
and ignored the actual conditions in grain threshing. The water
tax (materials mobilization tax) was paid with five (5) to ten (10)
bags of grain in proportion to the amount of the tax-in-kind, and the
electric tax was 40 Won in cash per lamp. The income tax was levied on
merchants.
the farmers were no e o the
amount of their taxes shortly before the harvest, by the district
(Ri) people's committee. The farmers then carried their tax-grain to
the tax-in-kind warehouse, where the officials from the county (Kun)
people's committee inspected the quality of the crops and issued
receipts to each payer. The receipt then is brought by the payer
to the district (Ri) people's committee which issues a certificate
on the tax navnent to the indivichi.al.
33.
35. ra nfares
Ti Railroad Station (YD 2138]14)
Chongju Railroad Station ............. 101 Won
Taegyo Railroad Station (YD 2138]14) - Kwaksan Railroad Station
.......................... 120 Won
Taegyo Railroad Station (YD 2138114) - Yongmi Railroad Station,.. 37 WSn
36. The denominations in which the North Korean iron is printed are
50 Chon, 1 Won, 5 Won, 10 Won, and 100 Won, and of these, the de-
nominations of 5 Won, 10 Won, and 100 Wan were in greatest use
The small money, such as 50 Chon and 1 Won, was used
37_a
and Yuan was 1400 it on to 10,000 Yuan.
eit r in pay trainfares and taxes or shopping at the consumers'
guild store. the exchange rate of Wan
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laeonle exchange their currency for Chinesa 25X1
at a rate of 400 Won to 10.000 Yuan, to buy commodities at the Chinese
forces store in Sao-ri (Yongbyon-gun, P'yongan-bukto), where Chinese
troops were stationed.
38. Rice and medicine were most readily convertible into cash
only a few people were interested in obtaining watches and
others, which were not essential to the population in his village.
390 There was no bank in Tongnim-ni (YD 1277911) (Mundok-
kun, P'yongan-namdo)
Howeve a armers Banks, operataia by e governmen ,
was located at YD 233745 (Mundok-kun), and that villagers could make
a loan of 5,9000 to 6,000 Won per household at this bank- under the
assurance of the district (Ri) people's committee chairman, who for
this purpose, was entitled to issue the villager a certificate confirm-
ing his financial status, on which the bank based its loan at the
interest of 1.5 percent a year.
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140.
bl.
42.
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an official
from the county (Kum) people's committee
and before a mass meeting of the vil-
lagers he~eLivere an dress in which he explained the necessity
of the Farmers' Bank and urged the farmers to put money in the bank
for proper functioning. The official further propagated in his
speech that depositors could draw their savings on demand for farm
cattle, faint iimplements, or food, during the summer. people
make loans of 3s000 Won to 6,000 Won at the farmers' bank. The pro-
cedure for this bank loan is as follows: First, the applicant states
his desire for a loan to the Farmers' League chairman who upon the
request provides him with a certificate of financial status. The
financial certificate then goes to the district (Ri.) people's committee
chairman for confirmation, and all of these certificates, together
with a paper of more than-three (3) guarantors and the claim, are sub-
mitted to the bank. The money was soon paid at the bank.
appeared
work orth Korea. the shortage of farm labor
Ia large number of Korean nationals in
Manchuria and the Soviet Union war mobilized for reconstruction
was eased by a large number of youth league members of both
sexes and non-farmin families who were mobilized by the county (Kun)
people's committee. a large number of war veterans
and the unemployed had been sent to the rural areas for farming,
according to hearsay.
143. he government sent mem ouseholds and three
14.
45.
government had sent a large number of jobless people and veterans to
the farm areas throughout the North.
3 war veterans from Pt y-ongyang . They settled down
to farm. Among the ve rans two t2 were
the
as a side job under the control of the cooperative. These fishermen
earned more labor days than the ground workers, and the fish were
distributed to the cooperative members.
armers, who were experienced in fishing, caught fish on the river
an official from the county (Kun) people's committee
that people of both sexes, between 18 to 45 years of age for female
and 18 to 60 for male are subjected to 2D-days' annual compulsory,
labor, regulated by the government. amcng those
exempted from this government labor mobilization were pregnant women
and those with babies under three (3), mental atients, and deformed
persons. the farmers were mobilized for
irrigation projects, and on each occasions aged persons were exempted
from the labor.
46. The K&Imsang ge (Tongnim-ni, Mundok kun, P' yongan-namdo) ,
had a population of 170 inhabitaatsa
147. I the North Korean government would provide people
with employment.
48.I the unemployed were sent by the government to farm
villages and factories in urban areas for assignment.
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North Korea received various aid-materials and food
50. Farmers from each district (Ri) in Mundok kun were mobilized for
the above mentioned embankment project at XD 090775,
51. on each occasion, farmers, mobilized for labor, worked for ten (10)
days on the average, and there were no regulations on the hours of
daily labor for the workers. They had to fulfill their daily quotas
on the right day.
52.
god as industrial machinery and flour, from the Soviet Union.
53. The Chinese pe nnel seemed rmch 1'
and culture.
54.
55.
56.
57.
Mine was exported to the Soviet Union for her war supplies to North
Koreao
the monazite ore mined at the Ch'olsan Monazite
specific rehabilitation
sma -sca embankment project at XD
0907?
airplanes fly over toward P' yongyang once a day.
was ava a ou ou a or
58. The nearest post office is located in the area of the Mund&--kun,
the people used to either put their
59.
60.
61.
62.
letters with money for postage into the consumers' guild mail-box
or deliver them directly to the mailman. The mail was delivered on
foot.
a telephone at the post-office.
The post-office located in the area of the Mund k-kun handled telegrams.
Each district (RL) office had a Japanese radio, and
each village in the district R3 had a loudspeaker for the populace.
63. I musical programs and commentary on the
cooperative through the loudspeaker
64. The Korimsana villain (Tongnim-ni, Murx1okkun, 1'yongan-namdo),
consisted of 54 farm households, and of
these, half produced 100 bags of rice and the rest reaped some
70 bags. In other words, the total rice yield in this village
amounted to 14,590 bags in the normal year.
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65. Some 46 out of the 54 farm households
under the cooperative and the rest operated individually.
66. The farmers other than the cooperative members in the North consisted
of those who had enough acreage, farm implements, and manpower, or
those who were much indebted to others. There was no exclusive break
on taxes for those in the cooperative. The only difference between
the cooperative members and the individual farmers was that while
the former borrowed farm implements from each other, the latter were
excluded from this mutual use. The individual farmers helped each
other in farming.
67. The farmers in the Changdo village (Ch'ont=ae-rip Kwaksan-gun,
Pt yringan-bukto) were granted farm land,
some 500 Ptyo-ng . acre) per man. the farmers
had to deliver 23 percent of their respective field
68.
products to the government purchasing stations. Thus, the farmers
had to submit more than 50 percent of their products to the government.
The taxes in products are paid as follows: Every autumns after thresh-
ing all the autumn crops, farmers select high-grade tax-grain in new
straw bags, according to the tax-in-kind payment bill from the district
(Ri) office. The tax-grains are then carried by the individual payers
to the collection point for qualitative inspection and receipts from
the uullector.
crops, such as yellow millet and black millet, and 27 percent of
the rice yield to the goverment. Besides these taxes-in-kind, they
also paid the materials mobilization tax with crops, and sold their
three 3 bags of fertilizer for his paddy, 3,000 P'y6ng in all.
The fertilizer, which appeared to have been produced at the Hungnam
Fertilizer Factory, was repayed in the autumn in grain, one (1) bag
of rice per bag of fertilizer or in money, 2,000 Won for a bag of
fertilizer. Though the rationed fertilizer was very expensive, the
farmers made an effort to buy further quantities from the government.
the Korimsang village (lbngnim-ni, NIundok-kun, P'yyngan-
namdo received from the district (Ri) people's committee
some farmers used hot-floor ashes to fertilize
69. The farm work was facilitated by tractors rented
from the omen orses Ren Stations a water pump called '14uja"
(phonetic)s, and farm cattle. The rental of the tractors from the
70.
l.ab~ from other villages and by a group of youth league members.
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rental station was paid on the autumn in grain, and the water pump
was owned by the villager. There were only ten (10) farm households
out of the 54 in all, who owned farm cattle
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suffered from the manpower shortage 25X1
every year.
The labor shortage was eased sometimes by paid day-
clerical workers.
71. As for the farms other than the rice paddy in each diatrLct (Ri),
the Epvernment delivers the district (Ri) people's committee an
order in which crops to be grown in the areas are designated. The
district office then, according to this government notice, establishes
production quotas for its individual farmers. On this occasion, farmers
C O N F I D E N T I A L
the farmers were helped by groups of North Korean soldiers and
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are allowed to show preference as to crops they grow in those areas
emmVted from the government allocation. In case of any failure in
production, namely a decrease in production below the production
quota, the farmers concerned must make up for it in grains of their
own, and if a surplus is produced over the quota, it comes into the
possession of the producer.
72.I area had three (3) boats for fishing, which were manned
by villagers, who were experienced in fishing, under the control
of the cooperative. The fishermen in this village, selected by
the cooperative, were warned by the Yonho Police Unit of the Mundic-
kun Internal Affairs Station, not to go far out to sea, lest
should be captured by South Korean ships p2vin2 on the water,
the fishermen were guarded by a motpr-boat of the National
73.
Fishing Cooperative Association located at T'aeyang-san (YD 058739)
close by his area.
fishermen going V
fishing were given at the internal affairs station a clearance
permit in which the fishing period of time was prescribed. And if
the period fell due and the fishing was on the way, the permit should
be renewed at the station. Axy violation against this regulation on
renewal would be fined.
74. The people in the Karimsang village (lbngnim-ni, nmzQ-kun,
P'yongan-namdo) raised omen, pigs, dogs, chickens, ducks, and geese.
The ox-raising was for farm labor, the pigs for pork, money or for
manure, the dogs for dog-meat and the household watch, and the chickens
and geese were for eggs and meat.,
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75. Under consecutive cloudy and foggy days with little rain, the rice
plant cn the paddy was apt to be attacked with a plant fever which
withered the afflicted rice, or annoyed by various insects, such as
"Nut" (phonetic which fed on plant heaves, and so with other crops
on the field. the insect, "Nut", caused 25X1
a great deal ge various-crops, and some animals also died
of a disease.
76.
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77. The medical care for the populace I
I
was available
at the People's Hospital, located in Sangp'al-li some four (ii)
kilometers from the area. The hospital had little medicine and eauin-
ment, and was good for nothing to the people.
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78. The nearest peoples hospital was in Sangp'al--li, some
four (4) kilometers from the Korimsang village (To -ni 14undac-
kun, P' yringan-namdo) .
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the hospital was equipped with poor facilities and
790
80.
81. Neither water-wells nor water service existed
where the population drew water for consumption from fields. The
field water was utilized not only for drinking but also for laundry
and bathing.
82. No drugs were available on the market to the populace in and around
village. They had to contact their relatives in Pty3ngyang
or some other large cities to obtain drugs for themselver.
a bottle of penicillin (manufacture unknown) cost 1,300
to 1,500 Won.
83.
84.
85. There were 37 party members, 30 youth league members. 60 women, s
league members, and farmers, league members in
the Korimsang village (Tongrrim-ni, Muffs-icon, P, yongan-non d o .
tie membership of these organizations covered all the canpetant
workers in the village. there were one (1) male
christian, around 60, and some Chtongu-dang members and Democratic
Party members in his village.
86.
pro-
paganda by Communists that the party members could lead better lives
and their children would be properly educated. The party held study
meetings once a week at which the Communists explained both domestic
and international political affairs to the attendants, and held cell
meetings once a month, where the cell members discussed current topics
with each other and were informed of various government undertakings
in the North. The monthly membership dues for farmers was ten (10)
Ion each, and the dues for tde vended upon the amount of
their respective salaries. the party staff members
at such meetings severely criticized those who missed attendance
without proper reason.
87.
88. The chief Labor Party official was
the cell chairman male who was in charge of all the
cell organizations and supervised party affairs,
including meetings. The party structure was
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District (M) Labor Party - Chairman
Village Cell - Chairman
Sub-cell -- Chief
89.
Party member
the labor party structure as follows:
County (Kun) Labor Party Committee
District (Ri) Labor Party Committee
Village Cell Cha'&:zno,-
SSub-cell - Chief
party member
Government structure in his locality was:
County (Kun) People's Committee
District (Ri) People's Committee
Village neighborhood -- Chief
neighborhood members (villagers)
The structure of the internal affairs station
was as follows:
County (Kun) Internal Affairs Station
90. The government system in
Mund8k kun People's Committee
Tongnim-ni People's Committee
Village neighborhoods
Kun) was as follows:
91. The greetings between average North Koreans are: 'How are you?
(A -hasimniicka and "Good byet" (Annyonghi-toragasipsio).
ince the Com&unist regime in North Korea, the
average you had worsened in his good manners. For example, unlike
those under the Japanese regYime, who were courteous and well-mannered
to their seniors, most of the present youth in the North passed by
their elders without greeting them.
92. The people addressed their colleagues, "Tongcu"
(comrade), a called seniors "Tbngji" (comrade),
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93. Once a month on the average knovies of the Soviet Union and'
North Korea, which pictured the Soviet farming by tractors, factory
installations in Russia, the Soviet armed forces' activities in World
War II, and the ceremonies and events for the August 15 liberation in
the North, Many of these movies dealt with agriculture,
various plays performed by local youta league members as
memorial events. Among the most popular songs were the Song of the
People's Armed Forces$ and the song of General KIM Il-song,
9++, newspapers and books the Democratic
Korea (Minju Choabn), the P75ngan-namdo Daily Press (P'ySngnam Ilbo),
the Farmers' Press (Nongmin Sirnnun), the Students' Press (Haksaeng
Sianun), and "Masterpieces by Lenin"o In North Korea, newspapers for
farmers were delivered by newsmen, who handled the subscription for
papers fjram individuals, and magazines were served at stores throughout
the North. The monthly subscription rates were 40 won for the Farmers'
Press and 60 W-on for the Democratic Korea.
95. The North Koreans regardless of position or status b holidays
on 1' .May, 15 August, and 1 J anu They closed
96.
9?.
98,
990
100.
101.
Anv visitor or boarder is required to call on the neighborhood chief
to report on his visit and is subject to registration at the district
(Ri) people's committee, where he has to enter his exact boarding period
of time in the visitors" ledger. Any violator of this regirttration
control, according to the police security regulations, would be fined
500 to 600 Won to be paid each by the boarder and the host,
102. The Yonho Police Unit had the most immediate effect on the population
The police unit, four (4) or
rive po ce, was in charge of the internal security
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25X1
103-
Tme e personnel were very kind to the population.
101. Among the o veernme party undertakings
were the government's purchase of farm products
Land the ceaseless party meetings for the farmer
farmers complained of these tiresome meetings, which
less than half of the farmers participated,
105. The government' a purchase of farm products in the autumn Of 1j brought
complaints and dissatisfaction by the people They
also had some grievances against rehabilitation work and tax-in-kind,
25X1
LOA-1
Approved For Release 2008/02/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R006800240005-5
 Approved For Release 2008/02/19: CIA-RDP83-00418ROO6800240005-5
Co N F I D E N T I A L
1060 Most of the farmers I area rejected the cooperative in 25X1
their area, which was due to the partial allocation of labor days to
the individual cooperative members. In other words those idlers in
the cooperative earned more labor days for better living than the
hard-worlisrs, which resulted in ill-feeling by most members against
the cooperatives Thus, a majority of the member-farmers tried to
break with the cooperative, reject the Communist regime, and longed
for freedom. 25X1
107.
108 0
1090 The individuals in North Korea were unable to take any blunt manner
in resisting the Com unist regime. They could do nothing but talk in
whispers with each other. 25X1
CONFIDENTIAL
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Approved For Release 2008/02/19: CIA-RDP83-00418ROO6800240005-5