THE SOVIET TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS ON THE THEORY OF ATOMIC NUCLEI

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 589
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 19, 2007
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: May 28, 1956
• Content Type: REPORT

Approved ForRelease2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
CENTRA. INTELLIGENCE AGENCY PROCESSING COPY
This material contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States within the mean-
ing of the Ispionage Laws, Title 18, U.S.C. Secs. 793
and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in
any manner to an unauthorised person is prohibited
by law.
INFORMATION REPORT
qPrPT? 111
NOFORE
9 96
25X1
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT Two SOyiet Technical Publications
on the Theory of Atomic Nuclei
DATE OF INFO.
PLACE ACQUIRED
II 1r
This is UNEVALUATED Information
REPORT
DATE DISTR.
NO. OF PAGES
REQUIREMENT NO. RD
REFERENCES
28 May 1956
1
25X1
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
unclassified aoyiette-cbnita1 DUblications in Russian
1. Isomerism of Atomic Nuclei, by M. I. Korsunskiy, 19540
2. Principles of the Theory of ..tomic Nuclei, by Ya. I. Frankel, 1955.
NOFORN
S.R.r-R.R-T
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
STATE
ARMY
NAVY
AIR
FBI
AEC
(NOTE: Washington distribvtion indicatod by "X"; Fiield distribution by "*".)
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-OWEN 4I4H0d0.1.3 HoaAdie -0WH9HCONId0,1, XH 41:LIMY ISBEIHVHOV3
-A90 `14.1111 0,10HH311HVONINdll aonsdeno xicuidalte ainianovH.Lo
VII 1514HICHVEI .1.01111114E13X0 OR HX0311111,3113d11 14HOdIX3Ve )VM XIII
?13V3Hh 0,101.8 1.0 ONTHOHGUEOH onliamdagoo 1410IHdlI H aonodialave
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L-L0008000171700181-1700-?8dCl-V10 61-/1-1-/LOOZ 3Se3I3I ..101 panaiddV
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?EHHa.Lh WW1
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-omtvo.Lo o mane eaaarnad Od0X3ahH.LHVBH13 EH flaMISVOX3H 'ffaHd
OHH311,1,30hHVOX ffOrTh0,1. taaaaawee amag ILION `daIxadsx
ffrumaa,Loahux aliffiolawa `aaRawedg000 91111cle ammowovepi
oszoofflas sadah H.L3RIi xmanamcclue Koznift
odanqg unnattatoxodu ITHd09.1. BRMOGIMILIIVRIIV ,-*L ?
?woxene arnav HOLOT
H NIETOMVITHVO 011113V3Hh XH IclielfdEE Odh 401 nIfd,LOTAT3aH
?3llIcIV09 HILIdalle OM L H OHY0 MILT H.L30d0X3 Hanicivog
oYeadoa 'orlavaa,va0YOVO 'dans xpialtodoltoa A Nigh '14331MI
ffarnaHow oYeadoa XH Aniaa aoliodlxave dagodu ?Hadoo.i.
EH loAltavo Hmem 'XIcTilitOdOie011 Ikah 'al-114119N Eavd adias.oh
,woleadve vvarnavog OOSIVET X14 0 'cialtIf XIcItlaHVad aagodu 1114ddaHEI
HOTAIVO OSIT OL HT11.1 0,Lh ?WILLOWEE *Ftod,LaTsm,LHTTo 1103111f33r X1431
-EIV0X03H PXY1ScIOLI d390d11 1010IATH HHO 1114110VETEY IAIOH4V13Wd0H irdu
oxAYeoa ?(EMHICLOVICIT ,LHO,L303 0,10dO,LOX EH ?E,LH3lnl3V6 owoIs
aoHodamove AV3Hh HVH ,Adahlon Awoaomitadou paavenoaftdouodu
on,Ladoo ?adoaoa ogAdd 'EHH1TIV0,1, OVO)l0 ff0HH11IVO,L
AMHH,L3EVII OTATIO11HHE3 HVH WIAT I*0 OVOX0 HOHHMV0.1. AXHILL3EVIT
OTAilaHHHWOIVE ?c111390dLI" ,LAJONI HHddalle ff0HHRETDISOITIRE Uchelf OMIT
-Yodoltoa ?dowudiree 4wed, ?11HHH0.1,000 wod3aJ a 1311.1.09ffiall AffiV0.1,
01AH,LOWS? eadoh chLRXHHOdll ,LAdOW ?ahrallodamove 3 ITHILLOffair
-0WHEEE 014111917.0V3H HWH 00W013111H,LIHH3H 43aaawowdos, H Hd,LOW0
-3H `Ecittg aehAV3 WO.L8 a ovo 0,Lh H3,L3HH0H4190 HOW0.1.73
eamiaodaleaoe oammalmocbcfle avY Imado xHrnavoo avoIo oY
awiamiadomoA ?HWUclielt HWHZIOV 0 HIrellOdHd31.10 cl,L3OWHVOX903H
?HHH
-3HOHNV0.1.0 d3.1,3113c173X VH OHHISHVH 30HH3H.1.03MA3 4.1,13?RX0 ,LAJOW
dOVIS H3XHff10173ETHXVV,L3 Iqd3waHd 3lT1HhallOX 1411dd3He NOX00h11.1,
-OHHX W3HH911HVOHA WHIHNOHHIMY 3 0.1.11 'ao,LoahiAead 110903 OWUO
(eitOdOVOH VdleIf H NEN OFIETT3d) Oda aodoweed X1qHhOHOX ff3ffi0113111c1,1,
-HhA OFT 41111d00,L HO,LOOdll 153,LOISHHhie011 oa.Laaffiaa oafficaAa.LoIoa.Lo
-oo eadoh AgiN a 3H,Id3HES 0 Vie0d0YOH dOVIS 3HH3INCOX0d11
Amavamoou? a of oY woYedse o adVa uoAHlted voYodu
uwaxdos '0HcIV3IVEIOVOV3 'ffogoo loevErea,oltadu VTITITHft
?INI3fiT901
901
=_-_-
9 = 0T-01?s?o1?00s az 00c
or_OI?g==
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Si
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L-L0008000171700181-1700-?8dC11-V10 6 I,/ L 1/LOOZ 3S3I3I ..101 p8AaiddV
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
26 AABA HEPBASI
BeHHH ABX tlaCTHU, B3aHMHO OTTaAKIII3a1OLDIXCJI HAH npuTHrH-
Ba/OIAHXCH HO 3aKOHy KyAoHa. MbI HatIlleM C peateHHH saAarna
O CTOAKHOBeHHH BApa BoAopolo. HAH reAHB C TANteAbIM HApom,
KoTopoe MO1KHO IIpH6AIDKCHHO cHTaTb HeTIOAHHASHMM. FIpH TaKHX
ycAoBaxx paccmaTpHBaemaK HacTaua (HApo H HAH He) onlicbmaeT,
KK H3BeCTHO, rHnep6oAy MV (pHc. 1), cHmmerpHHHylo OTHOCH-
TeAbH0 o6enx aCHMIITOT MO H ON, Toluca nepecelieHHA KOTOpbIX
Aeaurr Ha oitHoil npBmoil C ,,4/0KyCOM" F, B KoTopom HaX04IITCH
HeFIOABIDKHOe B4po, H C rxepHreAHem Q. flpa 9TOM OAHa H3
aCHMIITOT MO cooTBeTcmyeT 4BH1KeHHIO HaCTHUN AO CTOAKHO-
BeHHA, a A pyraff ON? nocAe CTOAKHOBe11101. AAHHa nepneHAH-
KyAfipa. FH, onyigeHHoro KB
TOtIKH F Ha npo,zioAmeHne OM
aCHMHTOTbI MO, Ha3bIBaeTC51
lipliUeAbHbIM paccTosumem *la-
CTHUbI OT BApa. OHO BBAH-
AOCb 6bI HX 6AHNSaHLIIHM pac-
CTOSIIIHeM, ecAH 6bi HacTHua
He IICIIbITbIBaAa OTTaAKHBa-
HIM CO CT0p0HbI Biwa. lipH
yHeTe 9TM:I OTTaAKIIBaHHA
6AHTKatimee paCCTOHHHe memity
HHMH oKaabmeTcH paBHbIM
FQ.
Hama 3a4aqa COCTOHT B
TOM, LITO6bI onpeAeAHTb yroA 0
meKziy 06eHmH aCHMIITOTaMH B
3aBHCHM0CTII OT npHgeAbHoro
paCCT05HIHR p=FH. AAA peatemoi 9TOil saAaHH OTAOHIHM
Ha npAmor1 OM' H npAmoit ON oTpe3KH OA H OB, HBo6pamaio-
CKOpOCTb tlaCTHUbI AO H nocAe CTOAKHOBeHH51. CKOpOCTH
9TH, OtIeBH4I10, paBHbI, TaK TO OA= OB. FlpHmaH AB, npeit-
cTaBABtotgaB co6oft reomeTpHHecKyio pa3HOCTb memAy KoHelmoll
H HaHaAbHon CKOpOCTSIMH tlaCTHUbI, napaAAeAbHa npAmoil FOQ.
Amnia sToti npAmoti,. yMHOHMHHafl Ha maccy HacTugbi M, npeik-
CTaBASICT CO6Oft HameHeHHe KOAHtIeCTBa 4BH?KeHH51 tlaCTHUbI,
BbI3BaHHOe AelIcTsyloweil Ha Hee CHAOIL COPAaCHO H3BeCTHON
Teopeme mexamum, HameHeme KOAHtleCTBa 4BH1KeHH5I paBHBeTcH
HmnyAbcy CHAbI Ha cooTBeTcTsylotgHR npomemyToK BpemeHH.
BBHity CIIMMeTplitIHOCTH TpaeKTopHH OTHOCHTeAbH0 npftmoit FOQ
MbI maatem OrpaHHIIHTbC51 paccmoTpeHHem npoeKgHH CHAbI Ha
HanpaBAeHHe aTon 1IpBmo11. ?
06o3Hatmm yroA, o6pasyembal paAHycom-BeKTopom, nponeitea-
HbIM H3 HeII04BHMHOPO Biwa K HeKoTopoil Tone TpaeKTopkul P,
Pc. 1.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
8AEKTPH4ECK1E CBOICTBA ATOMOB 27
gepe p (cp 6y4eM CtIRTaTb HOAOMIITCAbHbIM 4A5! upaaoft HOAO-
BHHSI TpaeaTopmf H oTpxgaTeAbH5xm 4Aa Aeaoin. Cana, "(ell-
eTapolgaa Ha itaa>xylgyioca gaeTHay B TOT-MC P, pasHa
1_ cc'
r2 '
re e-3apa4 ilacTfigbt, e'?aapH4 (HenoimacHoro) suipa, a r ?
paceToHHHe FP. ilpoeagHa 9TOtt CHAbI Ha ripHmpo FOQ paaHa
fcos p.
HoAygaem, TaKHM o5paaom, cAeApoigee paaeHeTao:'
MI v'^ -o
+co
- "9 dt.
r2
?oo
3,4ecb v ?v upeAcTaBAHeT reovieTpactecapo pa3HOCTb memAy
KOHellHat H HaliaAbHorl CKOpOCTSIMI4 RaCTHgbI. FlocKoAbxy Tpe-
yr0AbHHK AOB paHao6e4peHabat, TO, onyeKaa rnprieHimayAap
H3 ero HepumHbi 0 Ha OCHOBaHHe AB, MbI paao6bem ero Ha .4Ba
pasHbix npamoyroAbxbix TpeyroAbHHKa. Orcio4a eAe4yeT, RTO
?>
t/' V --=--v2 sin --2-0
C Apyra CTOpOHN, COPASCHO aaaoHy nAoLga4eft, nAmga4b
ceaTopa, ornicbmemoro pa4Hycom-Hewropom OP 3a eAHHHUY
Hpememff
1 ,dp
--
2:
/WARMS COXpaHRTb HOCTORHHOe 3HatieHHe. YtHiTbIBaR 8TO 06CTOR-
TeAbCTBO, Mb! momem HpHpaBHRTb ee Tomy lipeileAbftomy aHage-
HMO, xoTopoe oHa HpHHHmaeT Hpa r=CO, CBOARCb B 8TOM
eAriae K
OTeloAa noAyriHm
1
I 3a npomemyToK dt qacTilge nepeAaeTcH HmayAbc CHAU, PaBlibirl
f cos cp dt--- ee' (cos plr2) dt. TIOAHhIrl HmayAbc, nepeAariabei qacTmge 3a Bce
f co
opema OT 4o -I- CO , paaen ee' cos
r2 dt. (flpumeg. pe4.).
_2 co
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
28 FAABA IIEPBAH
,,-6
4-00 2
'cos 91
d d p t =-- 1 f
cos y =----- 2 6
sin n -2 6 = -1- cos y .
r2 vp vp vp
-.6 n -0
--i-
Taxkim o6paaom,
HAM 0KOHLISTeAbH0
0 2eel 0
2Mv sin -2- vp cos y,
0 ee'
L
Lg -2- ? mv2p . (1)
6
rip4 maAbix anageinifix yrAa 0 momno tg-samennTb
B Errom eAytiae npeAblAywee paBelleTBO CBOAHTCH 11p116AHHieHHO
K eAeAytolgemy:
ee' /p
112 Mv2
(1a)
T. e. yrOA paCCCHH101 IltiCTRUbl oaasbiaaeTcsi paBHbIM OTHOUICH1410
CC 110TeHUHflAbHOR eneprn npn T= K (HatISAbH0/1) KinieTntie-
cita sneprnn.
40 CHX flop paccensaimee fr,apo C,111TSA0Cb HellO4BH2KHb1M,
e. macca ero npeolnoAaraAach 6ecitonetmo 6oAbinott. BTO
orpaimmenne MOBICT 6b1Tb ycTpaneno cAeAyiorgnm o6pa3om.
PaCCMOTplIM Ammenne o6enx tiaciliu 1104 BAHHHHelv1 FIX lnaHMO-
AeliCTB1151 pyr c Apyrom. aTO naakimoiLeticTnne onpeitemieTcH
CHASMH pannoti BeA1111HHN, HO 11pOTHB0110AONSHOPO nanparotemoi.
TaKHM 06pa30M, ypannemisi ABIIHMHHH o6enx tiaCTHU B BeKTOp-
HMI cP0pMe HMelOT BHA
d2r
M ? = f,
M'= ?f,
dt2 dt2
ee'
r4e seicTop CHAN f xincAeimopae--> H natipaimen Ma-
-? -->
-->
paAAeAbH0 BeicTopiwit pa3HOCTH r? rf (7) ? paiLnyc-Beicrop TR-
meAoro nApa OTHOCHTeAbH0 KELKOH-HH6y413 neno4ranimott TOI1KH,
? paiLny c-BeKT op Aericoro siApa OTHOCHTeAbH0 Broil 2Ke T0I1KH).
CKASANBSH 8TH ABS yparniemisi, noAytiaem
-> ->
d2d r d r'
=---const.
(Mr Air") -- 0, T. e. MI dt
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
3AEKTPWIECK14E CBOACTBA ATOMOB 29
BTO paselicTso noHasbniaeT, qToLlefrrp THMeCTH (noAomeHHe KO'?
Mr M' r'
Toporo onpeAeAReTcH sexTopom onemx HacTHu,
MeTC51 npHmommeitHo H pasHomepHo. C Apyroft CTOPOHIA, AeAH
nepsoe HS npeAbuyigHx ypasHeHHit Ha M, a sTopoe Ha H
BbItIFITaff OAHO H3 Apyroro, noAyHaem
(7- 7)= A-3FF
OTC10.4a BHAHO, qTO OTHOCHTeAblf0e AsHsteHHe macTHubi (Aer-
KOPO HApa.) nponcxoAHT TK ste, KaK H 4BH2KeHHe ee B cAylute
HerIOABHASHOPO HApa, c TOR AHILlb pasaHuen, 1,1TO o6paTHaH maCCa
1./M samemeTcH cymmoit
1 1
T. e. AsinsmeficH Hacne npHnHcbisaeTcH 9fInPeKTHBHaR macca
MM'
Meff = _f_MA;
M-4-M' ?
C sToil sameHoil BbIB4HH0 BbI1LI pasHeHHe (1) AAA yrAa
OTKAOHeHHA tIaCTHUbI B ee OTHOCHTeAbHOM 4BH2KeHHII ocTaeTcH
B cHAe.
PaccmoTpHm Tenepb sonpoc 06 a6COA 10 THOM ABH>KeHHH
o6eHx HacT0g, T. e. ABH2KeHHH HX HO OTHOLLIeHHIO K TOR Hoop-
AHHaTHon cHcTeme, B KoTopoil HApo, nepsoHanaAbHo noHoHsnieecH,
npno6peTaeT HeKoTopylo CKOPOCTb. 06o3HanHm npH 19TOM HanaAb-
Hylo CKOPOCTb tiaCTHUbI nonpeamemy nepes v, a HoHenHyto
nepes u; KoHeHHylo CKOpOCTb $up& 0603HaqHM gepesu1 (HallaAb-
Hpo ero CKOpOCTb 6y4em npeAnoAaraTb pasHoit Hy)uo). CKOpOCTb
tIaCTHUbI HO OTHOLUCHHIO K HApy nocAe CTOAKHOBeHHA C HHM
o6o3Hankim nonpesulemy Hepes BeKTop v' HHcAeHHo paseH
V H o6pa3yeT C HHM yroA 0, xoTopbdi onpeAeAHeTcH ypasHe-
HileM (1) rip H sameHe B Hem M Ha Meff. MbI Hee, ITO onpeAe-
Ael1H10,
?> -->
1.11= U1 ? U.
(2)
AaAee, corAacHo HaKoHam coxpaHeHHH KOMPIeCTBa ABHMSCHHA
H sHeprim,
Mv = Mu -1- M'uf
Mv2 Mu2 M'u'2.
(2a)
(26)
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
30 EVIABA nEPBAR
Hs. ypaimeinui (2a) cAeAyeT
1142v2 m2u2 Aro ? 2mm , u u,
B qacTnom cAyRae M=--Mt, T. C. npli CTOAKHOBeHHH tIaCTHVI
C pasingm eft no macce BApom, NB aTOPO ypaBnenkm, B CBSIBH
-->
C ypaBneimem (26), BbiTexaeT paBeHCTBO I/ ? //'--= 0, II0Ka3bIBa10-
wee, tITO TpaexTopmi o6ekix qacmg nocAe CTOAKHOBeHHA Hanpas-
AeHbl noA npAmbim yrAom APYr K APyy? 14B ypaimemis (2)
-3. -3.
cAeAyeT AaAee: u'-i--u. COHOCTaBARA BTO paBeacTso
paBencTBors: M(v?u)=MIU', BbITeKa101AHM 113 ypasnenna
(2a), noArlaem
PHC. 2
v?v = 214. u.
BTO coon-Ion:ell:4e noxasbn3aeT, trro BexTop
U' napaAAeAen BexTopy v? v'3 T. e. npsmoit
iw
AB Ha plc. 1, COCTaBABA ylo qacTb
ee 4A1411bI. ECAH OTAOMMTb ero BA0Ab AB
Tax, liTo6bi Koneu ero coBnaA c Totixoli B,
a HallaAo c Tolmoti C (plc. 2), TO sexTop
CO npeAcTaBABeT co6oft BCTo KaK CKOpOCTb paccrvia-
Tpthaemon qacTnub: nocAe CTOAKHOBCHHB C sApom.
aniM nocnoennem BaAatia 0 4BII2KeHH11 llaCTHUbI H HApa
MO&CT CLIIITaTbCH pen:et:HO, nocKoAhxy peinenne saAamn o6 HX
OTHOCHTeAbHOM ABH1KeHHH HaBeCTHO.
Mb! BOCII0AbByeMC51 noAytiernibm pemennem 4M1 BbIt1HCACH1134
aneprm4, oTAaBaemoff gacTIngefl RApy. Kimenmecxas sneprlla
nocAeAnero IIOCAC CTOAKHOBCHH51 oxasbn3aeTcs paimog
_ 2
If u'2= Apr). ?); A/2 2,r1 (v?v)2
(M AF)2
T. e., corAacno yparmemio
0
2v sin -
2 '
Mu/2 - WM/ 2 ? 2 ?
1
2 z (Ai Af)2 v sin
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
sAEKTPHMECKHE CBOACTBA ATOMOB 31
HAN, COPASCHO ypaHHemno (1), ripH sameHeLM Ha Meff
1
Ha
0
1 ctg4
1 /2 2 (ee'\2 1
=
111' PO) 1 -1-jee'/Afeff pv2)2 ?
H sin2
2
(3)
Ho AyeHHbIli pesyAbTaT HmeeT cywecTseHHoe sHatieHHe AAH
TeopHH TopmomeHHH 6bicTpo AsH>xywHxcH liacTHu npia npo-
X0M4eHHH MX Mepes Heigecmo. aTO TopmoAteHHe ocywecTsAseTcH,
Kam. Mbl sHaem, nyTem HsaHmoAeficTBHH c eAexTpoHam H.
TO 06CTOATeAbCTBO, UTO nocAeAHHe HMCIOT oTpligaTeAbinAti BapHAl
T. e. IlpHT531`11Bal0TCH (a He OTTaAKHBaIOTCA) 110AOIKETCAbH0 saps-
MieHHb1M11 qacTxuamH, He HmeeT cywecTseHHoro sHatleHHH, TK
xax Bap.HA HX BXOAHT B ypasHemie (3) B xHaApaTe. LITO KacaeTcH
scpcpeRTHsHoft maccbi Aiwa aToma BO40p0Aa HAM reAHH no OTHO-
'Helm? K sAewrpoHy, TO OH a npaxTxtiecxx He OTAHLIHMa OT maccbi
nocAeAHero (HoTopylo B AaAbHelimem MN 6yAem o6osHatiaTb
gepes m). Taxlim o6pasom, sHeprHH, TepHemaH qacTnleft npH
CTOAKHOBCHHH C OAHHM sAexTpoHom, B npeAnoAomleHHH, UTO
AO CTOAKHOBeHHH nocAeAHHit 6bIA HenoAmmeH, HbipamaeTcH
gepes npHgeAbHoe paCCTOAHHe p yparmeHHem (3) ripH 3ameHe
B Hem M' H Meff Ha m. SameTilm, TITO npH AOCTaTOHHO 60AbUIHX
IlpHUeAbHbIX paCCTOAHHAX, yAosAeTHopsnownx HepaHeRcTsy
I cc' I
pmv2 KHTeAb B ypasHemill (6) HospacTaeT HH
9TOM B 100 pas. A TK KK ,laCTHUbI C o = 108 cm/ces. ynie
HpasTaRecnti He moryT 11130X0AHTb epe seigecTso, TO HeTpyAtio
OUCHHTb CHOCO6HOCTb lIpOHHKHOBeHHA HAM AaAbHOCTb ripo6er a
6bicTpbix saptimeHHbix macmg B pasnbix seigecTsax. AAA npo-
TOHOB rip v 3 ? 10? cmices. sTa seAHRHHa OKa3bIBaeTCH pasHok
nptimepHo 30 CM B sosAyse npH HOpMaAbHOR RAOTHOCTH. AAA sAep
reAtis ?Ha conpaigaems npiimepHo B 4 pasa [salt BHAHO 113 ypas-
HeH11S1 (6), oHa 11pH6AH3IITeAbH0 o6paTHo nponopgHoHaAbHa
nsaApaTy sapsAa iLlaCTHUbI]. 11pH ABH>KeHHH gepe.3 TsepAyto
? AaAbHOCTb npo6era cospaigaems o6panio ripo11oputio-
HBAbH0 IIAOTHOCTH, T. e. npHmepHo B 1000 pas (no CpaBlIeHHIO
C rasom), AocTHras
--- v.. FlocAextee 06CTORTeAbCTBO Herrn'
cpeAcTsemo Hposepsems IPOTOITUPIDIMH nyTen RaCTHU B cseTo-
llyBCTBHTBAbHbIX 9MyAbCHAX (CM. H1121{0.
3amemm B 3aKA10,1eHlle, atiepriis, coo61gaemas sAesTpo-
HELM ripH 9q)CPeKTFIBH0M CTOAKHOBeHHH, osasbisaeTcs 3Fla9HTeAbH0
60Ab111eit, HeateAti sHeprnsi CBA3H COOTBeTCTBy101.01X 9AeltTp0HOB
B aTOMaX, TaK *ITO 8TH 8ACKTp0HbI BbIpb1BalOTCA H3 aTOMOB, T. C.
natsAoe scpgiesmsHoe CTOAKHOBeHHe COI1p0B0>K4fleTCA oAHospaT-
Holt Homisaglieft aToma.
? 9. MeT0,741,1 perncipaunn 11 110ArleHHE 6bICTPO
Asnxtywaxcg EtapnatellIMIX ilacTuu
MN paccmoTpnm Tenepb tispaTge nonpoc o Tex meToAax,
noTophie B HaCTOAIAee 'wenn npHmeHtnoTcH AAR H a 6 A io 4 e HH
8AeKTPOHOB HAM 170AMKHTeAbHbIX HAep, ABHalyIgHXCA C oseHb
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
40
rAABA IIEPBAA
6oAbsuott atteprHeti ? nopsAxa 1. MeV 14 60AblIle. He06X0411M0
3aMeTHTb, RTO HeemoTpH Ha HII4TONSHy10 MaAOCTb MaCCbl 91.11X
RaCTHU, man CTOAb BbICOKHX aHeprHsx MOAsHO Ha6Ato4aTb Kam-
Apo 113 HIX B OTAeAbHOCTH 6AaroAapH ee anexTpHxzecicomy sa-
psAy, KOTOpbdi 1103BOASICT HCKyCCTBeHHO Coo61gaTb HM 9TH
aueprint.
HaH6oAee HarAHAHsitt meT04 HHAHBHAyaAbH0r0 Ha6AIO4CHH51
9THX qacTrq,j 6acA pa3pa6oTan BHAbCOHOM euge B 1911 r. AAA WT01'0
HCII0Ab3yeTCH HaAemte 110H113aUHH BetzecTaa, mepes KoTopoe
npoxoART 6sceTpo AsHscywHecx sapHsceHHace TlaCTHWA, T. e.
sscpataaHHe 3THMH T-laCTHUaM11 aAexTpoHos 143 aTOMOB ATOP? Be-
tgecTaa (HBAsnotgeecs, KaK MbI BHAeAH, 11pHil 14H0f4 TOpM0AieHHA
RaCTH1a). ECAH nocAeAHee HaX0411TCA B rasoo6pasHom COCTORHHH
H COAepRIAT nepeesugeHtme napka BOAbI, TO KOHAeliCaUHR 3THX
napors o6AerTtaeTcs rip H 11051BAeH11A 110A0AIHTeAbHbIX HAM OTpH-
UaTeAbHbIX HOHOB, H B RaCTHOCTH aAeterpoHoH, Tax RTO xaslAsitt
ocso6oHl4aemaitt anexTpoti CAyASHT Kat( 6ac uexTpom, soxpyr
xoToporo o6pasyeTes xaneAbxa BoAat. Tax 'tax saipbmaemate
143 aTOMOB aAexTpoHsc HmelOT OTHOCHTeAbH0 He6oAbutyto sHep-
IWO, TO OHM yAaMHOTCH AHLIIb Ha HIIRTORiHbie paCCTORICHR OT
mecTa caoero H05IBACHH31; nosTomy KaIIeAbKH BOAN o6pa3ytoTes
B HenocpeAcTaeHHott 6A1130CT11 OT TpaexTopsH HoHHsytotgett tut-
CTHUbt (T. C. 6sicTpo AmmyrgerocH 9AKTOH HAM sApa), o6Ha-
pyscHaa14 aTy TpaexTopmo B sHAe Totncott TymaHHoit HHTH, HAM,
KaK ee HasstaatoT, ?Tpexa".
HeCK0AbK0 Tpeccoa, noArzeHHstx npH 11p0X02114eHHH aAexTpo-
HOB H Aerxxx HAep C aHeprHett nopstaxa 1 MeV Itepes KaMePY
BHAbC0Ha, 14so6paxlensx Ha pc. 5-10. CDoTorpacimn Tpexos BO-
.40p04Hb1X H reAHeasix HAep noATsepsxAmoT Ty KapTmly npoxo-
SCACHHH 6bICTp0 4BI4AgIgHXCH sapssceHHacx qacTitu gepes Beige-
CTBO, KOTOpaR 6biAa Ha6pocaHa B npeAstAyigem naparpacpe.
TpetcH npeAcTaBAstoT co6ott, B OCHOBHOM, npsmale AHHHH, CO
cpasHHTeAbHo peAlCHMH H3A0MaMH B Tex Totmax, rice COOTS eTcTBylo-
wee HApo-cHapHA FICIIbiTaA0 CTOAKHOBefIlle, T. e. TecHoe C6AH-
2Ketn1e c OAHIIM 1.13 aT0mHbIX sAep rasa, sanommorgero xamepy.
ECAll nocAeAmoto II0MeCTHTb B MarHHTHOe none, IlapaAAeAbH0e
OCH xamepai, TcY ripsmomucettHale TpetcH HAM yRaCTKH Tpexos
HCKpi4B.A1110TCR, ripeapatgasca B Ayrn oxpyamocTett, no xpn-
BlISHe KOTOpbIX MOYKHO CyAHTb 06 aHeprHH cooTseTcTsylocgmx
RaCTHg.
rIpHmeHeHHe KaMepbI BHAbC0Ha C MarHHTHb1M noAem, npeAAo-
HseHHoe BIlepBble 11. A. kat-weft, oco6eHHo yAo6Ho, Kai( noxa-
BA A. B. CK06eAbUbIH, B cAytute aAexTpoHoH, HoTopste saHAy
csoett maAott MaCCb1 OTKAOHAIOTCR noA BAHAHHeM MarHHTHOrG
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Pic. 6. PacceHHHe BANINI-MBCTHU B micAopoAe.
Pmc. 7. CTOAKHOBeHHe amopa-macTHu c aTomom HeoHa. ATOM Remit'
HCHMTMBBeT mopHyHoe CTOAKHOBeHHe.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Pmc.8.IlpoxomAemmeaAelaponom nepero-
poAmm B mamepeBHAbC011a.ameprmm aAex-
Tp0Ha onemb meAmma (>1001MeN); npm
npoxomAemmm gepem HABCTHHRy OH nopom-
AaeT Hoop() maeTmny.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
PHC. 9. Kamepa BHAbCOHH B MOTHHTHOM
noAe. Ilpamaa ? cAeA ?mem, 6bicTporo 9Aex-
TpoHa RoemagecKax Ayueh (aaepraa 200
MeV); apyrosaa TpaexTopaa ? OTHOCHTeAbH0
meAAenabiii aAexTpoa (800 000 eV); TpeTail
cAeA ? aAmpa-macTaga.
Pile. 10. CTepeocxonageexiiii caamoa cAeAa aApa aroma aoAo-
poAa (ripoToaa). npOTOH r1poxo4HT vepe3 nAacTiaay CAI04bf,
B KOHUC HyTH CTHAHHBHHCb C aTomamm aApom.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
3AEKTP144ECKNE CBOACTBA ATOMOB 41
noAK 4HHO HHTCHCHBHOCTH ropasao cHAbHee, mem 110A0H04TeAb-
Hbie gApa TOn ?Ke aHeprHH.
AAA o6HapymeHHK 6bICTpbiX aAeKTponos HCH0AbayeTCY1 TaK'Ke
ewe 6oAee npocTot4 npH6op, HaabiBaeMbin BA eKTp0HH bl M
C 1.1 e 1.1114 K 0 M. aAelapOHHbIn CtleT1114K npeAcTaKAKeT co6off
He6omanylo TOHKOCTeHHyI0 Kamepy, Hmeloigylo BHA 1114AHH4pa
(paAllycom OKOAO 1 CM H AAHHOR OKOAO 10 CM), ITO OCH KoToporo
HaTKHyTa HsoAHponanHaK OT ero nosepxHoeTH nponoAomKa.
MmAy 'nog npOBOA0RK011 H eTeExoti gHAHHApa cosAaeTcsi pas-
HOCTb noTeHuHaAoH B HeCK0AbK0 TbICRI1 BOAbT, 6A113KaR K Ton,
HH KoTopoll HosHHKaeT 9AeKTpHmecKnt4 paspHA B rase, 3a110A-
Hmoigem npH6op. AOCTaTORHO 11ORBAeHl1R B npH6ope OTHOCHTeAbH0
He60Ab11101'0 IIHCAa BAeKTp0HOB AAR TOPO, IITO6b1 paapKA BOBHHK
B KHAe ?HOHH3aUHOHHOn AaB1111131", 06yCAOBACHHOn pa3r0HOM BTHX
aAeKTpoHoH B aAeKTpHmecicom noAe H HbipbulaHnem HMH HOBbIX
9AeKTp0H0B HB aTOMOB, C KOTOpbIMH OHH CTaAKRBalOTC.R.
aTa HatlaAbHaR H01111.3agH31 rasa B emevniKe momeT 6b1Tb,
B LiaCTHOCTH, Bb1313aHa npoxo&Aelmem mepes Hero oAHoro 6bleTpo
ABHasylgerocsi aAeKTpoHa, en0c06H0ro npopHaTbeK BHyTpb
cqeT-
qHa mepes ero cTeHKy, npoliTH mepes san0AHK1o1AHR ero ras H
BHOBb BbIpI3aTbCR Hapymy (KOHetIH0 C ymeHbaleHHoll CKOpOCTb10).
1/10H113aUHR, HenocpeAcTaeHHo o6ycAoHAeHHaK npoxomAeHHem
aAeKTpoHa mepea raa, CaMa no ce6e HaCTOAbK0 HesHatoiTeAbna,
11TO ee 6b1Ao 6b1 HeBOSMO2KH0 saperHeTpHposaTb. YBeAHLIHBaRCb,
OAHaKO, BO MHOPO pas 6Aaro4aps" BTOpHIIHbIM HOHH3aU1fOHlibiM
npoueccam, BIR3b1BaeMbIM AelicTHHem aAeKTpHmecKoro 110AR Ha
ocao6o2KAaemble 8AeKTp0Hbi, oHa IlpHBOAHT Hecbma 6bICTp0
K aAeKTpHmeeKomy paspKAy 3HatIHTeAbHOil CHAbI. TaKmm o6pa3om,
KaKcAblit aneKTpoH, npoineAumff mepes cmeTTIHK, o6HapyKinHaeTesi
HO mrHosemiomy aAeKTpHmecKomy pasrmay, HM Hbisbisaemomy,
H moKceT 6biTb, cAeAoBaTeAbHo, saperKeTpmposaH. noAo6HaK
perHcTpaux HAM CiLleT OTAeAbHbIX 9.7teKTp0H0B BO3MORSeH, KO-
Het1H0, ARUM B TOM cAymae, ecAn aAeKTpoRbi npocKaKKHaloT epea
CtieTtIHK CpaBHHTeAbH0 peAKo, T. C. mepes npomeacyTKH HpemeHH,
KoTopme BeARKH 90 epasHeHmo c HpemeHem, Heo6xoAHmbim AAA
paBBHTHR H AHKBHAalaHH eAHHHRHOPO aAeKTpHmecKoro paspHAa.
ClIeTtIHK MONSHO, KOHet1H0, IlpHMeHRTb H AM! perncTpauun
110AOMMTeAbH0 sapsoKeHHbix KAep; oAHaKo sHeprliK, KoTopoll OHH
40MKHb1 o6Aa4arb AAK npoxo?KAeHHK mepes cTeHKy cmeTtniKa,
AOMKHa 6b1Tb 3Ha4HTeAbH0 60Abitie, geM B cAymae sAeKTpoHon,,
TaK KR ripH OAHOft H Toff ace anepriuf CKOpOCTb 9AeKTp0HOB
ropasAo 60Abille 113-3a 11X OTHOCHTeAbH0 maAot4
A. B. MbICOBCKHA C COTpyAHHKaMH paspa6oTaA HOBbIn meTo4
perHeTpagffli 5ap51>KeHHb1X TVICTHU ? no TpeKam, ocTaBAKembim,
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
.42 AABA HEPBAS1
HMH B CBeT011yBCTBHTeAbHOR 8MyAbCHH CpOTOrpaCplitieCKHX HAaCTH-
HOK H o6HapyamBaloigHmcsi nocAe HpORBAeHRA HOCAeAHHX. aTO
AeficTime Hapsnxemibix MaCTHU, TK xax 0 poTorpacpkylecxoe
AeflcTBHe cBeTa,CBOAHTCR K o6paRoBaHmo cxpbrroro H3o6pa.me-
HHR B Tex Beimax CBeTOgyBCTBHTeAbH0fl 8MyAbCHH, RepeR KOTO-
pme OHM Hp0X0AAT. rlpH npoRBAeHHH 8TH ?aaAeTbie" RepHa
HOAHOCTIA0 BOCCTaHaBAHBELIOTCR, o6pa3ysi IlyHKTHpHbIH cAeA npo-
ineAmeii RepeR HHX la/WT1401. aTH CAeAbl, HAM TpexH, Aerxo
o6HapyRumaloTcH HOA MHKpOCKOHOM, B OCO6eHHOCTH B TOM cAy-
Rae, eCAH OHM AeRnT 6oAee HAM meHee B IIAOCKOCTH HAaCTHHKH
(AAR mem CBeTOgyBCTBHTeAbHblit CAOH SHatIHTeAbH0 yTom.gaeTcH
B CpaBHeHHH C HAFICTHHIMMH). AAHHa noAyRaioLoixcH
TpexoB, KOHegH0, ropaRAo meHmue, mem B cAriae xamepu
BHAbC0Ha, H HRmepReTcR o6bitmo HeCK0AbKRMH mHxpoHamH.
B nocAeAHHe roAbi meToA NINZOBCK0r0 noAyRaeT Bce 6o-
'nee H 6oAbmee pacnpocTpaHeime,1 B 3HatIHTeAbH0fl cTeneHH
3aMeHAR 60Aee CAORSHbift meToA BHAbC0Ha.
aAeKTp0Hbl H Aermie (reAHeBbie) RApa c ximeTHIlecxon aHep-
rHeft nopRAxa 1 MeV Ha6mo4atoTcR B ecTecTBeHubm yeA0BHRX
npm pa3AHt1HbIX paAnoaxTRBHbix npeBpaigemiRx, RoTopme 6yAyT
noApo600 paccmoTpemakin?Ke. MX MORMO 110AriaTb HCICyCCTBeHHO
npH nomoigH paRAHRHbix BbICOKOBOAbTHbIX yeTpoAcTB (HanpHmep
reHepaTopa BaH-AepTpaactla), a Taime H ApyrHx ?ycxopHTeAeft".
Xopounim ycxopHTeAem AAR HOAORSHTeAbHbIX RAep RBAReTCR
npH6op, H3o6peTemibiR AoypeHcom B 1931 r. H Ha3BaHHbin HM
UHKAOTpOHOM. IlAeR 8TOrO npH6opa BaxmoRaeTcH B TOM, 1T06bI
ycxopHrb RapsimeHHbie qaCTHUbi mH0r0KpaTHbIM noBTopeHmem
CpaBHHTeAbH0 CAa6bIX 8ACKTpli4eCKHX TOAIIKOB HpOTHBOHOAONS.-
HOP? HanpaBAeHHR, 11040600 Tomy, xax pacKaRHBaioTcH xaReAH.
BoAee TOIIHOn mexaHHRecKon moAeAbio uHKA0Tp0Ha moryT CAy-
RIHTb ?riiraHTCKHe mare, B KOTOpbIX xoAe6aTeAbHoe ABHaieHne
BameHeHo BpawaTeAbHum. B cAyRae sapRaceHHbix RacTRu Bpa-
igaTeAbHoe 4BH2KeHHe C onpeAeAeHHbim HepHOAOM 06yCAOBAH-
EmeTcR AelicTBHem MarHHTHOr0 HOAR, nepneHAHRyARpHoro K HAO-
CKOCTH 4BH2KeHHR, a TOATIKH ilpOTHBOHOACOKHOr0 HanpaimeHHR
Ha lipOTHBOAentaIZHX TOLIKaX 0Kpy?KHOCTR(HAH,BepHee,cimpaAH),
onHcbiBaemoff IlaCTHgaMH, Bbl3bIBLU0TCH nepemeHHbim pAexTpHile-
CKHM noAem oTHocHTeAbHo He6oAb1notiaMnAHTyAbi. r1DAe BTO
ofteacTByeT memAy ABymR cAerxa paBABHHyTumm II0A0BHHKaMH
nAocxoft gHAHHApHRecxon KOpOOKH, paspeRaHHoft B40Ab OAH0r0
H3 AnameTpoB, 'tax noxasaHo cxemaTHRecim Ha 'me. 11. AAH
1 llpilmeHelime meToaa (POTORAaCTHHOK CMAO 0C060HHO HOKHM 110CAE
ipa6oT aHrAmilexoro (1)H3HICEt 110yEtAa. (I7pumeq.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
L-L0008000171700181-1700-?8dCl-V10 6 1-/I, 1/LOOZ eSeeiei Jod panaiddV
?.1.4YOHHOdIXOYH EIOHOHYYHIAT Hay03 HXYHdOH XISHJd0He HCIII 6Q341?011 0114YQ.&
1118136 H3c1,L8HFIE/2X0 lasaahlm Imacpcba loam nif.L313h XPIYOZHI, 00Y09 HYV
'(/ './)i/==// ?YOH 00E3 IOASI3100,1,000 V ablitud
AdAdm AwomoahHdamaRHox AisloY5Hum 0I12 XVI 41f0HdlOWWHD
ff0114VVHYUd 00M01BYEV90 avou 0011.1.14HJEW 0011Y0d0HYO0H
HHawada oa aOHHOWAQU IQAHLOW0Y MHOdIMOVE1 0110dIT/I09 g
(mHodIxave 1130a1AMLIISY 0c113N9 0,10101'13h13HE090 '?HhAY
-13.1.a9" gff0V3 IO) WoHodIgIa9 WH 1114HHHOERH 4aoHodIxave Hyr
qva,I.HdomoA gluaodHAdloHomo goovsItii As.odam Tf.6t
?oaavga H OHEdligH
ofmatvadauou invai}reAr
Altxraw OXJ.Awawodu a laAa
avou aoxaahada.
-- maye aaVaoladoxoic ?amral
-dah H1.30X30Y11 X OHdISY
-SXHYHOIldall oaavauduaa
3YOU DOHIHILIEIN aara
-01HHOYX,L0 '(u H HOH
4aoliolodu) fiHLZ
-- Rh XPTHHQWESdEEX191AIOISH0.1
-gad andolaaudi.? (qvgd
-HLID) HHHHY HEHdH.LXHAll
?saodd.OVHHfi HicIONIEX Efl.1.3
-H0d,L3A entaxD ?i1 ?oHd
HHJ
-d01161 XH NHHOhHVOBA adaw OH MDIOUSHh
-HVOHA 01C011 NIOILLIIHXHIN woHltodoffito
ICHHO1lld90 XH It0HdOLI 0,10h 0,LVJAVAE
-ad a i'amiqa H IcnroaHodi.xave hIcONI,L
1113 vaittudou UH11311VHE OY 1411,1(10146 XH
11101111311HVG8A 3 cza.H.LovdHoa odIoN9 Iatqf
-141:0111 aoHodlHave v33RIA1 XEN XVI ?113176
-oaHduaH Hod.LovmHD itHddaHe XHIIIcIVOO
1:1110110 OY HOHOdINOVH 11110,1?1 HVy
'.1.cnrosuodImave HOHOHYVHIN BOX
-.LHOOY 031LBY OH `11011011VVHIN ONclY0,1, OH
H)OtHdou tikmahuHe olt 14130E10Y ISOIOVYA
h111,011h 01HAOHEI 'Ic1V0110VH)1 HONIK3
-0Y X14311:1VONDOH HXYlfdOLI `HONhVO,I, X11:19
-EV3 oHqvaJ.Hoon,Lo HHHadoluou oaoHlridx
-0,10H1111A10,1,All '0110d,LOInilift Hff10111011 ii du
'Holauriunt HVILLOVEL ff0d0,LOM Oil ?14.1,3011
.WAth10 110AHYT3d 1,0 HIM? HHHEIIEN FlYA,L
-111f111%113 .10 11431311HE OH ?11,1,3031LH,I, 01(011
a 13XHILLISVIAT U1411VhT3)1 XIcIVVW YOHc101.1 H
mux Ow mul `(s.Lago cuoodo)lo ? `Hvon
0,10H,LHH.IVIN c11,00111103101d101H?H 9tHd
-ge aa ? a ?IcM1113Vh e3OVW?W attd
YoHdau ?avou WORSHHLIVW H tHIOUh X1c111H03105dVE 101H3MHda
OdOHY090E13 NOYOHc1011 0 `IcIclahiUX VOMO3hlidYHHVER HISIVNIMH
-01(011 11W11090 '0 'I 'HmiumutAY AYSILONI adosus a Oda101A11,13pY
'111(011 oaoxoahHdImave UHHU90V0N HYOMIGH HHHOYEITHOO HISONHM
-0111hOIVNBE `?oionioHad" HnotoxgoaH udogxdu HimusodHHouhmHAcb
Et H01510.LV VH.LOUOHO 310133hHcl,013VE
L-L0008000171700181-1700-?8dCl-V10 6 1-/I, 1/LOOZ eSeeiei Jod panaiddV
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
44 AABA HEPBAH
ECAH B HeKoToputi MOMeHT BpemeHH t B Toxficy C
(pHc. 12) BnycTuTb B HanpaBAeHHH KaCaTeAb11011 9AeKTp0HbI
CO CKOpOCTbI0 V, TO B MarliHTHOM noAe H, nepneHAHHyAxp-
HOM IIAOCKOCTH cepTema, OHM 6y4yT BpaigaTbcH no Oltpy2KHOCTI4
paAHyca
CMV
eH '
(7)
xzTo cooTBeTcmyer paseucTBy geHTpo6emHo1l CHAbl H CHAN,
AopeHga.
aTOT paAllyc OCTaHeTCH HeH3MeHHbIM BO BpemeHH B TOM cAy-
qae, eCAH npa }lameHelm! BHenniero HOAR H (HanpHmep
110 CHHyCOHAllAbHOMy 3EIK011y) IIMIIyAbC HAeHTpoHa p.= my 6yAeT
COXpaHATb neHBmeinioe OTH0UIHH HHanpH-
BieHHOCTH HOAR Ha Aammil OKpy)KHOCTH.
aTa HeH3MeHHOCTb, KK HeTpyAHo y6e-
4HTbC51, o6ecnexanneTcH B TOM cAygae, ecun
manual-milt noToB epea 0KpyIKHOCTb pac-
cmaTpHBaemoro paiwyca = SH27 r'dr'B ABa.
paaa 6oAbme Toro sHatieHHH
KoTopoe COOTBeTCTBOBaA0 6b1 0 AHOp 0 4-
Homy 'MAIO HallpflaieHHOCTH H.
B camom AeAe, HameHeHHe marHHT.Horo no-
Toica Or BO BpemeHH coaAaeT gHpHyARpHoe
BAeHTpHtlecHoe noAe, cooTBeTempolgee BAeKTp0ABH2fIyigeft CH/Le
1 dtor
11
c dt
PAC. 12. Cxema
ycxopeama =game-
ABB macTag B 6eTa-
Tp0HC.
pasHoe B TomBax paccmaTpnBaemott oBppmfocTa
E,
27rre dt
np040AbH0e ABHHICHHe alteKTp0Ha (1140Ab Oltpy3tHOCTH) OIIH-
cbiBaeTcH ypametthem.
e A),
c7t(Inv)= eE = 27rc dt '
Hoopoe npki T == const CBOAHTCH K
eitir
mv = (8)
anrc
(ecAH B HatIaAbHbIll MOMeHT v0 H
Bbipa?Baa t. tiepes mv (HMIIyAbC BAeKTpoHa), noArmem
? (1),.=277rp,
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
&AEKTPH9ECKHE CBOACTBA ATOMOB 45
-TorAa xax B cAyqae 0,4110p0AHOTO 110A3 H Mb! HMeAH 6b1
e or_ e 77r2H,
T. e. coraco (7)
e (t) 77pr.
TaKHM o6pa3om, B 9TOM cAytme HOTOK 6b1A 6b1 BABOe
meHbnie TOM, xoTopbill Tpe6yeTc3 AAR C034aH1151 ?CTa611AbHOtt"
op6HTbI.
3aMeTHM, LITO npeAbiAyigne pe3yAbTaTbI OCTalOTCH B CHAe
He3aBHCHMO OT TOPO, SIBAReTCH AnMacca aAexTpoHa m HOCTOSIH-
110n, HAM ne 133MeHHeTC51 CO CKOpOCTb10, corAacHo peASITHHHCT-
cicomy BaxoHy
771
? v2/c2
m0
(CM. HIMe). 1108TOMy 3aBHCHMOCTb if/ OT V HFICK0AbK0 He OTpa-
maeTca Ha nplimeHilmocTH npeAbiAmmc pe3yAbTaToa.
TaKHM o6pasom, ycxopeHHe aAexTpoHa, o6ycAoafteHHoe
HHAyKUHOHHbIM AeticTHHem nepemeHnoro MarliHTHOF0 110ASI,
npH HaA.AeacaLgem yeTpotteTHe aAexTpomarHwra (xoTopoe o6ecne-
MHBaA0 6b1B1,1110AHCHHe Ha AaHHoit OKPYH0CTM COOTH0111e-
HHH (tr= 27CT2Hr) B nepaoll ileTaepTH nepHoAa xoAe6aHHi4 aToro
110AH AOAMHO 6131A0 6b1 11p0HCX04HTb ITO cpopmyAe (8).
Flpn HOMOTH ClleUHaAbHOPO 11pHCII0C06ACHHH ycxoplunuitecH
HAeltTp0HbI c6pacbmatoTc3 CO CTa6HAbHOn Op611TbI HeMHOPO
paHbate KoHga 'Jepson ceTaepTH RoAe6aTeAbHoro gHKAa;
B HallaAe cAeApowero gincAa OHM CHOBa ?BripmcmisatoTcH"
B npH6op c HallaAbHOH CKOpOCTb10.
B HacTosngee Hpem3 npH 110M0104 6eTaTpoua 110ArlatOT
ZAeKTp0HbI C aHeprHen OKOAO 100 MeV.1 ,,HOTOAOK" 6eTaTp0Ha
onpe4eAfieTc3 He peASITHBHCTCICHM HameHeHHem maccbi qaCTHUN,
xax B UmicAoTporre, a noTep3mH ee 3HepTHH Ha HBAytietthe. aTH
noTepH paCTT HmecTe c pOCTOM aHeprkm qacTHgbi; npH Emep-
THAX BAexTpoHa OKOAO 100 MeV 3ameTHa3 tiacTb H3A3r3eHHot1
Zliepriu4 cooTaeTcTayeT BHAHMOA 06AaCTH cnexTpa. TaKHM o6pa-
30M, aftexTpox AoAmex ?CBeT14TbC51".
3TO 3ame3aTeAbHoe 3BAeHHe (eAHHCTBeHHbIff CArlan, KOPAa
Mb! BHAHM ,,T4HCTOe" caegeHHe aAexTpoHa; Ho acex OCTaAbHbIX
1 Cerriac cywecTeyeT 6eTaTpox, yexopmorgHil BAexTporibi o 500 MeV.
(17pume.t. pe4.).
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
46 rAABA HEPLIA51
cAyliasix CBetieHHe SIBAAAOCI3 pe3yAbTaTOM B3aHMO4efiCTBR2 6bicT-
pbix DACKTp0HOB CO cpeAoff) 6bmo npeAcxasaHo coseT-
cicHmu qm4sHicami4 nomepaHtipcom H i4BaHeinc0 B 1944 r. H imcne-
pnmeHTaAbHo o6HappKeHo rpynnott FlOAAOKa (B AmepHice)
B 1947 r.
E 12
Tax Km noTepi Ha paAHagHm nponopuHoHaAbHm me2/
TO HH 3a4aHHon sHeprim E OHH o6paTHo nponopuHoHaAbHby
KaaApaTy maccbi tiaCTHUbi H Ho9Tomy cyigecTseHlibi AAR EmeKT-
poHa H npaxTlitieciol He Ha6A1041110TCH )T TB1KeAbIX oc-tiacTHg,
npH sHeprHRx B 400 MeV.
M3AytieHHe B 6eTaTp0He IWOHCX04HT B cAytzae He TOAbKCb
O4HOr0, HO H 6oAbinero LIHCAEL pAeKTpoHos, paciipeAeAeHHbix
6oAee HAM meHee pamomepHo no 'ix often TpaexTopHH
TopollAaAbHoil Tpy6KH). ECAH 6bI 9TO pacnpeAeAeHHe 6bmo
cTporo pasHomepHbim, TO HBArieHHR He 6buo 6b1 Bolice.
B AenCTBHTeAbHOCTH, OAHaKO, HOAO>KeHHH pa3Hbix aAexTpoHos
pacnpeAeAeHbi B40Ab FIX oftgell xpyroHoH TpaexTopim 6o-
Aee HAM MeHee cArlailHo. BAaroAapsi aTomy EmeprHA H3Ay-
tieHHH, HcxoAxigero OT pa3HbIX sAeKTponos, CKAa4biBaeTC31,,
T. e. oicasbniiaeTcR riponopuHoHaAbHoti oftemy tuicAy 9AeKT-
p01108.
40 HeAamero spemeHH 6eTaTpoH FICHOAb30BaACJI TOAbK0
AAA CO34aHHA peliTreHOBCKHX Aytieff (c sHeprHeti Ao 100 MeV)
ripH TOpM0>KeHHH aAeKTpoHos sHyTpH Hero; 9TH Arm npo-
nycKaAHcb epe3 TOHKOe meTaAAHliecicoe oKoinetixo Happicy,
F4 e H Bbi3blBaA14 pacigermeHHe aTOMHbIX RAep. HeAasHo yAaAocb
406HTbcR Bbinycxa 9AeKTp0HHOr0 HytiKa 113 6eTaTpoHa B Happx--
Hoe npocTpaHcT3o.
B nocAeAHHe 3--4 roAa 9TH ?yCKOpliTeA}I" 6bIA11 3HaTIHTeAbHO
BH4OH3MeHeHbi H ycosepateRcTsosama. B 1944 r. BeKcAep
(3 Mom:se) npeAAmiom HOBbiff meToA ycxopHTeAeri AAR EmexTpo-
HOB H aTOMHbix imep. ?CipasoTpoH", OCHOBaHHbift Ha ripHHuHne
BexcAepa, oTAHtiaeTcR OT ummoTpoHa TeM, TITO qacToTa sAexTpH-
tieciaix KoAe6aHHH, noABoAHmbix K AyaHTam, He ocTaeTcx HOCTOSIH-
HON, HO HOCTerIeHHO ymeHbinaeTcsi, HOMepe TODD mix Ro3pacTaeT
sHeprim H macca ycxopRembix tiacTHu, Tait, tiTo6bi B KaNsAbiti
MOMeHT eTa liaCTOTa cosnaAaAa C liaCTOTOR o6pargeHHR }IX
B HOCTOSIHHOM MarHHTHOM noAe npH6opa. IlpH TaKHX yCAOslifix
paarouy noArlepraioTcR TOAbK0 pe3K0 orpaHHEieHmge B Hanpas-
AeliHH csoeft TpaexTopHH rpynnbi 40KyCHp0BaHHbIX HO 4a3e
tiaCTHg (11pHHUHLI ?aBToepasHpoBKH"). aTO ymeHbinaeT 061gp0
HHTeHCHBHOCTb Aye, Aariaembix ripH6opom, HO 3aT0 yBeAmm-
BaeT HX O4H0p0AHOCTb.
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
aAEKTPWIECKHE CBOACTBA ATOMOB 47
BmecTo TOP() tITO6b1 H3MeHATb ilaCTOTy aftexTpHAecxmx xoAe-
6aHmit, MO1KHO o6ecne4HTb coxpaHerme yeA0B1451 peaoHaHca
B UHKAOTp011e HOCTeIleHHbIM ycHAeHHem MarliliTHOPO HOAR (HO
Mepe yBeAHtleHHA 191.1eprHH H macciA yexopAembix macTxu).
fIpn nomoigH Taxon yeTaHOBKH yAaAocb HOArIHTb aAbcpa-AacTHubi
c sHeprHen B 400 MeV.P
a3pa6aTbnialoTcH TaK?Ke yeTaHomth
(cmixpocpasoTpoHbi), pacCAHTaHHble Ha noArieHHe HpOTOHOB
c aHeprHeli Ao 10 000 MeV.' Kpome Toro, H camoe nocAeAHee
ApemA B0306HOBHAOCb pasHHTHe AHHefilibIX ycxopHTeAen B cllOpMe
PHI'alITCKHX Tpy6, AAHHon Ao 25 M. YcxopHTeAH COCTOAT
H3 OTIteAbHbIX, I430AHp0BaHHbIX A pyr OT Apyra cexunii, 110 KOTO-
pbIM pacnpocTpansieTcH BoAHa HanpsrateHHA C TaKHM pactieTom,
ATO6bI CKOpOCTb ee connaAaAa co cxopocTbio pa3roHAembix
elo sapsmieknibix AacTHH. AmnAHTyAa HanpAxieHHA B Taxon
BOAHe 0TH0CHTeAbH0 maAa; HH cymmlipoBaHHH OTAeAbHbIX
HMIlyAbC0B, cooTseremyroigHx nepexoAam OT 0411011 CeKUHH
ycxopHTeAA K cAeAykoigen, AaCTHUbI moryT npHo6peTaTb Ha
BbixoAe npH6opa OtleHb 60AbLIIHe sHeprHH, nopsfAxa 100 MeV
H 60Aee.
OCHOBH0e npemmywecTHo AHHeilHbIX ycxopHTeAell HO CpaBHe-
Hub ?HxpxyAApHbimH" saxmonaeTcA B TOM, TITO OHH He Tpe-
6y1OT CHAblibIX MaPHHTHbIX noAen, xoTopme Heo6xoAumbi AAA
noAyAeHHA xpyromAx op6HT H xoTopme CB513aHbI C npHmeHeHnem
MOHHbIX BACKTp0MaTHHTOB (19ACKTp0MaPHHT rkiraHTcxoro cpaso-
Tpotia, HOCTpOeHHOPO B AmepHxe H Aaxngero aAbcpa-AacTHgbi
c aHeprHen einn MeV,
BeCHT 4000 TOHH). HeyAo6emo FIX 3aKA/0-
tlaeTCA B 60AbIHOti 4AI4He, OAHELKO, He HmeeT cywecTseHHoro
3HameHH5I. CAeAyeT sameTHTb, %ITO AHHe11HbIe yekOpliTeAH moryT
C ycnexom IIpHMeHATbCA AAA ycxopeHr4A He TOAbK0 HOHOB, HO
H sAexTpoHos. B nocAeAHem cAynae cxopocTb pacripocTpaneHHA
BOARbI HanpAmeHHA 61AcTpo Ho3pacTaeT npaKTHAecKH AO eKOpOCTH
CB eTa.
1 Ocnonnmm npennTcTanem KnocTpoilme 60AMHHXycRopnTeAert HBASICTCH
TpyAnocTa noAriennn ysxoro nymxa ycxopnemaix qacTng. Ilinpoxnfi nymon
Tpe6yeT 60AbUIRX 061,CMOB,3BHHTNX MBFHHTHWM noAem,qT0B CHOW omepeAb
Tpe6yeT coopymenmn orpomnum MBTHHTOB.
fiCABBHO 6NA npeAAomen (AnnnnrcTon, Cep6ep H noamii meToA
lpoxycnposxn, H03BOAAIOAUHR 060TH aTy TpyAHOCTb. HO sTomy meToAv
yexopnemme qacTnum npoxoAnT gepes ne6oAamme no AAHHC CCKUHH, ycTa-
HOBAeHlible HO oxpymnocTn. B ICBMA0a 113 CCHUHA qacTnum AsmmyTen
B CHAbHOM neoAnopoAnom noAe, npngem B coceAnnx cexgnnx nanpanAenne
110A51 mennewn. PacqeT noxasmaneT, 4TO B 'MUNE noAnx MOMHO HOAy4HTb.
ysxne nyvxn nacTnu. OcymecTaAelune aToro meToAn nosnoAneT naAenTaca
HOAy4HTb UpOTOHN C aneprmeti Ao 1011 eV. (7PuAreq. peg.).
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
48
FAABA IIEPBAFI
? 10. PeASITHBHCTCHOH EtaBHCHMOCTb maccm 6mcTpo
APH2C)91MHXCH IlaCTHU OT CH.OpOCTH; 4)0TOHM H 1108HTpOlibl
COPABCHO Teopkix OTHOCHTeAbHOCTH atimmethia, macca
gaCTHULA He 51BABeTC51 IIOCTOHHHOH, HO C HospacTaHHem
CKOpOCTH V yriemitmsaeTcx, cTpemncb K 6eCKOHetIHOCTH (pile. 13)
Hpx IlpH6AI42KeH1111 CKOOCTM 4BH2KeHFISI K CKOpOCTH cseTa,
HO yparmeHino
/72 ?
7720
v2/,2
re m0 ? Tax Hasbmaemax noxosagascx macca paccmaTpxsaemoli
tlaCTHUbI, T. e. npeAeAbHoe sHageHHe ee maccbi npx v--->0.
B cAygae BoAopoAHoro HApa c sHeprxeil B 1 MeV ero CKOpOCTb,
Kax. MbI BliiteAH mine, COCTaBA5leT OKOAO 1/20 CKOpOCTH cHeTa,
Taft tITO BeAHt1H1la irl npaxTxgecxx coHnaAaer c Mo. B cAygae
?aAexTpoxa, AA R KoToporo m0 B 2000 pas meHbine, CKOpOCTb V
npx aTom sHageHHH aHeprxx ABHNIeHHH COCTBBAReT OKOAO
95% CKOpOCTH cxeTa. npH CTOAb 60AbILIFIX CKOpOCTSIX o6b1gHoe
1
abipaslekme AAH HinieTngecxoll eHeprim mv2 CTBHOMITCH He-
npumeHllmbim H 40A2KHO 6bITb sameHeHo BbipalKeHHem atimuTenHa
1
M0C2 v2/c2 1) = (T/2 ? /710) C2.1
yi
TBKHM o6pasom, HospacTaxxe sHeprmx tIBCTHUM, crissaHHoe
ee AranKeHxem, nponopgxoHaAbHo yseAllgeHino ee maccbi H
BbipamaeTcx HpoxsseAeHmem &TOM yBeAxgeHms Ha xxaApaT CK0-
pocni cxeTa.
PaccmaTpxsaemoe cooTHomemie memAy maccoil gacTmum x ee
xxuemgecxon aHeprHeli mosseT 6bITb c(popmyAxposaHo 6oAee
npocTbim H HmecTe c Tem 6oAee o61gxm o6pa3om, ecAx maccy
noxosageficx gacTxubi C13513aTb C Hexoefl myTpeHHen Blieprmeit
HAM sHeprHen Hoxox), paimoit npoHsHeAeHmo m0c2. npx BTOM
yCAOBIII4 II0A111131 eprim tlaCTHUbI, ABHamgelicx c mo6ott
1
1 Ilpn maAocrn v no cpaimemno c c ompaateeneMOTICET
N/1 ? V-27C2
v2
6brre sameneoo npe6.7imeennkam: 1A- ? , eoropoe npn IlO4CT8HOBIte ero
2c2
13 ypaBHeHH BHmTeHa ITHBOAHT K crapomy ebtpateenuto HMOTOHOBC1C0171
1
MeXaHHICH /IASI xeneriviecnoli eneprnn m0v2.
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
3AEKTP144ECKHE CBOACTBA ATOMOB 49
CKOp0CTb10 (meHbuteil momeT 6bITb ampaaceita B B114e ripoHa-
BeACHHA ee MaCCbI Ti/ Ha KaaApaT CKOpOCTH caeTa (E=-:mc2).
Bonpoc 0 (1)113144eCKOM cmbicAe 110H5ITH4 sHyTpeHHell aHeprHH
If cooTaercTsporgeft eft noKomgeftca macce Mb! paccmoTpHm AAA
Aayx 00060 BaMHbIX tIaCTHbIX cAytutea.
1. C B e T. AeficTaHe, npoHaBoAttmoe cneTom Ha BeigecTao,
mo?KeT 6bITb 01114CaHO, ecAH paccmaTptinaTb caeT, KK HOTOK
OCO6bIX zzacTnu, fia3bIBfleMbIX CBeTOBbIMH KBaHraMH, HAH cp 0 T 0-
H a M H, KoTopbte moryT MCIlyCKaTbCA sapnaseHHalmH tiaCTHUaMH
aa clieT HX aHeprkm H KOAH4eCTBa 41314/KeHH51 H HOPAOIgaTbC.4 HMH,
COO6I051 KM CB010 aHeprino 14 KOAHTleCTBO 413H2KeHH51. aTa TeopHR,
BbI411HPaB111a3C51 B caoe apemn HblOTOHOM H, KasaAocb, HaBeKH
noxoportemiam, 6bIAa CHOBa npfisaaHa
K 1KH3HH B MO4epHHBOBaHHOti (pOpMe
Me
311HLUTehHOM B 1905 I'., 110A0MHB11.114M
B ocHosy ee HOBy10 mexamtKy TeopHH
OTHOCHTeAbHOCTH amecTo cTapoll me-
XaHHICH HblOTOHa, ripeAcTanAmoLgeil
co6oft npn6AHmeHHe, cripaaeAmmoe
AIME, B cAyttae cKopocTeil, MaAbIX HO
epaaHeHmo co cKopocTmo caeTa. f
TaK KaK, no onpeAeAeHmo, (pc, LI
-
c
TOHbI 40AACHbI 41314PaTbC51 CO cKopo-
PHC. 13. 3aBncHmoeTb macchi
cTaio caeTa, To AAA Toro xiTo6bi macca
4aCTHgli OT ee CHOpOCTH CO-
six, a cAeAonaTeAbHo if ofteprHx, co- rAaciro TeopHH OTHOCHTeAb-
xpaHaAa KOHe4H0e sHatietme, FIX HO- HOCTH.
KOHIgaSICH macca mo AoAmHa
p a BHA T bCH HyA 10. TaKHM o6pasom, imyTpeftmut afteprHA
4)0T0HOB M0C2 TaKale paaHa Hymo. ICHHeTH4eCKa51 aHeprHfi FIX
CBOAHTCH K 110AHOR afteprHH mc2, KoTopast, Boo6Lge rosopa,
momeT HMeTb mo6oe sHatieHne, HOCK0AbKy macca BalpaalaeTcsi
HeonpeAeAeHHocTbfo BHAa
0
V2/C2 0
ilpH At060m, CK0Ab yroAHo maAom yMeHb1.11eHHH CKOpOCTII
Cp0T0Ha macca ero, corAacHo yparmemno aihnuTellaa (upH m0=0),
o6paigaeTca B HyAb. BTO SHIPIHT, 4T0 TOTOH HcqesaeT. B 9TOM
aaKmotmeTcH 04110 113 cywecTaeHHbtx OTAH4HA COBpeMeHHOH,
aftHaiTeltHoacKoft, TeopHH (1)0TOHOB OT cTapoil, HblOTOHOBCK011.
CorAacHo HblOTOHy, B TeAe, cnoc06H0m HcnycKaTb CBeT, KK 6bI
3aPOTOBACH cKAaA cooTaeTcTayfoignx CBeTOBbIX cHapAAHKoa.
floaliffurreilay, 9TH CHapAAHK14, T. e. cIDOTOHbI, B03HHKalOT B npo-
uecce HCITyCKaH1451 caeTa aapamemiatma RaCTHUaMH B aTomax,
4 11. H. cppemmim
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50
TAABA TIEPBAH
a Him HOTAOLACHHH caeTa? HcimaaioT. IlpH 8TOM cHcTema
tiaCTHIZ, HOTAOTHB111a31 cp0T0H, HacAeAyeT ero aHeprmo H KOMI-
tleCTBO ABHHieHHH. llocAeAHee nepeAaeTen B Blue TOAtIKa
B HanpaaAeHHH naAaiorgHx Ariel CKAaAbIBaRCb Apyr c Apyrom,
noAo6Hme TOAtIKH OT 60Ab11.10TO tIHCAa 110TAOLgeHHbIX (pOTOHOR
o6pa3poT TaK Haabmaemoe caeTosoe AaaAeHHe, 9KCIIepH-
MeliTaAbH0 o6HapymeHH0e 11. H. Ae6eAeamm B 1901 r. 3ameTHm,.
Tao npH HCLIyCKAHHH $430T0Ha ATOM Talme HCIIbITbIBaeT TOAtIOK ?
B cTopolly, npoTHBonoAomHylo HanpaHAemno 8TOTO HCII3TCKaHH51,,
COBepUICHHO aHaAorntmo oTAage opyAHR npH HbicTpeAe.
B TOM CATIfle, Kora HcnycKaHne caeTa ael.gecTaom npoHc-
xoAHT npemmywecTseHHo B ?Any cTopoHy, 8TH sAemeHTapHme
TOAtIKH TaKH1C CKAaAbIBalOTCH B HeKOTOpy10 CHAT Aytiesoro 4aHAe-
? HaTIpaBAeHliy10 B CT0p0Hy, npoTHHonoAonmylo ArmHcnycKa-
HMO.'
TaK Kax alleprim cpoTona npH ero 4BH.H1e1111H OT HcnycKaTeAs
K 110TAOTHTeA10 coxpameTcH, TO CPOTOHbI HBARIOTCH nepeHoctm-
Kamm aHeprHH OT OAHHX tiaCTHg K Apyrind, yAaAeHmAmOT nepamx.
IIMCHHO 9TH SIBA9HHH nepeAatm 8HepTHH OT OAMIX tIaCTHU K APY-
PHM Ha 60AbUIHe paCCT033}11451H npmmAH K pa3BHTYH0 npeAcTanAemm
o cpoToHax. 11pH 9TOM akmprim CPOTOHa momeT H3Mepf1TbC51 TOR
aHeprHeit, aa cLieT KoTopon OH BO3HHKaeT B HcnycKaTeAe HAH,
KoTopylo OH C0061gaeT HOTAOTHTeA10. TaK, HallpHMep, CPOTOHbI
BO3HHKal0T npu pealCOM TopmomeHHH 6bICTpbIX 9AeKTp0H0B,.
yAapsnowixcH o THepAoe TeAo (aHTHKaToA). FlonaAaK Ha A pyroe
TeAo, pacnoAomeHHoe Ha mo6om paCCTOHHHH OT nepaoro, 9TH
Cp0T0Hb1 BbIpb1BalOT H3 Hero BTOpH,MbIe 9AeKTp0HbI, HMI Cp0T0-
81teKTp0HbI, aHeprxn KOTOpbIX oKaabmaeTcn B TOLIHOCTH paimoti
aHeprim CPOTOHOB (aa BbIlleTOM pa6oTm, saTpageHHolt Ha OCB0-
60M49HIle 8A9KTp0HOB H3 TeAa). YAaAeHne BTOpOTO TeAa OT
nepaoro He oKaabmaeT HHKaKOTO BAHAHHH Ha 8T0 paseHeTao
IIpHBOAHT AHLUb K ymeHbmemno ql4CAa 4uOTO3AeKTp0HOB B COOT-
BeTCTBHH C ymeHbineHHem HHT9HCHBROCTH cHeTa. COOTBeTCTBeHHO
aTomy aHeprmo (pOTOHOB yAo6Ho HamepnTb B Tex me eAHHHgax,
11TO H almprkno aAeKTpoHos ?IlepB14111.1b1X HAM BTOpHTIHbIX, T. e.
B 9ACKTp011BOAbTaX.
atieprmsim CPOTOHOB nopmAKa OT npHmepHo 10 000 eV AO He-
Ck0AblUIX COT TbICAtl 9AeKTp0HBOAbT COOTBeTCTBylOT 06bIKHOBCH-
HbIe penTreHoscime Arm. 1:13oToubi c 6oAee abicoKoll aueprnert (Ao
ACCATKOB meraaAeKTpoimoAbT) o6paapoT TaK Haw:in:mew:de ramma-
Arm (HcnycKaemme, B tiaCTHOCT11, IleKOTOpbIMH pa4140aKTHBHb1MH
BeigecTaamH). BoAee HH3KHM eHeprimm, nopHAKa OAHOTO HAM
HeCK0AbKHX 9A9KTPOHBOAbT, COOTHeTCTBylOT AyqH BHAHMOTO H
yAbTpaqmoAeToaoro caeTa. FlpH AaAbHethuem yMeHbIlleHHH aHep-
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19 CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
aAEKTPH4ECKHE CBOACTBA ATONIOB 51
PIM (POTOHOB OHM o6pasyloT sscppaKpacsbie Ayqs H, AaAee, Ayqm,
cooTseTcTsylowse yAbTpaKOpOTKIIM H 06bItHibIM paAsosoAsam.
Heo6xo4smo OTMeTHTb, TO BOAHOBbIe CBOnCTBaIIHCJM
BC5SIeCKHM Ayqam, He3aBHCHMO OT aseprkm 06paSylOIDIX IIX gao-
TOHOB. 04lial(0 C yseAsqessem sTo# sseprim BOAHOBbIe CBOn-
cma sa6mo4a1oTcs esee OTtleTAHBO, zeM icopnycKyAspsbie.
CICa3aHHOe OTHOCHTC5I He TOAPKO K cseTy, HO H K afteKTposam
H 60Aee TB5fleAbIM qaCTHUaM, 41311>KeHHIO KOTOpbIX TaKme COOTBeT-
CTByeT pacnpocTpasesse oco6oro poAa BOAH. B CB5I3H C 3THM
seo6xoAsmo rioAtiepKnyTb, tITO npoTssonocTasAesse cseTa 06bIK-
HOBeHHO1 maTepss, cTporo POB0p51, AHILICHO BCAKOPO OCHOBa-
H1151 H smeeT He IIIDHHUHIIHaAbIl0e, a IIIICTO npaKTsliecxoe asa-
qesse.
2. a A e K T p OH bI H HO3HTpOHbi. B OTAInlle OT CPOTOHOB
AeKTpOlibl o6Aa4aioT noKosigefics maccon mo, He passoil nyAio,
sssAy ger() CKOpOCTb 14X ABIlateHlIR FnmorAa se AocTsraeT CKO-
pocTH CBeTa, XOTH MO2KeT 6bITb oxiesb 6AssKa K Heft LITO Be
npeAcTasAseT C06011 HX ssyTpensss aseprss m0c2 H KaKsm
o6pasom (ma o6napymssaeTcs?
OIMIT noKasusaeT, tyro rips ITOPAOLgeHHII ()OTOHOB C AocTa-
T011H0 6oAbnioll aseprseri, npesbinufloigeil HO Kpatiseli mepe
/
B As oe seAstmny m0 c2 kKOTOpaa COCTaBABeT IlpH6AI4351TeAbH0
0.5 MeV), moryT BO3HilKaTb 9AeKTp0HbI 110406H0 Tomy, KK B03-
HHKIII0T (pOTOHbI, C T011, ?Alum?, cylgecTsesson passsgen, To
BOSHIIKHOBeHHe KamAoro aAewrposa conposomAaeTcs 04110Bpe-
MeHHbIM BO3HPIKHOBelilleM CPO aHTHTI04a, U 0 ssTposa?qacTs-
QbI C TKO H Hie noKoslogcs maccoll mo, HO C HpOTHBOHOAOACHbIM
BACKTpHtleCKHM sapsAom. TaKHM o6pasom, o6e tlaCTHUbI pomAaKyrcs
COBM_;CTHO 3a ctleT aseprmi norAoLgessoro (pOTOHa, KoTopaH
sosTomy .1(0A5filla npesbunaTb BeAFFII4Hy 25/70C2, T. e. 1 MeV.
CosmecTsoe nossAesse nap,' qaCTI4U (3ACKTp0H?I103HTp0H)
aa ctieT (pOT011a CB519aHO C ycAossem coxpasesss o6rgeti BeAHLIHHbl
3AeKTplItleCKOPO sapsAa, KoTopoe, oqessAso, 6bmo 6b1 HapymeHo
rips o6pasosasss sa cqeT cpoTosa 0,/(HOPO AHILIb aAeKTposa (TaK
KK sapsA cpoTosa pases symo). HapsAy c aTsm npogeccom
?Hapoo6paBosasss", HAM; KaK ero ssorAa (neyAaqso) Ha9b1B810T,
?MaTepHaAH3aUHH (p0T0Ha",1 na6AsmaeTcs, npn HaAPPIIIII noasTpo-
HOB, BO3HHKIIIHX B pesyAbTaTe no4o6non ?maTepsamisagsx",
o6paTsb1ll npogecc arnisrsAsgss, HAM B3alImIloro yHiltITO2KeHDIE
II03HTp0Ha H DACKTp0Ha; HX aneprsa npespargaeTcs rips 3TOM
1 CAeAyeT HOMHHTb, 4T0 UPOTOHN, HO cmecTay, CTOAb me maTepmaAbau,
xax H aAexTpoam.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
52
rAABA nEPBAR
B sHeprHio IICIlyClUteM01.0 (POTOHa, a B HeKoTopmx cnytlasix?npH
OTCyTCTBITh nO6AHROCTH TpeTbeti qacTxgbi?B eHeprHio Asp(
11)0TOHOB, pasneTatoigHxcR B npOTHBOn0A0MHb1C CT0p011b1
(B COOTBeTCTB1411 C saKoHom coxpaHeHHR KonwiecTBa ABFIRce-
HHR).
11130VCN BORHYIKHOBeHHA nap aneKTpon?no3HTpoH, snepsbie
o6HapykKeHHbie B 1932 r. AHAepcoHom B Kamepe BHAbC0Ha,
nomeigeHHoff B MaPHHTHOM none no meToAy CKo6enblibma, B ecTe-
CTBeHHbIX yCA0B1451X, 1104 BAHAHHCM CpOTOHOB, BX04RIAHX B COCTaB
KOCMIltleCKHX Aria, 6bIAH BrIOCAeACTBHH ocywecTisneHbi HcKyc-
cTBeHHo, Him nomoigH ramma-nymen c sHeprHeit, npeebunalowelf
1 MeV. Ha pHc. 14 13144Hb1 TpeKH no4o6HoR napbi, BosHmtaten
npx 110rAO1ACHHH COOTBCTCTBylOWHX ramma-KBaHToB (4)0TOHOB)
B cTeHKe Kamepbi BHAbC0Ha; 8TH TpeKH pacxoARTcR H3 04110it
TOTIKH, rae o6e tiacTHubi BO3HHIMIOT, 11.3P146aRCb 1104 BAHRHHeM
MarlIIITHOr0 II0AB B HpOTHBOIMA0)1111bIe CT0p01-1bI BcneAcTime
IlpOTHB0110A0XSHOCTH sapR,AoB o6e0x HaCTHU, 14X o6pasy1oigHx.
Ha Hex?Topba. cpoTorpaqmslx TUCK no3HTpoHa, sosHmKtuero yKa-
38.HHbIM smile o6pa3om, mesanHo o6pbthaeTcR B Totme, rAe
11p01430111A0 CPO B3aHmHoe y1114,1TOBieHHe C O4HHM 1,13 BcTpetniblx
eneKTpoHoB.
BHyTpeHHIolo aHeprHio OT4eAbHOPO 9neKTpoHa(11AHno3HTpoHa),
cooTseTcTByloigyio ero noKoRigeticsi macce mo, qacTo paccmaTpH-
BBIOT KaK sneKTplinecKylo sHeprmo ero 3apRAa B npeAnonome-
? LITO 110CAe41114ft pacnpeAeneH Ha 110BCpXHOCTI4 HMI B o&beme
niapHKa c HeKoTopum K0HegHb1M paAHycom a. aneKTpkigecKaR
eneprtm inapa maKpocKommecKHK pa3mepoB sbipaslaeTcR gepe3
? e2
sapRA e H paAsyc a (pOpMyAOH B cnyqae 110BepXHOCTHOPO
3e2
sapHAa H B leAyRae o&bemHoro. npHMCHAR 9TH 43opmyAb1
K 9AKTPOH Ii OTORIAeCTBARA ero aneKTpntiecKylo aHeprHio
C BentitinHot4 m0c2, nanytmem AAR paAxyca 9ACKTp0Ha SHitHeHHe
nopRAKa 10-13 CM, 4TO cornacyeTcH c senHtn4Holi, nonygeHHoit
Ha APYrnx coo6pa?Kemill.
SameT0m, TITO TaKoe onpeAeneHHe BH.rpeuxeit sHeprkm BACK-
Tpoxa npeAnonaraeT BO3MORIHOCTb, XOTH 6b1 npHHLIHnHanbuyio,
ero ?sapbisa", rr. e. pacnbIneHHR o6pa3powero ero aneKTpHge-
CK0r0 3apHAa Ha 6ecKoHegHo manbie anemewrbi noA BAHAHReM
CHA B3aHMHOPO OTTaAKHBaHHH. Pa6oTa, KOTOpaB 6b1Aa 6b1 npo-
BaseAcHa 9THMH cHnamH npx 110.406110m pacnbineHHH, MAKI APY-
rHmH cnosamx, pa6oTa, KoTopaR 40A1KHa 6b1Aa 6b1 6bITb cosep-
mesa npoTHB 9THX CHA npH o6paTHom npouecce KoHuefiTpaips
sneKTpoKHoro BapRAa B mapHKe Aalmoro paAHyca, H npeAcTaB-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
PMC. 14. 06pa3osaane napbt aAewrpon -i-110311-
Tp0H B Kamepe BI4AbCOHa C MarliiiTHbIM rtoAem.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
54 CAABA IIEPBAH
afteKTpOMEWHHTHHH TeopHa maceim aAeicirpoHa, OCHOBHHHHH Ha
HpeAcTaBAeHHH o B3HHM04eNCTI3014 HAemeHTon ero sAeKTpHtiecaoro
sapH4a, cTpaAaeT Tem Hte HeAoeTaTicom, MTO H HaexrpHmeeaan
TeOpH51 ero 110KO5LONCHHeprHH Mo C2, HaX0431Cb B HpOTHBO-
petum C HpHHU4110M He,aeaxmoeTH onexTpoHa.1
Ta He4eAHMOCTb C13513aHa C aT0N11,13M0M aAaKTpH,ICCKOTO 3apH4a. HVIKTO
HHKOrAa He MOF KOHCTaTHp0BaTb HBACHHH, KOTOpble COOTBeTCTBOBaAH 6bI no.4-
pa9AeAeHmo sapHAa aAewrpoHa Ha 6o.xee meAHHe eAHHHubt.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
FAABA Ii
OCHOBbl TEOPHH KBAHTOB
? 1. Bpununnbi BOAHOBOR mexassucll
C or Aactio n3AoKeHHo BbIH1 8f4HUITCHHOBCKOrl KOHUeIIUHH
CBeTa, CBeTOBble Aytm npeAcTaamnoT co6oil IIOTOKH oco6oro
poAa ilacTuu?CBeTOBbIX KBaliTOB, HAH (pOTOHOB. MemAy Tem,
B Tel:mime XIX B. 6bIAa, KasaAocb 6b1, OKOH,laTeAbH0 ycTa-
HoHAeHa BOAHOBaff Teoram caeTa, corAacHo KoTopoti cHeToBbie
Arm npeAcTaHmooT C06011 AHHHH, BA0Ab KOTOpbIX pacnpocTpa-
HAIOTCA oco6oro poAa BACKTp0MarHHTHble BOAHN. CosepmenHo
aHaAoripmblft xapaKTep HmeioT, corAacHo sToR Teopim 6oAee
AAHHHbIe BOAHbI, C KOTOpbIMI4 onepHpyeT paAHoTexmma. bAHaKo
B cArme DTHX BOAR AHcKpeTHbie, HMI KBaHTOBbIe, 9q)(PeKTbI,
AM! 06'b5TCHeH1151 KOTOp blX BAHHITeilHy 17p111.11A0Cb npH6erHyTb
K npeAcTaaAemno o AHcxpeTHbm qacTHgax cHeTa (ipoToHax), He
Ha6mo4aloTc5l, no KpaitHeil mepe npH o6billHbIX ycAommx. aTli
34)CPeKTb1 o6Hapy314HaioTcH, oAHaKo, Tem HacTrieHHee, =Tem meHmue
AAHHa BOAHbI, T. e. qem 60Abale MaCTOTa CBeTOBbIX KoAe6aHHH v.
FlpOCTeliMIIM 113 HHX ABAHeTCH (POTO8AeKTpIlHeCKHR 94)(PeKT, aa-
xmogaloigacH B BbIpbIBaHHH aAexTpoHos 113 OTAeAbHbIX aTOMOB
HAM maTepHaAbHbm TA noA BAHHHHeM MX ocHeigeHHH. aTOT
EHPCPeKT 6bIA OTKpbIT repUOM H CTOAeTOBbIM B 1888 F., T. e.
3/1010AF0 AO KAaccimecimx pa6oT FlAaHKa no KBaHT0B0r1 Teomm
cHeTa.
KaK noKa3aA aftillUTeRH B 1905 r., cpoToaAeKTpimecKHrt
acinpeKT MO1KeT 6bITb 06135ICHeH He TOAbK0 KagecTHeHHo, HO H
KOAIVIeCTBeHHO, HCX0451 113 npeAcTaHAemm o tiacTiluax caeTa,
eCAH HpIIIIHCaTb nocAeAHam, B corAacm4 c OCHOBHbIM COOT/10-
meHHem TeopHH linamta, afteprkno
E hv,
r.ite h? 6.62 40-27 F CM2 ceK.-1?TaR Ha3bmaemb1R KaaHT,,AetiCTBHH".
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
56 rAABA BTOPAH
npH 9TOM IlaCTOTa CBeTOBbIX KoAe6aHHil V BbIIIHCAHeTCA no ypaa-
Helm?
a AAHHa BOAHbI f HamepaeTcH HenocpeAcTHeinio HHTepqmpeHgHoH-
HbIMI4 meToAamH. TaKHm o6paaom, Teopini allinnTeilHa He ABA5leTCH
1411CTO xopnycKyAxpHoti, KaK TeopHa cHeTa fib1OTOHa;1 HmecTe e
Tem ona He 51BAHeTe51 tIFICTO BOAHOBOtt, KK Teoprisi MaKeHeAAa,?
oHa nbiTaeTc.H 06'be4HHHTb KopnycKyAapHble H BOAHOBbIe npeAcTaH-
AeHHH. BTO o6beAHHeinie HmeeT HHyTpeHHe-npoTHHopeininwil xa-
pamrep, ecAn AllexpeTHylo tiacTtigy (cpoToH) paccmaTpHHaTb HaK
Heim? crgHocTb, He aaHneHmpo OT BAeKTp0MaPHFITHOPO 110A51.
OHO ripHo6peTaeT 6oAee CpH3mtiecKHR xapaKTep, ecAH nacmum
TpaKToHaTb KaIt KBaHTbI BTOPO HOAR, kiMeS1 B HHAy He o6bonibie
KAaccHgeeKHe npeAcTaHAeHHH o noAe, a HOBOe npeAcTaHAeHHe
O ?KBaHTOBOM" noAe, HHeApaloweecH B cospemeHHyto 1:1:0143HKy.
1:130T0HaM KaK tiacTnuam, HecyigHmcH CO CHOpOCTb10 cHeTa
B HanpaHAeHHH CBeTOBbIX Apia, cooTHeTcTriyeT HeKoTopoe
KOA}PleCTBO ABH.HieHUSI g, paHHoe npoHaseAeHmo maccbi m Ha
CKOpOCTb C. C Apyroit CT0p0Hb1, corAacHo o6i.gemy COOTHOIlleHHIO
memAy alleprHeit ii maccoft, sHeprtut cpoToHa npeAcTaHAReTca
B HHAe a?MC2 . arcioAa noAytmeTcH cAeApoLgee COOTHOLUeHile
memAy aHeprnek H KOAlltleCTBOM 011BaHleHH51 CtIOTOHOB
g = ic ?
1
3ameHKR B STOM ypasHeinni E RepeB hV H 3aMega51, tITO
Mb! npuxo,roim K cAeApolgemy COOTHOIlleHHIO MeM4y KOAHgeCTBOM
ABIOKeHHH cpoToHa II 4AHH011 BOAHbI cseTa:
g
KoTopoe MOMHO TaK2Ke nepenncaTb B Ewe HeKTopHoro parteHcTsa
-? -?
^e k npeAcTaHAHeT C060t1 ?BOAHOBA HeKTop" cHeTa, T. e.
HexTop, HanpaHAeHabill B cTopoily ero paeripocTpaHem4H H
1
paB-
HbIfl HCAY BOAH Ha emumue 44AHHbI Arla2 (k= =
-x-)?
Bnpomem, CHM FIWOTOH CBA3MBHA CO CBOHMH macEmgalan cmeTa npeA-
cEaa.ketine o nexcyropom xoAe6aTeAbnoza npogecce, nponcxo,ongem B HHX.
2 06b1t1H0 BOAHOBbIM aexEopom nasbinalor aexTop B 27r pas 6oAaninii
no neAmmxne. (17pumeq. pe4.).
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R604400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OCHOBbl TEOP1414 KBAHTOB
57'
KaH 6biAo noHaaaHo Hume, npeAcTaHAeHHe o KOAHLIBCTBe
4BH>KBH1151 ()OTOHOB HenocpeAcTHeaHo 06'bfICHReT AaHAeHHe cHeTa;
143 Hero, AaAee, BbITBKfleT, TITO npu HCIlyCKaHHH (1)0TOlia aTom
.40)UseH HCIllaITb1Barb ,,oTAatly", aHaAormumo oTAage opyAHR
npH HucTpeAe. a TOT Bb1B04 Talmo noATHepmAaeTcH 011bITHb1M14
4aBHb1MH. rAaBHbI Ke Bb1B04 saxmotmeTcH B TOM, tiTO npH.
110PAOLgeM114 cHeTa aTomom HAH 60Aee CA03111bIM TeAom 113
nocAeAHero MOBleT BbIpBaTbC51 8AeKTp0H B TOM cArme, ecAH
aHeprim cpoToHa =hv 60Abille EmepraH C1111314 9T0e0 aAeHTpo-
Ha U, npwlem nocAeAHHil HbiAeTaeT Happily c KHHeTimecHoil
3HeprHeti /iv?U.14MeHHO DTOT BbIB04 TeOpHH ailmnTeitha cpa3y >fie
ice noATHepAHAcH Ha 011b1Te H o6ecnetmA ee yHpenAeHHe B
(p14314Ke.
Kaic yme yHaabmaitocb Hume, cpoToH cywecTayeT A14111b
110CTOAblfy, 11OCKOAbKy OH
4B112fleTC11 CO CKOpOCTb10 cHeTa; Ao
cHoero FICIlyCKaH1151 HAM nocAe cHoero 1104.AOlgeM451 OH He cylge-
cTayeT Kai( ItacTilua. licnycHaHHe TOTOHa 06yCAOBA1413aeTC3
IlepeX0AOM cooTHeTcTsylmgero aToma H3 COCT011111451 C 60Aee
BbICOKOn sHeprHeil W2 B COCTOAHHe C meHbmeR sHeprHeil W1,
npwiem pasHocTb W2? W1 parma sHeprim cpoToHa hv, a no-
rAmgeHHe nocAeAHero o6ycAoHAeHo nepexoAom aToma 113
COCTORHHE C meHbuiefl 5HeprHeti B COCTOBHHe C 60.111311IBA
3HeprHeft W2.
FIbITa51Cb npeoAoAeTb 4yaAn3m acunwreftHoHcHoff HoHuenuml
o cHeTe, .4e-BpollAb B 1924 r. pacnpocTpaHHA Erry HoHuenumo
Ha ApyrHe HBABHHA, cHH3annble c ABHmeHHem tiacTilu c now3H-
wales' maccoil, OTAIIIIHOR OT HyAA, H npemAe Bcero Ha Ran:4-
1mm Arm (110TOKH 3AeHTpoHoH).
TaKHM o6pa3om, B031-114KAa HAeH o TOM, ,ITO HaToAnbie Arm
npeAcTaBAHloT co6oil HopnycxymipHo-HoAHoHoe 5113Ae1114e, B KO-
TOpOM EmeprHH BABKTp0HOB COOTBeTCTByeT tlaCTOTa V
MC2 E= /iv,
a KOMPleCTBy 4131431eHHH ?BOAHOBOR BeHTop k
mv g --= hk.
(14
34ecb m npeAcTaBAHeT co6oll Macey aiterrpoHa, pump?.
mo
V1? v2/c2, re mo > 0 ? macca HOKOH aftexTpoHa, OTAH11Haa OT?
HyAH.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
58
rAABA BTOPAA
CooTHomeHHe (1a) cpa3y me 1104TBep411A0Cb OTKpbITHeM
Amp cp palcuum KaTO4HbIX Arlen npH npoxomAeHHH HX
.51BACHH51
Aepea ITHCTaAAbI, KoTopoe npoHexoAHT cosepineHHo Tax me,
waxIt snmeHHe AH(pcppaxuan peHTreHoscxxx Aria TOR Ale
AAHHbl BOAHbI. rIpH He Ogef 60AbLIII4X aHeprium 3.AexTpoHa
AAHHy HOARE)! ero MOIKHO BbIpa3HTb xlepe3 CKOpOCTb ypauHeHHem
1
'(cAeAyioigHm 1,13 (1a), Tax xax k =
Ii
MO V
xoTopoe npH aHeprMH nop34xa 100 eV AaeT X,=:-.%10-8 cm, T. e.
3HageHHe TOr0 Ke nopRinca, TO H 4AMH BOAHbI peWITCHOBCICHX
Arlen cpeAHell 21SeCTICOCTH.
Hs ypairmeHmit (1) H (la) BbITexaeT COOTHOHICHHe AAA
4CK0pOCTH pacnpocTpaHeHH3 9AeKTp0HHbIX BOAH W
(2)
k v ?
CKOpOCTb BACKTp0HHIAX BOAH W, TaKHM o6pasom, cmecTeeinio
.0TAHAaeTC5I OT CKOpOCTH 4BHKern1I sAexTpoHos, OKaablBaSICb TCM
60AblIle, gem meHbuie v. OHM coanaAaloT A pyr C Apyrom TOAbK0 B
npeAeAbHom cAriae v KoTopomy cooTBeTcayeT (npH ino >0)
1-IpH v=0 w =_? CO; BHatIVIT, xoAe6aHH3, xapaxTepH-
sylowHe BoAHonoe (HMI Cpa30B0e) noAe eAexTpoHa, HMCIOT B BTOM
,cAytme 0AHHaK0By10 cPa3y BO seem npocTpaHcTee.
4e-BpoilAb nep3oHatiaAbHo npeAcTaBA3A ce6e, cAe4y3 B BTOM
OTHOIIICHHH HblOTOHy, Ino KOAC6aHHA, 0 KOTOpb1X HAeT petib,
npoHcxoART eHyTpH aAexTpoHa. 3aTem OH TIOIIbITaACA TpaKTOBaTb
9AexTpon Kax. ?coop() Tolncy, B xoTopori amnAnTyAa xoAe6aHHII
CTaHOMITC51 6eCKOHeAHOR. TaK0r0 poAa ,,BOAHOBOR naxeT" momeT
obITb nocTpoeH nyTem cynepnoanufill BOAH pa3AHTIHbIX 4AHH H
AaCTOT, SaKAIOACHHbIX npax.THgecKH B HexoTopbix yanix
iniTepsaAax (HAH A k) H Av. YAHTb1BaSI, ATO npn coamecTHom
pacnpocTpaHeHHH Taxoro poAa BOAH memAy HHMH B03H14KaI0T
614eHHA C CaCTOTOR Av H BOAHOBb1M tmcAom Alc, HeTpyAHo II0Ka-
3aTb, TO CKOpOCTb pacnpocTpaneHH3 BTHX 6MeHnl paeHa [cp. C
yparmeHHem (2)1
HAM B npeAeAe
dv
wf
dk'
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OCHOBbI TEOPHH KBAHTOB 59
23aMCHAA v Ha 2/h H k Ha glh, noAriaem
a_ de
dg
'T aK KaK 2 H g CBA3aHbI A pyr c Apyrom cooTHoweHHem
62
2?g ?ni0c
2 2 2
(3)
EibrreKalowHm H3 3#H1ITertHOBCKOPO 3aKOHa H3MCHCHH5I maccw co
,CKOpOCTb10, TO
H, cAeAoHaTeAbHo,
ede
gdg
, c-?,
g
w = ?
e?
IloAcTaaARH cloAa 3HatieHHR g =--- mv H == rnc2 noArtaem
v, (3a)
T. e. ?rpynnoHaa CKOpOCTb" 3TEIX BOM{ coKnaAaeT CO CKOpOCTb10
3ACKTp0HOB V.
041-laKo 1101IbITKa TpaKToHaTb aAeKTpon KK cHoero poAa
?BCHAeCK" cooTHeTcmylowero HOAR npHHeAa K cosepnieHHo
B340pHbIM nwHoAam, H Ae-Bpotimo npuumoch HepHymcH K
AHCTHIleCK0i4 TpawroaKe atifnuTeMia? flpH aTOM ypasHenHe (3a)
6wAo HCTOAKOBaHO B TOM emwcAe, 4TO BOAHb1 xapaKTepH3y2oT
Bep0 A THOCT b pa3AHlinbIX 110AO&CHH1 OTAeAbHOPO 3AeKTp0Ha
H 11TO 13Ta BepOlITHOCTb B cAyLiae BOAHOBOPO naKeTa 4HH2KeTcH
TK 1Ke, xa.K 40A?Kell 6bIA 6b1 .413HraTbCH, 110 0613111HO1 mexaHHKe,
cam 9ACKTp0H. nocneAHee OTHOCHTCA, oAHaKo, A11111b K uen TP3r
naKeTa, KoTopwil npH cHoem 413142KeHHH 60Aee HMI meHee 6wc?rpo
paCIIAbIBaeTCH B upocTpancme.
ECAH AHmKenue BiteKTpoHa 11p0HCX04HT B ?mar-cutlet-mat
o6AacTH, HanpHmep meAiAy Asyma HenponHuaemwmil cTeliKamH,
neprieHAHKy.n.Hpnwmx K OCH X, B HnTepHaAe L sToff ocH, TO
C BOAHOBOff TorIKH speHHH OHO onHcwHaeTcH cmosiqu.inu BOAHaMH,
HmeloLgHmH y3A131 Ha o6enx rpaHHgax 01'01'0 kurrepHaAa. TO
o3naqaeT, *ITO CKOpOCTb 9AeKTpoHa MONICT 11pHHHMaTb A14111b
AHCKpeTHbre KBaHTOBaHRbIe 311alleHHA, o'npeAeARembie ypasHeHHem
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA- RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
60 P./MBA BTOPAH
2L
rAe 1=---' n 1, 2, 3, ? mo6oe ueAoe xthcAo, aHaAorntiio.
n
cArialo K0Ae6aHHit HaTRHyToil cTpyHbi.
ECAH npeHe6peqb peASITHBHCTCKOH 33BHCHMOCTI310 macebi Or
CKOpOCTH, T. e. 33MeHHTb /71 Repea mo, To AAH KHHeTHtieCKOit
aHeprHH aiteKTpoHa W.? noArTaloTcR KBBHTOBaHHbIe 3HarleHlia
W == (mv)2 h2n2
" 2m ,71 8mL2
(4)
AHaAOPIPIHO, AHcKpeTHbie ypOBHH eHeprHH noAptaloTcn AAR,
Aio6oh orpaHHgeHHoll B npourpaRcTse CHCTeMbI (tlaCTHUbI !COTO-
pon coxpatmoT KoHetnibie paCCTOAHHR A pyr OT Apyra).
B cHoeli cpynAameHT9AbHofi pa6oTe 1924 P. 4e-BpaAb Bnep-
Bbie 49A HarARAHylo HHTepnpeTausio KBBHTOBbIX ycAoanii, sae-
AeHHIAX B 1913 P. Bopom AAR onpeAeAeHHR cTaullonapHbix
COCTONFIFIK aAeKTpoHa B aTome Boilopo4a. A HMeHHO, 8TH cTauno-
HapHble COCTOSIHHA, ecAH orpaHwmaaTbcH Kpyrostamn op6wramH,
xapaxTepHayioTcR Tem, IITO MOMeHT KOAHtleCTBB 4BH1KeHHH aAeK-
TpoHa paseH kleAomy KpaTHomy h/27r. 3ameHRR B abipa&eHin4
momeHTa KOAHtleCTBa ABH/ReHHH nvor (r ?paAnyc op6HTLA) mv
tiepea noArmem
Ii Ii
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
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Aooroved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OCHOB/31 TEOPHH KBAHTOB 65
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5 H. H. Opemceni,
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
66 AABA BTOPAH
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27:
L. de Brogli e. Theorie generale des particules a spin (methode
de fusion). Paris, 1943.
3 Sf. H. CD p e e b. PeASITHBHCTCHaff KBaHTOBaSI Teopaa CACIAIHNX
macnin. zaTiv, 16, 326-334, 1946.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OCHOBbI TEOPHil KBAHTOB 67
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19 CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
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COCTORHH14 pannnAcn 6b1 1/2, a B KOHelIHOM 1/2=-4=1/2, T. e. An60 1,
An6o 0. Coxpanenne cnuna npm paccmaTplinaemoli peaxion monceT
6bITb, OAHaKO, 110AHOCTb10 o6ecnetieno, ecu 11pe4110AOHSHTb,
cAeAyn IlayAn (1931), xITO napnAy C 1103HTp0HOM 11ORBAHeTC51
eitue ?Ana Aerxan gacTnua, Aninennan eAexTpanecxoro sapnAa
H o6AaAannuan CHHHOM 1/2. aTa rnnoTemnecican qacTnua noArmAa
Hann/lime netiTpluio (T. C. maAenbxoro nefiTpona). Talcum o6panom,
noAnan cxema paccmaTpnnaemoit peaxunn nmeeT BHA
(5)
r Ae V ? CHMBOA neitTpluio.
BTa peaxgan B cmbicAe cnoero penyAbTaTa conepinenno 9KBH-
BaAeHTHa cAeAytoluen:
p e? z -+- v , (5a)
KoTopan npeAcTanAneT saxnaT aAexTpona IIpOTOHOM C ncnycxa-
HHeM netiTpkwo. MbI yBHAHM Hgne,TO 110406HbIlf 38.XBaT OAHOPO
113 BEleA4epHbIX 9AeKTp0HOB OAHHM 113 fulyTp145I4epablx IIpOTOHOB
(TaK nanbthaembiti K-3aXBaT) nmeeT mecTo B 4elICTBIlTeAbH0CT11,
ecAn TOAbK0 OH allepreTntiecxn BblrOAeH, npeAcTanAnn co6oll npo-
uecc, o6paTtibill o6bignomy 6eTa-pacna4y paAHOaKTHBHbIX nAep.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OCHOBbl TEOPHF1 KBAHTOB 69
AHaAoriPmbimo6paaomnpoueccnpespaigeHHHHenTpoHaBnpo-
TOH, KOTOpbat xapaxTepHayeT no4o6Hbiti 6eTa-pacna4, 40.11)KeH
OTIHCbIBaTbC5f cxemon
(6)
xoTopasi SKBHBaAeHTHa cxeme
n --> p v,
cooTHeTcTilymigen saxHaTy nosliTpoHa H3BHe.
TM cxembi II03BOARIOT B ripHHgline 06'bfiCHHTb TO, TO mar-
MOMeHT HenTpoHa OTAHHelf OT HyA51, HecmoTpa Ha TO,
MT? aapaA ero parteH Hymo. B camom AeAe, lam Bnepribie oTme-
THA Bangsexep, macTilua, Haabnmemail HaMH HenTpoHom, He Ha-
X0414TCH Bce Bpema B HHCTO HeilTpoHoBom cocToiniiiii, HO OTHO-
CHTeAbH0 He6oAbugto qacTb BpemeHH Hp0BO41tT B pacigenAemiom
COCTOHHHH COP./18CH? ypasHeinno (6). Ilpll 3TOM, He ycneil eige
no-HacToingemy pacigenHTbcH, oHa BHOBb HoaHpaigaeTca B HCX0.4"
Hoe COCTOAHHe. TaKHM o6pa3om, qaCTb Bpememi 0Ha cpaKTHHeCKH
COCTOHT 113 IIpOTOHa H aAelcrpolla, KOTOpbIn H coo6L1aeT ei
HeKOTOpy10 Aomo csoero MaPHHTHOPO momeHTa. 14T06b1 momeHT
HenTpoHa paBHSIACH ?1.9 [L?., Heo6xo4ilmo npeAnoAmicHTb, Tao
OH IIpOBOAHT B pacigenAeHHom COCTOSIMIII npiimepHo 1/1000 BPe-
MeHH csoero CyLgeCTBOBaHHA. ECAH AOHyCTIITb, aHaA0rIPI-
HbIe inipTyaAblible npespargeHHH npolicxoART Bce 'Tema H C
lIpOTOHOM, TO K co6cTBeHHomy ero marHHTHomy momeHTy
Heo6xoAHm0 HpH6aBliTb Hempling ?I? 1.9 HTO AaeT AAR peayAb-
THpylorgero momeHTa aHageHile, 6AH3KOe x axcnepHmeHTaAbHo
Ha6Alo4aemok BeAHHHHe 2.8
4TO KacaeTcH HenTpinio, TO BT a macniva xapawrepriayeTcH
II0MHMO dilhiHa, pasHoro 1/2, HaPHAom, paBHbIM Hymo, H IIOKOH-
'Raul maccon, Taxixe, noBliAlimomy, painion Hymo.2 MaPIIHTHbIM
MOMeHTOM HenTpHHO Taxixe He o6Aa4aeT, TK IITO sameTHoro
Honmaylowero HAH HHOPO AencTimin Ha maTeploo, tlepea xoTopyto
OH npoxoAHT, OH He oxaabumeT H noTomy HenocpeAcTHeinio
He o6HapyminmeTca.
B 3aKAKIHeHHe He06x04Hmo OTMeTHTb, HTO cospemeHHasi
Cp113HKa o6HapyathAa cywecTilosamie B CB060AHOM COCTOAHHH
1 CefiRaC flpHHHTO CRHTaTb, RTO MarHMTHMA MOMOHT HO1Tp0Ha cmi3an
C Tem, RTO HegTpoH RaCTb spemeHH cylgecTeyeT B Emae OpOTOHa H me3oHa
(momeT 6bab 7:-me3oHa), a He B Rime npoToma H wikexTpoHa. BCOOTHeTCTBHH
C BTHM AOAH spemeHH, xoTopym HegTpoH npoHoAnT B pacigen3eHHom COCT051-
HRH, AOAMHa COCTaBAHTb npHmepHo HOCROAbK0 AecHTmx. (gpumeg. peg.).
2 nocAeAHHe amcnepHmeHTm noxa3a3H, RTO macca noxoH HefiTpHHo meHbme
1/2000 maccm a3exTpoHa. (17pumeq.. peg.).
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
70
rAABA BTOPAH
B HHAe npoimKaloweil KOMII0HeHTbI KOCMHIleCKOfi pa4HauHH eige
o4Hog sAemeHTapHofl gaCTHUN, HAH, nepee erge omforo KAacca
DAemeHTapHbix IlaCTHU, a HMeHHO Me3OHOB, KOTOPbIe HmeloT
TaKon sapn4, KaK 14AeKTP0HbI H 110314TP0HbI, HO 66Ab111y10
maccy, H CHHH, PaBlIMR, 1.10BH4HMOMY, 1 (T. e. h/21) HAH 0.
aTH IlaCTHUbI, o6Aa4alo1gHe aHeprHeft HOKOH, BO MHOPO pas
6oAbareff, nem aHeprHn 110KOH eAeKTpoHa, HeYCTOrIIIHBbl.
TaK, HanpHmep, cpeAHHB AAHTeAbHOCTb cyLgecTnosaHHn mesoHa
C maccoH 200 mo cocTaHAffeT Beer? OKOAO 2l0? ceK, ecAH OTHO.?
CHTb STY AAHTeAbHOCTb K KoopAHHaTHoH cHcTeme, B KoTopoti
mesoH 110K011TC51. ECAH 2,Ke paccmaTpHaaTb ero B CHCTM Ha6Ax)-
4BTCAR, HO 0TH011IeHH10 Kiwropomy OH 4BH2KeTCH CO CKOPOCTb10,
6AH3KOn K CKOPOCTH cseTa, o6AaAasi pHeprHefl nopHAKa 10I?eV,
TO AAHTeAbHOCTb CPO CYLOCTBOBaH110 oKasbusaeTcsi npHmepHo
H 100 pas 6oAmneri.1 ripn 9TOM cywecTsoHaHHe mesoHa (Talc Has.
7:-me3oua) saKaHnnHaeTca, nosHaHmomy, ero pacigenAeHHem Ha
HeMHOTO 6oAee AerKHR V.??Me3OH H HetiTpImo; v.-mesoH B CB010
otlepeAb pacnakaeTcH Ha 9AeKTPOH (HAM 11031-ITPOH) H ABa
pm-m.2
? 4*?Cri?u n craTucrinca
MOMeHT KOAHLIeCTBa 4BH2KeHH5I macTmg, corAacHo KBaHTOBOil
mexam4Ke, MO?KeT IIPHHIIMaTb AH60 TOAbK0 ueAbie sHaneHHH, T. e.
ueAbie KpaTHbie h/277 (H B 4aCTHOCTI1 HYAb), AH60 TOAbK0 [WAY."
AbIe (H B HaCTHOCTH 112). BeA11111Ha cupola IlaCTFILIbI CBA3aHa
OAHOSHVIHbIM o6pasom CO CTaT PIC T H eCKHMH cBoticTBamB
cooTBeTcTspoigBx tiacmu, T. e. co cTaTHeTHvecKHm noseitemiem
COBOKYIIHOCTH I9THX nacTmg, IIOCK0AbKY MO2KHO CLIHTaTb, LITO HpH
coe4HHeHHH A pyr c Apyrom B eAHHylo cHcTemy 01114 He CAHB a-
10 T C H, a coxpaHHIOT CB010 HHAHHHAYaAbHOCTb? FlocAeAme
06CTOSITeAbCTB0 COOTHeTCTBYeT nepeAsumBncTcKort TpaKToBKe
06PEISOBaHHOR HMH CHCTeMbI (T. e. npe4noAomeHmo 0 MTHOBeHHOn
nepe4aue CHA Baaamo4eficTBHB memity enemerrraplibima macTRuampi
H, 000TBeTCTBeHH0 STOMY, 06 a6COA1OTHOM xapaKTepe 110HSITHH
oxiospememiocTO. Flpll TaKnx yeA0B14.31X KBawroso-mexaHHTIecKoe
.onHcaHHe nose/tempi CHCTeMbI 4CTH (6espasAmmo, OAHHaKOBbIX
HAH HeT) CBOAHTCH K OTbICKaHHIO HeKOTOPOn BOAHOBOti (PyHKUHH
-OT KOOPAHHaT Hcex 4aCTH B OAHH H TOT .nce MOMeHT HpemeHH:
z1; X2, 1/2, z2,... H o6igero AAR scex tracTHg spemeHH t:
I ilpa maymenau Me3OHOB C MaA0171 AAHTeAbHOCTbf0 cylgecTaosaaaa
yAa.Noch BilepBble axcaepameaTa.Nbao npoaepturb reoperktgecxa
npe,acmaaaaapo atiataTeiiaom 3aBHCHMOCTb 8TOH AAHTeALIHOCTH OT CROpOCTH
ABH2ReHHH.
2 0 cynlecTaoaaama Me3OHOB ,apyrax, .66Abuntx macc cm. agate.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OCHOBbl TEOPHH KBAHTOB
71
M. (1, 2, ... , N, t), re nmppm 1, 9
n T. A. o6o3tur-LaLoT KoopAn-
liaTbI cooTneTcTspolgeft tlaCTHUbI.
CTaTucTkplecKnil CMbICA wrott (pp-Litwin TOT me, IITO H B cAy-
mae O4F1O eAemewrapnott IlaCTHUbI (maTepnaAbnori TOIIKB): Lusa-
ApaT (pyi-mumi W (ecAnoa BeigecTnemia) HRH ee moAyAn (ecAlL
(ma KOMHAeKCHa) npeAcTanAneT co6of1 mepy BepowrnocTIL coca-
neTcTspolgert xonpnrypaw4n macTnu, o6pa3poutx cncTemy. ECAH
tlaCTHUbI OTAH4HbI Apyr OT Apyra H conepulem-Lo He 133anmo4a-
CTEtylOT Apyr c Apyrom, pp-mann W CBOAHTCR K npocTomy
nponaseAelmo BOAHOBbIX cP3THKUHR 4/1(1, 1), qd, (2, t), . . . AAA
OTAeAbHbIX 1.1aCTI4U. aTO cooTneTmayeT o6hpu-Loil Teopeme ?ymno-
MeH1451" AAR BepOSITHOCTH CAWKHOTO CO6bITHH, aaxmotialowerocn
B COBMeCTHOM ocyLEecTsAeLum HeCK0AbK1IX He3a1314CHMbIX CO6bITHil.
A 0MeHHO, ecALL paccmaTpnBaemble tlaCTHUbI ABHI'alOTCSI He3aBH-
CHMbIM Apyr OT Apyra o6pa3om, TO BepOBTHOCTb naxomAelinn 14X
B 0414H B TOT me momewr spememi B HOAO>KeH14AX 1, 2,... pari-la
nponaneAennto BepowrnocTeit ocyLgecTimennst KamAoro H3 BTFIX
?CO61,ITHR B OTAeAbHOCTK.
B3aHMO4e1CTBlle meatAy qacTiluamn pinTbinaeTca 6oAee CA0131-
HbIM BHAOM BOAHOBOfi cPyHKUVIH 117, xoTopan onpeAeAneTcH o6L1tm
ypannemlem LipeAnnrepa
(7)
^e H? TaK nasbnLaembift onepaTop anepriut, noArlaroLwtHen
113 06bIllHO1i TaM14AbTOHOBON cpyHKUH11, T. e. cymmtd 110TelIgHaAb-
RO1 eneprkin acex qacTng U(1, 2,...) 14 14X KRHeT1114eCKOtt
BHep-
VRI4
1 1 2
2mi 1 2M2 P2 ? ? ? '
eCAH BeA141411HbI p2 H T. A. (HMIIyAbCbI OTACAbHbIX xlaCTBU)
38.MeHHTb neKoTopbIMII 011epaTOpaMH:
ih d
27ct-;-' '
-3. ih ( )
P2 =H T. 4.
27c dx2 dy2 dz2
B Tom qacTnom cArthe, KorAa nee qacTnubl, o6pa3polgne
paccmaTpanaempo cncTemy, conepulemo oAlinaKoabl, T. e. nmeloT
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
72
TAABA BTOPAH
OAHHaKOBbie maccbi, OAHHELKOBbIe 3ap34bi, OAHHELKOBbIB CIIHHb/
H T. 4.9 110A0211eHHe cywecTsemio OCA0/1411BeTCA, TEM mut qaCTHUb1,
TomitecTHeHHble B 110AHOM cmbicAe ?TOT? cAoHa, B KBaHTOBOR
mexamme nplufuHrtHaAbHo He MOUT 6bITb OT.711411eHbI Apyr OT
Apyra. B KAaCCIPleCKOR mexamme AeAo 06CT0HT Image 6Aaro-
AaPH TOMY, EITO 0Ha etniTaeT BO3M0211111b1M Henpeptomo CAeAHTb
3a 4BI42149HHeM xa3s4ol1 14aCTHUbI 14 TaKHM o6paaom 01103HaTb, rAe
HMeHHO B momeHT spemetni t HaX04HTCH T4aCTHUal KOTOpaH
B HCX04HbItt MOMeHT to 6bIAa npHinna aa ?nepHylo", rite HaX0-
4HTC51 npH aTom 7,3Topase tIaCTHUa 11 T. A. 34ecb xapaKTepncTH-
KO CTHbI CAylKaT He ee BnyTpeHHHe cnoticTsa, a ee Hcx04-
Hoe noAomeHHe, npx nomolgH xoToporo Henpepunnum H O4H0-
311ailHbIM o6pasom onpeAemnoTc3 Hee nocAeAponzHe 110/10HieHHH.
B xHaHTosoil mexamme B cospemeHHom ee HHAe Henpeptamaa
?cAemxa" 311 xamAoli Taxon qacTmleit C*411TaeTCH IlpHHUHHHaAbH0
HeHosmamHoil, HOCK0AbKY o ee 110A0MBHHH B npocTpaxeme
MO/KHO CTp0HTb TOAbK0 cTaTHeTHRecime (HepoaTHocTable) npe4no-
AO}KeHH511. n09T0My npn paCCMOTpe111411 COBOKyllHOCTH TomAe?THeH-
HbIX IlaCTHU B KBaHTOBOil mexamme Heo6x04Hmo c camoro Ha-
maAa OTka3aTbC51 OT kakOti 6b1 TO HH 61IA0 nepHoHatiaAbHoft
HX xapaxTepHeTHRH, XOTH 6b1 TOL KOTOPaH CB313aHa C npHcHoe-
HHeM HM onpeAeAeHHbix Homepos. Mem Ay Tem, nocTpoemie BOA-
HOBOR 4/3111KUHH 117 (1, 2,...) CBH3aHO C onpeAeAeHHoll Hymepa-
unen qacTng. HHbIMH cAoHamm, TO pacnpeAeAeHHe IlaCTHU HO
TOLIKaM npocTpaHcTHa, BepOSITHOCTb KOTOpOTO oupeAeAneTcH
xHaApaTom (pyruqpn4 W (HAH ee moAyAH), 33A3eTc3 nepco-
HaAbH (Heiman qacTHga nomewaeTc3 B TOT1Ke C KOOpAH-
HaTaMH X1, y? z?, wropan B TOT-Me X2, y2, z2, H T. A?), memAy
Tem milt OHO AOANSHO 6bITb ?o6e3AHT4eHHImm" (oAHa qacTHga,
HeH3BeCTHO xoTopan, HaxoAHTen B TOtiKe y,, z1, Apyrax
B TO1lKe X2, y2, Z2, H T. A.). a TO ?06e3AHI1FIBa11149" momeT 6bITb
o6ecnegeHo, ecAH npeAnoAomuTb, 11TO 44/yHKU1111 12 cHmme T-
p II 1.1 H a OTHOCHTeAbH0 KoopAnHaT ncex IlaCTHU, T. e. He meHmeTcyi
npH nepecTaHorme 9THX xoopAHHaT me3l4y
MbI npnxoAHm, Taxnm o6pasom, K Tpe6oHaHmo
W(1, 2, 3,...; t)12= lir (2, 1, 3,...;
2...
xoTopoe momeT 6bITb yAOBACTBOpeHO B Asyx, H TOAbK0 B Asyx,
cAriaxx, a HmeHHo: ecAH cama cpynxgkix cHmmeTpHRHa
OTHOCHT9AbH0 Hcex RaCTIM, KOOPAHHaTb1 HOTOpba BXOACIT B Hee,
AH6o Ke ecAn aTa ()pnegax aHTHcHmmeTpHRHa OTHOCHTeAbH0
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OCHOBbITEOPHIIKBAHTOB 7a
ricex 9THX RaCTHU, T. e. npn nepecTaHome Anyx 113 HHX meHneT
crion max
1F(1, 2, 3,. ; ? IF (2, 1, 3, ... ; t).
Ha ypameHHn (7) sbiTexaeT, TO 9TH csoticTna cHmmeTpm
BoAHoBbix yHKHft nepmaneHTHbr, T. e. COXpaHRIOTCA C Te-
neHHem EspemeHH. A HMeHHO, Tax xax B cAytme TamAecTseHHbix
macTHg onepaTop sHeprim ii?OtIBBHAHO, cHmmeTpHtleH HO OTH0-
memo? K HHM seem, TO HsmeHeme BOAHOBOA HicgHHsanpome-
AlyTOB Hpeen di, pamoe COrAaCHO ypamemno (7)
dt Hir (t) dt,
at ih
npeAcTanABeT co6o* cummeTpHtmpo oPyHKUHIO, eCAH WOO CHM-
meTplitnia, H aHTHenmmeTpHimpo, eCAH '1! (t) aHTHCHMMeTpHillla,
Tax RTO xapaxTep CHMMeTpHH CpyHKUHH 11.(0 He H3MeHAeTCA
C TegeHHem spemeHH.
PaccmoTpHm Tenepb cHcTemy, cocTosingpo H3 Asyx nap OAH-
HaKOBNX RaCTHM, HanpHmep H3 Artyx aTOMOB soAopoAa, Ka211-
4wn H3 xoTopmx npeAcTanAneT co6on coeAmeHHe HpOTOHa H
aAexTpoHa.
0603HW:111M HpOTOHN CHMBOAaMH / H /1, a 3AeKTp0HbI--
CHMHOAaM14 / H 2 H npeAnoAamnm, RTO nepsbift aTom HmeeT
cTpyRTypy /), a wropoil--cTpyxTypy (11,2). Byitem pac-
cmaTimulaTb o6a aToma, xax maTepHaAbHme TORKH, T. e. 6yAem
HHTepecomiThcx AHmb HX TpaHCAAUHOHHNM AsimieHHem. Ilepe-
CTaHOBKa 06014X aTomon CKAaANBaeTCA, 04eHH4HO, H3 oAHonpe-
meHHoR nepecTaHosim 060Hx npoToHoH H 060HX OACKTp0HOH.
IipeAnommmm Ha mnHyTy (aTo npeAnoAomemie, KaK MN CeAllaC
ysHAHm, oTnegaeT AeACTHHTeAbHOCTH), RTO ItiyHKUHR IF (1,1;11,2),
ABAAeTCA aHTHcHmmeTpntmon KK OTH0CHTeAbH0 060HX npoTo-
HOB, Tax H OTHOCHTeAbH0 060HX EmexTpoHon, T. e. meHneT CHOA
3HaK npH nepecTanome / c // HAH / C 2. B Taxom cAyliae npH
conmecTHA nepecTaHome 060HX HpOTOHOH H 06014X aAeKTp0HOB
sHax BoAHOBOA clqHKUHH, ogesHAHo, He H3MeHAeTCA, T. C. 0Ha
AHAReTCH CHMMeTp114110ff 0433THKUHeit 0TH0CHTeAbH0 xoopAnHaT
o6oHx aTomon HoAopoAa (paccmaTpHsaembix KK maTepHaAblibie
TORKH). A4bI BHAHM, TaKHM o6pasom, RTO npH C0e4H14CHHH Asyx
gacTitu aHTncHmmeTpHlworo THna (T. e. TaKHX, KoTopme
OflhlCbI-
BaIOTcII aHTHCHMMeTplitillbIMH (pyH1qUH5lM14), noArtaeTen vacTilma
ciimmeTpwmoro THna. ECAll 6N, Hao6opoT, ?Alia 143 RaCTHU / H
// 01111CbIBaAaCb CHMMeTpHRIlbIMH CpyHKUHAMH, a ApyraH?aHTH-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
74 FAABA BTOPAH
cilmmeTpponibimn, TO aTOMbl Bo4opo4a 01114CbIBaAHCb 6b1 aHTH-
CHMMeTp1411Hb1M14 (pyliKUHAMH.
coo6panceHnR CBHAeTeAbCTBylOT 0 cyluecTsonaHHH Recbma
upocToil KoppeAnanu memity BeAHRHHOrl CO6CTBeHHOPO momeHTa
RoAHRecTaa 4BIIHICH1151 (crnma) 9AemeHTapHbix maCTHU H xapax-
Tepom CHMMeTpHI4 BOAHOBbIX cpyHKUHR, 011HCbIBa10104X CHCTeMy
110406HbIX RaCTI4U. CpasHefine c excnepHmenTaAbHbusui 4allHb1MH
ToTqac noxasbutaeT, RTO RaCTHUbI C noAyueAbim CIIHHOM
011HCbIBalOTCH aHTHckimmeTpHRHA BOAHosoll cpyIncumei1, a c ue-
AbIM ? cllmmeTpmtmoit.
B camom AeAe, coraco npHHuHriy, Hnepable cipopmymipo-
HaHHomy B o&gem fame nayAH, aAeKTp0Hb1 pacnonaraloTcR
B 060AORKe CAOHHibIX aTomos Ha KBaHTOBbIX op6nTax KUKAOPO
Tima nonapHo, npnqem y Ka1I4011 napbi RaCTHg CITHHbI HmeloT
11pOTHBOHOMMHbIe HanpasAeHnn. 3TOT peByAbTaT HenocpeA-
CTBeHHO abrrexaeT 143 HpeAblAyiumx coo6pa?ReH1iil, ecAH 11pHHATb
BO HuHmaHHe, UTO CIIHH FmexTpoHa paaeH 1/2 (T. e. RTO OH MO-
IfiCT 11pHHHMaTb AIIIIIb Atm 11p0THB0110AWKHb1e opmenTauHH), H
ecAn npn onpeAeAeHHH nommaoli CpyliKU101 nceR cncTembi BACK-
Tp0HOB HCX04HTb 143 npeAcTaRAeHnn o pacapeAeAeHHH adtexTpoHos
HO KBaHTOBaHHb1M op6HTam, K0TOpb1M COOTBeTCTBylOT onpe4e-
AeHHue BOAHOBbIe 4yHKUH11 1)(xyzt). ripmcoeAHHroi K Tpem o5b1R-
HbIM KOOpAHHaTaM ReTaepTylo, cnHHonyio, s, KoTopan momeT
1 1
IlpHHHMaTb TOAbK0 Arta sHaReHnn HAM S = ? Mb1
noAyRaem AAR noAHoil xapaxTepHoTHRH noReAeHm aAexTpoHa
cPYIncuHn EmAa )x y, z, s; O. npoHRBeAeHHe A,ByX TaKHX (pp-mural
AAR Asyx ?paaHboc" 13AeKTp0HOB 41 (1) 4)2(2) He moRieT npaBHABHo
xapaxTepHsonaTb noReAeHne ClICTeMbI, o6paBoBaHHoit HMH 06e14MH,
Tax KaK OHO He yAmmeTHopneT npnHunny ,06e3AHRHBaHHA".
aTomy Rpimpirly YAOBACTB0pHIOT, ?imam), BoAHoBbie cpyHxukni,
noAyRatoLuHecx 143 npeAbiApueil
Z.HTHCHMMeTpH314UHH,
nyTem ee cnmmeTpusaulin
HAM
=
4)1
(1)
4)2 (2)
till (2) 112 (1)
(8)
=
+1
(1)
4)2(2)
--51 (2) qd2 (1).
?(8a)
ECAH cqnTaTb, RTO COBOKy11HOCTb Asyx 9ACKTpOHOB 01111CbI-
BaeTcH afITHCHMMeTp1111110ft CpyHKUHeil (8a), TO oTcloAa awroma-
vHRecxn cAeAyeT npRHunn nayAH B ero o6tARHoil cpopmyAmpome:
ABR allexTpoHa He MOUT 4BIlraTbC51 110 reomeTpncecim o4HHa-
1(0BbIM op6HTam npH OAHHaKOBOM HanpanAeHHH CI1HHOB (Tax KaK
vim ?TOM BOAHOBaff CtlyHKUHH W_ o6paluaeTcx B HyA13).
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OCHOBb1 TEOPI414 KBAHTOB
75
B cAytiae Aayx 3AeKTp0HOB BOAHOBEOT CPylIKIIHA xamAoro
H3 HHX moAceT 6bITb upeAcTaBAexa B atiAe npoliaBeAemin
(x, z)z(s). ECAH o6e cpyxxuxx OTAITYMOTCH Apyr OT Apyra
TOAbK0 CITHHOBbIMH MHOASHTeAHMH Z, TO somioaax (PyHKUH SI,
ornicbmarowast o6a aAexTpona, moxieT 6bITb xpeAcTaaAexa B
/Mole
I) (x1, y, z,; x2, y2, z2) z (s? .5?).
Ffpx aTOM 0411H H3 MuoaurreAeff AoA?xex 6bITb CIIMMeTplitl-
Hb1M, a A pyroil ? 'Arnim meTpip-mwm. MOASHO noxaaaTb, qTo
CHMMeTpHITHOCTI1 BTOpOPO (CITHHOBOPO) MH01101TeAR COOTBeTCTByeT
cAomexae CIIHHOB 060HX 9AeKTp0H0B, T. e. miX napaAAeAbnocTb
(?opTococToxxxe"), a ero aaTacammeTpaxixocm? anTxnapaAAeAb-
HOCTb 060HX CHHHOB, T. e. pasexcmo peayAbTxpylowero cnima
o6eax tzacTag lulu? (?napacocTomme"). B riepaom cAriae cpyfix-
wisi SIBA51eTC5I aHTHCHMMeTpH4/1011 H, cAeAosaTeAbHo, o6pa-
waeTcx B HyAb rtpx COBITaAeHHH ripocTpancTsemmix KoopAabraT
o6oxx aAexTpoxoa. BTO 3HatIHT, 11TO o6a aAexTpoxa, COBep-
IlleHHO Heaaaacirmo OT xapaxTepa caoero B3aHMO4eRCTBH51, xax. 6b1
04a6erafoT" Apyr Apyra. Hao6opoT, a cAycae napacocTosmaR
?BAeKTp0Hbl cuemaTcx C6A113HTI3C5I, OFIHTb-TaKH coaepineHno
Heaaaxcamo OT xapaxTepa caoero BaammoAeiicTaxx. Tax Kai(
(PaKTHLIeCKH 9ACKTp0HbI B3aHMHO OTTaAKHBalOTC51 (HO saxoxy
KyAoria), TO npx paBeHCTBe Apyrax ycAornitt OpTOCOCTOSIFIHe
AAA MIX 60Aee BbIrOAHO, tIeM napacocToxime. HeTpyAtio y6e-
AHTbefl, LITO 9TOT peayAbTaT ocTaeTca B cHAe Ana Al0601'o
aAexTpotioa, ecAx TOAbK0 ace OH11 caaaalibi c pa3AHqHbIMH
B reomeTpxnecKom OTHOHIeHHH op6wramil.
AAA nomioti xapaxTepkicTxxx 6oAee CAWKHbIX 4aCTI1U, Haulm-
mep aTomoa BoAopoAa, meo6xoAxmo BBOAHTb HapaAy c TparicAsi-
UBOHHb1MH KOOpAHHaTaMH, 011pe4eM1101g11MH noAomexxe (HAH
mietille) geHTpa TANSeCTII, ewe px4 pyrkix aHyTpelimix KoopAnHaT,
oupeAemnowxx allyTpemiee COCTOHHHe *-ItteTHUbI, B ilaCTHOCTH,
peayAbTxpylowall MOMeHT KoAntlecTaa. ABH.HieHHA H ero npoex-
UHIO Ha xaxylo-Ax60 OCb. TaKHM o6pasom, eITHHOBail xoopAxHaTa,
11pHHHMa101.0151 B cAyuae BACKTp0Ha HAH apoTolia Beer? AHLUb
Aim 3Hat1eHH51, aameHaeTc.a flH &TOM myTpeaxeil xoopAmaToil,
npafixmalowell 6ecxolie4lioe IIHCAO AHCKpeTHbIX axatzemin. B CTp0-
peAHTHBHCTCKOH Teopaa I9TH CAWKHble macTxgbi 40A2KH131
TpaxToBaTbcH xax aAemeErrapHble tzacTxgbi, Tax ace mix H aAex-
Tp0HbI, npHqeM 06b111H0e KaatiToso-mexabamecxoe 01111CaHHe ASH'
>Kerins' qacTag, CAHHHHeM KOTOpbIX OHH o6paaosairbr, AOABIHO
aameHaTbcx 6oAee cxemaTagecxam onxcaFixem, COOTBeTCTBylOLAHM
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
76 l'AABA BTOPA3
Tomy, LITO 6oAee aAemexTapxbie naCTHUbl HCzle3a1OT KaK camo-
CTOSITeAblible HHAIIBHAyyMbl B xagecTaemio OTAIIIIHON CA0HSH011
ilaCTHUe.
? 5*. BoAesaz Teopma marepas
Cxema Kaawroxoft Teopkm, Ha6p0CaHHaH B upeAblitywx na-
parpacpax, xmeeT SIBHO 11p0BH3OpHblii xapaxTep. a TO BbIABAReTCA
oco6eHxo OTtleTAHBO B cncTeme OAHHaKOBbIX tiaCTHU. ECAH 9TH
t1aCTHUb1 He saaxmoAelicTayloT Apyr C A pyrom (xax, Hanpumep,
B cAriae (POTOHOB), 0111ICaHHe HX 110Be4eH1451 ripx nomowx ?o6es-
AligeHHble (T. e. CHMMeTp1130BaHHNX) BOAHOBbIX (ppIKUHit
mHoromepHom upocTpaHcTHe momeT 6bITb samexexo 6oAee npo-
CTb1M ornicathiem npu Homoigx BOAHOBOit 433THKM,HH B o6b1gHom
TpexmepHom ripocTpaxcTse (To 06131,1110 H AeAaeTcif B CArlae
CBCTOBbIX ABAeliHif), ripirgem xsaApaT moAyAB n04o6Holl cpyHx-
uxx 4i (xyzt), HAH, BepHee, HaTerpaA f 1+(x, y, z, 012 dV, B351TbI1i
110 HeK0T0p0My 06bemy, momHo paccmaTplisam, itax. mepy
IIHC A a qaCTIIIJ, B 9TOM o6beme (a He BepOSITHOCTH HaxamAexHa
O4H011 H3 4CTH B nocAeAxem). a TOT meToA HCII0CpeACTBeHHO
H cosepluelmo asTomaTxtlecxx yclirrbiaaeT 11pHHUI311 06e3A114x0;
ero HeAOCTaTOK saxmonaeTcx, oAxaxo, B TOM, tiTo OH xe o6ecne-
TIBBfleT ueAoqHcAeHHO CT H xommecTsa qacTuu, HaxoAn-
IgHXCA B AaHHOM 06beme, npx 11p0H3B0AbH0R semmixe 110CAe4-
Hero.
LITo6bi o6ecnetikrrb aTy geA0,11jCACHH0CTb B cApiae, Hanpx-
mep, (powmos, Heo6xoAxmo OTKa3aTbC3 OT KAacciplectcoro upeA-
CTEIBAeHH51 o6 9AeKTp0MaPHHTHOM noAe H BaMeHHTb ero HOBbIM
KBaHTOBbIM upeAcTasAeHmem, KoTopoe HaMeTHAOCb etge B 1927 r.
B nepabix pa6oTax (refisen6epra H Ap.) 110 KBaHTOBOit aAexTpo-
AHHaMBIte.
CywHocTb eToro npeAcTaxAeHxx BaxAtogaeTcx B cAeAporgem.
AeicrpomarmiTHoe noAe B ripmmoyroAbxott 110AOCT14 C H4eLtAbH0
oTpaxcalowxmx cTexxamn MO>KeT 6b1Tb upeAcTasnexo C KAaCCH-
tIeCKOR T0I1KH spempi B sxAe cynepuosmvx IIAOCKHX CTOPPMX
BOAH paBAHMHbIX HanpaBAexxit H AAHH, KOTOpbIM COOTBeTCTBylOT
oripeAeAeHHble zlaCTOTbI KoAe6aHfill. 'FH BOAHbI TpaxTyloTcx mu(
rapmoHimectthe 0CUHAAAT0pb1, KOTOpbIM B 06b1tIHO1 HepeAxT0-
BMCTCKOR KBaHTOBOR mexamme 11pHIIHCbIBU0TCH KBaHTOBaHHbIe
3HatleHH51 9HeprilH, paBHble HAM xpaTxue hv -1-- -D. Tem cambat
,1HCAO (pOTOHOB fl, CB513aHHbIX C xamAbim 110406HbIM OCUHAAATO-
pom B paccmaTpmmemom (11p0H3B0AbHOM) o6beme, OKa3bIBaeTCH
UeA011HCAeHHbIM.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OCHOBbl TEOPHH KBAHTOB 77
C paccmaTpneaembim npeAcTaimemem CBABaHM Aecbma paAH-
RaAbHble HemeHeHHA B camott nocTaHomte saAaAH o6 onpeAeAe-
HHH eAeirrpomarHHTHoro noAA B KBaHTOBOA aAeitTpoAHHammee
110 CpaBHeHHIO C KAaCCHIleCKON. B nocAeAHeti KamAan CTORgaR
HOAHa OHHCNBaeTCR HiApameHHem BHAa
q sin 27; kix sin 2.7 k2y sin 277 Iczz,
r Ae q xapaHTepHeyeT HarIp5l1KeHHOCTb eAerrpHAecicoro HAH mar-
HHTHOr0 HOAA. Bra BeAligHHa ABAReTCR rapmoinmecHH KOAe6A10-
welicH Tylocumen spemeHH
q =-- qo sin (2 rv t-I-
re qo o6o3HaulaeT amnAHTyAy HoAe6aHHA, a CC ? Hp0H3B0AbHyI0
HatutAbHym cpaAy. B KBaHTOBOA mexaHHHe oAHomepHoro rapmo-
ungecHoro OCUHAARTOpa, npeAcTaBAAemoro nepemeHHoff q, (pax-
TwaecHne eHameHHA BeAHT1H11111 q Hal( CPyHKUHH HpemeHH OCTalOTCH
HeonpeAeAemnamH; onpeAemieTcA ?14 npHTom OAHOHHatIHNM
o6pa3om ? AHILlb BepORTHOCTb 140 (q, 0 12 cl4 TWO, gTO B MOMeHT
eTa nepemeHHaA HaHmoveHa B HHTeppaAe memAy q H q dq.
B cArme xoAe6aHHA c onpeAeAeHHoft qacToToti V, T. e. amp-
rHeft (4 1 )h v, Bra BepORTHOCTb OT spemeHH He BaBHCHT.
LITO KacaeTcH "aMHAHTyAbI BepORTHOCTH;?,Tr .1 ,_13.rHOBON (ppix-
igme qq, 1), TO one HmeeT BHA 44? (q)e h r Ae CPa3a
ocTaeTcA coHepmetwo Ilp0H3B0AbH0A.
KaK pe TOAbK0 ynomHHaAocb, mageHHe camoro HOAR q
OCT aeTCR HeoupeAeAenHbim muile B TOM cAyAae, eCAH OHO
cooTseTcTrlyeT oAHomy OCUHAAATOpy onpeAeAeHHoft RaCTOTN.
n0A01KeHHe CTaHOBHTCA ewe 6oAee HeonpeAeAeHHum, eCAH pellb
HAeT 0 noAe, cooTHeTcTspoLgem cynepnosHgpm HeCK0AbKHX r ap-
MOHHTleCKHX OCUHAARTOpOB C pa3AHLIHb1MH BHeprHAMH W (HAH
caCTOTaMH CAeAyeT noAceptauTb, tITO, corAacHo KBaHTO-
BOtt aAewrpoAHHampnce, npH STOM KOAe6AeTCR He CMO HOAe,
HO AHLUb BOAHOBEISI cpyHxgHA, xapaHTepHeytozzaA BepORTHOCTb Tex
HAH ero sHatieHHR. KBaHTOBaR TeOpHR HO3BOAReT BNAHC-
AHTb BepOATHOe AHalleHme BeAlIgHHbI q HO cpopmyAe
(0= qm. cm*c.,
n
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
78 l'AABA BTOPAH
rAe X0B4CIMIUneHTb1 B pa3A0.111eHnn ?q, 0 no HophinpoBali-
Hb1M ,C06CTBelflIbIM (PylIKUHFIM" (1), cooTaeTcmylownm pa.3.klit1/11,11.4
KBaKTOBaillibIM OCUHAARTOpaM,1 a q?,,,?maTimpufble HAemeHTbi (7-
110 OTH0111e111410 K 9THM 1:11yHKUEDIM:
i2ITCVm7"'" )
e
rAe
=+:(q) q (q)dq.
MbI B11/111M, Taxilm o6pasom, HTO KaaHToBaHne aAeKTpomarHHT-
Horo no, o6ecnemnsalowee geAotincAeHHoe anatieHne tIncAa
IpOTOHOB amAoro copTa, noKynaeTca Becbma Aoporoil (c KAac-
cntiecaoft Tatum apenHa) meHoli, a HMCH110 menoil ontaaa OT
TO111101.0 01114CaHHH Error? 110AH B npocTpancTHe H apemenn H
TpaKTOB101 ero c nomowbio BoAHoria cpyHaunn HAH ?amnAnTyAbi
BepOHTHOCTI3" 11) (q,
Mb! paccmaTpnaaAn 40 CHX flop ARUM noAe B ?BaKyyme",
T. e. B npocTpaneTae, A14111eHHOM 06bIKHOBellHbIX HaaAeKTpnao-
BaHHbIX HaCTI1U ? 9./1eKTp0110B H 110314Tp0110B. He06X04HMOCTb
HbaueyKasannoll miepTabi o6HapywnsaeTca ewe 60.71ee ABCTI3e1I-
BbIM o6pa3om B 11pHC3TTCTBHH 110406111,1X HaCTHU B CB51314 C CO-
oniomeimem mewity 9THMH qacTagamu H coaAaHaembim HMH
HAmrp0mal'HHTHb1M noAem.
B CaMOM AeAe, corAacno RAaccnnecaon 8ACKTp04H1laM14Ket
noAamemie H CKOpOCTb Taaoff HaCTHUbI moryT 6bITb 04110311a1IFIO
onpeAeAeHbi, ecAn H3BeCTHbI cAaralowne 8.)1eKTp0MarlIHTHOPO110A51,
coaAasaemoro ex) B pa3AWIlibIX npocTpancTHeHno-Hpememibix
TOHKaX. EcAn, Kai( BTO HMeCT mecTo B 06bIt111014 KBaHTOB011 me-
xaHnice, noAameHne H CKOpOCTb HarmeKTpnaosaHHoli qacTxubi,
Hanpnmep 19.71eKTp011a, moryT 6bITb onpeAeAeina AH11Ib CTaTH-
CTIPleCKII, T. e. AHLUb B Tepmmax Teopnn HeponTHocTeti, TO
aitexTpomarHnTHoe nae Tazme 4oA>Kno onpeAedurrbea AHLLII>
CTaTI4CTIVICCKH, T. e. cAaralowne 9ACKTplIgeCK011 H marHHTHoti
HanpsilKeHHocTH B aamAoil Totme npocTpaHeTaa He moryT ABARTbCH
onpeAeAeHlibimn CpykIKUHSIMH HpemeHn (Kaa npeAnoAaraeTcg
B KAaCCHtleCKOrl eAeKTpoAnHammte). Onpe,4eAennoi1 cpyHagnell
apemeHn B KamAoli TOHKC mmaeT SIBAHTbC51 AHLUb Hepoa T.
HOCTb TOPO, TITO 8TH cAaralowne npnimmaloT Te BAH HIlbIe aria-
lieHna; npx 9TOM paenpeAeAenne BepOATHOCTH B npocTpancTrie
1 BOAHOBaH CtlyilagHH Ha3b1HaeTCH HOpINHp0BaHHOH, ecAH 0Ha yAosAeTno-
pfleT yCAOHMO SI 4)7112 dq =1.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OCHOBIA TEOPHH KBAHTOB
799
(T. e. 4A9 pa3AHIllib1X T011eK) 40AIKHO COOTBeTCTBOBaTb npoeTpaH-
CTBeHHOMy paenpeAeAemno BepOBTHOCTH AAR pa3AHMHbIX 'MAO-
miettHA (H cKopoeTeR) 9AeKTpoHa.
KaK noKa3.9.A ewe AopeHTu, ypameHHA ABH?KeHHH aneKTpoHa
B KAKCCHileCKOR (T. e. HeKBafrroBoil) (POpMe MO/KHO HOArIllTb,
ecAH CtIHT8Tb, LITO BapnA aAeKTpona pacnpeAeAen B HeKoTopom
xoHenHom, XOTH H Becbma maAom o6beme, H ecAH npeatioAo9cHTb,
BHeIHHHA CHAa, AeticTsylowan Ha Ka2K4IDIfi 8AeKTp0H, B TOTI-
HOCTH ypasHoBeLuxBaeTcn cHAoft ?camoBosAericTBHB", T. e. pe9yAb-
THpylo11ef1 Bcex TeX CHA, KoTopme oxaBbiBaloT Apyr Ha pyra pas-
AHRHbIe 6eCKOHellHO maAme 9AemeHTm BACKTp0HHOPO 3aps4a ripn
HX COBMeCTHOM ABHIKeHHH. npu 8TOM BCC Te CHAbI, pesyAbTHPYKi-
Lgax KOTOpbIX pasHa Hymo (HanpHmep CHAbI BaaHmHoro 0TT8A-
KHBaHH51 meamy 9AemeHTamH 9AeKTpOHHOPO 3apnAa), He IIpHHH-
MalOTCH BO BinimaHne. ECAH CkOpOCTb 9AeKTpoHa maAa no cpas-
HeHHIO CO CKOpOCTb10 eneTa, To pe3yAbTxpylo1gaB cHAa CaMO-
B03Aef4CTB113 OK83bIBaeTCH nponopuHoHaAbHoff ycKopeHmo 9AeK-
TpoHa; H3 paBeEeTria Hymo cymmm ee H BHenmen CHAbI noAytmeTen
o6mtnibiti 3aKOH KAaccHtleeKoti mexamiKH
d v ?>
fl ?0 F,
^e F- ?^ BlieHIHHH cHAa, rno?KoacpqmglleHT, HrpamigHti p0Ab-
MaCCbl.
ECAH CkOpOCTb BACKTp0Ha npH6AmKaeTen K CKOpOCTII cBeTa
H ecAn [IH 8TOM lipe4ll0A02KHTb, TITO 9AeKTp0n cnmoLgHBaeTcn
B HanpaBAeHHH ABHIKeHHA B OTHOILIeHHH 1/1 ? V2/C2K 1, TO ypaB-
HeHHe 4BHNieHH3 npHHHmaeT B114
d
mo
re m =--_ , B COOTBeTCTBHH C Tpe6oe8111ISIMH TeOpHH OT He-
y 1 v2k2
CliTeAbHOCT14.
rIIII0Te33 0 cHAe ?camoBoaAeficTann" 9AeKTpoHa, KoTopam
KomneHcHpyeT AetieTBylowylo Ha Hero B Ka)KAND momeHT
nHeui-
H?O}O CHAy, ITHBOAHT 43aKTHtleCK11 K yeTpaHemno HOHATHA CHAbI
H3 rIeHI491 06 9AexTp0marHHTH0m noAe H 9AeKTpoHax, nocxoAbicy
4BH2KeHHe HOCAeAHHX 11p0HCX04YIT TaK, 4TO6bI HcradTbmaemam Kam-
Abim 143 HHX peayAbTupytolgan CHAR B CpeAHeM (AAA Bcero CPO-
o6bema) paBH.HA8Cb Hymo. TaKHM o6pasom, HOHHTHe CHAbI 110,
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
rAABA BTOPAR
?Cy1geCTBy H3r0HIleTCH H3 BTOr0 xAaccHilecxoro BapHallTa eAex-
Tp0AHHBMHAH, 3aMeHRRCb 110HATHeM aHeprHH H KOAHReCTBa
ABHMIeHHR sAexTpomarHHTHoro noAsB CHASM C 3aK0HOM 11X coxpa-
HeHHA. ripx &TOM, KK 113BeCTH0, alleprHs HOAR onpeAeAseTcs
E2 1/2 jr,
Kam. HHTerpan 87r a v (r. ? Hartpaxlemiocm aAelcrpagecaoro
:.110ASI, a H?MarHHTH01`0) H CB513alia c HexTopom 110TOKa aaepriaa
AxAy Asyma esaamoAeficTeyxngamm nacTagama
BXOAHT B xanecTee MHWAHTeAA B empameme AAA HX B3aHMH0H
noTengaaAbnott eHepraa xax CpyHKUHil paCCTOAHHA,o6ecneAkmaA
nepemeay allaxa 9TOR anepraa (T. e. nepexoA OT eaaammoro
IIpHTHAieHHA K saaamaomy OTTaAKHBaHH10) npa nepexoAe OT
ABaHTOBOPO ABMKeHHA OAHOPO THHa (Hanpmmep C geTilbIM yrAo-
BMM ABaHTOBMM gHCAOM) A Apyromy.
N4m He 6y4em OCTaHaBAHBATbCH no4po6Hee Ha pA3BHTHH
9THX npeAcTasAemift, TaK xax OHH ae xamyTca Ham na me06-
X04HMWMH, HH AOCTaTOgHMMH AAA 065ACHeHHA enemnero
cxoAcTea aAepamx caA C CHAaMH moAexyAapHoro cuenAemia.
OHMTM HaA paccesmaem 61acTpmx HefiTpoHoe aa npo-
TOHaX yxaamealoT KK 6y4TO, gTO npa 110406H0m pacceatiam
HpOTOH npeepaigaeTca B HeATpoa, a HeitrpoH B HpOTOH (gTO
mapaameTca B npeo6Aa4anan 60AbMHX yrAos pacceaHaa HaA
MaAMMO. aTO 06CTOHTeAbCTBO ne mameT, oAHaxo, CAyMHTb
OKOHRaTeAbHMM 4OKa3aTeAbCTBOM o6meHaoro xapaxTepa CHA
asammoAeficTeaa memAy Hp0T0HaMH H HefiTp0HAMH.
OCTABABA 9TOT eonpoc OTKpMTNM, paccmoTpam 6oAee no-
41306ao eonpoc 0 3ABHCHMOCTH'HAepHMX CHA OT paCCTOHHHA
memAy cooTeeTcTepolgama nacTiluamm.
IlpeAnommaim, gTO 9TH CHAN, B OTAHMHe OT sitexTpanecxxx,
ameloT ecerAa xapawrep npaTa IKe H H a, xoTopoe npa OgeHb
MaAbIX paCCTOAHHAX cnadaeT CTOAb ate meAAeHHo, KK H B cAy-
nae sAexTpanecxHx CHA, a npH HeCK0AbA0 66AbLIMX paccToamax
cnaAaeT HeCpABHeHHO 6bICTpee, a HMeHHO?SECTIOHeHUHaAbHbIM
1 Pa3BHTHeM BTOrl tHHOTeBbl 3amfmaAHcb !Anomie aBTopii B CCCP,
B gaCTHOCTH, 14. E. THMM, B. A. riffia6ypr, A. A. 14BaHeRK0 H Ap.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
CBOFICTBA ATOMHbIX 534EP
91
o6paaom. HaH6oAee npocTo no4o6Hbre CHAbI moryT 6bab nped-
cTaHAemg, HcxoAH HB cAeApolgero BbIpa>KCHHH AAH II0TeHUHaAb-
H011 sHeprim Aayx aAemenTapHba vacTHg (IIIDOTOHOB BAH HenTpo-
HOB ?6eapaamitmo):
(1)
re g H CC ?HeHoTopbie KOHCTaHTbI. Ha HHX nepHaH HmeeT pas-
mepHocTb H xapaHTep aAeHTputlecHoro aapHAa (npHtlem tiacTilgam
OAHHaKOBbIM KBa3113apBAOM g cooTHeTcTayeT npHTHmeHHe,
a HaaaHaapHAos pasHoro sHaHa He cyLgecTayeT), a BeAlltIHHa,
1
o6paTHaR BTOpOtt, T. e a xapaxTepHayeT paAmyc AettcTHHH
HAepHbnc CHA H HmeeT nopHAoK 10-13 cm.
YpasHeHne (1) He gliCTO amnHpHtiecHoe, HO MO2fICT 6bITb
do HeHoTopoit cTeneHH 060CHOBaHO TeopeTHtzecHH, HcxodH
Ha cAeApoLgrix coo6pameHnft.
ECAH npeAcTaaHrb U B HHAe nponaseAeHHH g Ha II0TeHUHaA
e?ar
p= ?g r HOAR HAepHbIX CHA, TO M01KHO noHasaTb, ITTO BTOT
noTeHuHaA yAmmeTriopHeT AHcpcpepeHipaAbHomy ypamemno
v2p cop
(2)
HoTopoe npeAcTaBAHeT co6off HenocpeAcTaeHHoe o6o6igeHne
ypasHeHHH
v2p -= 0
Ann KyAOHOBCKOPO noTempaAa
3/tech
2 02 02 02
_
V ?
onepaTop AanAaca; npH BTOM ypaBHeHHe (2) cupaHeAAHHo AAA
acex TotieH, OTAHIMbIX OT TOtIKH r =0, B HoTopoll cocpeAoTogeHa
vacTnua, cosAalowaH paccmaTpHaaembill noTeHuHaA.
B camom AeAe, ecAH p BaBHCHT TOAbK0 OT rp TO, Halt
H3BeCTHO,
_ 1 d2 fro
? r dr2 '
Talc TO ypaaHeme (2) CHOAHTCH K
d2 (rcp)
? fro o.
dr2
(2a)
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
92 VAASA TPETbil
3aMeHHA T? tiepe3 (1) H HATerplipyA, noAymaem
Be?".
ECAH npx T ---> co 4) cTpemxTcA K xyAlo, To nepswil mAex B BTOM
smpastexmi oTnaAaeT, H Mbl noAytiaem
HAH
4).
T. e. ypasxexxe (1), ecAli B 3aMeHHTb xa g.
LIT06b1 HepeliTH OT ypasilemiSi (2), OTHOCHIgeTOCH K
ABHAIHOR 514epHOH tiacTsge, K 6oAee o6igemy ypariliemilo, OTHO-
cngemycsi K qacimue, KoTopaA oislisteTcH B npocTpaxcTse Ilp0H3-
BOAbHbIM o6pasom, lieo6xo4imo, B COOTBeTeTBHH C Tpe6osama5imx
Teopsx OTHOCHTeAbH0eTH, samemiTb Tpexmepxb& onepaTop Aa-
'macs V2 tleTbipexmepxbim onepaTopom TOTO e 'mina
2 ?2 ?2 ( a \21 cl2
2
a7o d?y2 d-z-2 -CO = V2 ? ?
lipH BTOM B cAygae cc=0 noAytmeTcH ypassexxe AaAam6epa
AAA o6bitilioro aAexTpiplecitoro noTexuliaAa (rarrbnialoigee
sanasAbisalme HAH onepestemie aAeKTpimecitxx AeficTEmil). lipil
cc 0 BTO ypassemie samexAeTcA cAeApoiglim, 6oAee
1 d2cp
V2? ?c2Ot2
(3)
TaK Ate, mut H B 06bIt1HOff sAeKTpoAxxammte, B npeAnoAostexini,
qTO HCTOVIIHKH HOAR (B AaHHOM CArlae ?HOAR Aitepxbix cHA)
pacnpeAeAernA B npocTpaxcTse c 'toxemic& 06'beMH014 HAOTHOeTb10
p, BTO ypasxemie ripxxxmaeT 6oAee o6"gxii AKA
1 32
V2CP ? ? GC2CP ? 477P
(3a)
re e o6oaxatiaeT o6bemxylo HAOTHOCTb KsasasapAAa g, samemi-
lower? co6oft sAeKTpimecKlift sapAA B cAymte RAepxbuc CHA.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
CBOAcTBA ATOMHbIX HAEP 93
Kpome Toro, Hap3Ay co cKaA3pHbim noTeHuHaAom p, B oagem
cAytute noAe .4oAxmo xapaKTepH3oBaTbc3 TaKAte BeKTOpHbIM
?>
noTeHgHaAom A, yAoHAeTHopsnoigHm yparnieHmo1
V2 A-> ? 62A 47c. pv
c2 ?
C '
(36)
I'Ae V ?CKOpOCTb ABHASeHHH KBa3H3apHAOB B cooTHeTcTepolgeff
Toince npocTpaHcTea.
He ocTaHaBAHHa3cb Ha AaAbHeftinem 60Aee HOAHOM aHaAH3e
34epHoro HOAR, onpeiteARemoro 9THMH ypasHeHH3mH, paccmoTpHm
Tenepb qacTnbill cAriari p =0, cooTHeTcrspoiguff HOMO, AllIneH-
Homy KaKHX-AH60 IICTOTIHHKOB (no xparufen mepe, Ha KOHellHbIX
paccTosnumx). IlpH cc = 0 MbI noArmem B 3T0M cAytme noAe
06bIgHbIX 19AeKTp0MarliHTHbIX BOAH, KoTopomy, corAacHo KBaHT0-
SOH TeopHH cHeTa, COOTBeTCTBylOT KBaHTbI cseTa, T. e. 40T0HbI.
npH OC> 0 ypartHeHHe (3) MOASHO TalcHle TpaxToHaTb 'talc BOAHO-
Boe ypaHHeHne oco6oro poAa qacTllu, OTAHtlal0IgHXC5I, 04Haxo,
oT cp0TOHOB HaAH tniem noicomigeHc3 maccbi.
1 locAeAHee 06CTOFITeAbeTBO 33cTriyeT H3 cAeitylownx coo6pa-
aceHHli. OrpaHHIn4HaHcb IIAOCKHMII CHHyCOH4aAbHbIMI4 BOAHaMH,
pacnpocTpaHsnoi1nmlic3 B HanpaHAemin OCH x, C AAHHOft X
H IlaCTOTOH KOAe6aHHri V, Hmeem
'2 vt
Ix_
z
c onst e
nOACTaHOBKa 3TOPO Hbipa>keHH3 B ypameHne
Apowee COOTHOIneHHe makKity ) nV:
1 v2 ( )2
(3)
aeT cAe-
(4)
YmHo>ka3 BTO empa21enHe Ha h2 H 3ameH3.3 -A- Ha p (KOAHileCTBO
ABHNICHHSI tiacTHgbi, npeAcTaHAsnorgeil co6off KHaHT
HOMO, a hv Ha E (9Heprn3 3Ton qacTngbi), noArtaem
E2 ?2 h2a2
c2 47; '
3AepHoro
(4a)
1
Kai MOZHO HORH3HTb, BeHropHbai HOTCHUHHA 1103HHKHeT, CCAH MN
npemionommm, VTO YaCTHUbl, nepeHocHwHe HicepHoe H3aamo4eileTHHe, HMelOT
CHHH 1. THRHH rHnoTesa B HacTomaee HpemH He noArmAa no4THepH4eHHH.
ECAH qacTilubi, oTHeTerBeHHale sa HAepubie CHAbl, Hmesn ensn 0 (H-mesonbi),
TO AAA HHX eyweeTHyeT TOAbRO CECHAHpHblii HoTeHgHaA. (17pumeq.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
94
TAABA TPETbfl
BTO cooTnomenne coBnaAaeT C 06bIIIHbIM cooTnomennem Teoplin
OTHOCHTeAbHOCTH mexiAy anepraell H KOAHneCTBOM ABHMeHHA
CI:10604HO Ammywelicsi gaCT141413I C noKosageticK maccoll
hct
mo? yrte ? (5)
?Tem./4a cAeAyeT, 11TO ?AaAbHOCTb" BAepHbIX CHA (HAM HX paAuye
1
AelicTanB) a =-- BbipammeTeR gepea noKosagylocK maccy KBan-
TOB, ABAAIOIRHXCH nepeAaTtancamB Baum cnA (no4o6no Tomy Kaic
TOTOHbI SM./MOTU! nepe4aTtn4Kamn 06bIKHOBeHHbIX aneKTpomar-
1111THbIX CH), ypaBnekmem
a
.67rmoc
(5a)
rloAaraB BAecb a=103 cm, nonyqaem mo^:: 200 BAempoimbix
mace.
143A0MeHHbIe COO6paMe111151 6bIAH BbICKE138.HbI RHOHCKHM Teo-
peTBKom 10KaBa B 1936 r., Ba Asa roAa Ao Toro, KaK COOTBeT-
cTspowie ?KBanToBble" tIaCTHLIbI, C TOR Me npumeptio maccott,
TaK nasbiBaembie Me30HbI, 6bIAH o6napymenbi aKcnepnmenTaAbno
B KOCMHEleCKHX Aytiax.
BTO 06CTORTeAbCTBO RBAfIeTC51 Bamiellunlm aprymenTom
B 110AbBy Hassamioli Teopun. IlpaBAa, mesonbi, KoToptge 4aKTI4-
ReCKH Ha6A104alOTCH B KOCMIPleCKHX ATLI/ix, nmooT oTpRgaTeAb-
nbili HAM II0A0MHTeAbHblfi sapBA, paBnbill HAM HpOTHBOHOAOMHbal
sapBAy sAeKTpona, mesiAy Tem KaK ICKaBa nmeA B BnAy IlaCTHUbl,
AHIlleHHbIe eAeKTplitiecKoro sapsiAa. aTO pasAntine nmeeT cywecT-
Bemioe anatienne AAR Bonpoca o cnmmeTp1414 BAepnbix CHA.
A HMeHHO, ecAn paccmaTpnBaTb nepeAagy AeffeTBRK OT OAHOR
BAepnoil tlaCTHUbI K A pyroti (nyTem HellyCKaHH51 mesona nepBoll
H ero HOPAOIAeHHSI BTopoll), TO Teopng net1TpaAbnb1x meat:mos
o6ecnetanmeT OAHHaKOBOCTb CHAN ilesarmenmo OT Toro, ?Anna-
KOBbI AH o6e qacTnubi (T. e. ABAAIOTC.51 OHH o6e npoTonamn HMI
o6e neftTponamn) HAM paaAntaibi (oAna 14s HHX ? npoToki, a APY-
ram? HeRTp0H). ECAH 0fIepHp0BaTb C sapK2Kemibimn Me30HaMH,
TO HOAOMHTeAbHbIR meson m02KeT nepeAaBaTb AelleTBne TOAbK0
OT HpOTOHa K netiTpony, 8 OTpHUaTeAbHbIR ? TOAbK0 OT nefiTpona
K npoTony, npatiem B o6oBx eAriasix ITOTOH npeBpaiveTcB
B neitTpon, a nefiTpon B npoTon. OfIbIT noKasbiBaeT, TO B AeficT-
BHTeAbH0eTH BsammoAelleTBRe memAy AByma nporonamn HMI ABymK
netiTponamn Ha Becbma MaAbIX paCCTORHMIX (r
npocToil 3aAaRe 0 4BH?KeHI414 KamAoro aAexTpoHa B OTAeAbHOCTIf
B 3aAaHHom uleamem aAewriamecnom noAe. npH pagHoHaAbHom
onpeAeAeHHH penyAbmpporgero 110AR, cosAanaemoro nApom H
pa3AHITHbIMH BAewrpoHamm (nomamo paccmaTinataemoro), peinemie
ynporgeHHoff ZaAVII4 51BA5IeTCA AOCTaTORHO xoponalm ITH6Aione-
1114eM K 14CTI4He. Tam) ?Ke rIpH6maKemb1ll meToA camocorAaco-
BaHHOr0 110AR nplimeHneTen K 01114CaHHIO 4BH1Ke14119 o6o6ige-
CTBAeHHbIX sAexTpolion B meTaAAHtiecaHx TeAax. npH 8TOM MO1KHO
CRIITaTb, B nepnom npH6AHmeHHH, RTO 110AR aAeKTpoHon H noAo-
WalTeAbHbIX 140HOB B CpeAlieM KomneHcHpyloTen BHYTPH meTaAAa
14 AHILIb B6AH314 nonepxHoeTH ero C0311a1OT CHAbI, npennTcTepo-
%He yAaAemao BAeKTpOHOB Hapyacy.
AHaAorntman cxema camocorAaconaHHoro 110AR ifpnmeHnma
H K HyRAoHam B CAORSHOM aTOMHOM nApe. npH ygeTe Tpe6ona-
Huff TeopHH KBaHTOB BlieprHn nepHoAHTlecKoro 14A14
Boo61.ge orpaHlmeHHoro 4B14>KeHH5I maTepHaAbHoli RaCTI4Ub1,
asylgetien B naAaHHom CHAOBOM noAe, mo2KeT 111201411HMaTb AI411113
p5144 AHCKPeTHbIX KBaHTOBaHHbIX 3HatICH14ft, Tax ?KC KK H APY-
rHe AmiamHriecnie 110CTORHHbIe (13 RaCTHOCT11, Hanpnmep, MOMeHT
KomItiecTaa 4BH1KeHF151 B noAe c paAHaAbHon climmeTpneft). ECAH,
AaAee, B OAHOM H TOM .}ne menmem CHAOBOM noAe HaX04HTCH
clicTema HeCK0AbKHX 0 A HH aKOB bl x acmg, o6Aa4a1oagHx
TaKHMH He C1114HOBbIMH CBORCTBaMH, mu( H DAeKTp0HbI, TO 9TH
RaCTI41,1 AOAMHbI 4BI4raTbCR 110 panAH11Hbi M KBEIHTOBallHbIM
op6HTam, ecAH cnialb' (T. e. ?ea }Tugela's') lix HanpanAeHm
B oialy H Ty >KC CT0p0Hy. TaKI4M o6pa3om, Ho O4FIliaKOBb1M
op6HTam moryT 4BI4PaTbCii AHLUb napm liacTllg C ii p 0 THB 0-
110A0?KHO HanpanAeHHIgmH cnaHam H.
B npnmenemai K sAewrpoHHoft 060AORKC aTomon BTO npanHAo
(H3BeCTHOe 1104 HannaHnem ripi4HuHna nayAH) AaeT KAIOR K 1101414-
maim? nepuo4w4ecnoro SaKOlia MeHAeAeena, T. e. 6oAee HMI
meHee nepHoAHgecnoro HsMeneBnH (P1314K0-X14MIIReCKFIX cnoticTs
aAemeHTon c BonpacTaHHem HX aTOMHOPO seca, HAM, ToRHee,
Homepa (o6igero iiHcAa 9AeKTp0HOB HMI nap.nAa SIAM. MbI no-
fiCHHM BTO Ha ITHmepe HeCK0AbKI4X HaH6oAee 11pOCTbIX aTOMOB.
ATOM BoAopoAa coAepnaT Beer? AHLUb 041411 BACKTp0H, KoTopmft
ABH?KeTCH Boapyr npoToHa no camoR BbIrOAHOtt 04H0KBalITOB011
op6wre, xapawrepHayemo# MHHHMaAbHbIM nnageHHem EtHepr1411.
ATOM reAH5I coAep/nHT Ana EmeaTpolia, xoTopme 4B112EyTCH
Bonpyr nApa HO OAHHEIKOBbIM OAHOKBaHTOBbIM op6wram,
OTAIIRa101AHMCH OT Op614TbI aAeKTpona B aTome BoAopoAa MIMI>
HeCK0AbK0 MeHbILIHMII panmepamn (RTO 06'bRCHReTCH 60AbLUe1
BeAHRHHOti CHAbI 111314TRIKCHI4R, noToppo OHM IICIINTbIBELIOT CO
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
CBOACTBA ATOMHbIX MEP
109
4CT0p0H6I HApa C sAsoe 66AbLIIHM 110A0HcHTeAbHbIM sapsAom).
FlpH BTOM HX CHHMbI HmefoT HpOTHBOITOAOHilibIB HanpasAeHHH,
TO nposisAseTcH, me/H.4y ripoinfm, B OTCyTCTBHH y aToma MAW!
MaPHHTHOPO MOMeHTa.
Y AMTHH, aTom KoToporo COAep/KHT TpH sAeKTpotia, Ha6Alo-
4aeTcs 3Ha4HTeAbH0 60Aee CAI:MIMI/1 CHTyagl1H. ATOM AHTIITI
AerKo TepmeT OAHH BABKTpOH, T. e. ABAHeTCH TaKHM 2Ke OAHO-
BaAeHTHb1M sAemeHTom, KaK soAopoA, TOPAa KaK Asa Apyrxx
aAeKTpoHa oKasbisaioTcH CBSIBaHH6IMI4 B Hem ropasAo HpoLmee.
aTO 06.1351CH5IeTCH Tem, MTO B aTome AFITHH TOAbK0 Asa sAeKTpoHa
ABHalyTCHHO OAHOKBaHTOBbIM Op6HTaM (HeCK0AbK0 60Aee
ca-
TbIM, xleM y reAHH, Balmy 60Abilier0 110AOHUITeAbHOPO sapHAa
HApa), TorAa. KaK TpeTHI1 sAeKTpoH ABHHIeTCH HO AByXKBaHTOBOH
Op6HTe CO 311?1,114TeAbH0 6OAbliiel sHeprHell. 11pH rieTe, HapsAy
C aueprneit, A pyrmx KBaHTOBaHHIDIX (T. e. HpHHHMa10101X AHCKpeT-
HbIC sHatleHHH) BeA141111H oKasimsaeTcH, TTO cyrgecTsymT geThipe
paBHOBHAHOCTH Op6IIT C OAHHaKOBOR HAI! 1113116AHSHTeAbH0 0414-
Halcoeol1 AByXKBaHTOBON sHeprHert, BBIlAy Mer0 BTOR BHeprHeft
moryT o6Aa4aTb geTbipe Hapm 8AeKTp0HOB C HpOTHBOIMAOHIHb1MH
CHHHaMH. napa OAHOKBaHTOBbIX 11lleTtipe napm AByXKBaHTOBbIX
BAeKTp0HOB o6pasyloT aneKTpomiyio o6oAotmy aToma
KOTOpbIll ABAHeTCH HHepTHIAM aAemewrom, aHaAOPHIIH61M HO CBOHM
(1)11311K0-XHM11,1eCKHM csoticTsam reAmo. CAeApo UM aftemeHT
HaTpH,aTOMN KOTOpOPO coAepKaT no 11 BACKTp0H0B, aliaAorn-
=lex AHTHIO, TI( KaK 11-n sAeKTpoH, He HaX0A51 AAH ce651 mecTa
Ha OAHOKBaHTOBbIX H AsyxKsatiTosbix op6HTax, Bb1Hy?KACH ABH-
PaTbCH no TpexKsaHTosof1 op6wre C etge 6oAee Bb1C0KOR aHep-
rHeil. aTIIM 0673fICHHeTCH 0THOCHTeAbH0 cAa6as C135136 sHeuniero,
11-ro, aAeKTpoHa B aTome HaTpHH, o6ycAosmisa1owaH CX0ACTBO
BTOPO aToma C aTomamH AHTHA H soAopoAa.
He OCTaHaBAHBEISICb Ha AaAbHeftinem pa3BHTH14 3TFIX COO6pa-
>NeHtili, MbI ripHmeHHm Tellepb HpaHgHn 11ayAH K ABH/KeHHIO npo-
TOHOB H Hef1Tp0HOB B camocorAacosaHHom CHAOBOM noAe, KOTO-
poe ripH6AmKeHH0 ormcbmaeT HX ssaHmoaeficTsHe B CAO2KH0M
aTOMHOM HApe. Mb1 6y4em ripH BTOM ClIFITaTb, MTO pa3AW4HbIM
THHam ABII1KCHHA (op6HTam) COOTBeTCTBylOT pa3A1P1Hble 911CpPHH,
o6pasymIAHe HeKoTopy10 HOCAeAosaTeAbHOCT6 KBaHTOBaHHIAX
sHatielmil aTH KBaHTOBaHHbIe 3HalleHHH, HAM yposHH,
npeAcTasAeHm cxemaTHgecKH (plc. 18) I'OpH3OHTaAbHbIMH AHH1151MH,
paccToHHHH memlAy KOT0p6IMH (sHeprerkplecKHe cTyneHH) paBHbl
pa3HOCTRM W2? WI1, W3? W2 H T. A.
HaH6oAee BbIrO4H6IM, C TOMKH speHHH mmulmyma 1.10AHOH
sHeprHH sups, 6bmo 6b1 TaKoe COCTOSIIIHe, HM KoTopom see
.06pa3y1oigHe HApo HyKA01-161 HaX0AHAHCb 661 Ha CaMOM H143KOM
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
110 cAABA TPETb3
exepreTHHecxom yposHe, T. e. ABIlraAHCb 6bI no OAHHaKOBbIM
op6wram c sHeprHeft W1. no4o6Hoe COCTOS11111e 11CKAIOtlaeTC31,
OAHaKO, IIpHHUHTIOM naymi, xoTopbili aonycicaeT saceAeHHe nep-
BON) yposHR sHeprerHtiecxoft AeCTH1111b1 HeCK0AbKHMH HyKAOHaMH
npH yCAOBHH, IITO6b1 see 01111 OTAIIIMAHCb pyr OT Apyra AH60
sapsAom, AH6o opHeuTauHeti cnima. MaKCHMaAbH0e tHICAO 30406-
HbIX HyKAOHOB pasHo HeTbipem; npH 8TOM Asa 133 HHX SIBA5110TC11
npoToHamx C TIpOTHB0110A02KHO HalIpaBACHHbIMH CTIHHaMH, a Asa
Apymix?neliTpoHamit, Taxase C 11pOTHBOTIOAONSHb1M11 CIIHHaMH,
mu( noxasallo Ha pHc. 18. ECAH o6wee tIHCAO HyKAOHOB pasHo
HeTbipem, TO HamooAee sbiroAHOR cHcTemoli, xoToppo OHH moryT
06pa30BaTb, SIBAReTCH RApo, cocromgee 113 Asyx IIpOTOHOB
ABYX HeitTpoHos, T. C. RApo aroma reAHR. B RApe Taxoro
seca, COCTaBAeHHOM 113 OAHHX AHLUb IIpOTOHOB HMI 041111) ANU1b
HenTpoHos, TOAbK0 "me 113 aTHX t1aCTHU MOPAH 6bI 1183COAHTbeg
Ha nepsom aHepreTHHecxom yposHe, a Ase A pyre OK8 BaAHCb 6b1
Ha sTopom, UTO cooTseTcTsosaAo 6bI H36b1T011H011 sHeprim RApa,
pasHoil 2 ( W2 ? WO. ECAH pasHocrb W2? WI 60Abale 110K0B-
welicsi sHeprkm sitexTpoHa, TO aTa H36bIT0t1HaR aHeprim paspR-
AHAaeb 6bI AsymR Asofifibimx eAexrpoHo-HeilTpHHoribimx sbicrpe-
AamH, B peayAbTaTe KOTOpbIX HCX0A110e 13036pKAellHOe RApo
npespaTHAocb 6bI B RApo reAH51.
npH AanbHeiltuem yseAHHeHHH HHcAa HyKAOHOB OHM AoAxima
paCCeMITbeR no 60Aee BbICOKHM cTyneHRm sHepreTHHecxoti
AeCTHHUN H IIpHTOM Tax, tITO6b1 tIHCAO TIpOTOHOB OCTaBaA0C13.
11pH6A11311TeAbH0 paBHbIty1 HHcAy HeilTpoHos, KaK aro 11 Ha6A10-
liaeTcg Ha 011bITe B cAyHae OTHOCHTeAbH0 AerKHX RAep. OTKAO-
HeHme OT aroro C00TH0LI1e11113 B cAyHae 60Aee TE2KeAbIX suer),
06733CHSIeTCH, xax yie ynommiaAocb swine, sospacraHHem Toff
poAH, Koroppo c ysemmeHHem HHcAa IIpOTOHOB HrpaeT sHeprHR
CUR HX sitexTpislecKoro OTTaAKHBaHH51. Bra sAexTptitiecitaR sHep-
ICHR He npHHHmaAacb 1IaM11 BO saHmaHme npa 110CTpOeHHH cxembx
sHepreTHHecxxx yposHeff, H3o6pameHHott Ha pHc. 18, nomoAbxy
11p0T0HaM H HefiTpoHam npunHcbisaAncb oAHHaaosbie xsaHTosaH-
Hble 3HatleHH3 811eprHH. MbI momem COXpaHHTb wry cxemy 11
npH yneTe sAexTpw-iecitoil sHeprHH, BBOAA nocAeAmolo Katt 40-
110AHHTeAbHy10 nonpasxy AAR npoToHos H OTHOCH 3HatleHHR
W2 H T. 4. K CyMMe ximeTHHecKoil sHeprkm HyKAOHOB 11 BOTCH-
UHaAbHON sHepran HCIIbITbIBaeMbIX HMH HesAexrpHHemix (RAep-
HbIX) CMA. RCHO, tITO npH TaKI1X yeA0BHRX Bametia 04110fi RAH
HeCK0AbKHX nap 11130TOHOB (npH AOCTaT0t1110 60AbILIOM o6Lgem 11X
tIHCAe, nepsoHaHaAbHo paBHOM tIHCAy HeitTpoHos) COOTBeTCTBy10-
1AHM IIIICAOM nap HeliTpoHos momer oxasaTbcR sHepreTHHecxx
BbIrOAHOn, TIOCKOAbKy sospacTame aHeprith W npH conyTcTsylo-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
CBOACTBA ATOMHIAX RAEP 111
"gem nepeceAeHHH HylcAoHoH, nepexoAscignx 113 3apHmeHHoro
B HenTpaAbHoe COCTOAHHe, Ha 6oAee BbICOKIle cTyneHH sHepre-
THIleeKOR AeCTHHUbI (I`AaBH131M o6pasom 3a cger HospacTaHHH MX
KHHeTHLIeCKOil sHeprHH) momeT 61,1Tb e AHXBOI4 KomneticHpoBaHo
ymenbaleHHem 8.AeHTpHtiecicol1 eHeprm Lys (KOTOpail nponop-
UHOHaAbHa xHaApaTy ero 3apHAa, T. C. icHaApaTy o6wero,_ qHcAa
o6pazyloignx ero npoToHoH).
Hp{ ygeTe eAexTpHtlecxott eHeprHH 11pOTOHOB cxema ypomeil,
Hao6pameHHast Ha pHc. 18, 4OA1KHa 6bITb HHAoHsmeHeHa Tax,.
tTTO6bI Hepxmie aanoAHeHHble ypoHHH HeliTpoHou H 17pOTOHOB
w,
w,
Wi
t
II I
^ + 00
t I
t I
t
t I
t I
t
+
0 0
Pile. 18. PHc. 19.
AemaAH Ha 0411}1aKOBO1 BbICOTe. npH 9TOM HaH6oAee HH3KkIft
ypoBeHb AAA IIpOTOHOB 6yAeT AeHiaTb HeeK0AbK0 BbI111e, qeM
AAA HellTpoHos (pHe. 19).
? 8*. Cirwrgvnigecirean Teopag cooTnomeinui menclor inacAom
ripoTosos II IlIefi1p0110B B yCTOMIHBbIX BiApax;
peayAbiroppowile crniuii ii manearrame MOMeRTbI iep
143A0ACCHHbIe coo6pameHHH HeTpyAHo 06Aeqb B KOAHtleCTBeH-
Hyio cpopmy, ecAH HeCK0AbK0 yripocTwrb Hawn npeAcTaHAeHHH
O ABII/KeHHH HyKAOHOB B CAO111HOM HApe. A HMeHHO, nocHoAbxy
HHyTpu HApa CHA131, HcnbrruHaembie KaAlAbIM HyKAOHOM CO CTO-
p0Hb1 COCeAHHX HyKAOHOB, HaaHmHo yHIIIITO)KaIOTeA, MbI momem
lipeAnoAomwrb 17pH pactleTe CTaTHCTHIleeK14 paHnosecHbix
eBOACTB Apa, =ITO Hee HyKAOHIA, ofpasymigHe ero, AHHacyTcH
B npeAeAax Beer? 06bema, HmH saimmaemoro, coHepuieHHo cH0-
6oAHo (110406110 Tomy, Hart BTO AeAaeTcH B aAemeHTapHoti Teo-
meTaAAoH B OTHOIIIeHHH 9ACKTp0HOB), oTexacotham OT HO-
sepxxocTH HApa, KOTOIDEIA HrpaeT AAA HHX poAb Henpocingaemott
eTeHKH. C TotncH speHHH no4o6Hol1 ?ra3oo6pa3HOria moAeAH
cAoacHbtx HAep, ABH)KeHHe HyKAOHOB M031110 xapaKTepHsoHaTb
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
112 FAABA TPETbR
TaK MR, KK H ABHmeHHe cso6o4Hbix BAeKTpoHoB B MeTaAAe npH
TemnepaType a6COAIOTHOF0 HyAA, C TOfi A:HLUb pasHHgefi, 11TO
19AeKTp0HN moryT HaX04HTbCA AHLUb B ABX COCTOAHMX C np0-
THB0n0A031Hb1MH CIIHHaM14, TOL'Aa !tax. HyKAOHbI moryT HaX0AHTbCH
B tieThipex COCTOAHHHX, pa3AHtialOwHxcH AH60 CHHHOM, ,AH60
3apAA0M1.1
rIpH TemnepaType a6comoTHoro HyAB HemeTHwe qaCTHUN,
110,4,111HAIOLEHeCH eTaTHCTHKe IlayAH?CDepmm?AmpaKa, aanoA-
HHioT BCe HaH6oAee HH3KHe yposHH sHeprini, TorAa KaK 6oAee
smcoKHe yposHH OCTalOTCH BaKaHTHb1MH. rlpH paccm0TpeHHH
KBaHTOBaHHNX COCTOAHHK, C TOqKH 3peHHA KAacciplecKoro npeA-
CTaBAeHHE CTaTHCTHReCKOR ITIFIBUKH 0 cpaBOBOM npocTpaHCTBe,
T. e. npoeTpaHcTBe KOOpAHHaT X, y, z H HmnyAbCoB gz, gy, g,,
B KoTopom npoHCxoAHT ABH>KeHHe RaCTHU, cpa30B0my npocTpaH-
CTBy c o6bemom
dxdydzdgdgdg3=h3
coOTBeTcTByeT, KaK HBBeCTHO, 0 AHO COCTOAHHe, KsaHTosaHHoe
B OTHOLUeHHH TpaHCARUHOHHOPO 4BH1KeHHA.2 rlOCK0AbKy BOTCH-
MHaAbHaA 9HeprHA HyKAOHOB B HApe CIIHTaeTCA HOCTOAHHOH,
T. e. He samcsageli OT KoOp4HHaT,06bem(pa3OBOVO npocTpancma,
BaHlimaemoro, cKa.mem, npoToHamH, mommo npeAcTasHTb ce6e
B BHAe np0H3BeAeHHH reomeTpsmecKoro o6bema HApa
V-47 R
---- 3
Ha o6bem Op HeKoToporo inapa B npocTpaHcTse HMHyAbCOB C
paimycom gr, T. e.
47 .
?
g?.
P 3 r
aTOT map MONSHO Ct1HTaTb pasHomepHo BanoAneHHmm npoTo-
Hamm, TorAa KK HAOTHOCTb HOCAeAHHX sHe ero pasHa Hymo.
Pa34eAnB npoimeAeHne V(Op Ha 113, MN noAyglim o6wee ITHCAO
KBaHTOBaHHNX COCTOAHHH, sammaemmx npoToHamH. TaK KaK B
KuKAom H3 BTUX COCTOAHHtirlomewaloTc51 Asa npoToHaCnpoTHBo-
1 COrABCHO Bopy, B eAriae ABHASeHHH B o 4U o m HamepeHHH KBHISTOBBH-
Hble COCTOHHH5I xapaaTepHayloTen ycAoHHem ' gdx= nh, rite n ? ueAoe
YHCAO. OTcloita cAeAyeT, ?1TO oAHomy BBaRToBaHHomy COCTOHHHIO COOTBeT.
CTBT cpaBoBaH rutoigaitb, paBHaa h.
2 Cp.: CD p e B HeAb H epANHUe B. 0 rasoBoil moAeAH BTOMHbIX
)IABP. .21iST13, 9, 1939, cTp. 899.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
CBOACTBA ATOMHbIX HAEP 113
Vwp
110A02KHO nanpanAennumn CIIHHamH, TO shipalneHne h3 AoAH1Ho
paBHATI3C5I 110A0BHHe EIHCAa ilpOTOHOB MbI npnxoAHm, TaKHM
o6pa3om, K panencmy
3
gp
3 h3 = V
(9)
3ameTHm, 11TO oTHomenne ? npeAcTaimneT co6o1 MHHH-
gP
maAbHy10 AAHHy BOAHIA Ae-BpoilAn, cooTneTcTnylowylo naH6oAee
6bICTpbim npoTonam. YpartHenHe (9) 110Ka3b1BaeT, CAe40Ba-
TeAbH07 TITO AAHHa npnmepuo Bowe 6oAblue cpeAnero paC-
CTosilikisi me>nAy COCe4HI4MII npoToHamll
Vy.
dp=-- (7 .
MaKCHmaAbHomy nmnyAbcy lipoTOH0B gp COoTBeTcTByeT ma-
2
gP
axcHmaAbnan aneprun Ep= p Bnan, corAacno ypanne-
zm
HIM (9):
2
h2 3 Z
P 2m 87 V ?
(10)
CpeAnee sHatieHne RHnerwiecxoti aneprnn AAA ncex npoTo-
- g2
HOB Ep noAriaeTcn HnTerpRponannem Enmpanennn 2rn HO o6bemy
ncero HMilyAbCHoro Inapa H AeAeHnem Ha o6bem nocAeAnero. Mb!
Hmeem, TaKHM o6pasom,
?
? J 2m 2-24ng2dg
7 --
Cp
gP
47,:g2 dg
0
T. e.
2
- 3 3 h2 ( 3 Z\3 =--- 5 EP= 10 m k Ein V/ ? (10a)
CymmapHan KnHeTwiecican eneprun ncex lipOTOHOB noAy-
vaeTcH ymHomenHem 8TOPO Bbipa>neHnH na Z.
8 H. H. cl,pemserth
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
114 P./MBA TPETbH
AllaAOPHIIHO momeT 6bITb noArielia cymmapnaK KnnencitecKaa
aneprKK Bcex N netiTponon.
Flpn Aannom macconom tmcAe KApa
Z-I-
noTeliunaAbKaK 91-leprmg sAeplibix CHA moyKeT CtillTaTbCH HeH3-
MeHHON, HOCK0AbIty B3anmo4eficTEme OAHOHMeHHbIX 14 pasnonmen-
HbIX aciq 0414HaK0B0. OT COOTH0111eHHA mmity Z 14 N B STOM
c.kriae 3aBHCHT AHIllb KnKeTnnecKaK aneprKs, RoTopaK AocTnraeT
A
MHHMMM HH Z N ?' 14 noTenuKaAbHaa aneprim Bitex-
2
TpocTaTngecKnx CHA, miummym xoTopoft coomeTcTnyeT Z =0.
ECA14 C1114TaTb, npoTonbi pacripeiteAenbi no o6bemy KApa
pasHomepno, TO sAeKTpkicecKaK aneprkm 14X ssalimnoro OTTaAKH-
BaHHA mo21eT 6bITb nupa?Kelia cpopmyAott
u_ 3 (Ze)2
?
5 R
170AH8.51 aneprnK KApa, cocTostgero 143 A HyKAOHOB, MOHICT 6bITb
nbipamexa KaK cpynKunK gliceA NHZB skute
W= K K? U const,
rite 1Cp'..-.1C.11HeT141.1eCitaff aneprnsi Z 11pOTOHOB, K?? KliHeT1411e-
C10.51 snepr051 N== A? Z HeiTpoHoB, U ?8.newrpHtiecx&H aneprim
11pOTOHOB, T. C.
2
5
TV, 3 / 3 \3 1 h2 ( . -s 7-) 3 (Ze)2
R -+-const,
io ka7c / 2 rn Z3 -1-? N3 -i-
5
iz
14 7c ,1
k 3 i
HAM, ecAK OT6pOCHTb necyrgecTnemthiti nocTosumbitt tmen,
4
-
w = 13 ciT- ( 73C ) 3 MhR2 2 - zT:5 ? (A_ 45
1 35 ?eR2
12
kcKomoe )
3natienne Z onpeAeAseTcK 113 yeA0B1451 mminmyma W,
T. e. n3ypasnem4s
dW
dZ '
KoTopoe CBOAIITCH K
4
( 3 3 h3 A 2 2
7-1 6 e2
(1/1
32 kic)
(13)
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
CBOACTBA ATOMHbIX Ri?EP 115
aTo ypameHme noKaHemaeT, TITO npH mamAx enagenHAx Z
[KorAa npanaA AacTb ypanHeHHA (13) 6AH3Ka K HyA101, pa3HOCTb
A ?Z HpR6AH3HTeAbH0 paeHAeTcA Z, T. e. AncAo HeilTpoHon
HpH6AH3RTeAbH0 panHo AlicAy HpOTOHOB, TorAa KaK c noepacTa-
HHeM Z nepnoe pacTeT 61AcTpee BTOpOr0.
Pa3HOCTb N ?Z=-A ?2Z ?1136bITOEIHOe %ICAO HeliTp0H0B,
Ha3bIBaeTCSI HHOrAa H3OTOHH4eCKHM MHCAOM. 3aBHCHMOCTb ero
OT Z, BeiTeKalowaA H3 ypaeHeHHA (13) , npeAcTanAena rpaqm-
AecKH Ha plc. 20. 3kra 3aBHCHMOCTb yAonAeTnopHTeAbHo corAa-
cyeTcx c sitcnepHmeHTaAbHoft Kpmeon, ecAH B HeipameHHH AAA
paAmyca AApa
R3=r03A
II0A0MHTb ro= 2 ? 10?'3 CM, TITO AOCTaTOMHO 6AH3K0 K aKcnep-
meHTaAbHomy sHatiemo ro--=-1.5 ? 10-13 cm.
N I
Pile. 20.
1
38BHCHMOCTb aneprkm W 01' Z (npH AaHHOM 3HaMeHHH A)
neipa2KeHa 86A14314 mnimmyma Becbma cAa6o (pm. 21), HaCTOAbK0
CA860, TITO HoepacTaHne HAH y6enziatme Z Ha eAHHHuy B6AH3H
BTOr0 mHHHmyma C13513aHO C BospacTaHHem W Ha sHatieHHe,
Meith-
iuee eHeprHH TIOKOR eAeKTpoHa M0C2. aTO oeHatiaeT, ATo Kaac4ed4
yeT011MHBb1ii aTOM AaHHOR mazer,' AOANSCH HMeTb B cpeAHem HO
413a Hao6apa, T. e. Ana aToma C OAHH8KOBbIM MaCCOBbIM RHCAOM,
HO HeCK0AbK0 OTAHMHOR nponopulieti TIpOTOHOB H HeilTpoHoe.
AHaAorHimeiti pesyAbTaT noArbseTcH npH nepexoAe OT Hso6ap
K HBOTOIIaM, T. e. aAemeHTam c OAHHM H Tem ),Ke Z, HO p33AIITI-
HbIMH (6A113KHM14) 3HatIeHHRMH A H, cAeAonaTeAbHo, N.
B AefiCTBHTeAbHOCTH noAomeHHe oKastAnaeTcA 60Aee CAORC-
HbIM. A HMeHHO, y TaK Hasbinaemeix HelleTHeix LieP, T. e. HAep
C HeMeT H bI M TIHCAOM IIpOTOHOB Z HAM HeReTHIAm RHCAOM Hen-
Tp0HOB N, yeT0f4110BbIX Hso6ap, Boo6Lge ronopA, HeT. y TaKHX
aAemeHTon Ha 0I1b1Te Ha6mo4morcA TOAbK0 HeycTotitunele 6eTa-
paAHOaKTHBHeie Heo6apei. Hao6opoT, y 4na2KAIA MeTHUX HAerio
8*
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
116 PAABA TPET1314
COCTOSIIMX 113 AeTHOPO tnicAa IIPOTOHOB H geTHOTO AticAa. Hen-
Tp0H0B, BeTpegaeTcsi 6oAbinee %ICAO HBO6ap. LITO e KacaeTcs
Anvil Am Heqembix HAep, Hmelownx HetieTHoe AHCAO Z H N, TO
Taxme CTa6HAbHble nApa HeTpetuiloTcs TOAbk0 y nepabix HaH6o-
Aee AerKHX aAemewrosi6, 5 B'?, 7N'4).
STH OCO6eHHOCTH tIeTHbIX 11 HetleTHbIX 8.keMeHTOB TeCHO CBA-
BaHb1 C napHum pacnpeAeAeHHem IIpOTOHOB 11 HeilTpoHoa no
sHepreTHilecimm ypOBHAM. HCHO, TO npll HetieTHom LiHcAe npo-
TOHOB HAH HeilTpoHon sHeprxx C13513H ?nocAeAHero" npoToHa HAH
HenTpoHa AOAASHa 6bITb meHbule, nem B TOM cAyRae, KorAaBT
?llocAeAHAR" gamma ABASIeTC51 AeTHOR 11 pacnoAaraeTcn Ha TOM
Ke eHepreTHgecKom ypome, Han H npeAbutywax. Pa3H111121 B
aHeprmi CBABH AAA AeTHOPO H HetieTHoro HyxAoHa npH6AHsH-
TBAbH0 pasHa panne ICHHeTHIleCICHX aHeprkin AAA cocemmx
eHepreTHvemix yposHeft.
PasaHTan Hume cTaTHeTHgecxax Teopm He yAHTbIBaeT H He
momeT ygliTblBaTb 8(PCPenTOB, CBSIBAHHbIX C AeTHOCTb10 H HerIeT-
HOCTb10 AHCeli Z H N, HOCK0Abny OHA npaKTHgecKH TpaxTyeT
8TH AlicAa Han Henpepbumbie. Becbma HHTepecHo, oAHaKo, ATO
npH vivre ue31.011HCABHHOCTH 11X, a Taicze TOPO, LITO Ha KamAom
aHepreTHgecKom yposHe moryT HAXOAHTbCA Asa npoToHa HMI
Ana HeitTpoHa C 11pOTHB0110A011411b1MH C1114HaMH, oicasbnmeTcx
BOAMOACHbIM HwrepnpemposaTb 8TH TOHICHe AeTaAH B BeAHAHHe
aHeprun CHABH aTOMHIbIX AAep.
COPAACHO paccmoTpeHHott swine cxeme, CIIHHbI ABanlAbI
HAep 40A/KHbI pa131114TbC51 Hymo. aTO npaBHAo onpaaAbr-
"mews BO }max cAygasx, 6e3 Kak1IX 6bI TO HH 6b1/10 HCKAIOReHnii.
Y HetieTHbix HAep pesyAbnippoigHtiCHHH 40A1KeH 6bIA 6b1 pas-
1111TbC51 1/2, a y AaamAbi HeAeTHbIX?maKcHmym 1. B AeficTaH-
THAbHOCTH CIIHHb1 HeAeTHbIX 51,4ep MOryT 6bITb 314111111TeAbH0
6oAbine. Tan, HanpHmep, CIIHR sApa BHCMyTa oKasbisaeTcs pas-
HbIM 9/2.1
Te HApa, pesyAbTHpylowHit CIIHH KOTOpbIX paacH Hymo, He
HmeioT TaKale H pesyAbTfipytoigHx MaPHHTHbIX MOMeHTOB. LITO
)xe KacaeTcs OCTaAbHbIX nAep, TO OCH HX MarlIHTHbIX MOMeHTOB
1 Ceilcac yeraHoHAeHo, HTO BeAHHHI1b1 CHHHOB HBAH1OTCH CAeACTBHem
o6oAogemHoro crpoeHHH HApa, no4o6Horo crpoeHmo aroma. npH prom OT4eAb-
Hb1M HyKAOHHM M0211110 11p1111HCbIBELTb onpeAeAeHume 3HaveHHH Op611THAbH01?0
MomeHra HoARgecrHa ,ABHIECHHH. B ABHH1,11b1 MeTHbIX HApax 9TH MOMeHTbl (Kale
C111411b1 HyHAOHOB B CO6CTBeHH0M cmhicAe cAosa) B3aHMHO RomrieHcHpylorcH?
06oAogemHasi reopHH HApa 1103B0AFIeT 062111CHHTb H BeAH,1H141,1 Mal'HHTHUX
MOMeHTOB Haep. YelleX BTOrl reopHil yHaaanuter, 11TO MaCHMTIlblit MOMeHT
HyKAOHH B HApe He H3MeHSTeTC51, H He061(04HMOCTb B HOBbIX rHHOTe311X, BBOAH-
Mbix mime aaropom, CeitHEIC OTHHAH. (17pumen. pe4.).
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
CBOACTBA ATOMHbIX RAEP 117
Bcera oxa3bnialoTc3 1111paAAeAbHbIMH HAM aHTHnapaAAeAbHimmx
HanpaHAeRHio pe3yAbT0pyloig1Ix C1114HOB. Flp11 9TOM, LITO oco6eHHo
samemaTeAbHo, HFIKaKON saxoHomepHoli C911311 meacAy BeAHLIHHOR
MarHHTHbIX MOMeHTOB H BeAHLIHHOR pe3yAbTHpyloigHx CI1HHOB
He Ha6Alo4aeTc5l. Tax KaK CIII4HbI xAep xcerAa BbipamcaloTc3
ileAb1M11 HAM noAygeAbimH LIIICAaM14, TO MbI Bnpaxe CLIHTaTb HX
a44HT1IBIlbIMH B COOTHeTCTBFIH C FmemeHTapHon TeopHeil, H3A0-
1KeHHOA BbIllIe. OTcloAa cAeAyeT, LITO MarliliTHbIe MOMellTbI 34ep
He RBA11 10 TCH aAA 11 THBH b1M11, T. e. He moryT 6bITb TORHO
BbIpa?Kellb1 xax aAre6paHgecxxe cymmbi MarHHTHbIX MOMeHTOB
npoTonos II HeftTpoxos. B AefICTBHTeAbHOCTH OHM oxasbmatoTc3
06bILIHO 3HaL114TeAbH0 meHbuie Tex 3Ha4eHHH, KoTopme moryT
HMeTb 9TH cymmbi.
3TOT /4/aKT He cAeAyeT CLIIITaTb yAHBI1TeAbHb1M, ecAH BCII0M-
1111Tb, LITO MarliHTHbIe MOMeHTbI OTAeAbHbIX npoToHos HAM OTAeAb-
HbIX HeHTpoHos liMelOT 3HaReH1151, OTAI441ible OT Tex, xoTopme
BbITeKaIOT 113 TeopHH 4Hpaxa, H LITO 9TH OTAHLIHR 06bRCHRIOTCR
14X BI4pTy3AbHb1M pacigenAeHHem Ha pa3HOHMeHHbIe RaCTHUbI H
9AeKTp0Hbl HAM 1103HTp0Hb1 (CM. ? 4 HacTosogeri rAaBbI). B cAy-
tiae CAORSHbIX HAep HapmAy c 110406HbIMH ?BkipTyaAbHbIMH" pac-
igenAeHH3mn BO3MONSHbI 60Aee CAOASHble npoueccbt B3aHMH0r0
npespaigeHH3 11pOTOHOB B HeriTp0HbI H o6paTHo nyTem o6meHa
3AexTp0HamH HAM 110313Tp0HaM11 (COBMeCTHO C HeitTplmo). FlpH
TaKHX yCAOBIDIX OTKAOHe1111R pe3yAbTHpyl0wero MarlIHTHOr0 MO-
meHTa BAep OT aAMITHBHOCTH HTIOAHe ecTecT3emibi. Pe3yAbT14-
py1oigHe MarlilITHbIe MOMeHTbI 14X AOANtlibI 6bITb npll 19TOM Tem
meHbuie, gem cHAbHee CBR3b meNcAy HUM.
CAeAyeT OTMeTHTb, TITO paccmaTpithaema3 TeopH3 HmeeT cy-
ry6o 11pH6AHASCHHbIii xapaxTep, B OCO6eHHOCTH AAR Aermix 3Aep.
B RaCTHOCT11, oHa cosepineHHo HenpHmeHHma K HaH6oAee AerKHM
H3 CAORSHIAX 34ep, 14MeHH0 K 4ellT0HaM, T. e. 3Apam TSI3IeA0r0
BoAopoAa, xoTopbie COCTORT 113 04H0r0 11p0T0Ha H 04H0r0 Heff-
TpoHa. lip11111411a TOr0, LITO noAo6Hoe 3Apo o6Aa4aeT 3118.914TeAbH0
menbula sHeprueg, ReM 6H11pOTOH HAM 6HHetiTp0H, He HmeeT, ?tie-
HHAHO, HI4Ller0 o61Jero C IlpHHUHIIOM flayAH H c333aHa c 60Aee
TOHKHMH 9qMPeKTaMH, xoTopbie He yLIHTbIBaAHCb HaMH Bbnue.
3aMeTHM, RTO sHeprm CBR3H me>xAy npoTonom H HefiTpoHom B
AellToHe parma 2 MeV, T. e. npHmepHo B tieTbipe pa3a meHbLue,
gem oHeprpoi CBR3H OAH0r0 143 HyKAOHOB B HApe reAHH.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
rAABA IV
HAEKTPOICAHHAAHPHOE MAEHHE H AAWDA-PACHAA
THHIEAbIX HAEP
? 1. IleyCTOM1HBOCtb TAIKeAblX smep 110 OTHODIeHHIO
aitexTpoxamuLaapsomy Aelte11010 H anbcpa-pacnraAy
CHcTema eAemeHToH, BcTpegaiolguxcH Ha 3emAe B ecTecmeH-
liblX ycAoHHHx, 3altalITIHBaeTC31 ypaHom,1 HaH6oAee THH1eAbItt
aAbcpa-paAnoaKTHEmbin 1430T011 xoToporo co4ep2KHT 92 npoToHa
H 146 HenTpOHOB. OTCyTCTBHe AOAPONSHByIgHX aAemeHToH, 6oAee
TH251eAbIX, HAH, Totmee, c 60Aee BbICOKHM aTOMHbIM Homepom,
gem ypaH,AoAmmo, 011eHHAHO, 06yCAOBAHBaTbC51HeyCTOHTIHBOCTb10
HX HAep. Heo6xo4xmo, BI1p011eM, 3aMeTHTb, TITO cam ypaH, TaK
BceKax H npemnecTspoigHe emy 19AeMeHTbI, HaT114HaS1 C BHC-
myTa (Z=83), HeyCTONTIHBbI H o6HapymkniquoT ecTeeTHemipo
paAHOaKTHBHOCTb, B HexoTopmx cAygaRx cAa6y1o, a B Apyrnx H
Hecbma cHAbHpo. flpHtnnia HeyCTORTIHBOCTH DAemeHTos C STOW
HbIM Hecom, 66Abumm, gem y ypana, mu( HeTpy4Ho y6e4HTbcH,
3aKAIOTIaeTC51 B cHAax aAeKTpHgecKoro OTTaAKHBaHHH me2H4y
11p0T0HaM11, BX045111HM14 B COCTaB Hitep.
B cAriae He CAHILIKOM T5131eAbIX HAep, co4epmatoix He ogeHb
6oAbume tIHCAO 11130TOHOB, 9TH CHAbI HellOCTaTOTIHN AAA npeoAo-
AeHHA mitepHbix cHA, xoTopme CB513bIBalOT 11p0T0HbI Apyr C Apy-
rOM H C HeitTpoHamH. OAHaxo c yHeAllgeHHem eAeKTpHgecKoro
3apaAa HAep COOTHOILleHHe memity HAepHb1M14 CHAaM15 ripHT.FnKeHHH
H aAeKTpHgecKHmH CHAaMil OTTaAKHBaHH5I nocTeneHHo H3MellEeT-
? B II0Ab3y 110CAe41-114X. aTO HameHeme 06b5ICHAeTC51 Tem, TITO
C135131' Ka>KAoro HyKAOHa B CAWKHOM Lye, nocKoAbxy otia o6ye-
AOBAHBaeTCH HitepHumu CHAaM14, maAo 3aBHCHT OT pasmepos
HApa, T. e. OT gHcAa HyKAOHOB, ero o6pa3y1owxx, B TO Hpemsf Kai(
1 PICKyCCTBeHHEAM nyTem noAyumnm B nocAeiume roiAbi TBK/Ke Tpane-
ypanosme sitemenTbi: 03Np, 94Pu, 95Am, 96Cm, 97Bk, 98Cf.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
3AEKTPOKAIIHAASIPHOE AEAEHHE H AAbcIA-PACHA4 THHSEAblX HAEP 119
aAexTputiecaaa cHAa, cTpemawasica BbITOAKHyTb OTAeAbHbIe npo-
TOHN 113 Biwa, BoapacTaeT c yBeAHgeHmem tmcAa 11pOTOHOB 11pH-
6A14314TeAbH0 11130110pUHOHaAbH0 aTomy tiHCAy.
?Tem./0., Ha nepBbill 1331.A514, cAeAyeT, tITO CBH3b 11pOTOHOB
B HApe 40AHilia 6bITb meHbine, gem C13113b HeilTpoHoB. B AeticTBH-
TeAbHOCTil, 04HaKO, aHeprHH CBASH Tex H Apyrxx 041,111aKOBbI 6Aa-
ro4apsi Tomy, TITO HeilTpoHN Hme1oT B cpeAHem 615Abn.lyto KHHeT14-
qecitylo aHeprino, gem 11p0T0HbI, B C1393H CO CBOHM HHCAeliHbIM
npeo6AaAaHmem (no CTaTHCTHKe CDepm14). aTO npeo6AaAaHHe
onpeAeABeTca HMeHHO Tem ycAormem, RTO6b1 yBemitieHHe KliHeTH-
tleCK014 aHeprHH HeitTpollos xomneHcHpoaaAo 40110AH14TeAbHy10
sAexTpHgeexyto Bilepr1110 IIpOTOHOB (cp. pHc. 14).
npH AocTaTotnio 60ABLuom tuicAe IIpOTOHOB H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO,
ewe 6oAbinem tuicAe HeitTpoHoB npHcoeAHHeHHe HOBbIX qaCTH
KaK TOPO, TaK 11 Apyroro copTa a BApy 4OAH1110, B KOH Ue KOH-
OB, CTaTb HeBbIrOAHbIM, T. e. conposomAaTbcsi He ymeHbuieffliem,
a, Hao6opoT, yBemitielmem o6well aHeprm4 HApa. ApyrHmH CAO-
BaMH, 4OCTaT0t1110 60AbLIIHe aaneAbam BAepHoli ACH4KOCTI4 40/1.111H131
6bIAH 6bI CHOHTaHHO ?11C11apfiTbCH" 11 IIpHTOM He c norAowe-
HHeM, a C BbiAeAeHnem aHeprkm (13 BHAe KliHeT1ItleCKOR BlieprHH
BbiAeTaiowHx HyKAOHOB), noxa pa3mepbi 14X He AOCTHPAH 6b1
HeaoTopoti apHTHtiecxoti BeA111111HbI, npn xoTopoff arleprHA Hcna-
peHHB o6paTHAacb 6b1 B HyAb.
HelITO BpoAe 110406H0r0 ?HcnapeHHH" c abuteAeHliem exeprim
Ha6Am4aeTcsi y ypaHa H y HeCK0AbKHX npeAinecTspowxx emy
aAemeHToa; oxiaao npH BTOM ?HenapsnoTex" He OTAeAbHble Hy-
KAOHbI, HO BApa reAH.H. aTH HApa, BbiAeTatowHe c alleprmen
nopRAxa HeCK0AbKHX MHAAHOHOB 9ACKTp0HBOAbT, o6paayioT Taa
Ha3bIBaeMble aAbipa-Ar111, H3BeCTHb1e CO apemeH OTKpb1T11/1 pa4no-
aKTI4BEIOCTH. 4T0 me xacaeTcH OTAeAbHbIX IIpOTOHOB HAM HeriTp0-
HOB, TO aneprim HX CB51311 B HApe ypaHa, TaK lux. H B HApax
npeABIAywHa eAemeHToB, coxpameT noAaamTeAbHoe aHatieHHe.
aTO HBcTByeT, memAy 11p0HHM, 113 TOPO, HTO ace 9AeMeHTN, AO
KlOpHH BKAI0MHTeAbH0, CHOCO6Hbl BaxBaTbmaTb H npotmo yAepacH-
BaTb HeirrpoHN. OAHaao aneprna, Bb14eAf11010.11CH npH aaaBaTe
HeilTp0HOB HaH6oAee TH1heAbIMH HApamH (B BHAe ramma-Aye,
T. e. (pOTOHOB, HAM 6eTa-Aygef1, T. e. 6bICTpbIX aAexTpoHoB),
OKa3b1HaeTC51 ace me npogeHToB Ha 30 meHbine, HeM B cApiae
OTHOCHTeAbH0 Aeranx BAep. YmeHbaleime 9HeprHH KOH,AeHCaUHH
HyKAOHOB C yBeAngeHHem paamepoB KaIleAbKH HAepHOti MH4KOCTI1
EBAHeTCH HenocpeAcTBeHHtAm cAeAcTBaem aAexTplitiecaoro Bapsma
loco/04w11X B ee COCTaB HpOTOHOB (CM. H11Hie).
Mb! noxamem Tenepb, HTO ewe BaAoAro Ao 4OCTH?KeHH51
neAbaoff st4epHoft HMAKOCT11 Tex paamepos, ripH KOTOpbIX oHa
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
120
TAABA LIETBEPTAR
Hecnoco6Ha K AaAbHeilmemy pOCT y (sHHAy o6pargeHHA B '11yAb
31.1epcHH KOHAeHCaUHH HyKAOHOB Ha ee nosepxHocTH), sAeKTpH-
IleCKHe CHAbI npHo6peTatoT BeAH41111y, 4OCTaT0t1Hy10 AAA Toro,
gTo6bi pasopeaTb ee Ha ABC KaIIAH 11pH6AH311TeAbH0 OAHHaKO-
BbIX pasmepos.
4T06bI Arline VICHHTb ce6e BTO 06CTORTeAbCTBO, paccmoTptim
cHamaAa noseAemie H e ft T p a AB H bI X KaneAmc KaKoil-HH6yAb
?KHAKocTH (HanpHmep pTyTH). npH C6A14>KeHHH Asyx noAo6Hux
KaneAeK ORB, KK 143BeCTHO, cTpemsiTcs CAHTbCSI Apyr c Apyrom.
TaKHM o6pasom, B &TOM cAygae Ha6AmAaeTcm TeHAeHgHs, npo-
T14130110A0>KHag yKasammil swine, T. e. TeH4eHUH51 KaIIeAb K CALLAHHIO, a He K ,zteAemuo. npLIIIHHON 9TOtt TeHACHUHH 51BABIOTCH
KaIIHAARpHIDIe CHAbI, cagsamthie c HamigHem cso6oAHoli no-
sepxHocTH H cyigecTsosmmem nponopgHoHaAbHooTH memAy Hem
H 40110AHliTeAbHOR nosepxHocrHoll eHepruell. CTpemAeHHe He-
60AbLIIIIX mace 211114KOCTH npH OTCyTCTBHH sHeinHHx CHA IlpHHATb
CpOpMy mapoo6pa3Hbix Kane/Lb 06'bACH51eTCSI Tem, 'ITO map ABASIeTCH
cimrypoil, KoTopag npH BLIAaHHOM o&beme HmeeT HaHMeHbIllyM)
II0BepXHOCTIo. npH CAHHHHIL Asyx KaneAb B 041131 BeAFILIHHa
110BepXHOCTH, a cAeAosaTeAbHo H nosepxHocTHoti sHeprkm, y6m-
saeT, tIeM H 061,ACHBeTCH cTpemAeHHe MaAeHbKHX Kane/Lb CAHTBC51
B 60/Lee KpynHbie.
npHpoAy nosepxHocTHoll sHeprHH HeTpyAHo 110HRTb,
? gTo memAygacTHgHbie CHAbl AelicTsymT AHLLIb Ha 0,1eHb
MaAeHbKHX paccTommgx?npaKTHvecKH TOAbK0 memAy COCeAHHMH
tIaCTIlUaMH. OrmoAa cAeAyeT, tITO aHepras CB51314 KaK0ll-AH60
tIaCTHUbI, sxo.ongett B COCTaB K&UAII KHAKOCTII, CO scemH OCTaAb-
HbIMH tlacnigamti CBOALITCA K cymme sHeprim ee CB.R3H C ee
6AH>KatiLLIHMH COCeARMH. nO9TOMy y gacTHg, HaxoAmouccs Ha no-
sepxHocTH KaIIAH H o6AaAmoigHx COOTBeTCTBeHHO EiTOMy MeHbILIHM
tIHC/LOM coceAeil, gem sHyTpeHHHe tlacTngbi, sHeprilg CRASH A0A/KHa.
6bITb meHbme (ripHmepHo sAsoe), gem y sHyTpeamot gacTHu.
TaK KK 9FlepTHFI CBSISH cooTseTcTsyer yMeHbLIICHHIO noTeH-
UHaAbHOH aHeprkm paccmaTpHsaemon tIaCTLIUbl, 110 OTHOLLIell El 10
K OCTaAbliblM npH C6A11)Rell 11 13 C HHMH, TO, cin4Ta5I aTy 110TeHUH-
aAbHy10 sHeprmo pasHon Hymo Ha 6eCKOHetIHOM paCCTORHHH,,
paCCTOREIHRX MB! 40A1fiHb1 CtIHTaTb ee oTpHgaTeAb-
Hon BeAllt1HHOR. flpR &TOM nosepxHocTHbie tlaCTI4UbI ssHAy He-
AOOTaTKa COCeAELHX gacTHu, 06Aa4amT 1136bIT0,1H0/1 110TeHUHaAbHOR
aHeprHeil no cpasHeHmo c sHyTpemiHmH. TaKHM o6pasom, othgag
seAHgnaa noTeligHaAbHoil sHeprm4 KaIlAH mosseT 6bITb npeAcTas-
AeHa B sHAe cymmbi OTpHUaTeAbH0f4 BeAll III11161, nponopuo-
HaAbH014 o61gemy gilcAy gacTng, ee o6pa3ymigHx, HesatmcHmo OT
HX 110A01KeHH51 HHyTpH HMI Ha II0BepXHOCTH KaIIAH, H II 0 A 0-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BAEKTPOKAHHAAHPHOE AEAEHHE H AAbcPA-PACHAA TAASEANX HAEP 121
HIHTeAbH0A nonpaBK H, nponopuHoHaAhHoll tmcAy nosepx-
HOCTbIX IlaCTHU. BTa nonpaHKa H npeAcTaBAHeT co6o1 nosepx-
HOCTHy10 9Hepl'HIO ?KHAKOCTH. BeAligHH9 ee, oTHeceHHasi K eAHHHue
noHepxHocTH, Ha3b1BaeTCH KaHHAAApHOH HOCTOAHHOil HiHAKOCTH
HAH ee HOBepXHOCTHbIM HaTAASeHHeM, TaK KI( oHa ABABeTCH
mepoll CHAbl, KoropaR cTpemHTcH yMeHbIHHTb nosepxHocTb
ASHAKOCTH.
npeAblAyigHe coo6pameHHH OTHOCHTCH K KaneAbKam He CAHILI-
KOM maAmx paamepoa. B cAytme COBOKyllHOCTH Asyx, Tpex H
Hoo6L1e otienb MaA0r0 glicAa macTHu, CBA39HHbIX Apyr c Apyrom,
noHATHe noHepxHocTH yTpatn4saeT CMbICA. npH BTOM, oAHaKo,
BaBHCHMOCTb aueprHH CBABH OT t1HCA9 IlaCTHU (T. e. OT pasmepa
KalleAbKH, HMH o6pa3yemoff) HbicTynaeT eige 60Aee OTT4eTAHBO.
TaK, HanpHmep, eCAH 0603HtigHTb tlepe3 W1 sHeprino, KoTopyla
? 39TpaTHTb AAA TOPO, 11T06bI OTOpBaTb ABC MaCTHgbI Apyr
OT Apyra, T. e. aHeprino CBS1314 OAHOti H3 HHX no OTHOLUeHHIO
K coceAHefl, TO B cAplae Tpex nacTmg, conpincacalowxcH Apyr
c Apyrom, sHeprnfi CBA314 A1060H Ha HHX no OTHOLUeHHIO K OCT9Ab-
Hb1M Asym paHHa, otieHHAHo, 2W1; H cAyiute tzeTbipex macTHU>
HAXOARIgHXCH B TaKom iKe HenocpeAcTHeHHom KOHTaKTe (TeTpaaApH-
qecKoe pacnoAameHHe), HHeprHsi 19T9 partHa 3 WI. C AflAbHeRHIHM
yHeAHmeHnem 11HCAB A MaCTHU yneAllgeHHe 3Hepl'Hil CHASM KaHlAon
BHOBb npHcoeAHHHemoil A 1-ff tlaCTHUbI nocTeneHHo Bame,zi-
A.HeTCH, TK HEM OHH He moryT Hce oAllospemeHHo HaXOAHTbCA
B KOHTHKTe A pyr c Apyrom. B cAygae 6oAbluoli KanAH ?KHAKocTH
(1HCAO 6AwKailunix coceAefi y KamAoli qacTHubi, He Haxoksagell-
CH Ha noHepxHocTH, npu HaH6oAee KOMIMKTHOM paCH0A0AleHHH
9THX TiaCTHU (paccmaTpHHaembix KaK mapHKH oAHHaKoHoro pa-
AHyca) paBHO 12. aTO 03119119eT, LIT? eHeprHA CB13H, HpkixoAH-
VLACH Ha oAHy RacTHuy, AocTuraeT npeAeAbHoro sHatieHHH 6W1,
a o6igasi Hemr4HHa HOTe1UHflAbH0f4 Emeprini KanAH, cocTomgeft
113 Ai tlaCTHU, CBOAHTCA K cymme oTpHuaTeAbHoll o6bemHoil auep-
Mill ?6NW1 H OTHOCHTeAbH0 He60Abalott 110A02KHTeAbH0f4 HO'
sepxHocnion HHepl'HH CS, rAe a ? HOBepXHOCTHOe HaTHHieHlie
AMAKOCTH, a S ? ee nosepxHocTb.
38-BHCHMOCTb aHeprHH CBH3H A 1-11 tiacTHgbi, npHcoeAHHHe-
? K ASHAKOn KanAe, OT ee pa3MepOB (T. e. OT A - HCX04HOPO
1..1HCAB TOCTHU, ee o6pasylormHx) npeAcTaHAeHa rpacpwlecKH Ha
pHc. 22. CHAOLLIHHA KpliBag pc. 23 HpeACTHBAfleT C060f4 39BHCH-
MOCTb OT TeX Ace pa3mepos noTeHuHaAbHoll EnieprHH Bea KanAH.1
KpmEibie plc. 22 H 23 OTHOCHTCH pyr x Apyry, HEM ititcpcpepetwaAb-
HaR xpEiBaR K nwrerpaAbliort (lipH H3MeHeHHH 3HHICH y OpAHHHT xpRaorr
pm. 22).
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
122 FAABA LIETBEPTAR
aTa 110TeHWILlAbH8.51 sHeprHH xanAH SIBMIeTCH oTpntaTeAbHoil; npH
otieHb 6oAbinom ttheAe tiacTliu Hso6pamalowas ee xpliaaH apH-
6AHMaeTCH 1< npsmoti AHHHH. napaAAeAbHaH eft npsmaH, nporie-
AeHHaa tiepes HamaAo KOOpAHHaT, Hso6pamaeT 3aBHCHM0CTb HO-
TeHUIlaAbHOH sHeprm4 KaHAH OT ee pa3mepoH npH HeytieTe HO-
BepXHOCTHbIX 8C/KpekTOB. YmeHbuieHHe sHeprHH HpH CAHRHHH AByx
KWICAb 2KH4KOCTH HenoepeAcTaeHHo HHeTsyeT 143 TOPO, t1TO
opAHHaTa A106011 T011ICH xpHBoul pile. 23 no a6comoTHoli Benxi:lime
meHbule, mem yAsoeHHas opAHHaTa TOTIKI4 C 110A0BHHHOti a6CUHC-
COU.
FlOCKOAbKy 31AepHbIe CHAbI B HsHecTHori cTeneHH aHaAortmibi
cHAam moAexyAsipHoro CUe11ACI-114R, KaHeAbK14 HAepHott RiHAKOCTH
2 3 4 5 54
PHC. 22. 3aBHCHM0CTI)
aneprma, nbukemnoweiicH
ripH npme0e4Hnenint X Karl-
Ae o6bnctionennoil 2KHAKO-
CTH, cocTonweit H3 A
'acv, A -1-- 1-it qacTugbi,
OT HCX041101?0 4HCAH A qa-
ciliu.
A
PHC. 23. 110TCHUHaAbHOH
3HeprHa ROHM! 06bIKHO-
BeHHOil 111H4K0CTH B 3HHH-
CHMOCTH OT qHCA3 A na-
eTHU, ee o6pa3po1giax.
AOARSHbl 06A8AaTb Ka1114AARpHbIMH CBONCTBaMH, Tax me 'tax H
ItalleAbICH 06131KHOBCHHOR 2KH4KOCTH (nem, KCTaTI4, n 06yCAOBAH-
"thews' mapoo6pa3HaH qmpma aTOMHbIX HAep). npH aTOM, KoHetmo,
nosepxHocnme HaTsmeHHe HAepHoil 214H4KOCTII 440A1KHO 6bITb
BO mHoro pas 6oAbme, tiem y 06bIk1-10BeHHbIX mHAxocTeil. BeAH-
%Ma ero momeT 6bITb nem() oueHeHa Ha OCHOBaH1414 cAeApoLglix
coo6pameHHIL
nponsHeAeHHe nosepxHocTHoro HaTRNielIHR xaxoit-A116o ?mid-
xoeTH Ha nAmga4b, saHHmaempo o4Hoil tiacTHgeti ee nosepxHocT-
HOPO CA051, paBHO HeAutHme nosepxHocTnoil sHeprHH, npxxoAH-
'genes Ha oAHy 110406Hy10 tiacTiluy, T. e. sHeprHH ee cs3914
OCTaAbHbIM14, HAH, ,ITO TO me camoe, sHeprHH ee HenapeHHH.
B cAytute HAepHoli NiHAKOCTH sTa sHeprkm npHmepHo H 106 pa3
ZoAbuie, tiem y 06bIKHOBeHHbIX MHAICHX TeA, a paceTomme memAy
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
3AEKTPOKAII4AARPH0E AEAEHHE H AAbc1)A-PACHA4 TRACEAblX S14EP 123
COCCAIIHMH gacTngamH npHmepHo B 105 pas MeHbLile paCCTORIIHR
memAy coceAHHmH aTOMaMH HAH moAexyAamH, TaK TITO nAolgaAb,
upHxolougancH Ha oxiy tiacTligy, meHbuie B 1010 pas. OTctoAa
?cAeAyeT, TITO nosepxHocTHoe HaTHmeHHe y HAep 40A/14110 6bITb
B 101' pas 6oAblue, gem y IKHAKOCTeit, T. e. COCTaBARTb
OKOAO 1019 AHH Ha 1 CM. K Tomy 8K peayAbTaTy 1'11:MS0414T
HenocpeAcTseHHoe onpeAeAeHHe CVO a6comoTHoro sHageHHH.
B CaMOM AeAe, sHeprHH CBR3H HAepHott gacTHgbx cooTgeTcTsyeT
-8(100 OT maccbi soitopoAHoro aToma nz, T. e. OKOAO 8 ? 10-3 mc2,
rite c=3 ? 10
-2)?CKOpOCTb cHeTa (3 cm/cm). ABA51 BTO Bb1pa-
metille Ha xsaApaT paCCTORHIDI mewAy COCBAHHMH HyKAOHaM11
2r0=--3 ? 10-13 cm
14 BC110MHHaR, TITO
m=
6 ?1 1 023 = 16 7 ? 10-21 r,
noAygaem IIpH6AH314TBAbH0
8 ?
10-8
? 9
? 1020
8P-
?1r
6 ?
1023 ?
9 ?
? -1'
10-26 cm2
Uwq3Pa Aae'r HexoTopoe npeAcTasAeHme o Toft cHAe,
KOTOpOff MBAKIle HApa CTI3CM14AHCb 6bI CAHTbCf1 B 6oAee xpyn-
Hble, eCAH 6b1 OHM ne 6bIAH OAHOHMBHHO sapHmeHm. HaAH4He
y HHX sAexTpHgecxxx sapHAos, H npHTom 11pH6AH311TBAbH0 npo-
110pUHOHaAbHbIX 14X o6bemam, cytgecTHeHno H3MBIISIBT BC10 cHTya-
ukno, oco6eHHo y 60AbLIIIIX HAep. Y OTH0CHTBAbH0 maAblx (Ho He
MaAblX) HAep BAHAHHe CHA sitexTpHgecHoro 0TTaAKHBa-
111151 Tem, LIT? OHM npenATcTsyloT C6A11/14eHHEO
BTHX HAep Ha TaKtie paCCTORHHR, npH KOTOpbIX HAepHbie cHAbi
scTynaloT B AeticTsHe. npH npeoAoAeHHH sAexTpHgecxoro OTTaA"
KHBa111451 3a cger, HanpHmep, KHIleTHtIBCKOR sHeprHH HAep npH
ABH1KBH1414 FIX HascTpegy Apyr Apyry Taxme smpa, C6A14314B-
11114Cb Ha paccTornme nopHAxa 10-12 cm, moryT see me CAHTbCSI
Apyr C Apyrom. MbI CeitqaC noxamem, TITO upH C6AIIIKe1114H AO-
cTaTolmo TRBIBAbIX HAep, o6Aa4alowx 60AbLIIHMH sAexTpugecxxmH
sapHAama, 1104o6Hoe CA1451/111e He MOBleT 14MeTb mecTa, Tax Kai{
0143 40A/RHO 6bIA0 6bI conposomAaTbcH He ymeHbineHHem, a yge-
AIPICHtleM 011eprI4H. FIpH TaKHX ye/10E1145IX TeHABHUHR K CAHRHHIO
MeAKHX H cAa6o SapRIfiBilHbIX RABID B xpyruume 40A>14Ha same-
1114TbC51 11130THBOHOAOMHOK TeHAeHgaefi? X pasAeAeHmo THmeAoro
14 CHAbH0 sapHmeHHoro HApa Ha 60Aee Aerime.
4To6bi HatiTH xpwrHgeclefie pasmeptd HAep, npH KOTOpbIX OHM
eTaHOBRTCH CHOCO6Hb1MH K CHOHTaHHOMy AeAeHmo Ha ion 40
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
124 FAABA LIETBEPTAA
RepHiu AApa, 4OCTaT0qH0 HcnpaRHTI, Kplame pc. 22 H 23,
ITHHAB BO BHHMaHHe ymeHbuTeHHe sHeprHH CBABH, o6ycAoRAeH-
Hoe BAHAHHeM sAeKTpHRecKoro sapRAa (T. e. CHAaMH sAeKTpHRe-
CKOr0 OTTaAAHBaHHA, BaBlICALAHMH OT STOPO sapAAO, H npoAoA-
2KHTb HX B cTopoHy 60AbLIIHX 3HageHla A. NITA noArmem npH
9TOM Kplume, 14306pakKeHHixe Ha pHc. 24 H 25. IlepRaR 143 HHX
(pHc. 24) npoxoAHT gepes maKcHmym, HeCA0AbA0 meHbumit npe-
4eAbH0r0 BilageHHA Ha Kplutoti pHc. 23, MPH HeKoTopom sHaRe-
HHH BTopaA Kpimasi npH 9TOM 3HageHHH./1 HameHAer
sHaK crioeft ApHBH3H131, T. e. HmeeT ToRKy neperH6a, 11TO COOT-
BeTcwiyeT nepexoAy OT ycKopeHHoro i sameAAeHHomy ymeHb-
IneHHIO aAre6paHRecKofi BeAHLIHHIDI HOAHOfl sHeprmi c AaAbHefl-
Iiw
4*
?
A???
40
A
PHc. 24. To me, MTO Ha pHe. 22,
HO AAR HAepHOH ZHAHOCTH C yneTem
HAHHHHH, oxaabmaemoro aAexTpHne-
eKHM aapHAom npoToHoH.
PHc. 25. To ze, .ITO Ha pile. 23,
HO AAA HAepHoil milmcoeTH.
ILIHM BO3paCTaHHeM A. rlpH HeCA0AbA0 60AbUleM 3HageHHH,
A= A*, y4oRAeTRop5t01gem yeA0B1110
U(A*)=2U(---A*)
AOCTHraeTCA npeAeA MONHBOCTH RAep no OT1jOLIIeH1110 K ?pAeK-
TpoKanHAAApHomy AeAeHmoa;AApa c paRmepamm,nperibunamigHmH
KpHTHRecKoe 3HaReHHe, moryT CHOHTaHHO AeAHTbCA, TK KK
npoHcRoARigee npH EITOM yReAHReHHe noRepxHocTHoti sHeprHH
C 1336bITKOM KomneHempyeTeR ymeHbuleHHem noTeHgliam,Hofi sHep-
rHH 9ACKTp14geCKHX CHA.
AO Tex flop, noxa 9T0T 1136NT0K OCTaeTCR MaAbIM, TeHAeH-
UHA HCX04H0PO AApa K AeAeHHio nposaimieTcA secbma cAa6o,
eCAH mepon 9T01 TeHAeHUHH CLIHTaTb AHHeTHgeCKy10 91-IeprI410,
C KoTopolf paRAeTaBaTcA AoRepHHe AApa (npH 211===y4* STa AHHe-
THtIeCIMA sHeprHA paima Hymo). BTO 06CTOATeAbCTO CBSIBEIHO
C Tem, TITO AeAeHHe HCX0AHOPO AApa ocyLgecTRAReTcA nocTeneH-
HIAM CPO BIATAPHBaHHeM, KK noicasamo Ha pHc. 26, npHRem
sAeKTpHRecKomy OTTaAKHBaHHIO AAHTeAbH0 HpOTHBOAefiCTBylOT
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
3AEKTPOKAIIHAAHPHOE AEAEHHE H AAbcDA-pACHA4 THMEAUX HAEP 125
liAepHbie CHAbi lipHT31?KeHlui, AellcmytorgHe gapes neperamny,
noTopaa caaabmaeT o6e HOA0BHHbI Aemageroca aApa. npH BTom
aHeprila ero nal( itlymcglln yAAHHeHlisi npoxoAHT, Hoofte r0Hopsi,
clepe3 HenoTopult mancHmym, Han 1IOICa3a110 Ha pHc. 27 AAR paAa
paBAMHbIX aHageHHtl A, paBHbIX HAM 66AbIIIHX A*. C yaemme-
HHeM A BbiCOTa 19TOro maKCHMyma nocTeneHHo y6biaaeT, npH-
gem OH cioHraeTca HaAeao, T. e. B cTopony MeHbILIHX yAAHHe-
H HmecTe c Tem BoapacTaer KHHeTHaecnaa aHeprnsI, c KoTO-
poil npoAywrbz AeAeHila HApa.
FlpH onpeAeAeHHom aHaaeHHH A, noTopoe MM 0603HatIHm
gapes J4**, noTeHgHaAbHun 6apbep, aaTpyitHamignit AeAeHme
HApa, cosepnienHo HcaeaaeT, Tan TITO aApa E.THX H 66AbalHX
paamepoa CTaHoBlITCH a6COMOTHO HeyCTOKIIIIBbIMH HO OTHOLueln410
0 0op
CD E)1
PHC.26.I1OCAeA0BaTCAIIHNe CTaAHH AeAeHHH REIFIAH MHA-
ROCTH Ha Arse HpH6AH3HTeAbH0 OAHHEMOBble MUZAK.
AeAeHnio, Tora Kan B HHTepaane memAy A* H A** OHM
MeTaCTa6HAbHbI.
3ameTHm, rITO II0406Hasi MeTaCTa6HAbHOCTb, caaaaHHaa c He-
.06xo4HmocTbio npeAsapHTeAbHoll aaTpaTia HenoTopolt aHeprHH
AAH ocytgecTBAeHHa paAa npomemyTornibix COCT051111114, HO mHHO-
BaHHH KOTOpbIX aHeprHa BoaapaigaeTca o6paTHo c 66Abunlm HAM
MeHbIIIHM 1136bITKOm, acTpeaaeTca B cAyaae 60AbILIOPO tiHCAa paa-
AHanbiX XHmkitieCKHx H 431131pleCKHX asAeHH11. Tan, Hanpumep, Ben-
xag xHMillieCKaff peangHa HatillHaeTCA C qaCTIPIHOr0 paaAeAeHma
Hcx04Hbix moAenyA Ha aTOMbi, 3aKaHtimBasieb coeAHHeHHem no-
CAeAHHX B HOBble moAenyAbl. TaKHM o6paaom, HeaamicHmo OT
aHepreTHaecnotl BbirOAHOCTH OKOHtlaTeAbH0r0 pesyAbTaTa, T. e.
110AOHMTeAbHOCTH HAM OTpkiHaTeAbH0CTH aHepreTHaecnoro 6a-
AaHca peangHH, nocAeAHaa acerAa Tpe6yeT npeAaapHTeAbHoll
saTpaTbi eHeprHH, Haablimemolt aHeprHeli akTHBaUH14 COOTBeTCT-
Bylowero npogecca. aHeprHa awrimagHH o6paTHoro npogecca
cnAaAbmaeTca 113 aHeprHH anTHBagHH npamoro npogecca H &Hap-
rHH, abmeAaemoll HAM norAmgaemoti ripH paccmaTpinmemoll pean-
gHH. aTil COOTHOilleHHH HAAIOCTpHpylOTCH IlpHMelarreAbH0 n npo-
geccy 4eAe11H51 aAep B 06AaCTH memAy A* H A** cxemaTHaecnoll
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
126 rAABA LiETBEPTASi
AHarpammoil Ha pm. 28. Ha pc. 24 H 25 oTmeHemg 6yKHoil
Te npeAeAbmge paamepig H4eP, npH KoTopmx OHM AOANCHbI 6bIAH:6bi
yTpaHHHaTb yeTONTIHBOCTb no 0TH0ILIeliI410 K HCHapeHHIO OTACAb-
HbIX HyKAOHOB. CNIKTHtleCKH noAo6able HApa cpgecTsosaTb He
MOT, Tan Kan, eige He AocTHrHys BTHX pasmepoa, OHM 40A2KHM
6b1A0 6bI ABAHTbCR Ha 6oAee memme.
3eepzuR
PBC. 27. 3aBHCHMOCTb 1I0TeBUHHAbH011
BBeprim AeASIBlefICSI RaTIAP1 OT ee yix-
AHHeHHR npa paBaux SHEIMCBH5IX aTOM-
Horo Beca B npe4eaax oT A* (aBeprma
peamumi paBaa Hyaio) AO A** (aBep-
rxsi aRTHBOUBH pamda nymo).
AMUR
anmukuuu
dump?
Aepeup
penou
dem HO
3ilepsuR alma-
Ba4au o6pammozo
npoyecca
(c1uma)
?
PHC. 28. CxemaTsgeeicoe npedcTaB-
Aemie sneprenluecxxx COOTHOMe.
BHA apt AeTeBBH KanAli (npamemi-
MOCK 06131MIMIM XHMIIMeCKHM peas--
1M:1M).
? 2. KomnecTsenaag Teopuff aiteitTpoicannAmipsore
AeAemag 11121tediblX 51016P
BBHAy 60AbILIOPO ITHHUHTIHEIAbHOPO H npaHTHHecHoro
BRace-
HM$1 sonpoca o AeneHHH TAHleAbIX HAep MbI paccmoTpHm ero He-
elCOAbH.0 6oAee noApo6Ho C KOAHLICCTBeHHOH TOMO! speHHH.1
PaccmoTpHm npesvte scero sonpoc o6 sHepreTHHecnom 6aAaHce?
npogecca AeAeHHH, T. e. seAHHHHe sHeprHH, ocso6oHc4m101get1cH
npn AeAeHHH HCX04HOPO Biwa c BTOMHbIM necom A Ha Asa OAR-
HitKOBbIX AoHepHmx HApa. 06osHaqHm paAxyc Hexoxioro HApa
gepes R, a zapHA?Hepes Ze (Z?xmcAo npoToHos); BnpeA-
110A02KeHHH, HOCABAHHil pacnpeAeAHeTcH pasHomepHo no
Hcemy o6bemy siApa, MbI momem npeAcTaskrrb sHeprino HApa Ao
okeAeHHH B cAeAporgem HHAe:
3 Z2e2
W 41TR2a -t--5- R
rAe c noHepxHocTHoe HaTsmeHHe.
1 MsAaraemaa muse Teopila 6Blaa BnepBbie cc3opm3rAapoBalia awropom
B BavaAe 1939 r. (2K3T(D, 9, 641, 1939); HeelcoAbso nosate 6oAee pa3pa6o-
Tallnag TeOpH51 6bIAH Aalla Bopom H YaAepom (Phys. Rev., 56, 426, 1939).
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BAEKTPOKAHHAAAPHOE AEAEHHE 14 AAbOA-PACLIAA T1211EAb1X HAEP 127
AH8A0P1P1110 aHeprHH npoitywros AeAeHHH ampamaeTcH cpop-
myAoff
35 (Zeiz2)2
2W1 = 2 [477R2vs -i-
rAe Ri?paAilyc AoHepHrix HAep, onpeAeARembill yeAmmem He-
HaMeHHOCTH 06bema ripH AeAeHHH
R .
PHHHOCTb Aayx npeAblAyigHx ampameHH11 H npeAcTaBAHeT co6oft
aHeprkno, ocHo6oHc4aempo npH eHmmeTpHHHom AeAeHHH HCX04-
Horo RApa B BHAe KHHeTHHeeKon aHeprHH ero OCKOAKOB. T8KHM
o6pa3om, sTa aHeprm puma
E=477R2c (1? ) 5 3 Z2R e2 \ ___
v4-- 2
Flepabin zukeH BTOCO Hbipa)KeHHH HmeeT oTpHuaTeAbHbiti aHaK
(c/1.25, 1? ? 1_2-0.25) , TK KK nosepxHo-
4
CTE1851 aHeprim npn AeAeHH14 BoHpacTaeT, a aTopoff ?110AOHSH-
TeAbHbl# aHaK, TK xaK aAeKTpHHeeKaH atreprHH npH BTOM y6bi-
BaeT. KpHTHIlecKoe 3HaReHHe A= A* onpeAeAHeTcH yeAormem
E=---0, KoTopoe npnaoAHT K eAeApoigemy COOTHOLLICHHIO:
3 Z2 e22 ? 1 2
?
5 LinR3a 2?I23
3ameTHm, TO Aesaff CT0p01111 BTOPO patieficTim npeAcTaBAReT
co6oft OTHOLLICHHe aAeKTpimecKolt sHeprHH HCX04HOPO spa
3 (Z e)2
5 R K ero 110BepXHOCTHOR aHeprHH 477R2a. TaKHM o6pa3om,
CMWCA noArieHHoro peayAbTaTa CBOAHTCH K Tomy,
To npH /1==24* siteKTpimecKan aHeprHH HApa e0cTaBAHeT(npH-
6AH3HTeAbH0) ABe TpeTH K8IIHAAApH011 (nofiepxHocTHotO.
Liz non
TaK KaK o6bem siAep --3- nponopglionaAeli HX Becy A, TO Mb1
momem LIOAOIKHTb R3=qA, re ro ---= 1.5 ? 10-13 CM (27'0 ? cpeA-
Hee paCeTORHHe memAy COCCAHHMH HyKA0H8MH). Bea 6oAbinoll
A
0LLIH6KH MOASHO BameHHTb Z Ha ?2 ? FloAaraR aaAee e -----=5 ? 10?'0
H =-- 1020, noArmem
A*
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
128 rAABA METBEPTAH
XOTH BTO sHaHemle ABAReTC51 rpy6o HpH6AHASeHHbIM (ssHAy He-
TOMHOCTH B VHCACHHOM 3118.11eHHH BCAHMHH To H a, a Taxace 38.-
A
MeHM Z tfepea ,T), Tem He meHee OHO npasHAbHo HbipaameT
TOT CPaKT, tiTo HeyCTOR,THBOCTb HAH, sepHee, MeTaCT360AbHOCTb
HAep no OTHOMeHHIO K imexTpoxanHAAHpHomy AeAeHHio HacTy-
naeT 40B0AbH0 paHo?B 06A3CTH He OtMTh TRaleAblX RAep. ?Ha,
04Haxo, He o6HapysaisaeTcH Ha 011bITe scAeAcTslle 60AbLUOR
BeAHRHHN sHeprHH almasagHH, Heo6xo4xmott AAA AeACHHA 8THX
HAep.
BbITIHCACHHe sHeprxli aKTHBaUHH npeAcTasAHeT co6o4 secbma
cAo11Hylo BaAagy, KoTopylo Ao cxx nop ewe He yAanocb paspe-
MHTb Aame HpH6AHHICHHO, sa HCKAIOxieHHCM npeAeAbHoro city-
gaff, xapaxTepHsyemoro o6paigeuxem ee B HyAb. COOTBeTCTBy10-
wee npeAeAbHoe sHatieHxe A=A** momeT 6bITb BbP1HCACHO,
HCX0AH H3 paccmoTpeHHH KaHHAAHpHbIX HoAe6aHllti sapHmeHHoil
KarleAbKH NAepHOR MHAKOCTH OKOAO pasHosecHott ? Luapoo6pas-
Hon ? cpopmbi. A HMeHHO, oxasusaeTcH, HTo tiacToTa OCHOBH0r0
xoAe6aHHH, npH Hoaopom Hamm! TO sbrrHrHsaeTcH B HaH0m-Ax6o
HanpasAeHHH (npespaigaRcb B BbITAHyTbIR 8AAHHCOH4 HpaigeHHH),
TO cammaeTcH B 8TOM HifflpaBACHHH (npespawaHcb B cnAlomeH-
}that sAAllncoRA), o6paigaeTcH B 8TOM cAytiae B HyAb. PacHeT,
npollsseAeHHbitt asTopom B 1939 r., noxasbnmeT, ITO 9T0 nposc-
xoAHT TorAa, HorAa eAexTpHtiecHaR sHeprHH HApa pOBHO B Asa
pass 60Abille KaHHAAHpHOR.1
noArleHHoe mine stutHeHHe A*, sepoRTHo, HeCK0AbK0 ripe-
ymeHbuieHo no cpasHemoo C HCTHHHbIM HO TO npHlume, TITO
A
B npeAbiAywx BbIgHCACHHAX Mbl AAA HpOCTOTbl 110AaraAH Z -,--- ?2 '
T. e. CIIHT3AH tIHCAO ripOTOHOB H HeilTpoHos B wipe OAHHaKOBbIM
(a TaK?Ke cAeAaAH pHA Apyritx HeCK0AbK0 rpy6bix AonyweHild).
Ha camom AeAe, c yseAHHemiem A nponopung HefiTpoHos B HApe
soapacTaeT, Tax RTO npH AeAeHHH HCX0AH0r0 HApa, AAR KOTO-
1 aTOT pe3yAbTaT mozeT 6bITb 110Arlell npii6Aszesno H3 COIIOCTaBAeliHil
CHAbl 8AexTpHnecicoro OTTaAlcHBaHH71 mentAy 4HyM51 Il0A01311H3aDAH sApa H CHAN
nosepxsocTsoro HaTAXieHHH, esssbistuorgeri XX 340Ab assaTopa. IlocAeoiss
csAa palms 27cRa. TO ae xacaeTes nepsoci, TO ee 3103010 ampassTb rips-
(Ze/2)2
6AHB:CHHOB smAe bCAH CMHTaTb, MTO 3ap514b1 o6esx 110A0BHHok CO-
R2
cpe4oTogesbi Ha paCCT051HHH R Apyr OT Apyra. npapassmsas o6e CHAN,
noAriaem cAeAyloszee COOTH0111ellHe AAST rparisum yCTOrigHBOCTI1 (17pH KOTOpOri
4eAeHse imps oemeeTsAseTest 6e3 aKTHBaUHOHHOA slieprim):
27rRcr (Ze/2)2
R2 ?
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
SAEKTPOKATIHAARPHOE AEAEHHE H AAbTA?PACHAA THMEAblX HAEp 129
poro am nponopuHR HmeeT HopmaAbHoe 31w:fel-me, Ha Aria co-
Hepaiemio OAHHaKOBbIX RApa nponopgua HeifTpoHos B LIOCACAIMI
OKa3bIBaCTCSI yaeAHHemoll npoTHH HOpMbI, TO cooTeeTcrayeT
HOBbIllIeHHIO aHeprnH BTFIX 5I/Ieprio OTHOHICHHIO K R4pam ycToil-
RHEIbIX aTOMOB C Tem ?Ke Becom. IlpH ygeTe BTOPO 06CTOSITeAbCTBa
aHeprHR E AOANilla 6bITb HeCK0AbK0 11011H1KeHa HAM, cAe4oaa-
TeAbH0, 31-lager-me A*, npH KoTopom OHS o6paigaeTcR B HyAb,
110BbILIIeHo.
HeTpy4Ho BbIIIHCAHTb RHHeTimecKylo aHeprkno, c KoTopoft
.40ANSIlbI paaAeTaTbcR npoayKTIA deAeHltsf THASeAbIX Ritep npH
A> A*. BbiseAeHHoe Fiume ypaaHeHHe AAB E yAo6Ho neperm-
cam B BHAe
E=47,71?2G. [y (1 ? ?I? 1] --= 0.37 ? 47R2(7--s-2),
re y onioruemie eAeKTpHHecKoil sHeprim K KallHAARpHOff.
IloAaraR, B tlaCTHOCTH, y =2 H A=230, noArmem
eV
? 10-4 apra, rITO COOTEMTCTByeT no ypaBlieHHIO E=Rii
()Telma eAeAyeT
1 (Ze)2
47raR2= 2 R '
T. e. nosepacHocTHax allepritH oHashmaeTcH paHHog 5/6 aAexTpHgeemort. 3TOT
pe9yAbTaT 06b5ICH5jOTCH HeT0.1110CTb10 B onpeAeAeHHH ?geHTpon THacecTH"
sapHAa 06e14X 110A0BHHOH xanAH.
FlpeAmAynzee yparnieHHe MOOT 6bITb nepenncaHo B HHAe
Z2 87ra
e2 '
HAH, Tax xax R3
Z2 87C(Tr30
A = e2
nOACTBBHB B BTO HbrpaateHHe IlpHHHTble HaMH patree sHaneHHH BOAH4H11
6, To H e, noAriaem AAH ITHTH.leCICOrl Be.41141111111 KOHOTHHT131, xapaxTepHavo-
igeti C110606HOCTI3 nApa K cnoHTaHHomy AeAeHmo, ananeHHe
Z2
-A-
.1TO COOTBOTCTByeT ypaHy (Z = 92, A=240).
3amegag, giro oTHcauteHme BTHR aneprnift npH6AHHHTeAbn0 nponop11Ho-
HaAbH0 A, Mb! IlpHX0A111H K BbIBOAy, .1TO oTHoineHme A** H A paano OTH0-
111e/11110 2 IC 2/3, T. e. 3. IlpH 116110Ab30BaHHH HafiACHHOTO anagemitsi
A* (75) AAR A** noAriaercH sHameHme npHmepHo 230.
9 H. H. cDpeincenb
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
130 AABA 4ETBEPTAH
(rAe V? noTempaA B BOAbTaX, Heo6xoAHmbiii AAB coo61gemin
aHeprim ,E qacTMe c sapsiAom e=5?n-10?
Iv OKOAO 300 MeV.
aTa aHeprim momeT 6bITb BbIgHeAella IlpH6AHASellH0 conepuieHHo
BAemeHTapHbim o6pasom, ecAH OTOM4eCTBI4Tb ee c oHeprften
KyAOHOBCKHX CMA 0TTaAKHBaHH.S1 Memity 060HmH AogepHHma
AApamH B MOMeHT Hx o6pasosaHHH B npeAnoAomeHHH, qTogeHTpbi
14X OTCTOBT npH 8TOM Ha paCCTOSIHHH R Apyr OT Apyra.
Mb' noArlaem, Tatum o6pa3om,
E
2 '
T. e. npH Z=92 ' R=102 (ypara), E=5.3 ? 10-4 apra, HAH
330 MeV. B AetiCTBHTeAbHOCTH Bra 911eprHH AOAHCHa 6bITb
ymeHbateHa sa ctieT sHeprItH CHA npHTA2KeHHA npumepHo B "ma
pasa.
? 3. 011bIrlible Aausbie o6 nocyccimeouom AeAeama ypana
HcxyccTBeHHoe AeAenoe ypaHa 1104 BAHHHHeM me,A,AeHnbix
HefiTp0HOB 6bIA0 OTKpbITO OrIbITHbIM flYTM raHom H 1.11Tpacc-
maHom B 1939 r. flpn &TOM oKasaAocb, ocKoAKH ypaHa
pasAeTaloTcH c ofteit K11HeTHIleCKOti sHeprHell OKOAO 160 MeV
(tITO COOTBeTCTByeT CKOpOCTI4 FIX AB112BeHH5I OKOAO 1/20 CKOpOCTH
cseTa). aTa uncppa no nopyLzmy BeAlitHIHN cosnaAaeT c HaflAeH-
HbIM BbILIJe TeopenolecK0m BHatzeHHem, xITO SIBAHeTCH xopountm
noATnewKiAeHHem HBAO>KeHHOR mine TeopHH. Ha pA,zte (1)0TOrpa-
(pet, II0ArieHHbIX npH nomoLAH Kamepbi BHAbC0118., coAep?Kaweit
npenapaT ypaHa, yAaAocb o6HapykKHTb TpeKH Asyx pazAeTaio-
%Imes' AollepHmx Bikep; 8TH TpeKH OTAHtlalOTC51 OT Tex, KoTopbie
C034aIOTCH AerKHMI4 BApamH, 6oAbuloi1 rycToToft H0H143agkIH, 3a-
Blle5ngeft OT 60AbLI1014 BeAntlYIHbI 30px40s smep 11, cAeAonaTeAbHot
11X HO1iH3aUHOHHOR CHOCO6HOCTH. AetiCTBHTeAbHOCTb oKasaAacb,
BrIpOtIeM, HeCK0AbK0 cAo2KHee TeopeTHgecKoff cxembi.1
B onHcbiBaembix OHbITaX AeAeHne ypaHa npoHcxo4HAo He
CaMOI1p0HBBOAbH0, a II04 BAHHHHeM 6om6ap4HponKH suep ypalla
M e AeHH bI M H HefiTpoHamH. BOAbmasi scpCpeKTHBHOCTb
B 8TOM OTHOLUCHHH meAAeHHbix HeriTpolion no cpartHemno c 6bI-
CTpbIMH csHAeTeAbcTByeT 0 TOM, tITO 4eAeHne suep, C KOTOpbIMH
1 B naCTHOCTH, HcAeAeTHHe noeTenenHoro ymeHbuteHHH 31113314os Aogep-
KHz HAep H HX acHmmeTpHH. B HocAedHee spew' ydaAoeb Ha6mo4aTb AeAe-
axe ypaHa Ha 'rpm H Aame Ha meTbipe RaCTHUN. TaHme ?HpaTuble" AeAeHHH
Ha6A104HIOTCH, Hnpomem, Hecbma peAxo. TpeTbHm H meTHepTiam ,,OCKOAHOM"
06b1,1H0 OKIlabIBHIOTC51 HAIAPH-qaCTHUbl. (17pumeu. peg.).
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BAEKTPOKAHHAAHPHOE AEAEHHE 14 AAID0A-PACHA4 THMEAUX HAEP 131
OHM cTaAxasaloTcs, 06yCAOBAHBaeTCH He 11p0H3B0AHMbIM HMH
yAapom, a stmeAeHHem sHepri4H npn saxsare HellTpoHa, T. e.
ripH ero COCAHHeHHH C HCX04HbIM sApom B 60AeC TH244eAoe 1430-
TM-1HO? HApo. Flp14 TaKHX yeA0BIIRX yBeAlltzeHHe cxopocTH ABH-
2KeHHH HegTpoHa 0TH0CHTeAbH0 HCX04HOPO /lima HesbiroAHo,
npHsoAH A1111113 K ymeHbluemno sepoRTHocTH ero saxsaTa (OTa
BepORTHOCTb B cAyliae meAAemmix HefirpoHos nponopgnonaAbHa
AAHTeAbHOCTH CT0AKH0BeH1451, T. e. o6paTHo nponopuHonaAbHa
CKOpOCTI1 HeitTpona). TOT 410aKT, tITO HOBOO6pa3y/011eeC51 CAWK?
Hoe HApo npaKTHgecial MPHOBCHHO AeAHTCH, 067351CHSICTCY1 He
6oAbinefl 11CyCTOAIII4BOCTb10 CPO 110 CpaBlIeHHIO C HCX04HbIM sApom,
a Hamitmem y Hero sHepri4H B036y2K4CHHH, pasHoll sHeprHH 'cox-
AeHcauHil HefiTpoHa (KoTopax cocTasAHeT npHmepHo 5 MeV;
B cAriae 6bICTpbIX HeitTpoHos K Heri Heo6xoAHmo np14684311Tb
Taxme 14x HcxoAnylo HHHeTHilecxylo sHeprino).
AaAee, OKaBaA0Cb, 11TO npH saxsaTe meAAeHHbix HeilTpoHos
AeAHTcs A141111, AerxHil 1130T0I1 ypana C aTOMHbIM secom 235 (Tax
Hasbisaembn1 axTHHoypaH). TOtlflee, AeAHTCH npH sTom He sApo
BTOPO, ecTecTseHHoro 143orona, a HApo HCKyCCTBeHHOPO 1430'
Tona 236, o6pa3ylo1eecH Hs Hero npH saxsaTe HeilTpoHa; turo Ke
xacaeTcs THHICAOPO asoTona C aTOMHbIM secom 238, TO 014 MOiKeT
IteAHTbCH AF1111b 1Ip14 6om6apAxposxe HeftTpoHamH c ogeHb 6OAb-
mol aueprHefl nopsAxa 2 MeV; B cAyqae 6oAee
meAfteHHbix HeitTponos AeAo 0rpaHHT4HsaeTcs saxsaTom nocAeA-
HHX, IlpHqeM o6pa3y1ownRcH ?csepxTmmeAbift" 1430T011 ypaHa
C aTOMHbIM secom 239 He AeAHTCH, a HC11131TbIBaeT ABa nocAeAo-
BaTeAbHbIX 6eTa-llpeBpaIgeHHH, IlpHB0451101X K o6pasosamuo
TpaHcypaHoBoro anemeHTa?HAyTOHIVI (CM. HMKe).
npoAyxTbz AeAeHHH ypaHa (TogHee, U23) 06HappfillBa1OT CHAb-
Hylo paiumaKTHBHocTb, BbipaHsalowylocs B HcnycKaHHH 6bIcTpbix
HACKTp0HOB (B BHAe 6eTa-Aygell) H CBR3aHHy10 C npespaigeHmem
AHILIHHX HeilTponos B 11pOTOHb1. TO o6bscHHeTcs Tem, qTo
C ymeHbuieHHem aTomHoro seca HopmaAbHoe cooTHorneHHe meHxAy
414CAOM HeilTpoHos H 11HCAOM 17pOTOHOB, cooTseTcTsylowee ycToil-
414BOMy COCTOSIHHIO sApa, 40A1KHO ymeumnaTbcx, npH6Amxascb
K 1. ECAH AAR ypaHa c aTOMHbIM secom 236 OTHOLLICHHe ',MCA&
HellTpoHoB (144) K tIllcAy 11130TOHOB (92) HopmaAbuo, TO "IASI AByx
1113146A113HTeAbH0 OAHHaKOBbIX HAeP, BOSHHKa101AHX npH ero AeAe-
HMI, OHO oxasmsaeTcs CHAbH0 3aBbIllleHHb1M. B camom 4ee,
ycToili4HBbim (no OTHOHICHH/0 K 11pOTOHHO-HaTp0HHb1M npespa-
IgeHHAm) HAemeHTom C aTOMHbIM Becom 236 :2, T. e. 118, ABAHeTCH
OAHU 1411 HHOT0110B oAosa, HAN HoToporo coAepHIHT 50 npoToHos
H 68 HeitTp0HOB, meHlAy Tem max xamAas 113 AByx OAHHaKOBbIX
xaneAex. HAepHoit 1KH4K0CTH, Ha xoTopbie MOPAO 6b1 pasAeAmTbes
9*
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
132 FAABA LIETBEPTAA
3Apo yparria 236, AoAmHa 6t3Aa 6bI COCTORTb H3 46 HpOTOHOB H
72 HetkpoHos. TaKHM o6pa3om, 9TH ItalleAbICH npe4cTasA3AH 6b1
co6oti HeycTof13HHble TAMIeAbIe H3OTOIIbl naAAaAHH, KoTopme
AOANIHbI nocTeneHHo npeHpargaTbc3 B 6oAee yCTOINHBbIe HApa ?
cHaHaAa cepe6pa (Z=47), 3aTem KaAmex (Z=48), ImAxx
1-m1(01-mu, (mesa (Z=50). 1(8.31,40e H3 9THX nocAe-
40BaTeAbHbIX npe3patgemtit CB5133H0 C xcnycicalmem 9AexTpolia
(it xeriTpxxo), Tax TO HCX04HbIe H npomemyToimbie aTOMN
ABASHOTCA 6eTa-pa4HOakTHBHb1M14.
HMeHHO BTO 06CTOSITeAbCTBO II03BOAHAO o6Hapymwrb npo-
AyKTbi 4eAeHH3 ypaxa, HecmoTp3 Ha HX HHIITONIHOe 11.0AlitIeCTBO
(cooTBeTeTripolgee ricy 3axsatieeebix HeilTpoxo3), H TaKHNI, He-
ZICOAbk0 ICOCBeHHbIM, nyTem yeTaHOBHTb He TOAMCO cambin scpaKT
4eAeHH3 ypaHa, HO H BbIACHHTb npmpoAy npoAyKTorl 8TOPO 4eAe-
HH3. AAA 8TOPO HCII0Ab3yeTCA TO 06CTO5ITeAbCTBO, NITO H3OTOrI-
liNe He3aBHCHMO OT cBoero Beca H pflAHOAKTHBMAX
CBOHCTB, yqacTHyloT comecTilo B HOCTOAHHOR nponopuHH
pa3AHLIHmx xilmHtlecimx peaKgmax ii 043H3H4eCKHX npogeccax
(PacTsopem43, ocam4em43 H T. A.). nO8TOMy AAA ycTaHoHAeHH3
xHmHtlecKoli nplapoAbz KaROPO-AH60 paAHoaKTHHHoro sAemeHTa X,
KoTopbilt He momeT 6biTb noArleH B KOAlltIeCTBe, 4OCT3T0tIHOM
4A5I 06bItillOr0 XHMIFICCICOPO allaAH33, x Hemy IIpH6tIBAAIOT p34
XHMIltleCKHX coeAHHeHHH, B KOTOpblX HeyCTOKIIIIBIAN 9AeIVICHT
laameHex ero yeT0i41111BbIM 1130TOMOM. ECAH H136op nocAeAHero
nparmAeH, TO C TCtIellHeM spemeHH aTOMbl 9TOPO yeTottgesoro
eAemeaTa, BxoARigne B COCTAB paccmaTpmmemoro coe4HHeHH3,
samemloTc3 aTomamH ero paAHoaKTHHHoro H3OTOII3 B nponop-
cooTHeTcTsytotgell OTHOCHT8AbH0My KOAHtIeCTBy nocAeAfiero
B cmecH HAM pacTsope. TaKam o6pasom, tILICTb HtleAelmbix He-
paAHOaKTHBHbIX moAeKyA aamermeTc3 pa4HOaKTHBHbIMI4 TOP? me
camoro poAa? aTK paAHoaKTHaabie MOACKyAbI moryT 6bITb AerKo
npocAemeHbi IlMeHHO 6AaroAap3 cHoen pa4HoaKTH3HocTH (KoTo-
paH o6HappKHHaeTc3 HaH6oAee npocTo npH nomoigH eAeKTpoH-
HbIX CtleTtIHKOB). TaMHM nyTem rixoAsngHti B cocTart MX flekl3BeCT-
Min eAemexT X BO3MONCHO HACHTHIPHUIWOBaTb B xximmecitom
OTHOUleHHH C noAmeHmoigHm ero yCTOrigHBbIM HBOTOHOM H Tem
cambim yeTaHOBHTb ero Homep, T. e. 3HCAO 11pOTOHOB B
npHmeHelthe 8T011 MeTOAHKH AAA MCCAe40BaHHA 6eTa-paAHo-
aKTHBHbIX 9ACMeHTOB m060r0 npolicxomAeHH3 II0K2133A0, tITO
AeAeHne ypaHa npoHcxoAHT H e CHMMeTpHIIIIbIM HHeoAH
33HatIHNM 06pa3om. A limemo, iipoAyitTbi 4eAemt3 HMelOT paa-
AHtlfibIe aTOMHble Heca, OTHOCAIEHeCA A pyr xA pyry B cpeAHem
'talc 2 it 3 H HapbHpyloigHe B 40B0AbH0 umpoKHx npeAeAax
(hopsuica 30 eAHHHO.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
aAEKTP0KAIIHAA3PH0E AEAEHHE 14 AAbOA-PACHAA TH21EAbIX HAEP 133
OTcioAa Hello, iTO npogecc 4eAeHH3 H3OTOHOB ypaHa HMeeT
CT a THCT q eCKH t xapaKTep, o6ycAOBAeHHbIff, Ot1eBH4H0,
KaKHMH-TO (pAIOKTyaUFIRMH B pacnpeAeAeHHH 4C1IOAHHTeAbH011
aHeprmi 8TOPO HApa ITO pa3AHTIHbIM THnam ero KoAe6aTeAbHoro
ABWHIeHIIH. B MOMeHT cHoero oTAeAeam A pyr OT A pyra OCKOAKH
HApa U HmeloT (pOpMy, 3Hat4llTeAbH0 oTAHHaiolgylom OT umpo-
o6pa3noli, T. e. o6AaAaloT H36bITOTIHOR nosepxHocTHoll sHeprue11,
cooTHeTempolgeft H36bITOHH011 BeAHTIHHe HX nosepxHocm. ECAH
CIIHTaTb, qTO nocAeAHHH yHeAkmeHa Ha 100/0 no cpatmemito
C MHHHMaAbHbIM 3HameHmem, KoTopoe oHa HmeeT AAR mapa, TO
4OTIOAHHTeAblia31 axeprm o6oHx OCKOAKOB OKa3bIBaeTC5l pamoti
npHmepHo 30 MeV. lipespargasicb B aHeprmo KoAe6am4 KalK401'0
OCKOAKa, aTa sHeprm npHsoAHT K 011eHb 60AbIII0My pasorpersy
HX, KoTopbdi o6AertiaeT Henapeime H 6ea TOP() OTHOCHTeAbH0
cAa6o CB313aHHbIX HekTpoHos (cm. muKe).
AHKBH441H51 H36bITOI1HbIX HekTpoHon y AoHepHm 3Aep ocy-
igecTBABeTcH, KaK TIOKa3aAH 2KOAHO-KlOpH H Ap., He TOAbK0 HyTem
nocAeAylowero npespaigeHHH HX B HpOTOHbI (C HcnyeKamiem
9ACKTp0HOB H HeilTpHHO), HO H, npemAe Beer?, nyTem HcnycKa-
HIM HeCK0AbKHX (OT 2 40 3) HeflTpoHoa. (aTo HcnycKaHne npo-
HeXOAHT OTtlaCTH mrHosemm, OTtlaCTH C HeKoTopum 3ana34bma-
HHem). HOCACAHHe BbIAeTalOT He 113 HCX04110P0 3Apa, a H3 npo-
AyKTos ero 4eAem43, B KOTOpbIX ?AHLIIIIHe" HeilTpoHbi CBTI3alibI
cpaHHHTeAbHo cAa6o.
PicnycKaime BTOpHLIHbIX HeliTpoHoa npH AeAemm Aiwa ypaHa
noA AeficTamm neptumnoro HeitTpoHa, saxaaTbmaemoro HM H3BHe,
HMeeT tIpearibillathio 6oAbume npaKTFmecKoe 311E11mm-ie. A HMeHHO,
OHO OTKpbIBaeT BO3MOASHOCTb AeAemm ypaHa, rip a K TM q e CKH
6e3 3aTpaTbi aHeprilm aK THB a H14, H IIpHTOM He B
tITO1KH0 maAbix Aa6opaTopubm macurra6ax (06yCAOBAeHHbIX He-
60AMI111M KOMPleCTBOM flepBHTHibIX He1Tp0HOB 11 He06X04HMOCTb10
aaTpaTbi amprim Ha MX ocao6o2K4eHHe H3 mAep), HO B macarra-
6ax 11p0MbILIIAeHHbIX. a TOT pe3yAbTaT momeT 613ITb AocTHrHyT
HCII0Ab30BaHHeM BTOpIPIHbIX HefiTpoHos, HenycKaembm npH AeAe-
HHH OAHOPO HApa B KagecTse nepramHbm AAR AeAeHHH ApyrBx
HAep? TaK KaK Ha Ka.3.14bili saxsalleHHbill nepHHImbia HenTpoH
II03BASIeTCH 2-3 BTOpHgliblX, TO npogecc pa3MHOHSCHH3 CB060.4-
HbIX HeftTpoHoH H conyTeTHylorgHti emy npogecc 4eAeHH3 34ep
ypaHa AomKeH, Ka3aAocb 6b1, HH TaKI4X yCAOBHHX yCK0p3TbCH
B reomeTpHHecKoR nporpeccHH. B 4enCTBIITeAbHOCTH noAwKeime
cKAaAbmaeTcH meHee 6AaronpHATHo HO ABym npHHHHam: ao-nep-
BblX, noTomy, OCHOBHOff (TimleAbal) H30TOII ypaHa, He riacT-
Bpi cam B AeAeHrm, saxaaTbmaeT nonaimiotom B Hero HefiTpoHbi,
oco6enHo TaKHe, aHeprm KOTOpbIX 6AH3Ka K 25 eV (peaoHaHcHbiff
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
134 TAABA gETBEPTAR
saxsaT); so-sTopbtx, noTomy, tITO 6bicTpbie sToptilmbie HeliTpoHbi
npH CTOAKHOBeHHH C 514p0M AerKoro HaoToria ypaHa saxsaTbi-
BalOTC51 HM 110 cpasHeimo c MeAAellHbIMH HeftTpoHamH OTHOCH-
TeAbH0 peAxo, B 3HatIHTeAbH0f4 CB0e14 tlaCTH sbiAeTas HapPKY;
nocAemiee 06CTOSITeAbCTBO HrpaeT oco6eHHo cylgeeTaeHHpo
poAb npi4 He6oAbulrix KOAHtIeCTBEIX ypaHa.
TIMM 060a30M, AAR oeyigecTsAeHHE sapbisa ypaHa nyTem
p8313HTHR HeriTp0HOB011 AaBHHbI (?uenHon sapbis") Heo6xoAHmo
sisomiposaTb AeTKHR H30T011 ypaHa, BbIlteAHB ero B 60Aee HAH
MeHee tIHCTOM sime 113 T51111eAOTO, KOTOpbat 51BASIeTC51 speAxbim
6aAMICTOM, 'T. e. 060TaTHTb cmecb H saTem co6paTb AeTICHil H30-
TOM U235 B 40CTaT0t1H0 60AbILIOM KOAHReCTBe, tITO6b1 yMeHb1.11HTb
poAb yTegicHTpoHos Happily; xpome TOTO, meAaTeAbilo sseeTH
B ypaH KaItHe-AH.60 aTOMbI, xoTopbie, He saxsaTbzsas HeliTpoHos,
MOTAH 6b1 6bicTpo 3aTOpMaIKFIBElTb 14X npH pipyri4x CTOAKHOBe-
HHAX.' TaKHMH aTomami4 ssAsioTcs B nepspo otiepeAb aTOMbI
TH1KeAoro soAopoAa, a Tax B HeCK0AbK0 meHbuieft eTeneHH,
aTOMbl 6epHAA1a 14 yrAepoAa.2
? 4. Cnowrausoe ,aeAenne n a.m43a-pacna,4
TIOICADAMX Ememewros
Bonpoc 06 yCTOINHBOCTH Tex HAM HHbIX TRIKeAbIX smep HO
OTHOLIIeHHIO K cnoHTaHHomy AeAeHmo HAM aAbilia-pacnaAy moa4eT
6bITb pealeH B nplitiusne qHCTO axcneptimeHTaAbHbim o6paaom, ny-
4Tem cpasHeima TOIIHbIX aTOMHbIX secos COOTHeTCTBylOLAHX aitemeH-
TOB H npoAyKTos HX AeAeHfis HAM pacnaAa B CBABH C Of4HLIITeff-
HOBbIM BaKOHOM 1910314BaAeHTH0CTH mesmy maccoll 14 sHeprHeil.
ECAH B KatiecTse eAmingbi aTOMHOTO seca Hp141-151Tb 1/16 maccbi
aToma micAopootia, TO TOz1HbIti aTOMHbIft sec A1060TO 11HCTOTO
1130T0118, MO2KeT 6bITb sbipameH ypasiieHHem
A' A (1 A
^e A ? ueAoe tiHcAo, pasHoe cymme tmceA npoToHos H HeitTpo-
Hos B sApe paccmaTpHsaemoro aAemeHTa (Tax. Hasbisaemoe mac-
cosoe 11HCAO), f? npasmAbHaR Apo6b, He ripesbnuaimgas o6b1tmo
1 Heo6xo4Rmo, snpoRem, 3aMeT1Tb, ?1TO Taxoe saTopmassIsaime Rerrrpo-
BOB sbiroARo TOAbK0 flpH HCBOAb30BaHHH RAepRoit aReprma AAR npombnuAeR-
BMX geAeii. rIpm sapbxae aTomnocx 6om6bt ono, Rao6opoT, RegeAecoo6pa3tio,
Tax xax AAA BCPCPOKTHBHOCTH B3pbIBa nocAeARRil 40AMBH 6bITb ocyrgeeTsAeR
? TeReEnte MHHHMaAbH0r0 npomeinyTxa apemerm (RopRAxa 10-8 cex.).
2 ATOMbl 06MqB0r0 (Aerxoro) BoAopoAa AAR wrofi ueAR RenpRroARbi, Tax
KaK RApa XX ? npoToRbi ? Rmetor TeRAemplo 3aXBaTblBaTb HeriTpOHM, o6pa3yst
C BHMII RApa TazeAoro RoAopoAa ? AetiTosbi.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
9AEKTPOKAIHIAASIPHOE AEAEHHE H AAberiA-PACHAA THHSEANX HAEP 135
HeCK0AbKHX AeCHTHTbICHIllibIX HAH B KpattHem cAriae HeCK0AbKHX
TbICHEIHNX AoAen e4I4HHUN H Ha3bumemaii ?yriaKosotmbim MHO-
AurreAem" &TON) aitemexTa. YHEIKOBOHIlbIti MHOHMTeAb, pambiti
OTHOLUeH1110 A'? A K A, HBAHeTCH xaparcrepHeTHKon AecpeKTa
MaCCbI AaHHOPO aToma, HO He no OTHOLLIeHHIO K BoAopoAy, T. C.
HpaKTHgecKH cao6oAHomy npoToHy HAH HeffTpolly, a 110 OTHOLlle-
HMO K ripmscroff eAHHHge maccm in' (KoTopaii meHbuie MaCCN
IIpOTOHa npumepHo Ha 80/00).
TaKHm o6pa3om, itecpeKT maccw paccmaTwaemoro aToma Ho
OTHOILICHHIO K Bo40p04y (ecAH ripeHe6peqb pasHHgeft me2KAY
maccamH HpoToHa H HeilTpoHa, a TaKate maccon aAeKTpoHa)
MOHieT 6bITb HbipameH npH6AH2KeHHbim ypameHmem
34ecb m ? macca HyKAOHa; oTpHuaTeAbHoe HHCAO,
paHHOe HpH6AH3HTeAbH0 ?0.008, TOPAa KaK f MO/KeT IIpHHHmaTb
KaK HOAOASHTeAbHbIe, TaK ft OTpHWITeAbHbIe 3HalleH1131 (I10133/{Ka
A eCHTHTbICAtiHIAX).
npoH3He4eHHe A ? c2, rite c ? CKOpOCTb CBeTa, HpeACTaBAHeT
e06010 He IITO uiIoe, KaK II0TeHUHaAbHy10 9/lepPHIO COOTBeTCTBy10-
Iger0 aTOMHOPO HApa, KoTopaH, corAacHo coo6pameHHAm ? 2
PA. III, MOHleT 6bITb ampameHa ypainieHHem
? A W0 U' ,
rite W0? aliepPHS1 ,,IICHapeHHH" OAHOPO HyKAOHa 6e3 yea
HOIIpaBOK, 06yCAOBAeHHbIX II0BepXHOCTHOR H siteKTpHgecKoil
aHeprHeit, a U' ? CMMa itayX HocAeAmix Enieprel, T. C.
(Zer
4nR2a 3
5 R ?
CpaHHHHaH aTo HhapaHleHHe C ripeAbLAyigHm, Mb! BHAHM, tITo
Wo= (in ? m') c2 = 0.008 mc2
14
110Aarafl aitech
Am fc2
W 47R2a. 3 (Ze)2
f= Arne= A mc2 5 Amc2/2 ?
R3 =
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
136 r AABA IIETBEPTAA
noAyqaem
re
1
f == pA? ,
AAR xpaTxocTH BBeAeHbi o6o3HaqeHHH
4740. 3 e2
mc2 ' q mc2r0?
AAA He CAHIIIKOM TA2KeAbIX aTomos mozHo npH BTOM BameHHTb Z
qepes A/2, IITO AaeT
f== pA qA 3 .
Samictimovrb f OT A, Bbipamaemasi DTHM ypaimeHHem, HAH,
BepHee, 60Aee TOtIHbIM ypasHeHHem co cpeAtnim sHaqeHHem Z
AAA yCTOMLIHBbIX BACMeHTOB AaHHOPO Beca A, npeAcTaBAeHa
nymcmpHott KpHBOil Ha pHC. 29, TorAa mu( axenepumeHTaAbHble
sHatieHHA f npeAcTaBAeHbi CHAOLIIHON xpilBoil. 06e xplunde HmeioT
cxoAHbili BHA, xapaxTepH3yembiff HaAliqllem milHumyma npH
HexoTopom (oTHocHTeAbHo MaA0M) 3Hamenum aTOMHOPO Beca
A= A0.
TeOpeTiPleCkaA ITHBaSI npoBeAeHa Tax, IITO6bI o6ecneturrb
coBnaAeHHe cooTBeTcTsylowero sHatieHHH A c axcnepHmeHTaAb-
Hb1M sHaqemiem Ao 60. /LAM BTOPO Heo6xoAHmo npHnHcaTb
noBepxHocTHomy HaTsmeHmo siAepHoff ASHAKOCTII sHaqem4e, 6A03-
Roe Tomy, KoTopoe 6biAo oueHeHo Hamm BbILLIe (1wo AHH/cm),
npH ro =1.45 ? 10-13 cm.
nocAeAHee .3HaxleHlie MO2fieT 6bITb Taxxe onpeAeAeHo
cpeAcTBeHHbim cpaBHeHHem a6COAIOTHOPO 3HatleHHH f B
A= A0 c TeopeTHqecxxm.
Me2K4y TeopeTHqecxon H axcnepHmeHTaAbHoft xpHBoil OCTalOTCH
npH BTOM HeKOTOpbIC paCX0Hi4eHHH B 06AaCTH OtleHb maAbix
sHatieHHil A (meHbuie 20), C OAHOil CT0p0HbI, H 011eHb 60AbLIII4X
C Apyroft. HexoTopme Aermie aTOMbI, Hanimmep T511fiCAbIfi B040-
PO4, remit!, micAopoA, coBeprneHHo BbinaAatoT 03 xpHBoii, 1130-
6pamemioff Ha PHC. 29, IITO, Bnpoqem, anomie ecTecTBeHHo, Tax
Kai{ AAq mitep DTHX aTomos HOHATHe 11013epXHOCTH He HmeeT
TOtalOPO cmbicAa. Kpome TOP?, B cAyqae Aerxxx aTOMOB o6Ha-
ppic0BaeTcH HeKOTOpaSI HepHOAHRHOCTb B 143MelieHHH f C A,
C nepHoAom, pasHbim 4 (ABa npoToHa IIAIOC ABa HefiTpoxii), no-
cTeneHHo crAa&HBatowasica C yBeAugeHmem aTOMHOPO Beca.
HaH6oAee CpaecTBeHHoe pacxoxiAeHHe me?KAy Teopeninecxoli
H excnepHmenTaAbHoti xpithoit B 06AaCTH BbICOKHX sHaneHHA A
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
aAEKTPOKAIIHAAAPHOE AEAEHHE 14 AAbOA?PACHAA THMEAMX AAEP 137
OTHOCHTCH K DAemewram C aTOMHbIMH secamm, 3aKAI0tleHHbIMH
mesc,ay 180 H 220 (OT BOAbCppaMa AO CBHHUa), rite pOCT f C A
spemesHo sameitAseTes. ilpstisHa 8r011 aHOMaA1114 ocTaercs He-
143 8KCIIepHMeHTaAbHOn KpHBOR f (A) MONSHO yeTaHOBHTb
06AaCTb HeyCT0MIHBOCTI4 THASeAbIX HAep KK 110 OTHOLUeHHIO
K 4eAeHI410 Ha IlpHMepHO paBHbIe 1.10A.OBHHbI, TK H HO OTHOLlIe-
HMO K aAblPa-paClia4y. B nocneAsem cArme BTO yCAOBHe CBO-
AHTCH K HepaBeHCTBy
A(1 /4) > (A ? 4) (1 --1--Li_4) 4,
T. e.
> /A-4 (1 ?i-),
KOTOpOe 011paB4b1BaeTCH B cAytute sas6oAee TssoAbix pammax-
THBHbIX BAeMeHTOB (OT ypaHa AO HeKOTOpbIX 1430T0110B BHCMyTa),
a TaK1Ke B CArlae CaMap1151
152, KoTopbitt TaKsse H3Be-
60'-cnn
cTex csoeil cAa6off aAbcpa-pa-
4140aKTHBHOCTb10.
B 1939 r., scKope 110CAe
011y6AHKOBaH1451 pa6OT HO
lICKyCCTBeHHOMy 4eAe111110 ypa-
Ha 1104 BAHAHHeM Me./(AeHHbIX
HenTp0HOB, COBeTCKHe 4:1H3HKH
03)AepOB H rieTp1KaK yeTaHO-
1241
8
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BHAH E/KCI1epHMeHTaAbH0 TOT
.11911KT, TO AeAeHHe Al1ep yp aHa
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
138
PAABA LIETBEPTASI
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
sAEKTPOKAnHAMPHOE AEAEHHE H AAbc1)A-PACHA4 TH/KEAblX HAEP 139
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
L-L0008000171700181-1700-?8dC11-V10 6 1-/I, 1/LOOZ eseeiej -101 P8ACLICIdV
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L-L0008000171700181-1700-?8dC11-V10 6 1-/I, 1/LOOZ eseeiei -10d PeACLICIdV
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
3AEKTPOKAIIHAAHPHOE AEAEHHE H AAbOA-PACHAA T53JKEAblX HAEP 141
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7 MeV. TaKum o6pasom, aneprnn, BbI4eA11101.0.31C51 npn o6pa3o-
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30 MeV), OKa3bIBaeTC51 B pnAe cAytuten AocTaTotnioti AAR TOPO,
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
142 rAABA LIETBEPTAA
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
3AEKTPO1AIMAA51PHOE AEAEHHE AAEADA-PACIlAit TA2KEAblX 514EP 143,
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CHA npocTHpaeTcH Ao CaM01.0 Uewrpa HApa, HecmoTpH Ha TO, ATO
HOTCHUHaAbHaA sHeprim aAbCPa-AaCTHUbI B BTOfi TOAKe o6parEaeTcH
B 6eCKOHeAHOCTb.
B camom iteAe, noAaraH
u(x)=--cx ,
re
C (Z ?2) 2e2,
umeem
2.0
1
NIU(x)?Wdx,-----\1W
W x 1)d x;
0
X0 paceToHHHe OT HApa, rAe HaHHHaeTcH 6apbep, T. e. rAe
C 1
Tv? ? ?x o6paigaeTcH B 1 (X0 vvC-)
BB0451 HOBy10 nepemeHHylo y2, Hmeem AaAee
2C \11
Wdx f y2 dy =
VW
RAH, noAaraH y = sin cp:
,v2
? g2 dy =1 cos2 d?=-4 ?
7C
TaKHM o6pa3om, HCX04HbI1 14HTerpaA paseH
TeAbH0, paccmaTpHriaemaH BepaRTHOCTb
jrc, I tn
P = e h V 2W
irC
2 V W
H, cAe4oHa--
(2)
2W
HAM, Tit a Hft a -- z, = palm) cHo cp
pocTH aAba-qacTHgbi Ha 6ec-
V
M
KOHBAHO 60Ab1.110M paCCTOAHHH OT Aiwa (re U=0) H C-=(Z-2)2e2,
8/0,32(z-2)
P=e ho
(2a)
ECAH npu X = Ro KyA0HOBCK0e noAe HApa HHeganHo o6pbi--
HaeTcH H HOTeligHaAbHaA BlieprHA aAMPa-AaCTHUbI npRo6peTaeT
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
144
rAABA tIETBEPTASi
TIOCTORHHOe oTpxnaTeAbHoe aHaneHme U0
BbIgHCABHHe HeSHVIHTeAbH0 OCAOHIHReTeil.
zo
cAynae B miTerpaAe VU(x)? W dx HH211
0
HReTCH nepen Ro. MbI noAynaem npn 9TOM
JIUso 1 it/2
(4? Wdx = s2/C[Ii ___ y2 dy v2C
cos2 dCp,
C?WR?
?1/0, TO npeArmAyinee
A HMeHHO, B EITOM
mai npeAeA name-
T Ae sin To
flOCAeAHHH HHTerpaA paneH
CPU
It T('
1
COS2 p&p -=-- -4- ? -2- (1 cos 2?)
0
1
4L' (1 A-- cos20 d2? I =1 [77 ? ? sin 2cPo]?
0 4
TaKIIM 06pa30M, AAR HCKOMOft BepORTHOCTH noAynaeTcA 6oAee
TOIIHOe 3Hatlemie
47W
(rt ? 2cpe ? sin 2cpe)
Pe
aTo Bbipamernie naCTO npnmeasieTcx npu onpeAeAeHnAx paAnyca
A,ztpa Ro, Tax xax Ro cHA3aHo c (NI ypasHeHuem sin Po =1/--0
.
CAeAyeT, oAHaxo, HMeTb B nnAy, nTo OHO RBAReTCR cyry6o npn-
6.71.11211elifibIM, HOCK0AbKy aAbCPa'llaCTHUa He cywecTnyeT B slApe
B rOTOBOM infAe H BOWIHKaeT AHLIM B nponecce aAbcpa-pacnaAa
Ha camofi nonepxHocTH AApa.
AAA noAyneHnA BepORTHOCTH aAmpa-pacna,zta B eAmanny
npemeHH Heo6xo4Hmo, COrAaCHO Hmaraemon Teopnn, yMHOMHTb
HiupameHne p Ha tIHCAO CTOAKHOBeHHft, FICIMITbIBaeMbIX aAb14)8.-
qaCTHUen B 1 cex. c nonepxHocTbio AApa. TO WICAO paBHO,
no no
pAAxy BeAWIHHIA, yg rralCHM o6pa3om, BepORTHOCTb pac-
naAa BeAHHHuy HpemeHn onpeAeAReTcH ypameHnem
es
?Sit' (Z---2)
?
V ho
r ?e ?
2R0
(3)
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
3AEKTPOKAIIHAAHPHOE 4EAEHHE 14 AAbTA-PACCIA4 T11211EAblX SMEP 145
IloAaraci a Hem R01012, v = 3 ? 109 cm/ceK. (0.1 cKopocTH
CBeTa, LITO COOTBeTCTByeT KHHeTHHecKof1 aHeprHH nopHAK a 20 MeV),
Z --=-- 80 u e-----5 ? 10-", noAyHaem
I'z= 102e-75 10-"
Y1114TbIBaSI peaKylo aaaHcHmocTb F OT CKOpOCTH aAbcpa-HacTHgbi,
1
HeTpyAHo LIOATIHTb AMI 3HatieH1451, BapbHpyl0IgHe B Hpe-
4eAax OT HeaHaHHTeAbHoH AoAH ceKyHAbt 40 MIIAAHap110B AeT,
B HaBHCHMOCTH OT aHeprial aAbcpa-HacTHg W. B He CAHLIIKOM
umpoKom HHTepaaAe CE013b aToR 0Hepri4H C BepORTHOCTb10 pac-
HaAa r mc;*KeT 6bITb abipa>KeHa yparmeHHem BHAa
lgr
KOTOpOe 6bIA0 HoAymeHo FeHrepom H HyTaAAom amaHpHHecKHm
nyTem (a 14 b ? HOCT0511111bIe).
B H3Aa/KeHHoti TeOpHH ecpepHHecKaH noTeHgHaAbHaH Hma,
oKppKeHHaH ccpepHilecKtim 6apbepom, cxemaTuallpyiolgaH HApo
C TOLIKH apeHHH ero AeffeTaHH Ha aAbcpa-HacTHuy, 6biAa ii.lawnp-
HeeKH aameHeHa HAOCK01-4 (Totniee, oAHomepHon) Hmon H TaK14M .1Ke
6apbepom (C IIAOCKIIMH Kpaama). AAH TOr0 To6bx yHecTb ccpe-
pHHecKHR xapaKTep CHA0B0r0 110A117 4e11eTay1oigero Ha aAbcpa-
HacTHgy, Heo6xo4Hmo npeacTaBwrb B0AH0By10 (pyHKUP110, 011HCbI-
Baloigylo ee AamKeHHe B BHole f (r) A(cos 0), re A ?IMA111-10M
Ae.?KaHApa 1-ro HopHAKa, cooTaeTcTaymigHff HaAH41410 y aAmpa-
HacTuubx momeirra KoAHHeeTaa 4B11:-KeH1431, KHaApaT KoToporo parieH
h2 ,
1) . OrpaHHHHBaHcb cAyHaem ?A060B0r0 CTOAKHOBeHHH"
47e2
0), noAyHaem AAA BOAHOBON 41yHKM1414 f (r) ypaaHeHHe
d2 trn 87t2m
r dr2 -I- /12 [ ? U (r)] f = 0,
KoTopoe BKBLIIMACHTHO 061ILIHOMy oAHomepHomy ypameHkuo AAA
cpyHKgHH (r)=-rf. TaKilm o6paaom, B paccmaTpHaaemom cAy-
Rae TpexmepHan (ecpepHHecKaH) saAaHa 110AHOCTb10 CBOAHTCH
rmocKoff (oAHomepHoti) AAA BOAHOBOH CpyHKU1114, yaoaAeTHopsuo-
ypameHmo
d24) 82m
-dx-T h2 [
W? U(x)} =0.
np11 W> USTO ypameHHe HmeeT pemeHHH cmHycoHAaAbHoro
T11118, a Him W< U? aKCHOHeHUHaAbH0r0 Tlina; peateHHAmH BTO-
poro THrta H onpeAeAHeTcH ?npospaquocTb" 6apbepa, corAacHo
npH6AmKeHHomy ypameHmo (1). 3ameTHm, 11TO BepOSITHOCTb
10 H. H. clvemienb
A nnroved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
146 FAABA tIETBEPTASI
HaxamAeHHa saCTHUbI Ha paCCTOAHHH mesAy r n r --t- dr OT Uewrpa
s,ztpa f2r2dr oxashmeTcs npH 8T0M panHoft 12dr ?Tax. me
xaK H B oAHomepHom cAysae. npH 1> 0 npeAlsAytgas Teopaa
cyigecTseHno OCAWK1151eTCH.
Teopws aAbcpa-pacnaita monleT 6bITb AO HeKoTopoR cTeneHn
pacnpocTpaHeHa H Ha aAewrpoKanHAAspHoe AeAeHHe aTOMHbIX
sAep, B OCO6CHHOCTH ecAn BTO AeAeHne ocy%ecTsAseTcs cnoH-
TaHHO. ilp14 8TOM, KOHW1HO, 6bIA0 6b1 6eCCMbICAe11110 npeAnoAa-
ram, sTo $Apo Ao cnoero AeAeHns COCTOHT 113 Tex Asyx OCKOA-
ROB, Ha xoTopise oHo pasAeAseTcs, B TOM sce CMbICAe, xaK 8T0
HmeeTcs B BHAy B TeopHH aAbcpa-pacnaAa, T. e. B cmiscAe cpge-
CTBOBaHHH 9THX OCKOAKOB B Blue o6oco6AeHHisx ?TtepAblx"
sacTn. B npnHuHrie BTO npeAcTasAeHne OAHHaKOBO HenpnroAHo
B 06011X cAysasx, KoTopise OTA14,18.10TC51 A pyr OT Apyra A1411.1b
Tem, T.ITO B OAHOM o6a OCKOAKa 11pH6A11314TeAbH0 OAHHaKOBbI, a B
4Pyrom ?pesKo pa3A141111b1. Flo cylgecTny aAbcpa-sacTHga (pop-
mnpyeTcs H o6oco6AseTcs B npouecce aAbcpa-pacnaAa cosep-
ILleHHO TK e, KaK H o6a OCKOAKEL B cAysae o6b1sHoro sAexTpo-
KaHHAAapHOr0 AeAemis.
npHmeHeHHe ypaBHeHH51, TH118. (2a) HBASIeTCH B npnHuHne
OAHHaKOBO onpanAaHHIAm B 06011X cAysasx, ecAH noApasymenaTb
noA v oTHOCHT eAbHy 10 CKOpOCTb 060HX OCKOAKOB.
THqecKasi sHeprHs OTHOCHTeAbHOPO 4B111KCII11H 1 mspameTcs sepes
sTy CKOpOCTb ypasHeHHem
w_ 1 M11112
rAe Mi H M2?maccm o6exx sacTnu.
Tanim o6pasom, 11p0 AaHHom sHaseHHH sHepr0H W BeposT-
HOCTb 1', coraco ypamieHnio (3), 40A1KHa 6bITb Tem 6oAbnie,
sem cHAbHee OTA1411a1OTCH itp y r OT A pyra maccbi M1 n M2, TK
KK C yneAnseHnem pa3A11,1H31 mesioAy 1114M14 ymeHbumeTcs s4cpeK-
M1M2
THBlia51 macca Mei f= flA m 2 H, cAeAortaTeAbHo, yneAHtinnaeTcs
CKOpOCTb V. aTHM cpasy ?xe 06'b5ICHReTC51 TOT TaKT, LITO HH
11p1411U111114aAbIla BO3M02KHOCTH sAeKTpoKanHAAspHoro AeAeHHs
(c TosKH speinis sHepreTHsecKoro 6aAaHca) OHO ocywecTBAseTcs
ropasito pence, T. C. C ropasAo meHbniell BepOSITHOCTb10, sem
aAbcpa-pacnaA. K Tomy camomy npHHglany CBOAHTCSI TeHAeH-
uns TH?KeAbIX SlAep ? ypaaa, 11AyT0H1451 14 Ap. ? He nnoAHe
cammeTpnliecicomy AeAemno: nocAeAHee 6oAee seposTHo C TORKH
1 npnimmatoigasi 110A0MHTeAbHble SHanemm ripH TaKOM paCCTORRHH mextity
ocxoAxamH, Korita HX MONCHO cyHTaTb ye 060C06HBUIHMHCH.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007_7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
3AEKTPOKAIIMAA1pHOE AEAEHME H AA1,0A-PACIIA4 TR2ISEAblX /MEP 147
apeHH3 TyHHeill3H0r0 acpcpexTa, Rem BrioAHe cHmmeTpH3Hoe eAe-
HNC, HpH KOTOpOM maccbc 060Kx OCKOAKOB 6biAB 6b1
ECAB sap3Abi 06OHX OCKOAKOB 0603HaRKTb Repe3 Zie 11 Z2e,
TO KO3Cpq)HUHeHT C B noxa3aTeAe ypaBlieHHR (2) ripeT BHA
Z1Z2e2. C Apyrok CT0p0Hbi, aHeprH3, BblAeAsliOlgaRCR B MAC
KHHeTHReCK0(1 8HeprHB OCKOAKOB BH AeAeHHH TR>KeA0r0 Biwa,
IlpH6AH3HTeAbH0 cosnaAaeT C 110TeligHaAbHOil aHeprliell 9AexTpo-
ZIZ2e2
CTRTHReCK0r0 OTTaAKHBaHHR R , KoTopyto OCKOAKH HmeloT
no OTHOIne111110 Apyr K Apyry B momenT caoero o6oco6Aennn
(KorAa pReCTORHHe mexcAy HHMH 6AH3K0 K paAnycy RApa
T. e.
ZZ2e2
1 MiM2
2 M1-i- M2 R ?
OripeaeA33 oTcloAa 3Hagemie CKOpOCTH 0 (Ha 6ecxoHermocTH)
110ACTaBARR B ypasHeHHe (2) BmecTo pasHoro elBbipaRce-
2 117
HHA V
? 110AyRHM cAeApoigee npH6A43ceHHoe ypa3HeHHe,313pa-
m
acalowee 3aluccHmocTb POT maccm ii sapKAa OCKOAKOB:
? ??,, ? I 3 I
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4:1 V 21
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re M--=M1 -I- M2? maces BCX04H0r0 RAN.
OTcloAa BHAHO, RTO acHmmeTpH3 AeAeHHH B1311.04Ha C TORKH
spetma ero BepORTHOCTH Kai( 110 OTHOIlleHMO K maccam OCKOA-
KOB, Talc H 110 OTHOILICHHIO K HX sap3Aam. TOT CpaKT, Hapsmy
C aAbcpa-pacuaAom, ripeAcTaBARiorgicm co6oit HaH6oAee BepORT-
Bylo cpopmy AeAeHH3 3.4ep, B cArcae ypana, TOpHA H HexoTopmx
4PyrH3 sitemeaTos Ha6Ax4aeTcH oTHocHTeAbHo cHmmeTpHnHoe
AeAeHHe C COOTHOIlleHHeM MaCC (1,1 3111/11.40B), 6AH3KHM IC 2 :3,
C13513aH, 11013HARMOMy, C IICKAIORHTeAbH0f1 MRAOCT1310 exepruH
aKTI4BaBBH ,z(AR HoAo6Horo AeAeH33.
ACHMMeTpHRHOCTb 3AexTpoxanHAA3pHoro AeAeHH3 TfOKeAbIX
HAep coxpaH3eTc3 H B TOM cArcae, Kora BTO AeAeHHe He CII011-
TaRmae, a Bbl3bIBReTCA 3RXBaTOM nocToponHero HenTpoHa, T. e.
xorAa cooTBeTcTsylowee siApo o6AaAaeT 60Aee win meHee 3Hat14-
TeAbHOn aHeprxell Bo36p34eHH3. Flo MHeHHIO Bopa H YHAepa,
MHHHMRAbH0e 3HageHHe aToti EniepricH, Heo6xo4nmoe AAA npaxTH-
=mem,' mrHoBeHHoro 4eAeHH3 3Apa, palm? aueprim BICTHBaUHH H
COOTBeTCTHyeT, cAeAcmaTeAbHot_AeAeHHio 3Apa 6e3 ripocatunamot
Repea 110TCHUHRAbHblf( 6apbep. dTa TORKa speHH3 HaTaAKHBfleTCH,
oAHalco, Ha TO 3aTpyAHefme, 11TO AeAeHme 34ep coxpameT CHAbH0
acHmmeTpHimbin xapaxTep, Aaxce npH Becbma 60AbILIBX 'anepritax
10*
A nnroved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
148 PAABA gETBEPTASI
Boe6yamennq, nanpqmep, npn 3axsaTe IierITp0HOB C KimeTnqe-
eitoR aneprneil nopq41a 14 MeV.
nO eceri neposiTnoeTn, iteAennio Supa momeT CII0C06CTBOBaTb
AiflUb Ta qaeTb eqeprnq e036pK4ea1151, KoTopasi IIpI4X04IITC51 na
cooTeeTeTepolgylo KoopAnnaTy, T. e. 'coop/AnnaTy, xapaKTepii-
Byloigylo cTenenb BbITSIHyTOCTII qApa. affeprmi B036pK4CHI451,
eeqeakmaq c 3axeaTom 6bicTporo nefiTpona, pacnpeAeAqeTeq
cnaqaAa no pyrilm 'coop/ulnaTam If AIITIth nocTenemao nepexoAnT
B 60AbLUCK BAH menbuleA mepe K TOti KOONIIIHaTe nJu1,?ITO TO ?KC
eamoe, K TOli CTCIICHII ceo6o4m, KoTopaq cooTeeTeTnyeT aKTy
4eAefnf11. npn 9TOM nocAe4Hee 1IpOVICX0IIHTb, Boo6ige
roeopq, eige 4o TOPO momenTa, Korika eneprnsi, npnxoityngageq
na pacemaTpneaempo eTenenb e110604m, A ocniraeT snagennq,
parmoro eneprnn aKTI4Sag1111, eAe4oaaTeAbno, 40A?KHO coxpansiTb
TaKoit xapaKTep, KaK If CITOHTaHHOe 4eAenne.1
1 r14110T030 0 ?TyHI-10AbH0M" xapaHTepe AeAeHHH 111300040T K CAHMKOM
maAori HeposrumeTH 9T0r0 npoueeca. ilosTomy To.Hoe 06551CHelilie He RBASIeTell
yAoHAeTHopwreAbribud.Bonpoe o6 acHmmeTpHH OCKOAKOB [IH iteAermo ocTaeTcsi
OTICpbrnam. (I Ipumeu.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007_7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
FAABA V
HAEPHbIE HPOUECCM B IIPHPOIIE H B TEXHHKE
? 1. &Tem:lemma 6eTa- U ramma-pa,amoaaTaaaocrb
BeTa-npespaigeHHH TIO4III4HRIOTCH Tomy >ice HHHeTwiecxomy
saKoHy, LITO H ripoueccbi aAbcpa-pacnaaa HAIL 8AexTpoxanHAA5lp-
H0r0 AeAeHHH, a HmeHHo: aa 041111aKOBbIri (MaAbIti) ripomoxyTox
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Ke AoAH HcxoAHoro paAHOaKTHBH0r0 BetEecTBa. Tax Hax B STOM
cAriae He HmeeT cmbicAa r0B0pHTb 0 Haxot1-AH6o 81.1epTHH
aKTI1BaglIH, TO oTcHrma 9I44110, tITO yHaaaHribig BbILLie saKoH HmeeT
06wee aHageHne, He aaBHcHigee OT crieuHaAbHoro mexamiama
xapaxTepHayembix 14M CHOHTaHHIAX npogeccos.
H 4e11CTBHTeAbH0, 3TOT ace cambin 3aKOH oripeAeAmeT TetieHme
BO BpemeHH A106bIX CHOHTaHHIDIX npoueccoB, cBoAsagnxcH K c6pa-
CbIBaH1410 1136bITOIIHO11 aHeprHH, HoTopori o6AaAaeT paccmaTpH-
BaemaH cHcTema, H npespaigeHmo aToil exeprHH (HBAH}olgettcH,
HO xpagHeil mepe OTtlaCTH, 110TeHHHaAbH011) B HHHeTHIlecxylo aHep-
11410 06pa3y1ownxca upli 8TOM CB0604HO ABH.HcywHxcH HacTuu.1
B csoeil HaH6oAee npocTog cpopme 8TH ripoueccbi CBOAATCH
K HcnycHaHmo coOTOHOB, T. e. KBaHTOB cBeTa, xax BHAHMOTO,
Tax H HeBHAFIMOTO, B tIaCTHOCTH epOTOHOB C rpomaAHoli aHeprHen,
06paay1oi1Hx ramma-Aytm, HcnycHaemble HapHAy c 6eTa- H aAbipa-
AyliamH 60AbIIIHHCTBOM pa4110aKTHBlibIX 9AemeHT0B.
CDOTOHbI BHAHMOTO cBeTa, a Taxme yAbTpacp110ACTOBbIX H
peHTreHoBcfmx Aymen BO3HHKalOT H HcnycxmoTcH aAexTpoHamH,
Hapyambimll HMI BHyTpeHHHmH, HpH nepexoAe H3 B036y1K4CHHbIX
COCTOSIIIHN, T. e. COCTOBHHli C TIOHNIII8HHbIMI1 KBalITOBaHHbIMH
1 Ha3BalfIle ?ClIOHTBHHbIll" npogecc no cyigecTay menpannAbno, Fax BAK
HH KBaHTOBBH111?1 COOTBOTCTBylOBJHX noAefi (manpomep cneT000ro BOASI B cAy-
nee mcnycxamma caeTa) 01111 MOT C,11{TaTbeff o6ycnonAennEamm asammoAert-
en:mem MOAB if paccmaTpnaaemai cncTemm (aroma BAH siApa).
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
150 AABA IIHTAH
311atIeHHRMH 8HeprHH, B MeHee B036ym4elomie KBaHTOBaHHble
COCTOSIHHH 0, B tlaCTHOCTH, B HopmaAbHoe COCTORHHe, C MIIIIH-
MaAbHb1M sHaneHHem 9Heprini 03 Bcex AOIlyCTHMbIX KBaHTOBaHHbIX
ee 31-nom}mit. aHeprkni 9TI4X cp0T000B BaKAIOtleHbI B npedeAax OT
HeCX0AbICHX BOAbT HAH Aame AoAelt BOAbTa AO HeCK0AbKRX COT
TbICSItl 9AeXTp0HBOAbT (IIOCAeAHRH Uiltppa OTHOCHTCSI K cambim
?MeCTICHM" peHTreHoBbim Ayqam, CHOHTaHHO HenycKaembim aTo-
mamn ypana npx MaKCHMaAbHOM Bo36ym4eHHH HX BAeKTpoHHoll
o6oAotnt0).
I-DoToHbl, HcnycKaembie aTOMHIAMH HApamm npH nepexoAe
ROCACAHHX H3:13036y3t4eHHbIX KBaHTOBaHHbIX COCTORHHR B MeHee
0o36ym4eHHbie, HMelOT aHeprHH OT HeCK0AbICSIX COT TbICSOI
BACKTp0HBOAbT (B HeKoTopmx cArumx 3HatIllTeAbH0 meHbrue)
do IlpHmepHo 20 MeV.'Ipm aTOM BepOSITHOCTb HCII3TCKaHHA
TOTOHOB, oTHeceHHa3 K eAHHHue BpemeHH, o6bitnio 6bICTp0 B03-
pacTaeT c yBempleHHem ox aueprHn; ApyramH CA0BaMH, cpeAHH3
AAHTeAbHOCTb 2KH3HH B036y2X4eHHbIX COCT000I1li, KaK npaBnito,
6bicTpo coKpaigaeTc3 c BoapacTaHHem cTeneHH B036y2K4eHHH,
T. e. 3anaceHHo1t aTOMOM S136bITOtIHON EmeprHH. B cAyqae IDPOTO-
HOB BRAHMOPO cBeTa cpe4H33 AAHTeAbHOCTb B036ymAe0110ro
COCTOSIHHA aToma MAO, npawrHqecni, OAHOPO H3 ero HapymHbix
BAeKTpoHoB, nepecKoKom KoToporo c 60Aee BbICOKOPO Ha 60Aee
HH3Xfiti aHepreTHqemill ypoBeHb 06yCAOHAHBaeTCH HcnycKaHHe
11)0T0Ha, HMeeT nopHAoK 10-8 cex. B cAyqae HaH6oAee ?NieCTKHX"
ramma-Arien AAHTeAbHOCTb HiI4311H COOTBeTCTBy1OLAHX CHAbH0 B03-
6y2K4emiblx XBaHTOBaHHbIX COCTOSIHHA aTOMHOPO slApa cocTaBAReT
nprimepHo 10-14 ceK. CAeAyeT, Bnpaqem, OTMeTHTb, tITO Kai(
B cAyqae 9AeKTp0HHOR 060A0tIKH aTOMOB, Tax B B cAyqae aTOM-
HbIX BAep BcTpeqatoTcH Bo36yamemble COCTOSIHHSI C aliomaAbHo
60AbLII011 4AHTeAbliOCTI310 >KH3H14, Aocrliraiolgeft MHOPHX celtylid
H Aame mecHgeB. RApa, HaxoAsugHecsi B II0406HbIX meTacTa-
6HAbHbIX COCTOSIHHHX, Ha3b1Bal0Tc3 ?030mepablme HO OTHOLLIe-
H1110 X Tem me cambim 34pam B HopmaAbHom COCTOHHHH HAM me
B Bo36ymAeHHbxx COCTOSIIISISIX 06b1tIHOPO THna, 03 KOTOpbIX 0110
AerKo nepexoART B HopmaAbHoe. 14110PAa 410A06HbIe H3omepHbie
Biwa, BmecTo TOP() TO6bI c6pacbmaTb CB010 1136bIT0t1Hy10 eHeprino
B BHAe cp0T000B, ocso6com4a1oTcH OT Hee IIOAHOCTb10 HAM tlaCTHt1H0,
nepeAaBa3 ee oAraomy H3 6A112KatiIIIHX x 3Apy BAeKTpoHoB aToma.
aTO 3BAeHHe HaabmaeTcH ?BHyTpeumeit KoHBepcHele ramma-
KBaHTOB; 0110 HpHBOAHT K B031111KHOBeHHIO HenocpeAcTBeHHo 3a
1 THKHe H Aame ropamAo 6oAee omeprmmmum" CPOTOHN MOZZO H HaCTOA-
Agee mpemm CO3,48H8Tb HCKyCCTHeHHO 38 cmer smeprmm ?gems 61erpmx
HACKTp0HOH. TIOATI8eMMX npm H0M012H 6erarpoma (cm. ? 9 rA. I).
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
HAEPHblE HPOUECE131 B HPHPOAE H B TEXHHKE 151
ctieT aileprim 34pa, mimysi o6pa3oaaHme (pOTOHOB, 6bICTpbIX
BABKTp0HOB HAH 6eTa-Aye. BeTa-Ay3H, BO3HHK8101gHe LIpH n0406-
HOR KOHBCpCHH, OTA11,1810TC5I OT Tex, KoTopme HcnycaaioTcH npn
6eTa-npeapa1geHH3x, T. e. ripH npeapaigemni oAHoro H3 HeffTpoHoa
34pa B 11p0T0H, Tem, 11TO 01114 HmeioT B 11 o AHe onpeA e A e H-
H y 1.43 9HeprH 10 (paaHyto cpoToHa, KOTOpblff IIMH same-
lifleTeff, ymeHbuieuria Ha aileprnio HX Bb1pbIB811101 H3 060A0,1K11
aTom4 B TO 'Tema aaic npx 6eTa-npeapaigeimax 3Heprii3,
Tepsiemasi 3Apom, AeAHTCR 13 nepemeHHom OTHOLLIBHHH memAy
H 3AeKTp0llamH, TaK TO nocAeAtiiie BameTatoT c ace-
BO3MOASHb1M13 aHepriiHmH?OT MaKCHM/1AbH0R, paBHOul ymeHaine-
alleprHH siApa, H AO CK0Ab yroitHo maAbix. Heo6xoAHmo,
Aaitee, noAtiepicHyTb, TITO n1i4 HCIUCKaHHH ,,KOHBepCHOHHbIX"
6eTa-Ay3e# HApa He Me11.5110T caoero cocTaaa H, B tlaCTHOCTH,
3AeaTputiecaoro Bap3,4a, B TO apem3 KaK npu 6eTa-nperipaigeHm1x
HX 3ap34 yHeAmiiisaeTcsi Ha eAtunigy, cooTaeTcTayeT cliati-
Koo6pa3Homy H3meHeini10 acex (pH314K0-XIIMIllieCKHX CBORCTE1 COOT-
BeTcTspoLgero aToma(npii npaaTHtieciton Ile113MBHHOCTI4 ero seca).
HecmoTp3 Ha yK8.3aHHbIe inane pasmitnisi, BCBBO3M02EHbIe
rip0gecci3, ca3saHHbie c sumemem paAHOaKTHBHOCTH, KBK yme
oTmetutAoca, npoTeamoT BO apemenii corAacHo oAHomy H Tomy
saaoHy: 411CAO /IC X0 A HN X aTomoii, 14C11b1Tb1Ba10104X CHOHT8.11H0
paccmaTpHaaemoe npeapargeHHe (AeAeHHe, pacnaA, iismeHeithe
sAea.TpHliecitoro 3ap514a HMI ripocTo ymeHbaieHHe aileprHH 6e3
H3meHeHnsi cTpyxTypb0, cocTaamieT 3a emningy apemeHH anomie
oripeaeAeHllyio Aomo HCX0AHOPO znicAa aTomoa. aTa AoAsi HAM
o6paTHasi eli Bemitniiia, pasHaa cpeAHemy apememi /K14311H aToma
HO OTHOLUM1410 K cooTaeTcTayioigemy npogeccy (npu He1303M0111-,
HOCTH OCTaAbHblX), npeAcTaamieT co6oil xapaaTepHylo KoncTanTy
HCXOAHOPO 3AemeHTa, Hasigattemyio ero ?paAlloalernaHoli HOCTORH-
H011" 11 moryigyio CApKHTb AASI ero ono3Haaamis1 c TaKHM Hie
ycnexom, KBK H ace pyrne xapaxTepHaie IlpH311aKH. BoAee Toro,
B cAriae, itorAa pa4ll0aKTIIBH0e BeigecTso HmeeTc3, Kati 06bI4110,
B MHHHM8AbH0M KOAHEIBCTBe, oripeAeAeHHe ero paAlioakTHEiHoil
110CTOSIHHON no CKOpOCTH pacnaAa HAM npeapaigeimii, T. e. no
ocAa6Aemilo ero paA1108KTHBHOCTH C TegeHHem apemeHH, ABASIBTCH
HaH6oAee npocTaim H y4o6Haim meToAom ero 01103H8BaHHH. aTOT
meToA Tem 6oAee yAo6eH, BeAH3HHa paAHoaxTHatioit 110CT01111-
HA AAA pa3A1411HbIX aAemeilToa aoAe6AeTc3 B cambix 11111130KHX
npeAeAax, COOTBCTCTBy101AKX HoAe6aHmo cpe,ztHero apemeHH
3K1131IH B npeAeAax OT HIVIT00K1113IX 4OAeiI cexyHAN H AO MHA-
AH3p40B H Aame TpHAAHOHOB AeT. ?
B cAytnie paAHOEIKTHBHbIX npeapaigeinal OAHHaKOBOPO THII8
(8.1124/1 HAM 6eTa) memity Bemitunioff paittioaKTHEmon nocTo3HHo11
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
152
rAABA IIATAH
If aneprneil, c6pacbmaemori KApom, T. e. KFIHeTHHeCK0/1 eireprueft
abiAeTalownx macTHu, cywecTayeT necbma npocToe cooTHomemle:
paAHoaKTHBHaK 110CTOHHHa.11 nospacTaeT 11p146A14BHTeAbH0 81CCHO-
HCHUHaAbH0 C yneAngeHHem eHeprHH 8THX HaCTI4U. TaKHM o6pasom,
HamepeHHe aHeprHH aAmpa-nacTHg HAII maKcHmaAbHoil alleprHH
aAeKTpoHoe, HcnycKaembix npn paccmaTpHeaemmx 6eTa-npeepa-
LgeHmix, 1103BOA5ICT H4eHTHTHUllp0BaTb FICX04HbIt1 eAemeHT (a cAe-
AoeaTeAbHo 14 npoAyKT ero pacnaAa) TaK ace, KaK H HsmepeHHe
ero paAHoaKTHstiofi nocTosumoit.
KaK Mbl yme yKasaAH BblIlle, THHICAbIll 1480T011 ypaHa U238
o6Aa4aeT e3K0 ermpameHHon aAmpa-paAnoaKTHsHocTicao, T. e.
CKAOHHOCTb10 pacnaAaTbcK Ha aAbcpa-macTHuy, KoTopaK HrpaeT
p0Ab BbinycKaemoro cHapKAa, H Ha HsoTon TOpH11, C aTOMHbIM
necom 34 H eapKAom 90, lupeJoignm p0Ab mamal. nePHO4
H4413HH ypana no OTHOILIeHHIO K eTomy npoueccy COCTaBAHeT
OKOAO 4.5 mApA ACT. 06paapoigHticK npu 8TOM 1130T011 T0pHY1
(o6o3Ha4asunificK paHmue xaK ypaH X1) oKasbmaeTcK TaKme
paA1103KTFIBHb1M (Kax, enponem, H ace Apyrne 1130T01113I 8TOPO
eAemewra), oAHaKo, B oTHomeHHH He aAbcpa-pacnaAa, a 6eTa-
npeepaLgeHHK. CpeAHKK AAIITeAbHOCTb ero .1111,18HH panHa 24 cyT-
Kam, a pesyAbTaTom npenpaigeHHK, CB5I3aHHOPO C HcnycKaHHem
aAexTpoHa H HeftTpHHo, HBAFICTCH KApo ypana X2 c Tem ace
aTOMHbIM Becom (234) H Ha eAmmuy 66Abunim sapKAom-1430T011
IIp0TaKTHHH5I. aTOT aAemeHT ecTpetiaeTcK B 111111TO>KHO maAbix
KomiTlecTeax H noAAaeTcK Ha6moAeHHio TOAbK0 6AaroAapsi Tomy,
TITO OH TaK?Ke paAHoaKTHeeH. PaAHOaKTIIBHOCTb ero TOPO ?Ke
THrla, 11TO H y npeAbiAywero aAemewra, cHKsaHa c mcnycKaHmem
aAeKTpoHa (H HetiTpaHo), a spemsi 111113HH COCTaBAHeT 6.7 naca
(OH HMeeT TaK2Ke Haomep c nepHoAom 68 ceK.). IlpoAyKTom CPO
npeepaigeHHK ABAHeTCH Becbma peAKHil 1430T011 ypaHa C aTOMHbIM
Becom 234, aAbcpa-paAlloaKTHEmbni, TaK ace KaK H HCX04llbIN
TK>KeAlKii HaoTon C aTOMHbIM Becom 238, HO CO 3HaiIHTeAbH0
60Aee KOpOTKOH AAIITeAbHOCTb10 1141,13HH (2.7 ? 105 AeT). Flpo-
AyKTom ero pacnaAa CHOBa ABASIeTCH HROT011 TopHK (HoHHH)
C aTOMHbIM Becom 230 H SapHAOM 90, TanKe aAbcpa-paanoaK-
THB3bI1, 110A06110 cnoemy npeAulecTeeHHHKy, IKHeytotti B cpeAHem
8.3 ? 104 AT H pacnaAaJoigHHcK Ha aAbcpa-tiacmuy H Ha paAnit,
KOTOpblli npH ceoem pacnaAe A aeT ewe A0B0AbH0 AAHHHblil
paAHoaKTHeHbix aAemeHTos, H3o6pa2KemuK* Ha pHc. 31. Ha
eToti AHarpamme yKaaaHbi aTomHbill sec H HOMep COOTBeT-
cTaylowix aAemeHToe, cpeAlisK ,ZIAHTeAbHOCTb 111143HH H xapaK-
Tep pa/1140aKTHBHOCTH?aAMpa HAH 6eTa (ramma-paAHoaKTHe-
HOCTb H CB513aHlia51 C Heft KoHeepcHK BO nimmainie He 11p1411H-
maloTc51).
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BAEPHHE IIPOUECCiA B IIPHPOAE 14 B TEXHHKE 153
CAeAyeT OTMeTHTb, TITO 6eTa-npespaigeHlls, Ha6moAaembie
B psAy ypana It paAlls, HBAsHoTCsi 06bP1H0 ABOrIliblMil, T. e. Cita-
raloTes H.3 AByx 6eTa-npespargeiniff, cAeAylowix Apyr sa Apyrom.
4T0 Me nacaeTcs qHcAa npogeccoB aAbcpa-pacnaAa, pa34e-
A51101DIX Apyr OT Apyra ABC nocAeAoBaTeAbHbie napbi 6eTa-
npeBpaigeH11H, TO ono noAe6AeTes B cambix umponllx npeAeAax.
Ynasannas saxoHomepHoeTb, T. e. napHocTb 6eTa-npeBpaigennil,
He Ha6AloAaeTcs B AByx A pyrmx psAax pa4140aRTHBHbIX DAC-
MeHTOB C HetieTHb1MH MaCCOBIAMH 1111CAaMH 11 sanalonmaiowixes,
Tan me nail( 14 B cAriae psAa ypaHa, 0111411M 143 yCTORTHIBbIX
1130T0110B cBRaga.
1530 nem
A =226
ilsomon paw?
J.d
3kfun.
19. 7muff.
RaG
214,
83
if3omon ouchigina
Ycmciiqu8
R ctG
206
82 ji
U301108 ckfao
it.300,0flp830HCI
22303a
H301710(7 nal I OXIJA
#301170/7 CeW140
133 &ea
if301fl0n 170)701100
130177011 C5UH140
Momon thicmgma
/130177017 17 0170HUR
PHc. 31. Cxema paenalta paAax.
napHocTb 6eTa-nperipa1geHHA (B psAy ypaHa) cBssaHa c nap-
HOeTb10 paenpeAeAeHHH HefiTpoHoB H 11pOTOHOB C ripOTHB0110-
A0mH0 HanpaBAemibimll cmulamn tIO pasAHnHbim sHepreTntiecnnm
ypowism sApa (cm. pHc. 11).
B 6eTa-paAHoanTEBHbix sAemeHTax c Hs6biTogHbzm ttheAom
HerrrpoHoB, nocAeAHHe nonapHo, oAHH 3a Apyrnm, npespa-
LgaloTcs B ripoTOHbi, an Kan BTO npespaageHHe, 6yAymH Bb1r04-
Hbim AAR O4H0r0 113 HI1X, OnasbiBacTCH, Hoo6ige rosops, BbirOAHbIM
H AAR Apyroro.
CB.H3b aAlApa- 11 6eTa-ripeBpalgeHiln B pnAe ypaHa (a Tanme
B psAe TOpHH H anTHH1131) 0673SICHReTC5I Tem, LIT? npH npoueccax
aAbcpa-pacnaAa 1111CAO 11130TOH0B H HeitTpoHoH B TAHSCAOM sApe
y6b1saeT Ha oAHHanoBylo BeA14111411y (2), Tan TITO nponopgus
memAy TIFICAOM ocTanagHxcE B sApe HefiTpoHoB H ITHCAOM npo-
TOHOB BospacTaeT aHOmaAbH0 no OTHOilleHHIO H Ton, xoTopas
cooTBeTeTriyeT mHHHmymy BlieprHH (npu AaHHom 06igem tincAe
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
154 ''AABA IIATAK
KaCTI1g). TaKHM o6pa3om, npH HOBTOpHOM yAaAeHHH aAbcpa-tiacTml
ocTalotgeecm 3,4po AOANIHO paHbuie HAH no3me CTaTb HeyeToli-
t1HBIAM B OTHOILICHHH 6eTa-npeapa11eimil. KorAa 3TOT momeHT
HacTynaeT, TO Asa HeilTpoHa C IIpOTHBOHO.A0>KH0 HanpasAeHHbimH
cnitHamH, HaxoAsugHecsi Ha camom BbICOKOM K3 311}111TbIX aHepre-
THtleCKHX yposHeft 3Apa, nepexoART oAHH aa APyrHm (tzepe3
OTHOCHTeAbH0 KopoTKHR npomeNlyToK HpemeHH) B IIpOTOHbI, nocAe
3ero npouecc aAbcpa-pacnaAa mo?KeT cHosa B0306HOBI4TbC5I.
aTOMy pacnaAy cnoco6cTHyeT TO, KTO TA2KeA0e AottepHee 3Apo,
Hrpamgee p0Ab nyinKH HO OTHOLlieHHIO K aA131)a-KaCTHge, ocTaeTc3
nocAe HbicTpeAa B Ho36ym4eHHom COCTOAHHII C normuueHHolt
eHeprHeH, KoTopa3, HOCK0AbKy OH a He pacxoAyeTc3 Ha GPOTOHbI
ramma-Arieil, cnoco6cTHyeT cAeAytoigemy aAbcpa-HbicTpeAy,
ymenbuia3 Heo6xo4Hmylo AAA nocAeAHero aHeprkno aKTI4BapIkl.
ramma-Aytm, mcnycKaemble AaHHbIM 34pom, moryT B HeKOTO-
pbix cAygasix II0PAOI1aTbCK B eAeKTpormon o6oAotnte 3TOPO ?fie
siApa. floo6uizi ?mirrpemillf4 (pOTOSAeKTpiPleCKKit acpcpeKT"
mo?KeT HMeTb mecTo AHLUb B TOM cAyliae, ecAH AAHHa BOAHbI
cooTHeTcTayloigH3 ramma-Aygen ropa3Ao metnane, gem paAmye
op6HT DAeKTp0H0B, KOTOpbIMH OHM IMPAOIgaIOTCA. B IIpOTHBHOM
cAytme Hi3pbmaHHe BTOpkIKHbIX 13AeKTp0HOB cAeAyeT paccmaTpH-
BaTb Katt peayAbTaT npmmoro npespaiAeHH3 1436bITOKHOH sHeprHH
aTOMHOPO RApa B sHeprmo OAHOPO 113 BHeIIIHI4X HAeKTpoHos (BHyT-
peRHHA anexTpoHHaa KOHBeIDCHS1). B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT AAIIHbI
BOAIThi ramma-Arien BTOT nepexoA mo?KeT HMeTb 60Aee HAM
Mexee BbIpaNieHHbIti pa4HauHoHHT3H xapaKTep. XapaKTep eAeKTpo-
MarHHTHOr0 HOAR (4IIII0AbHbIft, KHaApynoAbHbal K T. A.), npo-
}MARK/LAW:ICH npli maAoll AAHIle BOAHbI B BeAHKI4He MOMeHTa
KOAHtleCTBa ABH1KeHilK HenycKaemoro (POT011a, B eAyqae 3AeKTp0H-
H011 KOHBepCHH o6Hapy2KHHaeTc3 B OTHOCHTeAbHOR HHTCHCHBHOCTII
COOTBeTCTBylOLAIIX 6eTa-Ay4en.
KaK ye POBOpHAOCb swam, 13AeKTp0HHa5l KOHBepCKFI Ha6mo-
4aeTc3 0c06em0 &CTO B cAytute 1430MepHbIX flAep, T. e. 3Aep,
HaX045HAHXCA B MeTaCTa6HAbHbIX COCTOSIMIRX (06b11110 C otieHb
maAoff eHeprHeil H036y314e1-43). B &TOM eAynae ramma-Ayqm
macTo Hosce He o6HappKHHaloTc3, 3ameHR3eb npaKTH3ecKH noA-
HOeTb10 KOHBepCKOHHbIMH DACKTp0HaMH.
? 2. Hcxyccirsename 66Ta-pa,twoaKTnisame aAemearbi;
Tpancypasm
BeTa-npespaLgeHH3 moryT 6bITb BbI3BaHbI HcxyceTHeHHo nyTem
o6ArienH3 yerofigiumix anemewros c3o6o4HbimH HaTpoHamx.
ECAH sHeprma HeilTponos Hesemuta, TO, CTaAKI1Bafieb C SiAptiMH
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
HAEPHblE IlPOUECCW B IIPHPOAE H BTEXHHKE 155
yCTONHHB6IX DAeMeHTOB, 01114, KaK IlpaBHAO, ?HpHAI4111110T" K HHM,
IIpeBpaIgaSI HX B AApa 60Aee THHICANX H30T0110B. ECAH B HCX04-
HOM (60Aee AerKOM) H30T011e IIHCAO Hei1Tp0HOB 6bIA0 6AH3K0
K MaKCI4MaAbH0My 3HatieHHIO, AOHyCTHMOMy 11p14 AaHHOM HHCAe
11pOTOHOB C TOIIKH Bpet11451 yCTORHHBOCTI4 BTOPO 1430T011a 110
OTH011IeHI410 K 6eTa-11peBpaIgeHH51M, 1130T011, 110AytieHHb1ii HCKyC-
CTBeHHO, IlyTeM 3aXBaTa AHLIIHer0 IietiTp0Ha, OKa3b1BaeTC51,
B0061ge POB0p51, HeyCTO1tII4BbIM; AMhIIFIMl setiTpos, saxsagessbill
14M, rzepeRAR 113 CB0604HOPO COCTOAHHA B csssassoe, spespa-
tgaeTcs CHOHTaHHO B ripoTos (c scnycKassem sAeaTposa H Hen-
TpI4H0), B pe3yAbTaTe Hero pa4140aKTHBHNH 1430T011 HCXOAHOPO
aAemesTa upespatgaeTca B yeTofftnisbiti 1430T011 CAeAy101.ger0
BAeMenTa (B pHAy BAeMeHTOB, paCII0A01KeHHb1X B 110pRAKe B03-
paCTaH1151 aTOMHbIX HOMep0B).
rip14 HaAHHHH CB0604HbIX Hei1Tp0HOB MO/KHO TaKHM nrrem
HCKyCCTBeHHO IIplIPOTOBHTb paAHOaKTHBHbIe H30T01113I scex ycTol-
qHBbIX seTpexiaioLgsxcs B IlpHp04e, IIp14TOM B BeCbMa
60Ab1110M KOA1411eCTBe, TaK KaK COBpeMeHlIbIe MOIgHble UHKAO-
Tp0HbI H B OCO6eHHOCTII flAepHbIe peasTopm (?ypasosbie KOTAN")
II03BOA5IIOT OCB060?KAaTb 143 ?B4epH0r0 1lAeHa" OtIeHb 60AbLIIHe
KOAHtleCTBa He1Tp0HOB.
1/13POTOBACHHbIe TaKHM o6pa3om HCKyCCTBeHHNe paAsoaaTss-
HbIe elteMeHTb1 smean tzpessmmailso 6oAbruoe ssamesse AAR
sayas11 TeXHHKH. Hayt1H0e 3HatleHHe MX 3aKAIOtlaeTCA I'AaBHbIM
o6pa3om B TOM, HTO OHM MOUT 6bITb 14C110Ab30BaHb1 B KatleCTBe
?MetleHbIX aTOMOB" 11PM HCCAe40BaHHH KkIfieTHKH pa3AHHIMIX cps-
31411eCKIIX H xsmatiecasx spogeccos, npoTeaasngsx gpeasbplaRso
meAnesso, HAM /Be AAA 11pOCAMHBaHHA TeX CAOMHbIX IIyTeti,
110 KOTOpbIM pa3A14111ible BeIgeCTBa, BBOAHMbIe B OpraH143M, paC-
11peAeASHOTCH B CPO TKaHAX H OpraHaX. AAA HAAIOCTpaW1H MbI
paccmoTpsm cAeApolgse Asa npumepa.
ATOMbI fa3006pa3HOPO TeAa, HaIlpHMep HapOB KaKOPO-A1160
MeTaAAa, HellpepbIBHO 11epeMeILIHBalOTCA. AHaA01'1411H0e 11epeMe-
IIIHBaH14e, HO HeCpaBHeHHO 60Aee MeAACHHOe, 11p0HCX04HT
B 1KH4KI4X H TBepAbIX TeAaX. 11pOCAe4HTb BTO nepememasasse
MPH TOHI4eCTBeHHOCTI4 BCCX aTOMOB 6bIA0 6N HeB03M02KHO. aTO
OKa3bIBaeTCH BO3M0?KHbIM, 110 apalsen mepe B 11pHFIg1411e, IIpH
He110AHOti TOHI4eCTBeHHOCTI4 aTOMOB, CBA3aHHOff CO CMe111aHHbIM
H30T011/1b1M COCTaBOM paCCMaTpHBaeMOPO EMeMeHTa. O4HaK0
AerK0 OTAHHHTb OAHH H30T011 OT Apyr0r0 H30T011a MOIKHO ARUM
B TOM CArlae, KOI'Aa OH 6eTa-paAHOaKTHBeH. B BTOM cAytute
OH MO?KeT 6bITb AerK0 06HappKeH, a IlepeMeIgeHHe 06pa3y101.E14X
er0 aTOMOB 11pOCAeNieHO (11p14 110M0101 BAeKTp0HHbIX CReTLIHKOB)
Aliso rips cosepmesso HI4HTO1KHOM ero coAepsainni B CMeCH.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
156 rAABA HATAFI
MCX0451 143 STFIX coo6pameHHil, Xeseum HccAeAoBaA ewe B 1922 r.
CkOpOCTb nepementhBaHHH aTOMOB CB1411Ua B THepAom COCTOAHHH,
npHmenias B HccAeAyemoil nAacTHHKe Ha OAHOR H3 ee nosepxHo-
cTeil HFITITONSHOe KOA1411eCTBO pa4140a1CTI4BHOPO H30TOIIa cBmiga
RaD (Pb211, noAytiamborocH ecTecTBeHHbim o6pa3om B npogecce
pacnaita paAbH. B HacToingee spew' npH HOMOV4 HcKyccTneHv
libIX paAHoaAemeHToB MC0KHO npnmeHHTb aHaAormnibiR meTo4
K HCCAe40BaHHIO nepemetunBaHHH aTomos B A1060M TeAe, KK
xllmHxiecKH npocTom, TK H xHmHtiecKH CAO2KHOM (B 1IocAe4Hem
cApiae BO3MONSHO 143p114Tb KHHeTHIty pa3A1411HbIX 06MCHHbIX 3114-
MHACCKHX peaKunt).
AHaA0r14,1H0 MOHIHO npli 110MOIgH paAHOaKTFIBHbIX 14H4I4KaTO-
pos npocAeAuTb pacnpeAeAeHHe pa3AHAHIAX XIIMINeCKHX BewecTB
B oprain43me B npogecce 06meHa BewecTB. TaK, HanpHmep, rIpJ4-
K nopaHH 06bIKHOBeHHOr0 HoAa HemarniTeAbHoe KOAH-
xleCTBO HCKyCCTBeHHO 11pHr0T0BACHH0r0 paAHoHoAa H nimunimasi
BO BHHMa1114e, qTO aTOMbI nocAe4Hero riaCTBylOT BO Bcex cp14314-
KO-XHMIPleCKHX npogeccax HapaBlie C HepaA1408KTHBHb1M14, OKa3a-
AOCb BO3M0HiHbIM npu 11OMOL1I4 8AeltTp0HHbIX ClIeTAHKOB 1IpocAe-
A14Tb 38 pacnpeAeAerniem HoAa B opraHuBme H, B llaCTHOCT14,
yCT8HOBFITb 6bicTpyto Koaueirrpagmo ero B LAHTOBHAHOn xceAeBe;
aHaA0r14T4Hb1M o6p8.30m yAaAocb npocAeAHTb aa KpyroBopoTom
cpoccpopa B OpraHH3Me.
HCKyCCTBeHHIAe paAHowtemenTbi FICII0Ab3y1OTC5f, 04Haxo,
B 6H0A0r1411 14 meAngHHe He TOAbK0 B KatiecTBe paAHoaKTHBHbix
HHAHNaTopos. HapasHe C eCTeCTBeElHbIMII paA11O3KTHBHbIMI4 aAe-
meHTams, H B qacTnocTH paAHem, OHIO 1113HMeHAIOTCH KK MOW-
HbIe 6eTa- H ramma-Apien, morywx 14MeTb Ba2KHoe
geAe6Hoe 3HatleHlie npH AelieHHH BAoKanecTBeHubix onyxoAeft
(6Aaro4apH cBoefi CITOCO6HOCTH 11p0HHKaTb Ha 6oAmuyko rAy6HHy
B TKaHI4 OpraHH3Ma H BIA3b1BaTb pa3pymeHHe 06pa3y1onn4x HX
KAeTOK). MOLDIbIe UHKAOTpOHIA (a Tatoice nAepnbie peaKTopm,
CM. H14Hie) 1103BOA5IIOT H3rOTOBAATb B OAHH r04 HCKyCCTB?eHHbIe
paA1403AeMeHTbI AAA TepaneBTHElecKHx geAen B KOAHAeCTBaX,
3KBHBaAeHTHbIX sZ(eCATKaM KHAorpammoB paAHH (me2K4y Tem KaK
Ao6bitia 9T0r0 3AeMeHTa COCTaBAAeT Bcero A1411113 HeCK0AbK0
rpammos B r04.
OCO6eHHbai IIHTepeC AAA TeXIIIIKH npeAcTaBAHeT BO3M02KHOCTb
110ArleHHFI HyTeM 06ArIeHHA ypaHa cB0604Hbimu HeRTpoHamx
TpaHcypaHoBbzx FmemeHT0B, KoTopbte BCAeACTBHe cBoa HeycToil-
InthocTH BoBce He BcTperialoTcH B eCTeCTBeHHbIX ycAosknix. FlpH
BaxBaTe HefiTpoHa HApom OCHOBH0r0 (TAH4eA0r0) 1130T011a ypaHa
C aTOMHbIM BeCOM 238 o6pasyeTcH TA>KeAbIn H30T011 91'01'0 8ite-
MeHT8. C 8TOMHbIM Becom 239. aTOT TA2KeAbIn 1130T011 HeycTon-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
HAEPHblE IIPOUECCII B IIPHPO4E 14 B TEXHHKE 157
gHB, no4o6Ho HoArmembim allaA01.1111HbIM nyTem paIIHOaKTHBHbIM
1430T011aM 60Aee AerKI4X sAemeHToB. CpeAHAA npoAoA>KHTeAB-
HOCTb ero >KH3HY1 pamia 23 mmayTam. 4aAee OH npespaigaeTcH
C mcnycKaHHem afteKTpoHa (a HenTpHHo) B CAe4ylOW4r1 anemeHT
C Tem >Ke cambim aTOMFHAM Becom 239 H C sapsmom 93. a TOT
nepmAil TpaHcypaHoBBIR aAemeHT, HenTyHmI, TaK>Ke 6eTa-pa4Ho-
aKTHBe3-I, Ho4o6Ho TA>KeAomy ypaHy, H, npo>KHB B CpeAHeM
2.3 cyToK, ripeapaigaeTcH BO wropoR TpaHcypaHomAil aAemeHT ?
HAyTOHIIR, C Tem >Ke aTOMHbIM Becom H C BapAitom 94.
34ecb, TaK Ace KaK H B pe cAyHaes ecTecTBeHHoil paAno-
aKTHBHOCTH, 6eTa-npespaigeHme HmeeT napHbili xapaKTep, CKAa-
AbIBaHCb RB ABX 110CAe40BaTeAbHbIX aKTOB H HpHBoAA K o6pa-
BoBaHHio 19AeMeHTa, yeT0r1,1HBOPO HO OTHOHICHHIO K npespaige-
mum 9TOPO poAa. Taxxm o6paBomt.riAyToin4H, noAo6Ho AerKomy
HBoTony ypaHa HAT(' aKTHHoypaHy U235, MOAleT 6bITb HeyCTONIIH-
BbIM A14111b HO OTHOLI1e111410 K sAeKrpoKanHAAApHomy AeAeatito H
aAbcpa-pacnaAy. OCTaBAHA B CTOpOHC aAmpa-pacHaA, KoTopimil
He HMT CylgecTBeHHoro BHatieHHA, 11p14B0451 K o6paBoBaHmo
y>Ke 143BeCTHOPO Ham aKTHHoypaHa, T. e. H3OTOIla ypaHa C aTom-
HbIM Becom 235, MbI AO.A.MHbI 06paTHTb oco6oe BHilmaHHe Ha
AeAeHH e IlAyTOHHA. TaK HK aHeprHA aKTHBagtm AAA aToro
AeAeHHA 40A1KHa 6b1Tb meHbme, Hem B cAytiae aKTHHoypaHa
(a sHeprHA, BBIAemuotgaAcA HpH DTOM npouecce, HeCK0AbK0
60AbLUe), TO CKOpOCTb CIIOHTaHHOPO AeAeHHA HAyT0H1451 HAH,
BepHee, COOTBeTCTBpoLgasi paAHoaKTHBHaA nocTaAHHasi AoA>KHa
6bITb 3Ha1114TeAbH0 60AbIlle, mem y aKTHHoypaHa. Bpemsi Aill3H11
1lAyTOHHA 110 OTHOUle111410 K ripoueccy ACACITHHI oKaamBaeTcA,
oAHaKo, AOCTaT0t1H0 60AbULIHM AAA TOPO, 9T06bI npu oTcyTeTBHH
ycAormft AAA BO3H14KHOBCH1431 ?HenTpoHoBoH AaBHHbla (T. e.
AoCTaTotmoR MaAOCTI4 KyCKOB IlAyT0H1451 HAI4 I4)1 AOCTaTOHHOil
y4aACHHOCTI4 A pyr OT Apyra) HAyToimft MOH1110 6bIA0 CHI4TaTb
HpaKTHHecKH yeTonHHEHAm BACMCHTOM.
B 1939 I'. raH H WTpaccmaH Bneptime noKaBaAH, LITO npx
o6AyHeHHH AerKoro 1130TOTIa ypaHa HeitTponamH nponcxoorr
AeAeHHe AApa Ha OCKOAKI4, XHMHtIeCK14 TO314eCTBeliHbIe C 6apHem
H Apyrumn cpeAHHmH aAemeHTamH CHCTeMb1 MeHAeAeeBa.
Tpamcypanonme aAememTb4 o6pamymngmeem npm saxnare men-
Tpomon THAMAb1M 1130TOHOM ypaHa, 6bIA14 110AyHelIbI B DTO
BpemA, H cBottenta HX BbIACHelibI pa3AHHHbIMH HccAeAoBaTeAAmH
B nocAeApoigHe romp'.
B Hammen', HapAAy c HerrryHHem 14 HAyToHHem 6bIA14 HoAy-
tieHBI eIge Hemipe aAemeHTa (Am, Cm, Bk, Cf) B lipe3Bbitudixo
1 ECAH OCTBBHTb B CTOpOHC BO3MO3KHOCTb ammpa-pacna4a.
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
158
rAABA 1111TAR
MaAblX KOAHReCTBAX, AOCTaTORHbIX, BITOReM, AMI yeTaHoimeHHA
HX XIIMIIReCKHX CBOACTB. B COOTBeTCTBM4 C TeopeTHgecKHmH
npeAcKaaaHHAmH oxaaaAocb, TITO ypax npeAcTawieT C06011 9/1e-
MeHT HOBOil nAeAAbi, aHaAorkigHoti peAKiim aemAAm, aAemeHTiA
KoTopoil OTAFIRMOTCA Apyr OT A pyra cTerieHbio BafloAHeHHoCTH
0AH0r0 113 sHyTpetiHHic cAoea sAexTpoHHoff 060AORKH ripti oAH-
HaKoBom =mute Happimbix BAeKTp0HOB.
HecmoTpA Ha BTO, paaAngne memAy pa3HbIMH sitemeHTamn
91.011 HOBOR HAeHAbl Ace me 311aTIFITeAbH0 60Aee peaKoe, gem
meAmy pa3AligHbIMH MBOTOIIflMH 04110r0 H TODD Ke aAemeHTa.
noaTomy abiAeAeHHe IlAyT0H1451, o6paspowerocA B HeApax ypaHa
npti samiaTe ero TRMeAbIM H3OTOILOM 6bICTpbIX HeilTpoHos, ripeA-
CTaHAFIeT CO6OR Baitagy HecpaaHemio 6onee AerKpo, gem awe-
AeHne 113 maccbi ypaHa ero 6oAee AerKoro II3OTORA (AAR gero
Tpe6poTcsi ogeHb moigHbie AncligiyaHoHHbie yeTaHOBKH HAH Ke
macc-cneKTporpaqmi, cm. HHale). npH BTOM IIAyTOHHA noAygaeTcA
B Blue oAHoro HaoTona C aTOMHbIM Becom 239, cnoco6Horo,
110406H0 AerKomy II30TOHY ypaHa, K AeAeFauo rioA BAHAHHeM
MeAAeHHbIX HeRTpoHors. TaKHm o6paaom, AAR rwAygeHHA aTOM-
HOil 60M6bI, T. e. maccbi BeigecTaa, CLIOCO6H0r0 K Uermorny
Bapbmy (nyTem pasMHomeHHA cao6o4ribix HetiTpoHoa), yAo6Hee
He BblAeARTb 143 ypaHa ero AerKHil 1130T0II, a BbIACAHTb ? RHCTO
XHMIltleCKHMH cpeAcTaamti?nAyToHH11, 06pa3y10Igii11cA B TA?KeAOM
H3OTOILe ypaHa nyTem saxsaTa HeliTpomm, a03HHKAI0LOIX apH
AeAeHHH AerKoro HBOTOTIA.
? 3. kromman 6om6a
ATOMHaR 6om6a AoAmHa COCTORTb 113 HAepHoro ?ropiogere:
aKTHHoypaHa HAIl TIAyTOHHA, H 06AR4BTb AOCTaTORHO 60AbLIIHMH
reomeTpHgecKllmti paamepamH AAA TOr0, RT06bI MO/KHO 6bIA0
npeHe6pegb yTegKo11 o6pa3powHxcA B Heil cso6oAmAx HeilTp0-
HOB tlepes notiepxHocTb Happily, T. e. tiT06bi gHeAo HeilTpoHos,
OCTalOWIXCA B o&beme KycKa, MOP/10 Aam4Hoo6pa3Ho BoapacTaTb
Tegemiem apemeHH.
Bonpoc o ?KpkinigecKHA paamepax", ripH KOTOpbIX KycoK
aKTHHOypaHa HAFI LIAyTOIIHR OKB3b1BaeTCSI CHOCO6HbIM K genHomy
Bapbiay, MOASeT 6bITb B ripkiHuHrie pemeH cAeApoigHm o6pa3om.
npeAtioAomkim AAA IlpOCTOTbI, RTO Ace BTOpHtllibIe HekTp0Hbl
HMelOT oAHy H T Ke CKOpOCTb 0, KOTOpOit COOTHeTCTByeT
onpeAeAeHHaA AAHHa npo6era no oTHouxemno K BaxaaTyA. TaKHm
o6pasom, KamAtati BoBrn1KmMll npn AeAeHHH AApa HeilTp0H epea
apema T==; ribismacteT AeAeime Hosoro AApa, nopomAaA flM
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
51.4EPHblE rIPOgECCbl B IIPHPO4E B TEXHHKE 159
BTOM B cpeAllem y HaTp0HOB cAyqae aimmoypalia y 2.5).
11p3 Heorpamigemmix pasmepax npenapaTa H RelismemiocTB
1,111CAa CTIOCO6HbIX K AeAemuo 3Aep tIHCAO CB060411bIX HeilTpomm
AoAmtio 6Buto 6b1, CACAOBKTCAbH0, YBeAlitiliBaTbCH sa Bpem3 T
B noATopa pasa. B AefICTBI4TeAbHOCT1t, omiaxo, He1Tpom3, Ha-
xo4mgRec3 6AH3 noBepmfocT3 npenapaTa, moryT BblAeTaTb epeB
Hee, Be BbI3bIBaH AeAmmil. LIHCAO 110406llbIX ,,AesepTlipoB",
BBIAeTalow4x gepes noBepxBocTB S npenapaTa 3a Bpem3 t, maAoe
B cpaimemni C T, paBHO (111:416A113HTeAbH0) 110A0B1111e FIX B no-
BepXHOCTHOM cAoe C TOAIgHHOII vt (Tax xax A pyrag 110A0B11Ha
npi4 pamon BepOHTHOCTH pa3A1411HbIX HanpaBAemiti CKOpOCTH
1 c.
ABIMeTC51 He Eapymy, a BHyTp13), T. e. nponsBeAmm O
o -2- M Ha
413CAO HefiTpolioB B eAmmue oftema (N?o6igee TIHCAO
HeliTpolioB, V? o6bem npenapaTa). Tamim o6pasom, usmelimme
tuicAa N sa spew,' t BbipaxiaeTc3 pa3HOCTb10 me3c4y 0613CMHb1M
Nt 1 No,
npllpai ,gemiem H noBepmocTifog yTem tmo -2- Tz- ?JVI.
AMI N3E137143 Uermoro Bapy3Ba Heo6xoAxmo, 3To6al aTa pas-
HOCTb HmeAa noAo3mTeABHoe sHagem4e. KpliT143ecmie pasmepta
npenapaTa (T. e. MHHHMEtAbHbIe paamepai, yAoBAerBopmolgRe
BTOMy yCAOBH10) BBIpa&amTc3, cAeAoBaTeAmio, paBmicTBom
T. e.
BAB, Tax ICEIK "7
TO
Nt 1 NS
( y ? -y -7 air,
^ yr
S ? 2 (7 ?1) '
V
S ? 2 Cy ?1)
ECAH npenapaT npeAcTaBAReT co6oli map c paAllycom R,
V R
k? 3
Tax To npeAmAyigee ypamiume nplummaeT BHA
3A
2 (i ? 1) ?
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
160 FAABA HATAR
B eAynae aKTHnoypaHa y 2.5 H, eAelioaaTeAbHo, R--=-X,
T. e. AAA B3pbIBa aKTHHoypaHoHoli 6om6b4 mapoo6paaHoi4 cpopmbi,
paAityc ee AOANIeH 6bITb He menbine epeitHeil AAHHbI npo6era
6bICTpbIX Hei4Tp0HOB HO OTHOILleHHIO K HX aaxaaTy.
3ame4AeHme 6bICTpbIX HeilTpoaoH npkoriceAo 6b1 K sameAAermo
sal:masa H CHICaleHI410 ero acinpeKTHBHOCTI4 (Tax. KaK npenapaT
pasAeTeAcA 6b1 Ha meAKHe OCKOAKH, erge He yenernuHe Haop-
BaTbC51 H yaw He enoco6Hbie K UenHomy Bapbn10.1
Bee aKTHHoypaHoaoil HAM nATroHlieson 6om6b1, CH0006HOi1
K CHOHTaHHOMy Bapboy, HmeeT, HOBHAHMOMy, nopfLztoK HeCK0Ab-
KHX KHAorpammoa. TeopeTlitlecKHe coo6paaceHHH noKaabiamor,
,ITO noabuneHne TemnepaTypta npH Bapbme TaKofi 6om6bi momeT
A0CTI1PaTb HeCK0AbKI4X AeCATKOB MHAAHOHOB rpaicycoa, HO LIT?
aTa TemnepaTypa yAepmcHaaeTea AHLUb B Tegemae maAoll 40AH
eeKyHicbi.
FlpH xpaHemm aKTHHoypaHa HAM HAyTOHHH He06X0AHMO,
OtleBHAHO, colter:Imam DTH 3AeMellTb1 B am4e icycKoa 40KpHTH-
tieexicx paamepos Ha 311aEIFITeAbHbIX paceTosumAx Apyr OT A pyra
Tait, ,ITO6bI HefiTpolibi, HenyeKaembie 4eARIAHMHC51 aTomamH, He
MOPAH OKa3bIBaTb eyigeeTaeHHoro BAHAHHA Ha OCTaAbHbIe aTOMbI.
BHeaanHoe coeAHHeHHe Asyx KyCKOB ,401(pHTHtleCICHX pasmepos
B 040H KyeoK cHepmcpwrmtleeKux paamepos 40A1KHO npHsecTH
K MPHOBeHHOMy Bapbuly noene4Hero.2
KaK WC BeAHKa aueprHx, Hbutemnowanea ripH Hapbme aTom-
Hoti 6om6b1, oHa Bee me HHLrroacHo maAa HO epasHemno C KOC-
MHtleCKHMH sanaeamH aHeprkm H, B ilaCTHOCTH, C aHepreTwie-
CICHMH pecypeamn Harnett nAaHeTbi. Talc, HanpHmep, irro6rm pac-
IIIMBHTb 1 Ky6Ht1eeKHR KHAomeTp Abita, noTpe60BaAoeb 6b1 e6po-
e0Tb Ha Hero HeCK0AbK0 4eCATKOB TbICSItl aTOMHbIX 6om6.
Bosapacgasieb K aonpocy 0 BbIileAeHHH aKTHHoypaHa HAM
HAyT01111g AAA aTOMHbIX 6om6, sameTHm lipeacAe Beero, LITO
B 06bIKH0BeHH0M ypaHe upogeee pa3MHONIeHHACB0604llbIX Hef4T-
poHos He moacerr paamaaTbesi no Ton lipHInme, tITO BTOpHIMbIe
HeliTp0HbI saxaaTbmaioTcH TR2KeAbIM H3OTOHOM ypaHa. FlpH STOM
oco6eHHo IIHTelICHBHO saxsaTbusaioTea HM HeilTp0HbI e aHeprxefl,
6AHBKOH K 25 eV (?peaoHaHeHbill" saxsaT).
1 CorAacHo CMHTy (1'. 4. cm 11 T. ATOM118.51 aHeprHH AAR BOOHHbIX
Ue.keil. M., 1946), KOHCPCIJHUHOHT HCII0Ab30BaHH11 si,ztepHoil aneprHH 17p1f Haphme
aTomHort 6om6m He npeHbunae'r npHmepHo 1%.
2 FlpH HTOM MOTHOCTb BTOMH011 60M6b1 6yAeT aaa.moaeHa B BeCbMa
TeeHmx rpaHHuax, OT MHHI3MaAbH0ii, cooTHeTcTsyHogeil HpHTHgeCKHM paame-
pam 60m6m, ,zto 134Hoe 6oAbnieff, cooTHerreTspolueii HpHTH4OCKHM paamepam
o6emx ee 110A0B1111.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
RAEPHbIE IIPOUECCbl B IIPHPOAE H B TEXH1'IKE 161
flpH TaKHX yCAOBHRX AAR o6ecneReHHA AasHHoo6paaHoro
HapacTaHHA tHicAa HeffTpoHos Heo6xo4Hmo XOTR 6b1 11.11CTHRHO
yitaAHTb TAnteAsill H30T011 ypaHa, T. e. 06011ITHTb ypaH ACTKHM
H30T0110M. BOAee paAHKaAbHb1M, HO smecTe c Tem H 60./tee TpyA-
Hb1M meToA'om RBASIeTCR 100?/0-e sbiAeAeHHe AerK01.0 H30T011a ?
aKTHHoypaHa. AAA aToro 11pHMeHAIOTCR 11p14HU11111411AbH0 xopoino
H3BeCTHb1e MeT04b1, HanpHmep 411Cp4y314R OAHOPO H3 raaoo6pa3-
Esix coeAHHeHHH ypana Repes nopncTbie neperopoAKH. OAHaKo
AAA Toro RTO6bI 110ArI11Tb xopoundi peayAsTaT, Hyama (cm.
vilify CmHTa) UeAaR ?6aTapese B 4000 110CAe40BaTeAbH0 coeAn-
HeHHbIX 4/11140y3HOHHbIX npn6opos c o6Igeff nAotgaAblo nspero-
poAoK B 20 ra.
AAA ToR >se geA11?H30A3411111 aKTHHoypaHa ?npHmeHAeTcA
meTo4 macc-cneKTporpacpa HMI U11KAOTp0Ha, HacTpoeHHoro
Ha RacTngbx c onpeAeAeHHoil maccoti. TaK, HanpHmep, Aoypeuc
11pHMCHHA AAR 91'01'0 rpomaxisin sAeKTpomarunT c AHameTpom
110AIOCOB B 4 M H secom (mom) 4000 TOHH, cHa61ceHHba1 cne-
gHaAbHbIM npncnoco6AeH11em AAA HeilTpailHaagnn o6bemHoro
aAeKTpanecKoro aapAAa 110A01KIITCAbHbIX 1101108 (B3a1IMH0C OTTaA-
KusaHHe KOTOpbIX BHOCHAO 6b1 CHAblibIe OCAO2KHCHH51 B 011HCbI-
Baemue HMH TpaeKTopHH).
AAR ocylgecTimenHA npogecca genHoro AeAeHHA aRTHHoypaHa
npH 1ie60Ab1110M ero NOAHRecTse Heo6xoAnmo 6smo 6b1 Ancnep-
rl4p0BaTb ero aTomsi B KaK0M-H146y4b ?aameAAnTeAe", T. C. BC-
wecTBe, cnoco6Hom aaTopmanmsaTb HeilTpoHsz, npaKTHRecKH He
aaxsaTbisaA HX. TaKHM aame4AnTeAem momeT CAy1KHTb, Hanpnmep,
TR2KeAaR soAa, Totmee, TH>KeAbIlt soAopoA, BX04511011 B ee
COCTaB.1 npH 3TOM AApa KHcAopoAa HpaKTIVIeCKII He 3aXBaTbI-
Bat0T HeilTpoHos, Tora RaK AApa TRaieA0r0 soAopoAa 6bicTpo
aaTopmanosaloT HX AO TellA0BbIX cKopocTeil (oKoAo 0.03 eV).
4A1411a npo6era 11040611bIX ?TelIA0BbIX" HellTponos HOOTHOIlle-
HMO K HX aaxsaTy B RHCTOM aKTHHoypaHe secbma maAa.
Pa3BHTHe sapsisa B ?TOM cAyRae npoTeKaAo 6b1 CAHLIIKOM
meAAelmo AAA B0e1111131X UeAeff; ?AHEM? Taxoro poAa ycTaHosKa
morAa 6bI HatITH sancHoe npumeHeHHe B 11p0Mb1111AeHH0CTI4.
oitAR CO34aHHR aromHoil 60m61:12 oKaaaAocb 6oAee BblrOAHIRM
HCII0Ab30BaTb o6paaosaHne 11AyT0HIIR B npenapaTe 06b1KHOBefi-
H01'O ypaHa. 4To6bz yCK0p11Tb 3TOT npogecc, ocytgecTsAsnoigHtIcA
aa cReT pacnaAa AAep AerKoro H30T0Ha ypaHa, 6biAo npHAymaxo
1 THmeAaR HOAR MOZeT6bab amAeAeHa Ha 0661qH04 BOAN aAexTpoAHsom.
IlpH aTom AAR noArieHHR 1 A TRmeAcai aoAm HeoftoAHmo o6pa6oTaTh COTHH
TOHH o6mxacaleHHoR aoAm, B xoTopoR oHa coAepsarreR B isHAe npameelf.
2 Cm.: Harnme a TexHavecHHe ocaosm RAepHoR aaepreTHRH, r. 1-2
(no4 peA. ryAmeHa), 1948-1950.
11 .H. oppeincenb
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
162
rAABA HRTAR
npHcnoco6AeHme, BaxmogaioLgeecn B noApaaAeAeHHH 06bIKHOBell".
Horo KommeptiecKoro ypana Ha OTAeAbHbIC KyCKH CpaBHIITeAbH0
He60AbLIIFIX paamepos; KyCKH oicpymcatoTcR aameAAHTeAem, B Ka-
tlecTae KOTOpOr0, Haps'Ay C T.111Ke/tOti BOAOft, momeT CApESHTb
60/tee Aemeabili rpacpHT (TI.gaTeAbH0 01114WHHblit OT npHmeceti,
cnoco6Hbix saxsaTbmaTb HefIT'poHbi).
BT0p141111bIe HenTpombi, HcnycKaembie npH AeAeHHH aTOMOB
aKTHHoypaHa, A1160 BaxsaTbisaioTcR Apyrumm, eige He pa3AeAHB-
UMMHCA aTOMaMH awrmioypazia B TOM Rte camom KycKe, rAe OHH
B03H/IKAH, AH60 Ate a TOMAMH TA1KeA0r0 H3OTOfla, npuBoAR K 06-
pasoeatikno HenTyaHR H IlAyT0H1151. Te HeitTpoHbi, KoTopbie
He 6bIAH saxaageHbi B 8T0M KycKe, nonaAatoT B aameAAHTeAb,
B KoTopom OHM 3aTOpMa1K13BalOTCH 1101ITH AO TelIA0BbIX cKopocTen.
TaKHM o6paaom, OIlaCHbat HHTepaaA aHeprHH B6AI43H peaoHamc-
Horo magemiR 25 eV ,4AR saxaaTa HX T.R1KeAbIM HaoTonom ypaHa
OHM npoxoART B aameAAHTeAe H nonaAmoT B Apyrod KyCOK ypaHa
c TCHAOBbIMH CKOpOCTAMH, 3aX8aTbIBaRCb rips aTOM rAaBHbIM
o6paaom Aerfcmm HaoTonom. To >ice camoe noaTopReTcR co cAe-
Ayxageti rpynnoll 6bICTpbIX BT0p11,11-1bIX HetiTp0HOH, BO3HHKalOWIX
BO aTopom KycKe ypacia HH AeAeHHH HMe/01.04XCH B Hem aTOMOB
AerKoro HaoTona.
npH HaA,Aeacaignx paamepax oTAeAbHbix KycKos ypaHa (KoTo-
pbtm o6bitnio coo6igaeTcH cTepRuieo6paaHa51 cpopma) H HaitAema-
Ignx paccToRinisoc memAy HHMH B rpacpwroaoH macce M01KHO
06CCI1e911Tb napaAAeAbHoe TeReim o6oHx npogeccoe? gennoro
4eACH1151 aKTHHoypaHa H o6pasoaaHHR IlAyTOHHR C nocTeneHHo
yaeAHRHaaxagencR CKOp0CTb10. I-IOC/MAHAR momeT peryAHpo-
BaTbCA norpyRieHHem B rpacpHT HAM HaBAegeHmem 113 Hero KaA-
mHeabix cTepameft, TaK Hail KaAmull o6Aa4aeT cnoco6HocTbio
Becbma CHAbH0 110rAOLgaTb ace TenAoabie HetiTp0Hb1. TaKHM
o6paaom, CKOpOCTb 060HX npoueccoa momeT 6biTb AoBeAeHa AO
mo6oro RteAaTeAbH0r0 ypoaHR H no44ep2KHBaema (aBTOMKTH-
qeCKH) Ha 8TOM ypoane.
B buteAsnowasicsi npH 8TOM npouecce aReprHR (KHHeTHqecKaR
aHeprHA npoAyKToa AeAeHHR 112, a TaKRce aHeprm 6eTa-Ay4e1,
HcnycKaembpc npH npeapaLgeHHH U2" B HenTyHHil H
momeT 6bITb HCII0Ab30BaHa AAA TON), 4TO6b1 1IpIABOAHTb B
meHHe paammbie mexamiambi H MaLIIHHbI, T. e. AAR mitpablx
IIp0MbIWAeHHbIX laeAeit.
l'accmaTpHaaemoe yeTpolicTso, Haabmaemoe ypaHosbim HOT-
AOM HAM RAepHiRm peaKTopom, 1103BOAReT TaKme HapRAy C aHep-
mien noAytiaTb 60Abilllie KOA11,1eCTBa HCKyCCTBeHHbIX paAlloaKTHB-
Hbix sAemewroa, o6pa3po1gHxcR npH 6eTa-pacna4e npoAyKTos
AeAeHHA aKTHHoypaHa. BbiAeAeHHe 8THX 8AeMeHTOB npeAcTaBAReT
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
L-L0008000171700181-1700-C8dC1I-V10 6 1-/I, 1/LOOZ eseala Jod panaiclaV
.11
9161 't ?e 'SI 'HHHIRX ?uaA g.iclogtio z
? (? V ad ? hawndll).
?inudalle ijoi0/0.tx Ha marao1ino9sd qtanximpochmove adim a istadou man
.axvovuzxa a tmargAu svia9 dD2D a *4 1S6I H H 'mwsdailammit H lairlHQhA
HWHHOIQH00 Mnomadevd OHMQUD HYP19 HI3OHYAdl H16 'OHIDOHEH HUM T
'13917.1.MOBW 0,10MOVOHEE IcHINHXVI? OWA 01E1? ICHHOIAVII WM.317'0080
-oda ooaodu `0,10.I. 331(09 :110)1HWHXVO xasoadlt A.I.113141 gosaava
-.LoaffrApo cl,L1LI,Hh3 OHWONI !MAO 0018'0.1.3BH H ?Intosodgo mond,
?111418BIWIMLIOVHM ONINOVEIHROft0 `IcHHOIAVII t'13.1.30111IVOM
cli.V?1131t .LLIONT pahxsad xmodaIto xruluaft iKHO, RTO6b1 1114CAO eTeneHeit CB060,4131
.6bIA0 AOCTaTORHO DeAkIKO 14 RTO6bI ?spew{ peAaxeaulla" Aiwa,
T. e. HpemH yCTHHOBAeHHH par:I-loam-for? paenpeAeAeHHH aHep-
PHH Hos6y3ytemia, 6biAo maAo B CpaBHeHHH C 4AHTeAbHOCTb10
ero >K143H41 B Ho36y3l4eHH0m COCTORHHH.
AM! xAmoeTpagun 9TO1 MeTOAHKH MbI npluxemm ee cHaHaAa
K npoeTethnemy eAyHalo Hpeaxbr-laftHo CHAbH0 B036pE4CHHbIX
HAep? Taxoe Bo36y3c4eHne o6yeAoHAnsaeTest B eCTeCTBeHHbIX
yCA0131151X nonaitaimem BHyTpb HApa Kaxoil-AH6o MaCTHUN, BX0-
Ainvii B COCTaB KOCMI4ReCKHX Arlen 14 o6Aa4atowefi AOCTaTORHO
60AbIlIO1 Emeprxeit-110pFlAKH COTeH MHAAHOHOB 8AeKTp0HBOAbT.
TaxoH HacTxueit MO?KeT 6bITb, HarIpHMep, npoTon HAM He1Tp0H.
BbleTpbai HyKAOH, nonaAaH B HatlaAbH0e R4p0, COCTOSILAee 143 A
HyKAOHOB, o6pa3yeT siApo, cocTosagee H3 A-i--i tiyKAOHOB H
.o6Aa4auligee aueprneft Boaely&AeHaR L3i W, pasmoll HatutAbHott
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BO3SYNI4EHHb1E COCTORH14/1 AAEP H AAEPHblE PEAKUHH 171
ukuieTHnecaoil anepram nonaAaxngero nyaAoHa. ECAH BTB anep-
r1351 XOTA 6b1 B HeCKOABKO paa mentane aneprint 110K051 nyKAona
(T. e. 1000 MeV), TO ?Ha MOMieT 6bITb Bbipamelia o6bitmoti,
flepeAATHBACTCKOR (POpMyA0f1
1
nw2
COPAaCHO Balcony COXpaHeHlIf1 KOMIlleCTBa 413111KeHHA, geHTp
noBoo6pasosamoro RApa nplio6peTaeT npu aTom CK0-
V
pOCTb v, paanyaa H A -1- 1 0414HaK0130 HanpaaAemmo c v. Bb1-
IIHT/151 133 o6igen aueprkin LW aneprnio ABH?liellHA Ueirrpa
-TS11KeCTH
1
2
mV r2
?2 m -I- ? 2 (A '
voAriaem Aita aneprna OTHOCHTeAbHOPO 4BHASeHM51 tlacTmu HOBO-
4:36pasosatmoro Biwa HhipameHHe
2
2 A 10'
,KoTopoe npH A.1 011eHb 6AH3K0 K W.
ECAH HHeprian zW (HAH, TOAHee, A W1) ECAHKa 110 cpame-
Imo co cHpbiToff TenAoToti. HcnapeHHB HApa (A -t-- 1) U re
U0 0.008 MC2, TO MOASHO CAHTaTb, TITO npa aaxsaTe HyKAOHa
HAP? ?HaphiHaeTcH" B TaKom 21Ie cmbicAe, KaK BapbmaioTca 06b1g-
mime B3pb1B4aTble BeigecTaa, nepexoitaigne B ra3006pa3noe CO-
CTOAHHe. lipH 9TOM cpeAnan anHeTHgecaan eneprna aamiton 149
.er0 AaCTHg oKaabmaeTca pamoil
1 A
_4_ 1)2 0.008
npn A = 20 11 V 2C MN noAriaem, nanpumep,
0.25 Uo = 2 MeV.
- 3 7_
COPAaCHO pasencTay = K
2 i , aTomy COOTECTCTByeT Temnepa-
-rypa aApa T = 1.5 ? 1010, T. C. 15 mAp4 rpaAycoH. lipH 9TOM,
BanAy HaAllt11451 o6wen natiaAbnott CKOpOCTM A ace 11pOTOHN
14 neitTpolthi, na KoTopaie pacnaAaeTcn asapo, 40A1KHbl B bl eTa Tb
113 Hero npenmyLgecTseinio B 04HOM 14 TOM me HaIlpaBACHMH
(Ran noaaaano Ha plc. 32) B Blue caoero poila ?AMEBA". Same-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Pnc. 34. B3pigenoe paelgenAenne nApa. PacIenAe-
liHe BeposiTao cepe6pa, vacTagefi nocninme-
CRIM Ariefi c alleprmeti nopnAxa 1000 MeV. NIOMBO
pa3AH,IHTb eAeitta 7 HpOTOHOH, 5 aAbcpa-vacTug H
6oAbmoro glicAa 6oAee TSDKCAbIX noxepnbix OCKOAKOB.
PHC. 35. ?BnesAa" OT nocmilmecnnx Artefi. PaenzenAenme THIKCA0r0 Apa,
H KoTopom Aminnonpo6emnam aAbqn-qacTnua (c aneprnefi32MeV) ocTaeTcs
enTrpn 9MyAbCHH. B 06b1'3nom no34yxe aAmpa-maeTnua nmeAa 6131 npo6er
nopmAxa 1 M.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
B03BY24EHHblE COCTOHHHH 114EP 11 flaEPHbIE PEAKU1411 173
gaTeAbHo sapHmeHHbix mesoHoH, HMe10101XCH B KOCMIlrleCKHX
ArlaX. 011bIT noKasbnmeT, TO no4o6Hme Me30HbI, o6Aa4aimgHe
maAoh CKOpOCTb10 (B KOH cHoero npo6era), npelKAe gem no-
naCTb B HApo, CBH3bIBalOTCH C HHM, 110406110 aAmrpoHam, HaX0-
451IAHMCf1 Ha 04110KBaHTOB0R op6HTe (nocAeAHHH HmeeT y mesoHa
B 280 pas meHbumit paingc, gem y sAeKTpoHa, TaK KK macca
mesoHa B 280 pas 6oAbLue maccm aAewrpowa). CpeAHHH npo-
A0AMHTeAbHOCTb >KH3HH TaKHX saxsagemibix Ha K-op6HTy aToma
Me30H0B He apeabnuaeT 10-9 ceK., nocAe gero 01114 110PAOLga1OTCH
HApom. BbiAeAsnoLgasicH npH DTOM sHeprim nopHAKa 140 MeV H
o6ycAoHAHHaeT 6e3HmnyAbcHbdi Hspbm HApa BAH ero gacTligHoe
HcnapeHHe.
110A0MHTeAbH0 sapHmeHHbie Me30HbI, oTTaAKHHaembie aTom-
HbimH HApamH, HilyTpb HX He nonaitaioT H saKawnisaioT cHoe cy-
wecTHoHaHHe BH HAep, pacnaAaHcb Ha v.-mesoH H HeitTpHHo.
7c-mesoHbi, noHHAHmomy, HrpaioT B TeOpHH HAepHtdx CHA 6oAbLuyio
poAb H o6Aa4aloT 4AHTeAbHOCTb10 f1113HH (B CB0604HOM COCTOH-
HMI) nopHAKa 2.10-8 ceK., TorAa KK 4AHTeAbHOCTb 1E143HH 6o-
Aee AerKHX V.-Me3OHOB npHmepHo B 100 pas 6oAbule. B CB11311
CO CKa3aHHbIM cAe,ztyeT HanOMHHTb 0 mesoHax pa3libIX mace,
o6HappKeHHbix B KOCMHIleCKOM H3AytIeH1111, cyLgecTHoHaHne KOTO-
pbix cHHAeTeAbcTayeT 0 BO3MONSHOCTII AaAbHeihnero yCAOHilleHHH
TeopHH mesoHos. B HacTosngee Hpemm 1Io4o6Ho1 ycosepuieHcTao-
HaHHoil ii o6o6weHHoff TeopHH 8THX ilaCTI4g He cywecTeyeT.
B 1948 11 1949 IT. Hnepable yAaAocb Ha6Aio4aTb o6pasoBaHHe
iv-mesoHos B Aa6opaTopHbix ycAoHmix noA AeticTHHem HpOTOHOB
H aAbCpa-tiaCTHU C aHeprHeff oKoAo 400 MeV.
? 3*. 3aBlICEMOCTI, ryCTOTIA Bo36y2KAeunikax aimeprerecmax
ypowlea OT ameprsu sx Bo36yakzkeausi
CBfi3b memAy aHeprHeti Ho36pK4eHHH CAOH111b1X SI4ep WE
H TemnepaTypon T(HAH 0=kT) MO1KeT 6bITb onpeAeAeHa AHILIb
Ha OCHOBaHHH KOHKpeTlibIX npeAcTaHAeHHli o xapaKTepe HX Ten-
A0B0r0 4131,12KeHHH.
ECAH paccmarpHsam nocAeAHee KaK 1111414BH4yflAbH0e ABH-
meHHe HyKAOHOB B HeKoTopom camocorAacoHaHHom BOAC, T. e.
TpaKToriam HyKAOHbI KK rasoo6pasHylo cHcTemy (1Io4o6Hyio
cHo6o4Hum aAeKTpoHam B meTaAAax), TO aneprmo W IH He
CAHLUKOM Bb1COKHX TemnepaTypax MO1KHO npeAcTaBirrb B BH4e
W We, aT2, (1)
HAH
E.aT2. (2)
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
174 rAABA MECTAA
34eCb a ? HoscpcpHipeHT nponopRoHaAbuoCTM, HmeangHit
rlopsi-
k2
A
40K a Go? maxemmaAbHasi KlilleTHIMCK?151 aHeprHH HyKAOHOB
60
HpH T=0. l'ICX04A HA STOP? HpeAnoitomeHHH, A. A. Aaimay
BblBeA AAA 811Tp0IIHH S H036pK4eHHoro HApa cdteitylowee
yparmeHHe (HenocpeAcTseHHo HbrreKalowee HA COOTHOLLICHHAt
dS 1 ?.
T I ?
S=2\laE=2aT. (3)4
143 9T0r0 ypasHeHHH, memAy npoqum, cAeAyeT, tITO npH HO'
CTOAtICTBe 06bema Aiwa (HameHetmem BTOr0 o6bema npH BOA-
6y2K4emin HApa MO/KHO HpeHe6peqb) coHna4aeT c ero4
TerIA0eMKOCTb10.
C Apyron CT0p0HbI, CHASE. 911Tp0IIHH CO CTaTFICTIltleCKHM"
Hecom Aiwa, T. e. tIHCAOM G pa3AHI1HbIX KBaHTOBaHHbIX COCTOAHHH,,
B KOTOpbIX AApo MO1KeT HaX04HTbCA HpH sHeprim, 6AHaKoft K E,,
abipaxiaeTcH ypameHHem
kin G.
FIOCK0AbKy COOTHOHICHHe me.mAy G H S nee T AorapHcpmmiecxidt-
xapaxTep, MOASHO B BTOM ypasHeHHH HoApasymeHam noA G
tIHCAO B036y1KACHHbIX COCTOAHHil, aHeprim KOTOpbIX He nperibi-
maeT E, T. e. ACHIVIT B rIpomeNcyTKe OT 0 AO E. TaKHM o6pa-
30M, HoApasymeriaH n04 G(E) HMeHHO BTO %MCA?, MO1KHO Hbipa-
3HTb ero epea aHTpoflMio ypameHHem
GeC. (4)
4HolnpepeHUHpyfi BTO paseHcmo no E, noAyqaem
T. e.
dG idS
dE= e kdE
dG 1
kTe ?
(5)
AeHaH qacm aToro paseHcma ripeAcTaHABeT C06011 tIHCAO paa-
AHtffibIX KBaHTOBaHHbIX COCTOAHHN Ha e4HHligy HHTepaaAa aHep-?
rHH, T. e. ?rycToTy" KBaHTOBaHHbIX ypomieff HApa.
1 A. 4. A aaAay, Asap:), 7, 819, 1937.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
303BY2IS4EHHblE COCTORH1431 HAEP 14 HAEPHblE PEAKU1414 175
06paTifyio }mummy
dEk Te- k
(5a)
MONSHO 011peACAHTb KM( cpe4Ree paccTosame me?RAy COCeAHHMH
B036yMCAeHHb1MH ypOBHAMH RApa Ha uncaAe aReprall. nOACTaBAAR
B BTO ypaaReme Beipameime (3) AAR S, noAyRaem
2aT
kTe
(6)
RAH, corAacRo ypameinno (2),
? 2Vah
(6a)
3 -- e- k ?
a
Ak2
11pR eameRe RoscpcpRgReRTa a ero eRaReimem OTO ypame-
6o
? ripkammaeT BRA
v--A? e E? ? (7)
OTcioAa cAeAyeT, B 170AHOM COTAaCHH C eacnepRmenTaAbRelmm
CpaKTaM11, 4TO rycToTa ypoaReil B AaHHOM RApe (cocToRtgem
113 A HyKAOHOB) y6emaeT 8KCII0HCHUHaAbH0 e RoepacTamiem
eReprIIR B036pR4etn4R H ,ITO AAA paeARRReix RAeP PaCCTOH-
line memAy coceAmimll Bos6yameimbnit4 ypoamm? apki OAHOM
H TOM me aftaRekam saeprita Bo36yRiAern451 y6bmaeT 8KC110HeH-
gHaAbtio c?yaeARReRftem asaApaTeoro RopeR Re 411CAZI A. 4T06b1
COCTaBHTb ce6e apeAcTaaAeRue 06 a6COA1OTHOM 3ea4e1-an4 1141CALI 3,
paccmoTpRm RApo C aTOMHb1M Becom A.----200 H e eeeprnelt
Ro36yAefa4R E, pamoil 1 MeV. aHeprHa eo, ecAR RcxoAeTe
apt ee Bb1,114CAeHHH 113 ripeArioAo?ReeRR, 11TO MHHHMaAbHail
Ae-6poi1AeacKaa AA14Ha BOAHbl HyKAOHOB 2131 szApe pama ero Alta-
meTpy 2R, oRaseameTcR paeRoff ?1 (--h) T. e. npll R=10-12
2m 2R '
14 M =- 1.7 ? 10-24
E0=3.2 ? 10-6 epra = 2 MeV.
TaKHM o6pa3om, OTHOMeHHe ?eo B 9TOM cAyRae pamo npilmepRo
1/2 14, cAeAoaaTeAbRo,
2 VAE
? V2A ?20.
Eo
1 8T0 Beipamelixe Aerxo 110AriliTb 113 ypanxexxx A=--- ?
rnv
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
176 rAABA HIECTAH
npeAoHcnoHeHgHaAbHbin MHOHIHTeAb B ypaBHemni (7) paBeH
1113146AH3HTBAbH0 105 eV. TaKFIM o6pa3om, B paccmaTpHBaemom
cArme 3 COCTaBAHBT OKOAO 105e2? = 10, HAM OKOAO 0.002 eV.
lipH E=1000 eV Mbl noArlaem aHa.A0P1411H0
8=3.2 ? 102? 10-0.27=-1700 eV,
T. C. paccTomme memAy COCeAHHMH ypoBHADAH HmeeT B BTOM
cAytme TaKolt ?Re nopRAoK BeA14,1H}IbI, Hai( YI HX co6cTbeimaK
nbicoTa Ha antaAe eneprnn. AaAbnelimem yMeHbUleHHH ellep-
MIR B036y2K4eHH5I paccTomme memAy cocemnimH ypostnimn cTa-
HOBHTCH }rale MHOPO 60AbLUB aHeprHH B036y2KABHH1, T. e. 9Ta
sKeprnsi ripmnimaeT peak() abipamembiti AliCKpeTHbIff xapaKrep.
Mb! BepHemcH K aTomy Boupocy B cAeApoigem naparpacpe,
a noHa BaMeTHM AHIIIB, TO npaseAumbie stone BbIBOAbl OTHO-
CATCH, cTporo roBopH, TOAbK0 K CAO2KHbIM KApam, AM! KOTOpbIX
OHM nmetoT ycpeAtienabal CTaTHCTIVIeCKHR xapaHTep. CriaaTHHe-
cHliti X04 KBalITOBaHHbIX yposHen pHeprin4 MO1KeT B AeTamfx
cylgecTBeHHo OTAHILlaTbC31 OT npnBeAeHHoro Bbnue; B cpeAnem,
oAnaKo, c yaemigelinem aneprkm Bo36y2K4eln4K cocemme ypomm
ace 6oAee H 6oAee C6A14HialOTCH B COOTBBTCTBHH C ypannennem
Ammay (6).
FlpeAnoAomenne, Aermee B OCHOBy BbIBOAa BTOPO ypasHeHHH,
He 6eccnopao. Taft, Hanpilmep, eCAH CtIIITaTb, tITO ABH?KeHlie
HyKAOH08 B HApe ocyLgecTBAHeTcH B OCHOBHOM KOAABKTHBHO,
II0406H0 KoAe6aTeAbRomy ABHHIeHHIO aTOMOB B TBep,4131X HMI
1KH4KHX TeAax (KaK npeAnoAaraAocb MHOH B moeti nepHoil ny6AH-
KaUHH 1936 r.),1 TO ypasHeHHe (2) cAeAyeT samennTb ypanne-
HHeM
E - b P (8)
(saHoH CTecpaHa?BOAbgMaHa HRH H143KPIX TemuepaTypax), 113
KOTOpOr 0 cAeAyeT AaAee
f dE 4 h7.3,_ 4 bv,E3/.
(9)
T 3 3
H, corAacno ypaBHeHHIO (5a),
1 4
?RF
8.... /ENT 01?E'l?
e
(10)
YpaBHeHHH (10) H (6a) npaKTimemth Becbma 6AFI3KH Apyr
K Apyry, TaK 11T0 Ha OCHOBaHHH erampntlecKoro saKona yMeHb-
1 J. Frenkel, Sow. Phys., 9, 553, 1936; Han. AH CCCP, cep.
cpliswi., 1936.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BO3BYZ4EHHblE COCTORHHA RAW H )14EPHI:1E PEAKU11411 177
raeHau paCCTOAHH51 memAy COCeAHHMH yporniumif npH yuemme-
HHH pHeprHH Bo36yut4eHan 6buto 6bi TpyAHo peunrrb, 'mime
Ha 9THX ypameHHii yqme nepeAaeT AelicTuHTeAblible COOTH0-
11IeHHA.
npH TIOMOIAH H3A0HieHHOlt Teopun MONSHO B npuRgHne pe-
11114Tb puA 6oAee TOHKHX BOIWOCOB, B qaCTHOCTH Bonpoc 0 cpe4-
ne sHeprim HeilTpoHou, KoTopme HcnycRaloTcu
HApamH, saxuanumuumu 6bICTpbat HpOTOH, HeffrpoH HAH CC-tia-
CTHUy. Ha paccmoTpeHuH 9THX BOITOCOB MW, oAHaxo, He 6yAem
34ecb OCTaHaBAHBaTbC51.
? 4*. Cpeivisin 14ARTeAblIOCT6 2KR3H11110136pKIIMMILIX COCTORIEFfik
(mapitsa Boagyntigemnax ypoimeik)
H.4p0 He mouleT 4AHTeAbH0 HaX0401TbCii B B036yusAeHHom
COCTOSIHHH. PaHo HAH HOSAHO OHO AOAHSHO noTepuTb HBAHLIIH1010
sHeprHio?cpasy, nyTem nepexoAa B HopmaAbHoe COCTOHHHe,
HAH Ke B HeCK0AbK0 aTanou gepes paSAHIMbIe Boa6pu4eHHbie
COCTOAHHA C meHmueft sHepruelf. aTa ?AesaKTusagag" B036y-
5K4eHHOr0 sApa MOHleT OCyweCTBAHTbC51 pa3A1111/IbIMH cnoco6amH,
KoTopbie B Kofige KOHUOB CBOASITCA K HcnycKaHmo Tex HAM HHbIX
qaCTHg, a HMeHeo: B npocTettatem cAytute ?cPOTOHOB (T. e. ramma-
Apia), a Taume B 60Aee CAOMHbIX cAyqaux ? mesoHou HAH
BAeuTpolio-HeilrpuHoubix nap, HAH, Ham:meg, B BHAe THHieAbIX
tiacTug? IIpOTOHOB, HefiTpoHou, aAbcpa-qacTug H T. A. B nocAeAHem
cAruie AeBarrusagum HApa HaabumeTcH 0613pm? ero ?pacnaAom".
aTOT TepmHH npumeHueTcR 'mime H npH npogeccax 6eTa-npe-
BpaigeHm51 H A ame HHOPAa npH HCHyCKaHHH ramma-Ayneit, XOTH
npu BTOM 0 pacrutAe B HacTongem cmbicAe 9TOPO cAosa He momeT
6bITb H IIOCK0AbKy HAN) He FISMeHfleT cuoero cocTaBa.
Bce 9TH AesaKTHBaguonHbie npogeccbi IMAYHHHIOTCSI oAuomy
H TOM Ke sauoHy ?pa4H0aKTHBROPO npespaigeHm", o KOTOpOM
yule yrIOMHHaA0Cb swine H KOTOpbat CBOAHTCJI K Tomy, TO aa
? npomemyTou upemeHH dt paccmaTpHeaemoe npespaigeHue
dt
HCIIbITbIBaeT onpeAeAemutsi AoAsi ? ricex sos6puAeHHbix BAep.
BeAHT1HHa 7, npeAcrariAgeT co6off cpeAHee spemsi HX >K143/1H
B B036pK4eHHOM COCTOEHHH (HO OTHOIlleHHIO K COOTBeTCTBylOrgeMy
1
npespaLgemno). 06parniasi eempoula ? xapaKTep03polgasi
CKOpOCTb paccmaTpuriaemoro npespazgemiu, Ha3bIBaeTCH IIOCT05111-
HOi4 9TOPO ripeupazgeHHR H MOHieT 6bITb onpeAeAeHa Kai( B e p 0-
51TH0CTb ero, oniecemtag K eiummge spemeHH.
BeAHtIHHa r 4onycKaeT eige wag miTepnpeTagmfo, CPOpMaAbH0
9KBHBaAeHTHy10 npeAblAyLgell, HO no cylgecTuy cosepmeHHo
12 H. H. Op:mom
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
178
FAABA IIIECTAH
OTAIIIIHy10 OT Hee. A HMeHHO, npollsBeAeHne ee Ha HOCTO5IRHy10
nAamta h MO2KHO TpaKTOBELTb Haft ?umpkniy? cooTHeTcTsytoigero
soa6pHAeHHoro ypoaHH. npH BTOM HmeeTcH B BHAy cAeApowee.
n0CK0AbKy KBHHTOBaHlibIli yp0BeHb aHeprHH cTaulloHapHbiti,
BaBHCHMOCTb BOAHOBOit cpyincuHH, ero onHcbmalowell, OT apemeHH
abipamaeTcH, lox I4313eCTHO, ypasHeHHem BHAa
t
4, , ,
rAe ? cpymcgtui OT 04/114X AFILLIb KOOpitHIIHT.
To, IITO 4aHHbIilyp0BeHb He coxpaHHeTcH BO apemeHH, MOASHO
BbIpaBHTb (POpMaAbH0, lipHnHcaa ero aHeprHH HomnAeRcHoe 3/18.-
qem4e, T. C. II0AOHIHB
W= W??iW',
re W? H W'?HewecTaeHHbie II0A0211.14TeAbHbIe tIHCAa.
npH TaICHX yeA0131151X BepOSITHOCTb COCTOAHHH, onHcbmemoro
cpymuHeit AoAHilia y6bmaTb c TetieHHem apemeHH, corAacHo
ypaHHeHHIO
4rc Wit
.1.1412dv= f Ild?12dve h
.
aTO ypameHme abipamaeT 06IEHil 3ELKOH pa4HOBKTHBH0r0
npeapaigeHHH HAM pacnaAa, ecAH oTomAecTaHTb B Hem BeAHLIHHy
41T ir C hr. C Apyroft CT0p0HbI, HeTpyAHo noHasaTb, trro BeAH-
=Huta W' HmeeT CMbICA BCpCpeKTHBHOR IIIITHIibI HAH, Bepee,
IMAyLIII4p1111bI HeigecTrieHHoro ypoHHH aHeprHil c ueHTpom B W.
AAR aToro paCCMOTpHM pa3A02fieHile cpyHICUIM
. 2n14, , 2t W' .2W?
_ I ?-1
h h h
e =e e 1
xapawrepHaylowen BaBHCHMOCTb ti) OT HpemeHH, BILHHTerpaA
(Dypbe AAR npomemyTHa apemeHH OT t=0 AO t CO, limes'
BHAy AHLLIb HelgecTseHHble qaCTOTbI V HAM ellepr1114 //V.
MbI noArmem npH BTOM
-i-co
t
=-27c A (v)e?"nv' dv,
?co
rite aMITAKTyAit A (v) onpeaemieTcH ypameHnem
co1W '
co 27tw, , wo
ti-t2n(--v)t
A (v) =fe h cit
dl.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BO3BY2114EHHNE COCTOAHHR MEP H RAEPHblE PEAKIJHH 179
flpH W' >0 nocAemunli farrerpaA REIARCTCR CROARIARMCR
H paRen
1
27r ? v)1 ?
Lh k h
AAA KBaApaTa moAyAff STOff BeARRHHIA, xapaxrepusyfolgero
BepOATHOCTb pasAirglibix (Bewecreelnibix) affameinflt V, Mbl
Aputem, Talcum o6pasom, nbipamenne
2 = h2 1
I A (v) 1
47r2 ( Wo ? hv)2 -1- ir2
IA
KoTopoe noKasbinaeT, RTO maxcum 4-1 l2
ym 11 cooTneTcTRyeT
Bliaqe-
iiruo hv=hvo---= W? H RTO up! hv = W' anatienne I A 12
ymenbinaeTcR BAnoe. OTcloAa BAAHO, RTO BeAxgfuly 2W' MORSE?
TpaKToBaTb KaK SCP(PeKTABIly10 amplify sos6pfcAefifforo yporauf
C exeprlle11, 6AHSKOft K W. aTa pawns, cAeAolurreAb-
hr
AO,
He OCTUMBAABSACb Ra AaAbffefluiem yrAy6Aennn BTRX npeA-
cTanAennft, Mbl paccmoTimm Tenepb B fume HAA1OCTpaUHR TK
'maul:mum? paAuauffoliffpo miming PaSARRIMIX BOS6pKAefflibIX
COCTOARRft RApa, nexoAR RS OUCRKR BepORTROCTR cnonTannoro
nepexoAa STOP? AApa RS sos6yficAunforo COCTOAHRA B ROpMaAb-
Hoe c IncnycKaxxem EPOTORa, T. e. ramma-Aytieff.
COPAaCRO 6oponcRomy nplingnny COOTACTCTBRA, B cAyRae
npocTellwero ?ARROAbBOre naityRennR, nenycKaemoro nos6y-
1f14eHHbIMH aTomamn, BTa BCpORTROCTb, oTnecennaR K eAnnnue
I:Tuneful, onpeAeAReTcsf ypasffeuffem
(4104 jo 3
rmk= 3c3h 1 mk 12 V mkt (11)
^e P?,k ? maTpfunibin BAemewr sAexTpfizzecKoro momexTa aToma
AAR CHORTAHHOr0 (paAltaiplORROPO) nepexoaa HS COCTORHAR /72
B COCTORRHe k.2
B cAyRae RApa, Tpaferyemoro feint ffufAxaR aapBstextfaR xanAH,
eAexTpnineuunil AHROAbliblit MOMeHT OKaSbilifleTCA OTAHREbIM OT
(10a)
1 Boxee BenocpeAcTBeinwe AoxaBaTexbcTBo *nor? ypaBHeHHB momieT
6111Th noArielio 11PM paccmoTpeeBB COCTOSIBRII RaCTBilal B noTem,paixbaion
sole, Ii3 xoTopoii 011a B ripiinunne ziosieT Bp0C0.111TbeR nyTem TynneAmioro
BilupexTa Happily, ecAn oripe4eABTB 'impiety ypoanei ax miTepriaA Tex 3Ha-
qeHBH
alieprBil, AAR xoTopBxx BOABOBBR 4:03THKUHR BB3/Tpl4 BMW BeAliKa B cpari-
? c ee allayeimesi Bile BMW (cp.: Ff. 11. (l) penxeA a. BOAHOBan
mexamma, v. I, cu. 160-166).
2 Cm., lianplimep: Ff. 14. p e BKe A b. BoxtioBaa itexamlica, 4. 1,
cp. 202.
12*
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
180
TA/IBA IIIECTAR
Hy An A.HLIIb 4A.1 EIOARpH332HOHHbIX K0Ae6aHRity 0 KOTOPNX yno-
MHHBAOCb swam. AAR KoAe6aHatt, npa KOTOpbIX o6bemHoe pac-
npeAeAeHHe eAexTpanecxoro eapnAa ocTacTen panHomepubim,
Heacnenalogam MOMeHTOM HaH6oAce HH3KOPO nopnAxa nHAneTcn
KeaApynonbinnit. OTHOLUelitle BepORTHOCTH KBKAPYTIOAbHOTO nepe-
27c/2)2
xoAa K e n
epoTHocTH AHnoAbHoro paBHO TIpH6AII3HTeAbH0 -
re R?paaviye slApa, 8. AAHEla BOAHNI HBAynaemoro cneTa.
CAeAyeT OTMeTHTb, 4TO 9TH nepexoArn AOAll6BbI conponomAaTben
H3MeHeH4eM yrAoeoro KBEIHTOBOTO 414CA3 (xapaxTepHnyiolgero
momeHT KOAHLIeCTBK 4BH1KeHH5I nAps) B nepeom cAynae Ha 1,
a BO BTOpOM ?Ha 2. TaKHM o6pa3om, ecitm Ao nepexoAa siApo
He BpaLgaAocb, TO nocAe nepexoAa oHo AoAmHo npHo6pecTH
HapnAy C KOAe6aTeAblibIM AeHateHHem ABHAteHHe BpaigaTeAbHoe,
B HepBOM cAynae C MOMeHTOM , a BO HTopom? C m0meH-
211
TOM
He OCTallaBAHBEOICb Ha 9THX AeTaARX, noninTaemcn OpHHTb
nopnAox BeAllqHfibl I% AAR 9T01'O nameTam, LITO eemuninia P?oc,
ecAH oHa oTAHnHa OT HyAn, mmeeT nopnAox, paemnit maxcH-
mym eR (rAe e? naps npoToHa). Taxam o6pasom, aHaneHHe r?,k
(47)1 I pl2 u3
B cAynae AHTIOAbHOTO nepexoAa npHmepHo 3c3h ?eAsi "nik?
FlpH hv?,k 1MeV 1.6 ? 106
apron (nTo cooTHeTcTnyeT nacToTe
Vmk 2 ? 10" cm' HAN AAHHe BOAHbl 1.5 ? 10-10 cm) H
R 10-1-2 CM MbI Hmeem, cAeAoHaTeAbHo,
F
FlpH Tex nie ycAoaHnx AAR eeponTHocTH KeaApynoAbHoro
27sR
nepexoAa noAynaeTcg naaneHme, ( pan meabinee.
MbI BHAHM, TaKHM o6panom, 4TO AAHTeAbHOCTb 1111131111 non6yncitex-
HbIX nAep HO OTHOLUeHHIO K nepexoAam T=4-,
oxanbinaeTen npenemnatillo MaAOR.
CAeAyeT, BIII304eM, 3aMeTHTb, 4TO ?Ha penxo BO3paCTileT C
yeeAHneHaem AAHHIA BOAHbl (T. e. ymeHtaueuxem exeprHa ramma-
410TORB) H nownmennem MyAbTIIII0AbHOCTH H3ArieHHR, T. e.
Hamel-tempi yrAoHoro momeHTa we. B am% eToro HBAynemin.
Tax, HanpHmep, ecAH H3AyneHae HmeeT xeaApynoAbHuit
xaparrep?Ho aneprino 1000 eV emecTo 1 MeV, TO, corAacno
npeAmAymemy, HeponTHocTb ero y6ineaeT He B 600, a B 600 ? 106
pan, 'T. e. AAHTeAbHOCTb 110131111 RAWL B H036yntAeHnom COCTORHHH
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BOSSY2K4EHHblE COCTORHHR RAEP H RAEPHUE PEAKUHH
181
CBOAIITCR K 10-7 ceK. ECAH hi 1 (T. e. Hame}mime yrAortoro KBEIH-
TOBOr0 tmcAa) cocTaBAReT He 2, a, cKamem, 3, TO npu Tex ate
cambia yCAORMIX r ymeHbumeTcR erge B MHAAHOH pa3, T. e.
cpeAHRa AAHTCAbHOCTb )1CHSHH aoa6pKAeHHoro Rapa AOCTHraeT
HpHmepHo 1 CeK.
TaKHM Hy Tem 06'bSICHHeTCA cyigecTsoaaHHe RBACIIHR RompHolt
H30Mep1114, anepable o6HapyaceHHoro AAR HcKyccTrieHHo paAnoaK-
THBEMIX 9ACIACHTOB B pa6oTax COBCTCKHX Cp113HKOB I H xapaKTepHaye-
MOP? cylgecTaosamiem RAep B MeTaCTa6HAbHOM Boa6pK4eHHom.co-
CTORHHH. Samemm, xITO 061,1x1110 AeaaKTHrlawm no4o6max aAep
OCyLMCCTBAReTC51 He paAHauHoHHbim nyTem, a nyTem ?HHyTpemmil
KommpcHH" 1436b1T0111101 8Hepr1114 aApa, T. e. nyTem nepeAatm
aToit aHeprim HeriocpeAcTaelmo oAHomy 03 6AIDKEIRIIIHX K RAPY
8AeKTp0HOB (TaK KaK 8TOT npouecc CTItH01313TC51 60Aee Bepoirr-
Hb1M, Rem o6bmHoe HaAytremm).
MbI He 6y4em OCT8HaBAHBItTbefi Ha ouemm BepaRTHOCTH npo-
geeCOB 8AeKTp0HH0li KOHliepCHH (T. e. npeapaimemm aHeprmi
ao36pKAeHHR RApa HenocpeAcTrieHHo B aHeprino 8AeK'Ip0HOB)
H orpamitmmeR 3ameRaHHem, trro BepOATHOCTb 8THX npoueccoa
mime y6bmaeT c yaemmemiem yrAoHoro momeHTa, oTAaaaemoro
RApom 3AeKTpoHy, XOTSI H enee 6bicTpo, mem B cArme o6bm-
HbIX pa./;HaU140HHbIX nepexoaort.
BepORTHOCTb nepexoAoH, npH KOTOpb1X Boa6yameHHoe RApo
HerrycKaeT oAHy HAH HeCK0AbK0 TAIKeAblX RacTHu, momeT 6bITb
pacct-mTaHa ripH6AHmemlo, eCA11 paccmaTprmaTb 8TH nepeX04bI
KK HcnapeHHe HarpeToro RApa, 11CX04R 143 TemnepaTypiA, KoTopan
coonteTcTnyeT aHeprHH Boa6ymAemm. Him 8TOM BepOSITHOCTb
HcnapeHHR OAH0r0 HyKAOH8 B eAHHHuy HpemeHH mapaameTcR
tiepe3 TemnepaTypy RApa T cpopmyAoh Toro am aHAa, Kaic H
cooTaeTeTayiorgaR BepOSITHOCTb AAR KarIeAbKH 06b1KHOBeHHON
2KH4K0CTH, T. e.
Li
_
r e
^e U aileprm CBR3H HyKAoHa B RApe.
TeopenmecKHe pactieTla AitioT AAR rpy6o 11pH6A11XiellHble
SlialgeHHA, 6bicTpo BoapacTaiorgue c HoahnneFmem TemnepaTypu
(T. e. eireprim B036pK4CHH51). npli kT 1 MeV cooTHeTcTapo-
1
lame AAHTeAbHOCTH 2K11311H (r) oKaabmaloTca B cAynae T5I/Re/161X
RAep Becbma MaAbIMH ? nopRAKa 10_12_10_14 ceK. OaKTHRecKHe
31-18xleHH51 F moryT 6bITb oripeAeAeHig aKcnepumeHTaAbHo 143 pac-
1 H. B. Kypurroa, B. B. kypuitTon, A. B. Mbiconcxmii, A. H. Pyoulos
H A. A. 103ecpcantg.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
182 PAABA HIECTAH
CMOTpe111151 o6paTmanc npoueccoB, OTHOCHIMHXCH K norAmgeinno
HAIL 3axeaTy HApom COOTBeTCTBy10IgHX TiacTHg H xapaKTepHaye-
MbIX ?81PFPeKTHBHb1MH CelleHHAMH" sump FIO OTHOLIle111410 K aaxBaTy
9THX IlaCTHU (cm. cAeApoigHt1 naparpaq)). TaK KK unipmfa B03-
6y3i4eHHbIX ypoBHeit Aiwa BoapacTaeT C yBeAHtieHHem eHeprnti
3036p114eHHA, a paccToRHHe me)KAy COCeAHHMH ypoBHATAH HH
STOM 6bicTpo y6mBaeT, TO yam npH CpaBHIITeAbH0 He60AbLIIHX
eHeprimx Bo36y)K4eHHH (nopHAKa 10 000 eV) KBawrosamibie ypOBHI4
HApa CAHBalOTCA B CHAOLIIHOR cnerrp. B no4o6Hom cneKTpe
KHaHTOBaHHOCTb HAepHux yposHeit npaKTHilecKH He cKa3b1BaeTcg,
TaK 4TO OTHOCALgHeCil K HHM pactzeTbx MOH1H0 11p0B0414Tb 110
KAaCCIPleCKOR TeopHH.
CAeAyeT, Bnpotiem, OTMeTHTb, TO Ha BTOM CHAOLLIHOM 4:10He
moryT BbI4eARTbC51 Boa6y)KAeHHble ypoHHH, coxpaHmoigHe csoft
KBaHTOBaHHblit xapaKTep, HecmoTpH Ha TO, '[TO BReprHH HX CO-
CTaBASleT MHAAHOHbl 9AeKTp0HB0AbT. CooTBeTcTsylowe HM 4B11-
?Ke111451 supa 11Me1OT pe3K0 BupameHHbift KOAACKTHEMbIH xapaKTep,
cylgecTBeHHo oTAFmatoigHit HX OT 60Aee HH3KHX yportHeil, B KO-
TOpIHX ABH>KeHHe HyKAOHOB momeT OCTaBaTbCH 60Aee HAH meHee
1414/114B114yaAbHb1M.
? 5*. 304)eirramibie cemeass skr4ep Ast npogeccos saxsaTa
pasasimmx aCTH
Ka)KAomy npoueccy AeaaKTHHaigHa Boa6y)K4mmoro HApa A*
nyTem 11CllyCKaH1151 04110ff HAM HeCK0AbKHX IlaCTHU (B TOM In4cAe
q)oToHoB) cooTBercTByeT o6paTHIalt npouecc saxBaTa (HAH 1101'A?-
11eHH51) EOTHX RApom A, KoTopoe o6pa3yeTcH H3 A* npH
.4e3aKTHBaUHH nocAeAHero.
BepOSITHOCTH aTHX B13aHMHO 11pOTHB0110A0111HbIX npoueccos
CHH3aHbl Apyr C ApyrOM 11pOCTUM COOTHOLUellHeM, BbITelta10101M
113 paccmoTpeinia HX BaaHmHolt KOMIlefICagHH B COCTOHHHH cTa-
Ti4CTHIleCK0r0 paHHoHecHR.
PaccmoTpHm no4o6Hoe COCT0511111e npH HeKoTopot4 Temnepa-
Type T (KoTopyio OTH104b He cAeAyeT OTOMACCTBAHTb C Temne-
paTypon CaMHX HAep) B cAylute CHCTeMbl S, cocTosageff MB 60Ab-
11101'0 411CAa HAep A H A*, H tlaCTIIU a, KoToptde HcnycKaloTcH
HApamH A* npa IDE nepexoAe B A. 0603HVIIIM IlecAa BAep A
14 A* COOTBeTCTBeHHO epea N11 N*, a t1HCAO IlaCTHU a (Bo Bcem
o6beme V, Blunimaemom cHcTemama S)?Repea n.
LIHcAo npAmbix npoueccos
N* ?> N -+- a,
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
B03SY2K4EHHblE COCTOHHHH 'MEP H HAEPHWE PEAKUHH 183
coseptualoigHxcH B eAuHHuy HpemeHH, paBHO ripoH3HeAetano N*
Ha HepoRTHocTb paccmoTpeimpo B npe4bI4ylgem naparpacpe.
06paTHbie npoueccbi
A-1- a A*
ocyLgecTHAmoTcH B peayAbTaTe CTOAKHOBeHHil memAy (HeHoH6pn-
4eHHb1MH) swami,' A H tracTHgamH a, HmnyAbc HoTopbix p my)
momeT HHHHMTb IIp0H3BOAbHble 3HatIeHH5I OT 0 AO CO. Pa3AHtl-
HNM aHageHHHm p COOTBeTCTBylOT paHAHlumie 9HeprHH B036y1K-
4eilu5 A*, cornacHo paseHcTsy
W* = w,
r4e 7.1)?xLmeTutleelcasi eHeprHH tlacTug a.
npu paccmcyrpenni npogeccoH
Heo6xo4nimo, CAe40BaTeAbH0, rIHTbIBaTb OT4eAbH0 pa SAHt1Hble
3HatleHHAp HW. MbI paccmoTpum cHaqaAa AHLUb TaltHe tlaCTHUN a,
KHHeTlitleCKHe aneprHH KOTOpbIX HaHmomeHbi B HirrepHaAe w,
dw, H cooTneTcTsporgHe Ho363rm4emible HApa A* c HHeprHeil
memAy H d VP, rite (il
n
? * d IiHcAo Tanix tiaCTHU,
TaK Ke Hal( H LIIICAO COOTBeTCTBylOIRIIX H4ep, 6ecHoHeinio maAo,
Tax =ITO MN OyAem 060311atIaTb 9TH tIHcAa COOTBeTCTBeHHO
Repes dr? H dN*
MbI Hmeem, cAeitonaTeAbHo,
'In
? dN*r (W*)= N v( v),
(12)
r4e G (V) o6o3HatiaeT ?acpcpeHTHHHoe cetieHHe" HApa A no OTHOLLIe-
HHIO K HaxHaTy tlaCTIII,IN a, o6Aa4alo1Heil CR0pOCTb10 V (npH STOM
MbI Hmeem B HHity ee OTH0CHTeAbHyI0 CKOpOCTb, T. C. clurraem
Aiwa A H A* HellOABHMHbIMH).
B COCTOBH1113 CTaTIICTHReCKOPO paBHOBeCHR OTHOLIleHHe
1 dn
dN* He 3aBHCHT OT TemriepaTypbi T H parmo OTHOLLIeHHIO
V
CTaTHCTFIlleCKHX Hecos cooTHeTcTupoigHx COCTOHHHH, T. e. OTHO-
Luemno HCA KBaHTOBalllibIX COCT051H1111, xapaHTepHspoignx
Hikpa A, spa A* H qaCTHUbI a. MbI Hmeem, Tatum o6pa3om,
N (dnIV) C 47p2dp
dN* dG* ? h3 '
HAH, TK KK dw= ydp,
Nd(nIV) G 47cp2 dw G 4itp2 dW*
dN* ? 123v dG* vh3 dG* ?
(13)
(14)
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
184 AABA IHECTAR
dW*
Ho, xax Mbl BHAeAH Hume, BeAHRHHa dG* npeAcTaBAHeT
co6oft cpeAHee paccToHHHe (Ha niccaAe coleprHH) memAy coceit-
HHMH\yposmamx Ho36y2x4eHHoro HApa (? 3). 0603Hagag ero
pes 6, noAcTaBAHH npeszompgpo TopmyAy B ypaHHeHHe (12)
H noAarasc, HaxoHem, G 1, Mbl Hmeem, cAeAoHaTeAbHo,
47,p2s
F vh3 v (v),
T. C.
42
r 1r13
h3
(15)
3T0 ypacHieHice 1103BOA5IeT BbIgHCAHTb ?LuHpHHy" Bo36picAeHHoro
ypoHHH HApa r Hepes cpeAHee paccTomme meacAy ero yposaHmH
H acpcpeKTABFwe cetieHHe AAR saxHaTa cooTHeTcTHylowell
CTHUbI. 3ameTHm, HTo noArieHHble ypaHHeHHH cripaHeAAHHbc He
TOAbK0 AAR 06bIgHbIX HepeMITHBHCTCKHX liaCTIN, HO H AAR pe-
ASITHBHCTCICHX HacTHu, macca KOTOpbIX 3aBHCHT OT CKOpOCTH,
corAacHo TeOpHH OTHOCHTeAbHOCTH (HOCK0Abity COOTHOMeHHe
dw = vdp BbILIOAH5leTCSI 'tax B KAaCCHtleCK0ii, Tax H B peARTH-
BHCTC1C011 mexaHHice). lloaTomy OHM npHmexcimbc H B npeAeAbHom
cAyHae CpOTOHOB.
ECAH Hos6yHc4eHHoe HApo momeT AeaaxTHHHportaTbcH He-
CK0AbKHMH pa3A1411Hb1MH crioco6amki, HanpHmep nyTem HcnycKaHHH
40T0Ha HAH napbc enexTpoH?HetiTpHHO, HAM, HaKOHeU, THaceAoff
HacTHgbc, TO OHO momeT H o6pasoHaTbcH nyTem paaAHHubcx npo-
UeCCOB, o6paTHbix npeAbcAywm. COOTHOLUCHHe (15) ocTaeTcH
B clue AAA Kaamon napbc no4o6Hbcx npoueccos, B3SITOR B OT-
AeAbHOCTH.
? 6*. 06waa cxema npammx m o6parsux mAepaux peaagult
H cooTsomemme meaciu HX 84114)eKTHBHMMH cemennamm
PaccmoTpeHHasc B npeAbiAmem naparpacpe cxema HAepHbix
npoueccos, CB.R3aHHaR C ?pacnaAom" Hos6y3c4eHH0r0 HApa HAH
ero BO3HHKHOBeHHeM nyTem 3aXBELTa xaccoft-AH6o HacTxubc He-
B0363T2IAeHHbIM HApom, Hen o AHa B TOM cmbicAe, 4TO BCRKHa
npouecc AOAMieH HaTIHHaTbCR C HeHos6yHc4eHHbcx tiaCTHU
H K OHtlaTbC51 TaKHMH Ace HAM HHbIMH, Taxxce H e B 0 36 y XS A e H-
H bI M H, HacTHigamx. Bo36y2HAeHicoe COCTORHHe npeAcTaHAReT
co6oli AHalb npomemyTotniblii anHHoA B nepexoAe OT OAHHX He-
BOH6piCAeHHbIX COCTOAHHA x Apyrxm, o6Aa4amigHti orpaHHHeHHoN
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BOBEYEAEHHME COCTORHHB HAEP H HAEPHblE PEAKUHH 185
4AHTeAbHOCTb10 nOBTOMy BC5IKSB x.4epnax peaxion AOAHSHa
npoTexaTb no cAeAylokuen HOAHOtt cxeme:
re A H B Aim neso36picAetinbix impa, a H b ? macTilubi,
saxsanasaR KoTopme 8TH Aiwa npespalualoTcn B ?CAONSHbIe mApa",
naxoAsnunecH B nos6pfs4ennom COCTOAHHH (tITO oTmegaeTcH 313e3-
4011KOn).
npoueccbi
A -i-- a ?0. C*
C* -> B -+- b
BBASHOTC51 ?He3a1(01111eHHbIMH". 3aKOHtleHHbIM momeT 6bITb AHLUb
npouecc
A-1- a -> B -+- b,
ocytgecTsAmoignilcx gepes npomemyTogHoe COCTOAHHe C*.
aTH coo6pamemni OTHOCKTCH ne TOAbK0 K AAepnbim peaKumm,
HO H K 06bIKHOBeHHbIM aTOMHb1M npoueccam. TaK, Hanpilmep, B03-
6ym4enne aToma npn norAolgennn HM cneTa npeAcTaBAReT C060ff
AHL11b II0A0B14Hy BaKOHtleHHOPO awra, KOTOpbai COCTOHT B TIOPAO-
Igetinm cbeTa 14 nocAeApolgem ero HCIUCKaHHH (C lismenennem
nanpaimennx H, Boo6i.ge robopn, qaCTOTb1) HAR >Ke nocAe4y10-
igem Hcnycxanxn eAexTpona, T. e. HOHH3aUHH aToma, H T. 4.
B cArrae xAepHbix peaaunil npeAbwrigaR cxema MO)KeT 6b1Tb
RAAtocTpHpobana npoueccom, 3aKA1011.9.101AHMCH B saxnaTe RApom A,
cxamem, npoToHa a, H nocAeApolgam pacnaAom nortoo6pa3o-
BaHHOPO ?CAOM1101'0" HApa Ha 6oAee Aerxidi 1430TOH H CB0604-
HbIff nefiTpon.
KamAaH peaxunA paccmaTpHsaemoro Tuna momeT 6bITb oxa-
paxTepnsonana onpeAeAennbim B CpeKTHBFINM cetiennem a, salmi-
csugnm OT CKOpOCTH (HAH aHeprin4) saxbaTbmaemoit TIBCTHUbI. npli
BTOM memAy BCPCPeKTHBHbIMH CerfeliHRMH IIpSIMOn peaxunH
A -i- a --> C* -B--i-b,
xoTopoe MN o6oBnatInm gepes cab, H o6paTno1 peaxulm
B-i--b -> C* -* A a,
xoTopoe Mb! 0603HaTIHM vepes 6a, cyigecTnyeT npocToe COOTHO-
!Bernie, KoTopoe Mb! npemAe Beer? H abineAem.
aTO COOTHOMeHHe, Tax Ace Kai( H cooTHoLuelthe (15), noAy-
tleHHOe B npeAblAyigem naparpacpe, MCpfleT 6bITb sbiseAeno CTEI-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
186 TAABA IHECTAH
TIICTHIleCKHM nyTem, IICX0AE H3 npinigHna HaaHmHoll KomneHc8.-
u1111 ITOTHBOII0A031.11bIX npoueccos B COCTOAHHH cTaTHeTnnecKoro
pamonecHH CHeTeMbI, o6pasoBaHHoli HApamH A, B H nacTH-
gamH a, b (a Taame flPOAYKTMH HIE nonapHoro coeitHHeHHH. G*)
npH HeKoTopoli onienmen" TemnepaType T.
14HeAo npoueccos
B eAHHHuy HpemeHH pamo npoH3HeAemno NA d(1) re dna?
V
TIHCAO macTHg a, HMIlyAbCbI KOTOpbIX pa Ae1KaT B 6ecKoHetmo
maAom HHTepHaAe dpa, Ha va c b(Va), rite lab (V a) ? 3CPCpell.THBH0e
cetleme AAA BaxHaTa HApom il IlaCTHUbI a IlMeHHO C I9THM HM-
nyAbcom. AH$AOTHIIHO onpeitenHeTcH 1114eA0 3fIXBaTOB HApamx B
qaereu b. MbI Hmeem, CAe40BaTe.AbH0, B COCTOSIHHH pm-um:teem
NA d('--;-;)vaaab(va)= N B d(T-7)vbaba(va). (16)
AaAee, npH 9TOM, COTA$CHO o6igHm saKoHam cTaTHeTHtiecleoll
TeopHH,
NAdna GAdga
NBdnb GEdgb '
(17)
re G H dg? cooTHeTcmyloigHe cTaTHenolecKHe Heca.
nonaraH GA =GB---.=-1 (IIOCK0AbIty siApa A H B He Hos6y2K-
AeHbl) H, Atutee,
47cp:dp. 47pldp6
dga= V h3 dg :=
noArmem
vaa (vc,) N Bdnb dgb p7,dp.
== == ==
v ba(vb) NAdn. dg. pa2 dpi,
HAH, TaK KK
vadpa=vbdpb=-- dw
(nocKoAbKy aHeprHH coxpaHReTcH npH paccmaTpuHaemolt peaK-
Him):
2
) PG
-7 ?
c ba(vb) Ito
(18)
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
L-L000800017170n181-1700-?8dCl-V10 61-/1-1-/LOOZ eSeeiei JOd P8A0JaaV
?IgHV011 FIHHVY HOMOIAELLO,L0111003 qghAV-Tild14111,1
WOHHICHVa 17?011 U AYE a EIN0clube odormod,w3H-ouo,1.oclo ivt
3HHOh00 00HaH,L)lo4n4e PlI `amcivog sud HOHVVIThi a 1?HOd3/410H
0,10HHOVV0141 Blintxue ivtDHH0h03 aomulmacbcbe ?9 '901 oudaw
-lldu 1,31fVEML003 aHliaMOILLO 0?FlhAV3 INOLV013aHdIVIN331/d a
913.0
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',( 11HVOSI H
1813 II?OTOT ? Z
-11Vtf 0 H0hAV-UNINIEd OVHEI a K3,LOUM3ALI3H yudoi,ox ?A9JAIR ymItyd
-ou mmaltwAgeos madame ,LayhAvou OdYE 00HHVEMEE'd900HOH
13H0d1HOH 0,10H9017?011 01E1:MEE Hdil ?IAID 8_0T ? z vmleydou ''y iquvog
OHHVY /I 0)13E1010TO d9-017? ? a ',1, `tucivoimodIxave col) -von:scion
ulladalle Iaiiy.1.3.1.3ai.000 ?a ododoi.om q.Loodoma `YRoda.ffou (odoy
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q uH010C1) NIH 3IvEocve mdu g Rdity ultuuovd ?a -1) g vdns vituu
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HyMreada `(aHolo4) ?vile a
HH,IcIOHE HaHMHV HHHIHIFIDE'd93 1A10,LAII dt'i aH3,LoAdHelivii9v13
illqd0,LON) BHOdIff011 ,,,LBEOCVE HicumoHnsHrue H0903 ,Laisvaluoitodu
q g +-
ICHnNE0d 011hAV3 INO,LE g ? Rolocb ? q 011,1,313h
`110d141911 H0903 ,L0Hvcrel3leadu V ERH,LOVh 1317%.10)1 `OLEhAV3 AIVOS
Ode 411HHahindu (u8-0 E11HOTHOH,L003 HHRgcl.L301VVH
9-f--if H IcHAI013H3 HILId0116 141,3oa
-ONVITHVO EH wufflon3y3,Licur `waunamou,Lo03 W0,1Adt? 3 aiidle RIME
-1013 ga H "a H.LOOd0310 0,1,h 'AVHfl a ci,Lapsof wole mill ,L3iiltava
011c1V3,LHOOH,L0 q HVH V 0HcIV3,LH3OH,L0 V) ffi3,1,3Uh XHMOIA0.1.3
-,Lga,L003 OHHOWHIIV 001101VOIHOOH,L0 XHMOLSEHdO,LMEdEX `11V0a
nomaavgodg-alt paRuvit wulydityam iciogvvuouftdouodu tjuffiread
xnudans mcmwovouoaulodu yv1t rsllu3h33 aicomuly3obobe ?3
(a9T)
9 9a)99.0
(1)?2)"-?
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L81 HHIIMV3,3 31calc131eff H c1131/If EHHEO,L300 319HH317?311c3602
L-L000800017170n181-1700-?8dCl-V10 6L-/L- L-/LOO eSe3iei .101 P8AalddV
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
188
rAABA MECTAii
? 7. Pesimutscime Enixpewria Rpm siAerabrx pegueugux
B TOM cAyLiae, xorAa 9HeprH51, coo61gaema3 RApy
C A+ a
38 Ct1eT KHHeTHIleCKOR sHeprHH tlaCTHUb1 a, a Tal0Ke 3a CtleT
110TeHUHaAbHO4 sHeprHH, ocso6om4a1o1eftc3 np0 ee coeAHHeHHH
c A, 6AH3Ka K oAHomy 143 KBaHTOBaHHbIX yposHeti 34pa C, 949-
CpeKTHBH0e cegeHHe Bova A 110 OTHOLLIeHHIO K 3axsaTya o6Ha-
pywHsaeT pesxo smpameHHbill maxcHmym, KoTopbill MaKieT AOCTH-
PaTb 3HatIeH1431, 6A113KOPO K KsaApaTy 4e-6pollAescicoll 4AHHI31
BOAHbI t1aCTHUbl a AAA cooTseTcTsyloweff CKOpOCTH ee (AO CTOAKHO-
BeH1451). 9TOT ?pesoHaHcHbiii" sizimpeKT o6HapymmsaeTc3, KOHetIH0,
AHL1112 B TOM cAytiae, eCAH InHpFma so36ymAeHHoro ypOBH/1
4OCTaT0t1H0 maAa no cpasHeHmo c paccTommem ero Ao coceAHHx
yposHefl. B 11130THBHOM CAytlae KBaHTOBaHHOCTb yposHeit npaKTH-
tiecxH He cxasbisaeTc3. Kpome TOPO, maxcHmaAbHoe 3HaEleHHe
9(1)11)eKTHBHOP0 CetleH1151 Crab sasHcHT OT TOM), Kamim o6pa3om
desaKTHsHpyeTc3 HAH pacnaAaeTcx sos6ym4eHHoe 34po C*.
EcAH sTa 4esaKTHs3uH3 ocyigecTsA3eTc3 OAHHM eAHHCTBeHHbIM
o6pa3om?nyTem o6paTHoro pacnaAa C* Ha A a, To maxcx-
maAbHoe EgpcpeKTHsHoe cegeHHe (Tab 0Ka3bisaeTc3 nopnAKa H
momeT, CAe40BaTeAbH0, BO MHOPO pas npesocxoAHTb reomeTpli-
tiecKoe cegeHHe 3Apa A (nR2? ) ECAH me, nomHmo sToro o6paT-
A
HOPO pacnaAa, C* momeT pacnaAaTbc3 ewe KaKI4M-A1160 HHbIM
o6pa3om, HanpHmep Ha BA--b, TO, XOT51 cymmapHoe acpcpeKTHsHoe
cegeHHe A no oTHomeHmo K o6oHm THnam pacnaAa c?=gaa-t- aab
coxpaH3eT npeacHee maxcHmaAbHoe 3Hatiekme, 04110 143 napuHaAb-
HbIX CetIeHilit 7aa 11A14 Gab oKasbisaeTca o6bitmo ropa3Ao meHbale
Cr aa
Apyroro. A HMeHHO, OTHOILleHHe paBHO B 9TOM CAytIae
aab
Ta
, TK tITO
ta 2
a rb 9 abimax? Aa ?
aTH COOTHOLIIeHHA moryT 6bITb HAAFOCTpHp0BaHbI Ha upHmepe
pacce 3H 11.3 C seT a, KoTopoe MONSHO 01-1HCbIBaTb Kim peaKumo
sHAa
SCAM 2104 a noApaaymesaTb epoToH, a 1104 C*? Boa6y2KAemiblit
aTom. npH 9TOM HmeeTcH B amity KorepeHTHoe (psAeescxoe) pac-
ce3HHe cseTa, ripH KoTopom qacToTa KoAe6aHHA ocTaeTc3 HeH3-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BO3BY2E4EHHblE COCTOHHHH HAP H HAEPHblE PEAKumm 189
memroit; B CAytute KOM6HHaUHOHHOr0 pacceaHHA (T. e. acpcpewre
PamaHa) paccesHubiti cpoToH b oKasbmaeTcs OTAIltMbIM 01' naikalo-
rgero a, COOTBeTCTBeHHO qemy pa3AWHibl HcxoAHoe H KOHetIliOe
COCTOBHHH paccesamorgen trELCTHUbl? aToma HAM HA pa.
noA peso Ha H C H bI M paccesnmem cseTa noApasymeaaeTcs
paccesHlie, cHrisanHoe c norAoLgeHHem pe3OHBHCH0f0 40T0Ha,
T. e. cpoToHa c atreprHeit hv, B TOtIHOCTH HAM IIpH6A113HTeAbH0
pasHoil aueprHH nos6pK4eHHA paccmaTpHHaemoil
W2? W1, rite W1?aHeprHs ee B HCX0AHOM, a W2 ? B KOHetIHOM
COCTOSIIII4AX, V ? tlaCTOTa naAaiorgero CBeTa. aTOT npouecc pac-
cmaTpHriaeTcs 06bItIHO KK Asa nocAeAoHaTeAbHbix aKTa, 143 KO-
TOpbIX HepBbItt CBRaali C norAolgermem (110T0Ha, T. C. OIITHtle-
CKHM Hos6yssAerniem xracTHIAN, a wropoil?c ero nocAeApowm
HcnycKaHHem? trepes HeKoTopoe Hpems, pasHoe cpeitHeff npo-
1
AOANIHTeAbHOCTH 2KH31111 Ta
B TOM cAytute, KOPAa sHeprrix (poToHe hv 3HaqIITeAbH0 OTAH-
=mews! OT aHeprHH n0s6pKAeHms W1, pasAeAeHme aKTa
paccesHlls cpoToHa Ha Asa He3aBHCHMbIX awra?norAoLgetnie H
acnycKaHHe?cturraeTcs 06bItIHO HeA0I1yeTHMbIM, HOCK0AbKy B
npomemyTogHom COCTOSIIIHH He BbILIOAH5IeTCH saKon coxpaHems
alleprHH (ecAH ToArato He BBOAHTb aHeprHH B3aIIMOAe4CTBHA
messAy (pOTOHOM H paccemmoLgeft cHcTemoli). B npHHuHne,
oAHaKo, xapaKTep npouecca paccexims He sarnicHT OT TOP?,
HaCK0AbK0 TOqH0 BblII0AlifIeTCH pa BefiCTBO hv= W2? W1; OT
BTOPO 3aBHCHT AHIllb HHTeHCHBHOCTb paCCBAHHOPO caeTa, T. e. Ha
ssbnce KBaHTOBOR TeOpHII ?Bep0 H THOCT b paccesHHH, HAM, tITO
CBOAHTCH K Tomy sse CaMOMy, 944eKTHBH0e cetreHHe paccesHHH a.
B cyte TogHoro pesoHaHca nocAeAHee IIpHHHMaeT maKcHmaAb-
Hoe sHatremie, pas-me no nopsAKy BeAHLIHHbI Kaaapwry AAHHbI
CBeTOBbIX BOAH. 4T0 me KacaeTes MIIIIHMaAbHOPO 3lialleHHA a,
TO, HanpHmep, B CAytme paCCBAHHA cHeTa cHo6o4librm aAeKTpo-
HOM HO nopsAKy BeAliql4HbI paBHO KsaApwry pamiyca, npn-
nHcbisaemoro aAeKTpoHy (HCX0451 H3 oAeKTpomarHHTHoil TeopHH
ero macerm), T. e.
e2
mc2- ;--Z%10-13
TM pesyAbTaTbi moryT 6bITb Huweiteabi HaH60Aee npocTo
npli nomoigH KAaccHtrecKoli TeOpHH paCCBAHHA cawra CHH3atifiblM
aAeKTpoHom, T. C. eAeKTpoHom, npwrsrHaaembim HeKoTopbim He-
HOAHHHSHbIM UeHTp0M C CHAOft, npsmo nponopuHoHaAbHon ero
cmerAeHmo H3 BTOPO UeeTpa. npn OTCyTCTBHH BCSIKHX HHbIX CHA
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
190 AABA llIECTAR
eiteKTpoH cosepumeT cso604Hme (HAM ?CO6CTBeHHNH") K0Ae6aH1131
coraco yparmemno
d2x
dx2
(19)
rAe m? ero macca, f ?K0aglialglieHT KBasHyripyroll CHAbI.
qacrom Vo CO6CTBeliHbIX KoAe6aHH11, cosepaiaembix HM tipH
BTOM, ecAB Hpekle6pemb peaKuHeff 113./trICHH51 (T. e. paAHagHoH-
HbIM Tpeimem, cm. HmKe), BbipamaeTcH ypasHeimem
27CV0 =-- ct)0 =1/ f *
m '
ECAH rIeCTb, TITO KoAe6aTeAbHoe ABBBleHHe eAeKTpona co-
npoBwKAaeTcH HcnycKaHHem 8/10KTp0MaPHHTHbIX BOAH, Komphie
2 e2 ( d2x \2
yHOCHT B 1 ceK. FIACKTp0MaPHHTHy10 BlieprIll0 -s ---c ?
TO Heo6xoxamo 11p1,1HATb, TITO BAeKTpoH FICIIbITbIBaeT 40110AHH-
2 e2 d3x
TeAbHyio ?cwxy TpeHme dt3 , pump? HAM
2e2 2 dx
-3- c3 3c3 -0 dt 1
dx
T. e. (HpH Aaimom BHaxiemni coo) nponopploHaAtalyio cKopocm c---17
H 11pOTHBOHOAOHI1Iy10 el 110 HanpaBAemuo. npH TaKHX ycAo-
BMIX ypasHemie cBo6o4Hbix KoAe6aBBH npmthmaeT BHA
22x 2 e2 (13 x
dt2 3 2in dts
-I-- (,) 2X -I- "--= 0. (20)
0 c
aTO ypasHerthe xapaKTepHsyeT lie CHHyCOHAaAbHbIe, a BaTy-
xamigHe K0Ae6aHHB, Kompue npx6AmKetmo moryT 6bITb npeA-
CTaBAeHbl B BHAe
x x0eio"0440 = xoe?'1"eiwoi , (21)
re (of< ? AeKpemeHT BaTyxam4B. 110,4CTaBA501 npeAblAyizee
BbipalKeHBe B ypatmemie (20), noAriaem
2e2
coP i 3c3m (w() iwf)3 = 0,
HAM B nepsom IlpH6AllaieH1iH
1 e22
0
Cal =
3 c3m ?
(22)
e2
OTO2KAeCTBASISI C paiwycom BAeKTpoHa r0, MbI BH./(11M, (ITO
AeKpemeHT BaTyxamm w' MOMtT 6NTb npeAcTaBAeH B fume
2
1 row?
? (22a)
3 c
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BO3BY2K4EHHblE COCToAHM MEP H AAEPHbIE PEAKUHH 191
BeAHRHHa pasHseTcs RaCTOTe xoAe6aHHH cseTa c AAHHOil
To
BOAHN, pamott HpH6AH3HTeAbH0 paAmycy aAexTpolia. 06o3Hagas
ee gepes o..., noAygaem
, 1 cog
= 3 (I'max
Timm o6pasom, Ao Tex nop noxa
00?.:0m. (1024 cex:-1),
cAeAaHHue BbHite (npH onpeAeAeHHH ripH6AimeHHH MONCHO
CtiHTaTb OripaBAeHHbIMH.
3aTyxaiorgHe RoAe6aHHH aAexTpoHa, xapaxTepHsyemue ypas-
Hemiem (21), MO2KHO HpeACTaBHTb "car( cynepnosHgkno Hesaty-
xamgHx RoAe6aHHil c pa3AHr1Hb1MH tlaCTOTaMH B npeAeAax OT
HyAH Ao 6ecxoHermocTH npH HOMOIgH HHTerpaAa ?Dypbe
-F03
1
X (t) x.e?iwtdca.
rlpH BTOM 8CpCpeKTHBHEIA rampHHa paccmaTpHaaemoro cnexTpa,
cooTHeTcTsylowas HHTepBaAy qaCTOT w, B xoTopom miaApaT
aMnAHTyAN I Xw I 2 y6msacT OT MaKCHMeAbH0F0 3HatleHHA Ao
ero HOAOBHHM, puma, KK ysie yxasmaaAocb Bbillie (? 3), a.
TaKHM o6pasom, sTa BeAHIIHHe HAH, sepHee, ee yAsoeHHoe sHa-
geHme 2a, MOAleT 6umb oTomAecTsAeHa c EiTcpeKTHRHoli LUHpH-
Hon r cnexTpaAbHoR AHHHH, HsAygaemoR pAexTpoHom npH ero
crso6o4Hux KOAe6aHHAX.
BmecTe c Tem mu BHAHM, B 110AH0M COPAaCHH c npeAuAyigHm,
LITO BeAHAHHe 1/1' npeAcTasAHeT co6oft cpeAmom AAHTeAbHOCTb
&TODD H3AyileHHA (T. e. Ha Haulm KBaHTOBOH TeopHH cpeAmoio
AAHTeAbHocTb 2SZ3HH EmexTpona B sos6ysl4eHHom COCTOAHHH,
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
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TaIcHm o6pa3om, B OrIbITaX Pe3epcpop4a 11p0HCX0AHA0 B nep-
Bp? oziepeAb He paccgenneHHe yCTOilt1HBbIX aTOMOB aAl0MH/105I
6bICTpbIMH aAmpa-tiacTilgamH, a Hao6opoT, coeicHHeHHe sAep
rem'si c sApamx aitIOMHHHE. BOAbIlIag KHHeTagecKas elleprifs
aAbcpa-qacTHum Heo6xo4Hma npH aTOM AAA Toro, 11-ro6bi npeoAo-
AeTb rmeKTpHtlecicHe CHAbI OTTaAKI4BaH1451 mensAy Heil H sApom-
MHILIeHb10, a soBce He AAA paapyllieHaR nocAeAHero. Ofla MONMT,
oAHaKo, HMeTb CyIAeCTBeHHOC 3HatleHHe A.ks a036pK4emin pe3yAb-
THpy1oigero CA01KH000 scApa cpocqmpa 0 Tem cammm AAK ero
pacnaAa Ha Rim? KpemaHn H 11pOTOH.
Ha ocHoBe nepsoHatiaAbHoro npeAcTasAeHus PesepqmpAa
o pactgermscolgem 4enCTB1114 aAb4)a-tIaCTHQ Ha aTOMbI 6bIA0 npo-
H3se4eHo (KoKpocrom) cHcTemaTHgecKoe HccAeAosaHHe pe3yAb-
TSTOB 6om6ap4cipo3KH pa3AHLIHbIX aT)MOS 6bICTpbIMH npoToHam0,
KoTop:de noAytut.A.Hcb npH 06bIKHOBeHHOM aneKTpaqecKom pas-
psAe B ra3006pa300M soAopoite H 3aTem pa3r0HAAHCb AO 60Ab-
IIIHX cKopocTeil npH no:wow,' CHAbHbIX sAeKTpocTaTHgecKnx noAett,
COOTBeTCTBylOLAHX na.AeHmo noTekigHaAa B 400000 BOAbT H
60AbILIe. aTOM o6Happlautocb, '!TO nAepHble npogeccbi,
06yCAOBACHHbIe 6bICTrIbIMH Hp0T0HaMH, npoTeKacoT no cxeme,
conepmenHo aHaAoratmon npnseAealloit sum. TaK, HanpHmep,
npH 6om6apAmposKe npoToHamH c meprifeff 3)0000 eV TOHKOtt
fiACTHHKH AHTHA 143 nocAeAHeil sbuteTamT aAbcpa-EcacTagbi
C aHeprHeti 8.7 MeV. HaytteHHe cAe403 STHX aAbCpa-IlaCTHU
B Kamepe BHAbC0Ha (B 11,exTpe KoTopoli nomeigeH npenapaT
AHT1431, o6cTpeAcmaembitt npoToHamx B Haripasiteaun OCH KaMepbI)
noKaaaAo, trio OHM 003HHKalOT nonapHo H pasfieTamTcn B npo-
THB0IMA01KHb1e CT0p0Hb1 (plc. 36).
3134 peayAbTaTbc 06bACHRIOTCR, H 111341TOM HC TOAbK0 B KatieCTBeHHOM, HO H KOAlltleCTBeHHOM OTHOLLICHI414, Ha ocHose npeA-
cTanAeHHK 0 TOM ,ITO 11130T0Hb1 3aXBaTbIBaIOTCRKApamH T.FmceAoro
HsoTona AlITHS1 3Li7 C aTOMHbIM BCCOM 7, o6pa3ys sApa HeycToli-
IIHB0r0 1130T011/1 EmemeHTa 6epHAAHH 4Be8, KoTopme AeMITCH Ha
Asa sApa reAms. TaKHM o6pa3om, paccmaTpHsaembill npouecc
Bbipa2KaeTcn cAeAytoLgeli cxemoli:
1 4
Be* 221-1e4 -i- 17.2 MeV.
4HcAo 17.2 MeV o6o3HaqaeT 5Heprino, BbiAeAsnolgymcs npx
pacemaTpnxitemoil peaxwm (sepnee, wroporo xxena ee) B xnAe
pa300CTH imexiAy KI4lieTHIleCKOR aHeprHeti pasiteTamcgfixes sAep
rem4K, c oAHoli CT0p0HbI, H KHIleTHrIeCKOR 3HeprHe1 IIpOTOHOB ?
C pyroti. ClIegHaAbHbIMH 011bITaMH 6buto nposepexo, giro EiTa
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Pile. 36. PaugenAeHHe Li 7 npoToHamm. BHAHm cAeithi aAbcpa-
qacTHH, pasAeTamigHxcH B RpOTI1B0110A0MHb1e CT0p0Hbl.
PEC. 37. CAeAN aAbcpa-tiacTini, Ha HOTOpbIC paaAeTaeTcH HApo Li6
npH saxHaTe izeiiTona.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
PHC. 38. PacwertAeHHe RApa noik AeiicTsHem HpOTOHOB aa 3 HAi443-
4aCTHUM.
Pac. 39. PacigemneHHe aaoTa Ha 4 aAbcpa-qacTaubi rum Aeii-
CTEIHeM AeiiToHos.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
B036Y1K4EHHblE COCTORH1431 RAEP H HAEPHME PEAKUHH 199
pasHocTil coxpaHAeT HOCTOAHHOe magenHe. BoAee Toro, BeAH-
KIHHa ee oKa3mnaeTcA B 110AHOM COPAaCHH C TM 3HatleHHeM,
KoTopoe noAriaeTcA 143 conocTanAeHHA AeTeKTon mace nexoA-
HWX sAemenToB H KOHeRHMX npoAyxTon, B CBA3H C BAHMTeil-
HOBCKHM 3aKOHOM 06 BKBHBaAeHTHOCTH menlAy maccofl H Emep-
r Heti.
He OCTaHaBAHBaReb Ha paCCMOTpeHHH MHOMeCTBa Apyrux
npnmepoB peaBunn, Bbisbumembtx npHcoeAHHeHHem npoToHa
K pa3AHL1HbIM 60Aee CAO/KHbIM AApam, nameTHm, t1TO nocAe OTKpbI-
THR B 1932 r. T3tKeA0P0 BoAopoda B KaRecTBe meTaTeAbnigx
CHapAA0B AAA BAepnwx peaKunA 6mA0 HCH0Ab30BaHN AefiTomd
11-12. Bom6ap4Hponica HMH AHTHA npnBeaa K pe3yAbTaTam, CX04-
MbIM C npeAbiAyigamH H 065RCHAt0lammcA BaxnaTom AenToHon
HApamH AerK0r0 H30T0Ha AHTHR C aTOMHbIM necom 6. YpartHeHme
3TOil pea KaHH 0meeT BRA (pnc. 37)
3Li6+1H2--->4Be8* 22He4 -I? 14 MeV.
flpn 6om6ap4npoInce AeHTonamn BAemenTa 6opa flp0HCX0AHT
peaKuHA, onnemnaeman ypanHeHHem
BE) 1H2 60.2* --> 32He4 19 MeV,
T. e. o6pa3osainie CHAbH0 Ho36y3meHHoro BApa yrAepoAa, pas-
AeTatoLgeroca Ha TM Aiwa reAHA c o6Lgeli sHeprHeli OKOAO 19 MeV
(nAloc HaxlaAbHaA KHHeTHLIeCKaA eHeprHA AeRToHa.). A.HaAOPHRHaA
peaKuna c eLge 60AbLIIHM amepreTHgecimm BblX04OM Hp0HCX04HT
npH BaxBaTe npoToHon TflaceAbIM 1130T0HOM 6opa 5161' (pnc. 38)
H HH pacigenAeHHH asoTa AenToHamm (plc. 39).
Ocno6oHc4eHHe HeATpoHon 113 AAepHoro nAena Taione npeA-
CTSBAACT C06011, KK npanHAo, He peayAbTaT ?Bbl6HB8HHA" HX
H3 CAORIMbIX AAep 3ap5I/KeHHbIMH nacTituamH (npoToHamH, AefiTo-
HRMH HAH 51ApaMH reAH4 a penyAbTaT npHeoeAHHeHH
3THX qaCTHa K 6om6apAHpyembim HMH AApam H nocAeAyungero
pacnaAa BO3HHKaIO1AHX TaKHM flTM etge 60Aee CAO1KHbIX RAep.
tiefiTpoHIA 6wAH nnepnwe noArieHm npH 6om6apAmpoince 6epHA-
A11R 6a1cTin4m a aAb.pa-gacTauamH OT ecTecTBennoro HCTORHHKa
(110A0H0R) B peByAbTaTe cAeApingeft peaxuHH:
4Be9 2He4 -*61:23*-4- 6C22 onc
KOHetIHMMH IIPO4KTMM KoTopott ABAAMa'CA He4TpoR H OCHOB-
HOH H3OTOH yrAepoAa.
B Havrosugee spew( AAA HOArleHHA HeliTpoHon B KatiecTse
meTaTeAbHux cHapuon HcnomaspoTcA rAaBHIAM o6panom A el-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
200 rAABA LUECTAR
TOHbI. Him 9TOM ocHo6om4eHHe HeilTpoHos 1113014CX0AHT AH60 npn
nomotgx paccmoTpeHHoft Hume peaKulth, A1160 B peayAbTaTe
pacigenAemia AefiToHa Ha IIpOTOH H HeRTp0H (Remy cnoco6cTsyer
OTHOCHTeAbHaR MaAOCTb MX aHeprHH CH51311, pasHoff Beer? A51111b
2.3 MeV). Becbma 943CPeKTFIBHb1M HCTORHHKOM HeitTpoHos ABAReTC51
peaKgua COeAHHeHHA Asyx AenTOHOB App. c Apyrom, nponcxo-
AffigaR npH 6om6ap4npoHKe 6bICTpbIMH AefiToHamll TABleA0r0
BoAopoAa (HAM KaKOr0-AH60 A pyroro HeigecTaa, coAepmairgero
nocAeAHHA). npH 9TOM o6paayeTca CHAbH0 B036pKAeHHoe HApo
o6bilmoro reAHA 2He4, KoTopoe pacnaAaeTcH Ha 6oAee AerKoe
HApo TOr0 >fie reAHH 2He3 H Ha HeilTpoH. npH CTOAKHOBeflIIH
4enT0Ha C RApom AeilToH M02KeT TaK1Kepa3pbIBaTbCA Ha npoToH,
KoToputt BbITaAKHBaeTC51 KyAOHOBb1M noAem RApa, H Ha Heil-
TpoH, KoTopb1H ripH 9TOM sacTpesaeT rmyTpH spa, nperipalgaa
nocAeAHee B 60Aee T515KeAblit H30T011 (equpeKT OnneHrelimepa?
CDHAARIICa).
KamAoff HAepHon peaKuHH, C13513ELHHO1 C HbmeAeHnem aneprith
(aKaoTepmHRecKoti), cooTaeTcTayeT o6paTHaR (aHAoTepmuRecKaH)
peaKuHH, CB5i3aHHa5I C norAoLgeHmem aHeprHH, T. C. npespaLge-
HHem KHHeTHReCK0i1 9HeprI4H B 110Telig1iaAbHy10. TaK, Hanpnmep,
nyTem 6om6apAHpoHKH reAHH aAbCpa-RaCTHUaMH MO1KHO 6bIA0 6bI
ueHoll 6oAbtuoil aaTpaTbi aHeprHH 110ATIHTb AHTHR H BOAOPOA?
nyTeM 6om6apAHpoaKH yrAepoAa C aTOMHbIM Hecom 13 oReHb
6bICTpbIMH HenTp0HaMH MO2KHO 61IA0 6bI 110ATIHTb 6epliAAHi4
TR5KeAb1i1 BoAopoA H T. .4?
C TORKH 3peH1151 HCII0Ab30BaHHA HHyTpHaTomHoil aneprHH npeA-
CTaBABIOT HHTepeC AHILIb pealCUIM nepHoro poAa; oAHaKo C TORKH
3pe/11451 ?TpaHCMyTagI4H 9AeMeHTOB", COCTaBARIOWeff MeRTy aAXH-
MIIKOH, HaITHMep 110Arle}1}151 30A0Ta HAM IlitaTHHbI 113 6AH3KHX
K HHM 110 aTOMHOMy BeCy He6Aar0p0AHbIX MeTaAA011, He AHLIIeHbl
HHTepeCa H 91140TepMHReCKFle RAepHble peaKUHH.1 KOHeRHO, Te
H ApyrHe CMOryT 11pHO6PeCT11 11paKTHReCK0e 3HaReHHe AAR TeX-
HHKH H 11p0MbIIIIAEHHOCTH Ak1111b B TOM CAplae, eCAH yAaCTCR
peaAH30BaTb HX B COOTBeTCTBy10101X ?MaKpOCK01111ReCKHX" Mac'
IIITa6aX, a He B TeX HHRTO2KHO MaAbIX macuiTa6ax, KoTopbie
xapaKTepHapoT RHCTO A/160paT0011bIe AOCTIDKCHHR CpI13HKH H
XHMHH aTOM}IbIX 514ep (1.10MHMO Uention peaKuHH paamHomeHHH
cHo6o4Hbix HefiTpoHoa, KOTOpa51 OCylgeCTBAReTCR B ,,ypaHOBOM
RoTAC").
1 BmecTo Toro tIT06h1 cpa6pHxonaTb 30AOT0 113 pTyTH, compemennam
11AXH1)41111 113POT0BHAa 113 30A0Ta pTyTb, samemaTeAbnylo Tem, 4T0 0Ha no-
ArmeTca B B11,4e 041101'0 H3OTOIla, KOTOp61171 PAO2KeT 6b1Tb HCII0Ab30BaH B Katie-
CTBe cTanimpTnoro ncTo.umma cneTa.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BOSEY2114EHHb1E COCTOAHHH AAEP 14 HAEPHUE PEAKHHII
201
? 10. 94)11exTuBsocrb 6om6apAupomu1 smep rfpn pasAugabix
peaxEsnx
To 06CTOATeAbCTBO, 4TO 06b11111 b1e HAepnbie pealcumf OCylge-
CTBAHIOTCH AHLLM B Aa6opaTopHom macmTa6e, fleCMOTp51 Ha npu-
meHelme CTOAb MOIgHbIX TeXHHIleCKHX CPPACTB, Hai( uHKAOTp0H
14 ero pa3AHHHble Bapl4aHTbI, cnoco6Hbie coo61gaTb AerKIIM sapp-
XieHHb1M HaCTHUaM (11pOTOHaM, AekToHam, 3Apam reA1111) anep-
rim nopfAlca AecsiTicos H Aaace COTeH MHAAHOHOB HAeKTp0HB0AbT,
06b1CHHeTCH Asymil npf4HHamH. nepHoit (H rAamor0 H3 HHX
ABASIeTcH BaaHmHoe OTTaAICHBaHHe meacAy 3Apam14 ? 60Ab11111MH
H MaAbIMH, npeuxrcTflyfofgee HX C6AHASeH14 10 Ha AOCTaTOHHO ma-
Able paccTo3HH3 (nopmica 10-12 cm), npH K0T0pb1X BeTyHalOT
B 4et1cT3He CHAbl cnegacpnifecHoro ImepHoro 11pHT5134eHHA. OTTaA-
HHHatthe, HCIMITbIBaeM0e npoTonom, AellToHom HAH 34pom reA1151
11pH npH6AHHcemin K HaHomy-A146o, B OCO6eHHOCTH TsfaceAomy
RApy, coaAaeT BbICOKH14 II0TeHUHaAbHbIH 6apbep, npensacTHyfolgH11
COCAHHeHll 10 HX B OAHO 60Aee CAOASHOe smpo, HecmoTp3 Ha TO,
HTO BTO coemmeHHe B cArfae npoTona H AeliToffa HcerAa, a B
CAyHae /-HaCTHUbI ? Haft npammo (AAR He CAHIIIKOM THASe-
aux smep), BblrOAHO C affepremtfecicoft TOHKH 3peHH5f,
T. e. 1IpHBO4HT B KOHCHHOM CHeTe K OCB0602114eH1410 affep-
nth.
BTopoil 11pHHHHO1t MaA0i1 8114eKTHBHOCTH 60M6ap4Hp0BKH
aTOMOB AeliToHamH H aAbcpa-tfacTifgamH, T. e. OTHOCHTeAbH0
HTOASHOPO tmcAa yAariffbix nona4aHH11, 11p14BO4RIgHX K 3ax3frry
9THX HaCTHU 06CTpeA11 BaeMbIMH 3Apamx, ABAACTCH HaaHmoAencTHHe
110AOHIHTeAbH0 sap3acemfbix =Lamm c sAeHTpoHamH, npfthoAsugee
K 6fAcTpomy T0pM0A4eHHIO HX no mepe 11p0HHKHOBeHHA BrAy6b
maTepHaAbHux TeA (oco6e14Ho THepAux BAH AIHAKHX). TaK, Ha-
npHmep, AAHHa npo6era aAbcpa-tfacTiau c effeprHell OKOAO 4 MeV
(T. e. CO CkOpOCTb10 110pH4Ka 1/20 cHopocTH cseTa) B HosAyxe
EOCTIMAHer AHLIM 7 CM. FlpOTOHbI HMelOT 6AaroAapf meHbfueff
HeAffimHe cHoero 3apHAa B 4 pa3a 60AbILIHR npo6er (npH Toff >ae
camoff aHeprm4). TalcHm o6pasom, Hale 6b1 HH 6bma HeAHHa Ha-
11/1AbHaA KHHeTHHeCKaA 9HepPl4S1 60M6apAHpy/OWHX qacmg, cam,
Kale riparnuto, yerieHaioT paCTpaTHTb ee Ha HaaHmoAeficTinfe c
aiteicrpoHamH Ao TOP?, mu( HM yAaeTc3 (cAymaliHo) xopomo
AHTbC51" Ha 04140 Ha HAeP; KorAa e OCTalOWIACH y HHX aHep-
rnui AO BeAHHHIMI nopaAaa 1 MeV, OHM AaHle npH CaMOM
TOHHOM ?HpHueAe" He moryT 11011aCTb B M14111eHb 113-3a oappHato-
"ger? ee noTeHwia.abHoro 6apbepa. B cArfae smpa c Bapsmom Ze,
^e e= 5 ? 10?l? (sapsm npoToHa), BbICOTa aToro 6apbepa Ha pac-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
202 PAABA nIECTAH
Ze
CTORHHH R cooTHeTcTuyeT noTeHuHaAy , HAH npH R.10-12
5 ? 10?to ? 300 Z--.----
(npnmepHan ,aaAbHOCTb AetteTHHH HAepubix CHA) 10-12
=1.5 ? 105Z eV. Him Z.6 (yrAepoA) oHa OKaabIBfleTCH 6AH3KOR
K 1 MeV.
YBeAlitIHBaH Blieprtno 6om6ap4mpylowx tuieT0g, MONSHO o6Aer-
14HTb HX np0pb1B K HApy KaK tIepe3 ?nponoAolmbie sarpamAeHHH",
o6pa3yembie BACKTp0HaMH, Tau. H gapes ITOTeHISHaAbHbIe 6apbeptd,
oxppualoLgHe HApa. BOT notlemy (13113HKaM IIpHIIIA0Cb npH6erHyTb,
AA5I HOBbILUeHHH 94npeKTHBH0CTI4 HAepHbix 6om6ap4nponox, K MOIR-
HbIM UHKAoTpoHam H (pa3oTpoHam, HOBBOASHOIAHM C0061gaTb H4Cp-
Hb1M CHapH4aM eHeprxx B AeCSITKH H Avue COTHH MHAA140HOB
3AeKTp0HB0AbT.1
MbI ye yna3bn3aAH swine (? 5, PA. IV), npn pacemoTpeHHH
Bonpoca o6 aAbopa-paenaAe TfiateAbIX H,ztep, TITO Ilp0HHKHOBeHHe
aAbCpa-ziaCTHU HAM npoToHoa, HaxoAsugHxcH HiLyTpx nApa, Happily
MO>KCT IIIDOHCX04HTb Aame B TOM cAytiae, eeAH HX KI41ieTH4eCKaH
?BHCIMISI (nocAe BbIAeTa 113 Aiwa) meHbLue BbICOTbI noTeHuHaAb-
Horo 6apbepa. B BTOM cAynae OHM ?npocalmnatoTen" qepes no-
eAeAHHN npx nomoLgH TyHneAbHoro acpcpenTa, KK 6bI 3alitIMall Ha
nopoTxoe Hpemg Ty aHeprkno aKTHBaUHH, noTopan Heo6xo4ama
AAR npopbma gepes 6apbep, corAacHo uanoHam o6binHott mexa-
finICH manpoexormnecx0x TeA. BepOHTHOCTb II0406HOPO npocatin-
BaHHH npH BTOM TCM meHblue, gem swam 6apbep H nem OH Lunpe.
3T11 COO6paHleHHH npLuneHHmbi H K o6paTHomy npoueeey wrop-
Melitln 6bICTpbIX npOTOHOB HAM aAbcpa-naeTng HHyTpb Aiwa. Aa)Ke
KOPolta HX icHHeTHILeenan oHeprun SHatiHTeAbH0 meHbLue BbICOTbI
noTeHunaAbHoro 6apbepa, nperpancialoLliero AocTyn K RApy,
OHM Hee >Ke moryT IIp0HFIKHyTb B HApo, XOTH IllaHCbI II0406HOPO
IIpOHHKHOBeHHA nyT6m TylnleAbHOPO BCpCpeKTa 6bICTp0 yobIBalOT
C ymeHbuieHHem HaLlaAbHoli KHHCTHLIeCK011 aHeprnli tIaCTHUbI no
cpanHeHnio C BbICOT011 6apbepa. ECAH 3Ta BbICOTa pawls, cuanLem,
10 MeV, TO MH 6om6ap4mporixe npoToHamx HanaAbHoti aHep-
rHed B 1 MeV TOAbK0 B oAHom cAytiae HB npHmepHo 100 000 npn-
MbIX nonaAaLudi npOTOH npOCOIHITCH BHyTpb HApa. C npH6AH-
nceHHem sHeprHn IIpOTOHa K BbICOTC IIOTCHUHaAbHOPO 6apbepa
BepOSITHOCTb noAo6Horo Hp0HHKHOBeHH5l BonpacTaeT HOLITH 9KCIIO-
HeHUHaAbH0, eTpemueb K eAminge (AocTonepHoeTH).
1 CACAyCT OTMCTHT13, gTO AaAhHefiniee yiseAHHeHme HX aHeprmi npimo-
AHT K CMCCTBCHHO HOBbIM THHaM CTOAHHOBCHHfi C HApamm, KoTopme morr
pa3ACTaTbCH Ha 60AbMOC YHCAO MCAKHX sump, B TOM nHeAe npoTonoH H
nefiTpoHoH, H, eAeAosaTeAbHo, He AaTb Tpe6yemori pealcumf.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BO3BYZ4EHHHE COCTORHHR MEP H RAEPHNE PEAKUHH 203
PaccmaTpHsaembie COOTHOLLICHHR HAAIOCTpHpylOTCR pHc. 30
'(cTp. 139)f npeAcTasmnownm cxemy TyHHeAbH0r0 3CrpeKTa npH
BTOpMeHHH Hp0T0Ha BHyTpb RApa HAM, sepHee, npH npH6AHme-
HHH K nosepxHocTH nocAeAHero, rite ITOTOH CH53b1BaeTCR RAep-
HbIMH CHAaMH. CHAOLIIHaR KpHsaR H3o6pamaeT npH 3TOM 110TeH-
VaAbHy10 aHeprmo npoToHa B 3aBHCHM0CTH OT ero paCCTORHHR
OT nosepxHocTH (HAM OT geHTpa) AApa. Ha 60AblIIHX paccToR-
HHAX OT RApa Wra 110TeHUHaAbHaR sHeprHA CBOAHTCR K aHeprHH
aAeKTpHReCKHX CHA B3aHMH0r0 OTTaAKHBaHHR,
Ze2
R ?
B6AH3H AApa K STOA 110AOHIHTeAbHOH sHeprHH npmcoeAHHAeTcR
-oTpligaTeAbHam HOTeHUHaAbHaA arieprmi RAepnbix CHA npHTAme-
HRH, KOTOpaR B KOHUe KOHUOB Ha4HHaeT npeo6Aa4aTh HaA nep-
sofi, TaK 4TO nplicoeAHHeHHe npoToHa K AApy CB513aHO B KOHe4-
HOM C4eTe C ymeHbateHHem noTeHgHaAbHon arleprHH.
CocTasHoe AApo, o6pa300aHHoe npHcoeAHHeHHem npoToHa
if HcxoAHomy AApy, oKaabisaeTcH B B036yac4e/1110m H Tem cambim
HeyCTOH4HBOM COCTORHHH AO Tex nop, noKa npoToH He nepenAeT
HCX04H0r0 aHepreTHAecKoro yposHR (Hao6pamenHoro Ha
pHc. 30 aepxaett nyHKTHpHo* rOpH3OHTaAbHO1 AHHHCH) Ha
6oRee HH3KH1 ?HOpMaAbHble yposeHb, cooTseTcTsylownil OTpH-
gaTeAbHomy sHageHmo HOAHOR EHleprHH npoToHa (1114>KHRR nyHK-
THpHaR rOpH3OHTaAbHaR npAmaA). liaxoARch Ha 3TOM yposHe,
HpOTOH yme He MO>KeT BbIpBaTbCA H3 AApa HAH, sepHee, oTop-
BaTbCA OT ero HOBepXHOCTH.
aTO 3axperueme npoToHa momeT, cAeAosaTeAbHo, npoHaoilTH
AHIllb nocAe Toro, Half OH RAH, sepHee, cocTasHoe AApo, KoTopoe
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Aooroved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
204 FAABA HIECTAA
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
L-L0008000171700181-1700-?8dCl-V10 6 1-/I, 1/LOOz aseala Jod panaiddV
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
FAABA VII
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
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HHeM 4aHneHHH, co34aHaem0r0 4eficTHHem CHA TA?fieCTH. flpH
4ocTaTonHon senntume 110CAC4HHX BTO o6o6i.gecTroteHHe momeT
OXBaTHTb He TOAbK0 napyatHbie 9ACKTp0HbI, HO H 9ACKTp0Hbl
60Aee rAy60101X cnoes oHpymatorgeti ;Iowa 060.nolum ? BI1A0Tb
40 110AHOn APIKBHICaUHH Bea aneHTpoHHoti 060AOAKH H npeapa-
WHICH HewecTHa. 3He34bi B ?ronme" Aiwa, norpymeHHwe B Apes-
abinaitho CHAbH0 cmaTbiii 9ACKTp0HHbIll ra3. TaK Hai( pasmepm
Holep otieHb manbx, TO HeT HIVIer0 3/414BHTeAbH0r0 B TOM, ATO
HAOTHOCTb HeLgecTHa mameT npH TaKHX yCAOBHAX 40CTHraTb
3Ha4eHIA, B MHAAHOHbI pas 60A13111HX, AeM B 06bIAHOM THep4OM
HAH IKII4KOM COCT051111111.
113A0.1fieHHbIe COO6paMeHIDI 6bIAH BbICKa3aHbI B 1923 r.
AAHlirTOHOM B CB513H C OTKpbITHeM TON) (paKTa, qTo HAOTHOCTb
cnyTHHHa. CHpyHca B 600 TbIC. pas npeHbunaeT IIAOTHOCTb B04131.
npH 8TOM aAAHHI'TOH npeitnonaran, tITO 11pHAHHOR OTp1ABa BACK-
Tp011013 OT aTOMOB ABASIeTCH He BbICOKOe 411BACHHe, r0C1104CTBy10-
Igee B He4paX 3Be34, a BbICOKaA TeMI1epaTypa, BbI3bIBaeMaR HX
110CTelleHHbIM maTHem, eCAH paCCMaTpHBaTb 9TOT OTpbIB He KaK
?06061.geCTBACHHe" 9AeKTp0HOB B HallIeM CMbICAe, a Kai( TellA0By10
HOHH3agH10 aTOMOB (aHaAOPHARy10 TOR, KOTOpail HMeeT MeCTO
B CHAbH0 HarpeTbIX ra3aX). aTa TOAKa 3peHHA He 13110AHe IIpa-
BHAbHa, TK KaK IlpHIly414TeAbH0e ?06061AeCTBACHIle" 8AeKTp0H0B
MOASeT 6bITb BbI2BaHO B A1060M BeigeCTHe 1104 BAHAHHeM 40CTa-
TORHO BIACOK0r0 4aBAeHHA a>Ke 11pH TeMllepaType a6COAIOTHOr0
HyA51, KaK ABCTByeT 113 pKe yl10MBHyTOr0 BbILLIe MeTaA-
14 E. H. cDpeHicenb
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
210
rAABA CE4bMAH
AIIHeCKHX TeA. npH BTOM KHHeTHtieexas sHeprHA ?o6o61gecTHAeH-
HblX" BAeKTp0HOB momeT soHce He HMeTb TenAoHoro xapaxTepa,
coxpaHsHcb H ripH TemnepaType a6COAIOTHOPO HyAs, npocTo noTo-
my, 11To, HaxoAscb noA BAHHHHeM KyAOHOBCKHX CHA B3aHMH0r0
OTTaAKHBaHHH 14 111/HT51HieHHH K 110A0MHTeAbH1,IM HoHam (HAH
RAPam), 9AeKTp0Hb1 He moryT OCTaBaTbCH B noxoe, 110A06110
141113aM aTOMOB B THepAom TeAe, HO 40A2K11b1 HaX04HTbC.11 B Henpe-
pb1BH0M 41314214eHHH, Tax me Hall H B 1130AHp0BaHHbIX aTomax.
nosbnueHHe sHeprkm BTOPO AB14244eHHA C nosbnueHHem Temnepa-
Typbi TeAa HAeT cHatiaAa cpasHHTeAbHo meAAeHHo H TOAbK0 npH
40CTaTOL1110 BbICOKHX TemnepaTypax upollcxoAHT 11pH6A11314TeAbH0
no Tomy Ke saxoHy, mut H B cAytiae 06b1H11131X rasos, T. e.
nponopaHoHaAbHo a6comoTHon TemnepaType T, Tax LITO cpeAHss
sHeprils 6ecnopsAotmoro 413111KeH1451 eAexTpoHos CB0111ITCH K 06bIH-?
L
Homy inspamem 3 Kno i , rAe ? 10-16-110CT03111118.31
BoAbgmaHa.
He ocTaHasAHsascb Ha AeTaAsx BTOPO sonpoca, sameTHm MUM,
HTO cmaTHe 3ses4 AaAexo sa npeiteAbi 11AOTHOCTell 06b11111bIX
THepArsx H MIHAKHX TA c coxpaHeHHem xsasHrasoo6pasHoro
COCTOHHHA (csepxnAoTHbai rag) momeT ABASITbCH MOI111b1M 14CTOH-
HHKOM TenAosori sHeprHH, cnoco6Hism noAAepamsaTb Hsy-
geHme 313e34b1 B Tetielme otleHb 11p0A0A2KHTeAbHOPO spe-
MCHH.
ECAH CH14TaTb, 141.0 rpasHTagHoHHoe AaHAeHHe, AocTHralowee
B UenTpe COAHUa H 110406HbIX emy no CBOHM pasmepam H CB014-
CTBaM ssesA npHmepHo 1 mApA aTm., ypasHoHeumsaeTcs TenAo-
BbIM AasAeHnem 110A0/11HTeAbHbIX sAep H EMeKTp0HOB, o6paspo-
104X HexoToppo csepxnAoTHyio rasoHylo cmecb, TO MOMHO 6e3
TpyAa BbIHHCAHTb Heo6xo4Hmyto flASI BTOPO TemnepaTypy, xoTopas
oxasissaeTcs pasHoH no nopmAxy BeAHHHHbI 10-20 MAH. rpa4y-
COB, npHtiem IIAOTHOCTb B ileHTpe CoAHga AocTxraeT 60 r/cm3
npH cpeAHen TIAOTHOCTH, 6A143KO11 K. 1.41. B cAytiae BEle34 CO
BHaT114TeAbH0 60Abilieft maccoti aTa TemnepaTypa momeT 6bITb ewe
swum (Ho He HaMHOP0), HAOTHOCTb 114e momeT AocTHraTb cyLge-
CTBeHHO 66AbIIIHX 3118.11eHHII AHIUb B cAyRae otieHb ?cTapblx" 35e3.4,
C 14CTOLOHHbIMH eHepreTHgectcHmH pecypeamH.
AasAeHHe B UenTpe 313e3.4m Pu cosAasaemoe CHAOH THHieCTH,
onpeAeAHeTes no nopsAxy BeAHHHHb1 npoHaseAeHHem cpeAHeff
HAOTHOCTH p Ha cpeAHee sHarleHHe ycx.opemis CHAbI THHIeCTI1 W
H Ha paAilyc 3Hes4bi R
Po it7R.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
5:14EPMME PEAKUMH B BBE34AX 211
Tax mix P =4M Gill
7cR3 H Wmax R '
rAe Af---macca sHe341A,
a G ? rpaHnTatiHoHHaa HOCTORHHEIA (paxnax 6.7 ? 10-8), TO
GM 3G'M2
Po= 7-C P7-= 4,R4 ?
AAA CO AHUa M = 2 ? 1033 r H R =----- 7 ? 10" cm (npn p = 1.41), ELT?
AaeT
p=---1015 AHHIcm2 =105 KrIcm2 ----= 1 mAp4. aTM.
GM
FlpHpaHHHHasi p0=?R po ra30H0my AaHAeHmo kT, rAe m
macca aTOMa BoAopo4a, a 1).?epeimun moAexyAxpnbin sec BACK-
Tpolum-RitepHoll emecx, o6paspolgett axe34y (6AH3KOR K 2, T. e.
K oTHormeHmo mearlAy aT0MHb1M Becom H aTOMHbIM Homepom),'
noArmem T0=2 ? 107. OTcloAa 4A3 11AOTHOCTII B Uewrpe COAHUa
noAriaeTe3 HcnpaimeHHoe 3HatieHHe nopmAxa 100 r/em3,
3ameTHm, 4T0 ctraxTop spemem4 xmeeT cyweeTsennoe BHarzemie
AAA xapaxTepHeTHHH COCTO5IH1451 4aHHOrl sxesAbi, TK KaK COCT051-
Hite BTO 3aRoHomepHo H3MeHAeTCYI C TegeHnem HpemeHH. XOTA
sonpoe o ?poAcAeHHH" 3Be34 nolo. He pemen (11OCK0AbKy OH C13513aH
C oaweil npo6Aemoli BBOAIOUHII Koemoea), oimaxo xamAax xnesAa
xmeeT CB010 1,111414BH4yaAbHy10 HCTOpH10, xoToppo MO>KHO onpeAe-
AHTb AO HexoTopoff cTeneHH, epaxxxxax Apyr c Apyrom pasxbre
axesAbi H cturra3, 4T0 OCHOBHble paZAWEIHII memAy HHMH o6yeA0H-
AeHbi pasAH3Hem HX Ho3pacTa. aTa BBOAIOUHOHHafl ToEnta apennx
no4KpenAReTex BOSMO)KHOCTb10 paCII0A021114Tb Bee Ha6moAaembie
ase34bi B HeCK0AbK0 OCHOBHbIX CHCTeM HAH nocAe,AoHaTeAbHocTetf,
xapaxTepHayembix onpeAeAeHHum COOTH011IeHHeM memAy HX Bpxo-
CTb10, enexTpom, pa3MepaMn H HeKOTOpbIMH Apyramn cnoticTxamx;
npx BTOM OCHOBHbIM napameTpom B HCTOpHil pasHHTH3 xaHcAoti
313e34bl 51BASIeTCSI ee macca, KoToppo MWISHO C,114TaTb npaxTHRecKH
HOCTORHH011. Bnpotiem, H3 COOTHOILIeHHa aitHarreffHa memAy
maccoft H sneprxen BuTexaeT, qv) maces xam4off BBe34bI 40A2KHa
C Tetzetmem spemenn y6b1BaTb B CB51311 C x3Aytienxem aHeprHH,
npHilem y6bIAb BTa 3a xaxon-AHOo npommyTox HpemeHH nponop-
UHOHaAbHa sneprim, n3Aygemion sa BTOT npomemyTox HpemeHH.
Taxilm o6pa3om, nocTenemme ymeHbuieHHe macebi 3Hes4bl, !tax 6r3
OHO HH 6bIA0 maAo 110 cnoemy OTH0CHTeAbH0MyBHaqeHHIo, momeT
CAy2KHTb MepOil exeprxx ee HaAy3eHH3.
1 IlpH HOAHOri Hommammi &TOMEI qHCAO UOCTHg, Ha xoTopoe OH paw.
WHAHOTCH, paaHo 24-1 (HApo H Z BACKTp0HOH); THICHM o6pasom, opeAHHA
A
moAexyARplimil Bee OAHOfi H3 MIX paHeu 2.
14*
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
212
TAABA CEAbMASI
OCHOBHbIMH nepememiumn, xapaxTepHspoLgHmH 8B0A101010
ssesAbi, ABASHOTCH ee pasmep N, T. C. paAllye (HAM IMOTHOCTb,
KoTopasi onpeAeAHeTcs 113 pasmepos H macebi), H COCTa B. LITO
xacaeTcH pasmepos, TO Ha6mo4eHHe noxasbisaeT, TITO OHM MeHAIOTCH
AAA paBlIbIX 3BeB4 B ime3sbmat4Ho Luxpoxmx npeAeAax OT rHraHT-
CXHX AO KapAHKOBbIX (no epasHeHmo C CoAHuem) np0 CpaBHH-
TeAbH0 He60Ab1110M H3MeHeHHH MaCCbI. ECTeCTBeHHO 4011yCTI1Tb,
TITO B xoAe pa3BHTH51 xamAoit oTAeAbHoil 3Be34bI pasmepu ee
noeTeneHHo coxpaigamTcs? OT IIIIIIHTCKHX AO KapAHKOBbIX ? H
TITO BTO coxpaLgeHHe ABA.FleTCA HenoepeAcTseHHon IIpHTIHHOft
nocTeneHHoro HarpesaHHA 3Be34bI H BospaeTaHlln HHTeHCHBHOCTH
ee Hsitygem4s. Ha "HatiaAbHoit" CT4HMpaSSIITHA 3Be34bl OCHOB-
Hb1M HCTOLIHHKOM HsAymaemott sHeprHa 11BASIeTCH 110TeHUHaAbHaR
sHeprws CHAbI TANieCTH (npeo6pa3poigaHcs HenoepeAcTsemo
B TenAospo sHeprlito H gepes HOCAe4H1010 B 8Hep1'1410 eseTosoro
H3ArIeHHA), TOPAa xax xHAmtlecxmit COCTaB 3Be34bI He HrpaeT
cyLgecTseHHoti poAH.
O4HaK0 rpassTausoHHoll sHeprmx asesAbi, Aame npH raeTe
BO3M02KHOCTH CBepXCHIEITHS1 ee, M02KeT XBaTHTb AMIN) Ha OTHOCH-
TeAbH0 He6oAbume spew'. Kpome TOPO, 8BOAI0UH5I scex sHe3.4
npoTexaAa 6b1 ripm 110CTORHCTBe HX COCTaBa, HesasficHmo OT oAHHa-
KOBOCTH HMI pa3AHTIHR nocAeAHero B pa3HbIX ssesAax, cosepuleHHo
e4HHoo6pasHo. MHoroo6pasHe Ha6moAaembix THROB zBesA H
BbITeKaIOLAHR ?I'm/4a CA021SHbIl1 XapaKTep HX 9BOA1OUHH noArutioT
AoAacHoe 06bACHeHHe AH1111, B npeAnoAomeHHH, TITO C TemeHHem
spemeHH 143MeH3eTCSI He TOAbK0 paAHye 3Be341,1, HO H ee XHMH-
qecKnit coeTas, Totmee, o6pa3poigHe ee COBMeCTHO C 8AeKTp0HaMH
aTOMHbIe sIApa.
Apyrkuvm CA0BaMH, IIp0UeCC pa313HTHA xamAoll 3Be34bI 40ANICH
61,1Tb CBE3aH C nocTenemon TpaucmyTauneil o6pasylo-
LEHx ee aTomo B.
B KaKOM NK e HanpasAeHHH npoHcxoAHT sTa TpaucmyTaips?
4TO6b1 AaTb OTBeT Ha 8TOT sonpoc, Heo6xo4Hmo 1113141131Tb
Kaxylo-To rHnoTesy 0 HallaAbHOM xHmHtlecitom coeTase ssesAbl
?Ha sape" ee >KH3HH. HaH6oAee ecTeeTsemia rimoTesa, TITO
B 8TOT HallaAbHblit nepHoA csoero passim's ssesAa COCTOHT
03 HaH6oAee 11pOCTbIX aTOMOB aTomos soAopoAa. TeAecxon
H enexTpoexon y6em4aloT HaC B emecTsosaHHH ssesA C Imes-
sbulaitHo maAoft HAOTHOCTMO H OTHOCHTeAbH0 HH3KOil Temnepa-
Typoil, xoTopbie COCTOAT I'AaBHbIM o6pasom 113 BOA0p04a.
KOHeTIHO, HeAb311 pyturrbes, TITO HMeHHO ?xpacHble PliraHTb1"
ssAstoTcH npeAcTaswreAsmn ,,M0A04e2KH" B ssesAHom mHpe
? 1ITO xamAas zsesAa HaqHHaeT CB010 8B0A10;11110 HMeHHO C OTOft
CTaAHH (ecAH He 11131TaTbCH yeTaHOBHTb 06CTOFITeAbCTB, IIpHBeA-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
HAEPHblE PEAKUNH B 3BE34AX 213
IlifIX K ee o6paBoriamuo). O4HaK0 BTO npeAnostosKeHHe IIpHBOAHT
K yAosAeTnopwreAbHomy KagecTseHHomy H KOAlltleCTSCHHOMy
0673BCHeHHIO Ha6Aso4aembsx CpaKTOB.
? 2. SlAepnbie peaxgwa B Ememax
asomouHA KasHAoli 3Be3AbI 40A?KHa IIp0HCX0AHTb B Hanpaa-
AeHHH ymeHbuseHnsf ee 9HeprH4, KoTopass nocTeneinso paccem-
saeTen B messlAysaesAHom npocTpassense (OTtlaCTH B Ewe qacTmg
C OTAI4,111011 OT HyAB 110KOSHAefiCH maccoli, HO PAaBHbIM o6pasom
B smite CPOTOHOB, T. e. crseTa). aTO HuAeAeHHe aHeprHH B HeApax
snesAbs o6ycAonAnnaeTcn EulatiaAe coKpasgenHem ee paamepos.
OHO mosKeT, oAHaxo, 4OCTIIPaTbC51 TaK2Ke, H npliTom B ewe
6oAssuleil cTeneHH, coeAHHeHnem BxoAsugHx B ee cocTaa aTOMOB
HoAopoAa B 6oAee TA1KeAbIe aTOMbI. .HAepHbie peaKuHH, IIIMBOAA-
igHe K no4o6Homy C0e4HHeHHIO, MO1KHO ce6e npeAcTankrrb KaK
KOHAeHCaUHIO ?HyKAOHOBOPO napa", 06pa30BaHHOPO BpOTOHaMH
(9AeKTp0HbI B ctieT He HAyT) Ha MaAeHbKHX, HO nocTeneHHo
pacTyignx xaneAbscax nAepHott 1KH4KOCTH, KaKOBbIMH ABASIIOTCA
SlApa 60Aee TRAleAbIX aTomos (pie ycneaunsx o6pasoacabcss
paHee). BTOT npogecc AOAMeH Ha4ailiaTbC31 C COCAHHeHHA AByX
IIpOTOHOB B AeliToH c Hcnycxasniem noskrrpoHa (H HeitTpHHO)
ubsAeAeHHem OTHOCHTeAbH0 He6oAbusoft sHeprin4 B 2 MeV. 1 Ana
ActiToHa moryT B ripHHuHne COeAHHHTbCfl B siApo remiss, HMI me
nocAeAHHil MONICT B0311HKHyTb B peayAbTaTe HpHCOC4HHCHH/1
K Ae#ToHy npoToHa c o6pasoaaHHem AerKoro H3OTOIla PeAHR
C aTOMHbIM seem's 3 H IIOBTOpHOPO npiscoeAHHeHHA npoToHa
C IIOBTOpHbIM Hcnycxamsem II03HTp0Ha. AaAbHeilusee yKpyrnseHHe
AAep 4OA2KHO 06yCAOBAHBaTbC51 npncoeAHHeHnem IIpOTOHOB
K BO3MIKIIIHM HApam reAHR, myropme HmecTe C 4e1Toxams4
HrpasoT pont), AO HexoTopoil cTeneHH aHaAoripmpo sapoAbnne-
BbIM xaneAbxam npH KOHACHCaUHH nepechugeHHoro naps.
CyLgecTaerusoe pasAntnie messcAy IIpOTOHOBbIM napom, o6pasyso-
igHm (amecTe c pAeKTpoHamH) HesgecTso MOAOAOR 3Be34bI, H
nepecusgeHmssm napom saxmornieTcm B TOM, tITO coeAH-
HeHHe Aayx ITOTOHOB A pyr c Apyrom (HAM, BepHee, c6AHmeHHe
HX, Heo6xoAHmoe AAA o6pasonamsn AeliToHa) 3aTpyAmeTcss HX
9AeHTplitleCKHM OTTaAKHBalilleM. Ewe 6oAee saTpyAHeHo npu-
coeAHHealle npoToHa K passee o6pasonanusemycH 6oAee THmeAomy
06Aa4aIOLgeMy COOTBeTCTBeHHO 6?AbinMM II0A01EHTeAbHbIM
sapnAom (6eTa-npeapasgeHHA, perywysoigHe ycToiltlinsoe coca-
1 IlpH STOM B RageeTae npomemyTomnoro npoAyRTa MOMCCT DOSHHKHyTh
neyeTonumnAii 6nnpoTon.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
214 rAABA CE4bMAY1
HomeHne me>my sapsAom 14 Hecom 'limp, T. e. 11HCAOM 11pOT0HOB
HeitrpoHoH, 11p0HCX0AAT OTHOCHTeAbH0 oseHb 6bicTpo). BO Bcex
9THX CA37'118501 npncoe4HHelme npoToHa Tpe6yeT npeoAoAemis
noTeHuHaAbHoro 6apbepa, cosAaHaemoro sAeKTpHsecimmx cHAamx
OTTaAKI4BaHH51.
AllaAOrlITIHaS1 urryagus ricTpesaeTcs B pa3A14t1HbIX XI4M1411eCKHX
peaxgHsx, HaLIHHaIOLAIIXCA C IlaCTIVIHOr0 pactiAeHeHHs 14CX041ibIX
moAeKyA, Ha TO Tpe6yeTcs HexoTopas, HHor4a Hecbma sHatm-
TeAbHas aHeprils aKTHB8UH14. aTHM 06b5ICHReTCH TOT (INIKT,
XHMHtleCKHe peaKuHH, Kax. 6b1 0/114 HH 6bIA11 BbIrOAHbI C TOtIKH
speHHs HX sHepreTHsecKoro 6aAaHca, moryT 11p0HCX04HTb TOAbK0
npH 4ocTaTosHo able?icon TemnepaType. HCTOHMKOM EmeprHa
aKTHHagyni SIBASIeTCH npH STOM exeprHs TenAoHoro ABH>liellH51,
KoTopas y OTAeAbHbIX tlaCTI4U momeT 6bITb 311V1HTeAbH0 swine
cpe4Hero sHasemis
? cooTHeTcTspolgero HasaAbHoll Temnepa-
Type T.
HOCK0AbKy peaKuHs conpoHosuaeTcs HbliteAeHHem TenAa, OH a
MO1fieT 6bITb BbIBBaHa MeCTHbIM H KpaTKospemeHHtam npHToKom
aHeprim 1431ille (HcKpa, HcnbuuKa); B AaAbHeihnem xoile peaxgHH,
B ilaCTHOCTH npH pacnpocTpaHeHHH ee OT HCX04H0r0 IIyHKTa B
06AaCTb, ocTaHawnylocs nepsoHasaAbHo soAo4Hoil, TemnepaTypa
momeT He TOAbK0 noAAepsthHaTbcs BbIAeA51101AHMCSI TenAom, HO
npH HeAocTaTosHom TermooTHoAe momeT Hee 60Aee H 60Aee noms-
11.1aTbC51, B pesyAbTaTe sem peaKips AaHHHoo6pasHo yeKopseTcs,
npHimmas sapaxTep Hapusa.
4T06b1 B sHes4e, cocTosigell MB Ho4opo.4a HMI cmecH H040-
po.4a c 60Aee TR/KeAbIMH aTomamn, MOrA14 11p0HCX04HTb KOHAeli-
cagHoliabie smepHble peaKgHH, OHS AOA>KHa HMeTb 40CTaTOIIHO
BbICOKy10 TemnepaTypy. Ilpn OTCyTCTBHH TylilleAbH01.0 19(14eKT/t
B npogecce npHcoemmenHs npoToHos K Apyrxm sApam aTa Tem-
nepaTypa A0A211/111 6bIAa 6bI 6bITb TIpe3BbigaftHo BbICOKOH, 11p14-
meptio BO CTOAbK0 pas moue TemnepaTyptd BOCHAaMeHeH1111
06bIllHbIX roploinix seLgecTH, BO CM/AMC? BbICOTa 110TeHUI4aAbH0r0
6apbepa y rpaHHgbi soya (no OTH0111eH1410 K npoTony) 6oAbuie
sHeprHH FIKTHBaUH14 AAA peaKgHil ropexHs. B nocAe4Hem cAysae
exeprHE awrimagHH HMeeT nops4oK HeCK0AbKHX BACKTp011130AbT,
npHsem TemnepaTypa, npH myropon peaKuns npHo6peTaeT sameT-
Hylo CKOpOCTb, COCTaBABeT npHmepHo 10000 (To cooTHeTcTsyeT
aHatIeHHIO kT, pas B 10 meHbuiemy aHeprHH aKTHBaU1411). B IIep-
BOM cAysae Bb1COTa 6apbepa HMT nopsAoK HeCK0AbKHX MHA-
AHOHOB 9.11eKTp0HBOAbT (B cAysae Han6oAee AerK1IX 5I4ep ? rem's
14 AHT1151), TR tITO TemnepaTypa, npH KoTopoil ?KoH4excagns"
npoTonos 11p0HCX0AHAa 6b1 C samemon CKOpOCTb10, AOAASHa 6bIAa
6bI AOCTIlraTb MHAAHapA0B rpaAycoH.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
HAEPHblE PEAKUHM B 3BE34AX 215
BAaroAapx TyHHBAbH0My 94(PeKTy, T. e. npoeatumamno npo-
TOHOB B RApo (HAM Ha ero II0BepXHOCTb) 6e3 3aTpaTbi pHeprnn
EIKTHBaUHH, TemnepaTypa, Heo6xo4nmax AAA TOPO, TITO6bI 9TO
npocalthsanne nponcxoAHAo c aameTHoit CKOpOCTb10, B HeCK0Ab-
1(0 oaecancoa pa 3 HI4>Ke npeAbiAytgeli gmtipbi, T. e. H3mepaeTex
HeCK0AbKHMH AecfiTxamH MHAAHOHOB rpaAyeos (a B cAytthe CO-
B4IIHCHH51 Asp( npoToHos A pyr c A pyrom oHa momeT 6bITb eige
Hime).1
3aBHCHMOCTb CKOpOCTH HAepHbix peaxunil B 313C3,14e OT ee Tem-
nepaTypbi MONSCT 6bITb onpeAeAeHa KOAHtleCTBeHHO cAeAyloignm
o6pa3om.
B y CAO 131 SIX TenAoHoro paBHOBBC051 CKOpOCTH HaCTHU, o6pa-
3yloi1nx 3Be34y, H, B tIaCTHOCTH, HpOTOHOB, pacupeAeAeHbi no
3axoxy MaxeBeAAa. TaxHm o6pa3om, OTHOCHTBAbH0e HHCAO npo-
TOROS, CKOpOCTb KOTOpbIX 3axitiogeHa B npeAeAax mextAy V H
my'
dv, nponopgnoHaAbHo Hbipa)Keinno 21cT ?
3T0 abipameHHe npnmeHHmo xax K pacnpeAeAelum a6comoT-
HbIX, Tax H OTHOCHTeAbHbIX CkOpOCTeil, T. e. cxopocTeil npoTo-
HOB 110 OTHOLIIeHHIO K KalcHm-AH60 A pyrnm nacTnuam, C KOTOpbIMH
OHM cTamtHsaloTcx. B nocAeAuem cAytiae HOA V cAeityeT HOHH-
MaTb OTHOCHTeAbHyI0 CKOpOCTb, a noA m?npHHeAelmylo maccy
ml m2
o6emx qacTHu, mi. -1- m2, re m1 H M2? maccbi xamAoil 143 HHX
B OTAeAbHOCTH.
IlpH BbIHHCAeHHI4 9 1/CpeKTHBHOr0 cenelma 3axBaTa npoToHa 1721
KaKHM-A1160 Apyrnm RApom /722, C ytieTom TyHHBAbH0r0 94CpeKTa,
Heo6xoAnmo 39MCHHTb 0613I141109 Bbipamemie vao(v), OTHOCHLABCCB
K eAynato HeitTpaAbHoll tIaCTFIUM, npoH3BeAennem ero Ha mHomm-
4n. Ze'
eAb e? ho ? npH 9TOM v o6o3HatiaeT OTHOCHTeAbHy10 CHO-
pOCTb npoToHa B HanpaaAeHHH npamott, coeAHHaloLgeil CPO C Apyroft
cacTHgeii. raTO Heo6xoAHmo 14MeTb B raw npli onpeAeAeHHH
epeAHero RHcAa 9CpCpeKTHBHbIX CTOAKHOBeHHil, T. e. Taxnx CTOAK-
HOBeHHH, npn KOTOpbIX HpOTOH npeo,AoAeaaeT HOTCHUHaAbHbIH
6apbep H oxa3b1BaeTcH CHOCO6HbIM CBH3aTbCH C cooTHeTcTspoLgeil
tiacTHgefl. CMTa51 BepOBTHOCTb B03HRKH0BBH1451 9TOR CBSI3I4 He-
Alit1HH011, He 3a5Hon.gen OT CKOpOCTH npoToHa, H 0603HatIa3 co-
oTrieTcTaylotgee 3HageHHe G (V) tlepe3 Go, MN momem onpeAeAwrb
cpeAHee LIHCAO aq)(PekTHBHbIX CTOAKHOBCHHil 'tax npoR3BeAeHme
1 AAH iipHeoe.zotHeHHH HAep reAHH oHa 31181?4HTeAbH0 Hume, gem AAH 11pH-
00e411HeHHH HpOTOHOB, He TOAbH0 H3-38. 'mime 6oAbuiero 3apHAa HAep reAHH,
Ho H H3-38 HX 60AbLIIefi macem (yHeAngeHHe Kozopoil ymeHbuTaeT BepOHTHOCTb
apocagHEaHHH).
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
216 F./NAHA CE412MAA
n1? vzHcAa npoToHos B eAHHHue o6bema-0 n2?THICA$ acTng
HToporo poAa, C KOTOpbIMH OHH CTaAKHBalOTCH, Ha cpeAHee
410 Zel
geHHe npoHsHeAeHHH ao ye ha
AOBC1101.0 pacnpeAeAeHH51, T. e.
co42 Ze2 my.
aOS e
0
v (v)
AAA oAHomepHoro maxcHeA-
hv 2kT
.e vdv
co mo2
('
e do
0
TonHoe B1314HCACHHe aTOPO sbipameHits HesoamomHo, Aa npax-
THTIBCICH H He Tpe6yeTcs. AAR ripH6AmKeHHoro BbP1HCAellHA
a
-- ?by'
,
ero sameTHm, LIT? noAHHTerpaAbHas cpyHKuHs rAe
4Z e2
a= H 2kT ' HmeeT pesxo sbipameHHbill maxcHmym
HpH HexoTopom 3HalIell0H V = Vo, onpeAeAmemom ycAoHHem
a
-1-- 2bv O. Taxiim o6pasom, HaH6oAee sepoRTHoe sHaReHHe
v2
CROPOCTH oKasbrsaeTcH paBI-IbIM
1 1
a ):-T 47t2Ze2k (1)
Vo) hm ?
? ?a ? by'
CoorseTcTsylowee (maKcamaAbHoe) sHatieHHe cpymcweni e
paBHO
T. e.
rAe
u )e k
r r 67r2Ze2 hm 1547riZ2e4m\-5
? k47r2 Ze2 f k /22 / ?
(2)
(2a)
OTooAa B114110 6e3 411AbfleilitIHX BbIt1HCAelli1l, 11TO CICOpOCTb.
HAepHbix peaKHH14, 06yCAOBACHHbIX HpHcoeAHHeHHem HpoToHa
Apyromy sApy, 17pH ytieTe TyHHeAbHOPO BIPIPCICTa BaBliCHT OT
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
HAEPHIIE PEAKUHH B SBE34AX 217
TemnepaTypia 33e34bx B OCHOB HOM COMICHO BbirpameHnio (2).1
BoAee ToHbI1 pe3yAbTaT moaleT 6b1Tb noAytieH npki samelie
a
(133THKUHH e--u?bv2 ef (v) npon3Be4eHnem ee maxcnmaAbHoro
11e
c ? voy 2 1 (d2f) HHH na rayeeorsy cpyHKUHIO e
, rite c? ?
2 dv)).=v,
?a3-1-6, MbI noAytmem, TBICHM o6pa3om, BOCII0A1330-
o
Hummel) 3HageHnem a H b,
?1U0\31
vc (v)= voe ?kri (277m kT) 2
MAB, corAaeHo yparineHmo (1),
5 _(L700.
VG M.= A (kT)-- e ?1777
rAe
(3)
(3a)
47r2Ze2)7, ?2-
A = hm (27cm)
Cnoeo6pa3Han 3aBHCHMOCTb 3,4epnbix peaxunit OT TemnepaTypbt
BBe34b1, xapalcrepHayemaa Bbipa?Kezniem (2), e3H4eTeAbeTriyeT
0 TOM, HTO BCpCpCHTHBH8.51 BbICOTa noTeRgHaAbnoro 6apbepa U0,
KOTOpb1li npeoAoAesaeTen killieTHReCKOH aHeprHeit Te11A0B0P0
ABHHICHHA kT, mo2KeT 6bITb ropa3Ao 6oAbLue nocAeAHeil. TEM,
HanpHmep, ecAH B 06b1,111131X XHMHHeCKHX peaauHax eaopoeTb peaa-
U
una CTallOBHTC51 sameTnoli npx rAe U? aHeprnsi /MTH-
B?111,HH, TO B 3Aep3bix peaagmix, oeytgeeTBAHlownxca npn no-
MOW TyHHCAbli01.0 acpcpewra, Ta 1KC camas' CHOpOCTb noAygaerea
nPFI ==1000,
T. e. Kam. 6b1 npn TemnepaType, OTHOCHTeAbH0
kT
B 100 pa 3 6oAee H143KOff. BAaro4ap3 Erromy npogeeebi smepHoro
cHHTesa, ocylgeeTsAmoigHee3 nyTem 6eTa-Baxwera npoTona Apy-
1 am 3BBHCHMOCTb HmeeT MeCTO AUIIIb B Tom cAriae, eCAH CpeAHAB
1
TenAorian anepraa npoTonos ?2 kT MaAa no cpaauemno c BMCOTOri BOTCH-
una.kbnoro 6apbepa.
2 COOTBeTCTBeHHO pasitoaceamo--a ? bV2 B pa,4 no cTenenam V ?vo.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
218 TA ABA CEAbMAR
ICHM npoToHom (HAH AApom reAHA, CM. HHHI:e), HpHo6peTaloT AO-
eTaTORHO 60AbIlly10 CKOpOCTb ye TorAa, KorAa cpeAHAA TenAo-
BaA 9HeprHA HpoToHon HMT nopAAoK ncero AHLUb 1000 eV, RTO
cooTneTcTnyeT TemnepaType nopAAKa 10 MAH rpaAycon, B TO
npemA KaK BNCOTa KyAOHOBCK0r0 6apbepa Ha rpaHHue AApa
HCRHCAReTCR HeCK0AbKHMH MHAAHOHaMH BOAbT.
3aMeTHM, RTO HaH6oAee nbiroAHon peaKuseft saxnaTa npoTo-
HOB ABAReTCA peaKuHA
p p ?> D v;
B cAriae saxnaTa npoToHa 60Aee CAONSHbIM AApom BepOATHOCTb
npogecca pesKo ymenbumeTcA B CBABH C nospacTaHHem ?Reprint
1.10 nponopguoHaAbHo
? 3. P0Ab mAepubm pealculiii B BBOAIOUBB 3se3A
npeABapHTeAbHbIn HOAOrpeB MOAOAOH 3Be3Abl, Heo6xo4mmbin
AAR Toro, 4TO6bI ?BallyCTHTb" B Heft npouecc KOHACHCagHH Hp0-
TOHOB0r0 ra3a B KaHeAbKH AAepHoil 1KH4KOCTH, o6ecnelunmeTcA
BbiAeAemem rpaimiTauHoHHoti 9HeprHH HpH HaRaAbHOM C>KaTHH
3Be34bl. flOCAe Toro, KaK BTOT Hp0UeCC HaRaAeA, TeMnepaTypa
3Be3Abl mosseT 4AHTeAbH0 OCTaBaTbCA Ha AOCTHrHyTOM ypOBHe
6e3 AaAbHeinnero cscaTHA, HOMHMO TOr0, KOTOpOecooTrieTcTiveT
ycAonmo coxpaHeHHArHApocTaTHRecKoro AaBAeHHA o6pasyKnuell
ee rasonott cmecH HpH yMeHbILICHHH RHCAa RAep (B CBABH C
yKpyllHeHHeM HX 3a CReT CB0604HbIX HpOTOHOO.
COXpaHeHHe yCTORRHBOR TeMilepaTypbI HpeAHOAaraeT, RTO
0HeprHA AikepHbIX CHA, BbIAeARIOLgaRCA B HeApaX 3Be34bl, 110A-
HOCTb10 yxoAHT Repes ee HOBepXHOCTb HappKy B BHAe H3AyRe-
BHA. ECAH 9HeprHA H3AyReHHA npenbunaeT sHeprmo, Bb14eAA10-
IgyMICA BHyTpH 3Be34bl, HOCAeAHAR npoAoAmaeT coxpaigaTbcA,
XOTR H MeAAeHHee, ReM Hp4 OTCyTCTBHH AAepHbix peaKuHA; B
npoTHnHom cAymae snesAa HaqHHaeT cHona paCHIHpRTbCA. B03-
MONSHbI H TaKHe CAyRaH, KorAa c?KaTHe B pe3yAbTaTe 06yeA0B-
AeHHOr0 HM 1.10BbHHCHHA TeMilepaTypbI H ycKopeHHA AAepHbix
peaKunit, cnoco6cTny1o1uero AaAbHeilinemy nosbunemno Temne-
paTypm, HpHOCTaHaBAHBaeTCA H HepeXOAHT B pacunipeHme; OXAa-
mAume e, o6yeAonAeHHoe 9THM paCIIIHpeHHeM (6AaroAapA
1 flpii Z= 1 alleprBB aRTHBaUHH U0 BmeeT nopx4ole 10-4 apro, Toriia
vale TenAcsaasi aneprmi kT Bpi T =-- 108 paBHa 10-8, TaKam o6pa3om, oTBowe-
1
sae (U8) palm? B BTOM cArme 104; (U8)
kT kT ? ?
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
HAEPHIJE PEAKU1114 B 3BE34AX 219
3aMe4ACHHIO H4epHbix peaRg1110, npHocTaHaBAHBaeT ero H Bb13131-
BaeT CHOBa maTHe. Pirpon BTHX (paKTOpOB 0673RCHReTCR cylge-
emoaaHHe nepememmix saes"; THna gecpeH4, ApKOCTb KOTOpbIX
KOAe6AeTCR, B CBR3H C nepHommecKoll nyAbcaglieff HX paamepos,
C nepHolkom OT ReTneyrn crrox H 40 ro4a.
HaTaHnaH C TOPO momewra, Kor4a, 6AaroAapH npe4aapwreAb-
Homy (rpararragHoHHomy) noxbemy TemnepaTyprm sHea414, B Hei1
"HaRaACA npogecc ,,KOH4eHCaU11H" ao4opo4a, xapaKTep BBOAIOUHH
BBe34bl cylgecTrieHHo mewHeTcH H CBOAHTCR B OCHOBHOM K name-
HeHmo ee xHmHgecKoro cocTaaa nyTem o6paaoHaHHH 6oAee THme-
AblX aTomos (reAHH) 3a ctieT 6oAee AerKux (ao4opo4a).
npOUCCC BTOT npoTeKaeT, Boo6ige rosopH, He anoAHe MOHO-
TOHHO, a 0T4eAbHb1MH, 6oAee HAH meHee peaKo abipameHHbimn
aTanamH, COOTBeTCTB)TIOLgHMH HaK011AeHHIO ace 6oAee H 6oAee
TA1KeAbIX aAemeHTori. ilepabal wran el:max c o6paaorsaHHem
AOPO B040p04a H reAHH HenocpeAcTseHHo 113 H040p04a (AerKoro).
BTopoil ? C o6pa3osaHHem AHTHR 113 reAHR HAM 6epHAAHH 113
AHTHR H T. A. B 4aAbHeitaiem moryT 14MeTb mecTo 6oAee CAO1K-
HbIe npogeccu, caomugnecH K npeapaigemno BOA0p0Aa B remit'
npH ymacTHH 6opa HAH yrAepo4a H a30Ta B KanecTae KaTaAwaa-
Topoa. Talc, HanpHmep, coraco BeTe, cHoilcTaa 60AbnInHCTBa
HbIHe Ha6AKmaembix 311e34, xapawrepHayemble COOTHOLneHHeM
memyty RpKOCTI310, T. e. HaAytmemon aHeprHeil, H macc011, H co-
oTHeTcTayloigHe onpe4eAeHHol1 HilyTpeHHefi TemnepaType IlOpUlAlta
20 MAH rpaAycoa, moryT 6bITb 06b51CHelibI, 11CX04R 113 npe4noAo-
HieHHA, TITO OCHOBHbIM HCTORHHKOM H3Aytmem0il aueprHH ABASIeTCH
cAeitylolgaH genb HitepHbix peaKgHil:
c 12 N1J 6C13 _t_
6 - 1 7
(-13 3141_, 7N14
7 8s-,
N14 1.41 n ,
- 1' A 7
7N15 -I-1n1 --> 8016 6C12 -I- 2He4
(npn BTOM HefiTpHHO Hkir4e He oTmegaeTcH). Bechma sepoRTHo,
x1TO Ha 6oAee 11034H1IX aTanax pa3B11TH51 3rse34 cyrgecTseHHylo
p0Ab HrpaioT mime acnomoraTeAbHbie peaKuHH c oTHocirreAbHo
Aerimmll 5IApaMH, KoTopme npHa04HT K o6pasoaaamo cao6o4Hbix
HenTpoHo B, aaxaaTbmaembix B 4aAbHeilinem 6oAee TA)KeAbIMH
HApamH.2 KoTopme B peayAbTaTe CTaHOBSITCSI eige 6oAee TA1Ke-
AbIMH. biea ytiacTHH HeitTp0HOB o6paaoaaHHe otieHb T5nKeAbIX Hitep
B arlea4ax noTpe6oBaAo 61:a CTOAb BbICOKHX TemnepaTyp, KoTopme
He moryT 6bITb corAacoaaHm C yCAOBHAMH IlpH6A143HTeAbHOPO
parnioaecHH memity CHAaMH TR2KeCTH H AaBAelllieM ralyTpH 3Be34131
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
220 TAABA CEAbMAH
Aame npx yneTe AMIOAHHTeAbHOPO AmAemm CpOTOHOHOPO ram,
T. e. AaBAelilig cneTa, HoTopoe BoapacTaeT C TemnepaTypoil ma-
,IHTeAbH0 6bICTpee, nem o6bitmoe rimpocTaTimecHoe AanAeHHe.
He06X04HMO 3aMeTHTb, tITO TemnepaTypa mesAbi H ee IIAOTHOCTb
H AmAemte nocTeneHHo BoapacTaioT OT nonepxHocTit, rAe OHM
6A143KH K Hymo, K UeliTpy, rAe AAA mesA o6b1moit maccbt (6AHH-
ICOR K Macce CoAHga) H BaX0A3IIMHXCSI B ?apeAom" BoapacTe
TemnepaTypa 40CTI4TaeT HeCK0AbKHX (OT Anyx 40 neTbipex)
AeCHTKOB MHAAHOHOB rpaAycon, IIAOTHOCTb ?HeCK0AbKHX
AeCRT-
KOB, BITAOTb AO COTHH rpammon Ha 1 CM3 (HeCMOTp51 Ha raHoo6pas-
Hoe cocTommel), a A asAume ? HeCK0AbKHX mHAAHapAon aTmo-
ccpep.
Tax KaK CKOpOCTb HAepHbix peaKuitit npeammaiiHo 6bicTpo
noapacTaeT c nosbnneHHem TemnepaTypm H TaH HaH AaAee
TemnepaTypa mesAbi BospacTaeT npit IIpH6A11>KeHHH K ee gewrpy,
TO MOHIHO noAaraTb, TITO B OCHOBHOM 9TH pemum npoTeHaloT
B OTHOCHTeAbH0 He6oAbmoil, uewrpaAbHoit, 06AaCTH anesAbi. npH
yneTe 9TOPO 06CTORTeAbCTBa TemnepaTypa gurrpaAbHoit 06AaCTH
momeT AOCTHraTb eige 60Aee BbICOKHX manumit, npH6Aw3Kato-
igHxcH K oAHomy mHAAHapAy rpaaycon.
AaAee, BBHAy TeH4eHt.111H TH1KeAbIX K0MII0HeHT0B rasonoit
cmecH HoHgewrpHponaTben B 60.kee rAy6mum CAORX H, B nacTito-
CTH, B LieliTpaAmioti nacTH BBeB4bi, cAeAyeT OH1H4aTb,
cocTan geHTpaAmoil liaCTH CpaBHHTeAbH0 paHo Hatninaer
CHAbH0 OTAlitIaTbC5I OT xHmimecHoro comma nepHcpepimecmx
cAoen B cTopoHy HaKOIIACHHH TATKeAblX HAep.
HO mepe HaxonAeHHH MeTaCTa6HAbHbIX THASeAbIX nAep c aTom-
Hb1M Becom, BaKAIOtleHHbIM B npeAeAax memAy rpaHiumbimx
maneHHAmH A* H A** (cp. ? 2 rA. IV), HapnAy c npogeccama
HoHAeHcagm, BeAyignmit,K MX o6pasonaHmo, 40A2ISHbI npito6peTaTb.
HeHoTopoe maneHHe B HanecTne HcTomma sHeprim H8ArICHHH
npogeccbt AeAemm 8THX HAep Ha flpH6A143HTeAbH0 oAmaxonble
Aonepmte HApa. BAaroAapH Tomy, IITO 9TH npoueccbt CBH3aHbI
C KOAOCCaAbHbIM nbmeAeHmem eHeprm ? r0pa340 60AbILIHM, tiebt
06b1411bIe KOHAellCaUHOHHbIe npogeccbt,1 OHM 40A>KHbI ITHBOAIITI>
K aHOMELAbH0My pasorpeny 3Be34bI, B 0006eHH0CTH TOR ileirrpaAb-
HOR tlaCTH ee, re OHM B OCHOBHOM pamirpbmuoTcH. A TaK HaH
aHomaAbHoe rionbuneHme TemilepaTypbx 4OA2KHO BblablBaTb AaAb-
Heitmee ycHopeHHe 8THX npogeccon, TO AeAeHHe TH1KCAbIX HAerk
B 1,1exTpaAblion nacTit speAoit 3BeB4bI momeT B KOHUe KOHVB
HpHo6pecTH xapaHTep mugHoro mpbma, CBABaHHOPO C peaxitm
1 IlpH OTHeCCHHH Erma aReprHH K oAHomy aromy (HexoAHomy B c Arnie
pacnaAa HAM RoHenHomy B cAriae coeAHHeinnO.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BAEPHI:a PEAKU14H B 3BE34AX 221
ysemixeHHem TemnepaTypbx 33e34b1, ee pasmepos H spHocTH.
'3THM, 110 MHeHHIO asTopa, 061,51CHHeTCH ocTaBasmeecs Ao CHx flop
BaraAolmbim ssAeHHe BC1IbILIIKH ?csepxHoBbix" 38e34, Kora
51pKOCTb 3Be34131, 6b1B1M151 B Tegelme TbICHtleAeTHer0 nepHoAa
Ha6AI0ACHHH sa Hen 11114TO)KHO maAon, mesanuo, B Tememie
HeCK0AbK1IX 48.COB, so3pacTaeT BO mHoro MHAAHOHOB pa3,
4epe3 HeCK0AbK0 AHelt HAM HeAeAb cHosa yllaCTb AO He3Ha4H-
TeAbl1011 BeA14414HbI (OTAHTIHOR OT HatiaAbHol1).1
He OCTaHaBAHBaSICb Ha Apyrxx panee npeAnarasunixes no-
nbiTICaX 061:114CHeHH5I BC11b1111KH cHepxHosbix 3Be34, BaMeTHM, 4TO,
C H3Aaraemon TO4KH apeHHH, B3pb1B, 06yCAOBAHB21101AH/1 BTy
BCIIbILUKy, npe,z(cTaHAseT co6o/I Ao HexoTopa cTeneHH ?OMOAO-
meHHe" 3Be34bI, 60Aee HAM MeHee 4AHTeAbH0e B OTHOLIICHHH ee
XHM144eCKOPO cocTasa, csoero poAa mar Hasa"( B HOpMaAbHOM
xoAe ee 3BOAI0UHH. OAHaxo BTOT mar AaAexo He 110AHOCTb10
soccTaHasAmmeT 6oAee paHHee COCTOAHHe 3Be34bI, TaK KaK C0-
Aepa4aHHe B Heft OCHOBHOPO cpaxTopa sAepHbix peas.gHil ? soAo-
poAa ? ocTaeTcs nocAe B3pbIBa npHmepHo TaKHM 211e, KK 14 Ao
Hero (ecAH He rIHTbIBaTb OTHOCHTeAbH0 He6oAbmoro OcPcpeKTa,
CBSIBaHHOPO C tIaCTHI1Hb1M Hcnapemiem HenTpoHos, a 661Tb mo&eT,
14 11p0T0HOB H3 npoAperos AeAeHHH, a Taxace Apyrnx CAO)SHbIX
xAep, He IlpHHHMaBLIIHX B Hem yizacTlls, HO ytiacTsylowx B o6rgem
pa3orpeHe noxbemom csoell sHyTpeHHen TemnepaTypis).
ECAH sospacT 3Be34b1 011pe4eASITb He OTHOCHTeAbHbIM KOAH4e-
CTBOM 06pa30BaBLIIHXC51 B Heft T51214eAbIX sAemeHTos, a OTHOCHTeAb-
libIM KOAHLIeCTBOM H3p3cxo4osaHHoro BOA0p0Aa, TO B3pbIB sae-
BAN, 063,CAOBACHHbIii AaBHHoo6pa3Hbim pa3BHTHeM AeAeHHH TR?Ke-
AbIX sAep sHyTpH ee, 11paKT144eCKH He omoAa2HHHaeT ee. 33e34a
nocAe Hapbma ocTaeTcs npaxinagecHH Taxol 2fSe nepeapeAolt, Kale
H paHbme, oAHaHo cyLgecTseHHoe HameHeHHe XHM144eCK01.0 cocTasa
npasoAHT K Hosomy sTany B ee pa3BHTHH, CO CBOHMH xapawrep-
Hb1MH OCO6eHHOCTSIMH.
npn npaivrtmecKH 110AHOM HcgepnaHHH BoAopoAa 3ses4a
scTynaeT B 110CAC4HHA Erran csoelt >14143HH ? aTan yracaHH.s.
TaH sce HaH H B camom HatiaAe sorsHemioro nyTH, y Hee HmeeTcs
1 BCIMIELIKH 06b1.1HbIX HOBIAX aseaA, CBA3HHHNO C Bbl6p000M OTHOCHTeAbH0
me6oAbmoll MOCTH HX maccm Et mum mapoo6pa3Holl raaoHog o6oAogicH, paa-
AyamowericH CO CH0p0CTb10 B HeCKOALIKO TbICH4 RHA0MeTp0B B ceicyHity, o6y-
CAOBAHHalOTCH, noHHAHmomy, anomaAbamm ycHopeamem o6hplubzx smepHmx
pealcgmil xoHAeHcagHoHHoro Tana. TaicHe ecnmuncH wary'. nepHo4H4ecHH HOBTO-
RITTOCH y OAHOil H TOil He 3Be3.4b1, ripeAcTaBAHH co6ort HexoToppo MOAHCPHICHUHIO
06131.11ThIX RoAe6aHHil HpROCTH, HoTopme xapawrepHaytoT nepemeHume 3He34m.
Boitee nodpo6Hoe paccmoTpeHHe STEC BOHp000B 414TaTeAb Alcatel. Harrni B CM'
Max A. 14. Ae6e4HHcHoro H A. a. rypeHH4a, a TaHme B pa6orax B. B. Ky-
mapienna, yHaaaHmero Ha CBSI3b HOBbIX aHeaA c nepemeHHmmH sHeaAamH.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
222 fAABA CE4bMA5I
Tenepb TOAbK0 0414H HCTORHHK sHeprm4 ? CHAS TA/KeCTH, IMBH-
Alimomy, 6e3 BCAKHX BO3MOASHOCTe11 peammaumi RAepHbix EcTom-
Htmos aHeprim B 6y4pgem. OTHbIlle HsAyReHHe 3Be34bI momeT
no44epimpiaTbcx TOAbK0 za cReT ee cztaAbHeihnero CHiaTHA, Ho-
opoe npoimAnmeTcH Ao Tex Imp, HOKa sHesAa He ripespaTHTca
B xapmma, Hmemigero pasmepm He6oAbmo rLkaHeTbl, Hp0.4&
semHoro mapa, H HAOTHOCTb "varmints MHAAHOHOB rpammos Ha
1 CM3 HAIL Acoxe 60AbILIe. CHatiaAa BTOT HapAHR ocTaeTcH ,,6eAblM",
T. e. TemnepaTypa ero npnmepHo Tax Ale BbICOKa, Hax H paHmue
(XOTA Tenepb ?Ha pile He oxasbmaeT cywecTHeHHoro BAHAHHA
Ha cHepxabicoxoe AaHAeHHe Huy Tian sHesAbi),? TaKOB cAa6b111.
CIIyTHHK CHpHyca H pRA Apyrxx ,,6eAbIX KapAHKOB", OTKpbITbIX
Ba nocAeAmie ABa ACCATHAeTHR. A saTem OH MO?KeT II0TyCKIICTb
H coscem HCReBIlyTb, 'Tel:Tam:11111,mb B TOMHy10 MaCCy. 170BH-
4nm0my, BO HceAemion MHOPO TaKIIX cosepmeHHo yracumx
?mepTHblx" sHesA.
?1-10 KOPAa no4o6HaR COAlle41aA cncTema saHepaurr CBOtt
2HII3HeHHbIt1 Hpyr H no4HeprneTcH cy4b6e Beer? K0He4HOPO, xorAa
oHa cTaHeT xiepTHoti cmepTH, TO LITO 6y4eT 4aAbLue?"1, ? cnpaum-
HaeT CD. aHreAbc H oTseRaeT: ?MIA IIpHX0AHM, TaKHM o6pasom,
K BbIBOAy, 4T0 HzArmeman B mHporme npocTpaHcTim TenAoTa
4OA2KHa HMeTb BOHMO2KHOCTb KaKIIM-TO nyTem ? nyTem, ycTaHo-
ElliTb KOTOpblit npeAcToHT B 6y4ytgem eCTeCTB0.311aH1110,? ripe-
BpaTFITbeR H Apyrym qmpmy ABHAWHIVI, B HoTopoR OH& moRceT
cHoza HaKOIIHTbCH H HamaTb 4yHKUHOHHp0BaTb. A B Taxom cAy-
Rae oTnaAaeT H I'Aamaa Tpy4HocTb, memasmaR o6paTHomy npe-
Hpaigemno ymepumx COAHU B pacHaAeHHyto TyMaHHOCTb".2
MbI He Hmeem npasa ITHMeHATb KO sceAeHHoft pezyAbTaTm, HO-
Aygemible AAR orpaHHReHHoll ee MaCTI4. ECAH BCeACHHaR 6eCKO-
He4Ha B npocTpaHcTHe, TO oHa AOAASHa 6bITb 6eCKOHe4Ha H BO
HpemeHH. ?MaTepHR ABH>KeTCA B Be4HOM xpyroHopoTe, sasepmaio-
'gem CHOW TpaexTopmo B Tante npomeacyTHH HpemeHH, AAR Ho-
TOpbIX Ham semHoft PO4 He MOHICT CApKIITb 4OCTaT0411011 eAIIHH-
B HpyroHopoTe, B KOTOpOM HamAaH OTAeAbHaH CPOpMa
cyLgecTHoHaHHR maTepHH-6espasAHRHo, coAHue HAM TyMaHHOCTI3,
oT4eAbHoe ASHBOTHOe HAM NikIBOTHbItt BHA, xmamecxoe COCAHHeHlie
HAM pasAameHHe OAHHaKOBO npexo4Riga H B HoTopom HIPITO He
Hezmo, xpome Be4I10 113MeHAIOLgelica, Helm? AHmxywelicR maTe-
MH H ZaKOHOB ee ABH>KeHHH H HBAICHCHH31".3
1 K. Map K C II D. 3HreAbC, COY., T. XIV, eTp. 489.
2 Tam me, eTp. 491.
3 Tam me, CTP. 491-492.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
17PHAOrYfEHHE
AEHT011
? 1. 06Mile lilamOnaann
lipOCTenIIIHM H3 CAOHSHbIX HAep ABASIeTCSI AefiToH (D = H2),
imp? THBleA0P0 HaoTona aTOMa BoAopoAa ? AellTepkisk. ,Ztettron
COCTOHT H3 npoToHa H HeitTpoHa. PexyAwrimykokodi CHM ero
mokKeT nosTomy paBEXTbC51 AH6o Rpm, AH6o eAHHHge. ORBIT
noktaxbirsawr, xT0 ycToilinkHomy cocToxinkko AeliToHa cooTHeTcmyeT
CIIHH, pamblii 1, T. e. tITO B HOpMaAbHOM COCTOAHHB AeHToHa,
npH KOTOpOM Enkeprikx ero HMT MHIIHMaAbH0e 3Hatkemke, ocks
npoToHa H HefiTpoHa napaAAeAbHbk Apyr Apyry. a TOT pexyAbTaT
40Ka3bIBaeTCH nenocpeAcTikeHHo, no meToAy MarlIHTHOr0 pexo-
HaHca,1 H noATHepmAaeTcx KOCBCHHbIMH 4aHHbIMH, OTHOCALgI4MHCA
K CTaTIICTIltleCKHM cHoilcmam moAeHyAbk A enTeplui D2. A 14MeHH0,
CflHHBI 060HX AeliToHoH B TaHoH moAeHyAe moryT opfiewrupo-
BaTbC5I Tpemx cnoco6amkk, COOTBeTCTBylOIAHMH Tpem geAotmcAeH-
HbIM 3HatieliHRM ? peayAbnippolgero crukHa: 0 (awrimapaAAeAbHo-
napacocTokmHe), 2 (napaAAeAbHo-opTococToxHHe) H 1 (nod ripsimbkm
yrAOM Apyr K Apyry ?meTa-cocromme). TaKHM o6paxom, moAe-
HyAa AertrepHR momeT IlaX0411TbC5I B Tpex 3AHHbIX COCTOJI-
HHAX, B HpOTHBOHOAONIHOCTb moneHyAe 06bI4110P0 HoolopoAa,
KOTOpa31 MO2KCT HaX0411TbC31 JuImb B AByx COCTOSIHHAX?C pexyAb-
THpykokgHm CHHHOM 0 (napa) H 1 (opTo). KHawroHme Heca BTIIX
C0CT0AHH4 (T. e. LIHCAO paaArmmxx opHeHTagull pexyAbTapyko-
kgero cnkma B I1OCTHCTB HO OTHOIIICH1410, Hanpumep, K HCKO-
Topomy rukeruHemy mark-um-1mq nomo) paBHbI 4A51 D2?B nepHom
cArkae 1, BO wropom 5 H B TpeTbem 3. aTO 06CTOATeAbCTBO
o6HapyamHaeTcx B TerIA0eMKOCTH D2, HOCK0AbKy moAeHyAbi
npawrikqeckuk He nepexoAxT H3 OAHOPO COCTOAHHB B Apyroe,
1 I. Ra b i, Phys. Rev., 51, 652, 1937.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
224
rIPHAO2KEHHE
a TaHme 6oAee npocTo H OTtIeTAHBO ? BO HpaigaTeAbHom HAM
noAocaTom cnewrpe rasoo6pasHoro AetiTepHE. BTOT cneHTp xapaa-
TepH3yeTc3 onpeAeAeHHoil 3aK0H0MepHOCTbI0 B gepeAoHaHHH
HHTeHCHBHOCTH CIIeKTpaAbHbIX AHH1d, COOTBeTCTBylOLAHX onpeAe-
AeHHomy HAexTpoHHomy nepexoAy H COIUTCTBylOIgHM H3MeHeHli5IM
HpatgaTeAbHoro COCTOEHHR MOAeKyA D2.
HanHtme y AeffTokla peayAbmpyangero emma, paHnoro 1,
momeT 6bITb ycTaHoHAeHo TaK3e, HCX04SI 03 paccmoTpeHHH
?caepxToHHott" cTpyHTypb1 eneHTpa aToma AefiTepHH, T. e. 03 Hap-
THHbl pacigenAeHHH cneHTpaAbHbix AHH1411, KOTOpaR 06yeA0BAH-
BaeTcsi H3aHmo4eficTanem MaPHHTHbIX MOMeHTOB aAeHTpona H
AeilToHa; npn BTOM paCCTOAHHe mexcAy ?110.4ypoHHHme, Ha KOTO-
pme pactgenAinoTcH pa3AHHHbIe 8AeKTp0HHbIe yporan4 aTOMa
nponopgHoHaAbHo BeAligHHe 9THX MarHHTHbIX MOMeHTOB, Tora
KaK HX onpeAeAHeTcH peHyAbmpylowm CIIHHOM AenToHa.
Heo6xo4Hmo TaHme OTMeTHTb, ITO, HapHAy C pactgenAeHHem,
06yCAOBAellfibIM MaIIIHTHbIM H3aHm0AelicTHHem aAewrpoHa c AenTo-
HOM, B CBepXTOHKOR cTpyHType cneHTpa AeilTeplui Ha6AtoAaeTcH
AOHOAHHTeAbHaft aHOMaAHR, 3aBHCALga.R OT HaAHLIHR y AenToHa
Ao6aBotmoro sAeHTpwHecHoro HHaApynoAbHoro momeHTa, OCb
KOTOpOPO napaAAeAbHa MaPHIITHON OCH, a 3HaK coomeTcTsyeT
BbITRHyTOCTH aneHTpimecHoro HapHAa AefiToHa B HanpaHAeHHH
BTOft OCH.
XOTR ynomyrHyTNe ablate excnepHmeHTaAbHbie AaHHbIe HMelOT
BeCbMa cpaecTseHHoe 3HatieHHe AAR HOHHMaHHA npHpoAN HAep-
HbIX CHA, IIOCK0AbKy nocAeAHHe IW0RBARIOTC31 HaH6oAee npocTo
HMeHHO B CTpOeHHH AenToHa, MbI He 6yAem BAaBaTbeA B 60Aee
noApo6Hoe paccmoTpeHHe 11X H nepeflAem K Heat)Top:gm ApyrHm,
ewe 60Aee IIpOCTbIM BKCIlepHMeHTflAbHbIM AaHHbIM, OTHOCRIAHMCH
K ,,6HHyKA0HaM" BOO6IBe, T. e. K qaCTHUaM, COCTOMAHM 113 Asyx
HyKAOHOB.
3ameTHm npemAe Hcero, tITO B npHpoAe He cyLgecTHyeT MINX
pa3H0BH4H0CTel1 600yKAOHa, Hpome AeliToHa, T. e. He cytge-
cTayeT, HanpHmep, qaCTHjjbl, cocTosugek H3 Asyx HpOTOHOB (6HIWO-
TOH ? MbICAHMbIll HBOTOII reAHH) H 6HHei1TpoHa. npHHHHy STOP?
HeAb3R HeKaTb B HCT0 eTaTHCTINeCKFIX COO6paaleHHEX, II0406HbIX
Tem, HoTopme onpeAeAsnoT COCTaB 60Aee CAWXHbIX HAep, TaX KaK
HyKAOHbI moryT, Halt MN 3HaeM, HaX04HTbefl B OAHHaKOBOM
KBaHTOBaHHOM COCTORHHH um! yCAOBHH HpOTHBOII0A0ACHOCTH HX
CHHHOB.
TaKHM 06138.30M, M0M110 6bIA0 6N ce6e IIpeACTaBHTb 6HITOTOH
HAM 6HHeitTpoH c peayAbTHpyiolgum CHHHOM HyAb, np0Hem Hapa-
Hee He BHAHO npHqHH, noey TaHaH HacTHua 6buta 6b1 aHepre-
THHeCKH MeHee BNPOAHa (T. e. HMA a 6b1 meHbulyio aHeprino CB51311),
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
AERTOH 225
tIeM AetiTOH, HOCK0AbKy cripaseAAHso npeAnoAomeHme 0paseHcTse
CHA s3aHmo4eticTsH3 memAy OAHOHMeHHHMH H pa3HoumeHHbimH
HyKAOHaMH.
itaAee MO1KHO CtI14TaTb ycTaHosAeHHbim, TO Op6HTaAbHbIg
(spaigaTeAbHbal) MOMeHT KOAHtleCTBa 4BH2Ke14H5I AeliTolia (110MHMO
CHHHOB01.0) paBeH Hymo, T. e. tITO 11pOT0H H HefiTpoH B HopmaAb-
HOM COCTOAHHII AeitToHa He BpaIgalOTCH OTHOCHTeAbH0 A pyr Apyra.
aTO camootiesHAHo, ecm4 Ct114TaTb 34epHbie CHAbI UeHTpaAbHb1M11,
TK KaK B 9TOM cAyliae 9HeprI151 spaniaTeAbHoro 4B14>KeHH51
h21 (I -+- 1)
87z2D , re
HpHHHmaeT KBaHTOBaHHbIe 3HatleH1131, paBlibIe
1=0, 1, 2, 3, ? yrAosoe KBaHTOBOe 'YMCA?,
1
HHepum4 AeilToHa y MT2 VIZ ? macca npoToHa
a D ?MOMeHT
HMI HeilTpoHa,
r - MX s3aHmHoe paccTosHile, npeAnoAaraemoe HeHameHHbim).
B AelICTBHTeAbHOCTH sAepHbie CHAbI He snoAHe newrpaAbHbi,
XOTH 6b1 norromy, tITO HyKAOHbI o6Aa4moT MaIIIHTHbIMH momeH-
Tamm 1./.; B3aHMO4CKCTBHe 110C.A.C4MIX Ha paCCTOSHHH r xapaxTe-
pH3yeTc3 40110AMITeAbH011 110TeHUHaAbH011 aHeprHeft nopsmica
112
?.-sr , xoTopas BaBHCHT OT opHewrannH 9T1IX MOMeHTOB 110 OTHO-
memno PYr K Apyry H K ripsmoti, HX coeAmmoineft. kimeloTc3
OCHOBaHHH AymaTb, tITO 110MHMO 9TOPO Mar1114THOPO saaHmoAeti-
CTSHR memAy HyKAOHaMH cylocTsyeT aHaAorutnioe ,,KBa311Marl114T-
Hoe" ssaHmoAeticTsHe, CB513aHHOe C Me3OHOBbIM noAem, soTopoe
npH AOCTaT0t1H0 MaAbIX sHageHnsx r npesbnuaeT MarlikITHOe
BO MHOPO pa3. ECAH BTO Tan, TO MOMeHT soAHgeeTsa 4BH1lieHHH
AelkoHa He momeT CtiliTaTbCH 110CTOAHHOH (BO spemeHH) BeAH1111-
H011 11 110TOMy He momeT KsaHTosaTbc3. FlOCKOAbKy OTCTy1IACHHe
3.4epubix CHA OT neHTpaAbHOCTH HeseAHKo, MONSHO ace me 01114-
CbIBaTb HopmaAbHoe COCTOHHHe 4eliT0Ha KK cmecb S-COCTOAHHII
(1=0) H D-COCTOS1111151 (1=2), npHtLem nocAeAHee HmeeT OTHO-
CHTeAbH0 MaAbIn CTaTHCTI1tIeCKIlt1 sec. C erroft TOTIKH 3pe111151
BO3MMKHO 06bECHHTb cyrgecTsosaHme y 4elIT0Ha KBaApy110AbHOPO
aAeKTpHiaecKoro momeuTa, a TaK1Ke 3HaK 9TOCO MOMeHTa (BbITH-
HyTOCTb pacripeAeAeHm3 110A0MHTeAbH01.0 sapsAa B HanpasAeHHH
Mar1114THON OCH) H Aame Ao Hemyropoti cTeneHH ero BeAHt114Hy.
Heo6xoAnmo, BlIpOtleM, 3aMeTHTb, CHAbI MaIIIHTHOPO THIIa
HeCOBMeCTHMbI C npeAcTasAeHHem o6 ycTotitthsocTH AetirroHa, ecAH
ClIFITaTb, tITO OHH AeficTsyloT BI1A0Tb AO cambix maAbix 3Hatiefulli
paccTo3HH3 r. 4TO6b1 0613ACHHTb yCTOKIIHBOCTb AellToHa (a TaK1Ke
H Apyrkix 6oAee CAOH111b1X RAep) ripH HaAlltIHH 11040611131X CHA
(Hap3Ay C 06b1tIHbIMH? geHTpaAbHbIMH), He06xo,z04mo npHnHcbi-
BaTb HysAoHam soHeimble pasmepbi.
15 H. H. Opemcenb
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
L-L0008000171700181-1700-?8dCl-V10 6 I,/ L 1/LOOZ eSeeiei -10d p8AaiddV
Hoaomvoa 1SVOIHWOHIAI 0.10)130hHHOIOEH c1.1.30HhHdlOWINHO LLOA4310
-10E11.000 (AHOdIWOHH9 14VH AHOI0d11H9 .0 E1OHOVNAH xuogo
soradve 11I0OHONg141417.0 TATO.LEI HdU ?ffoi.stuntdoom ?ff0HVEfdliE" 0
HBEHH3 H14113 ff10130hH11010?14 ?11HH113 ,,,OLIONO0hHLIOIOEH" vqoIxadabe
A11101\1013/I1ETIH H H :1314HOhUHE BOY ONcIVOI Haff101131?114HHdll
'ffOIEHHHOON IS3I0AsHclaimedux awmaJ. HuMtavoou Augvomoou)
al114110 0.10Hh1490 LI:ma44e Avi0HhlidOVVH13 `A.LmacbCba N ollaltaso
ougrawdocb calqg ,Lawovii allhHIME'd OIe 10 14 EVIldVE HMS
HIA11411hHVEIld BoauffiroiAsudaImadvx 'EHOVNAH? paftnloub
OW VOJ H IJOHY0 1:04H1f0I000 OP:1HhHIMad ?0111hAV P:111413ell a NB
-? d ?Ifd0H0d 0,10d13 6U0903 I0115viTeloltadu HOdIffaH 14 HOI0d11
0Ih OH (11131111d1I 11V30 ?OHOHad13A clIK19 ,Lawow 014h
-adoam,odu oi.e luxuavaadinni 09/4V-OdONEN 011c1VOI1130H10 UH14110
odaffloiAdullivAuad ffHtSIHOHdO XIgHhI4VEad XadI 111414EHosloaffiAo
uoa.aawadma cuoou,Lavuud,L) uumsoa.zoo-oIdo vioria.avuudl
413H14113 Odaff101AdHIcIVAEad 0.100110 uunade 1NI10,1, 0 ?113,1,HVOXIIH HOI
-Ott ?0 ?1411,1V0VV13dall 0110Iff9V U t11I01311 xuago IgHH110 40)1UHVO
411,Looucivaivaloffaie g ?(OHH1101003-adan 14VH OOHIOVAdHH3) BHOd
,Lffall 11 glIOIOdll BOHH110 HIDonqvavvudvincum ff14fflOIXELL0IOSII003
?daINadgX VII4h11dl0INWH3HIHB c1131111 '1q9 (130VBEUN 'EHWVOY
1111111VdOON XIc1110HHL10 IO 1411fiNHA41 HOS OHV 0 11 ff 0 le (11001114314EIPE
XISHHOV3A XHNLL Hdll ?GOSTan IWO H016 wolodoaou 1/31911VELL3
-afflAoo uudo,Lox ?031110HVIOadald X14 Hdll HOIO11140111 OH A1110,1011 H
?13110VNAH ugo uaffionsumtaoo 'ffohusdu -3 j ?g110,141,917' 1400 aunavaadu
-all LO IH0148VE 011 104M1HA() ale NB; NEI) I1311141tdOON XVIHHOHIO
-1113dIO0d1.1 I0 HHNHACI) HOHOHVOEI Oda 40101UHP1314110 11.1.00W1431411a?
14HHOM0HI0 a INKIHhHdI0111111H3 (111q9 OHNLVOit OHO '(3=7 WOV3Hh
INFIHOII11/?01 INFIGOVJA aomiaAuuda,niadux) 01111IS01303-E 1/3.1.allVHIS
guomiait wamusoI000 inumicivawdon Amcwomool '141AIISHRXIIACl/
141111,1110HVOH HINKIHhHd101A1WH0HIHE 1/0c1113111c13HLIO '0 L qunidaszt,
0NHIDHITI13 IS0c111314HFIV011 FIHWVOY 1101111110 wicivaAvour 3 KM141,913h
NUN KIHOVNAH 0,1,h 'ontLavvuu acfredandau 0,101e OH1101101VNEE
.3vA umiatiaauxodu 10 c1111HV 14313Ohl4I)113d11 111011111M EHOIffalt
014111f0I300 0011cIVEINdOH 0Ih 14 1,0111011VHE 0dOHHOILL3O1flA3 ,LaaiNH 014
H A IcIHHhI4Vall OHHalle 00Hh0.1, ?11NHIIVX01\1 HOHOIIIEHN roulade
14NhOl 3 60.1,h 40WHH WHY1411A P:11AT -NM u_OI BNYISAOLI AHHhHV011
'0 '1 '(uuna, 0,1011c1VadIllan 0,10HhIg90) VH3 XF1HdOVIS ICHELLzmalt
oAultad cumaawAsadrou vialtAg iqp v 17'011 %tole udu ?vg iculud
-14111 H A KIH149 &I I OHHOV0V0d110 V01\111 U0114ValltH01011
(f0HdDIAIXadI) IIN30hHIEGNI0X0 (1,LriaosHdaImedex OULU:1011e 01A11.4VEHn
-110,1.011 oiAffioliia,Loa.aa,L000 a 'ffoncivadimaft 'onoqoD a H0d1410H H
Holodu oiAffionameuao 'Avuo cavInho wanig NW warnuauqvuit g
-Bucaniamadead clIEIHh3 HUqVOH ?VH3 X1c114d0ltli aItodudu o oodu
-oa Haig? 14 mum amr NffL `ooduoa loam uvaadu aaWuroa.osil g
314H33140V14.2111
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L-L0008000171700181-1700-?8dCl-V10 6 I,/ L 1-/L00Z eSeeiei -10d p8AaiddV
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
AECIToH 227
CpyHKUHH OTHOCHTeAbH0 MX sapRAmaix KOOpAHHaT; B cAyRae
AeflToils 8TOT HBOT0111411eCKHN MHO>KHTeAb OKa3bIBaeTCH aHTHCHM-
MeTp141111bIM. BmecTe C HI4M oxaabisaeTcR aHTHCHMMeTplit1H011 H
noAHaR BOAHOBaH 4)ylIKUH51, onHcbisawagaR AegToH, HOCK0AbKy
oHa CBOAHTCSI K npossseAeHmo Tpex MHO/KIITeAeil, 113 KOTOpb1X
nepsble Asa 3aBHC5IT CHMMeTp14x1libIM o6pa3om OT npocTpancTseH-
liblX H CHHHOBbIX KOOpAHHaT. C &TON TOI1KH apeHRR 6141-1pOTOH
H 6HHenTpoH MOPAI4 6bI cyiecTsosaTb (s S-COCTO0HHH) TOAbK0
HH yCAOBHH aHTHIlapaAAeAbHOCTH CHHHOB o6pa3y}owsx MX
HyKAOHOB.
? 2. 3Heprll 0 scanosag cpymcgug Aehrosa
Of1bIT noxa3bisaeT, LITO CB51313 npoToHa H HeilTpoHa B AefiToHe
npilmepHo B 3-4 pa3a cAa6ee, gem CB.0313 HyKAOHOB B 6oAee
CAO1KEIbIX 9AemeHTax. auepritg CBS1314 MO1KeT 6bITb B 8TOM cAriae
HeIlOCpeACTBeHHO H3mepeHa no nopory (poToaAexTpHriecitoro
(HAM, sepHee, TOTOHyKAOHOBOPO) 84HPeKTa, T. e. MH1114MaAbHOli
gaCTOTe cseTa, c1Ioco6Horo pacige-
IIHTb AenToH Ha C0CTaBHb1e nacTsgbi.
B pe3yAbTaTe AAR sHeprHH MX
CBS1314 E noAyqaeTcR sHatzeHme 2.23
MeV (TorAa 'tax, HanpHmep, BRApe
TeAHA sseprHR CB513H, paccqwraHHaR
Ha OAHH HyKAOH, 6AH3Ka K 7 MeV).
4aAee OKa3bIBaeTC.11, TITO cseT
meHbala ilaCTOTb1 He norAmgaeTca
PHC. 40. HOTCHUHBAbHaR HMH,
AekToHams; 3Hax114T, AefiTon, B ?TAM- o6pa3yeman npoTonom no 0T
'the OT Apyrsx RAep, He cnoco6eH HOMBH1410 K neilTpony.
nepenTR 03 HopmaAbHoro COCT031114.0
B so36y2K4eHHoe, MAH, sepHee, B036pKACHHbIe COCTOSIHHA ero
AemaT B 06AaCTH HeripepbisHoro sHepreTHtiecKoro cnexTpa.1
ani Asa susoAa, HenocpeAcTseHHo sbiTexalowHe 113 simile-
pHMeHTOB H noATsepmAaembie Apyrnms AaHHbIMH, OTHOCBI1HMHC51
K BO34eACTB1410 Ha AeRTOHbl 3Aewrp0H0s, HpOTOHOB H HenTpo-
HOB, 06b5ICHAIOTCH Tem, wro 110TeHM0flAbHa51 Rma, o6pa3yeman
OAHON 143 Asyx qacTsu, COCTaBA51101.04X AeilTos, citaxcem npoTo-
HOM, no oTHomeHmo K Apyrok ?HeflTposy, CpaB1114TeAbH0 HerAy-
6oxa H npwrom secbma y3x.a. ilpH TaKHX ycAosHRx B no4o6Holi
6
I AHCKpeTliblii cnexTp COOTBeTCTByeT, Raft H3BeCTHO, CBSIBBHHEdM COCTO-
HBHHM. npn KOTOphIX cymbtapnasi aneprmn (110A02EHTBAbHaH ? KHHeTHHeCKa51
H onmfgaTeArAtam ? nOTCHUHaAbHaR) limeeT oTpngaTeAblibie 3HaMBHHH. AAR
AersTom a B HOpMaAbHOM COCTORHHH Erra cymmapHag aneprng paBHa ? E?
15*
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
228 IIPPIAOIKEHME
HAM AH60 BOBCe He cyLgecTHyeT KBaHTOBaHHbIX COCTOBH1411,
AH60 Me, eCAH H cylgecTsyeT, TO TOAbK0 OAHO.
AAA 4oKa3aTeAbcTsa STOPO II0A0MeHHR paccmoTpHm oTHocH-
TeAbHoe ABHmeHHe HeRTpoHa rio OTHOLLIeHHIO K npoTolly, KOTO-
pbin 6y4em TpawroHaTb KK HerlOABHMHbIff gewrp ccpeplitzecKoll
noTeHgHaAbHoti AMbI (pHc. 40, A). FIOTCHUHaAbHaR aHeprkin
HHyTpH EITOR SIMbI (T. e. npx < parma HOCTOAHHON oTpHga-
TeAbHolt Hempume ?V, a cHapy.31H Hymo. a Ta Hma H3o6pa-
meHa B "we 3HepreTHtiecicol1 Anarpammbi Ha pHc. 40, B, KOTO-
pbat co3AaeT HenpaBHAbHoe npeAcTaHAeHHe o6 ?oAHomepHor
Hme, TorAa icax B AeACTBIlTeAbHOCTH nocAe4HH3 SIBMICTCA ccpe-
pallecKon.
Aramemie HenTpoHa B 3T011 Ante mo>KeT 6bITb OIDICaHO KK
B KAaccHtlecKoil, Tax H B KBaHTOBOR mexamme, ecAH npunw-
CaTb emy peAygHposamylo maccy
M1M2
/711 m2
re m1 ii /712?HCTIMHbIe maccbi npoToHa H HeilTpoHa (mbi yHH-
AHM HHMce, tITO CKOpOCTH HX maAbi no cpamemno co cxopocTbto
cHeTa, TaR TO peAHTHBHCTCHHMH nonpasxamx MOMHO npeHe6peqb).
TaK Km( M2-= M, TO peAygnposaHHaH maces 110ABHM-
HO1 tlaCTHUbI (Heft-rpm-10 m oxaabiHaeTc3 pa3Hoil II0A0BHHe
HCTHHHOH MaCCIA OAHOil H3 HIM M.
BOAHOBag cpymcgtm HenTpoHa gi onpeAeAmeTcH ypamieHHem
MpeAkifirepa
'C'2t -1-7 U) =0,
02 (32
rite V2 ? onepaTop AanAaca 0-2-y ,-;7 ?
FlOCK0AbKy H3BeCTHO, tITO B HopmaAbHom COCTOAHHH AelITOH
He HpaigaeTc3 (a TOAbK0 KoAe6AeTcH B paAHaAbHom Hanpaw-
AeHHH), IIVHKUH51 AOAMHa BaHHceTb TOAbK0 OT paCCTOAHHA T.
HeTpyAHo BHAeTb, TO rrpH TaKHX yCAOBH3X V240-= (d2 r 4)) . TaKval
r ? dr2
o6pa3om, npeAbiAyrgee ypasHeime npespaigaeTcH H
d2 (7.0 &ern
dr2-172-- (IV ? U)(r =-- 0 . (1)
BHyTpH ITOTCHIpaAbHOlt 51MbI pasHocTit W? U=-----6-1- V, npe4-
CTaBARTOlga3 co6oft KHHeTwiecxylo sHeprino HeitTpoHa ( B ero
OTHOCHTeAbHOM ABHMeHIIH), HmeeT 110A02KHTeAbH0e 3HatieHHe.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
AEATOH 229
no.aaraH
87;12/2n u).= 2rn CO v?
MN momem npeAcTasHTb o6wee pewee ypasHeHHH (1) B 9TOft
06AaCTH cPyHKUHeil
?
1
? ei2e -1--
2r
rAe A H A'-110CTOSIHIlble.
4A51 TOPO tITO6b1 sTa 4yHKU1151 OCTaBaAaCb peryARpHoll
sHyTpH 21MbI (T. C. He o6paagaAacb B 6ecKoHelmocTb HpH r=0),
Heo6xoAHmo, OtIeBHAHO, 110A02KilTb A'=? A; CAC40BaTeAb110,
= A sin ccor
r?
(2)
BHC 110TeHUHaAbH0f1 5111bI pa3HOCTb W? U oTpHuaTeAaHa
H pasHa ?E. TaKHM o6pasom, B 9TOM cArthe Mb! momem 110A0-
/KHTb
4, Be?Pr, (2a)
,2 872mE e
re po = h2 (oTopaebiBasi tuteH C 110A01KHTeAbHbIM noKaaaTe-
Aem, 17OCK0AbKy OH cTpemwrcH K 6ecKoHetmocTH npH HospacTa-
HHH r).
AASI 011pCACACHH51 KOEicpepHUHeHTOB A, B H 110CT0RHHOtt
(KoTopaa BX0414T KK B cco, TK H B po) MN Hmeem cAeApoigHe
TR yCA0111451: 1) HenpepusHocTb camon CpyHKUHH Ha rpaHHge
d ti)
T=a, 2) liCIIpepbIBHOCTb ee 11p0H3B041101 dr H 3) ycAosHe
HopmHposKI4 1-42477r2dr = 1.
ilpemAe irleM HATH AaAbrue, aameTHm, tiTO B cAytute 6ecKo-
'Return rAy6oKoil AMN (V= co) HaHmemanee sHatieHHe oco B ypas-
HeHHH (2) paBHO ?; HpH 9TOM Ha rpaHHge r = a cpyincupai
o6paagaeTcH B HyAb KK CO CTOpOHN T> a, TK H CO CT0p0Hbl
r 0) Heo6xoAHmo, gTo6bi a- 32?m icp.
C ypasHetmem (3a)].
FlpH s== 2.23 MeV 19V:PeKTHEIHN11 paAktyc AeliToHa (T. e. pac-
cTomme, Ha KOTOpOM soAHoHan (pymcgllsi Tql 3a npeAeAamH 51Mbl
1
y6bmaioT B e pas) mo?Ker 6bITb onpeAeAeH, KK -=
%/872mE '
oKasbmaeTcH paBHbIM 4.31 ? 10-13 CM, T. e. B HeCK0AbK0 pas
60AblIMM, gem paAllyc noTeHignaABHoli 51Mbl (1=1.5 ? 10-13 CM).
nO3TOMy B 60AbU1a gacTH npocTpaHenta BOAHOB00 (P)THKU00
AeriToHa (TogHee, HeilTpoHa no OTHOMeHHIO K npoToHy) npeA-
CTaBAfieTCA 4OpMyA011 (2a). SHHAy ?TOP? B pa3AHT1HbIX HHTe-
rpaAax, coAepmatgfix cpymcgtno 4d, MC/MHO ripH6AHHICHHO same-
1114Tb nocAeAmoio ee ?HHennier gacTwo, npoBoAH HHTerpHporia-
HHe HO r B npeAeAax OT HyAfl AO 6eCKOHeHHOCT14. Talc, Hanpnmep,
ycAortHe HopmxpoeKH
(So qi2473.2dr 1 MO/KHO sanHcaTb co-
rAacHo yparnie}nuo (2a) H BHAe
co
27/32
477B2 e-2(30vdr == 1,
oTKyAa cAeAyeT
B
OTcyTeTHHe AHexpeTHux B036yiKACHHbIX COCTORHHH y Aeit-
ToHa HenocpeAcTHeHHo 06'bfICHReTC51 MHAOCTb10 ero ?reomeTpH-
gecKoro" paAnyca 0 8ilepl'00 CB51314 B OCHOBHOM COCTOHHHH. npH
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
232 IIPHAO2KEHHE
HaA111111H spaigeHHA (1>0) Heo6xo4mmo 6biAo 681 yuecTb, Hapsuor
c aHeprHell CHA IlpHTHNieHH51, akreprmo geHTpo6emHot1 CHAN,
KoTopaR, KaK HeTpyAHo BHAeTb, o6paTHo nponopuHoHaAbHa
saApaTy paccToAHHK r H tiHCAeHHO pasHa
1/21(/ -I- 1)
/2 =
47[2 KratApaT momewra KoAatiecTsa 4BH1KeHHH.
npH 1=1 H r = a wra aHeprHA OKaBblBaeTCH paeHoh
h2
47r2m?, 2
12
2mr2
re
8
T. e., corAacHo ypasHemno (3), paHHOB PAy61411bI HO-
TeHgRaA8Holl RMbI. OTcioAa BHAHO, TITO B6A11311 Kpaes .11MbI Igex-
Tpo6e&Hasi cHAa, Aame B cAygae OAHOKBaHTOBOPO apazgeHHH,
AOAASHa 6bIAa 6bI 6bITb 6oAbme, gem cpeAHKR BeAlPIIIHa CHAbI
IIpHTSINieHHR. TMM 067331CHAeTCSI oTcyTcTsHe BpatgaTeAbHo B03-
63rM4CHHbIX COCTOAHHA C 1>0. 4T0 >He KacaercH so36ymAeH-
HbIX KOAe6aTeAbHbIX COCT051111411 (npu KOTOpbIX BOAHOBE151 CpyHKUHR
3aBlICHT TOAbK0 OT paccTosami r), TO HeBOSMO2KHOCTb 14X rapaH-
THpyeTca MaAOCTb10 aHeprHH C13.113H E.
? 3. Yupyrse CTOAKHOBeHHE sefirpona c upoTomord
/(efiToH momeT o6pasoaarbc5i MB ripoToHa H HeitrpoHa ripH HX
CTOAKHOBeHHH Apyr c Apyrom, ecAH aHepri4K (1136b1T01111aB), KO-
Toppo OHH HMelOT ripH 3TOM CTOAKHOBeHHH, C6paCbIBaeTCH B BHAe
cp0T0Ha. npemAe gem, oAHaKo, paccmaTpusam Bonpoc o TaKOM
aaxsaTe (npeAcTasAmoigem co6on ecpcpeKT, o6paTubill cpoToHeil-
TpoHoBomy pacrfaAy, CM. HHHie), Mb! paccmoTpHm Boripoc o6
yripyri4x CTOAKHOBeHHAX memAy HpOTOHOM H HeitTpoHom,
B pesyAbTaTe KOTOpbIX o6e tlaCTHUbI pasAeTaloTcA c Toff me
cymmapHoti KHHeTHIlecKoil aueprften, C KOTOp011 OHH HaAeTafoT
Apyr Ha Apyra.
Mb! Hax1HeM C paccmoTpeHHA 0TH 0 CHTe A bH01` 0 ABHMeHHH
o6eHx qacTHu, rionpemnemy HpOTOH He110413112KHbIM Uen-
Tpom. B BTOM cAriae CTOAKHOBeHHe CBOAHTCH K Tomy, tITO Heff-
Tp0H 0TKAOHReTC51 OT HCX041101.0 HaripaBAemix Ha HeKoToprAti
yroA 0, 3aBHCHIgHti OT npHgeAbHoro paccTosiKHR p HellTp0Ha OT
gewrpa n0TeHipaA8Hon 5IMbI, o6pasyemok 11pOTOHOM (cp. ? 8
rA. C TOtIKH speHHB KAaccHcecKoll mexaHHKH ripH p > a yroA
0=0, T. e. HIIKaKOPO CTOAKHOBeHHH He I113014CX04HT. ECAH p flaTb ee
B MHAAHOHaX BACKTp0HB0AbT (1.6 ? 10-6 apra), TO AAA 6 noAy-
ttaeTcH BbIpameHlle
a =10-25 1
e W
coAepHingee TOAbK0 041111 aapaHee Hell3BeCTHbIti napameTp E.
TaKHM o6paaom, aHeprkno CBA3H 4e1IToHa moHmo onpeAe.urre
He TOAbK0 H3 (POTOHyKAOHOBOPO BCpctieKTa, HO parnibim o6pa3om
H 113 nonepeAnoro cegenmA AAA ynpyroro paccesonm.
YpaaHeHHe (8a) HaX04HTCH B xopowem corAacHn C OIMITOM
npH aHatieHmix W nopmAKa HeCK0AbKHX MHAAHOHOB BACKTp0H-
BOAbT. lipH yMeHbIlleHHH W Aaaaembie eft sHatieHHH 6 CTaHOBATCA
CAHLIIKOM MaAbIMH (pile. 42, rAe CIIAOLLIFIa3 KpHlia5I Hao6pamaeT
Ha6A104eHHyI0, a nymmipHaH?TeopeTlitiecnrio 3aBl4CHMOCTb 6
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
238 HPHAOMEHME
OT W). PacxomAerme me?HAy HHMH mwHeT 6bITb 06bRCHeHO cAe-
ApoigHm o6pa3om.
MbI npeAnoAaraAH, RTO CIIHH HerrrpoHa eige AO CTOAKHOBe-
H1131 ero C lipOTOHOM napaAAeAen crumy nocAeAHero, TK >fie Kai(
H B yeT0figHB0M COCTORHI411 AekTona. COOTBeTCTBeHHO sTomy,
HH BblIIHCAeHHH cAriHra (pasta 71o no ypaHHeHmo (7a), MbI HileAH
aHeprmo CBSI3I4 E, xapawrepHsyloigylo 3TO COCTOAHHe. B AelICTBH-
TeAbHOCTH, oAHaHo, npH ynpyrom CTOAKHOBe1111H HefiTpoHa c npo-
TOHOM CBHHbI MX moryT 6bITb afITHIIapaAAeAbHbIMH, T. e. o6e
RaCTHUIR moryT HEIXOAHTbC.FI He B opTo- (TpHILkeTHOM) COCTORHHH
3S, a B napa- (HAM CHHUACHTHOM) COCTORHHH 'S (S osHatuteT,
RTO MOMeHT HX Op6FITaAbH0F0 KOAHReCTBa
0 4BII>KeHH51 parieH 0). lipH 3TOM ocTaeTcH
OTKpb1TbIM AHHIb Honpoc 0 TOM, COOTBeT-
cT3yeT All COCT05IHHIO ycToRgHsbiri,
T. e. OTpHWITeAbHblit, yposeHb sHeprlix
AeltroHa HAM HeT. B o6oHx cAyHaHx MbI
momem sHecTH HeHoTopylo ?aHeprmo CBR-
- W 3H"??', onpeAeAHH nocAeAHHno AAA CO-
CTORHHR 1S Talc. ?He, !talc aneprHyi onpe-
PHe. 42. 3amicHmocrb
iteAmeTcA AAA COCTORHHA 3S? T. e. npH
cegeinui ynpyroro pac-
CCHHH51 HerrrpoHa OT nomoigH ypasHeHHA BHAa (3a), H, cAeAo-
ero 8Heprilo. BaTeAbH0, onpeAeAHH CABIII' (pasta HOypas-
Heim?, aHaAorHtmomy (7a) (c sameHoR
Ha a'). YTIHTbIBaR, RTO KBaHTOBbIrl Hee TpHII.keTHOPO COCTORHHA
3S B TpH pasa 6oAbale, gem y CHHUAeHTHOPO 1S, MbI npfixo-
AHM K cAeAymigemy HbipasieHmo AAA 3aBHCHMOCTH IIOAHOPO
cegeHHA OT sHeprHH:
h2 13 1 11
87c3m \ 4 E. W 4 E? W ) ?
(86)
aTO sbipa&eHHe npH a=2.3 MeV II af ------ 40000 eV IlpHBOAHT
K OTAHRHOMy corAackno C OIMITHbIMH AaHHbIMH.
PeaAbHoro KBaliTOBaHHOPO yposHA c alleprHeil CB51311 y Aeff-
TOHa (B COCTORHHH 3S) He cywecmyeT. TaKHM o6pasom, MORSHO
rorsopHTb AHILIb 0 Hek0T0p0M ?BripTyaAbHom" ypome 3TOPO poAa.
Bnpogem, BTO Hecbma ynoTpe6HTeAbHoe HbipaHeHHe CHOCO6H0
BBeCTH B sa6ApHAeHHe, ITOCKOAbIty perm HAeT He 0 cpaKTHgecKom
yposHe, a AHIIIb 0 BCHOMOraTeAbHOH BeAHRI4He a', xapalcrepHsylo-
ion 3114eKTHBH0e ceHeHHe I0TOH UpH ynpyrom pacceAHHH
meAAermbix HefiTponos corAacHo cpopmyAam (8) H (8a).
MbI paccmaTpHHaAH Ao CHX Hop AHIIM 0THOCHTeAbH0 e
ABHAleHHe HeilTpoHa B noAe HeTIOABH>KHOPO npoToHa. YtleT no-
ABHMHOCTH npoToHa mommo npoHasecTH no meToAy, H3A0>fiell-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
AEti4TOH 239
Homy B ? 8 PA. I, He 110Ab3yfIeb KHaffrorsoit mexaHHHoft. HpH 9TOM
aHepraH W Olta3bIBfleTCH paaHoff 110A0BHHe HagaAbHoil KHHeT14-
tICCKOR EMeprI4H HeRTp0Ha, 11OCKOAbKy M2m. AaAee, no OTHO-
metuno K TOR KOOpAHHaTHOR eacTeme, B xoTopoil IIpOTOH AO
CTOAKHOBeHHA 6bIA FICII04BHMICH, o6e tiacTlluta nocAe CTOAKHO-
Bentisi 6yAyT pacnpeAeAeHbi paaAppnitgm HampanAemnim 4BH-
AM-11451 B npoeTpaHcTHe HepasHome pli o. flpOTOH 6y4eT ABH-
ramcsi HnepeA, T. e. B HanpaimeHHH, o6pa3po11em ocTpbull yroA
C nepHoHagaAbHtdm HanpaHAeHHem HeilTpoHa, a 110CAe4HHR B6OK ?
1104 11p3MbIM yrAOM K npoToHy. 06a pacripeAeAeHHH HeTpyAHo
BblBeCTH 143 TOPO, TO 110 OTHOWeH1410 K npoToHy pacceHHHEde
HefiTpoHbi ACTAT paanomepHo BO Hee CT0p0Hbl.
Bnpogem, npn o6meHe (I4AH nepecTaHoHKe) HefiTpoHa 14 11p0-
T0Ha Ha mecTo Apyr Apyra, anoAHe BO3MONSHOM, ecAn o6e IlaCTHgbI
CLII4TaTb 11pHHUH4114aAbH0 TO1KAeCTBeHHb1M11, HeliTponm, a He npo-
T0Hbl,* 6y4yT 4BI4FaTbC31 npeHmyweeTHeHno HnepeA. CAeAyeT,
oAHaKo, 3aMeTHTb, 14TO paccesume CTOAb 6bICTpbIX HeftTpoHoa He
HOALIIIIifieTCH ypasHernigm (8a) HAII (86), xoTopme OTHOCHTCH
T0AbK0 K Herurpoaam e aHeprHeil, He npesbnuatoiga IleCKOAbK14X
MHAAHOHOB 9AeKTp0HB0AbT.
? 4. PacuaA AeliToaa no"; AeticTunem cseTa u o6paTumit
aclupeier (pa,guanuommin auxuair searposa uporouom)
ECAll npa CTOAKHOBeHHII HeilTp0Ha C npoToHom AI4IIIHRH aHep-
rpm HsAygaeTcH B Tame CPOTOHa, T. e. ecAH CTOAKHOBefille ABA5IeTC/1
He ynpyrnm, TO B pe3yAbTaTe ero o6e gacTHuta moryT coeAH-
HATbC5I B AeftToH. AAR aToro Heo6xo4Hmo, 4ro6bi upH HX CTOAK-
HOBUIHH Op6HTflAbHbIR HAF1 CI1HH0BbIR MOMeHT KoAageeTna ABH-
h
1-13SCH1411 113MCHHAC51 Ha 1, T. e. Ha ? OCK0AbKy KOHe4Hb1M
COCTOS1HHeM AOAASHO 6bITb TpunAeTHoe 3S-COCTO5[HHC, HallaAbHbIM
COCT0111114eM 6y4eT A1160 TpurvieTHoe P-COCTORIIHe (1=1),
AH6o ?ne CHlIcyAeHTHOC S-COCT0511114e. HeTpyAllo, oAtfaxo, norm-
3aTb, CHOHTaHHbIR nepexoa meHee Hepo.HTeH, gem
cnoHTaimbiR nepexoA 3S?'S. B camom AeAe, B nepHom eAygae
CTOAKHOBellHe AOANCHO COOTBCTCTBOBaTb 60Ab111011 BeAHEIHHe npH-
UeAbH01.0 paCCTO3HHH, ripHKoTopom HaaHmoAefieTHHe o6eHx llaCTHU
CAHWKOM cAa6o, 4To6bI BbI3BaTb C 3ameTHoff BepOSITHOCTMO Tpe-
6yembift nepexoA. BO BTOpOM cAygae 8TOT nepexo,4 MOASHO CilH-
TaTb 4OCTaT0,130 HeponTubim. FlpH 8TOM, 11OCK0AbKy H3AygeHHe
o6ycAoHAHHaercH noHopoTom oAHoro 143 CIIHHOB Ha 1800, OHO
A0A1KHO HMeTb He aAeKTpHgeexHil, a MaPHHTHbIR (4HII0AbHblil)
xapaKTep.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
240 HPHAOMEHHE
B cAynae o6paTHoro ecpcpexTa--pacnaAa AenTolla HOA Aell-
cTingem ceeTa (4)oToHeItTpoHoeb1l ecPcpexT)? AellToH MOMeT
nepelITH Ha HCX0AHOPO COCTOAHH51 3,5 B COCTOAHHe 'S ITOA B03-
Ae1cTimem MarITHTHOPO HOAA CBeTOBbIX BOAH HAH ece B COCTOAHHe
3p 110A BAHAHHeM HX eAexTpHnecHoro noAH. Tax KaX npHgeAb-
Hoe paccToHHHe memAy o6eHmx nacTilgamll nocAe HOPAOlgeHHA
cseTosoro loutHTa He HrpaeT poAH, TO B npv,Humne o6a nepexoAa
OAHHaKOBO BO3MMKHb1; ripx eHeprHH pacnaAa E < 0.2-0.3 MeV,
eAexTpHnecKoe norAmgeHHe HeCK0AbX0 meHee 91:1CpeKTHHHO, AeM
marHHTHoe.
acpcpeHTHeHoe cenelme npH eAeHTpunecKom norAolgeHHH cHeTa
(AAA cpoToHa, o6paeporgero 8TOT ceeT) momeT 6bITb paCCAHTaHO
no yparmemoo
87c3y
2
1
ipi,o ,
(9)
rAe 7/1,2 ? MaTpHnHblIt eAemeHT ero eAexTpHnecKoro momeHTa AAR
paccmaTpHeaemoro nepexoAa, a v--nacToTa cseToemx KoAe6a-
MOMeHT p1,2 BbIAHCABeTCA 110 cpopmyte
1
P1,2= 2- ef
rAe ?BOAHOBan cpyHKUHA, onHcbmaiotgaH HanaAbHoe COCTOA-
HHe AellToHa, a 4), ?K011et1H0e.2
ECAH 0TBAeAbC51 OT ABHMeHHA geHTpa TAMeCTH Aethroma (Ko-
Topoe OCTaeTCH npaxTHnecni Hell3MeHHbIM npH norAoLgeHHH
ceeTa He CAHMKOM BbICOKHX AaCTOT), TO tldi MOHSHO OTOACAe-
Be?fir sin kr ,
CTBHTb B 9TOM ypaBHeHHH C r , a 4/2 C ?kr knpH 8TOM 4/1
HopmHpyeTcH 06bIgHbIM o6pasom, a 4)2? Ha eAHHHuy o6Lgero no-
TOKa HeItTpoHoe). He OCTaHaBAHBaACb Ha AeTamix BblAHCAeHHA,
npHeeAem Anmb OKOHAaTeAbHblft peeyAbTaT3
2 e2h 6112 E"/'
3 cM (E ' (10)
1 BmpameHHe (9) paBHO OTHOHICHHIO .1HCAa HefiTp0H0B, BblACT810132HX
B eAHHHgy apemeHH HB AefiToua, x HCy PoToHoH, HaionorgHx 98 TO tHe
HpemH Ha eitHHHuy nAonjaAH.
2 06AaCTb10 BHyTpH HOTeHUHaAbH0r1 HMbl MOMHO npeHe6pemb no cparnie-
Hmo c BHeTITHeri 06AaCTI310. z npeAcTaHAneT co6ori npoexgtno npHmoit Heti-
TpoH ? lipOTOH Ha HanpaHAeHHe sAexTpHmecHoro noAH (z= r cos 0). MHONSH-
TeAb 1/2 ygHTb1BaCT TOT cpaKT, T-ITO HeitTpon He HmeeT sapH4a H MTO momeHT
Bb14HCAFICTCH B cHcTeme ueuTpa HHepuHH.
3 BeTe H Beme p. ()H3Hxa HApa. rTTH, 1938, cTp. 72; cm. Taxme:
14. 51. IlomepaHmyx H A. 14. Axnese p. HesoTopme Bonpocia Tenpin
nApa. rTTH, 1951, LA. I.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
AERTOH
241
14AH, 0603HEMA OTHOLUellHe eHeprHH cpoToHa E-F- a hy K sHep-
r1114 CBABH AefiToHa gepes y:
= 1.16.10-26(y ? 1)3/ y-3em2. (10a)
npH y=1, r; =0; MaKCHMEtAbH0e sHatieHHe cetieHlls
qmax 1.4.10-27 cm2
-AOCTIIPaeTesi ripH y 2. C AaAsHeitumm Bo3pacTarmem
3
- 2
cipemtrres K Hymo IIpH6A113HTeAbHO Haft y
YpasHeHHe (10a) xopomo corAacyeTcs C BKCIIe13HMeHTFIAbHbIMH
AAHHbIMH H moHleT CAy1KHTb AMI TOAHOPO oripeAeAeHHA sHeprHH
ess3H AeihoHa E.
OTHomeHHe eetleHms MaPHHTHOPO paeigenAeHHH AeliToHa (T. e.
nepexoAa 3S-+ 'S) HoA AerieTsHem CBeTOBbIX HoAe6aHH1l Toff ise
AaCTOTbI K sAexTpirgeexomy pasHo OTHOIlleHHIO xsaApaTos co-
Homy Ha 3 (any TOPOt ATO COCTOAHHIO COOTBeTCTBylOT 'rpm
u-,n2 P1)2), Pa3AeAell-
orseTcTspoLgllx MaTpHAIMIX sAemewros c
pa3A14qHbIX MEIPHIITHbIX 110ACOCT051111451).
aTO oTHouleHHe 010.3bIBEleTCH pasHsim
(11p ? E-F- (+/i)2
4 E EMc2 '
re H ? MaPHHTHble MOMeliTbI npoTolia 14 HettrpoHa, ?
,,BLIPTyaA b Hbl yposeHb" AefiToHa B COCTOFIHHH IS (0.04 MeV).
OT BCp(peKTHBHOPO CelleHHA AetiroHa ITO OTH0111e111410 K 400T0-
pamenAetnno MONSHO nepet1TH K 344eKTHBH0My CeLICHHIO Two-
TOHEt HO OTH0111eHHIO K paAHauHoHHomy 3ftX1311Ty Hetrpona npH
HomcagH 061AePO COOTHOUleHHA meamy acpcpexTHsHbuvi eetieHaem
,o6paTHb1x peaxullit, BIABe4e1111bIX B PA. VI.
KaK Mbl 3Haem, acpcpexTHsHoe cetzeHHe AAA peaxgHil 1-2 H
2 1 nponopgHoHaAsHo xsaApaTaM COOTBeTCTBy1OLAHA AAHH
BOAH. YAI4TbI131151 (MHO?KlITeAeM 2) Atm HanpasAeHms 110A5IpH38.-
UHH CpOTOHB (T. e. C0OTBeTCTBy10IgHX CBeTOBbIX BOAH) H seposT-
HOCTb gs TOPOt ATO CITHH naAaxagero HeilTpoHa HanpasAeH rwol-
xoAngum AAR 3axsara o6pa3om, HoAytiaem
631IXB.
acpoTopacn.
=2g (Xliefrrp.)2
s , .
/
9TOM B 06011X cApiasx Hmee'res B BH4y OAHH H TOT me
mexar-m3m ? pAexTpwlecxHit (3S 3P) HAH MBP1114THbal (3S -3.1S).
16 H. H. cbpeincenr.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
242 IIPI4A02tiEHHE
3
B cAyirae bAeKTpurecKoro mexaH43ma gs= , TaK TITO sTa
rpopmyAa AaeT, B CBA3H C ypasHermem (9) H COOTHOLUeHHAMH
h2 h2
^2
- lieTP. M2v2 2ME H -
A rI 11)?T? v
o h2v2
r52axa. - 6r JE 1/11,212.
(11a)
B cArrae marHHTHoro mexamrama mbr noArutem aHaAorHtmoe
abrpaAcerme c artmeHoft p1,2 Ha V-1,2 H KoamigHeHTa 6 Ha 2, no-
CK0AbIty aHTHIlapaAACAbHOCTH CIIHHOB o6enx tracTirg cooTHeT-
1
cTsyeT cmiryAeHTHoe COCTOAHHe, AAA KoToporo
He ocTaHaBAHHasicb Ha 6oAee no4po6Hoft 3aIIHCH Hbrpaace-
HHN AAK C9axB., sameTHm AHLLIb, nTO B aAeKTpwrecKom cArrae
maKcHmaAbHoe sHagerme (73aXB. HmeeT nopsrAoK 10-29 cm2, TorAa
KaK B MarHHTHOM OHO 6AH3K0 K 10-24 CM2, npHirem BTO maKcHmaAb-
Hoe aHagerme AocTHraeTcK 1 npH W=0, T. e. npaKTHtleCKH B cAy-
trae ?Termormix" HeitTpoHoH, aHeprmi KOTOpbIX npn KOMHaTHOK
TemnepaType cocTaBAKeT OKOAO 0.03 eV. B 9TOM cAyqae OT-
HOIIIeHHe Cenefilifi 3arcHaTa K CetleHHIO AAA yripyroro paCCMIHM1
BHO IIpH6A143HTeAbH0 10-2.
TaKHM o6pasom, ABHrafleb B BoAopoire C TelIA0BbIMH cKopo-
cmmir, HeliTp0HbI coHepuraroT OKOAO 100 ynpyrkrx CTOAKHOBeHHii,
ripmAe mem CBA3aTbCA C OAHIIM H3 npoToHos B AeriToH? C }Lame-
HeHHeM CKOpOCTI4 HellTpoHos ceireHHe saxHaTa pacTeT o6paTHo
lIp0II0pLIHOHaAbH0 9TOK CKOpOCTH (T. e. KKaApaTHomy Kopmo
143 TemnepaTypbr), B TO Hpemsr KaK cetrefme paCCMIHHA ocTaeTcR.
IlpH6AH3HTeAbH0 Hell3MeHHbIM [Cp. ypaHrieHHe (8a) H (86)].
? 5. 06paaoBalase Aeiircnia IlpH CTOAHHOBeHHH
AByx 11pOTOHOB
B 3aKAro4emre paCCMOTpHM BKpaTge COBepWeHHO HHOn mexa-
HII3M o6paBorraHHH AeilTowt, a HMeHHO o6pa3oHamie ero npH
CTOAKHOBeHHH its y x UOTOHOB C npeapargeHHem O4H0r0
H3 HHX B HeilTpoH (c HcnycKaHHem pAeKTpoHa H Hei1TpHH0).
aTOT npogecc, HapHAy C ApyrHmH npogeccamH allaAorHimoro
?CHHTeTlIneCK0r0" xapaKTepa, T. e. npogeccamH, CBOARIgHMHCR
K o6pasoHarano CAO2KHbIX 9AeMeHTOB H3 6oAee npocTbrx, HmeeT,
1 Cevelme 3axBaTa npn MarliHTHOM AHROAbFICIM BaaHmoixeiicTram yBeAtiqm-
saeTcsi ripn W-->0, Kai( W 2 (17pumeq. pe4.).
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
AEATOH
243
KK MbI sHaem, (PyH4aMeHTaAbH0e 3HalleHHe AAA 9B0A10gHH
BewecTBa B sBesAax H CBR3aHHOPO C aTOft aBOAIOUHeit BbiAeAe-
HMI aHeprHH.
PaccmaTpmmembiti mexamism OTAHqaeTCH OT npeAblAyigHx,
npemAe Bcero, HaAHtlileM HOTeHUHaAbHOPO (KyAoHoBcKoro) 6apb-
epa, npenHTcmpowero c6AHAteHmio o6olix npoToHoB Apyr
c Apyrom. ECAH 6b1 He aTOT 6apbep, TO coeAHHeHHe npoToHoB
nonapHo B 4efiT0Hbl npoHcxoAHAo6bICKOAOCCaAbHOR CKOpOCTb10.
B AeRCTBHTeAbHOCTH npeABapHTeAbHbim ycAmmem AAA TaKOPO
C0e4HHeHH51 RBAACTCA npeoAoAeHHe aTOPO 6apbepa. ECAH npH-
HHCIalBaTb npoToHy ?paAnyc" nopHAKa 1.5. 10-1' cm (T. e.01H-
TaTb, qT0 06AaCTb npeo6Aa4amm KyAOHOBCKOPO OTTaAKHBaHHH
HaA mAepHbim HpHTA1KeHHeM HagHHaeTcH c 1.5 .10-13 CM), TO AAA
BbICOTb1 6apbepa, npensacTsymigero C6AH>fieHHIO AByx npoToHoB,
noAygaeTcH 1 MeV. OaKTHqeCKH STOT 6apbep MO2KeT 6NTb npe-
oAoAeH nyTem TyHHeAbHOPO 9CP(PeKTa npH OTHOCHTeAbH0 He60Ab-
unix KHHeTHqeCKHX aHeprHgx CTaAKHBal0I1HXCTI HpOTOHOB. Bo/tee
TOPO, KK 6NAO HOKa3aHO B ? 5 PA. FV, 3aKOH KyA0Ha o6ecne-
gHBaeT BO3M01KHOCTb TyHHeAbHOPO c6AHmeHHH o6em gacTlig,
HH npaKTHgecKH Tex Ate KHHeTHIleCKHX aHeprimx, Ao
eCAH CqHTaTb, qT0 KyAOHOBCK01 6apbep npocTHpaeTcH BITAOTb
Ao aToro paCCTOAHHH, re KyAOHOBCKag aHeprim o6pai1aeTcm
B 6eCKOHeLIHOCTb.
BepOATHOCTb TaKOPO C6A11111eHHA BbipamaeTcH c 4OCTaT0qH0fi
TOYHOCTb10 ypaimemlem
p.e - ho (12)
^e v?OTHOCHTeAbHaR CKOpOCTb 060HX HpOTOHOB B HanpaBAe-
HHH coexammgeti HX npsimoti, HH 6ecKoHegHo 6oAbluom pac-
CTORHHH memAy HHMH.
flpH Bb111HCAeHHH 9011:11PeKTHBH0P0 cegeHHH oAHoro 143 HpOTOHOR
HO OTHOUleHHIO K 6eTa-saxBaTy Apyroro He06x0AHmo o6bigHoe
sHageHHe cegeHHH, He ygmTbmaimgee KyAOHOBCKOPO 0TTaAKHBa-
? yMH02111,1Tb Ha BeimgHHy (12). AaAee, npH BbILIHCAeHHH
STOPO 06b111HOPO CeqeHHA MOASHO HATH Tem me nyTem, qT0 H flH
BNqHCAeHHH CeqeHHA HpOTOHa HO OTHOIlleHHIO K paAHagHoHHomy
saxBaTy HenTpoHa, sameHHB HcnycKaHHe cBeTa HcnycKaHHem
napbi aAeKTpoH--HeitTpHHo. TaK KK 3TOTnpogecc meHee Beposi-
TeH, gem npogecc HCHyCKaHHA cBeTa, TO HOAHOe CeqeHile AAA
6eTa-saxBaTa npoToHa, AaAte npH ogeHb 6oAbumx 3HaqeHHAX
.0THOCHTeAbH014 CKOpOCTH v,oKasbmaeTcm ropasAo meHbme, gem
16*
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
244 IIPYIAO&EHHE
AAA ramma-3axaaTa* HeitTpoHa.1 YgeT M1101KHTeAfi (12) HpHBOAHT'
K AanbHeilinemy CHH1KeHHI0 911)(peKTLIBHOPO Celle11115I (xoTopoer.
Tamm o6pasom, oxa313HaeTca no xpailHeft mepe B 1015 pa3
meHame 94343eKTHBHOPO cetiem43 AAR paitHauHonHoro saxsaTa
HeitTpoHa npoToHom). ECTeCTBeHHO noaTomy, UTO B HaIIIIIX sem-
HbIX yCAOHIISIX BTOT npouecc npaxTutiecx.H He Ha6Am4aeTcH.
B Aa6opaTopHux yCAOBHAX xopoluo HccAeAoHaH Apyroff npo-
uecc, a HMeHHO npogecc ynpyroro pacce3HH3 Aayx npoToHoH,
xoTopalit HmeeT cyigecTHeHHoe 3HageHHe AAR BbIACHelinn nplipoAbi
xAepHanc CHA. Bnpogem, BTOT Honpoc MO2KeT 6bITb pemeH TOAbKO-
HpH oqeHb 60AbIIIHX aHeprH3x CTaAKHBalOIWIXCH TlaCTILU nop34xa
lieCHTKOB meraaAeKTpOHBOAbT, xorAa OHM C6A141KalOTCH Apyr
C Apyrom Ha paCCTOHHHSI, meHbunle paAxyca CcpepbI AenCTBHA
9THX CHA. MbI He 6yAem OCTaHaBAIIBaTbC5I 34ech Ha TeopeTHqe-
CKOM paccmoTpeHHH OTHOCSIIALIXCA K aTomy Bonpoey axcnepHmeH-
TaAbHbIX LpaKTOB, TaK xax. TeopH3 B BTOM cAyxne 3HaTILITeAbH0
yCAOASHReTCH no cpaHHeinuo c paccmoTpeHHoff same TeopHeil
PIPYroro pacce3HH3 meAAeHHaix HeitTpoHos Ha npoToHax, Ho-nep-
HbIX, noTomy, UTO npH 3TOM Heo6xo4Hmo paccmarpHaaTb CTOAKHO-
BeHHA C momeHTom KoAHLTecTila ABH1KeHH5I 60AbLLIe HyA3, a BO-BTO-
pbuc, noTomy, TITO KyAOHOBCKHe CHAN, rummy HX meAAeHHoro
cna4aHH3 c paCCTORHHeM, BHOCAT p3,4 Apyrkix ocAommema4,
CBSI3aHHbIX C BHAOM BOAHOB011 cpyHKUILII Ha 3HaTIVITeAbHbIX pac-
CTORH1351X.
ConocTaaneHHe AaHHNX, OTHOCRIBLIXC5i K p0AH HAepHmx CHA
B ynpyrom pacce3HHH npoToHamH 6bICTpbIX npoToHos, C 4aHHb1M11,
OTHOCHIALIMLICA K paccefinkno HeilTpoHoa, npnBeAo K Tomy saxmo-
xleHHIO, TITO 9TH CHAN liMelOT B 060HX cAylia3x He TOAbK0 OAHHa-
KOBbIti xapaxTep, HO H II13116AIISHTeAbH0 0AHHaxosylo HeAH3HHy."-
1 4AHTeAbHOCTb 1*tH3HH ao36ym4eHHoro aroma HO oTHomeHmo K Heny-
CRaHHIO BH4HM0r0 CBeTa paaHa, RaK H3BeCTHO, 10-8 cex. B HApe c axeprceil
B036yM4CHHA nopHAxa 2 MeV aa AAHTeAbHOCTb 1KH3HH coxpatgaeTcn npm-
mepHo Ao 10-14 cex. AAHTeAbHOCTb me 2KH3HH HO OTHOLTIeHHIO K 6eTa-Hpe-
HpazgeHmo, c HmAeAeHHem TOR me CaMOR aHeprim, HMeeT nopHAox
10-5 ? 10-6 ceK., T. e. B 108 pa 3 6oAbaie.
2 Cm., Haripmmep, xxxry BeTe H Bevepa, CTP 81, a TaR}Ke pa6oTy
SI. Cmopommcmoro (21i3TCD, 15, 89, 1945; 17, 941 (1947), B RoTopori HmeioTest
no4po6Hme CCNAKH Ha 60Aee paHHHe HCCAeA0BaHHA.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OrAABAEHHE
CTP.
IlpeAricAowie pe4a.Kropa
IlpeAmcAoswe asropa 7
rAaea I
5AEKTPH4ECKPIE CBOHCTBA ATOMOB
? 1. Macca H pa3mepm aromoB 9
? 2. AeAHMOCTb aTOMOB H 3AeXTp0Hbl 10
? 3. CBH3b sAexrpoHos B aromax H B MeTaAAHHCCRIVE reitax . . 11
? 4. 140HbI B pacrBopax H B ra3ax; TO14H0e m3Betimmainie HOHOB 11 H307011b1 14
? 5. 414CAO a.keicrpollos B aTomax H CpH3HKO-XIIM1471eCRHe CBOACTBa
aAemeHroe 19
? 6. TIOAOIKIITCAbHbIe srApa aTOMOB H npoxomitemne 6bicrpo Arnimyrgnxcsa
sapsufteHnbix nacrit 1epe3 Bergecrso 21
? 7*. Airamirmgecxasi reopH3 npoxo2x,2tefma5I 6bICTp0 413111Ky1gHXCH 314-
plimeHmmx macritg mepe3 meujecrtio 25
? 8*. Crarlicriviecxaa reopHa paccextum 14 ropmomeHm3 6mcrpo ABH3ty-
12xxca 3apfi34ermibxx 14aCTHg 33
? 9. MeroAm perncrpagng H rioAymeinin 6bicrpo ,zommyigHxcsi 3ap3-
3eHAMX macrlig 39
? 10. PeASITHBHCTCKafl 3aBHCHMOCTb maccm 6mcrpo 431431y1gHxcH 9aCT11g
OT cxopocrx; 4POTOHbI H 1703HTp0Hb1 48
fAatia II
OCHOBH TEOPHH KBAHTOB
? 1. FlpHHQ1111b1 BOAHOBOA mexamxxx 55
? 2. KBaHTOBaH mexamma ClICTeMbI macrmg. CAO1f1HbIe 7IaCTHUb1, pac-
cmarpnBaemme xax 33.emeHrapHme 61
? 3. CIIHH aAemeurapHmx 71aCTIla H CPO coxpaneinie npkir 11/1 B3aHMHbIX
ripeBpaige}m43x 66
? 4*. CIIHH H CTaTHCTHXa 70
5*. TIoAe3a3 reopmT marepim 76
rActsa III
CBOliCTBA ATOMHbIX MEP
? 1. COCTaB WM), 14X TIAOTHOCTb H CHAN 83
? 2. ATOMHbIe 11,11pa Kat< HallAH HAepHoil XS1407KOCT11 86
? 3*. IlpHpo.zta 3.4epirmx CHA 88
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
246
CTp.
? 4. Bsanmnbie npenpaigeinin HpOTOHOB H HellTpOHOB B CAONSHbIX nApax . 96
? 5*. Teopun 6eTa-npeopa12e1n4n 101
? 6. HopmaAhnoe cooTnomenoe memay 4HCA0M HpOTOHOB H HeilTp0HOB
B yeT01HBbIX nApax 105
? 7. 14CTOAKOBHHHe nopmaAbnoro COOTHOMeHHH me2K4y 4HCAOM npo-
TOHOB H nefiTponon B yeT0114HBbIX nApax ? 107
? 8*. CTaTHCTIPleCKHH Teopma COOTHOHICHHH ment,Ay qHCAOM HpOTOHOB
H neiiTponon B yeT0R,11,18b1X supax; pe3yAbTnpyloigne CHHHbl H
marnwrobte MOMeHTb1 gicep 111
I'Aatia IV
3AEKTPOKAH4AASIPHOE 4/1EAEHHE H AAbOA-PACI1A4
T5I2KEAblX RilEP
? 1. HeyeToilmnnovrb THMeAblX nixep no OTHOMeHHIO K BACHTp0-
BarmxmipHomy ,4eAeluno H aAmpa-pacuaiiy 118
? 2. KomigecToefulan Teopim aAexTpoKannAAffpooro AeAeRRR TH1KeAbIX
ndep 126
? 3. 011bITHble aannue o6 HCKyCCTBeHHOM ,XelleHHH ypaRa 130
? 4. CHOHTHHHOe AeAenne H aAbcpa-pacrut4 TsniceAbix 3.AeNteHTOB . . 134
? 5*. KoARgecTBeRnam TeopaR aAmpa-pacnaAa H ee nimmelleRme a
aftelopoxaniukAnpnomy A eAeirmo 142
rAaaa V
.11,4EPHME IIPOUECCbl B FIPPIPOAE H B TEXHHKE
? 1. ECTeCTBCHHBH 6eTa- H ramma-paAnowernonocm 149
? 2. McicyccTBennme 6eTa-pa4noaRTHEnibte aAemewrbi; TpancypaHN . 154
? 3. ATomitaR 6om6a 158
? 4. BTOpHHHEtle peaxgRa Rim BAeaTpoaanBAARpRom ACACHHH H acam-
MeTpHR HOCAC4HCr0
TA.a ea VI
BO3BY11i4EHHblE COCTOF11-11454 BilEP 14 FLIEPHblE PEAKW414
? 1. Bo36yameaRble COCTOHHHH CAO1KHbIX HTOMMAX n,z(ep
? 2. 110HHTHe Temnepalypta B036y1K4CHHbIX CAOMHbIX HTOMHbIX niiep
H nAepithie B3pIABbI
? 3*. 3BBHCHMOCTb TyCTOTb1 B036y2KAetnibix 3nepreTkp4ectcnx ypoonen
OT aneprm4 HX Bo36y/K4elnin
? 4*. CpeARRR 4AHTCAbHOCTb1XH3HH B036y1KACHHbIX COCTOHHH11 (umplula
nos6yitutennbut yporfflek)
? 5*. B4XPCKTHBHUIC ceReBBRRAep AAR RpogeccoB 3axBaTa paBAR,IRmx
RacTRg
? 6*. 06B2ag cxema nimmux H o6paTamx RAepaux pearcuRk H COOTHO-
tueime me5K4y HX EHIXPeKTHBHIAMH cementinmn
7. Pe3OHBHCHble 1944eKTbl npn H./tem-mix peaxignnx
8. CAomame RAeplime peaalom
? 9. FiexoTopme apocTeguimeRAepmme peaagam
? 10. aqHPCKTHBHOCTE) 6om6apimpornal suLep np14 pa3AHVHbIX peaaganx
164
167
169
173
177
182
184
188
195
196
201
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
247
CTp.
TAaaa VII
HAEPHME PEAKUI414 B 3BE3/1AX
? 1. 3BC3AM BBB sutepao-a.keBTpoimme raaosme mapm H MX rpamiTa-
gifonBoe cataTne 208
? 2. FlAepabie peaxgnit B aBeaAax 213
? 3. P0Ab BAeptimx peaRgart B BBOA/OgHH 3BC3A 218
/7puAomeHtte
AEATOH
? 1. 06igne aamenaHHH 223
iii 2. aBeprmi H BOAHOBBH otlyHRUHH ACHTOHB 227
? 3. Ynpyrme CTOAHHOBCHHH HCHTpOHH C HpOTOHOM 232
? 4. PacnaA AeiiTaxa noAa
Ae?cTimem cBeTa H o6paTamA HVIIICKT
(Pammgmoimmii SHXBHT BeilTpcma HpOTOHOM) 239
? 5. 05paaoBaane AegToBa npn CTOAKHOBeHHH AByx nporoBoa . . 242
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
17enamaemen no nocmano8.4.ertulo
PeivnelpioNwo-usilameAbcycozo cooema
Afra4emuu HayK CCCP
Pe.4aRTop PIR,4aTeAbc?raa K. A. Tep-Mapmupacnn
TexatmecRaii pe.aawrop P. C. 17e8oFtep
KoppeRTopbi H. A. MaAe8u H K. B. Mamutuesa
PHCO AH CCCP Ns 5462. IIA. Ns 5-5B.
Holinacauo K negaTa 18/IV 1955 r. M. 34341.
Bymara 60X92'116. Bym. A. 73/4. neg. A. 151/2.
Yq.-1134. A. 15.19-1-7 BKA. (0.41 yq.-a3,4. A.).
Tapam 10000. 3ax. Ns 26. gena 12 p. 50 R.
1-R Tan. 1134. AH CCCP, Aeaaarpa.zt,
B. 0., 9 ARNIM 4. 12.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
PICHPABAEHH51 H OTIELIATKH
Cmpa-
Huma
Cmpoica
HanevamaHo
40AMNO 6bIlllb
h2
114
(DopmyAa (13)
mR2
mR2
145
11 cBepxy
Igf=a-u-bW,
Ig = a -+- 6W-112,
210
21 14 22 cBepxy
Haygelme
HBAyqemie
211
9 ceepxy
(6.u4BRoii
(6.nmstaiii
216
5 91
va (v)
TICt (v) =
219
11 CHH3y
7NL" 01?>
7N15 -I- 1FP
Opetim eA b.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
?i.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
L-L0008000171700181-1700-?8dCl-V10 6 I,/ L 1/LOOz eSeeiei -10d panaiddV
t96I VE1N3OW
ricILLVdB11/11f UOMDghPligdOgi-OMPIHX21
OHIDc11131VIT?14 201-11-igg1Ddli1TADOJ
X191-1WOLV
ISI/Icl1WOE14
IJWIDHADdOX 14 '1AI
L-L0008000171700181-1700-?8dCl-V10 6 I,/ L 1/LOOz eSeeiei -10d panaiddV
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
13-5-4
AHHOTAI11151
ganef-ate inomepao aTOMHbIX aAep, snepame OTKINATOe CO-
BeTCKHMH 4)H3HKaMH, orpaeT cyatecTsempo pallb B maytieroio
ripHposm aTOMHbIX SUM/ MOHOrpaCIADI M. 14. KopericKoro TIOA-
BOAHT MOP MH000,111CJIeHHbIM HccAeAosaloiam B 9T0c1 o6aacTm.
B co,aecoKaTca KaK Teopemueuine ripeAcTaBaemia o npruni-
oax B03HIIKH0BeHHH o3omepHb1x Julep H HX nose,aeollo, Tag H
AeTaammiii 0630p sxcrtepnmetiTaamilia aHHblX. B }clove rimeeTca
Taime 0630p pa6oT ITO cTp3ocrype aTOMHbIX fwep, omeioulax
Baamoe 3HameHHe AAA 4III311KH aTommoro smpa.
M000rpacImi npeaxa3oaquia Haytomix pa6ommxon C1)11-
3HKOB, criewia.m3Hppoutllxca B 063aCTI4 HarieHVISI apoexma Be-
mecum, a Taloe AAA cTy,aeturos H acimpaHroa.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OFJIABJIEHHE
BseAerate 5
F a a B a I. 51,ikepnasi H3omeptin y 6poma 9
06HappKeHHe H30MepHH y 6poma 9
40TOHefiTp0HHMi1 94H4eKT B 6pome 11
p-cneicrp pa.11110aKTHBHbIX H3OTOHOB 6poma 13
MaaytieHHe 6poma npH momepHom nepexoile 17
3Heprini B036pHa,eHHa MeTaCT.36HabH0C0 COCTOSIHHA B HApe
6poma 80 ? ? . . 24
Pa3,ReneHHe H30mepor3 6poma 27
1-* a a B a IL MeTOAbl 06HapylkeHHH H HAeHTH(PHHalAHH H30-
MOB 31
YcTaHoHaeHHe H30MepHH HTM cpanHeHHH tnic.na CTa6Hab-
Hba H3OTOHOB C ,H4CaOM pa,0,110a1CIMBHbIX nepHop,oH, o6-
pa3yionnixcH npH peaHHHH (n, 7) 32
MeTog, nepeHpecTima sutepHbu peantHil 34
IlpHmble meToAbi OTOKaeCTBJleHHH H30MePHbIX nap 36
AHaaH3 xapaHTepricTwiecHoro peurreHoscHoro H3.11pleHHH 39
YcTaHomelme momeptui no cnelapy KOHBepCHOHHMX 9aeli-
TPOHOB 43
06HappHeHHe KOpOTKOMHBY1101X H30MePOB HO cnoco6y 3a-
na3AbiBa1ouoix coHna,ReHHil 44
Pamenenfte paa,HOUTHBHba 113010110B KaK meToA ycTaHoHnc-
HIM flAepHOil H30MepHH 48
HeKOTOpble KOCBeHHble ripH3HaHH Hamm's' H,RepHok H3omeplin 51
TIMM npcHpanieHiol H3omepHbtx sutep 57
i a a a a III. 0 Bpemoth ripe6bmamisi scup B meTacTa6Hab-
HOM COCTOSIHHH 65
0 xapaHTepe HanyveHHH npH momepHom nepexo,Re 68
IlpaHma oT6opa 75
IlepHoik noaypacnaAa B036pH,1keHHODD COCTOFIHHH 79
BHyTpeHHHH KofwepcHn 85
NK
KoHHepcHn B L-060J10,1Ke H oTHomeHHe E - 103
Ni;
3aBHCHMOCTb nepHo,qa nonypacna,ga momepos oT xHmwiecHoro
cocTaHa Heinecma 113
Cnyttari 0-0-ne pexcaa 115
1*
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
4 OrfiABBEHHE
raaaa IV. OnpeAe.nemse nopsima my.ribTHHOBbH0eTH H30-
mepHoro nepexoAa 120
Onpewenne A H3 cpaBneunn yr.1101311X MOMeHTOB B036pK-
Aemioro H OCHOBHOTO COCTOHHHil 121
C)npeAenenne A no nepnou noupacnaAa naomepnba nAep 122
OnpeAe.nenne THR3 H3OrleHHH, Hcnycicaemoro npn H30Mep
HOM nepexo,ae, RO BeHHHHHe K094HIHRAHe11T3 KOHBepCHH 135
Onpe,aenenne MyabTHROR6HOCTH nanyneman no BeAHHHHe
NK
= ?
IVL
KacKaAnble naomepnble nepexoAbi 159
Rapa C AByMH MeTaCTAHJIbHIAMH COCTOHHHHMH 182
Onpeim.nenne nopsuma MylibTHROAbHOCTH H3 y1'a0B0f1 noppe-
cosnaoaemifi (7 ? 7) H (i ?e) 183
1-.naaa V. Bo363nsmessne MeTaCTa6H.36HbIX COCTOHHH111 . . 205
Bo36yametme H30MePHOCO COCTORHHH 114591H HieCTKHM TOpM03-
HIAM maynennem 212
Bo36yacaenne MeTaCT36HAIIHEIIX COCTOHHHCI nyTem o6.nynemin
CT36101bHba HAep noTonam pa3J1W1HbIX I-Lamm . . . . 216
Haygenne Topmoanoro H3HyHeHHH C HOMORHAO HAepnoti H30-
MepHH 219
Onpea.e.nenne yponnefi CTAHJIbHIAX nAep nye m B036PKAe-
HHR meTacTa6anbnoro COCTOHHHH 221
raasa VI. 1430MepHil H sukepsime 06011011KH 226
3aKonomepnocm B paCilpOCTPaHeHHOCTH H30Mel3H6IX nap
cpeAn aTOMHbIX RAep 226
06 c0C061,131HHCHHX) 230
o sumpnba 060.11?111oz 239
CHHHbl sump 252
SlAepnble 060HOHKH H H30MePHH tiento-negemba sump . ? ? 260
Haomepna cpe,an n,Rep neTaerroct rpynnbi c Hellen-turd HHCROM
HeitTPOHOB 266
Hamel-mime Pa3HOCTH mencay ypOBIIHM11 sneprvin B 33BHCH-
MOCTH OT HHCJI3 HaCTHII 271
Haomepnn cpe,an nAep rrnioii rpyrmbi 274
Haomepnn nenemo-nenembix aaep 282
3alunotsemse 283
CBOAHBH Ta6assiut Haomernmix stop 284
Cxembs loomepithix upeBpameassti 294
JIHTepaTypa 318
147
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BBEAEHME
B peaynvraTe paaa uccae,aoaam, upoinae,aefullx B 1909 --
1917 rr., 6bino ycTanoanep.o, tITO Ta6nuaa xamiNecKux sae-
meuros Metraeneeaa fie HOJI10CT1,10 npeacTaa.ineT cyulecrayioulee
pamoo6pme aTomoa. Paanutinbix aTOMOB oKaaanoch ropaaao
6onbwe, qem paanugaux saemeturoa. Bun? ycravoimeEo, LITO
cytuecraytoT aTOMb1, o6narmoulue 0,aHHaK0BbIMH X14M14,1eCKHM14
ceoficTaamu, HO pa3M,IM Becom. Pa3.1114,114e B Bece 3THX aromoa
otcaaanoch TIOJIHOCTb10 o6ycnomerivbim paanutmem B Bece aTom-
Hbl X stamp.
TaK B0313141{110 upeacTaanenue 06 H3OT011aX ? Bemecraax,
TO>KaeCTBeflFbIX 110 CBOHM XHMIPleCKHM CBOACTBaM, FO
oTJlBqaio-
uLHXC,I aTOMBIIM Becom. BentecTaa ace, o6.i1aaatoume 0,111414aK0BbIM
aTOMHUM aecom, HO pa3J1W1HbIMH X14M11,1eCKHM1-f CBOtICTBaM14 (34151-
,a0M), 110/1r11411H Hamm-me Hao6apoa.
Oauaxo euie B 1917 F. COBAH [1.11 BbICKa3a.11 Mb1Cab 0 1103-
MO>KHOCT14 Cyll1eCTBOBaHH51 oco6oro Tuna H3OTOTIOB, KOTOHbIe
HMeall 6bI He TOJIbK0 011HIlaKOBb1i1 aapaa, HO H oatmaKosoe mac-
come gum. Rapa Tatum Bell1eCTB SIB.115110TCH ormoapemet no 14
H3OTOUlaM0 H I33o6apamu. aro 6y.ayr, cnerioaaTenbmo, ?1430T011b1
60Jlee BbICOKOF0 TIONIAKa>>. ATOMbI ?H3OTOTIOB abicuiero ilopaaKa?
ormingabi 6b1Tb He TO.T1bK0 CX0/104 HO CBOHM IIHM1411eCKHM CBOti-
CTBaM, MeKay HI4M14 ,BOJOKFIbl HC4e3aTb H pa3.711411HSI, 06yCJI0B.T1e11-
rime paammem B MaCCe aTOMOB. ATOMM ?1430T01106 BbICHIeF0
110PRalta?, 011eBH11110, 14e.111,351 paaerni lie TO.abK0 C nomombio
xamatiecicux MeT0110B, HO TaK/Ke C nomoulbto -rex 4I0H314,1eCKHX
flpHeMOB (/114(141y3H51, 1epM011444373H14 H pp.), Koropme npume-
HRIOTCH RAH paaae.rienua 14301011013.
3aperricrpuporiaTb cyulecTsomme c1430T011013 BbICIlleF0 HO-
Nun? c rromoighto MaCC-CrIe1CTpOrpa(1)a He npencTaa.nserca
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
6 BBEAE1114E
Hcomoxamm, 1460 maccbi aTOMOB 14X nH60 Be pa3nHqatoTcH, a146o
OT.1114,1a1OTCSI Ha CT0.11b manyio Henntn4Hy, tITO ycranoHneHHe 3Toro
paBaxitum nextocTynHo macc-cnexTporpacpam.
XOTH aTombi ?1130V01108 smaller() nopHnica? HmeioT oAHHalco-
Bun aTOMHbal HOMep H 0,a141431C0B0e maccoHoe nricno, CannH
npearronoHcHn, TO 0HI4 moryT OTAINaTbeS1 /Tyr OT Apyra RO
CBOHM panHoagnunibim caoRcTBam, npHtlem 9T0 paanHnHe morno
6131 1BHTbC51 J1,01C333TeAbeTBOM cyulecnoBaHHH ?H30T0111114 BbIcuiero
nopHnKa?.
0.4113K0 HmeinumecH B TO spew' nambre o panHoaKTHH-
BMX CBORCTIMX paanxtmbix HeulecTH He noATHermnanH 114-
noT3y o cymecTHoHaHHH TaKoti 1430TOTIH14. JIMIL16 B 1921 r.
XaH [1.21 o6HapptcHn cylnecmosanue paorwoaKTHHHoro Bealecna,
Hanmemoro ypaHom Z (tPa), KoTopbal oKa3ancH 14 H3OTO-
110M H Hno6apom paHee H3BeCT110r0 panHoaKTHHHoro Heatecnia UX.
Ypan Z 11 ypaH X2 OTJ11411a1111Cb 110 CBOHM paAHoaxTHEmbim CBOti-
crBam. 06a owl H3nynatoT Ho nepHon nonypacnaila
ypaHa Z pasen 6,7 aca, a nepHoA nonypacnaaa ypaHa X2 pater'
Beer? .1114111b 1,14 MHByTbl.
Taimm o6pa3om, no Tepm14HonorHH C0xu4 ypaH Z n ypan X2
oKa3anHcb ?1430TORaM14 BbleILIer0 TIOPH/IKa?. OAHU() 3TOT nplimep
emoTonHH Bb1 c er o nopsuma? oKa3ancH cpeAH eeTeCTBeH11131
pan1oaxnuen4bix Hew,ecTH eILHHCTBeH11131M.
TO 06CTOSITe.11bCTBO, tITO 143 Hcero mHoroo6pa3HB ecTecneH-
HbIX pa21140aKT11BHbIX H3OTOROB (cyinecmyer OK0.110 copona ecTe-
CTBeflHbIX paaHoaKTHHHux 1130T0110B) HatuencH Hcero .11141111, 0.1213411
cayman ?1430TOEI1H Bucuiero nopHzuca? (ypan Z 14 yparl Xe), He
morn? He Bb13133Tb nejjosepi IC HTI0Te3e COTLAH. 3TO HeAcme-
pne 6bino Tem 6onee 3aKoHomepHum, tITO TeopeTmecKH cyrne-
CTBOBaliHe ?H3OTORHI4 Huctuero nomucao 6b1J10 B TO Hpemg mano
o6ocHoHaHo H man() nonsiTHo. flo3Tomy HaeH CoAim He nonytnina
Aonmoloro paamiTHB. ()Alnico noc.ne OTKINIT1451 HCKyCCTBefIROM
panHoaKTHHHocTH H o6HapyNcem4H 6onbuloro xmcna pm/mg-
/MIX palmoaKTHEmbix H3OTOTIOB no.noweHHe cymecTsenHo i3me-
HH.110Cb.
CpeA14 14CKyCCTBeHlibIX pa1I140aKTHBHHIX 1430TO1IOB Hainnocb
Holm() TalCHX, KoTopbie HMelOT He TO.11bK0 0)114FlaKOBb1 aTom-
Hutt Homep, Ho 14 oAHHaKoHoe maccoHoe %Ica). Tait He napbi
H3OTOTIOB n Hacronatee Hpemn HaabusaloT, ormaHo, He ?1430T0-
n3mn Bbacwero nopHnica?, a uaomepaAtu, HMI u3omepoimu
napamu
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BBEAEHHE 7
TOMIKOM K pa3BHTHW rieffi4Ho HaepHoll 143omepum HBHAaCb pa-
60Ta B. KypHaToBa, 14. KypHaToBa, PycHHoBauMbicoBcKoro [1.31,
uocmuennatin3yuetutio CBORCTBpaAHOaKTHBHWCH3OTOn0B6poma.
B CBOHX nccaeaoBanitsix OHH aoKa3aa4 naatme suteptibix n3ome-
pots cpean paatioalamtmx 1430T0nOB 6poma.
B nocaeaoBaBuntx 3a 3Tot1 pa6orott mnoroancaennbix mccaeao-
BaHHFIX paanoamambix H3OTOnOB ohm ycTanoBneno,t1Tosiaepnati
1430mepn11 oKa3b1BaeTcH coBcem He TaKHM y peaKtim aBaennem,
KaK 910 npeacTaBaBaoch panee. B nacToButee Bpemst 03BecTno
cBbnue cTa aBaituant 1430mepub1x nap aaep.
B 1932 r. 1/1BanenKo [1.4] Bbicga3an rnnoTe3y o TOM, 1110
aTOMHNe HApa nOCTpOeHN 143 HetiTp0HOB H npOTOHOB. B HaCTOH-
Illee Bpema He cyntecTByeT CoMliernift B npaBHAbHOCTH woro
npeanonowennti. Coraacno 9T0c1 rmnoTe3e aTomnbitl nomep yKa-
3b1BaeT grim npoToBoB, nmetontxxcti B Rape, a maccoBoe mica?
npencTaBnaer co6ot1 okuee 11HCAO qacituu (KaK npoTonoB, TaK
m netiTpono4 naxoataunxcH B aTOMHOM Bape. Pa3an4nme aTom-
nue srapa oranaatoTcg apyr OT apyra :moo HHCAOM netiTponoB,
A1460 HHCAOM npOTOHOB, AH60 HHCAOM H TeX H ApyrHX.
KaK 6biao yKa3ano, loomepnbie mapa o6aaaatoT 0A14HaKOBbim
maccoBbim uncaom 14 0A41-caKOBb1M aTomnum nomepom; caeaoBa-
Ten6110, no cBoemy cocTaBy 143omeptu1e HApa OAHHaKOBM, B HHX
HaX0A4TCH OAHHaK0Boe HHCAO KaK npOTOHOB, TaK H net1TponoB.
Mammy gam o6pa3ytome toomepnyto napy, ne HBAH1OTC5I pa3-
atit4nb1M14 aTomntaut tutpamn. BmecTe c Tem 143omepu Be HBAH1OTCH
H WTIeHTMqHbIMI4 Hapamit. 011H o6naaaioT pa3augammx paano-
aKTHBHUMH cBoticTriamm, B HaCTI10CTH pa3anitti0n BeAHHHHOR
neptioaa nonypacnaaa. KOAb cKopo otutnaKosue no cocTaBy stapa
o6naaatoT pa3a4tutumn neplloaamm nonypacnaaa, TO ogeBnano,
HTO pa3nuune B nepuoae noaypacnaaa o6ycaosneno Tem, HTO
HApa HaX0AHTCH B pa3A4HHENX COCTOHHHHX.
1/11a1c, 03omeprA npeacTaBasuoT co6oti oatmaKoBbie map, na-
xoatuuneca Elpa3anatibix COCTOHHHHX. Hanntute 143omepnbix nap,
o6aaaatomx 60.1bullimH neptioaamn nonypacna,aa, o3nagaeT, TaKtim
o6pa3om, HTO neKoTopme aTomubie stapa moryT anuTenbnoe Bpema
cytuecTBoBaTb B pa3antintAx COCTOSIHNHX.
Bawl-10mm 3Tanom B pa3BHTHH yuennsi o6 tuteptiott n3ome-
p1414 ontaach pa6oTa Batla3eKKepa [1.5], B KoTopotl 6biao 060-
cnoBano npeacTamenne 0 TOM, HTO OAHH 143 HAeHOB KMAOR
143omepnotl napb1 itaxoataca B meTaCTa6HAbHOM, T. e. 71.11HTellbH0
cyntecTBytoutem B036ywaennom COCTOHHHH. COCTOHHHe apyroro
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
8 BBEAEHHE
grieHa H3omepHon napu ABASIeTCSIOCHOBFIUM COCTORHHeM scrIpa Han-
Hoo
(NeBHAHO, 4T0 B Tex cnytiaHx, KorAa MN cTanimaemcH
C HBO6X0BHMOCTMO npHnHcaTh oaHomy H Tomy paAHoaKTHH-
Homy H3oTony Allta pa3.rminiux nepHoaa nonypacnaaa, MW Hmeem
Reno c H3omepHumm napamH HAep.
B nacTomee spew' ygenHe o HAepHoti H30mepHH COCTBBAReT
oimy 113 BUM= ram, CIMI3HKH BTOMH0r0 HApa. Hanel 3mageft
HmHeTcH H3noxceme HmelonnacH AaHHux o cHoftmax HAepHux
H3omepoH.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
FYIABA
SWEPHASI 1430MEPHSI Y 5POMA
06mapymteame maomepaa y 6poma
KaK ye yK33b18an0Cb BO ssenetani, Briep11ble Hoomeplim
y HCKyCCTBeHHO pa,LIHOUTHBHbIX semen's 6mna ofinappiceila
B. KypuaToBbim, H. Kyp411TOBbIM, IVINCOBCKHM 0 PyCHHOBbIM Ha
nplimepe pa,sHounisHoro 6poma. 143omepHs 6poma 5113;151ms
KnaccHvecKlim npumepom 11,aepnoti HoomepHH, a cnoco6, npii no-
molux KoToporo 6bino AoKa3ano ee cyinecrsosamie, Hmeer o6w,Ht1
xapawrep, nowromy mbi 6onee nonpo6Ho paccKamm o Hem.
14. KypliaTos o ero coTpyniu4KH Hccnenosanx o6pa3osamie
HcKyccTsenHo panHoaKTHsHbix seuiecTs y 6poma npo o6nyvenini
ero HetrponamH. aKcnepumeHTanbime yCJI0BH11{ 9THX OilbITOB
Kpat1He HpOCTI,11411. Bpom nonseprancs o6nyveHino Heti-
TpoHamil, BbIX02111111HM0 113 amnynKH, conepscanlet1 %Holmium palms(
H 6epH.n.nlitl, a nocne o6nyveHi411 no,anoclincv K cveTvincy
rell-
repa-Mioniepa J1,1111 ycTanosneinis camoro 4)awra o6pa3osain411
panimaKTHsHbrx 1130ronos H onpenenetms ox nepliona nony-
pacnana.
Bwio ycTaHosneno, 4TO npH TaKom o6nyveHHH o6pa3yloTcs
TpH paAHOaKTHBANX BeuiecTsa c nepHonamH nonypacnana:
= 18 MOH.,
T2 = 4,4 vaca,
T3 = 36 vac.
Bb1.30 nanee noKaoano, 4TO 9T11 TpH nepHona, T1, T2 H T3,
moryT 6bITb o6Hapywelibt T5K)K a Torna, Kora 6pom o6ny-
vaeTcs AsedAelinbt,uu flocKonhicy npH oaxsaTe men-
nemioro HettrpoHa TaKHM cpasturrenbso Tmenum snpom, KaK
6pom (3apsn sinpa Z = 35),i Onaroitapfl KynoHosomy 6apbepy
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
10
NI. 1. HAEPHASI 1130MEPH1 Y SPOMA
cocTamioe Hap? He moaceT Hcaycnyrb 3apsogetmylo iwcauty Otpo-
TOH HMI cx-diacTmly), TO eill4HCTBeHHbIM pe3yabTaTom 3axBaTa Hen-
Tpona )1,0JOKHO 5bITb o6pa3oBaime HOBbIX H3OTOHOB 6poma, ripHgem
HCKOTOpbIe 113 9THX 1430TOIT0B moryT oxa3aTbca pwaHoaKTHBHumm.
CneaoBaTeabHo, cxemy npeapaweHHH 6poma Hoa aeticTimem
MC/1,11eHliblX Hen-rpm:Km moatHo 3a11HCHTb B Emae
ABr + nA 1- iBr,
1
35 0 35
rne A o6o3Ha4aer maccoBoe toicao ecTecraemoro H3oToria 6poma,
a A+1? maccoBoe tHIC.110 14301OI1H 6poma, o6pa3oBanueroc8
B pe3yabT3Te 3axliaTa HetIrpona.
TO 06CTOSITe,TIbCTBO, qTo 05Pa3onaBtimec5i Hpa o6.nygemill
6poma Me.g.leHHUM14 HetiTpoidamH paAHOaKTHBHble BewecTBa c yica-
33118UM0 Buwe nepHoaamll HonypacHwaa T? T, i T aet1cTBH-
TeJlbH0 1113111110TC/1 PH1LMORKTI4BH131M11 H3oTo11amH 6poma, 6biao
aorca3aHo HccaeaorianHamti XIIMHtleCKI1X CBORCTB 3T14X salaam.
Kai( ITOKa3a./IH 3111 Hccae,aoaaHHH, xxmHtiecicHe CBORCTBH Bcex Tpex
ynomaHyThix Flume pa1HOaKTI4BHbIX BewecTB oKa33aHcb TOW,IleCT-
BeHHb1M11 XHMHtleCICHM CBORCTBaM 061,111110TO 6poma. Bo Bcex npo-
H3Be,aermbix ximmecxxx npeapauleHHHx 3TH paaHoalLTHBAble
Bemecnia caeaosami 3a 6pomom.
TaKHM o6pa3om, C HeCOMHHHHOCTE.10 MO/KHO 6b1/10 caeaaTi,
t1TO Bce 'rpm ynomaHyTux Bbnue nepHoaa HoaypacHaaa
up min! aeacaT 1lletiCIBHTeJ1bH0 paaHoaxnumbim 1430TO rlaM 6poma.
KOHet1H0, HHtler0 yAMB14.1e.I1bHOTO He owl? B TOM, tITO ripH
o6.TrytieH4H 6poma meaneHHbimx HeitrpoHamil BO3HHIMOT paiwo-
aKTHBAble 11301011bl 6poma. YAHBHTellbH0 561.110, 'ITO 3THX paaHo-
aKTHBIMIX 1130T0110B o6pa3oBanoch 'rpm, HOCK0.11b1{y anemeHT 6pom
c4u4TancH cocTosnumm 113 cmecH TO.11bH0 artyx H3oTonort
6poma 79 II 6poma 81. Bo3Hxxaa Borrpoc: xaKum o6pa3om HpH
o6apieHm4 MJIJIHHbTMH HetiTporiamm aByx cTa6HabHux 1430101108
6poma B0311HKalOT TpH ero pwaHoaxTHBabix H30T011a?
KOHet1110, MO>KHO 6b1J10 C414TaTb cortpemewame 3HHHHH 06
H301011HOM cocTase 6poma HeTOtillb1MH H ripe,anoaoacHTb, TO
11HCJI0 143010110B 6poma 6onbwe ,asyx. 0,appco caeumaabHbie H
TulaTenbHbie accaeaosamia [1.6] no,aTeep.aHnH Haawnie y 6poma
TOJIbK0 aux 143010110B. K wromy caeayeT ,ao63BHTb xopowo
113BeCT}IbIt1 141aKT, COCTOSILLIHR B TOM, y Bcex sump c HetieT-
Hblbf aTOMEINM Homepom (aTomHbal Homep 6poma ? 35) He cyale-
cmeT 6onee aayx C1H611J1bHbIX 1430T0H013.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
4,0T0HERTP0HHUR 34,4,EKT B EPOME
11
0611cHemme nommneHmm Tpex nepmomom noaypacnaaa 6bino
mamo 14. KypmaTomum H ero coTpyminmamm. Amm noKammo,
tyro He mce TPH PaallOaKTHBHbIX pacnama COOTBeTCTBylOT pa3-
J1144111,1M Pa,14140aKT141311b1M H3OTOIlaM. B aeliCTBHTeabHOCT14 paamo-
alMIBHbIX H30T0110B Taa11K0 mma, 0,114H 113 MX monceT o6paso-
maTH nomepHym napy.
KaK Mb1 ymce ylCa3bI8BA14 BO BBe,aeHHI4, 0,114H 143 mneHom 1430-
meptiot1 nap bl HaX0,11,HTC5l B mo36pKaenH0m ? meTacTa6mabnom
coCTOSIBBH, a mpyrotl ?B OCHOBHOM. LInembi m3omepHot1 mph',
maxommiumecm m pambix C0CT051111451X, oftamamT paaammmumm
nepmomamm nonypacnaaa, Onaromapa memy CO31LaeTC1 mnemaTne-
Hme 0 Hal114411H vmmunieroD paBHOBKTHBHOPO 1430TOTIa.
TaKoma HCT0p1451 OTKpbITHH 1130mepmm 6poma.
11pm 3axmaTe blet1TpoHa mmpamm 6poma moram o6pa3omaTbcm
p axmoaxnumbie H30T011b1? 6pom 80 14 6pom 82. KaKott Nce 113 3THX
pa1LH0aKTHBH11IX H30T0110B o6pa3yeT m3omepHyto napy? OTBeT Ha
3TOT monpoc aii mccaemomaumm 4loTomet1Tp0Hnoro 344e1cTa
B 6pome [1.7-1.4
()0T0HefiTp0HHb1ik 944eKT B 6pome
4To614 maTb OTBeT Ha monpoc 0 TOM, KaKot1 113 1130T011013
6poma ? 6pom 80 Ham 6pom 82 ? o6pa3yeT m30mepHym napy,
BoTe H reHTHep 413T1141111 141510T01-Ie1Tp0HHUR 344eKT B 6pome.
ciD0T0HeATPOHHE1I 30101eKT COCTOHT B BMpWBUIHN HeRTp0H0B 113
5111pa 11021 aeRCTBHeM 7-KBaHTOB. f1OCK0abay 6pom 5113/151eTCH
cmecbm mmyx 1430T01108, 11:10T0HeRTP01411NR 34341eKT B Hem monceT
HPDXOTIHTh no mmym cnempomm cxemam:
78 1
79Br hvBr -I-n
0
36
80 1
35Br + 35Br + On.
TaKHM o6pa3om, nom oonymeHmm 6poma 7-KBaHTaMH MOT 803-
FIHKHyTb mma pammoaKTmumix m3oTona C MaCCOBUMH 4HC5aMH 80
m 78. CnemomaTenbmo, o6paumumecm npm 410T0HeRTPOHHOM
3441eKTe pammoaKTiumble H30T01114 6poma mon>mbi 0TaHgaTbC51
110 cocTamy OT paAHOBICTHBHUX H3OTOROB 6pom.a, BO3HHKa1OAIIHK
rIpH 06arleHHH 6poma HenTponamm. Ilpil c6aymeHmm Het/Tpomamm
BO3HHKalOT H30T011b1 C MaCCOBEJMH mmcnamm 80 H 82, a npm
1430T0HeRTPOHHOM actoctieKTe ? 80 H 78.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
12
rn. 1. HAEPHAH H3OMEPHH Y BPOMA
HO3TOMy, ecnH H3omepri10 napy o6pa3yeT Hap? H3OTOria
6poma 82, TO npH 4mTone1IrpoHHom aclxpexTe Aommo Ha6nto-
AaTbC51 B031IHKHOBeHHe TOJIbK0 Anyx pa,aHoaxnuatux H3OTO-
HOB, OHM H3 KOTOpbIX 6y,aeT HMeTb H3BeCTHbItl yyxe Ham ne-
pHoa ? nH6o 18 mHH, nH6o 4,4 qaca, nHoo 36 qac, a nepHo-
Aom Apyroro H3oTona-6poma 78 ?6yaeT HoHun, AoTone
HeH3HecTmet
EcnH ice H3omepHa51 napa o6pa3osaHa 6pomom 80, TO Toraa
H npfi 4mToHettTpoHHom KixtlexTe 6rayT Ha6.7noaarbcH TpH nepHoaa
nonypacnaaa. Asa H3 HHX 6yayr npimaanewaTh 6pomy 80 (9To
6yar Asa 143 Tpex nepHoaoH ? 18 MHH., 4,4 qaca H 36 qac.),
a OaHH HOBbIll ? 6pomy 78.
Ansi TOr0 HT06b1 43oToHet1TpoHnutt 94octie1T Hmen mecTo, HTKHO
06/Iy4HTb 6pom i-nramH, 9HepTHH KBaHTa KOTOpbIX 110JDKHa
npesocxonwrb meprmo CBH314 netiTpoHa. Ansi 9nemeHT0H, Haxo-
aHumxcH B cepeakme Ta6nHau MeHaeneesa, sneprun CBH3H Heti-
Tpoma nopHaxa "MATH 9.71eKTP0H-B0413T. TaKHM
o6pa3om, Lust ocymecTrineHHH 4mToHetiTpomoro 944eRTa HyHCH131
Hechma 5Heprw1Hue 1-arm.
B RagecTee HCTOAHHK2 Taloa T-nyvett 6uno Hcnonh3oHaHo
7 I
HaepHoe npeHpaineHHe 3LisBe. BepHanHA 8, o6pa3ym-
4
nuiticH npH 3axeaTe npoTosa IIHTHeM 7, HanyqaeT 1-nyqH, snep-
rHR KOTOpbIX pasna 17 MHHHHOHaM 93eKTp0H-BOAbT.
3HeprHH 3THX Hno.nne AOCTaTOHHa, HT06131 4lOT011enTp0H-
Hba4 94.4eKT B 6pome HMeJI mecTo.
Rpm o6ny9eHHH 6poma TaimmH T-nyqamm 6uno o6HapymeHo
BO3HHKHOBeHHe Pa,11110aKTHBHIAX H30T0110B 6poma co caeaymutHmH
TpemH nepHoaamH nonypacnaaa:
T1 = 18 mHH., T2 = 4,4 qaca, Ts = 6 MHH.
ConocTaHneHHe 9THX nepHoaop nonypacnaaa c TemH, KoTopue
o6HappicHnH 14. KypqaTos H ero COTpra}114KH HH 06.71pleHHI4 6P0Ma
HetiTpoHamH, no3HongeT caenarb cneayminHe Bb1B01b1: 1) nepHoa
nonypacnaaa 36 qac. nploaanewHT paaHoaKTHHHomy H3oTony
6poma 82; 2) nepHoa nonypacnana 6 mHH. np0Ha1InexcHT Hao-
Tony 6poma 78; 3) 6pom 80 o6pa3yeT H3omepHym napy.
lie-
pioiui nonypacnaaa T1=18 mHH. H 72=4,4 qaca HpuHaane-
BAT 6pomy 80 H HpOHOTHBEHIOT nepHoau pacnaaa panimux
COCTOHHHR aToro sopa (OCHOBHOBO H MeTACTOHAbH0r0),
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
p-CUEKTP PAAHOAKTHBHbIX 1430T01IOB BPOMA 13
p-cneKTp paaaoaaTasmax 1430TOHOB 6poma
14culeA0Ba1-fHe p-crielapa pa,a140aKTIIBHUX H30T0110B 6poma
6bin0 npoHaseaeHo AnnxanoHhim, Ankixammom H ,L4Kenenonhim
[1.9-1.10]. PeayabTaTbi 9T01'o HccaeikosaHHH HmenH Hamioe
matte}me anH nommaHHH npHpoau Hag])Hon HaomepHH 14, H aa-
CTHOCTH, AAR BUHCHeHHH npHpoam H30MepHH 6poma.
UJIII HCCAe10BaHHA cneKTpa (3-143arietu11 6poma AnHxaHoe,
AnkixaHHH H ,1=1,)HeaenoH npHmeHHaH marHHTHbiti p-cneicrporpacp
c noHopoTom p-nytien Fia 1800.
Cxemarmeme pacnoame-
HHe onwra "tax? Ha plic. 1.
ByKaon S o6oaFiatieH 14C104-
HHK p-nytia, B AaHHOM cay-
T ny4OK p -aren, COOT-
t
BeTCTBykOW,HX onpeaeaeHnomy "PI z,
nae paaHoaKTHHHbal 6pom, rTTT
amacl)parmbi A, B H C Bbipe-
3a1OmageHmo 9HeprHH. Beruimma
3T0tl Hueprim onpeaenHeT- r. ,
CH KpHBH3HOR TpaeKTopHH H
Hanp11)Kemocrb10 marHHTHoro
nom' H, Hanpasaemoro nep-
neHancynHpHo K 11.1OCKOCTH Pile. 1. Cxema p-cnensporpacpa
p0c. 1. lipH HameHeHHH mar- AaHxaHoaa: S- HCT04HHK 0-nye;
H Z2? caeTaHHH Ferirepa-Mma-
HHTHOr0 nOAH H H3MeliSleTC4
Aepa; A, B, C ? macpparmu; D ?
9xeprrig 9neKTpoHos, npoxo- OKHa B C4eT4HKax.
11.411U4X epea cHeTmHKH. CtieT-
LIHKH lefirepa-Mionaepa Z1 H Z2 BK11104a1OTCH B cxemy coHnane-
MR, T. e. OHH perHcTpupyloT TOAbK0 TaKHe cnytiax, Kor1a 9neKTpon
npoxoawr 4epe3 o6a cHeTin4Ka oaHospemeHno. ?Firm nponycKaHHH
9AeKTp01408 C4eT4HKH 24 H 272 Hmenvi OKHa, aaKpuTme TOHKOR
(ripmpa4HO1 Ana 6bICTpb1X 9neKTp0H0B) ctiOnbron H3 anI0MHHH51.
14CTO4HHKOM 9.neKTpor1Oa B onbrrax AaxxaHosa caymn npena-
paT paaHoaKTHHHoro 6pow, HaanegeHHIAtt H3 6pom1cToro 9T0A11
nocae o6nyHeHHH nocneaHero HenTpoHamH.
KaK yKaabiaanH Hume, np0 o6nytieHHH 6poma HettTpo-
Hamm 06pa3poTcH pa,amoaKTHHHme HetHecTaa c TpemH nepHoaamH
nonypacnaaa. Kanim ace o6paaom moacHo oTamtmTb p-cneicrpm,
Hanynaembie paanHanumg H3OTOnaMH? AnHxaHon H ero coTpya-
FirucH HOCri0Ab30BanHCb Tem, tyro nepHoam nonypacnaaa\ 9T14x
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
14
HAEPHAH H3OMEPHH Y EPOMA
aeulecTs CHAbH0 OLIHHalOTCH Apyr OT apyra. B aauffom cayqae
Hmeem
T1: ;---= 18 : 260 = 0,069,
T1: T3=18 :2160 = 0,008.
Morita MM o6ayqaem 6pom netiTpouama aocTaToinio aoaroe
apema, TO ycTaaartaimeTca paaaoaKTmaaoe pamoaecae AAH
acex paAHOaKTHBHbIX H3OTOHOB. B 3ToM cayqae B npenapaTe
6poma pa3natmbie paakioaKTaaabie H3OTOribi 6yAyT HaX0AMTbCH
B KOAHtleCTBaX, npa KOTOpUX
fl 4HCAO pacnaaamumxca aaep co-
OTBeTCTByeT tinny BHOBb o6pa-
3yknn,14xCa.
ECAH Mu 6yaem o6ay4aTh
6pom Het1Tponama KopoTKoe spe-
MA ? nem alum, HeCK0AbK0 ae-
CHTKOB MHHyT, TO KORHtleCTBO
Haep, ametoulax nepaoa nony-
pacnaaa 4,4 qaca, a Tem 6onee
36 qac., 6yaer aaaeKo OT paano-
BeCH0r0. B TO MCe apema KOAHtie-
CTBO aaep c nepaoaom 18 mHH.
pKe oyaeT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb
p
0 1000 aamoaKTamomy palm:man?.
2000m38 ..no3Tomy, ecJn4 Mbl cpaatiam
meauy co6oto cneKTp paaao-
aKTaanoro 6poma, aaaaeqemapro
H3 6p0MHCTOTO 3THAa nocae KO-
poTKoro apemeaa o6ariefnm, co cneKTpom paaaoaKTaanoro 6poma,
aaaaegennoro H3 6p0mHCTOT0 9THAa nocae anaTeabaoro o6ay-
4em4a ero HefiTponama, TO cmoacem H3 cymmapaoro p-cnexTpa
BblAeAHTb p-cneKTp, npimaaamanlati KoporKmKasymemy 6pomy
(T=18 mini.).
Hpa AAHTeAbHOM o6aytiema 6poma B marawmom cueKTpe
3,11eKTp0HOB 6y1yT npeacTaaaeau B oamaKoaoft mepe ace Tpu
H3OTOria. OAHaK0 HHTeHCHBHOCTb 143.arleHHH KopoTKommytnero
moTona 6yaeT 6aicTpo y6bittaTb. CnycTa 2 qaca nocae o6ay-
1erm aKTHBHOCTb HaoTona c nepaoaokt noaypacnaaa 18 MM.
63raeT npaKTmecKa pama nyalo H MM 6ya.em Ha6.Tuoaarb may-
'lel-file, npanaanewamee cmeca H3OTOH0B c nepaoaom noaypacnaaa
Br/
PHc. 2. p-cneup Br I
(T= 18 will.).
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
17
P-CHEKTP PAAHOAKTHBHMX 1430T0110B BPOMA
15
4,4 qaca H 36 qac. HocAe 24 qn. aKTHBHOCTb 6poma 6yAeT
ooycaomeaa npalamecim TO.AbK0 H3OTOHOM 6poma 82 (lie-
pawl. noaypacnaaa 36 qac.). Ilamepas, caeRoHaTeabHo, cneR-
Tpambuoe pacnpeAenemie B paminmue momenTm ripemema,
MO>KHO onpeaenaTh P-CHeKTp61,cooTBenTsytommepa3JIut1iumne-
pHoAam noaypacnaRa. Pe3yabTaTu a3mepeHma AnaxaHoHa H Ap.
AaHu Ha pac. 2, 3 H 4. Ha pac. 2 npaneaeH cnemp 6poma 80,
COOTBeTCTByKHHHA nepaoAy HO-
aypacnnta 18 man, Ha pac. 3
npaHeaen p-cneKTp 6poma 82
(7' == 36 qac.), Ha pac. 4 cnetup
6poma 80, COOTBeTCTByKHHHfi
neplwAy nonypacnaAa 4,4 qaca.
Br
0
/7
Brif
?
1000x3e 0 1000 20001138
PHc. 3. p-cnetcrp Br III
(T = 36 qac.).
PHc. 4. p-cnexTp Br II (T= 4,4 tiaca)?
KpliBaSI C TOtiKaM14; Ha 3TOT ci-CIICKTp
Hammen (i-criewrp Br I ? xpHaan c
KpecruicamH.
Ha 3TOT cnemTp aamen TaK)Ke cneKTp 6poma 80, COOT-
BeTcTsymmai nernmy noaypacnaaa 18 MHH. 143 aToro nano-
WeHaa HmTeRaeT HaatnuR Husoa. p-cneKTp, acnycRaemua 6po-
mom 80 c nepaoaom noaypacnaAa 4,4 qaca, 0 p-cneKTp,
acnyckaemun 6pomom 80 c nepaoAom nonypacnaAa 18 MHH,
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
16
NI. I. KIEPHAR H3OMEPHR Y BPOMA
coenaLkator. Upamma P-cneKrpa e co6omx cayqaex oinmaxoea,
oHa palm 2,05 M38. PaClipe.Rellefille HHTeRCHBHOCTH B 06014ar
cneicrpax e6.11143H rparnntbi Tame oAHHalcoeo. HeKoropoe pac-
xow,EtenHe Ha6moztaercsi npH sHeprmax HHwe 1 M96, LIT? oftec-
name He6o.abwor1 npHmechio P-cnexrpa 6poma 82 (T.36 qac.)
cnexrpy 6poma 80 c nepHortom T = 4,4 ilaCa.
LITO we mower oenagarb coenmeme P-CIIeKTp0B, CI3R3aHHbIX
C aKTHBHOCTRMH T1 = 18 MHH. H T2 4,4 aca? Tame coma-
ileHme mower 6bITb cne,acreHem OBHOTO 143 cneeponvx 06CTOR-
TellbCTB.
1. Bpom 80, HaX0I(511LUIRCR B meracra6mbH0m COCTORHHH,
Hauges! P-nyqH, nepexo,rmr He B OCHOBH0e COCTORHHe KP1111-
Tom 80, a 13 ero B0e6yw,geHHoe cocromme, ripe m 3Heprust
B036pKiteHli11 9TOTO COCTO11HI451 y HApa epHirrona 80 e.onwHa
6bITb TaK011 we, KaK ii aHeprHe ecaywiterm meracra6H.lbHoro
COCTORHHR 6poma SO. Taxon nepexoA Heo6pawen Ha cxeme
pHc. 5, a.
2. Bpom 80, HaXOARIIIHRCSI B meracra6HabH0m COCTORHHH,
H3nyq a A f-JIyM, HepexolluT B OCHOBH0e COCTORHH e KpliTITOH
Kraig'
a)
ramma maHm unu
anemmpon tromeepciat
PHc. 5.
Br110 -Alcoa+
(7;)
fi-pacnad(7)
Kr 80
8)
TK ,we KK H 6pom 80, HaROXISILHHRCR B OCHOBHOM COCT051-
,.
HRH. Coennteme p-cnexrpoe B 9TOM c.qyqae oeHaqaer, qTo
9fteprim B036p1QeH1451 meracra6mbHoro COCTORIIHR y 6poma 80
Heeemea, menbLue, qem 0uni6ea B yCTaHOBJleHHH 3HatleHHR
rpauHum p-cnetcrpa. aromy nepexoey Ha plc. 5 oreeqaer
cxema 8.
3. B AefiCTBIITeRbHOCTII Her atyx nepexo,rerm H p-nepe-
xoA, 6poma B Kpiurroft 80 ocyulecreasieng TO UAW 0,11,HHM
cnoco6om? C OCHOBHOPO COCTOSIHMI 6poma 80 (pHc. 5, 6).
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
H3RPIEHHE EPOMA IIPH H3OMEPHOM HEPEX0aE
17
BTopofl H3 Ha6aloaaemmx nepexonos n( aypacnana npeacra-
014eBklaHO, nepexoa 6poma 80 113.Bo36pKiLetinoro COCTOR-
HMS1 B OCHOBH0e.
rip014CX0a4T, cneaoBarenbuo, ,aByxcTyneHr.m14 Hpou,ecc. Cna-
qana H036pa,aeHt bat H3oTon 6poma 80 nepexo,3HT B OCHOBH0e
coc Tomme, a are ye waeT nepexoa
80
36Dir --* 36Kr + e-
Kalcasi AR 113 31MX Tpex Ho3monaiocreg coomermyer neti-
cTaHreabHomy Hpespaulefuno anpa 6poma, H aaxoll 143 nepHonoe
6poma 80 (18 MHH. Hall 4,4 qaca) coomeTcTueT meTacTa6mb-
Homy COCT011141410? OTBeTb1 Ha 9TH sonpocm 6waH nonyneEm
B HCCaea0BaHHAX PycHHom H 10340BHga C coTpyaHmamH
11.14-1.201, a Taxwe Cerpe [1.111 H ap.
lisaymeHHe 6poma npla HaomepHom Hepexoae
143ayqemie, Hcaymemoe Opomom 11pM H3omepHom nepexoae,
6mno npenmeTom mHorm HccneaoaaHHH. HaH6onee Hormo 3TO
HccaeaoaaHHe 6mno rip0H3BeneH0 PyCHHOBbIM 11 /03e40131411eM
[1.17-1.191, rpH16eprom H PycLaosum [1.20], KoTopue ycTa-
HOBI4J113 OCHOBHlie LlepTbi SIB.BeHHH, Flp014CX0a5{LUX Him H3omep-
ROM nepexue 6poma 80.
Smaernm 113 6poM11cToro 3THaa, o6nrieHHoro HeATpo-
Hamm, cmecb paa140aKTMBHUX 1430T0110B 6poma H caougeHTpa-
poaaa ee B BWEIe TOHKOTO Ca0A, PyCHHOB H /03e4)0B11,1 Hccne-
noaaaH nornomeHHe H3nrieHHH, Hcnycimemoro 9THM ocanHom,
B TOHKHX CaOSIX Ilea.1041aHa. OHM o6Happmcam cymecraosa-
HHe H3a4e111411 CTO.lb maraoro, qT0 nnetuca u,eanoclmHa, TO.11-
mmia aoTopon H3mep11eTcH Becom Hcero .114111b 0,8 MI4.11.11H-
rpamma Ha KaaapaTHutl cammmerp nosepxaocTH, nonHocrbio
nornomaer 9T0 H3aygeHHe. Enema ueriampaHa TO.11.14HHOn
0,00035 zjc.40 nornomaeT 310 H3ayqeme Hat-maw:limy. EcTe-
crseHHo 6mno npHnHcaTb CTOab mulcoe H3n3TqeHHe arietupoliam
C He6oahnio11 sHeprHeft.
To, 11TO MKTKOe Haapieme 6poma 80 aeacTaHTenbHo
ripej-
ciaBJuier co6o11 noros 9nexTpolio3, 6mao noaTHemaaeHo HC-
cnexmalinem noHeaeHHH 3Toro 143nyeleH451 B marnHTHom Hone.
Oaa3arlocb, qT0 9TO CHabH0 nornoulaemoe 143nytiehme 6poma ripen-
CTaBaSier C060f1 110TOK 34eKTp0HOB C alleprHal, paaHoil
IlpH6a11311TeabH0 30 000 mexrpoH-BonbT. Monoio own? 6u nerao
2 3ax. 950. M. H. Kopcyliciaul
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
is
1'R. I. HAMAR H3OMEPHH Y BPOMA
onpeAeniffb, C XaKHM HMeHHO H3OTOflOM 6poma CB5132H0 9TO
9nexTpoHHoe H3nylieme: ,L1aH 3TOT0 HaA0 6bIRO TORbK0 onpeRe-
a0Tb spew', B TeHeHHe xoToporo HHTeHCHBHOCTb wroro maple-
HRH naRaeT B Rim pa3a. Oxa3anoch, WO 9TO npemH panmeTcH
4,4 Haca, T. e. ocna6nenHe co npemeHem HHTeHCHBHOCTH mHrxoro
nnexTpoinioro H3ny4eHHH 6poma connaRaeT c H3meHenHem imcna
HRep H3omepa 6poma 80. CaeRonaTenbllo, TO H3nylienHe conyT-
unyeT npenpainemo 6poma 80 143 BOADKAeHHOTO COCTOHHHH
B OCHOBH0e. CReAyeT npm 3TOM OTMeTHTb, LITO WUXI 9T14X
3nexTponon no npokoneAenHoft mime connano, B npeAenaX
TOgHOCTH Hnmepentift, C MHCROM P-9ReKTp0H0B, Hcnycxaembax
npa palmoaxTimnom pacnaAe 6poma 80, T. e. Ha xawAbiti OAHH
P-3nexrpoll, Hcnycxaemulft nomepHoft napoft 6poma 80, npHxo-
AHacH oAHH nnexTpon c sHeprHeft 30 000 98. KaKOB we mexa-
HH3M BO3HHKHOBeHHH TaKHX 9ReKTp0HOB? It KypqaTon npeAno-
nowm, IITO 9T0 nnewrpoim 1IOHBRHIOTC51 B pe3yabTaTe elsynt-
pelmet moneepcuu npH nepexoAe HApa H3 8036ywaeHHoro co-
CTOHHHH B OCHOBH0e. (KOHBepCHOHHbIe 9ReKTp0Hbl,K2K H3BeCTHO,
B OTRINHe OT naexTponon p-pacnaAa o60aAaloT onpeReneHHoft
9Heprileft0
I1ocxonbxy B pe3yabTaTe myTpeHHen KOHBepCHH yAanHeTcH
9nexTpon 143 060.20q1CH aroma, 3T0 HBReHHe AWDKHO conponow-
AaTbCH HcnycxaHHem xapaxTepHcTmecxxx penTreHoncxxx nytieft,
CBORCTBeHHbIX Tem aTomam, B KOTOpbIX Hp0HCX0A4T nnyTpenHHH
KOHBePCHH. 3T14 xapaxTepHcTmecxHe arm 6yAyT BO3HHKaTb
? yAanemi nnexTpoHa (n pe3yabTaTe nnyTpenHeft xoHnepcHH)
C K.06040q1C1f. OgeBHAHO, MTO HEITeHCHBHOCTb 3THX xapaxTepH-
CTHHeCKHXnytieftAonwHay6bniaTbconpemeHemTaK)Ke,KaKy611-
naeT co npemenem 1114CRO B036y)KAeH1ibIX HAep. YcTaHOBReHHe
itlawra cyatecTnonarma TaKIIX xapaxTeplicTmecxmx nygeft He
TORbK0 noRTnepAHno 6b1 npanHabHocTb rHnoTew 14. Kyptia-
TOBa, HO Aano 6bi BO3MONCHOCTb yCTaHOBHTb, y KaKOTO HMeHHO
3o36ywAeH1loro HApa ? 6poma HRH KpIIIITOHa ? IIp014CXORHT
BHy-
TpeHHHM KOHBepCHH.
ARSI Toro woom yCT2HOBHTb, cyutecTayloT RH TaxHe arm
? cocTane H3nyHeHHH, Hcnycxaemoro paAnoaxTHnHum 6pomom,
PyCHHOB H 1.13340nm Ha nyTH Haarlem's' OT HCTOIIIIHKa AO
cHermxa reftrepa co3Aanan14 cHabHoe marHHTHoe none, xoTopoe
OTKROHHRO 3apHweHHble tlaCTIIHN (9nexTpoH1l) B cTopony, Tax
4TO B CgeTTIHK morno nonaAaTb TORbK0 9nexTpomarH14THoe 143-
ArieHme---peaTrenomme arm. OnuT noxa3an, B cocTane
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
13ASNEHHE BPOMA HPH H3OMEPHOM HEPEXOAE
10
H3nyI1efiiia panHoaxTHBHoro 6poma neticTinrre.abHo HPHCYTCTBYIOT
peHTreHoncnie nyqH.
Kax Ii onataanocb, HHTeHCHBHOCTb 3TMX penTreHoBmix nytieti
co BpemeHem ocna6eBana. 3a BpemH, paBHoe 4,4 qaca, HHTeli-
CHBHOCTb MX y6biBana B nita pa3a. CnenoBaTenbHo, nosoneme
3THx perrrreHonicHx nytiett CBH33H0 C PaAHOaKTHBHIAM npeBpa-
nteHHem 6poma, npoHcxonaunim co BpemeHem nonypacnana
4,4 qaca. C nomouibio 4)HnbTpoB H3 ainomHHHa -6bin oripeneneH
KoacticlenllnieHT Hommel-Hu 3THX penrreHoBcicHx nrien B anio-
MI4111414, a no Benip4HHe K034X1111104eHT3 nor.noniefuni ycTaHoBneno
3Haqem1e AJIHHhi BOJIHN. Anima BORFIbl oxa3anacb paBnoti ripH-
61111314Teabil0 0,KHOMY aHrcTpemy.
Xopoilio H3BeCTHO, gTo xapaicreplicniqecicoe peirrreHoBcicoe
H3nyilei114e 6poma HMT 1.1,11111-Ibl BOJIH:
K1= 1,03759 A,
Ka, 1,04160 A;
cnenoBaTenbHo, onpeneneftHaH no nornonieinno B a.1110MI1HHH nimna
BOHHhi He HaX0A4TCH B nporkirlopetnni c npenuonmKenHem o KOH-
sepom, Boammaioinett npki nepexone 6poma 143 Bo36yacrieHHoro
COCTOAHHH B OCHOBH0e. Onnalco 3THX BaHHbIX He,aocTaToqno,
tiTo6br yTBepKaaTb, LITO KOHBePCHR HPOHCX0AHT HMeHHO B aTome
6poma. CocenHHe c 6pomom 9.11e1eHTbl? KPHTITOH H ceiei-i?
MM1OT
xapaxTepkicTmecxoe H3ny1eHHe, ,11.71HH3 BOJIHbl KOTOPOF0
TONCe 6.11H3K3 K onHomy aHrcTpemy; Tax,
Kal xpHnToHa = 0,9781 A,
Ka2 xpHirroHa = 0,9821 A,
Kai ce.neHa 1,10248 A,
Ki2 ceneHa = 1,10652 A.
lio3Tomy He HciunotieHa BO3MOMOLOCTb, 11TO C ,T(.710dO11
BC/Alibi HOPHaKa anHoro aurcTpema eCTb xapaKTepiacTiiqecKoe
H3ay4enHe He 6poma, a xpHnToHa Hall ceneHa. MoaceT, onnaxo,
B031111KHyTb Bonpoc: KaKHM o6pa3om cpenH H3nytiewail pan4o-
aKT1113HOF0 H3OTOrla 6poma 80 monceT noBBHTbca xapaicrepHcTH-
qecicoe HanytieHme ceneHa 11J114 xpHriToHa? TanaH BO3MORCHOCTb
npxHinine He HcKnioqeHa. Rax H3BecTHo B HacTogniee !Tema
2*
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
20
tn. h HAEPHAH 133OMEPHA Y BPOMA
[1.21], 6pom 80, HaxoRstut,Hticst B OCHOBHOM COCTORHHH, pacna-
Raercst aCTENHO c ncnycxamem P-anexTpoHoa H nepexoRHT
npft aTOM H xpfinToH 80, a itacTnitHo pacnaaaeTcH c HcnycKa-
Hitem nO3HTpOHOB H nepexoRHT npn 3TOM B ceneti 80. EZAH
ceneH HMI KpHnTOH, BO3HHKal0In4e B peaynbTaTe pacnaRa, oxa-
3b1BalOTCA B n036pcaeHHom COCTOHHHH, TO moryT np0HCX0AHTE.
H KOHBePCHOHHble nepexcabi, B peaynbTaTe Rero BO3HHKaeT
xapaxTepHcmtlecxoe penTreHoncHoe HanygeftHe ceneHa HnH,
COOTBeTCTBeHHO, xpinuona.
Ann Toro trro6b1 AOKa3aTb, 4TO Ha6nto1aemoe mstrxoe PeHT-
reHoBcicoe HanyttenHe C AnHH0f1 BORHU, nintonHatiTenbHo pamon
oAHomy afircTpemy, AefiCTBHTenbH0 npeacTausteT co6oft xapax-
TepHcTmecxoe Hanytteme 6poma, a He xpnnToHa max cenema,
Pyclutoft H 10340BHR BOCTIOnb30BanHCb meToRom xapaxTepHcTft-
ttecxnx 4niabTpout. Cyuntocrb 9TOCO meToita COCTOHT B cneRyto-
uRem. Kai H3BeCTHO, KO94414nHeHT nornouieHHH PeHTTeHOBCKHX
Arlen 3aBHCHT OT JLJIMHbI B0.111b1 (H, KOHellHO, OT nornoinatoutero
netnecTaa). C ymetibutemem AnHHW BOJIHN A x034:4)HHHenT no-
rnouteHint ymeHbutaeTcH, !moo= TOB0p5l, MOHOTOHHO. OAHaK0
Ana utcsixoro Hew,ecTuta cymecTayeT Taxoe aftageHne AnHHbl BOAHM
AK ?Kpast 110.10C11 nornow,efffla, npft KOTWOM xoacticlaHHHeHT
nornouneHHH npeTepneHaer peaxoe HameHeme. llpuymeHmuetnnt
AnMb! BOJIHU K0944HIIHeHT nornouteHHH cxa1xoo6pa3Ho Bova-
cTaeT. 3ro cgatmoo6pa3Hoe Hamettenne nornomema?peayabTaT
TOM, 4TO K nornoutemno peHTreHoscxlix arta, npoHaftoR,Hmomy
4aCTb10 060n0RKH aroma, no6aansteTc5! etue nornotneHme, 06H3aH-
Hoe anexTpoHam 6onee rny6oxfix BByTPeHHHX cnoeut. Oco6eHHo
aftagHTeneft CKaROK TIOTnOlneHHH, o6ycnoftneHHun nornomemem
anexTpoHamll K-rpynnbt. Tax, y ceneHa KoacintallineHT nornoute-
HRH npH nepexoae epea xpan K-nonocht nornoutenHa meHneTca
B cemb paa.
Eibt6epem afta 9nemeErra, pacnonommibtx H Ta6nHue Meting-
nem 6nH3xo Apyr OT apyra (game Hcero 9T0 cocemme ane-
membt), Tama, t4To6b1 aHageHne A?A.11MM BOALibl paccmaTpH-
tmemoro H3nytieHHH---oga3nocb npomencyTotimam menmy matte-
HHAMH AK, H X ? 'Taut nonoc nornotneHHH Hbf6paHHbtx
netnecTH, T. e. noR6epem Hetnecuta Tai, 4T06b1
< A < AK,.
&AM H3 TaKHX HeuxecTut caenam cinun'Tpu AnH peHTreHoutcxnx
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
143AYMEHHE BPOMA HPH H3OMEPHOM HEPEXOAE 21
aygeti, TO nornouteHHe 13 TOM H Apyrom 6yAeT peaKo pasam-
HUM. ()MeBHAHO, MTO TO BeinecTao, y KoToporo ARHHa BOAHU
Kpaa nonocu nornouxema Ag, 60716111e AAHHM BOAHM HccaeAye-
MbIX peHTreHoacKHx aymeft 6yAeT HX cHabHee HONUMAaTb.
006paTHO, mai KaKoe-HH6yAb peHTreHoncKoe HanytieHHe (HeH3-
BecTHoe Ham) 6y1LeT nornoinaTbcH B HeutecTne c Kpaem noaocu
nornoutenHn kg, 6onbuie, gem 13 aeutecTse, Kpaft noaocu norao-
MeHHA KoToporo 4%, TO 9TO 6yAeT 03Ha4aTb, qTO AAHHa BOAHbl X
aToro maytieHHa HMT maxieHne, npomewyTotmoe me)KAy
H Age &WHIT, B caplae, KorAa Airi< A < Azi.? KoacticloHnHeHTu
noramenHH H3aygeH14a B 060HX HemecTnax 6yAyT cHabHee OT-
AHLIaTbCR Apyr OT Apyra. EcaH we
A > AK 2> Ag,
A KE nyqH, BO3HHKaKRUHe npx K-3axnaTe HAH npx
p-pacnaAe, COOTBeTCTBDOT Tomy anemeHTy, KOTOpbat 06pa3yeTCH
B pe3ynnTaTe npespatueFxn. 3T0 3HagHT, TO npx K-3axnaTe
H npx 11030Tp0HHOM p-pacnaAe 6yAyT 1I3nyqaTnca xapaKTepx-
cTmecxme nyqx anemeHTa c aTODMIUM Homepom Ha eAxinuty
mennme AaHnoro. IlpH 9neKTp0HHOM p-pacflane 6y1IyT H3Ay-
qaTbC51 xapaKTepticTmeme nyqx anemeHTa c aTomnmm Home-
OM Ha eAmmuy 6onbuie AaHHoro. Tonhno npx H3omepEom nepe-
xoAe xapaKTepxuxqeme HanytieHme COOTBeTCTByeT Amomy
anemeHTy.
TaKHM o6pa3om, ecnx Ham H3BeCTHO,LITO mnyqatolue paAxo-
alaximme neutecTna CyTb H3OTO11W onpeAeneHHoro anemenTa, H
MM o6Hapymxm npH 3TOM cymecTnonainte xapuTeplicTmecitxx
pexTreHoscnxx ayqeM, cooTneTcTnynnaxx 3TOMy anemeHTy, TO
3T0 6yAeT omaqam, wrO cpeAx paccmaTpxnaemmx paimoataxn-
BMX H3OTOBOB cyinecTnytoT x3omepHme napm. NI0WHO ycTaHo-
nirrb, KaKOR nmenHo 03 Ha6nmAaemmx nepHoAon nonypacnaAa
6yAeT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb x3omepHomy nepexoAy. .11.An 3TOTO HaAo
H3MepHTb npemn ocna6nen4n xapaicrepxcTxqecitoro x3arteHxn
B Ana pa3a. TOT nepxoA nonypacnaAa,KoTopmg connaAaeT cnpe-
meHem nonommoro ocna6nemin HHTeHCHBHOCTH xapanTepticTme-
CKOTO H3apleHH1', H 6yAeT, OgeBHAHO, COOTBeTCTBOBaTb nepexcmy
03 B036y)KAEHHOr0 meTacTaftnnnoro COCTORHHA B 0CHOBH0e.
PITaK, onpemeneune nimpoAm xapalcremicTmecuoro pefare-
FOBCKOTO Haarlem{ ABRBeTCH 0,AHHM 03 cnoco6on BWRBAeHHA
n3omeptimx nepexcmon. /Ins ycTanonneHxn npmpoAni xapalcrepH-
cTmecitoro 113ny4em1i HeT He06X0A4MOCTH npH6eraTn K TO,IHWM
cneicrpanbHum cnoco6am xamepeuxn AAHH BOAR peHTreHoncicxx
nygen. MeToA, xapanTepuTmecnxx 04AbTp0B, HCH051,30BaHHHA
PytHHOBWM H 103e4onxqem npx xccneAonaxxx x3nyqepxn 6poma,
BBAReTCH npoculm H nmecTe C TEM nnonnenaAemum cnoco6om
onpeAeneHma anemerra, n3nyqatomero xccneAyemme xapaicTepx-
unqecime nyqx. Lto6annm, 4T0 MeT0A xapalaeplicTnqectcxx
4311,4E,Tp0B nnonHe npnroAeH H AAR cpamixTerwo cna6o aKTHB-
HWX anemeHTon.
Ansi HnnocTpaanx HCHOAb30BaHHH AaHHWX 0 xapaKTepHcerx-
necicom H3AygeH4H AAR BWABBeHHH toomepHmx nepexorton, pa3-
6epem caplet x3omepxx y TexHengn 991 pneplible paccmoTpen-
cerpe H cH6OpTOM IPOL
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
AHAA143 XAPAKTEPHCTHIIECK0r0 PEHTFEH0BCK0r0 14371374EH1414 41
143BeCTHO 614.30, ,ITO npH o6Ay1eHHH monHoAeHa AeaTep0-
HaM0 14.314 HenTpoHamm Haarnop,aeTce paallOaKTHBHOCTb C uepHo-
Aom no.nypacnana 67 Lt.- 2 qaca. FlocKoAbxy AamibM paAHo-
axTeembni 1430T011 o6pa3yerce H npH o6Ayqemm meaneHHENH
HeRTpcmamH, ecTecTeeHHo 6mno AymaTb, LITO Hourrenem yKa3aH-
Ha aKTHBHCCTH RBAReTCR KaKOR-TO 113 paaHoaxTimmx H30T041011
moA46Aena. flocxonbxy, Kax 6bino ycTaHortneHo Ea onmTe, npH
3TOM p-pacnaae 143nyqatorc11 3neKTpoHm, cneAmano AymaTb, 4T0
npoayxTom 3T01'0 pacnaaa aonweH 6b1Tb H3OTOR anemeHTa Tex-
Helots!, cToemero e Ta6AHHe MeHae.neeea 3a m0nH6AeH0m. 0AnaKo
CTa6HAblibIX H3OTOROB TexHeimx B npmpome He cymecreyeT.
CneacmaTenbHo, .AoqepHHm npoAyKTom, o6pa3ro1nxmce npH p-pac-
nue monH6Aena c nepHoaom nonypacnaaa 67 2 aca, AoneteH
6bITb paAHomammuft H3OTOR TexHemia. FlOCKOJIbKy TexHuma
o6pa3yeTce nocAe paxmoaKTHenoro upeepaw,eme moAxonexa,
MOWHO 6mao 3TOT Aoqepmal npollyKT 0TReJ114Tb OT moAH6AeHa,
nonwyecb meToAom XHM144eCKO1 cenapamm Paa140aKTHBHMX 1430-
Tome. He ocTaHaenHnaecb. Ha AeTanex xlimmecKnx maminy.ne-
uHtl, OTMeTHM2 I1TO B pe3yAbTaTe HX yAartocb OTAeJIHTb
14301011, o6pa3y1ou11ilc11 upH pacnaae aKTHBHOCTH
C nepHonom nonypacnana 67 ? 2 aca. aroi Aoqeptmli nponywr
npeTepneean npeepameHHe, npoHcxonamee c nepHonom nony-
pacnaAa T-=-- 6,6 0,4 qaca. 4To ce npeAcTameeT co6otl 3TOT
pacnaA? ameT Ha 3TOT eonpoc yAmocb HOJITIHTb, Koraa
BURCHHAOCb, LIFO C 3114M nepHoAom nonypacnalla cee3a1-io H3Ay-
4emie pexTreHoecimx LWIToro 11T061,13TCTaHOBHTb,4T0)Ke
113Ay4aeT 3T14 Arm? moAH6AeH, TexHeumnUJIM cAeArow,HR 33
TexHenHem 9AemeHT pyTenuil, ? Cerpe H CH6opr npnmeHHAH
meToA XapaKTepHCT144eCKHX 4114JIbTp0B. 01414 RIMICOTOBILII1 4ni.abTpb1
pa311114HOM T0J1llHHb1 (e npemenax TonmEm, C00TBeTCTB371011114X
5--30 A4c.1.0) H3 Il11pK0HH51, H11061114 14 morm6AeHa H H3T-1147114
noraomeme 3THM14 cto.nbTpamx HccneAyembix Arta. Pe3y.AbTaT
3THX 143mepeHH1 npeAcTaeneH Ha rpacImice pmc. 9. KOK BHJIHO
143 9T0r0 rpagnma, Hccnenyemoe H3ny4etme cHAbHo noraomaeTce
umpxoHllem H caa6o nornomaeTce cimnbTpamx 143 H11061441 H
monH6AeHa. Kai( noxammaeT conocTaeneHHe 3111411 BOJIH xapawre-
pucTmecinix Arlen TexHenme, mo.A46aeHa H pyTeime c AAHHamx
norm !Tam nanocm nornomemie y wipxonHe, 1411061111 14 mom46-
AeHa, Ha6monaembin xapaxTep nornomeme AomKeH HMeTb mecTo
AMR xapaxTeNcTmecKoro 143.nyqe1411e TexHeium. Flornomeme
penTreHoacKm *well MonH6ae11a 1Q ecex Tpex cimabTpax tie
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
42 NI. II. MET0,11b1 OBHAPYNCEH1411 H 14,11EHTI44HKAHHH 1130MEPOB
110/1/11140 6131.710 6w cHabHo paBaHHaThcB. OHO 110.71)KHO 6b1Th cambim
manwm y 1.114pKOHHA, HemHoro 6o.aballe y H14061411 14 eute Hem}loco
6onEaue y monH6.aeHa. PeHTreflOBCKHe J13714H pyTeHlifl Hpome
C14.111,110f0 norameHHB B clanwrpax 113 1.114pKOHH11 /10.11WHbl 6b1.T114 6131
HClIbiTbIBBTE. eme H CHJIbH0e nornomeHHe B cinunapax 113 HHO6HA.
PHC. 9. Kpxxbie nOr.nomem4s1 HaapieHHx,
xcnycxaemoro npx HaomepHom nepexo,ae9ATc
(no )amium CH6opra x Cerpe [1.25]): a--
1701'40=litre B alOOMIIHHH (Z== 13); 6 ? 110-
raffigeHHe B BlIpKOH1114 (Z ------ 40); c? Homo-
'genie B H14061411 (Z== 41); d ? nor .710111er-file
B mo.m6)1efie (Z = 42). UHOKOHHII, aTomBbiii
xomep xoToporo MeHblue, Hem y monH6Aexa
H HH06HH, HonnolloeT apal Tc 311B4HTeAbH0
cHabxee.
14THH, Hccae.aosame Hon./mem% pelliTeHOBCKOr0 143JIrle-
C13A3BHHOCO' C neptuaom no.aypacnazza TexHeum, paBHbim
6,6 ? 0,4 IlaCa, rioHa3wEmeT, 4T0 B pe3yabTaTe npettpameHHH,
cosepumoluerocH c nepHonom 6,6 al_-0,4 qaca,Texueulitt ocTaeTcH
Texneumem (Hanommaem, LITO peRTreHoEscicoe 143.riy4emie COOTBeT-
cTEyeT aTomy, o6pa3ytomemyca Hoc.ne npeBparueHHB). CaeAosa-
Te.TH,HO, 9T0 nperipameHme ecTE. riepexo.a TeXlie1.114A 143 B036pK-
ReHHoro COCTORIIHB B 0CHOBH0e-14Hb1MH C.I1OBBM11, AogepinItt
npoityKT npeopauleHEIB mo1I46,rEeHa (T 67 ?2 Haca) BB.1151eTCSI
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
YCTABOBAEHHE 1130MEP1114 no CHEKTpy WIEKTPOHOB
43
OnHHM 113 4neHOB Haomepnoft napm. 3aMe4aTenbH0, TO 3T0
meTacTa6mbHoe COCTOHHHe Texneam 6mao ycTaHoHneno npH
nOnHOM OTCyTCTBHH JaHHUX 0 CBORCTBaX TeXHeRHH, HaxoAsnue-
rOCH B OCHOBHOM COCTOHHHH. TIHuub B 1947 r. [2.31] 6mno
natiAeHo, 4T0 ,apyron wren paccmaTpnnaemon flaw Haomepnoft
napm Textieum 99, naxoAmulltIcH B OCHOBHOM COCTOHHHH, 13-pa2u4o-
aRTHBen H pacnaAaeTcH B yCTOR4HBMR H3OTOR pyTeHHH c nepHo-
nom nonypacnana 9,4 ? 105 neT.
YCT3HOBAeHHe H30MepHH HO cneKTpy
KOHBepCHOHHbIX 3J1eKTp0HOB
Mat( ywe ylcammanoch, ycTanomenHe B cocTam H3ny4en1111
xaparcrepHcmHecimx penTrenoscHmx arieft Aannoro memenTa
CBHJeTenbCTByeT 0 TOM, 4T0 KaKOR-TO 113 H3OTOnOB sToro ane-
menTa o6pa3yeT Haomepnyto napy. ()Analco nag ycTaKomennsi
woro (Palcra HeT He06X0n4MOCTH npH6erarb IC 11CC11en0BaHHIO
penTrenoscKoro cneKTpa. 3aKmo4enme o npnpoAe aTOMOB, 113-
nytialouna penrrenoscitHe arm, mo)KeT obiTh clenaHo Ha OCHO-
BaHHH al-mama CneKTp0B KOHBepCHOHHMX aneKTponoH. Max prce
6mno ormegeHo, cpeAH KOHBepCHOHHMX 3neKTp0HOB HaXOnHTcH
3.71eKTp0Hbl, ampKaonme 113 A7-0601104KH, 143 L-0607104KH, 113
A4-060.1104KH. Pa3HOCTb MeHtny 3nanennamm meprnn 9THX 3neK-
Tp0HOB He 33B11C14T OT aneprHH nepexolia /iv, a one/mums'
TOnbK0 aneprHen L-, A4-, ...-aneKTponos:
EK? EL -= WR.,
EK? Em=-- Wm? WK.,
(2.1)
rAe EK, EL, Em---KHHeTHvecicast aneprmi KOHBepCHOMMIX
L-, A4-9neKTpoHon, a Ww, WL, Wff?aneprun CBH3H anelapo-
HOB K., L, A4-o6onoHex COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
LITO KacaeTcH pa3HOCTH aneprHa Wif---Ww, TO
BenkigHHa 3TO1 pa3HOCTH 33BHCHT OT aTomnoro nomepa anemenTa.
CzeAonaTenbno, no pa3HOCT1' 3HeprHH KOHBepcHOHlibiX 3neKTp0-
14011 MOHMO onpeAenHTb aTomnmit Homep anemenTa, HanyHanwero
9TH anexTpoHm. fianpHmep, nAH Tpex cocemmx anemenTon
Cd, Ag, Pd anageHHe WL?WKparmo 22,6w38, 21,7 was H
20,76 198 COOTBeTCTBeHHO. XOTH Yrck 33J1Mt114 B amprkni H He
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
44 F7I. II. METO,abI OBHAPY)KEHIBI 14 H1LEHT144114KA1.41414 1430MEPOB
oileHb 31-latinTenbHo, Tem He enee n P-cnexTporpacimx c xopo-
weft pa3pewaioutefl C110C06HOCTIDIO 0110 MO)KeT 6bITb enw ycTa-
H013,11eHO. TaKHM o6pa3om, nyTem 143y4ellH14 cnexTpa KOHBepCHOH-
HbIX 311eKTp0HOB MO)KHO yCTaHOBI4Tb, B wipe KaKoro 3.gemeHTa
Hp0H30111.710 npeepameHne, sweamee noneneHne KOHBepC140HHbIX
alleKTp0HOB.
06HappIMHHe KOpOTKONCHBylIMX nnomepon HO cnoco6y
3ana3nmna1Onumx connanennfi
EC.1114 B KaKOM-J11460 BeulecTee nponcxo,anT nocne,aoeareabHoe
imaytietuie y-KBaHTOB Han KOHBepCHOHHbIX 971eKTp0H0B, TO 1-Iann-
? TaK0F0 nocaelIceaTenbHoro 143.11Y4eHH1I mo)eeT 6bITb 3a4l4KCH-
posamo C nomouwo neyx ctieTtuncoe,
perncTplipytoumx nanytiaemme tiacTnum.
ECJI 14 co6cTeeHH0e epeme cpa6aTmeaHne
C4eT4HKOB 6yr(eT mHoro 6onmue, gem
t? Bp eme , npoTexatoutee meecny nocne-
,TweaTeablimm marieHnem ,aeyx tiacTim,
TO B capme nonanaHna 9THX 4aCTHH
B pa3Hme CtleT4HKH A H B, pacnonween-
Hble OKOJI0 143nytiatomero eemecTea S
(pnc. 10), necneiume 6y,ayT cpa6aTmeaTb
onHoupemeHHo. ECJIH BKJHOLIHTb 9TH C4eT-
414KH B eiumpo yCHAnTeJlbfly10 cxemy,
perncTpkippoulyto TOJIbK0 onHoepemeH-
Hme pa3pemm B 06011x ctieTtuucax (cxema
Pnc. 10. Cxema pacno- coenalleHne), To Taxan cxema H 6yneT
J10?KeHHA CrlePIHKOB (A
H B) npn ncczenona-
HHH (i -i)- H ?
COBH.3,140HHil:
}MK 143.11rIeHHFI; C?
CPHJIbTp AJISI OT,IkeJleHHA
p-14311y4eHIV.
4P14KCHp0BaTb Hampuie nocaeRoeaTeabHo-
CO H3J1y4eHHH.
Cxemy ccena,aeHne momio ocyatecT-
BHTb TaKHM o6pa3om, 4To6m oHa cpa6a-
Tmeana e Tom cnytiae, eoraa pa3paam
B 06044X cileTtancax nponcxoneT He
aaHoepemeHno, a cluniHyTm no OTHOIlle-
HHIO Apyr K apyry Ha HeeoTopmft npomeacyToic epemeHn At.
Tante cxembi Ha3meatoT cxemamn 3ana31meaioulnx coename-
Hifi, a npomeeqToK epemenn At ? spemenem 3ana3,rustuaHne. 04e-
BHJIHO, 4T0 cxemm aana3Amea1out14x coenaReHnn caellyeT npn-
MeiniTb LIR perncTpannit aeyx nocnenyiouinx H3713/4eHliti 13 TOM
Orin, cora 3T13 n3ny9e1ne caeAytoT Apyr 3a Apyrom He cpa3y1
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
cnocos 3AHA3AMBAIOW,4X COBHAAEHHA
45
a Hepe3 npomemyTom npemeHH, 6onbillo# no cparmeHHm c co6-
CTBeHHUM npemeHem cpa6aTunanHH C4eT4HKOB (RAH B KpaftHem
cnyvae, KorRa
AleToA 3ana31lusaHHH connaRenHA HpenwHaftno yao6eH AAR
perlicTpamni Hoponcomfflayamx H30Mep0B. Mime H3omepu 6yRyT
nepexoRHTb H3 meTacTa6HabHoro COCTOHHHR B OCH0BH0e cpaninf-
TeahHO 6bicTpo, H03T0My H3nyHeime, CBH3aHHOe C H30MepHMM
nepexoaom, 6yReT Hepe3 KopoTKHR npommyTox npemeHH cAeAo-
BaTb 3a H3ny4eHmem, npHnoRmunm K o6pa3onaHHio no36ym10 9IfON 'EHO.LIMIX GOLIOIOEH Xr1119IfH9C10
AIf0Hh i LIDIC@IITEHHCIII EHOILIIKIX LIOLOEH 0,Lh `01110afIE1 OBEHr0
'HMI VII urunaudicirou mioromclau 0 H.L0OHEI1INE Bl@iraniooll 110,Laint
-aa ER molumdx 0Th `[e-mail] `IAIOEEd90 WHHEI *AHO.LIIHthl
A.tuawjr KTf11UIJHdII HhiCl/ 014310?10HOJIHA 01h `omar8ome.L0X
xud.r.cwmcf30 ximahm.1013d@l3r0dUX a 01HH@MOILIOLI O hAIf XIDID
-aomaJsulad xmahm0mdantedux H OHHah.gll'EH omaxcXdumgo ER OH
-oiumdx A HIAIEHOdnI@Ife HIAIHIE 3 AVISIIIII4 ?I9H0d,LnIfe @FIHH0110
-d@a110X OIC0Th `1@AIII0lIfa.10111?10 SOHOdiN@Ife 1114,Idalle HEIfEW
91fOID ?96',/o OH9ll'@,LHEHIf9Hd11 110HaBc1 gnMW Elio 'HOHOcil
oucidame 91H113110 011199 01-DICOW xuxmaum xrisomuckomran 11
ISHHOTHOILIOLI al114h141faff 011 ?uaLiciatie mouumr uvicioaa 0 rimod.ixaire
sLauhicitum ER Hatumdm ?mmw vi jVE AHHEIOII0IIEH 910011811,LNE 01080
laada.t HJ maamimoktrud 'ER 1810d9 111911?1HINU0HVEd aninux(daro0
'udoaxoud EH mmumauarma 'moxumdx 0Th '900IfEEEMO 0HuRrID
?EI,101IIHCIN 80LIO.LOUI X19119IfH9E10 EH IAIHHE'0 15010B1111H ER mo.tumdm
?molumdx u0141411101X?0d90 9.I.Hlf@V.L0 ouwoe Ed0a10Ed wammah
Pucuoodil ?ER HOILIHCIM 8 `ouqualuaorair0 `anaelnedaadu H
HhAII- lama/fun ER Ktod9 `gomuruund ?N0L10.1,0?14 WI9H8ltI,HE
oaimd150I0BURE '900UVEINEOHX aw/C xux 'ER mods lolumodluau
umairaD mmuahArgo mdu ER uma1ra0 011010014 0,10HE14INE0HI1ed
ammuamud90 laungdaairou ?Hali ()VIa uromdau HIDOHOH.LHE
-oared Iplid@hOrf 8aMhinfUH `0119110,LEHOTIOUD ?ER wodg .Laure1t90
omquaxmaipmar 'mmuarnudaadu xmJAdr aumuumu mdu ouauaom
-ux0A ?mg xux 'urvuoud/Crou woromdau mu4xej, 'HHW OTTauu
-miAlrou woromdall o 100HEIHIXE umarmuu ElfI99 HIHTME&13 VIOH
-H0110I110 g ?uma1!a0 0.10HEIHINE0H10d 10 gomasiraTtio `(s. Ha1ra0
inrig aEL1OMT1011 wont-Moll a men 'ER IAIOd9 91199 T99 JONI
0If014h XH umaira0 0J01111H,LHEOHnd 0.17E110Ed Nth] 150aHITISESMI:190
4E1410d9 I9110,LOEH armininieoHnd DOti uffairao 10Eviod9 MHO':
80110.unii XNHEIHINVOHEIld aIllia1f21tEVd
L-L000800017170n181-1700-?8dCN-V10 6 1-/I, 1/LOOZ eSeeieI .101 P8A0-iddV
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
60 ra. H. mstoAm OB0APYAMH1451 H HAEHT144,14KAHH14 1430MEPOB
IlpHmeHenHe meToaa xmarrecKoro oTaeaeHHH aogepaxx parmo-
aKTHBFIbIX 1430TOHOB oarapynniao, Kpome Toro, reHeTHgecKyto
CBSI3b mexcay caeapounlmn nepHoaamH nonypacnaaa, o6pa3yto-
111,14MHCB B pe3ynbTaTe o6ayger14l1 ceaena nenTpoHamm m AetiTe-
posamm:
83
34Se (Ti = 30 MHH.) ?* p-,
11.1
83 / \ 83tr *
35.ur ki7" 2 140 mini.) ?r ,
Kr (T -= 113 mum) 8336Kr + 311eKTp0H KOHRepCH14.
,apyrxm npHmepom ycTanomemu reneTHgeocoll C1151314, cytne-
cTnyloulen mmay H3omepamH, 5113J151eTCH mAeHTmciniKaams nepmo-
Aos T1 -= 59 mmH. If T0 == 17 Nam, o6pa3poru,HxcH KK npH
o6aygeHHH ceaeHa meaaeaHmmH neriTpoHamH, TK H npm o6.riye-
1400 6ucTpumm Hettrponamm m Aet1TepoHamm. TaK KaK
me,aneHable HettrpoHbi moryT y ceneHa Bb13BaTb npeapautemie
TOJIbK0 Tiara (n, 7), TO, cae,aoHaTe.abHo, 9T0 nepHoxbi npma-
,anewaT pa,amoaxTHHHomy ceaeHy. Tax KaK pa,amoawrHanbill ceneH
MOH1eT HOJIT414TbC51 03 6poma npH o6nygeHHH ero nenTpoHamm
TOJIbK0 B pe3yabTaTe peaKHHH
D,
A I 1 Ac ILI
351-4 on 0 34e -t--ri
i,
HpH KoTOpOtt coxpameTcH maccoHoe 414C110 1430T0I1a, 14 TaK KaK
y 6poma TOJIbK0 ,aBa CTa611.11b1113IX 1430T01la ? 6pom 79 H 6pom 81,
To OgeBHAHO, TO Asa yKaaanaux nepHoaa nonypacnaaa n1460 6y-
81,
.ayT ripHua,anewaTb 340e H 34 Se, x11460 yicaaunaio na cyuRecTso-
HaHHe 03omepnoil napm. 4TO6b1 BbHICHI4Tb, ne npaHaaamaT Jill
yKa3aHHme nepHoam noaypacnaaa H3omepnot3 nape, TlaHcaopep H
Cerpe [2.331 npHmeHHam meToa nowropnoro oTaeaeHHH parmoaK-
THBH0r0 HeutecTsa. C aToll uenbio pa1moaKTH3Hmil ceaeH, BblJe-
nem-nati 03 6poma, o6aygeHnoro HefiTpoHamx, nepesoawrcH B coeaH-
Heinle, H3 KoToporo nosTopHo nmaeaHacH CB0601111b111 ceneH *).
nowropHaH onepaluin nmaeneHHH ceaeHa 03 itopaKumm, co,aepwa-
nteft paamoaKTHimme 1430TOHN ceneHa c IlepHOAaM14 T1 = 59 MHH.
14 T = 17 MHH., npoH3Boak4Jracb HeCKOJIbK0 pa 3 gepe3 pa3aHgHbie
npommyTKH HpemenH. 1113mepenHe aKTI4BHOCTII 11p0143B01114110Cb
KaK y oTaeaeHnoll gacTH, Talc H y ocTanmencH. cDpaKHHH, cena-
pllportaHHan 11OBTOpHO, coaep)Kaaa TOTIbK0 aKTHBHOCTb C nepHo-
Cso6oAnuk ceAen o6pa3osusaeTea nyTem pactnenaesns MOJIe-
KyJI pe3yabTare H3omepHoro nepexona.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
KOCBEHHblrE 11PH314A141 HA1111,114S1 4411EPH014 1130MEP1114 SI
/40M 17 MM. l'IHTeHCHBHOCTbs, oTHecennag 1< atiany nogTopHoro
OT./1eJleHl441, MeliAllaCb y 06pa311013, OT11e.11eHHbIX B pagagglible
gpemena, Talc, Kai( 6yaTo 6m nepHoR 17 MHH. ABAgeTCH AoLlep-
HHM OT aKTHBHOCTH 59 MVIH. TaKVIM o6pa3om T1 = 59 MHH. H
T2 = 17 MHH. COOTBeTCTEtylOT 0,a110i4 H30MepHOil nape. T1 =-- 59 MHH.
cooTHeTcTgyeT nepexoay 143 B036pg1Lennoro COCTOSIHIN B OCHOB-
Hoe, a T2=17 MHH.?nepHoa P-pacnaaa cerium 81 B 6pom 81.
Taimm o6pa3om, 11P0H3BOACTBO Nita nowropnbix OT.14eJleH141i
,aogepriero pa,11140aKTHBHOTO 1430T01111 HO3B0.1151eT yCTaHOBHTb, gagHe
14MeHHO paaHoaHTHEmbie nepHoam HBASHOTCSI renenigecKH C13513aH-
HbIMII. 3Ta reneTHgecKag CB113b mo>geT 6b1Tb ycTanognena H B cay-
mae Ha.1114,11411 6onbinoro mucna paanwnibix aKTVIBHOCTeti.
HeKoiropme KOCBeHHble HpH3HaKit HaJTHIHICI
smepHon 1430MepHH
BbEwe mm paccmoTpenH meToam, nognongicanne nenocpeR-
CTBeHHO yCTaHOBHTb Hanapme H30MepHbIX nap H HX 14,4eHTHCP1411,11-
p0BaTb. Tenepb Mbl paccmoTpHm nexoTopue 5113.11eH1454, KoTopme
moryT 6b1Tb HC110.11,30Balibl KaK KOCBeHHble gpwrepHH cyntecTgo-
Balm Hgomepnbix nap.
Panee Mb! ye oTmetianH, mTo Hgomepnble nepexoabi conpo-
BORMaTOTCA napgay c T-nymamH Hongepcmonnumfi 9JleKTP0HaMH.
TaK KaK 066111HO aneprHa nogoymuLennoro COCTORHHA negenma?
nopgua 100 1I38, TO B peaynbTaTe KOHBePCHH o6pa3poTcsi anem-
TpOlibI C ne6onmuoi1 aneprHen. Hanw4He TaKHX aneaTponog
nerKo yCTaHOBHTb !1TM clninbTpanHH HanygenHg B TOHKHX Hen-
ampanogbix nnenicax. ECM! B cocTane Hanygenm Rannoro 1430-
mepa OTCyTCTBylOT anegTponw P-pacnaaa c 6onbuion aneprHeg,
To conocTagnenHe aneprHn anelaporton c nepHoaom nonypacnaaa
mo)geT awn= yKagaune na namigHe meTacTaoHnbnoro COCTORHHH.
B camom aene, 143 TeopHH p-pacuaRa cneayeT, gTO nepHoa nony-
pacnaaa aagHcHT OT aneprHH, H cm Tem 6onbuue, mem menbuie
aneprHg, guaengemag npH nepexoRe. Ana aneprHH nopgagaCOTHH
Tb1C414 5.11eKTP0H-B0.11bT 3T0 BpeMH CTO.Tb anamwrenbno, gTo ecnx
oHa)geTcg, TIT? aaHHbln paamoagmnibnt 11301011 mnymaeT 3.11eK-
Tpolim c manoft aneprHen, nanpHmep 100--200 K36, H HmeeT
rum aTom ne6onbwon nepHoa nonypacnaaa, nanpHmep HeCK0.71bK0
ceayna, 14.1114 MHHyT, TO 1104TH aocTogepno, 410 Hvgaembal paaHo-
aKTI4BHbIti pacnaa npeacTagngeT c06og Haomepnbitt nepexoR. HpH
Haomepnom nepexoae aneprHg 14036!PKAeHHA moweT abiRengThca
4*
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
52 PA. H. METOAH OEHAPMEHHTI H HAEHTH(DHKAUHH 1480MEPOB
AH60 B Opme KBaHTOB ? A1460 B nn,Re 3AeKTPOHOB
xonaepcnn. SInteprnsi 7-KBa1-ITa onpeJleasieTax 113 ycaosmsi (2.5):
hv E2 (2.5)
rjie h?ROCTOAHHafl IlAaHKa, ? axeprug upa B OCHOBHOM
COCTOHHHH, a E2-9Hepriu upa B Bo36y)Kaennom COCTOHHHH? SILlep-
rnsi KOHBePCHOHHWX MeKTPOHOB onpeaemeTot yCJI0BHAMH (2.5"):
Eic = E2 ? Wif = hv ? WK,
EL = ? WL WL)
rae 117K H WL? 3HePFHH BbIPHBaFillfl 3AeKTPOHOB 113 K- H L-
o6onogeic aToma, B HAN KoToporo npolicxoanT momepnbffinepe-
X0A. OTHOCHTeAbHail BePOHTHOCTb 06011X npoueccort ? o6pa3o-
BaH1151 KBaHTa H KOHBepCHOHHOTO 9.TieKTpona ? xapaKTeployeTcsi
KO3443H11,HeHTOM KOHBePCHH. K044HUHeHTOM KOHBePCHH a (HAM
KO344HILHeHTOM nnyTpenneR KOHBePCHH) Ha3b1BalOT oTnowenne
%Lula KOHBePCHOHHbIX 9neKTpon0n Ne K gHCAy 7-KBaHT A/1:
N,
NT ?
B COOTBeTCTBHH C 'rem, KaKOR 113 ABYX fie3aroiciimbix nponeccon --
ncnycKanne 7-KBaHTa HAH ncnycKanme KOHBePCHOOHOF0 meK-
Tporta ? ',weer 6Orminvo BePOHTHOCTb, Koacimimameirr KOHBeP.-
CHH a 6yAeT HMeTb paamignoe magenne*).
ECAH KOHBepCHH nmeeT manyto (CPaBHHTeAbH0 C maygennem
7-KBaHTOB) BePOHTHOCTI6, a 6yAeT mano. EZAH nepexu ocymie-
CTBaReTCH TOAbK0 nyTem snyTpenneft KOHBepCHH, TO a 6yAeT
pasno 6eCKOHMOCTH. Ta K KK KOHBepCHOHHHe 9.1eKTP0Hbl CO-
CTOHT 113 9AeKTPOHOB, HaX0AHBIIIHXCH B pa3RINHUX o6onot-max
aToma, To napuy C KO34:4111WeHTOM KOHBePCHH a BBOAHT B pac-
cmoTpenme gaCTHHe K0344111I,HeHTb1 KOHBePCHH aK , a L 9 . ? ,
onpextermemme ycaosilem
(2.5')
(2.6)
(2.6')
B arrepaType mmor,aa ynoTpe6.nmeTcm Apyroe onpeAe.nemme Ko4-
4HIVIeHTa Kommepcmm, a mmemmo:
N,
cc=
Ne+
ripul 1000/0 Kommepemm, T. e. npm flOaHOM OTCyTCTB1114 I-aymeA, Taxitm
o6pa3om ortpe,aenemingii KoacimimmemT Kommepcmm mmeeT 3H1LICHHe 1.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
KOCBEHHME HPH3HAKH HAAHWH HjEPHOR H3OMEPHH
53
rJe NK, NL, . . . ? %ICAO KOHBePCHOHHMX 9AeKTp0HOB, BM-
PBaHHIPC 113 K-060.7I011KH H L-060AOLIK1 COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
K034341LIHeHT KOHBePCHH caaraeTca 113 tlaCTHbIX Ko344numewron
KOHBePCHH cornacno COOTHOWeHHIO
Ne NK N
?K + ?L + ? ? ? (2.7)
"i
l 20,
4TO HAXORIITCH B nonHom COOTBeTCTBHH C RAHHHMH Pycmmoaa H
l'p14m6epra, KOTOPb1 ae Hamm! 7-aymen c 3Aeprmett 49 1.98.
Bbiaeaemme momepos y acex Tpex H3OTOROB Teaaypa, a Tange
y cenema 81 HOKA3MBAeT, 4TO RAH 3T14X BeLlleCTB K03014UHeHT
KOHBepCHH a oqemb Beam H 4TO, cammaTeabmo, B 3THX cay-
qamx OTHOCHTeAbHaff BepONITHOCTb maymemm 1-KBaHTA npm 1430-
mepHOM nepexoae oicaniaaeTcm maaott. Plmbimm caosamm, nomTH
ace m3omepmble flepexaablnpomcxonaT c mayqemmem KOHBepCHOB-
HOT? 3neKTpona.
Tunbi npespauleHmil H30MepHbIX mixep
MeToa nepexpecTmmx aaepumx peau, a Taxmce npgmue
meTo.am 11ReHTNICPHKAIWH H30MepOB nomoamica oupeaeaHTE, aTom-
Hutt momep H maccoaoe 411C110 aapa, o6aaaatoutero meTacTa6mabmum
cocTommgem, T, e. o6pa3ytoluero momepmyto napy. OAHOKO
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
58 II. METO,abI OBHAPYALEHHH H 14,TIEHTH4'II1A1U1H I430MEPOB
3TM MeTOAII He Amor B03M03CHOCTH Cy/IHTb 0 TOM, xasal 03
asyx nepHoAos nonypacnaaa, npimanneacantHx AaHHotl HaomepHotl
nape, OTHOCHTCA K s036yys1LenHomy COCTOAHHIO Haomepa, a Ka ?
K OCHOBHOMy ero COCTOAHHIO. PenieHne 3T0r0 sonpoca CBA3a1I0
C ycTaHosaelmem xapaKTepa ripespanieHlifi, HCIlbITbIBaeMbIX 1130-
MepHO1 HapCh. STH npespauleHHH secbma pa30006pa3Hbi H conpo-
soKaatoTca HanytieHHem cimamoro cocTasa. 110 cocTasy Haarlem4s
pasawnibie npespabuelms HsomepHbix nap moryT ?brrb noapaaite-
ileum Ha caeayfoulHe Timm.
I TO B. Meracra6HnsHb1m COCTOAHHeM o6AanatoT sapa cTa-
614AIMOr0 1130T011a. 04eBH,LEHO, TO B 9TOM cAygae mbr 6yAem
Ha6inoitaTs Taabso nepHoil nonypacnaAa, cooTseTcTsyloninft nepe-
xoAy 143 meTacTa6HAbHoro COCTOBBHA B OCHOBH0e. 1/13JIr4enkle,
Hcnycsaemoe npH 3TOM nepexoae, 6yAeT no cocTasy Hall6onee
HpOCTbIM. CpeaH 9TOCO HanytieHns moryT Ha6moitaTbc1 KBAHTbI
I-Aytieft H KC HBepCHOHHbIe 3.71eKTp0HbI, cooTneTcTsyanume 1130-
mepHomy nepeXo.ay. Baaroitaps Hanmkno soHsepcHonHux 3Aes-
Tp0HOB moryT Ha6JI10/IaTbCF1 xapasTepHcmigecskie peHTreHoscsHe
lly4H. aleKTpOlibI H 1103HTp0HbI P-pacnaAa Ha6.11021aThc11 He 6yAyT.
110 OTCyTCTBH10 p-pacnam,a, a TanKe no xapasTepHcTHgecKc,my
penTreHosocomy Hanymenno ILTIH no cneATp3r xonsepcHoRnmx
anesTpoHos MO>KHO yCTaHOBI4Tb Hampme 9Toro Tritia nepe-
xoita. Ha pHc. 11, rite npeAcTasaeHbi cxembi HesoTopmx
ripe-
BpalueInh Hsomepnbix nap, onHcbmaembitl THH nepexoaa Home-
tieH 6yuaoti a.
B HeKOTOpbIX caytiaax HaomepHmtl nepexoa ilpOlICX0,4HT He
HenocpeacTseHHo B OCHOBHCe COCTOAHHe, a cHaqa.aa B npomescy-
rotnioe, a saTem yuce B ocHosHoe. Taxon nepexoA nomegeH Ha
pHc. 11 6yssott 6. Haoinoitalonmecs npH aTom nepexoile ,asa
1-icsaHra HJIH KOHBepCHOHHNX aaexTpoHa moryT 6biTb saperx-
cTpHposaHm i)- Will (I, e)-cosnaAeHmsm11.
II T o ii. aTOT Ton npespanieHHti HaomepHbix nap 11p0HCX0,411T
C paamaicrusHh1mr4 SIIIpaMH. On xapasTepHayeTcs Tem, 4T0 stapo,
HaxoAsnieecH B meTacTa611AbHom COCT05111HH, He npeTepnesaeT
p-pacna,aa. (3-pacnaA K-3aXBaT) rIp0HCX0)1HT AHLI1b C OCHOB-
Horo cocTosnms HAN.
Ha pHc. 11 npeAcTasaeubi HeicoTopme 113 npespaniemal 3TC ro
Tuna. Byssoil 8 nomettena cxema npespameHbal, B soTopott
ocHosHon visomep npespamaeTcs nyTem anexTpoHHoro p-pac-
naaa, a oyssoci nomegena cxema npespauleHlis, B soTopoil
ocHosHott Haomep npeTepnesaeT 1(-3axsaT, I-la Bcex cxeMaN
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
HPEBPAW,EHHti 1430MEPHbIX 51,11EP
59
K-aaxsaT 6yneT o6o3Ha4aTixcH cTpermog, HanpasnesHoll Harlem),
H 6yKso4 s.
flpespameHHH H THna xapawrepHayloTcH Hanwimem 3neKTpo-
HOB p-pacna,aa H.T114 143.11rieHHfl, csotIcTseHHoro K-aaxsaTy (KoH-
HepcHoHHble 3.TIeKTp0Hb1 H xapaKTepacTimecKHe peHTreHosome
6)
) 3) u) m)
Pnc. 11. HesoTopme cxemm nperipauaeHnil HaomepHmx nap:
rxxxxr. o6o3satmeT ocsormoil yp0BeHb CTa6HablIbIX Haep,
x. ? yposeHb paAHOaKTHBHbIX Haep,
77777 . meTacTa6mabsbdi yposesb,
? . yposesb.
riyHH anemeHTa c aTomHmm Homepom EcnH K-aaxsaT
conposo)KaaeTcH napannenbHo Hnyamm 110311Tp0HHbIM pacrianom,
TO 6y.ayT eute Ha6ntoaaTscH 110314TPOHbl H 7-nytni c sHepruell
511 1t38; HapHay c HHmH 6yayT Ha6mosaThc5l Talose 7-nyul H
KOHBePCHOHHble MeKTPOHN OT HsomepHoro nepexoaa.
MeTacTa6H.abHoe COCTOSIHHe Haomepa mower 6b1Tb ycraHosneHo
HO nepHoay ocria6neHH1 xapaKTeplicTmecicoro peHTreHoscKoro
HanygeHHH aaemeina c BTOMHbIM Homepom Z (HAM cooTseTcTseu-
Hmx KOHBepCHOHHbIX anewrpoilos).
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
60 rn. H. METOAN OBHAPY)KEHilm m 14AEHT1443H1{AH14M m3OMEPOB
B cayHae npespauteHHII II THna 6y,RyT Ha6.1noRaThcH Asa
nepHoRa noaypacna,aa, oasis nepHoa noRypacnaRa ? T1 ? csH3an
C npespatuemem meTacTa6HAbHoro1430mepa, a Apyroti nepHaa
nonypacnaRa ? T2? cem3aH c p-pacna,Rom HaxoRmerocH
B OCHOBHOM COCTO14H1414. EC.T114 BepOSITHOCTb 03omepHoro nepexoaa A/
6yReT 3HaHHTeabno menhine, qem BepOSITHOCTb P-pacnaRa c ?mos-
Horo yposm HApa Ap TO 6yAyTna6amaTbca icaK 6b1 Ase P-aK-
11413HOCTI4 c nepHaRamH noRypacnaRa
0,69 0,69
Tl= T ?
AI 2 x13
npqe T 6yReT mHoro 6oRbuie T. B camom Rene, npH HAep-
HOM npespaigeHHH o6pa3poTcH Hapa Kai( B MeTaCTa6MnbHOM, TK
14 B OCHOBHOM COCTOSHIMM. Rapa, o6pa3osasumecH B OCHOBHOM
COCT051111414, cpasHHTenbuo 6bicrpo pacnaRyTcH nyTem p-pacna,aa.
flepHoRom 9Toro p-pacnaaa 6yR,eT, OtieBHAHO, T. ORHaxo B Raab-
flethnem KOnkilleCTBO momepnbix 1111p, HaX0MHIMAXCM B OCHOBHOm
COCTOHHHM (H y6bisaiotumx scneAcTsHe P-pacnaRa), 6yAeT nonoa-
HHTbal 3a cHeT H3omepHoro nepexoRa. flocne Hacrynnemni pasHo-
seCHH (Koraa Hucno p-pacnaRos C OCHOBH0r0 yOORHR cTaHeT
pasHum tinny 1430mepHMX nepexoRos) Own, P-aKTMBHMX Haep
6yAeT Hp0HCX0AMTb TOnbK0 B pe3yAbTaTe ymenbnieum KOJ11414e-
CTBa HRep, HaxaaHumxcH B meTacTa6HAbnom COCTOR141414. YMeHb-
mime >Ke HHcAa 3T14X H,Rep coseptuaeTcH c nepHoRom nonypac-
naRa T1. TaKkim o6pa3om, co31LaeTcH EineHaTaeme o HaAHHHH
Asyx p-pacnaaos c nepHaaamH nonypacnaRa T114 T2.
CleAyeT, KOHet11-I0, nOM1114Tb, TO flaniume Asyx p-aKTI4B-
HocTeR TOAbK0 KawymeecH. B Ae1CTBI4TenbHOCT14 npoHcxoRHT
fd-pacnnt TOnbK0 c oRmfm, meHbumm nepHoaom ? T2, a nepHaa
COOTBeTCTByeT H3omepHomy nepexaay Hapa c meTacTa6HnhHoro
yposm Ha OCHOBHOR yposeHb.
?Heiman?, TITO KaNCy11114MCM Asym nepHoRam nanypacnaRa
6yRyT OTBegaTb 01114HaKOBble p-cneKTpm c OAHOR H TOR we
sepxneft rpanHuell. TaKoe noRoAteme smelt HmeeT mecTo, xaK
ynommanH paHee, y paRHoaKTHEIHoro 6poma, P-cneKTpu
KoToporo c nepHoRom 4,4 Haca 14 c nepHoRom 18 MM. oKa3a-
aHCb 0,1114HaKOBUMH. 3T0 cosnaaeme MBHAOCb cneacTsHem
Toro, TO B AeRCTBHTeabHOCTH Mbl Hmeem He Asa cneKTpa,
a OHBA, COOTBeTCTEWWWW 0-pacnaay C OCHOBH0r0 COCTOHHHB
H3oTona 6poma 80 (nepHoR T---= 18 mHH). 1-114KaKoro H3Aytiem41
p-911eKTp0HOB 143 so36pK,Remoro COCTOHH1451 6poma 80 He npo-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
THrtbI nptapALHEHHt1 H3OMEPHIIX SUMP 61
11CX01114T. Bpom 80 nepexo.ru4T cHaganaH3 B036pKae1Inorocociosuilin
? ocHonnoe, a 3aTem yweHC111,1TblBaeT P-11peBpalHeH4e C Tem we
nepHoaom 18 MHH. Ho TK KaK HepeXOR H3 no36yumeHHoro
COCTOBHIN B OCHOBH0e HmeeT nepHoA 3HatIHTeabH0 60.1b-
imal --- 4,4 qaca, To co3AaeTcH npeAcTanneme o p-npenpame-
HHH, 1411TeHCHBHOCTI, KoToporo ocna6AHeTcH B Ana pa3a 3a 4,4 qaca.
CovenHAHo, IITO BO ncex Tex cariasur, Kora P-pacnaA c B03-
6pKaeHHOCO COCT051111151 He 11p0HCX0)111T, a npovicxoAur TO.abK0
C ocHonHoro COCTORIIMB, npuqem nepnon 3TOTO P-pacnaAa 6yAeT
meHbune, Hem.114 nepHoA nepexoAa MB no36yHoenHoro cocToHHHH
n ocHonHoe, Mbl ncerAa 6yAem Ha6nio1LaTb KaAymeecH cynlecT-
noname Anyx p-pacnagos C 0/114HaKOBbIMH cnewrpamH, Odalin 143
KOTOpbIX 63raeT HMeTb nepHoA, COOTBeTCTBy10111,14R AeRcTBHTeab-
Homy p-pacrially C OCHOBHOTO COCTOB1114a, a ,apyroR 6yAeT HMeTb
nepHoA, panniAR nepHoAy H3omepHoro nepexoAa. 3/0 (*Tom-
TeabCTBO moweT 61,1Tb 11C110.11330Ball0 Taxwe H RIM ycTanonnenHH
cpawra cytuecTnonanm H3omepHott napm. B TOM cayqae, KorAa
npH o6pa3onanHH paallOaKTHBHbIX BelHeCTB Mbl Ha6r11oAaem Ana
p-pacnaAa c pamaumH nepHoAamm, no c oAHHaxonum cnexTpom,
ecTb ocHonaHme OIHTaTb, (ITO MbI mmeem Aerto c napoR HaepHbix
H3omepon. ChK14,aaTb, cnyqattHo Ana ,ae3CTBI4TeabH0 pa3.11H1-
HbIX paallOaKTHBHbIX 1430T0Ha 6y,ayT 11MeTh 0a1411a1OBbIti p-cneicrp,
TpyAno, HOTOMy, LIT? Tpal1H1.1a cnewrpa y pa3A11gHbix
anemenTon CHabH0 MeHfleTCH (no3Tomy TpyAHo 0)104fIaTb COB-
IlajleHHB CHeKTp0B), a, BO-BTOpbIX, noTomy, LITO no TeopHH P-pac-
naAa y ofinoro H Toro uce memenTa pa3AmHum nepHoAam P-pac-
naAa AOMKHE,1 COOTBeTCTBOBaTb H pa3Awnible rpatuntbi p-cnexTpos.
EbHequo, onncmmuIR cnytiaR KawyunixcH Anyx P-aKTHBHO-
cTeR 6yAeT tia6.inoAaTbcH TOabK0 TOraa, KorAa T1>> T2. ECAH
1"2, TO neposTHocTH nepexoAa AT u 4. oAHoro nomaxa,
H Anyx p-aKTI4B110CTeR na6ntoAarb Henb3H. OB,HaK0 B 9TOM
cApme Aomma HMTb mecTo anomanHH B xoAe p-pacnaAa.
KOalitleCTBO P-3aeKTp0110B 6y,aeT MeH11TbCS1 CO npemeHem He HO
3aKoHy o6bignoro paAmoaKTHnHoro pacnaAa
/
(2.11)
rAe N1 ---Haqa.abHoe qHcAo HAep B OCHOBHOM COCTOSIHMH, a no
6o.nee cAownomy cooTHoweamo, nupaumemomy 41OpMyJ10R(1.12):
A t
= p [ N2 . e +(NI :i N2) e-XPt , (2.12)
? P
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
62 rn. H. METOAU OtHAPYAEHHN H H2JEHTH4)H1CAH1414 H3OMEPOB
rAe N2 ? qua? HAep, oxaaaaaH4xca B pe3ynbTaTe HAepuoro
ripeapaulenHa B meTacTa6H.abHom COCTOHHHH, a Ni ? B OCHOBHOM.
XOTH CAOXCHblfi xapaKTep P-pacna,aa 14 moweT 6bITb ICOCBeHHbIM
ripHarlaxom HaAHTIHR H30MePH1, oaHaxo ero HeAb351 C4HTaTb ,aocTa-
TOTIFIUM? Heo6xgaHmo cpaicT cymecTsoaaHHa HaomepHH noaTHep-
zulTb ,apyrHmil H3MepeHHAMH.
HI T H Ii. K 3TOMy Tliny Mbl 6y,aeM OTHOCHTb npeapanierma,
y ICOTOPbIX aapo, Haxoasnneeca B meracTa6HabHom COCTOBHHH,
mo)xeT npeTepnesaTh Be TOAMCO HaomepHutt nepexoA, HO Tamice
H p-pacnu. CAeAoaaTenbuo, B npeapaulemax HI THna napan-
aenhHo momepHomy nepexoay compinaeTca P-pacnaa (no3MTpoii-
Hb1f HJIM anelapoanmR) ii K-3axsaT. Tulle npeapameHHH Ha
pHc. 11 nomegeHm 6yloam14 0 H e. B npeepaluerittax HI THna
Mb! acTpellaemcH c H3nylieumem sechma caomcnoro cocTasa.
MHTeHCIIBHOCTb HaarieHma, cooTHeTcTeytoluero HaomepHomy nepe-
xony, 6yaeT 3aBHCeTb OT coomoineHHa aepoHTHocTetl Haomep-
Horo nepexoaa m P-pacnaAa c meTacTa6unbwro ypomm. 06o-
3HatiliM 9TH BepOSITHOCTH COOTBeTCTBeHHO gepe3 AT H A. ROAH
HaomepHbix nepexo/loH 6yAeT, ollemmAmo, palm Ay . Bpema,
X1 km
P
? Tegenme KoToporo HcqearieT noiloaHHa HAep, HaX01HMHXC1I
B meTacTa614.7thHom COCTOAHHH, 6y,aeT onpeaenaTbca cooTHoweimem
19,
-- 69 (2.13)
X A- Xm
P
CzeAosaTenbno, a nepexoAax 3To1'o Tuna alccneplimemanbno
ycTaHomeHribilt Ansi meTacTaUnbnoro yp010151 neplioA nonypac-
naAa Be SIBAHeTCA aernmnotl, xapaKTepHoti Ansi soomepuoro
nepexona. 4To6bi onpeAenwrb 143 3Kcnepumeirranbiloro nage-
MN T1 BePORTHOCTb HaomepHoro nepexaaa Av Imo 3HaTb COOT-
Ay
Holueme = k, paimoe cooTHomemno gmula HaomepHbrx nepe-
Am
X0,a0B H p-pacraaw c meTacTa6mabnoro ypomut
k 0,69 Ary 0,69
A == ==
k + 1 T1 Ny N.- ,
(2.14)
rile NT ? 'THUM HaomepHux nepexo,aos, a M-14Hcao p-pacuaAoB
C meTacTa6mbHoro yposHa.
Ana ycTaiumnemusi cxembi npeapamenHfl HI Tuna ueo6xoAum
AeTaababrft aHal1H3 nem HaayvenHa. Heo6xoammo yCTaHOBIlTb
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
uocr
3neprn10 KO'
Bepcxonithicribl
C nepHo,ac
F11151 637e.4X p-crieicrpoB, onpeaeawrb sHeprino 7-143.aytieHHH,
PlicT144e'aBepcHornux 3,/1eKTp0HOB H BbIHCH14Tb, icatcHe KOH-
mewl'
3.1eKTp0Hb1 CBH3aHb1 C nepHoriom T1, a Karme ?
nap II L. IlepHoa noaypacnaaa meTacra6Hamioro COCTOR-
1 CBH33H C KOHBepC140H11b1MH aneuTpoHamH 14 xapaicre-
CKHM14 peHrreHOBCKHAIH aytiamli, COOTBeTCTByl0HIHM14
ry c aT0MHb1M Homepom Homep H3omepHo1
TIPEBPAIHEHI4fi 1430MEPHbIX HAEP
68
IV TB B. K aTomy Tkiny MbI 6yaem orrioarrh mime npeapa-
meHHH H3omep1Io(I naphi, B KOTOpb1X H30MepHbal nepexoa (143-3a
Ma.101A BepOHTFIOCTI4) Be Ha6moaaeTcH. Bo36picaeHnbit1 H3omep
Tie nepexoaHT B ocHonHoe cccTosiume, a pacna,aaeTca c Haar-le-
l-mem 31460 f3-3neicrpoHa, .11460 no3HTpciia, a1460 HYTM K-3axaaTa.
HexoTopue 143 npeapaineHHIA THna IV npeacranaeribi Ha puc. 11
(cxembi dic 14 3). FIpeapaureHHH num IV 6y.ayr onpeaeasrrhai
HO OTCyTCTBI410 B comae H3.1137,1eFIVIFI xapawreplicTmecickix peHr-
reHoncmix ariefl 14 KOHBepCHOHHb1X 3aeKTp01I0B, ripmcywilx aae-
menTy c aTomnum Homepom Z.
V T 14 ii. K aromy Tnny mbi 637,nem oTHocHn, TaicHe ripeepa-
meHHH momepHog napm, B peayabTaTe KOTOpbIX BO3M4KaeT
Holm momepHaH napa Haep. Heicoropue cxembi Tanix nperipa-
ineHHIA npeacTaaaenu Ha pHc. 11 (cxemu u H HaH6o3ee
HaaeHaibiti cnoco6 ycraHoHneHHH cxembi Tnna V? -3To oTaene-
HHe aotiepaxx nponywron paaHoaxmaHoro pacnaaa OT Hcxoa-
nor? Heniema 14 anann3 nanytiennB KK poaHreabcicoro npoayKra,
TaK11 aotiepriero. Kai( yxama rpHH6epr [2.56] H caytme, ecaH
BepOSITHOCTb raoporo H3omepHoro nepexona 6y3eT 3HagHTeabH0
meHbine, aepoRTHocTb pacnaaa meTacTa6Hablioro cocToH-
HHH nepBoro n3omepa, To c aaHnumx paill4OaKTI4BHb1M14 Hapami4
oicawyTcH CB513a1111bIMH Tpx nepHoaa noaypacnaaa? Tv T2
14 T3. I-fel:mull 143 3THX nepnoitoB nonypacnan.a ? T1? oTnourrcsi
npeBpamemum, mcnbiTuBaembim n036picaemium Hapom nepson
H30mepHog napu. BTopoil nepHoa ? oTHockrrca 1< npeapa-
inemiHm, Hcnumniaemum HapamH nepHoR inomepHoil napu, Haxo-
,I=LAW,HMHCSI 13 OCHOBHOM COCTO SIB 1414. TpeTHII nepHoa? T3? npert-
cTanageT nepHoa noaypacnaaa Haep wropoti 1430mepHolI napu,
HaX0,115111I14XCH B meTacTa6HabHom cocTommi. HOCK0.11bKy
KoaritiecTno Haep, Haxoasun,xxcH BO BTOpOM meTacTa6kinbuom
COCTOSIHI414, 6y3eT CO apemeHem no3pacrarb, noxa He Hacrynwr
paaHoaxrinmoe panHonecne. 11pM aailOaKTHBHOM paaHosecHH
iconmecrHo Haep, HaxoaquiHxcH B nepHom meracTa6HabHom
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
I NI I
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
/0/1 APJ '
64 r.a. H. MET001 OBHAPYMCEHHH H HgEHTH43 14}C.
COCTOSIHHH N, H KO.T1H4eCTBO Raep, Haxo,asum.
meTacTa6H.abHom COCTOHHHH N2*, 637ByT OTHOCHTbCH
}CK Helmuth! pacrmaa, T. e. Tatarm
RecHs
T1
T,
Tai Kax T1 ? ri(i.iexQua wi.pa 113 Ho36pKaennoro cocTo3HHH B OCHOBH0e
nypem? H3ay4eHH3 7-KHaHTa,? OLleHb CHabH0 3aBHCHT OT BenHumbi
H3meHen1m momenta KomitiecTHa anoKeillm wapa rip m 3TOM 'nepe-
lcoRe. B capiae, ecam. 3To H3meneHme lk 6y.aeT 6onmne
(1> 1), TO nepexoa 113 Ho36pKaeHnoro cocTosamsi B ocHormoe
nyTem HcnycKaHma avinonhHoro H3nygeHH51 6y,aeT 3anpeaten.
Tun H3nytieH143 CaHno.abHoe, KawapynoabHoe, oKTynoabHoe
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
RPEM11 11PEBblfiA114451 511-1EP 1 METACTASHJIbilOM CodTo31-ma
14 T. A.), Hommcatoniero npH nepexo,ae 113 Ho36pRAeHnoro
COCI.OHH1451 H ocHoHHoe, onpeAenaeTca HenHqHHoil 1.
BepoaTHocfb H3nyt1eH1414, lox Mb! yaHAHm ,aanee, 3a1114C14
OT pa3mepoH H3nytiatouketi cHcTemu (paanyca sinpa r) )1111414b1
BOJIHbI 11311)711eH1441 X (X eCTb "WHIM BOJ1Hbl 113JIT4e1114B, ,aeneHHaa
Ha 21s), co13aHnoti c 9Hepr14efl nepexoAa E cooinoweffliem
1 ch 1 ch ch
X =2i hv E E ?
(3.2)
Ye B Teopkni 1-H3ny4eHlla ecleCTBeHliblX painioaKTHaHbix
BeatecTs 6bino ycTanosneHo, ITTO oTHomeHHe HHTencHBHocTeR
KaaapyrionbHoro 143113711eH141 IC 1414110J1bHOMy 03.nymer1U10 TOR >Ke
qacTom AonatHo 6biTb nopazuca BaRtt3eicKep yKa3an, 'fro
ecnu npH nepexo.ae Hapa 113 Bo36yameHnoro COCT02111441 B OCH013-
nee momeHT KonHgecrHa J11314>Ke11144f menaeTca Ha 1, TO ocHoaHyio
p0J1b B BbIpMe111414 HepoamocTH H3nygenHa 6yneT HrpaTb MHO-
r 2d
)104TeJlb (?).Ho ou,eHKe Ba11n3eK1epa nepowrHocTb nepexo,aa
moacer 6b1Tb nana B cnenylotHem sHne:
0,7 21 E \2/-1-1.
me
AI = 3/I2 ,137)
(3.3)
(3.3)
rje X1 ? sepoaTHocTb y-H3nytieHm, E 311eptiv nepexona,
1? H3meHeH14e momenTa monmecTsa Amicen.Ha npH nepexo,ne.
CnenyeT OTMeTHTII, 11TO supmenHe (3.3) npeAcTaBnaeT Hecbma
rpy6yto oneHxy nepcaTHecTH 143JITIeH1441. B Hem OTCyTCTI3y1OT
1C0344141114eHTbl, 3aHHcaume OT cTpyKTypm Harm. BbIpmeHHe (3.3)
AaeT ne CTOJIbK0 11CTIIHHTO BeJ11491111y BePOSITHOCTH H3nyme-
CK011131KeT OTJ11414aTb-
CH OT nutmcneHHoro 113 COOTHOIlleH1141 (3.3) Ha Tpu-geTbipe no-
paaxa.
Ho ckopmyne (3.3) Ana H3nytieHma /o = 100 1c33 14 PaJ114-
1
yca Hapa, pamoro 6 ? 10-'3 cm, o14CH0 nony-
gwrb H Apyrrie cocTaringioume momeHTa My H M3.) Cnenosa-
TeabHo, f jj_ dc npencTammeT npoemumo .1114110J1bHOTO anewrpH-
gecmoro momenTa Ha nnocmocm, nepneHnHungpHyto K Hanpannemmo
pacripociTaHemig 80.110b1 (HemTop n). HoTromy E1 npenci?asnmeT
co6ott He 4TO mice, max 3.newrpwiecmoe none, 1I3nygaemoe OCI-414.11-
amppouuni 3.rieKTpllgeouim amonem, T. e. npe,RcTaBasieT none
?minonmioro Hanygeinig?.
BbipameHne nag E., Hecmonbmo .6onee caommoe. ECJI0 Holt-
CTaBWrb B Hero cooTHomemie (3.26), TO nonyinim HHTerpn.11
Termopa sToporo paHra, KOM11014eHTb1 moToporo
(1,1k =J1X1 17ik Cik,
(3.27)
171e i, k y, z mo)mHo Hbipa311rb B nine cymmbi Anyx gacTeg,
onHa 03 1COTOpb1X npencTaBageT aitexTpmecKoe none H3J1y4e1-114B
3.rieupmgecicoro miaapynong (x8aApyrionb cHcTema, COCT05111.43%
03 xiyx Armonen, opmeHTHpoHatiRbi X 11p0T1460110.110)KHO Apyr
npyry; aTa clicTema, COCTO11LE1aH 143 tleTbipex 3317)S4110B, He Hmeer
,/04110.11b1101?0 momewra), a Apyrasi gacTb npencTamigeT anemTpH-
gecmoe none H3ny4eHHH, cooTneTcTspoinee marmiTHomy amoino.
Bbipa>meHHe
1
N=--[rj]
(3.28)
npericrammer MOMefiT marmiTHoro "114110/01.
Bbipmmenue jjio E3 (3.25B) Tarome mo)mHo pa3nemiTh na .rma
gneria, onmi 143 moTopmx npeAcTasageT co6cmo none ?marl-armor?
msartpyrionbHoro H3nygemig?, a Erropoil ? none ?aaemTpwiecmoro
OKTy110.71bEOPO 14.3.Tly4eHl4B>> (omTynonb cocrawien 143 AByx KBa-
apynogeft).
Tammi o6pa3om, Mb! B14)114M, tiro 9newrpomarHHTHoe none
143.71y4e01454 ocumumpponia cricTembi 3apHnoH mwmeT 6b1Tb pa3-
nomceHo B 1:151,11,. KOTOpOr0 npeAcTaBamoT 1101151 0311ygeurig,
cooTseTcTsytounie anemTpwiecmomy 14 MarHHTEomy AHnongm,
msaApyinongm, OKTyllOJISIM 14 T..
HpH onHcaHmi cBoticTB H3nygeH4i Mbl B nanbEenmem 6yAem
110.11b30BaTbCH cnemgounimii o6o3na4ernimmil Ansi ranygemisi.
Q6bmiio H3nygemie 60nee cnommoe, gem JuinonbHoe, npmmrro
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
74 NI. III. BPEMA CIPEBbIBAH1411 KIEP B METACTAB11.11bHOM COCTORH1411
1-1a3b1Barb Aty.abmunoitbubi.u. Thu 413.ny4eH441? aneKTpmecKoe
14.1114 MarFamioe 6ynem o6o3pa4am coorBeTmeHno 6yKBamH
E HMI M. Ilp? 6pcBax 6y,11.eM CTaB14Tb 44144)py, xapaKTepHByto-
Lupo > 143.1y4er1451. TaK, El 6yneT o6o31-:agam 3neK-
Tpkviecgoe nHnonbuoegeEne, M2 ? marHHTHoe imanpynonb-
voe i43yqeniie, E3? 3neupinecKoe orrynonbuoe 143ny4eHHe
14 T. A.
OuleHb Macro npHmeHBeTcH TaKwe 14 npyroe o6o3Ha4eHne -rum
mynbninonbHoro 143.nriem4a. Hanplimep, KBanpynonbHoe 14311y4e-
HHe o6o3Havaior TaK: ?22-nonbnoe Hanygerme?. OKTynonbiloe
143nylienHe o6o3naiiatoT Talc ?23-rionbi oe 413nrieHHe?>. 0,4e-
B11AI10, 410 moryT 6bITU DnewrpHtlecKoe 14 marmiTHoe 21-Honb-
noe 143.nr4eH14B 14 T. 11..
PIHTeKcHnocTH 143nr4euxi4 pa3,111441-IbIX 11411013, Bupawaembix
psinom (3.25), He 0111411a1COBbl. B cnyvae kr' KHO CBeCT14 B ()any Ta6.nHHy. B Ta6aHne IV ,aatio
3HamenHe A_ 11 miummaabHoe 3Ha4enue 1 143 HepaaencTaa ?
11?//1
ATIH pa3aHmHbix nepexuon, a TamEe yKa3aHo Flame Hume meT-
HOCIT.
CaymaH, paccmoTpeHable B TH6MILLe IV, caeayeT )10110111114Tb
eme paccmoTpenHem nepexo,aa me)Kay COCTOHHHHMH C 1=0,
aanpentemoro JuIn HIllytleBHH 'mama J11-060ii MyAbTH110.313HOCTH.
3TOT caymati 6y,aeT paccmoTpeH lame.
ilepmojk nonypacnag,a Be363TWAEHH0tO COCTOMIHM
Kai< H3BeCT1-I0, nepHoa nonypacnaaa npeacTaanaeT Hpema,
B Temetnie xoToporo 110.110BHH3 HAeP nepexoaHT 143 no36pKaeH-
H01'o COCTOHH1451 B OCHOBHOZ. (Haome,pHbill nepexo,a, no al-maw-km
C PHAHOHKTHBHbIM pacnaaom, MO)CHO paccmaaTHEaTb KaK paaHo-
aRTHBHOCTE, C mcnycKalmem y-KBHHTa.) 3T0 spamm MOIKeT 6blTb
onpeaeaeHo 143 KOHCTaHTbl pacnaaa HO cooTHomemno
T In 2 0,695
rae ? KoucTawra pacnaaa, npeacTannmicanaa 414c310 pacHaaon
a ceKyn.ay, paccmwranHoe na ?alio aapo. llocKoabKy nepexo,a
143 no36pKaenHoro COCTOHHVIS1 B HopmanbHoe ripoHcxo,awr nyTem
HaaymenHm, 6y,aeT npeacTaBaaTh co6oh HHCJ10 7-KBHHT0B, HC.'"
nycKaembix B ceKynay (npm pacmeTe Ha oaHo gapo). aro Lnicao
mo?KeT 6b1Tb oupeaeaeHo (ecru' Ham H3BeCTHO 110Ae H3113THeH1451)
C 110M0111b10 Be.11H41411b1 HeKTopa Ymosa-HotIFITHHra (HHTeHC14BHOCTb
HaaymeHm), eCJIT4 paaaenwrb ee Ha Be11141114Hy KBHHTa h(1.) (M.0
? 9Heprkl5i nepexo,aa). flocKoahxy amn.axTyaa 113ay4aemon
anexTpomarnHTHoll B051-1b1 3aB14CHT OT MY.TIbT11110.11bHOCTI4 143.11374e-
HUB, TO Ai, a caeaonaTeabno H T1, 6y,ayT 3aB11CeTb OT 110PHAK3
My.7113THF101113HOCT14.
Lt.11H BbIHHCHeHHA HHTelICHBHOCTH MyAbTHHOJILHOL'O HaaymeHHH
mapa neo6xoa4mo oupeaemrrb 3HalleHHH HHTerpanon (3.25a,
3.256) 14.7114 cooTaeTcTaylonmx 14M MaTPHHHbIX 9aemewroa, axoaa-
Lunx B abrpaaceHHe AJ151 9neKTpH4ecKoro Ilona H3ay4em4m. TaKoe
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
80 NI. III. 13PEMSI FIPEBbIBM4H51 5111EP II METACTAB14/IbHOM cocTosHHH
onpeaenenHe Tpe6yeT, max?, 314a14k151 cTpyRTypbi aTomnbix
Haep. ilpvi COBpeMe11110M COCT02111414 Hatumx 31111114t4 0 cTpyRType
aTOMHblx Haep TOLIlioe IIHTeHC14BHOCTII Mynia14110,1113-
Horo Hanyilexpifl He npeacTamaseTco BO3MONGiblM. Ilp14X0,1201TC51
orpanHimsaThcii npH6aimeiiiimmH 14 npHTom Becbma rpy6bimi4
olienKamm. lipHmeHenHe Taxmx rpy6bix oqeHoic oupasaano Tem,
=no samme seamknibi nopsaxa My.lIbT14110311110CTFI CTOTIb C14.11bH0,
npH Hsmenentim nopsiaica MyabT14110.41DHOCT14 Ha eaHimuy se-
pOrATHOCTb HanyHemiii A. MeHBeTC51 130 mnoro pas 6oabiLie, Hem
HeonpeaeneHHocTi; B X3, 11031114Ka1010a51 143-3a rpy6ocTH ripmme-
Haembix np146arniceimiA.
flpH BbILIVICTIeHl4VI BeT11441411bI A1 110.71b3y1OTCSI 06b1LIHO
moaelblibimx npeacTasaemiHmH:Hoo paccmaTplinaeTcH icaneabnaii
moaeab Hapa H onpe,rienHeTcH Hsnyi sbisnamse Kanwhimp-
IIMMII, T. e. nonepxHocTHIAmi4, ICalle62111MM14 wapa-icanaH, a1160
paccmaTpHsaeTcH OB,H0,4aCTIVIHMI MOAeJIb, B KoTopotA Hs.aytieHHe
ripoHcxoairr B pesynbTaTe nepexoaos oaHoPi sapsxceHHon LlaCT1411,1,1,
osHacyinericH B noae ocTaabHori nacTH sopa.
pOSITHOCTb HsaylieHHH affewrinriecKoro. 2,i7noabHoro icsairra aoaocno
CileayeT OTMeTI1Tb: LITO BO BC5IKOR Te0p1414 B Be-
371:21ellng'
noftTB B xaiiecTse MHON04T2M1 supaimeHne 6.)2/-1-1 (rite w?
qacToTa 143aplemio, r---paamyc gapa), xapaicrepHspoinee y3my7
gat-011410 cHcremy. Pa3:11141411b1e ?Remo! sePOSITHOCTH HsaytieHHo
6y,ayT 111314130,1114Tb .1141111) K p133aw4Hum- 31-l13tle111411M K0941401111,14e11-
TOB np11 sTom shipmeHHH. B oa,HoiiacmiinotA mozienH (AAA ?ripe-
,Ttegeni4H Hsaylienithix? KBaHTOB) Bbipmetme 2l: r21
awrcH Ha hw, Tait LITO 11. BepOSITHOCTL 113J1rIBH1451 BX0,n,11T M110)104-
Teab w2/41r21.
B Bbipmelucix AAR IlepOSITHOCTM 14311yLleH1151, 1-1071yLlaeMbIX Ha
octiose icaneabHoti moaeaH, aHe.prnii nepexoaa (co = coaep-
>1{1iTC51 B menbineit cTeneHH:? 2/ 13111eCTO 21+ 1. lipovicxoaHT
9TO noTomy, wro 5Heprii5I ociuminuei Kanam riponopuHoHaabHa
He co, a co2. Kpome Toro, B 3TI4X sbipaxceHHox 11 paaviyc wapa 'cornice
coaepouncsi He n creneHH 2/, -a B cTeneHH 21? 2. 3TO 51111151eTCA
caeacTsHem TOCO, LITO I1H onpeaenemoi iicia 1-KBalIT0B aHep-
rHsi 143J13711e111151, nponopu,HoHaabHas r21, aeatiTcH Ha aneprmo
ocumaasnimi oTaenbnoro sopa, nponopu,lionlabuyio r2 H co2.
HaicoHeu, Tax KK B moaemi suipa-icanam npeanoaaraeTcH, 11TO
H37iyileime o6ycaosaeHo scem H,apa, TO 13 cpopmyaax,
Ha ocHose KanegbHoll moaenH, coaep>rniTcH eme.H
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
111PHOA 11ORYPACRAAA BO3BY>KAEHH0r0 COCTOBEIHR 81
SH31ag 3aBHCHM0CTb OT Z (B AT HOHBAReTCR MH0)K14TeAb 272), Ko-
Topoil HT B cpopmynax, nthaygeHHbix Ha OCHOBe OAHOtlaCT14,1H0R
monenx.
FlpHaeem Tenepb AAH BepORTHOCTH H31IrleHH51 HexoTopme
cPopmy.abr c ico344Ent1eHramH, coikepHcaulipmcn npH mHommTene
w2/+2 . r2/ 6eTe [3.7--3.81 npennommn npm onenxe Bep051TH0CTH
mewrpHnecKoro
113ATIeH14A sinpa 3aMeHHTb COOTBeTCTBeHHbal HH-
Terpan (3.25) 11p146.1114)KeHHMM BblpalKeHHeM
Tierw(--c
or V-1
TAO 1 xaparcrepH3yer My.TILTHHOAbHOCTb H3ny4eHHH, r paaky,..
smpa, e-3apnit anexTpoHa, hoi?aHeprm nepexona
),
a ii?xo3c1JclimmeHT, onpenensitotuHR amnaHryny Kone6aHuti
(01AepHOR )KHAKOCTH>>.
EcnH Taxyto 3ameny HaTerpanoB, cToaumx B supaNceHHH
(3.25), Hp0H3BeCTH, TO nerKo 63TneT 011eHHTb 11HCAO 7-KBaHTOB,
H3114aemb1x nnpom 311 ceicyHay,
N 4rc122 c
hw 4Tc W
(3.35a)
Ho 1114CRO KBaHTOB, H3nr411emux swam 3a ceKyHay, H HNA-
cTagnaeT BepORTHOCTb nepexoaa Hapa 143 so36y)KileHnoro ? CO-
CT02111151 B OCHOBH0e. CaenosaTenbHo,
(0)21+1 12 r21
aaex
'r2, T1 ?
(3.35)
CMHTaB mHoamTenh 19 He 3aBl4CSILL14M OT wpm H np HO-
pBAKy BeA14414Hbl pammm enumme, BeTe nonyw A1154 TMICe-
AUX HiLep (A.-'200 14 r 10-12 cA.0
caenylomee nbipmenHe
.Ttaff nepHona nonypacnana
Toneg == 5 . 10 -21 (pp (__
? ha)
20)a+1
rite Oneprim nepexoita ho.) naHa a M.98.
43opmyna (3.36) npencTasasieT co6on ?gem, rpy6oe HpH6nH-
mcemie. B AeRCTBHTeAbHOCTH ammuTyna Kone6aH14fl . canepHoil
HimaKocTH?, KK yxce yKa3mBanoch, 311BHCHT OT 3Heprim nepe-
xo,aa, a Tatoice OT paiwyca 3apana H maccbt ijpa. Bonee
cTporoe paccmoTpeHHe B pamKax icaneabHoft MOJ1H npqH3se-
AeHO B pRAe nccne1IonaHH3 [3.10 ? 3.141. IlpHBOAHM 3AeCb
celcym, (3.36)
6 3alc. 950. M. H. KopcyHoctol
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
82 NI. iIi. 13PEMSI IWEBbIBAHlia YI,E(Ef B METACTABHJI13110M totToaHmt
(1)opmyny BAH HepoaTHocTa H3JITIelf}13 sapom-nanneti 9ffeKTIM4-
tiecKoro MylIbTHITOJIbH01.0 H3nytiemur, nonygeHHylo cl3Hpuem [3.111:
(3Ze)2(or)2/-2
? (u2 2211!(1+1)
.Mc3 c [(21+1)!]2*
B rpopmyne (3.37) M o3HatraeT maccy aapa, a Ze ero 3a-
pa. KaK MN BHAHM, B 3TOR cpopmyne COaep1KHTCA B cTe-
neHH 2/, a parmyc?B cTenenx 21-2.
OrmeTHm, TO wra 6onee Totmag (a pamaax rranenbllok mo-
?Item') ctiopmyna cormaaaeT c 3KcnepHmeHTanbHumm 1LaHHbim0
xynce, gem 6onee rpy6aa (3.36).
PAYL Bb14HCIIeHI41 BeP05ITHOCTI3 mcnyciraHHa mynurrmonbaoro
Haar-lama ripoHnerzeH Ha OCHOBe O1HOt4aCTH4110i1 MOJIeJIH.
B 0):IFIO1 H3 nepubtx pa6oT, TIOCIMBILefiHbIX wromy Honpocy, Xe66
H 1OneH6ex 13.91 nponsenx pace T BepowrHocTH
HCX0,01 113 npencTaHnerma o ABIDKel-1111,1 ?ABA Ct-IlaCTI41Abl B none
ocTanbHoro siapa. Ana BelIWIHHIA BePOHTHOCTH H3nygelma 3neK-
TpHtiecKoro MyJIhTMHOJIII Xe66 H lOneH6eK. flOJIlHJIM HisapaaceHHe
8e2 I
Aim? "-= IT MC [ 1 ? 3 ? 5 ? ? ? (21+ 1)1-2 E(rE 1)21 , (3.38)
rae r ? paimyc Hapa, supmermbal B eaHHimax KomnT0Hou0t1
JYJIHFIbI BOJIHbI ?, a meprHa nepexoaa E1 Bbipmena B MC2; 1,
MC
KaK YI paHmue, xapaKTepH3yeT MYJIbTkIfbaabHOCTb H3nyqema.
HaH6onee aKKypaTimitl noacireT 1ro34x1)Hu11e11ros B Hbipawe-
HMI BepOSITHOCTH MyabT11110.abHOTO 1I3JITIeH113, B pamKax oaHo-
qacTwmotl moaenH, 6b/JI npoHneaell MOCbLYKOBCKHM kl Bat4cKon-
430m. Ilpeanonaraa, 'no 3a HcnycKame My.abT1IHOJILIHOY0
OTBeTCTBeH TIPOTOH, aBIDKyLIIIIRCH B none OCTaRbHOTO
Hapa, MOCIAIKOBCKliti [3.15] nonyinha cnenylourge BbipancenHe
Ana nepHoaa nonypacnaaa 3,apa nyTem mcnycKaHHa 3neKTp11re-
cKoro MyAbTIIHOJIbH01.0 143JIyMeHHH
T''
Iaaen = 0'69 [ 1 [1 5 . (21+1)]lie ?)cr )21]-1 (3'39)
2(1+1)
AHanorwmoe (3.39) ubipmeHHe nonytnin 11 BaticKonep [3.16].
(1)opmyna BatIcKompa otiumeTca OT npmeneHHon waecb 4op-
3 2
mynbi Mocbtuwacaoro (3.39) nmub milomyrenem ( +3) , 003-
mficumm HczeacTrme TOM, paia1agbHa51 IlaCTb HHTerpana,
BX0,11511Her0 a abipmeHHe ?rtona H3nytieHHa, 3ameHeHa 1IpH6n14-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
littn4,5,1 116.13/"PACHAILA BO3BiTNUIEHHoco COCT6HHIN
sa
)KeHHo He Ha. r1 (max y MochnxoacKoro), a Ha Bbipmelme
3
1?3 r.
MOCWKOBCICHA BbIgHCJIHJI Taime BepOSITHOCTb nepexo,aa sinpa
H3 ao363/Krkeimoro COCTOAHHB B OCHOBH0e nyTem Hcnycicanm
marHHTHoro myin.THno.ubHoro maytieHm. CornacHo MOChaKOB-
cKomy
Tiviiarx =
Tren [? t
mc 1?1)] 2' (3.40)
r
rae Tma" nepHo,a noaypacna,aa ao363/K1eHHoro HApa B OCHOB-
1
Hoe cocTosnme nye m HanygeHHH marMITHOCO MylibTH110J1bH01-0
H3.1137,4eHHA Ml, a p? CO6CTBeHHbai MarHHT11bIli MOMeHT npoToHa
2,79).
C.aeityeT OTMeTHTb, MTO npme,aeHHbie cDopmyam (3.39) H
(3.40) nonyliatoTcH B npe,ano.aomrceHHH, KOHe4HOMy COCTOA-
HMO sLapa oTaetiaeT momeHT KomnecTaa ABH)KeHHH 1/2, T. e.
,
npoficxo,aHT nepexo,a H3 COCTORHHH l ?I? ?2? B COCTOAHHe 1/2. BbI-
paweime .anH TT, o.rwaxo, ma.no H3MeHl4TC51, ecru,' xonetmoe co-
CT0511114e 6TaeT o6na,TAaTb HHbIM MOMeHTOM KOJIWieCTBa ABHHCe-
HRH, HO nepexoik 6yAeT conposomc,gaTbcH ymeHbwennem BenHqHHbi
momeHTa. lionoweHHe cymecTsenHo immeHHTcH, mai nepexoit
113 ao36y)tuketmoro COCTOHHHA B OCHOBH0e. 6y1LeT nponcxQuiTh
C yaenHqemiem momenTa xonntlecTaa AB11)ICe111151. B 3TOM cay-
Liae Tv BbIgHCJIeHHOe HO (3.39) H (3.40), Heo6xo111mo ymHoxa4Th
Ha Be.1144HHy
2/Hal+ I
+1 '
XOTH paccmoTpeHme BepORTHOCTE nepexou gapa 113 ao36y-
Kaennoro cocTomm B 0CHOBH0e nyTem H3113711eHHH 3Jietapomar-
1111THO1 paaHau,na npokme,aeHo a oaHotiacTninion mo,aenn He-
CK0.711,1f0 6o.aee aeTam,Ho, gem 910 c,aenano B nepaonagammbrx
no,actieTax (BaltueKKepa H BeTe), HOCKO.T1bKy B 3TOM paccMoTpe-
HI-Ill pamminie B BepOSITHOCTH 143.TlygeHHA marHHTHoro
MyabTHI10.11b110f0 H31137,1eHHA OT onexTpmeckoro, Toro Hce. ROpallKa
MyJIbT0110AbHOCTH, mem p0J1b co6cTaeHHoro marm4THoro mo-
meHTa npoToHa (MocbutcoacicHP1) H magenne .yr,noaoro momeHTa,
xoTophim o6na,aa.no MO nepezt HsaygenHem, Tem He meHee Bbl-
paweims (3.39) 1,1 (3.40) JI.Tni nepHoRa no,aypacna,aa, nonytieH-
Hue Ha OCHOBe 3Toro paccmoTpeHm, HpeAcTaamnoT co6ofl Taxxce
6*
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
84 ra.fil. %AEI; B iiETAdTAHHAbHOM 606TOSIHHi1
aecbma rpy6oe npli6ammeHHe, KoTopoe moxKlibIM14, oco6eHHo ? 11112 peJIHTHBHCTCK0r0
capiaH, moTopbiti HmeeT m:ecTo .711460 H cnyvae Ta?KelIbIX anemeu-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BHYTPEHHHH KOHBEPCHH
89
TOB, Koraa senHKa aileprHa CBH3H anelapoHa, Hhipumemoro 113
aToma, HcneacTaHe HomepcHH, ,nH6o xoraa Beam sHeprma
nepexoaa
Ha HatianbHo11 cTaaHH 143yqema Haomepfm, Kor,aa HmenH
ilea? 6o.nbuiet1 qacTmo c anemewramH He ogeHb 6onbilioro Homepa
H CO cpaimmTenLHo He60AbWHM14 3HeprHHIHH H30mepH0r0 nepe-
X0Ra, npH BMHHCAeHHH KO3C1H4JHI1HenTa KOHBepCHH OrpaHMBa-
RHCb HepeRHTHBHCTCKHM npH6AHWeHHeM. TaK0e paCCMOTpeHHe
RaeT pe3yRbTaTM, KOTOpMe npHrORHM RAH 9ReMeHTOB C aTOM-
HUM HOMepOM He 60AbMe 30, y KOTOpMX 5HeprH51 H30Mepn0r0
nepexoaa oKa3mHanacH ire 6onbaien 150 1C98. ,a1151 Z > 30 H
sHeprim nepexoaa E 1 > 150 IC98, a T aK)K e B cnyqae marHHTHbix
nepeXOROB HaR0 npHHHMaTb BO BHHMaHHe peRHTHBHCTCKHe
(1)eKTEJ.
,aamoH H MopHccoH [3.3] onpeaenHam BenHcmHy 4- K0343.-
4HUMeHTa KOHBepCHH RByX 9.ReKTp0H0B K-rpynnu Ansi 3lle1TP14-
geCK0r0 MyRbT14HORbH0r0 143RytleHH1 THna El. B HepenamaHcT-
CKOM npH6nkoKeHHH, T. e. Ana Z < 30 H E, < 150 IC38, alK
HbipawaeTca c.neayioumm coomoulemem:
16a/ 1 \/ 2 v+1 n4 \/
(1 ? n2)1.- I\
2n
- 4
[(1 ? 1) (1+ n2)/-2 e c.gn v112
X [(12-1- n2)] [(I ? 1)2 ? n2] . . . [1+ ni (1 ? e 21m) , (3.44)
re HenHuHa V1 onpeaengeTcq peicyppeHTHof4 4Jopmynot1
? 2 ,
Vi +1 = Vi (1 n2) ? I
i./
2i?2)! 1 + n 11(0 + n2)
i=1
Vo = 0, (3.45a)
Henkmula a, BXORHInaSI B COOTHOIBeHHe (3.44), ripeacTaanaeT
nocToaHHylo TOHKOR clpyxTyphr, T. e. a ?1 ' ? E ? 9FieprHa,
137
(3.45)
HbipmeHHaa H eammax mc2, a
Za
n ? ?
(2E1 ? Z2a2)' l?
9Heprinl f CBC1314 K-9.neicrpona V2._____Ze2 (3.46) KlineT11111410A 911ept1151 KoHsepcupwip.ro 9.nexTpoHa fro '`.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
90 rn. 111. BPEMS1 IIPEBbIBAHHA SUMP B METACTABIMHOM COCTORHHH
re V ?CICOpOCTb KOHBePCHOHHUX 9ReKTp0HOB. (Dopmyna (3.44)
CI4JIbHO ynpoLuaeTcg, Korn n CTaHOBVITC51 ma.nbim ? no cpagHeHmo
c eammu,ea (n KeHHOe.
He Hce 9Kcriepllmeffraaufbie Togim nmaTcH HenocpencTseHHo Ha
Teoperfigemme npqmbie. BonbinaH gacTb MX .10/K14TCH no ooe
CTOPOHbl OT TeopenNecKmx.11p51MbIX (110CTPOeHliblX Ha OCHOBaH1414
(Popmynbt Ba1u,3exxepa), a nexoTopme TOLIKI4 OTK.710111110TCSI OT
9THX npHmmx Hecbma CH.IbB0. Tax, HanpHmep, axclleinimetaaab-
Hoe mageHHe T ? r21 y H3omepa 'Cs oTnHgaeTcH OT 3nage-
HRH T ? r2A, BugHcaeHHoro no cPopmyne Batia3exxepa, 6onee
gem H CTO pa3. Taxoe )xe npHmepHo oTakigne 'Amity pacgeTHumH
99
.14
3xcnepHmeHTaabHumn naHHumm Hmeer mecTo n a.TI11 43Tc,
'Ta, Sc.
13 21
TOabK0 TO 06CTORTe.71bCTBO, t1TO B .n4a1Ia3oHe 3HeprHit, Bxato-
44
gaioutem sHeprino nepexozo " 182554Cs, 73Ta 14 2iSc, TeopeTHgecxm
BugHcaemble (no cpopmyne (3.2)) 3HageHH11 T.( ? r21 nag A = 4
H A = 5 0T.1114,1a1OTCH 6onee gem Ha IlleCTb 110pRAKOB, Aaa0 B03-
MO>KHOCTb Axcenio H Anuccmy HpHnHcaTb 9THM H3omepam onpe-
nenenHoe 3HageHme MyabT14110abHOCTH, a HmeHHo: Ana 13545CS,
182 440
73Ta pasHoe geTmpem, a Arm noc pasHoe 1111TH.
? Ha6nmaiouleecH Ha rpacpme pHc. 20 Henonnoe comanerme
3xcnepHmeHTanbubtx Togex c TeopeTHgecKI4a4 aaHHUMH ecTb pe-
3y1lbTaT lieCK0abKI4X 11P14414H.
1. He Hce 9Kcneptimeara1lmihre naHuble, 14C110/1b30BaHHble Ax-
cenem H ,LtamoBbim, oxa3anHcb 6e3yupegHblmH. Kax pxe oTme-
ganocb, aneprim H3omepHoro Hepexona y r)/Hf Axcenem 14
9 3atc. 950. M. H. Kopcync339
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
130 ra. IV. OHTTJEAEHHE HOPHAKA MYALTH110AbHOOTH
,IlaHKoshim 6una B351Ta HenpaHH.nbnal. B nocaeAHee }Tem yAanocb
yCTaHOBHTb [4.4, 4.5], 4TO ampriu nepexoAa, HpHnHcbmaemag
99
paHee mecTmacosomy H3omepy 43Tc? 136 M38, onpeAeaeHa
axcnepHmenTanmo nesepHo. ()Kaaanocb, 4TO y Haomepa TexHe-
HMI 99 memcAy Ho36ywite1-!Hb1m ypomem 14 OCHOBHbIM HmeeTcg
elite npommyToglibal ypoHenb H Hap? Texneman 99 nepexoarr
cHagana 143 meTacTa6HabHoro COCTOSIHHa (c nepHoAom nonypac-
nua 6,6 qaca) B npommyTogHoe, oTamiammeeca OT meTacTa-
61mbHoro COCTORHI451 acero AHLUb Ha 2,0 11193, a aaTem ye ne-
pexoAHT B ocHoHnoe cocTosame. Ecrn yTleCTb, 4TO 9HepTHA
99
nepexoAa 43Tc pama 2,0 1:98, TO Torna aKcneplimenTanhHao
TogKa fum 910ro Haomepa aunceT Ha rpadpKe puc, 18 yAome-
TBOPMTeAbH0 Ha jivrnviio C A = 3. He HCKIIIOTIeHO, TITO IT B HeKO-
Topwx Apyrmx cayqux pacxonoeHme Teopm4 c 3Kc1epnmeHTom
o6ycnoHneHo HecoHemencTaom 3K cHepomeHTaablibix
2. YrIeT Be.III4414HIA K03(134)HLO4eHTa KoHaepckm AKCe.TIb
ELan?
ROB 1_Tp0113130,a114I4 CIO IIPH6JIHN{eHliblM cliopmynam H Flaab30Ba.THICb
14m0 H )3 Tex cnyqaqx, Kor.na 3T1'l cpopmynu npmeoAmaH pice
K 3H34HTe.TIbHOil norpeumocTH B HeniumHe a, a caeAoHaTeabHo,
H eenmume T, HugHememoft no cpopmyne (4.5).
3. OCHOBliyI0 ponb, ?imam:), HrpaeT TO 06CTOHTe.TIbCTBO, 4TO
Arm npoeepm4 rHnoTeam Bafluaemcepa AKcenb H Thanxort
30BITIVICb COOTEOLIleHlIeM (3.2), 5113.11S1IOHIHMCH .TIHIllb ogeHb rpy6um
npH6amKeHHem, onpeaeasnomm TOMbK0 xoA neptioAa nonypac-
liana OT aHeprHH, a He ero a6contoTHoe aftageHme. HeTogHoe cosna-
AeHHe aKcnepHmeHTanbaux TogeK c npoHeAemumm }la pHc. 20
npmslumm He aungeTcsi npoTHBopegHem c rHnoTeaofl BafluaeicKepa,
a aBaBeTCH cneAcTmem upHmeneHHA ?gem:, rpy6o11, no cymecmy
oueHogHofl, 1:1:)opmyabi J1T1 BepOSITHOCTH Hanygema.
Bbnue MbI ynce ynommarm, 4TO cymecTHytoT cloopmynu Ana
BepOilTHOCTI4 F13J1y4eH1114 c 6onee axxypaTmAmH anagenHamH K034)-
4M4umetiToB, emcmcneHHumH Ha ocHosaHHH onpeAenemmx moAenb-
HbIX npeAcTaHaemM 0 cTpywryp ,apa. ECTeCTBeHHO 6bITIO 6bI
npolmecTH cpameHHe axcnepHmenTanbHmx JIaHHblx c 3THM1I 6onee
TogHbimH cimpmynamH. HpH conocTameHHH c HHMH Heuenecoo6-
pa3Ho HOJIb30B3TbCSI noHandem 110pH,EIKa My.abTHHOJIbHOCTH, wipe-
Aenembim Ha cTpannue 77, H6o B aTom cayqae Hellb3R C4HTaTb
coana,Aamamm BepO5ITHOCTI3 HcnycKamia marnHTHoro 2/ H 9nex-
Tpmecicoro 21+1 My.TIbTlITIOTIbHbIX HanygeHHH. 14 .aelACTBHTe.TIbH0,
113 cpopmyn (3.39) rel (3.40) mum, 4TO yTleT KO3434JHIIHeHTOB
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
bni,EaEAEHHE A nO rinko,air no&PACnAki
h ORHOgaCTHMHOR mo.aeaH npmoaHT K aamemomy paaaminuo
momay BePORTHOCTRMH ncnycmaHma marHmTHoro 2/ H aaexTpH-
iiecKoro 21+1 maaygemul. ?imam? B Kaneabnoti moae.am pactleT
npomarleaeH TORbK0 RTIR Bep014TH0CTI4 3.11eicrpvitiecKoro myahrm-
110AbHOTO manymeuma. FIp0H3BeCTH pace T BePORTHOCTH marHmT-
HOCO My.abT14110.abHOTO H3.11r4eHH11 B pammax maneabHoil moaeam
HeA6351, Tam xaK B 3TOR moaeam cosepuueHHo He oTpaacemo Haim-
mme y HaepHmx gacimu uninoa H CB1433HHMX C HHMH CO6CTBeH-
1-iMX MaTHHTHUX MOMeHTOB; npeHeopemb mce npm BM4HCAeHHH
HepoaTHocTei4 MaTIIHTHMX MyabT11110RbI3blX nepexoaom tinenamm
B maTpugHwx 3.aemenTax, coaepacaimmmm marnmTHwe momeHTm
maepHbix tiacTmm, He,11b3R. IIo3Tomy conocTameame amcnepmmeH-
TaaionIX RaHlIbl X C am=incaennmmil 143 (Popmya, nougemmx na
()cm:maxim maul:41E4x npeacTaa.aemA o a,ape, neaecoo6paano
Rp0143B0R4Tb R1411113 irasi Oypmya (3.39) H (3.40).
/loomm K 3TOMy, 11TO BIDRIHCAeHHR, npoHmeAeHHme HO atop-
myne dOmpua (3.37) ARM H30MePOB, nopsmox myabTHnoabHocTH
nepexoaa moTopmx onpeaeneH 143 apyrmx aamnbix (mo3cP(ImumeHTa
Konsepum), noxaamHawa, 3Ta cpopmyaa aaeT CRHR1KOM 3aH14-
>xemibie anagenma Heamtam
ConocTameHme 3mcnepmmeHT3ablib1x aambix aam H E T
.c (1)0pmy.aamm (.3.39) 14 (3.40) npommeaeHbi MOCIALKORCKI4M [3.15].
Ha pHC. 21 npeacTamen rpacpmx, nocTpoenHmft 1\lochuoscum
.A5A pis= maomepom c HemeTHum maccomum 14HCR0M. Ha rpacImme
(pmc. 21) HO TOpH3OHTaRbHOR OCH oTnom(eHa aHeprHH B KHRO-
anewrpoti-Boaurax (macwTa6 aorapHcpmmtiecKmt1), a no Bepnwarib-
Hoti OCH oTammeno 3HatieHme npomameaeHma nepmo,aa no.aypac-
naaa TT Ha paalyc HApa B COOTBeTCTBeHHOR cTeneHH (Taxwe
? aorapmcpmmxtecmom macurra6e). C noaygeHHumm 3mcnepmmen-
TaAbHUMH Togicamn cpameHm npHmme RHHHH, nocTpoemime na
ocHomamm itopmya (3.40) 14 (3.41) AAR mexTpmilecmmx H mar-
IMMIX MyRbTHROJIMMX nepexuos paaamHoro THRa. 3aexTpH-
ecxne nepexoabi mao6pmeml Ha p14C. 21 CHA0111Hb1M14 R14411451M14.
kianHTHme nepexoAm AAR myabmnoabnoro HaaymeHm KMKROTO
THRa npeAcTanaenm aumH npsimumm RHHHRMH. 0,aaa 143 9THX
HPAMbIX RHHHR (nyHxTHp c TogKoli) COOTBeTCTByeT RaHHMM cloop-
myam (3.41), B KOTOPOR He HPHERTO BO BHHMaHHe BAHRHHe,
OKII-
ahlBaeMoe Ha HepoilmocTb marfarrHoro nepexoaa Hanummem y 13-
nytialoigeft tiacTmuu (npoTon) co6cTamoro manarrHoro momema.
Apyram npHmaH .11HHHR (nyHKTHp 6ea TOWK) COOTBeTCTByeT
9*
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
132 NT. IV. Oni,E,H,EnEtillE I-TOPA:RICA MYAbTilii0.11t,HOCTi4
\\Srini.
Te
?. ,!? m4
Te? le
?Nb91 Ptt97.XeGi
\ t17 C.)
\ Ng' ?
\?1Xe.33Bar33
,rN3 N-bs5 .1a135 95
\Kr-61517oS Hg no
? vac in":87 NtY
\ Sr ? ?
xer35\ 87
N Zr
? 8.9130S
Nb?
\
ea_ e 72, TK3
108_ N.,. Kr83
/06. Rh1133
? 15
104 EHO
N,
"2
C:5
CO
-4
t5C' 10 -
a,
-6
rp10 ?
CI)
E4
Se: cdn
)q9Wi?13)/(55 IN.o?Sr8
NN. ? ?? ??Xe
E3 11967?4,183.518Hf s
Sen
N. Kr NN
?
55.
M2
N Kr?'?':Rhwi ?AU
Ta
f87
E2 ????
? 7777-
li 11.191Lu

',,-. -...........
C -8
to
10 w., -- -..?.....
-- -.
---
_
-- --.
ea _ --
"--...,.................
?
-12
4-1
10 t
14 20 30
50
Eu.'53
_?_
80 100
200 300 500 800 1000
3H8,7811R 8 Ifill70317811MpOH80fibITGX,
PHc. 21. 3auncHmocirb neruma no.nypacnaAa Or sHeprint nepexo,la
no MOCIIII,KOBCKOMy [3.15]. CH.110EIHble JIHHHH ? wiewrpmeciate nepexubt,
riyuKirnp? MaTHIATHbIe nepexoAbi C ygeTom man-armor? mometura npo-
Torra. IlynKTHp C TO?HCOR ? martnimble nepexciAbi 6e3 yeTa CO6CTBeH-
H000 MOMeHTa nponnia.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
01-1PEAEJIEHHE A no TIEPHO,IIY HOJIYPACHAAA 133
TlaHHb1M cbopmy.abi (3.41), ? B KOTOpbIX riTeno, ar0 HpOTOH HmeeT
CO6CTBeH111,1fi marmrrnalti MOMeHT -= 2,79.
B cbopMy.ne MOCbHKOBCKOTO (3.40) 3aBHCHMOCTb 7.7 oT aHep-
rim nepexoaa E1 axag ace, xax H B cpopmynax Bafluaexxepa
? BeTe, H03T0My npamme, npencTaaneHHhie Ha rpactoxe pHc. 21,
HmetoT paanHamal HaK.710H 11411 nepexcmoa paanwmoti MylIbT14-
11011bHOGTH. (TaHreFic yrna Halcaolla npambix c HameHeHHem Tuna
MplbTHEIallbHOTO Hanytiemn MeHHeTCSI KK 2/-1--- 1, re / xapa-
KTepHayeT THIT Haarlem's' (21)0
CoanaaeHme mccnepHmemaammax Totlex C Teopenitiewavom
,AaHHIIMH Ha rpacinuce pHc. 21 nytiwee, gem Ha rpaePmce plic. 20.
3KCIlepHMeHTaHbHble TOLIKH He TK OTX01LHT oT TeopeTHaecnix
KIN4BbIX, KK 3T0 6b1,110 Ha rpacimurce pnc. 20. Oco6eHHo xopomo
nomcarca mccnepHmeHTaabHme TO1IK5J :Ha 'Tamp?, COOTBeTCTBy10-
umo marimmomy MyabTH110.71bHOMy nepexony. c-1= 4 Cana 3Toro
cnriaa nopswox MylIbTH110.T1bHOCTI4 A = 5). Talcum o6pa3om, HO
MOCIAIKOBCKOMy Haomepu
117
119 121 123 125
50Sn; 50Sn; 52Te;
52Te; 52Te;
Te ?
129 52Te,
131 95 91 97
vTe; 411\11); 411\1b; 41,Nb; 1794q; 19787Pt; NSr;
197 199 131133 ?135v? 85T, 133
80Fig; 80Hg; 54Xe; 54Xe; 34itt, 30\r; 56Ba;
1350 1370 113T 115E 897 697 91v
56..a; 561,a; 49In; 491n; 4o4z; 301,n; 39 i
?BbICBellInalOTCSID nye M HCITyCKaHHFI marmmoro MyabT14110JIb-
HOF? Hanyaemv M4. armeTkim, TITO Ha rpacimice toccena H ,L1aH-
KOBa ace an Haomepla nerna 6.11143K0 K npamog, cooTaeTcTBy[o-
niei nopwoca My/IbT11110.11bHOCTH A -= 5. CaeaostaTenbno,
? arom OTHOIlleHHH o6a rpacinnca ;wan. cornacoaaHHbal peayabTaT,
ormaxo rparinnc MOCIAIKOBCKOTO 110313011ger cnenaTb yTotmeme
no cparmeHmo C rpacimicom AKCe.1111 H ,IllaHISOBa, a HMeHHO ? OH
aaeT ocHosalme C4HT.aTb, TO Haomeplable aapa, yxaammbie amme,
Ana KOTOpbIX A = 5, ql3bICBet1HBalOTC511) C HanytieHmem MaTIIHT-
nor? My.7113TH110.11bHOTO Hanytiemia M4, a He anexTputlemcoro
My.11bTH110.11b110TO H3J1y4eH1411 E5. OCHOBaHHeM JIJIH Taxoro yrssep-
1c1eH1451 5113.1151eTCH TO, 4TO mccnepHmeffranwibie TO4KI4 xopomo
noacaTca Ha npampo M4 H pacnonaraturca ace no oaHy?cTopoHy
or npamoti E5 (a r1pl4TOM X0B0J1b110 nanexo OT 9TOH "Tama).
KnaccHcfmcamia HaomepHbix anep, KOTOpbIX A= 4,
oxaaaaach 6onee cnoamon. Ana 601IbWHHCTBH paccmoTpeuHblx
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
134 ra. IV. OHPE,TIMEHHE 110PAAKA MYJIbT14I1011bHOCTI4
H30MepOB 9xcnepxmenTaabH:sie TOJIKH pacrioaaratoTcg 6ame K npg-
mofl M3 (MaTHVIT:Hb1c1 My.111,TH110.71bHb1 nepexox 23), gem x npg-
mott E4 (3aexTpmgecxkla MylIbTI4110.71bHbIll nepexox 24). Oxnaxo
111 85 85S
no.lowelnie 3KCITTIIMeHT3J1b11131X TOLIeK ,I4J1S1 SlaeP 48 Cd; 38 T. 5
197 A . 810 179, re
79AU, 343e, 1-1.1 He T10330ThIeT caeaaTb armoBnaimoro Baxmo-
geHng o xapaxTepe nBayaemm.
Flpn COITOCT313.1eH1114 axcnepumerrraabHux )13H14131X C TeopeTn-
gecimmn caeayeT ewe nmeTb B Bnxy, gTo Teopenmecxne npg-
mme npoBexenbi B npeanoamennu, HTO nBomepribict nepexox
coorBeTcTsyeT nepexoxy 113 Bo36ygueina0r0 cocTosning, nmeto-
wero 6o.rminee Bnagelme momewra KoangecTim AB147KeHHSI, B OCHOB-
Hoe COCTOS1HHe C MeHb11114M MOMeHTOM. 0.anaxo ne arm Bcex 1430-
mermw,1x nap BTO nmeeT mecTo. Kax MbI yenamm jui.nee, y nexo-
T013bIX 1130111epHb1X Hap Benxi-um momeHTa KOJI144eCTBa 11BHIKeH1451
B Bo36pKB,ennom C0CT03141411 MO}KeT 6bITb meribmeil, gCM B OCHOB-
HOM COCT051111414. B 3TOM CJI3Plae B TeopeTvecK3wo cbopmyny (3.40)
in +1
naxo BBeCTH nonpaBotmbi MBOXIIATeJ1b, painabin
in +1'
rxe
yraoson mogeHT Hatla.71bI101-0 COCTORH1451, a I KoHegnoro
COCTOSIH113. MOC`SILK0BCK1111 OrmegaeT, T4TO min ygecTb BTO
06Crosrreabc-rBo H BBeCTH cooTBeTcrBylowyto nonparacy, TO IVISI
Bcex maomepoB, maygatownx marmanoe nBaygeHne c 1= 4,
axcnepnmenTaahnbie IHHb1 6y,ayT OT1114HaTbCA OT Teopenmecnix
He 6o.aee gem Ha MHOW14Tedlb 3.
CaeityeT, ormaxo, oTmeTwrb, 11TO xopomee coBnaxe-
Hue axcnepumenTaabHux IlaHHbIX C TeopeTimecxm,m, yeTainoBnen-
Hoe Tanxe 14 B pa6oTe Toabara6epa Caw,gpa. [4.6], gnageTcg
B BnatnaTeabnoth Mepe Hadno3opHum, n6o CMB TeopeTngecxne
cpopmyabi (3.39) 14 (3.30) He moryT rmeTeHxoBaTb na TOI4HOCTb
6oRee BbICOKy10, LleM Asa nopgaxa. ifpmama 3TO1 HeTOL1HOCTH
B OCHOBHOM aaxinogaeTcg B npn6anwennn, KoTopoe tOnycKaeTcn
T
ripn BameHe Hwrerpana no paxnaabHon gaurn 11011140173131X cl)yHxnllil
npoToHa (a xnacomecxom paccmoTpewm 3TH miTerparml COOTBeT-
CTBylOT (3.25a) (3.256)) Ha cooTBeTcTnermyio crenenb pa,anyca
gapa. (Befaccxornt), Hanpnmep, noaaraeT f ri b (r) (r) r2 dr
3p1
1 + 3 .
menTaabnbix
pyeTcg Tem
ara 14,1151030PHOCTb xopowero coraacng axcnep?-
xaHwgx c Teopenmecmamn aywe Bcero 1Iaal0cTpli-
o6cTowrenbmom, gTo Ha rpactume pnc. 21 9xcne-
pnmenTaabnbie Togxn .aogoTcg 6.11133KO K npgmoR M4, Bbnincnen-,
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OIIPEAEAEHHE THIIA H3AYMEHHH no KOHBEPCHH 135
11011 B npeHe6peamani MaCHRTIIMM MOMEHTOM npoToHa (npilmaq
Hao6pmKeHa nyHKTmpom C TOIIKaM14), H 3HagHTeAbH0 xywe pac-
noaaraloTca HO OTHOUleHHIO t nymiampHofi npmmoR A44, npea-
cTasamoateR 3aBlICHMOCTb nepHona no.nypacnaaa OT aneprna
momepnoro nepexoRa, B KoTopoR TITeHo naniume MarHHTHOCO
momeHTa p..2,79 y npoTom. flo oTHoweamo IC 3T011 npamoti
ace 9xcnepHmenTaamme TO4KH OKUMBalOTCH pacnoaoatemblmH
no 0al-1y cTopolly. liecoanaaenHe axcnepHmeffraammx aammx
c TeopeTmecnimn (ymnbiaaloulumm Hamme mamarrHoro momenTa
y npoToHa) y nexoTopmx momepos (Y) mama 3HagHTERII,H0.
Jlammme oTaHqamTcm apyr OT apyra mHommTeaem 20. Meway
Tem ecTecTseHHo 6mao ONCHAaTb, (ecnn oRHollacTmgnag mo-
Reim npumeraima IC aapam) armee connaaenHe (npn npasHab-
MOM ygeTe maTpHqHmx memeHTos nepexolia) AOAIKHO 6mao 614
HmeTb mecTo c 4)opmyn01, yquTmaatonieft HanHinie y nporonoa
marnimoro momeHTa, gem c claopmyaoti, ne yimbinalouteft 9Toro
o6cToaTeabcTila.
HecmoTpH, oanaxo, Ha TO, tITO TeopemtlecxmecDopmynm (3.39)
H (3.40) RonyCKaloT HETO400CTb B 3HageHHH 71( AO Rux
nopu-
ICOB, BbIBOA o xapaxTepe 3aBHCHMOCTH nepHona npeapainerma
HsomepHmx Haep OT 3Heprkui npeapautenHa HBAHeTCH anomie
onpeaeneHrimm. OnmTame aaHHme (rpacinix pHc. 20 a rpacinix
pHc. 21) no,aTaepataatoT MBHCHMOCTI) nepHona 7'1 OT B TOfi
ePopme, xax BTO npeacxa3maaeTca rnnoTe3ot4 Bafta3exxepa, H
HO3BOAHICIT yCTaHOBHTb AAA pgAa-momepom THH H3omepnor0
nepexoaa. .
Onpeneaenne 'ulna nmplennn, HcnycHaemoro Him naomepnom
nepexone, no neaninnie KowNalluxeirra nonnepcnn
OnpeaeaeHHe nopsuma myabTHnoamocTH H3ap4enHm no mean-
qHme nepHoaa-.noaypacnama H3omepa o6aaAaeT pcmom HeAocTaT-
ROB. K HX 4Hcay OTHOUTCH:
1. lie06X0AHMOCTE, 3HaHH51 cTpyxTypm aapa ILJIB BIDIMHCAeHHH
TO4H0F0 mageHnq nepHoaa noaypacnama T1. CITcynTme ToqmoR
mo.aeaH upa BBOAHT HexoTopylo HeonpeReaeHHoCTb rip m ycTano-
BReHHn BEAHLIHHU A. Eme 60.71bIlle 3TO 06CTOHTeAbCTBO CKa3b1H
B3ETCH Ha onpeReReHHH xapaKTepa nepexoRa (aReKTpmeCKoe Ham
marHETHoe myasTgrionbHoe Hanygemme).
2. fieo6xommocTb BBeAEHHH nonpamm B ycTaHowlemoe
3KcilepHmqnTaabuo_a13atienHe nepHoRa nOnypaCnaRa Ha BealignHy
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
136 ra. IV. OTIPB5E5BHHE 110P2AKA MY5bTH110AbHOCTH
xoacixionuuellTa KOHBePCHH. CruecTuemimm HellocTaTxom np0 lute-
gemm 9TOR nonpainal HBAReTCR TO, 4TO K03440HHe0T KOHBepCHH
B CB010 onepegb 3aBHCHT OT xapaxTepa nepexona, H, caenoua-
TenHO, A551 npamahnoro imeneHnn HOHNBKH He06X0AHM0 3HTh
xapaxTep nepexoga. Hpnmennemun CH0006 ARH BBeAeHHH 9TOR
nonpamn ? loraTuca o nopanxe MyAbT141105bHOCT11 nepexona H
na OCHOBaHHH 9TOR noranxn BH4HCReHHe nonpaBlco?a pune
cnynaeu elite (Sonee yseannnuaeT neonpeneneHnocTb, BO3HHKa10-
1113710 npu yCTaHOBAeHHH A 143 BeRH4HHM
Bmnucaneman 143 Teopun xennnnHa 7'1 He nnaneTcn B ge1-
CT6HTelH,HOCTH (AXge C TleTOM nonpanwm Ha B11yTpeHHKM0 KOH-
sepcmo) ycTanannnBaemmm Ha onbiTe nepnogom nonypacnaga T.
Ann Toro 4TO6M 113 9xcnepnmeuTanhnoro 3naneHHA nepnoga
nonypacaana 7' HaRTH T1, Heo6xonEmo yCTaHOMTI, noatmo cxemy
npeBpautemni Eto36pitztennbix sutep, o6o apsiny c npoueccom
, T. e. npoueccom nepexona 143 Bo36pxgeHnoro
COCTOSIHH51 nnpa B OCHOBH0e, MMKeT HMeTb mecTo Tame npespa-
nienne 51036pxzeHnoro Hap B Apyroe sumo (P-pacnag,K-aaxuaT,
no3wrp01411m11 pacnag). IloaHaa cxema npeBpaulemat ycTanounena
He Ann xcex kmomeimmx weep, a TORbK0 A59 orpannnenHoro
4HCAa ox. YcTaHomeHne nonnoft cxemm npenpauleHuti Tpe6yeT
nponenenna cnoammx axcnepnmenTos.
OT 3T1'IX HeAOCT3TKOB cuo6ogen cnoco6 onpeaeneHnu My5hTH-
1-1011hHOCTH, OCHOBaHHUR ua conocTauneumu axcnepumenTaabnoR
Be5H411HM K03441411,HeHTa KOHBepCHH C ero pacneTHum 31-lager-mem.
Kax }Dice yK33M132.110Cb B mane HI, xempunim xoxiximuuenTou
xonsepcnu air H c,PE. H pL ne 3aBHCHT OT cTpyxTypm HAN,
a T10.11HOCTbIO onpenenniccrcn CBORCTBaMH 3nexTponHofl o6ononxm
nToma. ?Elan BMLIPICReHH51 xoacinfuninenTa KOHBepCHH (xax nonnoro
a ii p, Tax H 4aCTHUX 0:R. n az, Ku pL) HeT neo6xognmocTm
onepmponaTh C KOHKpeTHOR HAepHOR moneamo, cnenonaTenbHo,
B 3THX BM4HCAeHHHX ne conepacuTca ruiner? rnnoTeTnnecxoro,
Tpe6yxnuero npegsapnTeamioft 3xcnepmmenTanbnoft npoeepxH.
Pe3yamr3T 9THX BW4HCReHHR noxa3mBaeT, nTo X034040HH4eITP KOH-
Bepcmi nmeeT pa3annHoe maneHme Aaq 9nexTpunecxoro H mar-
HHTHOr0 H3ArleHHA H, xpome Toro, 3aBHCHT eme H OT nopnnxa
MyAhTHHOAbHOCTH nepexona. 3totI 3aBlICHMOCTMO MO)HHO BOC-
TIORb30BaThCA xax gnu cupeneneuun Tuna mnnynennx (Haxo.wee-
HOC 0, Tax H AAH ycTancomeuun xapaxTepa momepnoro
FlepeX0Aa, T. e. onpegeaeHuu?npoucxonuT HRH ne npomxogHT
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
011PEREAEHHE.TH11A H345/11eHHH HO KOHBEPCHH 137
npu nepexo,n,e 143meHetme BeTHOCT14 BORHOBbIx cpyllicu,Hil (mar-
HHTHOe HRH aaexTpwiecxoe Haarieme). Kpome nopH,rixa MyRbTH-
11ORMIOCT14 Beanunia? itoactxlmweHron KOHBepC1414 a 14 p 3aBHCHT
eine OT 9HeprHH nepexoAa E1 H OT aTomnoro Homepa Z.
17CTaH?131,18 OHMTHMM nyTem 3TH BeJIWIHHM (Er :27), a Taime
Beammiy Ko4clokin11efura xolinepcHH, mowHo nyTem conocTaone-
HHH 9T14X ABM-114X C TeopeTHgeciaimm ycTaHoinm, c HaarieHmem
KaK0f0 vino mbi 'Hmeem aeao, 14 onpeaemiTb, cae,nortaTeabHo,
HOpHROK MyAbTH110.1bHOCTH Haarlem's'. XOTSI axoe onpeaenemie
nopsunta MyRbT141-10RbH0CT14 HaarieHHH o6aaaaeT, }cox mbi pxe
oTmeHaan, npHinummanifflum npeHmyatecTnom, 1160 He Tpe6yeT
paccmoTpeuHH xoHxpeTHoft HaepHoft Moen, npn npaxTntiecxom
ocymecToaeHna 9Toro cnoco6a MM cTaaximemcH c nenbim puom
aaTpy'meHHR, meinaimmix ampoxomy ero HCHOBb308341H10.
ORHI4M 113 9THX aaTpyatiemift HB.IfleTCH CROWHOCTb BbIBHCRe-
H1411 npanlabH0r0 3HalleH11H K034K13H1114eHTOB KOHBepCHH. cDop-
myabi (3.42), (3.45), (3.46), (3.47) ,naioT .T1HIllb npH6aknxeHHoe
3HaLieHme x04c1n4nHeinon xoHnepcnx, K Tomy nte OHM npHroaHbi
.1114111b B colem, orpafingeHHom tikicae carmen. Tax xax B HexoTo-
phix carim pacxontaerme 13 nealltmHe x094)4mu,HeHTa
JVH1 pa31111BHbIX BI4ROB HaaytieHHH He OBeHb 6oabinoe, TO.
IlOrpellIHOCTb, saxmotialoamcsi B 9THX cpopmyaax, monceT 6b1Tb
HCTO,MHKOM Henpaimnbnhix oaxinotiefinfl. 11HcaeHubie ,namme Ana
K094411 11,HeHTOB KOHBepCI414, npmeneHHble B Ta6aimax VII H VIII,
xax MW pxe yxamioaaH, Tamice He HBRH1OTCH 6e3ynpe1uiumH,
1460 B HHX He HpHHHTO BO BE14M31114e BRHHHHe KOHMUX paame-
poe 1Upa. IlorpeumocTb aambix Ta6.nHu VII 14 VIII 6yaer 3Ha-
mineabH0tt B carme THHCe.TIE,IX anemeHTon.
3aTpy,oHeHH11, BO3HPIK31011.411e npH 9xcnepHmeHTaabnom onpe-
ReJleHHH Ben 14,411Hbl HoacixtimweHTa xomicepcHH, Taxnce ocaminnor
onpeaeneme nopHaxa My.lIbTHHORbIlOCTI4 Haarieruni. 06bmo
K09(1)4311 11HeHT KOHBepC1411 oripeaeaaeTco ORHHM 113 caeayionmx
cnoco6oB:
1. LIponao.oHTcH conocTamenne twicaa KOHBepCHOIMbIX aaex-
Tp0HOB C BHCROM 3-911eKTp0HOB. ,Thm aToro BblReRSHOT 143 o61.Hero
cnexTpa saexTpoHon, noayqaemoro c nomonthio. p-cnexTpomeTpoB,
HacTb ero, npHHaaaemuiro KOHBepCHOHIMIM 9aexTponam. Cono-
CTaB.715151 naoniaab, 3BMITy10 ncem p-criewrppm, c nnoaiaabio,
3aHHT0t1 TOASK0 1COHBepCHOHHb1M14 9aexTp0HamH,..N10>KHO oripen,e-
nHTu oniouicHne In4caa KoHnepctiommix 3JIeKTpQHQ1 c 3-9ReK-
Tpotiam.,
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
138 ra. IV. OCIPEILEAEHHE n0P5IAKA MYTIbT14110.11bliOCTH
2. FlyTem conocraBaematificaa (p ?1)-m( ?/)-coBnaAeHH11.
3. ilyTem HenocpeAcTsenHoro H3mepeHma twcaa anexTpo-
HOB xonsepcHH ii conocraBaeHHa ero c tmcaom Hcnycitaembnc
1-KBaHTOB.
FrepBbal cnoco6 ripHmenxm TorAa, KorAa nepexoA, Ansi KOTO-
poro onpeAeaBeTca Ko344mu,HeHT KoHnepcHH, aH6o cae,ayeT He-
nocpeAcTBeHno aa p-pacnaRom, aH6o emy npealliecTeyeT. B 3TOM
cap-me 134eB02wo, TO 1-114C.TIO aaexTpoHoB OT p-pacnaaaImmo
paBHaTbC11 cymme iiHcaa 5.11eKTp0HOB BoHrtepcHH 11 imcaa KBali-
TOO N T e )40J1)KHO HMeTb mecTo coorHowelme
N N N Nm . . N N N , (4.6)
rae 3aexTpoHoB p-pacnarta, ArK,
qiicqa BaexTporicB Konsepckm H3 C0OTBETCTFly1011414X rpynn WICK-
TponHoR o6oaotaith, a N1? mcao 1-KBaliTOB. OTHOulefille
A I p 1
1 ? ?
Art AT1 a '
cneAoBareabHo,
a
N
Np?
N E
K N N
p.? 7.L Nc3?Ni?
Onpeaeaeme macea, N N mmeT 6biTh npoH3BeAeHo
p
C HOM01111,10 -crieKTposieTpa, nyTem onpeAenemda cbopmbi
,Ei-cnexTpa H Hameperma coomeTcmytomx nnoma,Aeil. OAHalco
HpH Bcefl crweA npocToTe 3TOT meToA onpeaeaema Ko3(1)4m-
HylenTa la.HBepcHH o6aaaaeT ueamm paAom HeaocTaTRoB, KoTopme
aeaatoT ero HeTolmbim H no3Tomy maaoripHmeHllmbim 1.T141 143yile-
141451 H3O1iepHH. COOTHOuleHVISI (4.7) H (4.8) HpHrOallb1 TOALKO
Toraa, Kora p-cneKTp 116.1151eTCH npocTum, T. e. mora B pe3yab-
TaTe P-pacnaAa HmeeT mecTo nepexoa TO,T1bK0 B 0,L1H0 onpeAe-
aenHoe cocToaHHe aapa, arsaatouieroca npoAyKTom pacnaAa.
Koraa p-cileicrp camBeH, T. e. KorAa. HmeeT mecTo Heciconbxo
pa3amnbix -pacnailoB (coomeTcnytouwx nepexoAy pacnaAmo-
uTeroca siApa B pa3aHLuibie COCT051H1451 o6pa3ytonteroca wapa), Haao
pacmneHmTb p-CileKTp Ha cocTamble p-criewrpbx H yCTaHOBHTb,
C Baimm Hmemo p-riepexo,aom cBa3aHo ,i4ccaeAyemoe /-H3nytieHHe.
TaKoe pactiaelleHue p-cnewrpoa BHocHT 3HainiTe,abByto own6xy,
(4.7)
(4.8)
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OHPEAVIEHHE THHA H3aY4EHHA HO KOHBEPCHH
139
111anee TotwocTh onpe,aeaefula RoacPcinuweHTa xonnepckm no
meToay cpasnenHa naouiaaH, ammaemoft KOHBepCHOHHWMH anex-
TpoHamH, c rim:num:a? nem P-cnexTpa oxannmeTca CHabH0
3amt51inet1 OT aileprkm P-cuexTpa H OT aneprHH KOHBepCHOHHOfi
aHHHH. /lea0 B TOM, BTO OKOIEKH H amacpparmbi B ClieTHMX
ycTaffoHxax H B camom p-cnexTporpacke no-pa300my noramaioT
41111,D)
50
50
40
20
10
500 1000 1500
(.9pcmea ? cm)
C7).9:1
PHc. 22. Crimp nmny.nbcoB p-qacniu ?2U Ho OCH5
a6akricc OTJ101KeHO ripom3Ete,1eome Halipa)KeHHOCTH
man-am-for? TIOJIH Ha paanyc KplIBH3HbI (Hp), HO oar
opmniaT ? itHCJI0 3.netcrpoHos C COOTBeTCTBeHHbIM 3Ha-
geHHeM Hp: Kpllsaff I OTHOCHTCA K capialo, KOP,aa Ha
cqeTrnKe CTOHT OKOLLIKO TOJIIHHHOCI 0,05 m2/c.4i2; KPH-
Bag II COOTBeTCTByeT compy, nponycmaemomy OKOLLI-
KOM Toaamort 0,2 mo/c.u2.
2000
H pacceimaloT KOHBeNHOHHMe MeKTpOHM H P-aleKTPOHN. Oco-
6emo 6oabLuyio poab 3T0 HrpaeT 13 Tex caplaax, xorAa Hep-
coo Heneamm.
Ha plic. 22 OTIleTaHBO BHAHO wunme, oxa3maaemoe TWHAH.
HOfI oxowma cneTwxa aaexTponort Ha (popmy P-cnexTpa. Ha
(0\
9TOM pHcyHxe H3o6paaten p-cnexTp mmepeHHuft npH
iisyx pa3.7n44Hbix OKOLLIKaX. B nepsom carme (xpHHan TOJI-
uuma 'oxounca 6maa Taxoba, Tro Ha 1 co 2 npkixoaHaocb 0,05 An
natiaoHa, a BO wropom cariae (xploaa //)--0,2 Ja/c. Mai
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
140 rn. IV. OHPEAEAEHHE HOPHAKA MYAbiliflOabHOOTH
BHAHO 143 pmc. 22, nepexon OT Tonuumbi 0,05 . Ja/c.410 K T0a-
mune 0,2 AizicA0 CHAIAIO HCKa3HA M51FKYI0 HaCTb P-cHexTpa
Ark
(manbie 3Hagenam Hp), a cnenonaTenmo, H oTHometme
,apPyrmm HCTOHHHKOM 0W1460K HBaHeTCH TOT ckaxT, TO KOH-
B epaiony ai aHlIIISI pactum pmeTcm K CBOeMy OCHOBaHHIO (a B cneicrpo-
rpacpx C nonyxpyronum nonopoTom anexTpoHon KOHBepCHOHHaH
aHHHA K Tom)T mce eme H pe3K0 acmmmeTpwma), Bcnen.cTsme
mero TpynHo Epaimnmo onpenenHTI. nnomanb, 3aHHmaempo KOH-
BepcxoHltal ammetl. ymeHbmeHmm LflHHHb1 xoHnepcmoHHoti
aHHHH Hallo FrOab30BaTbC51 cnexTpomeTpamH C BO3MOHOIO 6onbmett
pa3pemaxnuefi CHOCO6HOCTb10. Kpome TOFO, cnoR, B xoTopom
conepmcmTcm pnmoaxTmoHoe nemecTmo, AOTOKOH 6MTb necbma
TOHKHM nam Toro, L1Tc6b1 alleprHH KOHBePCHOHHWX 3lIeKTp0HOB
He Menlulaci, sameTHo mpm npoxownemm a.roro CaOH. HaxoHeu.,
cymecTneHmoe BAHHHHO oxa3binaeT H nommanxa, na xoTopyro
ocamcnaeTcm panmoaxTbmbin nperiapaT. B HexoTopux Hccnenona-
BMX nonicaanKa 6panacb Tonumnon nopmuca onyoro mmum-
rpamma Ha CA/, mencny TM cneumanbHumm onwramm [4.9] yeTa-
nonneHo, HTO nonxnamca Tonummoil Bcero JIHIEW B 5 mHxporpamm
Ha cal2 ye 3ameTH0 HcfcancaeT copy p-cnemTpa BrIA0Tb AO
pHeprmll 9nexTp0H03 700 !98. B HeKOTOMIX mccnenonaHmix
npHmemumcb nonxnanxm 113 nn3nexTpmxa, B HaCTHOCTH Hatanona.
143 ainx nemecTa nerxo FIPHFOTOBJIHIOTCH nnemm manotfi
OaHaK0 Tamie HaeHKH aerxo 33p1DEaWITCH H HCK1CaMT 'tax ckopmy
KonHepcHoHHO aHHHH, Tax H ee nonmeHme B caexTpe. Ha
pnc. 23 npunenen p-cnexTp 1Lu, nonyueHHNft [4.101 B p-cneKT-
porpacke, B KOTOPOM ECTOWIHKOM BROKTPOHOB cumin panHo-
axTbumbnl ocanox TILH, ocan(neHHbirt Ha pannimmbie nonxnanxH
onbm pa3 na Ha1aOHOB3'10 nnemcy TOMOHHOFI 0,02 mHanmrpamma
Ha c4i2 (nyHmTHpHam xpmnam), a a npyrof4 pa3 aniommmempo
nonmanxy TWILHHHOtt 0,5 NZ / CAP (CHAOIIIHWI xplaam). Max BHaHO
H3 pHC. 23, nononcame KOHBePCHOHHOR aHHHH npm HCHOJII330Ba-
HHH ocanxa Ha HaflaoHe cmecTmocb B cTopony MeHblIIHX 3HOp-
rnit Kpome Toro, H3MenHaaCb H ckopma cnexTpa.
Bce 3TH HCTOIIHFIKM 9xcnepmmeHT3abHmx 01111160x HPHBOAHT
K Tomy, '-i-co mHorne M3 A3H11131FX AAA BeaHLIHHIDI KOXIMPHIMeHTa
xonmepcHm OKa3MBaMTCR HeTOLIHMMH. Tax, Hanpmmep, xo3cp4kn-
imeHT xonnepam ws 79AH 6bin onpeneneH PmapncoHom [4.11],
panum 100/0, HaecceT [4.121 Hamen ero panubim 40/, a 3m--
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
ORPEAEAEHHE THRA HB:71t4IEHHH 116 kOHBEPaHH 141
6aH [4.13] ? paBHbIM onHomy npouexTy. rIceTomy K HMeKqUHMCA
B JniTepaType 9KcnepHmenTaablimm ,BaHliblM 0 3HaReHH14 K034)-
4n104eirra Kounepcbut nano oTHocHTbca C OCTOpOHMOCTMO. /VIONCHO
,a0aepaTh .11HUM ABHHb1M, 110J1314eHHbIM B cneKTpomeTpax c 6onb-
aloft paapeumouleti CROCO6HOCTMO, npH ycnomx, Hccneno-
k 4000
tt4^ 3000
2000
as,
;3. 1000
1400 1600 BOO 2000 2200
Hp (apcmee- cm)
PHC. 23. Crimp HMIlyilbCOB p,1aCTI41.11Lu. IlymcmpHaa
xploaa nonytieHa, Koraa noaKaamoti JAJ151 paaHoaxTHHHoro
ocaxca caymaina Haft'aoHoBaH cponbra 0,02 .w/cm2.
Cnaouniax Kinn:ma noaygeHa, Koraa noaxamori .rkaH-177,7Lti
c.nyncHna amomHHHeHafi (Poabra 0,5 me/c.H2.
aime p-cneKTpa npoimeaeno otleHb nuaTenbHo c KoHTpOnem
NK
? nposepicon BAHHHHA, oKaahmemoro Ha cooTHoweHHe 75 onH-
CaHHbIX BbitHe ckaKTopos.
()npen,eneHme a nyTem cpameHm nacaua,aett, Hammaembix
K0HBepCHOHHb1M14 snewrpoHama H BCM p-cneKTpom, KK Mbl BH-
aenH, CB5l3BHO CO 3HaCHTe.11bHb1MH 91CCIlepHMeHTaRbHb1MH Tpy.aHo-
CTSIMH. K 3Tomy cnenyeT ,II.06aBHTb, MTO naHH1,31 meToa IC Tomy
}Ke H orpaHmeH. OH He rtpHmemim IC nomepam CTa6HJIbliblX Smep,
He npeTepnemmuum p-pacnaRa. ()H He nplimeHmm K imOmepubim
Hapam, y KoTopmx p-pacnaR HaeT napannenhHo momepHomy
nepexony. aToT Alma HeM.351 npHmensTb TaK)Ke H Tor,aa, Hora,a
boomepHma nepexoa, npobicxoasnufiti nocne P-pacnaaa, o6nanaeT
nepHoAom nonypacnaaa, 6onbinftm no cpameHmo c nepHonom
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
142 TH. IV. 011PE,11,E.PIEH14E HOPSIaKA my.rn,THnoaibuocin
ri-pacua,aa. Cae,aoHaTeabno, BO mHorxx cayttastx H3omep1i14 Jiavr
onpeaezemig Ko3441noTeHTa cc Boo6tHe HeJIb3A 110J11330BaTbCH
meToAom conocTaBaeHmt n.aoula,aetl, 3aHHmaembix B cneKTpe KOH-
BePCHOHHUMH 3.'1eKTPOHDIH 14 sneKTpoHamH p-pacrinta.
BHaeH6eK i Hy [4.14] ripe/1.710)MM HC110.11b30BaTb ,11.115i onpe-
Ae.trevam KoacKITHHeHTa KoHBepcHH ?e)- H (p ? i)-connaae-
111111. camom e)-coBrtaaeHHH (T. e. coBnadaeHHH noRa-
3aHHP1 aByx CgeTLIHKOB, 0211111 143 KOTOpbIX perHcTpHpyeT3.11eKTP0Hb1
p-cneKTpa, a apyroti ?a.aelapoHbi KOHBePC1411) 110Ka3b1BarOT, icaK
nacTo aaeKTpoHbl KOHBePCHH caeitytoT HJII4 npeitatecTsporr
P-pacnaay, a coBnaAeHust (?i) (T. e. coBna)IeHvni 1ioKa3aHHil
aux cgeTT-111K013, 113 KOTOpbiX 0,111411 perlicTpHpyeT saeKTpoHbt
;-3-cneKTpa, a apyroii 1-KBaHTbl) 110Ka314BalOT, KaK gacTo
^(-KBaHT c.rteaye-f 3a p-pacna,Rom 14J114 npe,ainecTByeT emy. Cono-
cTawieume gmcaa commaaemmti (P---e) H ?7) C gmcaom OT-
CgeTOB B 0,1114H0qHbIX ClIeTtl14KaX 1103BOJIHeT oupeae.tivrrb Ko3c1alm4-
uHeirr? KoneepcIEH B cayaae, mut me>may 14 7-143,ay4eHHem
HeT yrnoBot1 KoppemnAHH. 021.HaKo, K CO)KaaeHHIO, 3TOT y1I06HbIfi
me'roa TIPHMeMINI TOJIbK0 B Tex cartagx, Koraa 113,aytteHHe KOH-
Bercilomioro 3JIEKTP0Ha (141114 y-KBaHTa) crie,ayeT Henocpe,acTBeHHo
3a P-pacna)aom, ,LiTo He HmeeT mecTa B cayinte Hinynevnia c 6o.ab-
vunm mallet-mem FropstaKa MyJIbTH110.711,HOCTH, HaNno.aatomeroca
npH 1430MepHbIX nepexo,aax. lloaTomy B 60J1b111 14HCTBe c.ayttaes?
arm 113yneHHH KoHBepanT npvt H30mepnb1x nepexo,aax rtpxxo,aHTcyn
rtpx6eraTb IC TpeTbemy cnoco6y? K HenocpeAcTBeHHomy H3me-
pemito KaK LtHc.tta 3.11eKTP0H0B KOHBePCHH, TaK H qllc.aa 7-KBaH-
Toe. aroT meTo,a He molKeT o6ecneurrb H3mepemi5i Koacinimunerrra
Kommepcmm C TO'HIOCTIAO, .apaueg 20-300/0. OcHoBHon HcTottHHK
HorpenatocTH coaeptaTTcs B onpextezeHHH a6comoTHoro KOJIH-
tiecTBa 'f-KBaHTOB. 3C1X4JeKT11BH0CTL cneTa y Bcex CgeT1414KOR
1-KBaHTOB 3aBlICHT KaK OT 311epf1411 7-KBaHTa, Talc 11 OT ycTpoil-
cTBa camHx C'IeTLIHKOB, B C13513H C qeM Bo3nHKaeT He06X01IHM0CTE.-
B Ka.TH46poBKe cneTHoro ycTponcTBa. ECJIH 3HePT1451 7-JIrlect
611143Ka K 500 133, TO AAA Ka.tm6poBK C4eTIII4Ka 7-KBaHTOR
yao6Ho 11C110.11b30BaTb aHHH1.11.T15111140HHOe H3a3meHlle, conocTaBasta,
C oJiHOi CTOPOHbl, LIPICJI0 1-103HTPOHOB, vmaytiaembtx cooTBeTcTByro-
mvim HpenapaTom (Haripmmep, 29Cu), a c Rpyrott CTOPOHbI, 'MUM
OTCT4eTOB, saperkIcTpHponaElliblX 7-CLIeT4HKONI. OTCyTCTBIle 7-ay-
geti, no.axoasmoix "um Kaa1i6poBKH CLIeT1114KOB BO Bcem ,aHana3oHe
aHeprHti, FIBJIBeTCH 0,I11114M 143 PJIaBHbIX 3aTpy,aHemil npH aKcne-
pHmeHTa.tibHom ortpeaeneHH13 K03141411,14eHTa BHyrpeHHell KOHBeP-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
tRIPEAEAEHHE Til BA H3J1NEHHO 110 koHimptini
143'
CHH HO MeT0Ay conocTasnams qHcaa 9nelapoHob KoimepcHil
C imcnom? 7-KBaHTOB.
Manommme smile 3KcnepHmeHTanbHme 3aTpynneH1451 npm
onpeneneHHH K094X4HRReHTa KOHBepCHH ABHAHCb HpH4HHOR TOTO,
4T0, HecmoTps Ha BaWHOCTb 3HaHHH K0344HHHeHT0B KOHBePCHH
npH Haomeptibix nepexonax, AIN Hmeem eine otieHb mano 9Kcne-
p0meHTanbHmx naHHmx 06 3THX Ko943.4)HuHeHTax.
B Hmecnenyloineil Ta6aHge npoHaseneHo conocTaHneHHe
Hmemalmcs 9KcnepHmeHTanbHmx AaHHNX o senligHHe KOXIRPH-
Imarra KOHBePCMH B A7-060/104Ke CO 3HatleHH11MH K0344HRHeHTOB
KOHBePCHH, BN4HCAeHHNMH C 110MOIHRIO Ta6AHR VII H
B Ta6nHne XV B nepHom H BTOpOM cTon6uax naHm COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO HaHMeHOBaHHH H30Mepa H 311eprHH H30MepH0r0 nepe-
xona. 3Kcnep0meHTaabHoe 3Ha4eme KO44HHHeHTa KOHBePCHH
.naHo B cTon6ue TpeTbem. BumHcneHHue 3HalleHHH KO34RP3RHeH-
TOBICOHBePCHH AAA 9neKTpmecKoro MyAbTH110AbH0F0 H3Ay4eHHA
naHm B cTonftax 4--7 (4---Ko944HuHeHT KOHBePCHH AAH
KmApynoabHoro IDAY4eHH5I, 4--OKTyHOAbH0r0 H T. AO.
B cTon6uax 8--11 naHm 8614HCAeHHIle 311a4e1IHA K0944HU1eHT0B
KOHBePCHH B K-060A04Ke AJIH manikin-Toro myniaHnonbHoro kmay-
, 01 02
14elikifl - ,E1A51 AHII0AbHOCO, p - AAR KaanpynonbHoro H T. A).
B nocnenHem cTon6He yicaaan THH nepexoAa Bo36p1veHHoro
loomepa B OCHOBH0e COCTOHHHe. ByKBOR E, KK 9T0 6mno
ycnoHneHo panee, o6o3Hatia1oTcs aneKTpHilecKHe nepexoam, a 63TK-
so4 M o6o3Hama1oTcs nepexonm marmnble. HaKoHeu, H cTon6ile 13
npHseneHo BHaveme A ?nopaaKa mynbTHnonbHocTH, bmTeKaw-
!nee 143 COflOCTaBAeHHHaKcnepHmetaaablioro H pacqemmx.mage-
Hel Ko34xlmiuneHTa KOHBepCHH B K-060A04Ke.
143 nanHmx Ta6nHum XV cneaym secbma BalKHNe, C TO41H
3PeH05l yCTaHOBAeHHH npHponm R30MepHH, mamonm. Oianommim
npH 9TOM, TO sumHcneme KO3C1414R14eHTOB KOHBCPCHH He CO-
AeINKHT- HHKaKFIX npennononcemn1 o cTpyKType sinpa 'H 6am-
pyeTc0 Ha HPHHHHHaX, xopowo npoHepemmx B ClleKTPOCKOHHHO
()KasumeTcs, mTo naftneHHme 91xneprimeHTanbHo magemis K04-
4muyiewra. KOHBePCHH B A7-060A04Ke nns pammnimx 1430MepHUX
snep HmeioT Heawnmy, KoTopas no TeopeTHmecKHm pacmeTam
COOTBeTCTByeT mynbTHnoabHomy HsaymeHmo BHCOKOCO HOPAAKa.
TaK, 113 naHlimx o Kos434mumenTe KoHsepcHm cnenyeT, 4TO y
69 87c, 89v 911vh n 13
3 97 137
30Zn 3901, 39 1 41" u, 491n) 41Nb 156Ba,
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
144 NI, iv. OIMEAEAddAE ROPMAKA MYAbT14110MHOC1'H
T a 6
K03(1414AlleHTbl KOH
Haomep
plieprMa
nepexua
B K.98
31ccneini-
MBHT3J16-
Hble
3HageHHE
aK
Ko344tatmeaT Kolisepuni saeicrpH.qe-
CK0F0 myamnoaa (pactleT)
,2
'K
?a
"K
4
aK
, 5
"K
I
9
3
4
5
6
7
41Sc
21
Sc
69Zn
30
87Sr
38
39 '
91N11)
97Nb
41'
113cd
4S
113in
49'"
114fq
49"
1516
49
1%Cs
133Ba
56
137Ba
56
'Ta
73
197Au
79
111Cd
48
269
135
439
394
920
104,5
749
243
390
192
338
128
276
669
180
273
149
0,07
- 1
0,06
0,29
0,01
100
0,015
0,06
0,7
2,4
0,33
2,8
2,45
0,1[2
0,8
5,5
1,5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,04
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
0,023
0,09
0,009
-
-
-
-
0,17
-
-
-
2,4
-
-
0,69
-
1,4
0,11
0,62
0,025
0,07
0,003
35
0,002
0,6
0,08
2,5
0,2
12
0,05 ?
0,018
9,1
0,74
7,1
0,5
4,2
0,07
0,20
0,006
200
0,005
2,4
0,25
10,0
0,6
35
1,4
0,045
7,7
2,2
-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OAPEAEAEHHE TAHA A3ASNEHAB HO KOHBEPCHA " 145
a XV
Bepcipt B K-o6oaogice
10 3ax. 950. M. H. Kopermuul
Pactienwe magelme K090Hullema
KoHBepcmi marillimoro MyAbTABOAA
Tim
nepexoAa
A
gi
*
?I
8
9
10
11
12
13
--
0,006
0,029
0,12
E4 Han A44
4 BAB 5
--
0,045
0,35
2,5
E4 mall A44
4 BAB 5
--
0,004
0,014
0,046
E5 HAB A44
5
--
0,014
0,036
0,16
E5 BAB A44
5
--
0,0016
0,003
0,008
E5 BAB A44
5
--
1,6
8,3
100
A44
5
--
0,003
0,007
0,018
A44
5
0,033
0,17
0,77
2,8
E2 BAH A41.
2
--
0,038
0,13
0,43
A44
5
--
0,43
2,1
11
A43 BAB E4
4
--
0,07
0,23
0,9
A43 nail E4
4
--
3,6
23
100
A42 BAH E3
3
--
0,26
0,90
3,6
A44
5
--
0,014
0,036
0,083
A44
5
--
3,3
21
56
E3
3
--
1,7
5,0
15
A43
4
0,14
* 0,95
5,5
--
E3
3
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
146 ITT. OITPEIIEJIEHHE 110P4IIIKA MY111?414110.11b110C414
kmaytienae, ao3naKaioutee npa a30mepn0m nepexoae, ameeT nopa-
)1,
141490K MyllbT14110.113HOCTI4 5. Y 30MePOB In,
In, 197 79Au inarie-
nae, nommKaloinee npa a3omepnom nepexoae, .ameeT nopaapK
myabTanoabnocTa 4. Y 17932Ta nopaaox My.lIbT14110.1.1bHOCT14 3.
Y 1,116Cd nopsiaoK My.11bT14II0.71bHOCTI4 TaK)Ke pasen 3.
1/1Tax, aKcnepamenTanbabie 3rfailenna Ko343cImu14enTa Konnep
can noaTnep)KamoT rnnoTeay BaR uaeKKepa, LITO a3omepubre
cocToanaa ? aTo no36pKaembie COCTOSIH1441 C BbICOKOPI cTenenbio
3anpeTa 6o,abwoe) a IITO ripa nepexoae maomepnoro aapa
B 0CHOBH0e cocToanne miaytmeTca paaxanua BbICOK01.0 1-101151/4Ka
My/IbT411-10.71bHOCTII.
HaTepecno COKOCTaBHTb Be.11141111Hy 110p11,11Ka My.711,T14110.I1bHOCT14,
natiaennylo 143 JaHHbIX 0 KoaciximaaenTe Konaepcma B K-060-
JIOLIKe, c Beam-nu-HA nopaaKa MyllbT14110./IbHOCT14, onpeaeaennon
143 AaHlibix o nepaoae noaypacnaaa pmomepa. Taxoe conocTa-
naenlle 1-mm4313e/term B Ta6nnue XVI. Kai( B14,11E0 113 aannbix
aToil Ta6711441b1, ;IRA 6oabmetk tiacTa 1430MePlIbIX lIJTep, OTHOCH-
TeAbli0 KOTOpbIX cyulecTnyloT .n.annble KaK 0 KoacinpaukienTe
KOHBePC1414, TK 14 0 nepaoae noaypacnaaa, a IIMe11140:
69 7t1 ,.)_ 87?1" 91Nb "Nb 1131. 197-0 1330 1147A
39, 41 Nb, 41 49tn, 56ua, 56ua,
110O/IJOK MyJTbTIIU0JILn0CTM, oripeaenennbal 06014ma cnoco6ama,
coanaaaeT. Ana oaep 42,itse, 4?Se, 1g54Cs "[amble o6oKx cnoco6on
ire npoTnnopegaT apyr apyry. J114111b B Tpex caytmax ?11641n,
115,
491n 14 ameerca pacxo)Kaenne. Ha OCHOBaH1414 AM-1MAX
114, k 115,
o Konnepara caeayeT, wro y 49in 49111 = 4, a 143 ,LIAHHbIX
o nepHoae noaypacnaaa A == 5. TeopeTwiecKne amiable, KoTopme
6yayr o6cpKaeinl moKe, ,aatoT ocnoaanae cgaTaTb, aTo nepexoa
rrt
115,
y lamas{ 49111 MarM4THbIti z -110.1IbHbIfl. Becbma BepoaTno, LITO
neamkuta 1co94401me1-ITa KoHaepcma 143mepena ne,aocraTogno Totaio.
OTMeTKM eme, B Ta6.1111He XV MbI 110MeCT14.1114 TOTIbK0
Taxne a3omepnbie apa, y xoTopbix 3Heprmq kmomepnoro nepe-
xoaa npenocxoaar Beaaaany 150 1C38. Taxoe orpammenne cae-
nano Hama aaa Toro, gT06 1136maTb conocTanaenma aKcnepa-
merrraabnbix aannbix c Teope,Tagecxama ma.aoft TO'IHOCTH.
Kpome Toro, oTmeTam, IITO 14 camo onpeaeaenae Ko3qx4m4-
11,11eHT0B Konnepcna .a.1151 AT-left C 60.11b1UOR enepraell smanerca
Cionee naamnum, 1460 ocHOBHble aKcnepamenTaabnue 0111146K14
CI3113aHb1 C Ma.TIOCTMO egepraa KOHBePCHOHFIbIX 3neKTp011013.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
?
Atic
Oni,E:aEitEnt1E MY.1113THI10./IbH0aTH '110 3 = -----
NL
147
Ta6aHna XVI
ri0p513,0K MyBbT141103bHOCTH HeKOTOpbIX H30MepHbIX 11efleXO,ILOB
V13omep
A 143 AM-
HbIX KOH-
aepcxx
.A. 113 ne-
pllo.aa
no.nypac-
na,aa
XapaKrep nepe-
X0,713 113 JkaH-
MAX 0 KollBep-
CHH
Xapaicrep nepe-
xo.aa H3 1131111MX
o nepno,ae
no.nypacna,aa
Sc
21'''''
Sc46
21 '
Zn 30
38 Sr
89y
39
41 Nb
"Nb
41
ilic,i
48`-'"'
nain
49
114in
,-.
15in
49
134CS
? 55
- ,
13313a :
i 66 .7.r.
' 137133
1J,g 56
J.,
. 73 Ta
197An
79
Inc A
48`'''''
4 Hall 5
4 133H 5
5
5
5
5
5
2
5
4
4
3 HJ1H 4
5
5
3
4
3
5
4
5
?
5
5
?
5
5
5
4
5
5
?
4
4
E4 WM M4
E4 1111H M4
E5 FM M4
E5 Han M4
E5 Han M4
M4
M4
E2 (MI)
M4 (E5)
M3 nun E4
M3 man E4
M2 nun E4
E5 Ham /144
M4
M2
M3
E3
?
?
M4
M4
?
M4
M4
?
M4
?
M4
?
M4
M4
?
M3 nun E4
M3 nun E4
OnpeAuleHme MYJII,TH110J1bHOCTI1 H3J1rIeH11A
Ng
HO Be..1111qHHe S =
Onpe,aettenkie MYJIbTH1IOJIbHOCTI4 Ilsaytiemui no qvicnetniomy
3flatienk10 moaclximuReaTa KOHBePC1114 B K-o6onoi-nce c necomnen-
HOCTb10 noKa3a.no, qTo B page 1430MePHIsIX nepexo.aoB MYRbT11-
110BbHOCTb Hartygeinv Taxon, tiTO Hap? npm nepexante 113 B03-
6y)K,aelmoro COCTOAH1151 B nopmaamme npeTepneBaeT Hammel-me
10*
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
14? rj). IV. OHPEREAEHHE noruaKA mYabTurIonbHoCTH
yrnosoro MOMeHT& Ha qempe-nub eRHHHU, KaK 3T0 H caeayer
143 runore3m BailmeKKepa. OrmaKo onpeaeneHne Beaugunm A
113 3H3geH1451 Ko'a44HumeHTa KOHBepCHH 33TpyaHeHo raaaHum
o6pa3om axcnepumeHTanbHoll C.710}KHOCT1,10 onpe,aeaeHuu K034)(1)11-
uHeHTa KoHHepcuu, B qacTHocTu Heo6xoaxmocTbio onpeaeneHuu
aocomoTHoro HbIxo,aa "r-KBaHTOB, ucnycKaemmx npu u3omepHom
nepexoae.
3HanuTenbHo yao6Hee 6m.ao 6w onpeaeauTb THII u3ny4eHuu
He H3 3Ha4e1114a 1c03014141.1HeHT0B KOHBePCHH air Ham aL, a 143
OT aKHOHWHIMI ( HRH --, cum u3aygenHe marmITHoe). TaKoR
aL
meroa onpeaeneHuu Tuna, u3ny4eHuu 6ma Hnepuble Hpe,R.110)KeH
aK NK
PyCHHOBbIM H 103e4JoButtem. OTHoweHme a = TaK )Ke
aL 1 \ IL'
aK 14 3Hatielffiu aK, aL, 3aBHCHT KaK OT xapaKrepa nepexoaa,
?
TaK H OT nopuaKa MyAbTHHOAbHOCTH H noTomy mower 6mTh
HCHORb30BaHO RAM onneaeaemi BeAHLIHHW A H RAH ycTanorme-
111151 xapaKTepa nepexoaa. aKcneprimarraNwime aamme aau
Ng
Beali4HHb1 ? 3411gH1'eRbI10 6onee HaReM{HbI, nem aammie o 311a-
NL
geHHH K03014LIHelITOB KOHBepCHH. BO muorux caymaux 3Heprm
u3omepHoro nepeKorta BeauKa no cpaaneHmo c aHeprmeR CB51314
KaK 9aewrpoHo3 rpyrrnm K, Tax 14 saeKTponon rpynnm L.
B 5THX cayilaux ne BO31-HKaeT He06X0RHMOCTH BHOCHTb pa3auq-
1-Ime nonpaHKR, c3u3aHnwe c paccemmem H nornoinemem snex-
TPOHOB, 1460 OHM OKa3bIBMOTC91npaKTHilecKu 0/414HaK0BWM14 11.1151 K-
H L-3aeK1'poHo3 KOHBepCHH, a caeacmaTeamo, B aeautiuHy e,
npeacTasasmanyK) OTHOHleHHe gkicaa aaelupoHoB A7-KOHBepCHH
K gHCRy aaeKTpoHos L-Komiepcuu, BXORHfb He 6yayT. r103Tomy
ne.rimuHa a BO M1101-14X cayqaux onpeaenueTcu npumo icaic OTHO-
HI enme BmcoT UHKOB COO FBeTCTBeHHHX KOHBepCHOHHUX AHHHR.
Bnaroaapu TrpocToTe aKcnepumeHTaahHoro onpeaerieHuu Beau-
glum a ee 311ageHHe ycTaHomaeno runt 6o.11b1110HCTBa 143BeCTHbIX
u3omepHmx nepexoaon. B Ta6nune XVII npHBeaeHm Hatlaenume
aKcnepumenTaabHo 3Ha4eHnu Be.TIHT414HbI a AAR 1430MePHbIX uaep,
aTOMHbIR Homep KOTOpbIX BaK.1110geH B HHTepnaae 3HageHni1 OT 25
ao 50. Bm6op aToro uHTepHaaa o6ycaosaeH Tem, 'TO ya06Hme
a.au cparilieuua C 011bIT0M Ta6.114U,b1 3Hag?11141 BeRHg14H11 a B c.ay-
tiae KaK Marimmoro, Tax 14 mexTputlecKoro MyRbl'14110.11410C0
143.11ygeHl4n RaHbI R1411Ib ,n;/15i. yKa3aHHoro uHTepaana 3HatieHuil
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
NK
011PEAEIIEHHE MYJIbTH11011bHOCTH no e =_- ?
N
Be.T111414Hb1 Z. Kpome Toro, maao gmerb m may, 4T0 AAR 6o.ab-
HIM ameprmti mepexoaa El> 0,3 mc2 3HatleH1151 Ko344gumenTog
K-mommepcmm, HC110.11b30Balifible JUl11 Bb14140/1eH1411 e, MOUT, lox
noxa3ang Bb14HCIleH411 Po3e H ap., OTHH4aTbC51 OT FICTHHHOTO
6onee gem g Aga pa3a.. K cmanemmo, Togmbie Bb140C.11e111451
HO34)41141114eHTOB Komeepcmm B L-o6oaogxe OTCYTCTBylOT H1109TOMY
B macTommee !Tema Heab3F1 ebue ymaaaTb, 'KHO Bb1pa3aTbCSI cae-
nyiouwm o6pa3om:
Ng 1%qag + pg
(4.9)
r.ae
? /yea, NMR
L y r'L
Nye ? Hanytiaembix 1-xnarrron 9nexTpHmecicoil parwa-
HH14, ? tlaCJIO 1-KBaHTOB marHkITHOti panHawm. Benmq1411b1
Nie 14 N7 HmeioT cneaylonwt4 CMb1C.71. ECJIK 9nexTpH4eotoe none
143437MBHH51 MONCHO pa3,TIONCHTb Ha Ana HOAR C COCTaBJHHOW,14Ma Ee
(a.neKTpHmecicHrt MyllbTarIOJIb) 14 Em (MaTHYITHbIti MyllbT14110Ab), TO
NTe (Ee ? \
?
CornacHo (4.9) oKaawHaeTca Boamomium onpenegHTb cooTao-
Ne LueHHe ?7 143 yCTaliOBABBHQrC) Qnbrre sHatteHma NK
ec.nH Ham
N '
(4.10)
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
156 IA. IV. 011PFRE.IEHHE HOPHAKA M37JIbTHII0J113HOOTH
oyJII3TT H3BeCTHhi 3HaTreH:a3 H OaHaico 9TH BeJIH-
qHHbI 63MOM 3HaTb TOJIbK0 B TOM car-me, ecapi Ham 6y,aeT
133BeCTBH flOpallOK MyJILTHHO.abHOCTH A (Pt xapawrep nepexorw).
TaaHm o6pa3om, ecam 143arieHme npu m3omepHom nepexorke 6y,aeT
NK
cmemaHHum, T. e. eCakt ? He corma,aeT HH C OBHHM M3 3Ha-
NL
geHmt) se Ham sm, TO Toraa Ha OCHOBaHHH 143BOCTHOr0 ye 3Ha-
Lief-mg A (Haft/tumor? au6o no 3Hatiemmo T, aH60 no3HageHmo
KoacpcimumeHTa KOHBOpCHH) MOBi 2
5
2
3
?3--->
?2
2
0;
0;
0;
0;
f(0)=1 + 0,755 cos2 0 +
+ 0,210 cos4 0 ?0,064 cos6 0,
f(0) = 1 +0,770 cos2 0 -1-
? 0,095 cos4 0 ? 0,003 cos' 0,
f(0) 1 + 0,636 co s2.0 ? 0,198 cos4 0,
f (0) = 1 + 0,555 cos20 ? 0,148 cos' O.
LLTIB Hbi6opa mmay aTHHH HapHanTamm Heo6xoA11mo 6o,1ee Tula-
TeabHoe Hccae,aoHauHe yraoHon Koppeasubm, B VaCTH0CT14, H3y4e-
Hue yraoHoft Koppegswm B marfarrHom uojie, KoTopoe, KaK Mb!
yHHAHm HmKe, flaw!. 1303MO}KHOCTb yc faHOBWrb rupomarHHTHoe
OTHOIlleHHe g AAA npome}Ky-rotworo ypoiws.
YraoHas Koppeasums Ao.DKHa HMeTb mecTo He TOJIbK0 Tor,aa,
Koriba H036pKaeHHoe sumo Hepexo,RHT B OCHOBH0e cocTosHHe
qe-
pe npommyToonhai ypoBeHb nyTem nocae,aoHaTeabHoro HcnycKa-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OHPEAMEHHE MYAbTHHOAbHOCTH HO KOPPEASHINH COBHAAEHHA 197
HMII ABX I-KBaHTOB. B cnymae npyrkix nepexonon, HanpHmep
KorAa BMeCTO OAHOPO 113 y-KBaHTOB nonymaeTcH Komiepalonnutl
3.1eKTPOH HnH Icorna KOHBepCHOHHHe 9.1eKTp0HN HOHBAHIOTCH
BMeCTO 060HX y-KBaHTOB, TaKaCe HmeeT mecTo yrnonaH Icoppeng-
Bonee Toro, Ho ncex cnymamx nocnenortaTenbnoro Hanyme-
HUH nHyx macm, ecnH TOAbK0 HHTepBaA HpemenH meway HHMH
man, nomicna HMeTb mecTo yrnonaH KoppenHum B HanpameHHH
HuneTa 9T14X IlaCTHH.
YrnoBaH HoppenHum e), T. e. HoppenHum meHay Ha-
npamemem HmneTa KBaHTa H HanparmenHem KOHBePCHOHHOTO
3.nexTpona, 14 yrnoHaH Hopper's:rum (e ? e), T. e. yrnosan Hop-
PeaRUHR mewny nHymH KOHBelOCHOHHUMH mempoHamH, 6un14 Mc-
cnenoBaHhi BepecTeuHum [4.69] H ap. [4.70] ? [4.74].
cDopmynu, Hupawaiouwe yrnoHylo HoppenHumo (?e) 14
(e-- Hmeica B111L, aHanorHmnun Tem, LIT? mm HPHBOAHAH Bblille
AIM yrnmon Koppeasiumi (7? i); onnalco BBHAy MX He06bigaAHOR
FPOMO3AKOCTH Mbl ne cmHTaem uenecoo6pa3Hum HPHBOAHTb MX
MeCb, oTcunag MHTaTeAR K opHrHHanbnotl CTaTbe BepecTelucoro
[4.69].
.LLTMI maul-for? caymasi ? H3omepnoro nepexona 6poma 80, c
npomeHvTomnoro ypoong RoToporo ocymecTHnHeTcsi nepexon KaK
C HOM0LLtb10 T-nymetl, TaK H C
HOMOCHh10 3newrponoe, Bepe-
CTel0CH1 HPHBOAHT pe3ynbTa-
Tbl mHcnennoro pacmeTa K03143-
(1)HUMeHT0B A, npennonarag
11pi4 3TOM HOPRAOK H3omep-
nor? nepexona A=4, yrno-
Hon momenT B K0He4H0M CO-
CTOSIHHH paHnum Hymo, a ne-
pexon c npommyTomHoro
yporinH na OCHOBHOA ? AM-
H0AbHUM. Pe3yribTaTu 3Toro
mHcnenHoro pacmeTa cHenenu
B Ta6aHuy XXII, B xoTopoll
AaHO nupaweHHe AAR 4:THK-
Ta6aHua XXII
THH Koppeammtim
f(0)
(i -- 7)
17 -- 3 cos2 0
(f ? ex )
13 -- 3 cos2 0
(metapuq)
(-( -- err)
4-- cos2 0
(manual-1.)
(err -- eic )
5 -1- 3 cos2 0
(metapmq.)
uHH f(9), Hhipmaionlet1 yrnoripo
HbIX macTHu.
CnenyeT OTMeTHTb, 'ITO no H3mepeHi151m PycHnona 14 11341 Killia
[4.75] yrnoHaH icoppencium e) y 6poma 80 nencTuiTenbno
HmeeT mecTo. Ha6monaemag T.9P1 KOPPe4H4H11 AaeT
RoppenHumo nnH pa3aHm-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
198 rif. IV. 011PEAMEH14E HOPMKKA M1.TIbTHHO,T1bHOCTI4
OCHOBaHlie 3aKMOT-10Th, 410 nepexoa c npome>ByrotuToro ypoBrui
Ha OCHOBHOH CBM3aH C maygerfflem 3neKTpu4ecKoro L114110.THI, 14
Tem OM 14113 CflOpHbln BOItp0C 0 TOM, 5113.112eTCM .T114 nepexo,a c
npommyTotmoro COCTOMHIN 35Dr marunrTHTAM ,a14110.T1bHUM 14.1114
3.11eKTp141eCKHM )111110.71bHb1M,. BO3MON(HOCTb onperreneHm He TO.TIbK0
THna My.lIbT14110,11bH01-0 143.11y4eH1451, 110 14 3Hairenwi momeHToB Ko-
JurrecTBa rrBIDKeHH51 14CX01LHOTO H npommyTotffloro COCTO4HI4t1
npwaznoT merozty yrnoBott Koppeasnwri 6wumHoe 3HageHne. To
06CTOATeAbCTBO, MTO y aTomoB C MeTHb1M Z yramag Koppeasium
coxpaHBeTcri AnwreabHoe spew (At-3 . 10-7 ceK.), Aenaer aToT
meTort flpH.110)1{14MbIM KO mHorlim rmomepHum srApam, Bb1CBell14Ba10-
111HMCA nyTem AByxcTyneHnoro nepexua.
ROHOTIFIHTe./Ibtible Cl3e,leHH4 0 npome)ByTogHom yporme moryT
61,1T1, no.nymern4 nyTem 143ylieH1i5l B.TH45THHB marrarrnoro 110.714 Ha
yraoByto Koppeacalmo.
RaK noKaBan A,I.Iep [4.76], onpertemime Bansnmq marrn4T-
11010 110.1H Ha y1%71(34;3.71? Koppemlurno 1:( aeT BO3M0)KHOCTb yc-raHo-
014Th }CK Be.TIMMTIHy woman-armor? OTHOHleHHA g (ornoureHHe
marHHTHoro momeurra K momeHTy KomprecTBa zumBerm), Tax 14
CFO 3112K.
B aTomax c MeTHIAM 3Ha4eHr4em Z BnyTpeHHee marHHTHoe
coBaaBaemoe meKTponHori o6onotnwri a-roma, pamo Hy.rno.
Hoppe:mum, KU( Mbl yKaBhmamr, coxparmeTcsi aawe 14 B TOM cay-
trae, KorJa Hpome)ByToK BpemeHH mexcAy H3.4y4eHHem 06014X
KBalITOB cpaBHHTeabHo Be/114K (-3 ? 10-7 ceK.). FlpH HaJIHMIIH
BriernHero marmiTHoro nogir yrnoBast KoppeaRuHH 6yAe-r Hapy-
lHaTbC51. RTIHAHHe maIHHTHoro 110.14 6yrter cKaBbmaTbca cHabHee
Bcero B TOM caprae, xorro none 6y1teT HanparineHo nepnerum-
Kynopno 1< ILTIOCKOCTH paBaeTa 060HX 1-KBaHTOB*). B 3TOM
caytme Bearmnua yr.noBori Koppeasaum f(0, H) mower 6brrli Bbl-
pmKeHa cooTHorrennem [4.31]
f(0, H).= y bre_ r,
rite
(4.25)
(4.26)
*) Ecjiu Hanpanaenne marmurnoro noan 6yaeT connaaam c nanpa-
Baennem oanoro 143 KBaHTOB, TO yraonan Koppeasnum (y ? y) 9T1-1M nor-
nniumm noaem He 6yAeT napywancm,
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OHPEAFAEHHE MMTH110.116E00TH HO KOPPERAHHH COBHAAEHH11 199
npeacTagngeT gacToTy npeLleccHH gapa no HHeumem marrarrHom
none 11, g ? r ',woman-114mo e oTHouleHme JLJIII gapa B npommy-
TCYMOM COCTORHHH, ? gaepHbal marneToH, a ? cpeaffee Hpemg
npe6uHarnig Rapa B npomewyTognom COCTOREHH. CymmHporiatme
B (4 25) nponsoamTcg no r, npHgem Hmanee mageHHe r onpe-
aengeTcg 4HCAOM gaeHOB B ribipmeHHH (4.20) aag HepogTHocTH
pagneTa asyx 1-1BaHTOB B OTCyTCTBHH MalliFITHOF0 ROM. .
CoomotrieHHe (4.25) nogagunaeT, LITO marHHTHoe noae HnHgeT
Ha yrnoHyto Koppengum. Bogmyuraloutee aeAcTsHe MaFFINTHOF0
HOJIH Ha yrnoHylo Hoppensamo onpeaeageTcg Hanimem B COOT-
110111eHHH (4.25) MfiC0104Te.a51 1 ___ 1
0r B TOM cnygae, Koraa
cgeTgHicH, permcTpHpyroruHe connaaeme KBaHTOB, conepinermo
HaeHTHUHW, 3TOT MEMKIITe.11b 6yaeT HMeTh neulecuteHnoe 311a-
geHHe
o = 1 ( 1 1 1
1 ? rc + 1 + = 1+ (o)r-c)2 ' (4.26a)
H, cneaoriaTenbHo, 3HaK BeJ/44HHM g He 6yaeT CKa3M13aTbC1 na
Ho3myllrenHH, omusaemom MaFHHTHMM nonem Ha yrnoHym Hop-
pe.ngu.mo. Benknnina 0r 6yrkeT gasHceTb OT a6conloTHoro 314a4e-
HMI g (TO1Hee, OT a6comarroro magemig
ECAH me, oaHaHo, cgeTgHHH, npHmerigemble "Lag perHcTpaum
T-KBaHTOB, 6yayT OnaaaTb pagHol IlyBCTBVITeTIMIOCTMO no OT-
HCIlleHHIO K Hgnygaemum /-imaHTam, TO Ho3my11terme, oRaguHae-
moe marHumbim no.nem Ha yrnonyto Hoppengruno, 63TaeT eine Ha-
BRUM OT maga g
Bo3MownocTb onpeaeneHng maim Be.1H414HM g HmeeT olegb
6onbuJoe magerme, H6o Heawn4Ha marH0THoro momema (3HaHHe g-
14 momeHTa 1He BealMIHM MaTH4TEOF0 momenTa H
maga TIO3BON5IeT OAHO3Hat1H0 oxapaxTepHgonam ITOMeWyTOgHbe
00CTOMITHe.
143ygeHHe yramol goppenguHH B Mal-HHTHOM none gnageTcg
3amegaTenmum CpeACTBOM H3y4eH11H gaepHux yponHel, H 6yily-
mas ponb ero gag npH H3y11eHHH momepHH, TaK H goo6nre
B gaepHoti cnelapocgorm, HeCOMHeHHO, 6yaeT genma.
3KCilepHMeHTaRbHMX AaHHMX 0 BAHHHHH MaFHHTHOF0 nong Ha
yraoHyto Hoppengumo eure ma.no. Eakmc,THeHb:oe HccaeaonaHHc
14.801 aToro poaa OTH9c4Tql I MOmepy 1411Cd.
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Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
200
r ff. IV. 01 IPEAEJIEHHE HOPHAKA MY.TIbTHHOJIbi!OCTH
Kam mu yma3biBanki, TCd nepexo,akir 143 meTacTa6HabHoro
commix 13 0CHOBH0e nyTem Houle/lona reabH0F0 143aynekaisi AByx
1-KBaHT013, OAHOTO C 9Heprxeil 149 1C38, a .apyroro ?243 K,98.
B B036ywieHH0m COCT02111114 MOMeHT monkigema 1BI4)KeHl4FI HT(pa
11,,
y 1 paBeH "/2 (no oitHotiacTkitmoil mo,aeaki B036p3{JefflibIN
ypOBHeM 3IB.1141eTCH B OCHOBHOM COCTO5IFIH14 3TOT momeirr
paBeH 1/2 (ypoBeHb B 0,111104aCT1414H0R moileaki). LITO >me ma-
caeTcB npommyTolmoro ypoBkoi, TO ero npkipo,aa B carlae 'Cd
ocTaBazacb HesicHoft. Bo ricex aHa.T1011411HbIX kmomepkibix nepe-
xuax (1,07Sn, 1%9Sn, 1g32Te, 1Bit) momeirr moame-
anknmeHHB Rapa B npome}myTotmom COCTOHIII411 pa en 3/2
(ypoBeHb 42). 0,EIHaK0 B 1 1481Cd IlePeXOR C H3omeptioro ypoBkia
Ha npomomyTonkibin ? aaemTpkiLiecmuti omTynoabHbiti, a He mar-
HHTHbla O1CTVII0J113Hbai, T. e. npome)myTonHhiti ypoBerib B 141gCd?
,140.71)KeH 6bITb clvi a He ds/2 14,110J1)KeH rime rb MOMeHT 72.
YCTaHOBJleHHe BeJII44Hflbl 14 3Hama rHpomarkikrrnoro oTHcaue-
HHA g A.T17,1 ripome)myTogHoro yponni molmeT pe HIHTh Bonpoc 0
npikpo,ae ripommyTotmoro ypOBHFI 'Cd. OCO6eHHO 13a)KlibIM
31B-
J13ITC31 ycTaHowneHne 3Ha1KeT 6b1Tb
AocTnrny'ro nOm?.111.evifiem nepeA cge-p-H41Ee HamepeuHR Koppeasiumi ripH ,aaHHOM Ha-
ripanaemm Marli14THOr0 1-10JVR no nepeeno T0JTU1j4He nornoTH-
TeJlefi, CTOSILIVX nepe cgeT4Hxamin YcTaHotmeHHoe ripH 3T14X
143mepenns1x mnsinue HanpameHHH MaTHVITHOTO 1-10.11A Ha HeIHnHily
f 0,11) B cmyqae, Kora 344eKTHBHOCTb cgeTa 11.1151 pa3.1114411bIX
KnanTcn y 0:10HX CtleT1114K0i3 (ecmeacTsHe p33AHLTHR B cl)HabTpax)
cTanommacli neol1ma1conot4, o31-iatmeT, 3111K g oTpkno-
Te.abxbin.
rioarieumbie ;um Benwinnbt g Aamme (? 0,34 ? 0,09) no-
:pQJIHIOT cileaaTb olt1o3liaLLHoe 3ax.rnox1eline o npomeAcyTogEOM
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OHPEAEAEHHE MYA6THROAWOCTH no KOPPERHHHH COBHAAEHHA 203
ypowle. HOCK0AbKy HeATPOH, HaX01L51111,14ACH Ha ypowle 40 ROA-
HCCH OgaaaTb 110ll0IKHTeAbHb1M MaTHHTHIAM MOMeHTOM, a Ha
ypoime 42 HeATPOH .11011)KeH o6gaaaTh oTpkwaTenbHum 3Hage-
HHem MaTHHTHOTO momeHTa, TO OWBHAHO, ''ITO B 402d npomewy-
T011Hb1M ypowlem SIBASIeTC2 HMeHHO 42. Marmmihal MOMeHT gapa
5 A
B 3TOM COCTOHHHH 6yaeT paneH ? v
? ,34 p.m = ?,085
(rile p omagaeT Bempintly gaepHoro marHeTona ? 5,1 ? 10-24).
aro 3HageHHe MaTHHTHOTO momeHTa xopowo corgacyeTcg co
3Hagem12MH MaTHRTHOIO momeHTa apyrwc gaep, HaX0AHMHXCH
95
B COCTOAHHH 4? 6r4A1g, 94',.;11(1o, TArb).
OcHonHoe comgmle mapa 1Cd H3BeCTHO. CRHH ero pa-
Ben 1/2. CorgacHo TeopHH MaRep (cm. many VI) OCHOBHUM CO-
CTOHH Dir.
HeM HBAHeTCH Sv, CireA0BaTeabH0, nepexoa C npo-
memyTogHoro COCTOHHHH B OCHOBH0e conponomweTcg 3AeKTpH-
4ecium KmaapynogbHum H3gy4emem. agH Mbl BCHOMHHM, 1110
yrgonag Koppengug B OTCyTCTBHH marHHTHoro nogg nupanmeTcg
anyggemion (ix pmygon
f(0)= 1 ? 0,20 cos2 0,
TO 11e1436emnio cgeayeT BUBOA, gTO OAHH 113 03.ny4aemb1x KnaH-
TOB ,110.11)KeH 661Tb 0513aTeabHo annonbnbim, a TaK KaK nepexoa
d?s1,, Knaapynommbni, TO AHTIOAbilb1M AO.TOKeH 6HT6 nepexog
Ha 42. fia, OCHOBaHHH 3101'O R 6bigo caegaHo 3alun0meHmte, 4T0
MOMeHT AAP 1Cd B n036y)KaenHom COCTOHHHH A0.11)Kell 6131Th
panen 7/2.
31O ?coBepmemio napaa,oKcambHoe 3aRglogemw, He corgacylo-
aleeC51 C Tem, 410 14181Cd ?143omep H 410 npemg )KH3HH ero
B meTacTa6HgbHom COCTORHHH AOCTaT041-10 Be.7114K0 (T= 48,6 MUM.
ripm 3Heprkm nepexoaa 149 1.98).
Liam npeacTanggeTcg TaKon nbwoa conepweHHo HenpanHab-
HUM. HeCOMHeHHO (KaK 310 cgeayeT 113 aummx o neammie
KoaclximweHTa KoHnepow) nepexog C no36pKaeHHoro ypown1 Ha
npomewyTogHbal HBAHeTC51 3getapH4ecn14m OKTy110.1113Hb1M, a HO-
cneapoui,fift 3a HUM nepexoa AHHO.TIbHbIM. Toraa ctiopmyga Jog
yrgonon Koppeggium 6yaeT COCTOHT6 H3 aux tlAeHOB. HO TTOT
nepexoa He HBAHeTCH nepexoaom mapa c npomemyTotworo COCTOH-
HHH B ocHonHoe (Taxon nepexoa 6big 6b1 Knaapynonblimm). C
ypowm 42 gap? n418Cd nepexoaHT Ha apyron Hpome>nyTogHbig ypo-
neHb? nongaHmomy 40 a 3aTem ye Ha ocHonHofl yPOBeHb SI;re
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
204 NI. IV. 011PE1FIJIEIIIIE HOPSIRKA MYJILTRII0J11,110CTH
Tantm o6pa:3om, ana 0614ICHeHHA 3KcnepHmewranbumx aaHHbtx
o6 yrnoRal Koppenamm HanytieHila 141,1sCd B marHHTHom none He-
06X0IIHMO ,/011yCTHTb cyatecraoHaHHe nHyx npommyTotmbix
yposna: d512 H ti/,. YpOBeHb d1, nonaceH oblTb OgeHb 6J1H3OK
no 3Heprum K OCHOBHOMy yp0BH10 Site TOTAa nepexoa E2 He-
nocpeamenno C yponHa d5/2 Ha si12 6yneT HMeTb 3HaturreabHo
MeHblIly10 BepOSITHOCTb, Hem nepexo Mi C c/511 Ha
CnenaHnoe 3aecb aonymenHe o HanHtuen4 aux npomewyToti-
ypomeR B 11481Cd TIpHBOTITTT K 3HalleHHIO NIOMEFITa meTacTa-
614J1bH0F0 COCTOSIHHA 14181-Cd, pa131-10F0 11/2, iiTO EfaX01WTCSI B
CO-
rjiacini c upeacTaHneHHem o anepHbix o6onogKax.
OKOHLIaTedibHOH pacumtpoBKH xapaKTepa nepexoaon y
4sCd Heo6xonHmu, no Hainemy Nine elite aononmiTenbHbie
mccaeltoBaumg.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
IIIABA V
BO3BYKLtEHHE METACTABI4J1bHbIX COCT0511-1141
Kai< HOKa3b1BalOT 9xcnepumenTaabnbie anHh1e, paccmoTpen-
Tule B rnaHe IV, ranoTeaa Baiinaexxepa o TOM, LITO momePHH
o6ycaoHaena meTacTa6nabnbimn COCTORHHSIMH Haep H tyro npn-
HHHOPI Aal4TeJlbH0r0 npeobniannH Haep B meTacTa6nabnom CO-
CTOAHHH ABRAeTCSI anatucreabnoe no Heanunie B MO-
meHTax K0a1411eCTBa ,LLB14)KeHHA OCHOBH0r0 H Ho36pHaennoro CO-
CTOAHHH, LipaBLIabH0 oTo6paHcaeT CyLU,HOCTb naomepnm. C TOt1KH
apennil 9Toti minoTeaw acoao.abno 6e3pa3n4i1-Io npm 9TOM, SIB-
ameTca JIM cow ,Hapo pa,a140aKTHBHbIM Hall CTa614/1bHb1M. MeTa-
CTa6H.ablible COCTOSH1451 B npmnume moryT cytnecTaoHaTb y SLaep
KK paamoaxTmmibix, Tax 14 CTa614.11bHbIX.
Kaxnm >Ke 06puom nponcxoanT Ho36yHcaenne meTacTa6nab-
HbIX COCTOSIHHH? Han6oaee HacTo meTacTa6Hambie COCTOSIHHR
Haep noayHaloar nyTem Haepnbix npeHpamennti. HHomeptime naphi
B031111KaIOT B peayabTaTe aaxsaTa MeAlleHHbIX HenTp0HOB, B pe-
ayabTaTe 430TonetiTponnoro sit.xl)exTa, B pe3yabTaTe 6om6apan-
p0BK14 5Laep aapmembimn Hacnnlamn.
B nexoTophix capiasix momepnbie Hapa o6pa3yloTcH Heno-
cpe,acTHenno (upHmoe o6pa3oaanne). Henocpe,acTHennoe o6pa3o-
Hankie naomepoH moxceT nponcxaanTb, nanpnmep, npn p-pacnaae
(Hall K-aaxHaTe). 0,anaxo 6oamueR HacTmo o6pa3oaanne H30Me-
nponcxoanT ,aByMfl sTanamn. CHaHaaa o6pa3yeTcH CHabH0
Ho36pHaennoe Hapo, a aaTem B pe3y.abTaTe xacHaanux nponec-
COB 9TH n,apa nepexoaHT tlaCTINHO B OCHOBH0e cocToRme, a Ha-
CTIVIHO B meTacTa6nabnoe (xocHennoe o6paaoHaune Haomepos).
,L(aH Toro HT06b1 aocilmb B xopoTxoe 'Tem C0CT0BI-11414 C
6oabwon paanocTbio MOMeHTOB xonwiecTaa ABLI)KeHHST, Tpe6yeTcH
3Hamffeabtfoe KonmecTso nepexoaoH, coseputaioun4xcH nyTem
.4141105bH0F0 14.1114 xsa,apynonbuoro map-1mM. Ha pnc. 43 an a
npamepnam cxema xocHemoro o6pa3oaaHnH nHomepoa. llycTb
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
06 NI. V. BO3Bk)KAFIHIE METACTAB14.111,Hbl X COCTOH11141
supo o6pa3oaaaocb B ULTIMO Bo36yKaeHnom cocTomm A,
Hmeiontem momenT KoallgecTaa ABH/KeH1451 /--= 1. YpOBH14 C 4eTHb1M11
BOAHOBb1MH 1.131yRKL11411M11 6y,aeT o6o3HaqaTb 3HaKOM yposnx
C netieTnumn BOAHOBb1MH 4yliKL1H5IMH marcom ?. H3 COCTOHH1411 A
a,apo oyaeT nepexo,m4Tb B cocToankla c menbmet) anepTHeti B03-
6y>iRe yKa-
3aHM aHeprmg B036y/fUle1114S1 meTacTa6HabHoro COCT051111411 11 ero
HepHon HogypacuaiLa T.
HirrepecHo OTMeTI4Tb, trpo meTacTa6HabHoe COCTORHIle y cra-
6H.abHMX wiep BcTpegaeTcH He meHee gacro, gem y palmoaKTFIB-
HMX. B Hacrosnuee BpeMil 143BeCTHO 282 CTa614J1bHbIX Wapa, 143
1414X 33, T. e. oKoao 120/o, oCiaa,aatoT meracTa6HabHmm COMA-
Hmem. flo ilaHHUM C1460pra 11 nepTIbMaHa [5.1 I 1114CTIO 143BeCT11bIX
paa,HOaKTHBHMX waep paBHO 648. Cpex4 mix 85 o6,71a,aator meTa-
CTa6HablIMM cocToHHHem. Cae,goBaTeabno, ()Kano 120/0 paimo-
aKTHBHMX 1430TOHOB moryT Baxo,amThcB B meTacTaauthHom COCT051-
? TaKI4M o6pa3om, MM BHAHM, 1430Mep149I gBaBeTcH 0611114M
CBOCTBOM KaK CTa6H.abHbIX, TaK 11 pa,a1403KTI4BMIX aTOMMIX il,Rep.
HaaH9He meracTa6HabHmx C00051H1411 y cra6Habumx waep
HpeAcTaBaHer ocoomil HnTepec, 1460 B 3TOM caygae, Kam Mb! yBH-
,aum anee, oKa33noch 1103M0>KHIAM ocymec.BaeHHe o44cT0ro
Bo36yHmeHH11? waep, T. e. repeBoA wapa 113 OCHOBI'01'0 COCTO3H1151
B 11o36y1+meHHoe 6e3 Toro, Tro6bi ripm 3TOM Hp0H30111J10 KaKoe-
a8160 narviellellile cocTaBa camoro sLapa. TaKoe Bo36puenHe mo}KeT
6brrb, B gacTHocni, ocymecTmeno r,0pM03HIAM penTreHoBcKHm
14.3.71y4einiem.
06pa3oBaHrte MeTaCTd6143b1-101'0 COCT0311143 y C'fa614.11bflblX HAep
HyTem ?gricToro Bo36pHiteig4B? 51814.10Cb eLue garmm, 14 npHTom
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
l303BYMMEHF17. METAMBlanbiiblX COCTORHHA 211
Ta6anna XXIV
143omepta CTa614AbHbIX sukep
Hanmeno-
saline
sulpa
an
neprllmomepuoro
COCT071Filfl
B K98
flepticq
noaypacnaAa
flpnmeganne
72Ge
32
34 Sc
Kr 36
87Sr
38
89v
39 '
93Nb
41
1pp03q,
45"?
107
47' '5. A ,
109
47 ?5 A ,
1"Cd
4s
"3Cd
48
1131n
49
Ini?
49'"
117Sn
50
119Sn
50
123Te
52
125Te
52
129Xe
54
131Xe
54
680
159,9
41,5
390
913
40
93,9
87
392
390
335
321
89,1
247,5
145,1
236
163
5.10-7 ceic.
17,5 cem.
114 mum.
2,80 =Ian
14 ceic.
42 Alia
57 min.
44 ceg.
39 ceic.
48,6 min.
2,3 Mill.
105 min.
4,5 riaCa
14,5 AHH
250 AH.
104 Au.
58 AFL
8 H.
12 AH.
flpomew. yposenb
9,3 K98
?
rIpomew. ypoBenh
247 K96
flpomemc. ypoBenb
159 IC98
Hpomew. yposenb
23,8 K98
IlpomeAc. yp0BeHb
159 Kaa
flpomem{. yposenb
35,4 toe
14s
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
212 NI. V. 1303BYKIIEHHE METACTABICIlbHblK COCTOAH1414
flpo,Roam:eHHe Ta6 3. XXIV
11MBH0-
Millie
sukpa
aileprBB
momepHoro
COCTORIFIR
B K38
flepHo,a
HoupacnaAa
IlpHmeuanue
135Bi
56
137Ba
160Tn,
69'
179Fir
181.,
183w
74''
187p?
1931r
77
193Pr
78
197All
79
12 f_f g
204 ph
82? "
2?7Pb
82
269
661
120
375
612
80
211
65
543
526,5
1279
1570
28,7 Baca
2,6 Milli.
10-6 ceK.
19 ceK.
2,2 ? 10-5 ceK.
5,5 ceK.
5,5 ? 10-7ceK.
5,7 ?10-9 ceK.
80 Mill.
7,5 ceK.
44 MI.
68 m1411.
0,9 ceK.
11pomeBc ypoBem,
215 K38
flpome.,K. ypow1H
481 K38 II 375 K.98
llpomeAc. ypoBeilb
268 K38 11 77 1(38
yposem,
374 K38
Bameflumm, a prymewrom B nonb3y l'14110Te311 Bailu,BeKKepa o ripm-
po,Re 5,RepHol4 momepHH.
BrtepBbie ?tmcToe Bo36pKiteHHe? H3omepHoro comma's! y cra-
614.111,1-161X sulep 6buto ocymecnneHo HouTeKopeo [5.21.
Bo36yKietille H3omepHora COCTOSIHM1 141r;311
WeCTKI4N1 TOpM03HbIM 143.1yEleithem
B KaBecTBe HepBoro 06"beICTfl IIOHTC1C0pB0 1436pall 1430-
TOIL 49111, 1430MePHOe COCT0511-114e NOTOpOr0 HmeeT 3neprnio Bo36y-
Butelau 335 1(33 H HepHolk nonypacanka KoToporo paBeH 4,5 qaca.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BO3BY>KAEHHE H3OMEPHOr0 COCTOHHHH 143.15"MHHEM 213
IIOHTCKOpB0 ycTaHomin, TO B peaynbTaTe OnytieHHH HHAHH 115
TOpM03HbIM Hanyuemem, HoaHHxaxnumm Hp H TopmmeHHH aaex-
TPOHOB, ycxopernibix B HmnynbcHon Tpy6xe Ao HanpHwe-
HMI 1800 M38, B Hem (a HHAHH 115) Ha6momeTcH nommeme
meTacTa6HnbHoro COCTOSIEHH, HbicHetnaalomerocH c nepHoAom
4,5 Inca.
Ha nepabncl B3rAH1 moweT noxaaaThcH HeCK0AbK0 cTpaHHum
cambiti OtlaKT B03630KaeHHH meTacTa6mnbHoro COCTORHHH. BeAb me-
TacTaoHnhHoe COCTOHHHe --- 3TO COCTOAHHe, Heposanom nepexoAa
C xoToporo Ha OCHOBHOR yposeHb ?gen mana. COOTBeTCTBeHHO
aTomy BepOHTHOCTE. nepexoAa C OCHOBH0r0 COCTOHHHH B B036y-
Kaemoe Tame )3,03)KHa 6b1Tb manoll; 14HbIMH cnosamH, nepexoA
HApa 13 OCH0BH0r0 COCTO1HH5I He110cpeAcT8eHH0 B meTacT16HAbHoe
AomeH 6mTh manoHepommum. ()Amax? B03M0Well HHOR nym
Bo36px,Aefum meTacTa6HnbHoro COCTOHHHH. liaa0 B036yAHTb cTa-
6HAbH0e 51,11p0 AOCTaT0qH0 CHRbH0, T. e. nepeaecTH ero B COCTOR-
C 3HaHHTellbH0 6onbulefl aHeprHen B03630KAeHHH, HewenH
9Heprim meTacTa6mbHoro COCTOAHHH. IlyTem cepHH xacKaAHbix
nepexoAcm HApo H3 aToro 8036ymmermoro COCTOHHHH cmoweT
nepeRTH B meTacTa6mbHoe. BOT novemy floHTelcopo npHmemin
ARH Ho36yHmeHHH HaomepHoro COCTOHHHH 11n He i-nyqH c
men 335 g.98, a CHROWHOR cnexTp, npocupaxHuHflcH Ao anep-
rim 1800 IG38.
ByAem Ha3HBaTb yposeHb 3HeprHH HApa, nepexoAbi C KOTO-
poro moryT npHrsecTH K 06Pa30BaH}HO MeTaCTa6HIMHOr0 CO-
CTOAHHH, aKTHBaLLHOHHIHM ypomem. TaKMX ypornieft B npHHuHne
monceT 6b1rb Hecxonbxo. 3Heprkm 6nmatlinero K meTacTa6Hnb-
H0my aKTHBaUHOHHOTO ypOBHH moweT 6b!Tb onpeitenena 113 3aBISCH-
MOCTH, cHgabmatoulefl xonmecTao HAep, 06pa3y101101XCH B meTa-
CTa6NabHOM COCTOHHHH, C aHeprmefl HsnytienHH, npHmeHHemoro
AnH Ho363/KAeHHH. OtieBHAHO, HTO Aomna cymecTHoHaTb HHHCHHH
rpaHHua aHeprHH WICKTp0HOB, TopmoaHoe HanymeHHe KOTOPbIX
CHOCO6H0 B036yAHTb H30MepHOe COCTOHHe y MUHL STO rpaHm-
Hoe mageme aneprHH, OtleBHAHO, H 6YaeT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb
aenHqHHe aHeprHH y Fulmer? axTrmauHoHHoro yPOBHH. B Aanb-
Hetlwem, no mepe yHenwieHHH aHeprxn anexTpoHoH, 6yAeT
BoapacTaTb HHTeHCHBHOCTb Topmomoro HanylieHHH H, B qaCTHOCTH,
HHTeHCHBHOCTb Tex KBaHTOB 9HePrH5! KOTOPbIX AOCTaTOHHa
lull!115 nepesoAa HApa oln c ocHospOrO COCTOHHHH Ha aNTW1-H9g.
Hi01 yposenb,
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
214 171. V. BO3BY)1IKeH HMeTb momenT, 3natienne
xoToporo ?yoeT npomewyTognum mexoy 9/2 n 1/2. B qac-r-
HOCTN, MOMeHT ripomeNtrotmoro yporaig MOWeT 6b1Tb 5/2 (cxema
pnc. 45, a).
Onaico H3BeCTHO HnIlit1He B Tin ewe ypormn C afreprmeil
860 1C.98 [5.30]? [5.33]. floaTomy nomomia ApyraR cxema o6pa-
30nan1'sf meT2cTa6n.mmioro COCTO5WHR MIAMI 115, nomemennan na
plic, 45 6y7KBoti 6), lip aToil cxeme momenT annnagnonnoro
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BO3BYHMEHHE H3OMEPHOP0 COCTOSIHHA H3AYHEHHEM 215
ypcniu 7/2. flpomewyTotuthinyponeHb 860 l6 HmeeT momeHT 5/2.
flepzxoa C ypOBHH 1070 N38 Ha yponeHb 860 N36 9nexTpHgemift
aHnonbabffi, T. e. npoucxoaHT cH9meHermem qeTHOCTH. Ilepexoa
C yponlig 860 N38 Ha meTacTa6mbHmil yponem, 335 N.98
Tpmecialti xnaapynonmmil,anepexoacyponfol 860 F.138 HH OCHOB-
xnaapynonmmtl, T. e. HMT nopgaox MyAbTH-
1104bHOCTH, panHmti Tpem. Ho TTOR npHuHe HHAHH 115
c yponng 860 N36 oyaeT npeanogTHTenbuo nepexoauTh Ha meTa-
CTa6HAbHUM, a He Ha OCHOBFOR yponeub. Ho 9Toti npmame
Bo36ywnenHe gapa Tin Ha yponeHb 860 mao snnaeTcH mano-
BepORTHIAM H aKTHsallHormium yponHem ABRHeTCH 1070 M.Wf,
a He 860 was.
Bnpogem, cneayeT OTMeTHTb yxaaaHHH [5.301, HTO C 011eHb
cna60 HHTeHCHBHOCTMO HaonfoaaeTcg H no36ywneH11e meTacTa-
6HAblier0 COCTOHHHR y 'In TOpM03HWM HanygeHHem c rpm-m.10
cnexTpa--,880 N36, WO noaTnepwaaeT Harallgue y HHAHH
yponng 860 N.98.
21Aff Toro 4TO6W B036yA4Tb 4Ap0 Ha HICTHBHHHOHHbIR yponeHh
C nomoulbto 9nexTpomariniTHoro HarlygeHHH, He06X01HMO HMeTb
AOCTHTOHHO WHpOICHR cnexTpanbumfl HHTepnan c Tem, gTo6m
aHeprHH UTHBHHHOHHOr0 ypouni ?Hamm!, 6131 nHyTpH 9Toro
HHTepnana.
Topmo3Hot1 cnexTp, T. e. manygeHHe, nommxaloinee npm
TOpM0)KeH1414 anexTponon c 6onbuion aHeprHen, sinngeTca pea,
ma yac6Hum HCTO4HHICOM AAA B036y)1{/leHHH meTacTa6HabHmx
COCTOHHHR y CTH6HJIbHbIX Haep. IlOTHATKH B036y24Tb meTacTa-
514ablible COCTOHHHH OnygeHmem CT36HAbH1,IX HAep 7-HygaMH
paaHoaxTHEfflux nemecTn OKOHHHAHCb Heyaagefl. 310 06CT0HTeab-
CTBO maeTenbcrnyeT 0 TOM, HTO axTvinammaHme ypoinin B gape
HmetoT nncxpeTHoe anageme, a Tax xax meprng 7-aria paaHo-
aKTHBHMX nemecTs Taxwe raHcxpeTHa, TO TORbK0 upH cnyganHom
connaaeHHH 9Hepri4M 7-KBHHTH C 9HeprHeA oaHoro 443 HICTMBH-
11.140HHbIX yponHeft morno 6m npomotITH no36ywaeme meTacTa-
514AbH0FOCOCTOHH4IH.HOCKOJIbKyun4pmaHKTHBHHHOHHOr0 yponHa
oxaaanach nopgaxa TbICHHHLIX aonefl anexTpoH-nonwra, TO Taxoe
cnygelHoe connaaeme 9HeprH4 T-KBHHT2 H 2KTHBHILHOHHOr0
ypOHHH oxa9mnaeTcH npaxTHgeom HeB03MOMCHb1M.
Boa6ywaeime meTacTa6Hnmoro COCTOHHHA y CTH614J1bHWX
Haep moweT 6mTb nponneaeHo HE TOBbK0 HyTeM clonygeHuH nx
praexTpomarHuTHO paaHauuen,
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
216
ra. V. B03517>KUHHE METACTABHAWAX COCTOSIHNIA
Bo36yHmenne meTacTa6nablibix cecTennat
nyrem O6J1yL1eH141 CTa614J1bHbIX Smep
110TOKaMH pa3JI 1411HblX ilaCT14
ECTeCTBeHHO owHrtaTb, wro tH4cToe Bo36ywaeF14e meTacra-
6H.abHoro COCTOHHHH CT26H,1113HIAX waep moweT 6b1Tb ocypRecTimeHo
o6.ariebinem kiX macTiluamn pa3Horo polo, ec,am TOJ113K0 CHI4 63/1137T
o6.aaRaTb AocTarot-moti rum aToro arieprHell. Taimmu tiacrmu,amH
moryT 6bITb 311e1{TP0Hb1, HeliTpoHbi, TIPOTOHb1, a-tlaCTH111,1, AO-
repoHbi. 3Hepriv, Koropon BTM qaCT1411,b1 AOJDKHbI o6.nwaarb .arm
Bo36ywrLeHHH meTaCTa614AbliblX COCTOHHHCI, 6yaeT HeoromaKoBa?
ariewrporibl 11 riefiTpoubi ,w.intcHbi oftaaaTb 3Heprxe11, pasHoct
(14J111 HecKonbKo 6omatiet1) Be.TH4t1HEle aRTHBa11140F1H01-0
LITo >e xacaeTcg npoToHoB H a-qacTxu, To 3T14 tiacTHubi ,T10.11)KH1,1
o6awaaTb 311aLIHTUMHO 6o.radueil 3Heprlle11, 146o aim B03,11elICTBIN
Ha stapo OHH P1,0.111KHE.1 ,TIOCTilT011H0 6.111431(0 K Hemy 110,1100TH, T. e.
coBepumTb pa6ory FlpOTHB KylIOHOBCKHX CHJ1 oTTamcnBarmi, Ko-
Topasi (pa6oTa) )1.7151 Tamix 51,Ttep, Kalc A0130.31,H0 60.abIllag
(0K0,110 8 j/Lg JjJIH npoToHOB H CCOTBeTCTBeHHO 60,113111e 11J151
a-HacTuu). f1o3romy npoToHb] 14 a-tiacTmum TO.T1b1C0 C orieHb
6011b111HMH 3HeprH11mm moryT Bo36ymcaarb meTacTa6HabHoe cocTog-
HHe y CT11611111,11bIX waep.
lipvi 8?363/Kam-um waep Liacriniamit nocneaHHe He [-tomato-
loTcsr smpom (maK., Hanpilmep, 9,nemTpom11rturrH211 pwallaum),
nepermoT SH1py TOJIbK0 onepTHH; B aTom OTHOLUelikili
B036ywaeHHe meTacTa6HabHoro CCCTORH1151 (Tolinee, Bo36ywireHHe
wapa Ha aKTHBaHmoHribal ypoBeHb) npeAcTaBageT co6oPt 05wn-1?e
Heynpyrce paccesnime
IloaygeHme B036yw,aeHubix n3omepoB HyTem 6om6ap,abipoBmi
cT86mabHux waep 3J1eKTp01121\114 6BIJTO F126.1110,T1eHO KOJI.TIIIHCOM 11
Ba,abAmaHom [5.7], [5.8], a Taxwe Kopcyncimm, FaHemo 14 Liblfl-
KHHbIM [5.9]. 06'beKTOM Ecc.aezioBarffig 6b1J1 1411n. Tpy,aHocTb
aniX 011bITOB 3aKinoilanacb B TOM, TiTo Heo6xo,ammo obbrio
413Tb Bo36ywikeHHe, o6ycnos.aeHHoe rtefIcTimem 3.nexTpoHoB Ha
115,
51,apa 4gin, OT 13.111151HHH, op:a3mBaemoro Ha 3T14 wapa Topmo3Hbim
1l3.ny4emiem 9T01'0 )1(e HOTOKa 9.11eKTPOHOB. OFMIT, no3Bom4BaH411
npoH3BecTH pa3,TreneHHe JIeIkCTBH11 camHx 9.3eKTP0110B 11 HX TOP-
MO3H0r0 H3.ay9eH14sr, npe,acTaBneH cxemarmecKH Ha mac. 46. Kai{
noKa3ano Ha 3TOM plicyHKe, nymoK 9.IeKTpoHort c arieprmeri,
.11eCNonbitp HpeBocxo,iyuHefl 9Heprwo aliTHBaHHoHnoro ypoBH51,
na-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BO3BYHMEHHE METACTASHJIMMX COCTOAHHfl HOTOKAMH 11ACT1411, 217
aaeT Ha TOHKy10 4:1011bry 143 HHAYISI (T0.11111HHa 0,006 cm). 011e-
B14REO, T1TO B 9T0t1 cboabre HaomepHbie BAN moryT Bo36pic1aTbcH
KaK cammmx 9ReKTP0HaM14, TK H 14X TOPM03HUM HanytieHHem.
flpofji cponbry H3 13H,111414 (H 110TePHB B Heti tlaCTb 9HeprHH),
3.71eKTPOHN 11011aAalOT Ha amommieByto nnacTHHxy TOAW,HHOti
0,055 c.u. 3a 9TOIA amomHHHeBoti 11/13CTHHKOR nccTaBneHa BTO-
pag eponbra 143 1411,11114S1 TKO R }Ke TOJI1111111bI, KaK H nepBaB. TOJI-
Llama amommuleBoil 11,113CTHHKI4 Bm6paHa TaKOH, TITO npH npo-
xoNcaeinix ee 3.11eKTP0HbI TepsnoT
CTOJIbK0 sHeprun, O1a3b1Bal0T-
CA pRe He B COCTOMH414 Bo36y.a4riz.
317e11777p0Hbl
stapo aKTHBa11140HH0r0 yposHa.
(MaTepHan IfinaCTHHK14? amomH-
H1411?BbI6PaH ,I4/151 ymenbuieHHa Be-
.11141111HbI T0PM031101-0 H3J1r4eH1454.)
B TaKOM 011bITe B Hewn HallHe-
Bon (Imabre meTacTa6HabHoe COCTOSI-
HHe moweT 6brrb o6pa3oBaHo' Rai<
aaeKTpoHamH, TK H T0PM03HbIM
HanyveHHem, BO BTOPOR clumbre ?
T0,11bK0 TOPM03HbIM Hanygeimem.
Pa3HOCTb aKTHBHocTeti meKay nep-
Zn
1? a
Pnc. 46. Cxema Hccaeaosa-
HIM o6pa3oBaBn5I meTacTa-
614.11bH0r0 COCTORHIM y 11493111
3.11eKTp0HHEAM yAapom. A 14
C ? (POJIbra 143 HHJUIB, B ?
aJ110M141114eBag 11J1aCTHHKa.
H BTOPOR HilaCTHHKaMli H ,aaeT
944eKT Bo36pgammv, npoliaBoammoro 3.aexTponamH. 31:14e1 6EJCIPEIMH HenTpoHamll 6w.ao Ha6aloaeHo loab,a-
ra6epom H Ap. [5.10-5.111. BapHec [5.12] yCTaHOBILTI 1303-
r
HHKHOBeHl4e H 115
30Mepa 49in npx o6.ay1eHHH CTa6H,71bH01.0 MIAMI
npoToHamm, a JIapx-ropoma 14 Ap. [5.13] Haulm!, Tr? Haomep
o6pa3yeTca H. npH 6om6ap,anpome MEM ce-qacTintamx.
IloaygeHHe meTacTa6H.abHmx aaep nyTem 06.11r1e1114A CTa6H.11b-
HbIX StEleP 6131CTPEAMH LlacTintarni H T0PM0311b1M HanygeHHem Ha-
6.Tuo,aanoch H y ,apyrHx cTa6Habumx staep. B Ta6.anue XXV
yKaaaHo, B K3KI4X HMeH140 CTa614.11bHbIX Hapax Ha6atoiteHo B03-
HHKHOBellHe meTacTa614abHbix C0CT011111411 H KaKHM HMeHHO nyTem
.ero B036pKaeHHe ocyutecTmeHo. Ta6maga cocTas.neHa Ha OCHO-
BaHHH 3KcnepHmetrra,rihnux AaHnkIx, npliBeAemiblx pa6trrax
[5,14-5,251T
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
218 ra. v. 1303EY>E,REIIIIE METACTABH,TIbHIAX COCTOS1111411
a 6 a it a XXV
MeTaCTa611.11bHble COCT0111414$1, no.nrietifibze nyTem Il 13,04 M38,
20 1
j11141 Ne 2 on 18,19 M38.
io
$) Be B AgICTHHTelthHOCTH HeycToillim, HO OH HeyeTorattns no
oTHomemeno ic ,xwaemno pacnaAy Ha Atte a-qacnatu. OT,Aezbilbie x(e
qacTinlm (npoTotHA H HefiTpom) c8113a1114 B nApe Be oleHb.npoquo.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19. CIA-RDP83-nnA onn"
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
232
171. VI. 143011EPH51 11 .41E111141E 0B0AOHK14
arm AanHhte HoHaahimatoT, TO ahleprmst, BhmeasuouTamcm }rpm
Hpucoeatuiehum 0,71,140F0 H )1,Byx nettrpoHom K mapy '680, mei-Thule,
HeM K 16.3C H roNe, T. C. rpyruittposHa 143 8 11POTOHOB H HeiciTpo-
11013 SIBTICIeTCH OTHOCHTe.7114110 6oaee ycToRmumotl. 06 oc06oti
40
HHBOCTI1 ma ,pa cottepTHatuero 20 riporouom H 20 HeilTpoHom,
rouopuT To 06CTO11TegbCTBO, HTO 3T0T 1430T011 stmaHeTcm nocaea-
B pRay 51,1ep C patathim co.aepacahmem CIPOTOHOB H HeilTpouos.
Rapo Ti oTcyTcrmyeT cpertu CTa6111114HWX Haep. gApo rsAr,
coAep)Kantee TaK)Ke meTtioe m pamHoe mucao HpOTOHOB H HeftTpo-
HOB, o6aNtaeT cpammreamo maaog oTHoutreamoU pacnpo-
CTpaECHHOCTW (0,31010), B TO mpemm Hamj KaablIHR 40 mmeeT
pacnpocrpaHemocTh (ortrochireahHo apyrux 1430T011013 Kaab11.142),
pamyto 96,960/0. TaHum o6pa3cm, Ti (22 npoTom m 22 Heg-
Tpotra) He cTa6maeu, Ar (18 upoToHom Pi 18 uefiTpoHom)
yCTOI-
'-11111, HO ININIO pacnpocTparteH. Ca (zo HpOTOHOB i 20 HeilTponom)
ycToilmum H oonartaer 6onhtlio0 pacnpocTpaueturocTmo. 3TO,
Hot-legit?, cHuacTeahcrmyeT 06 OTHOCHTeabH0 66.111)111e1I yCTORH14-
11ocT11 rpynnht, cocromateti ma 20 ilpOTOHOB H 20 HerirpoHou.
K '3ToNty cneayeT 06a13Wrb, HTO 9aemeHT Haahumfl (aTOMHb11
Homep 20) umeeT mmcao 1430T0HOB 6oabwee, mem ero coceAm c
meTuhum HHCaOM HPOTCHOB. Apl'OH, Hanpmmep (aTOMITIA Homep 18),
umeeT 3 ycToilmumhtx noTorta, HaabuTtk mmeeT 6 yCTOPPIHBbIX
uttoronom, a TI4TaH (arommitt Homep 22)-5, xpom (aTomiThith
Homep 24) mmeeT T0,11>K0 4 maoTona. ETue 6oaee paamTeamium
oK33himaeTcH pa3a114me B 1130TOIIH4eCK0M mune (113o1'onm14eacce
mucao noxaahmeT m36mTox mmcaa HeftTpoHom Haa HHCROM npo-
T011013 13 51Ape) it;rm ' 40 urnocliTenbliaa paC[IpOCTPaHeHHOCTb Havi6onee 1430614.11b-
fforo Rao:norm lie npesocxonin 350/0. Hclunomemie cocTalinsuor:
98
1) 1430T011 3sSr (gum liegrpoHoa 50), ero pacripoc-rpaHemiocm
820/0; 2) 1430TOH 1356s13 (1114CAO HatrpoHoe 82), ero pacnpocTpa-
HeHHOCTh 71,660/0; 3) 030T00 1gCe (inicno Heil-rponort 82), ero
pacnpocrpaneffliocm paima 900/0.
/Jane, pacnpocrpaHeimocrb camoro neriwro 143 WTI-INX
1430T011013 mana 14, KaK npalinno, He npeebunae'r 20/0. CyalecT-
BytoT, oanaKo, Tpti anemewra, y KOTOPbIX cammil nericHti 1430T0H
o6na1LaeT OTHOCHTeAbH0 60Ab111011 pacnpocTpaHeaHocTbro,
il14fenbH0 npeBocxonalueft 20/0. aro ?
00,
4oz,r ? pacnpocrrpailenHom 480/0 (H0C110 HeETPOHOB 50),
92
42mo ?pacripoupaHelinocm 15,50/0 (-mum HeWrpoHos 50),
142ox,
md ?pacripocrpaliemiocm 25,950/0 (tHicao Het1Tpolloa 82).
Ha plc. 51 14 52 113o6pa)geno pacnpenenewie CT361411bHIZX
1430T000B (NAN, iimelouwe onintaimeoe HHCAO HePiTpoHos) c pa3-
1111qH131M qFICJIOM HeETp0H0B, 6111431{14X K 50 14 82. 143 9114X pHcyll-
ROB BHA140, qTO 1430T011013 C HHCAOM 50 II 82 3H31414TeAlli0 &mule,
gem c cocea[mmH unnamm. H30T0HOB C tuicnom 82 143BeCTB0 7,
a c HHCAOM 50 EX 6, B TO epema Halt cpentlee HHCAO H3OT000B
aasi gemoro ,nicna HdirrpoHon, He paaHoro 82 14 50, scero
301.11b 3-4.
Cpenu qemmx 1430TOHOB 06b1HHO coaepnrrca TO.AbK0 OAHO
NAPO C 11ege-n-1mm maccosum glicnom, T. e. c Hemernmm gmcamm
HcKnimieliviem 143 aroro apallwma EBASHOTCH H30T0Iibl
CAeAy101.414X qHcen: 20, 52, 82 (cymecTsyloT nBa Hegenimx
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R0044nnmnnn7_7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
234 FA. vi. 1130MEnig H Hafirmibir 0130/10111(11
1430T0Ha C Laic.aom HetiTpoHoH 20, 3T0 ?3189K H C1,zu3a negemba
H3OTOHa C HHCTIOM HenTpoHo8 50, 3T0-8399Y H 31Rb, He4er-
H3OT011a C TH4(.TIOM lletITNHOB 82, 3TO ?13597La ii 1,161)T). CpeT(14
H3OTOHOB C tHicaom 82 ,a13a --T2BM H 145(1Nd ?mH.TunoTcm irspat4HHmH
.aerimmm 1430T0HaMil aaemewroe HeaaHma H commis!, a Apyrne
138 136,
203a H30T0Ha ? 56Ba H 5i Xe ?5113.11210TCH KpailHHMH THR(e.ablMH
96
Ru 98 Ru 9 Ru
5
2,2
12
1110Rii'01Ru
14
22
"'Ru
30
?1
92
MO
15,5
94 mo
8,7
95 mo
163
Bs mo
168
.97 mo
8,7
6 mo
25,4
100
86
93Nb
IOC
1
I
I
94
zr
17
4
88 zr
1 5
84 Sr
056
90
Zr
48
91
Z
1/5
_
89Y
100
86 Sr
086
87 Sr
702
88
Sr
82,56
85Rb
72,3
87 Rb
277
62
Kr
1153
83
Kr
/1,53
84
Kr
571
86
Kr
1747
81
Br
404
80
Se
48,0
82
Se
9.3
46 47 48 4.9 50 51 52 53 54 55 55 57 58
PMC. 51. 51,Tpa C THICAOM tieciTpouos, 6.11143Kilm K 50. Caena nepeA cllm-
BOAOM 3.1emenTa CT0111. MaCCOBOE, gficao. B11113y 11021 CHMBaTiOni 9.nemewra
CTOITT grICJIO, nob-a31,rHalOutee OTITOCI4TeabHylo paCITOCTpalleHHoUrb Aari-
liOr0 Ii30Toria CpeAll nae.HAb[ H3OTOITOB, 06pa3porgux 3J1eMeHT.
H3oTonamH KceHoHa H 6apHg. Ana.Tiorwmoe 110.710XCer1He HmeeT
mem H ATH 1130TOHOB C HHCJIOM HeitrpoHoB, paBHEJM 50. KaKabln
113 9T11X H30T0110B (TaK )Ke Kai< 14 1130T0Hbi C HHC,TOM 82) F13.1151eTCH
Kpatinnm 1130TOHOM (camum aerICHNI HaH cambim THACenbIM) CoOT-
HeTcTHeHHoro anemeHTa, tyro TaK>fte yKaninaer Ha OTHOCHTMHO
(150.71buipo yCTOAHHBOCTb a,ttep C anCJIOM HetiTpollos 50 H 82.
HaKorieu, cau,yer OTMeTHTb, WrO 1130T0HN C liefirrp0HaMH
50 H 82 o6.aaAapyr omourre.nbilo 6o.nbuleti pacnpocrpaHetniocTmo,
HeM H3OTOHN C ApyTHm mHcaom Hetivomps. 3To yrnepmciLenHe
xopomo HamocTpHpyeTcsi pxc. 53. Ha 3TOm pHcynKe H3o6paweHa
Tpexmepnaa Axarpamma OTHOCHTe.ThH0f4 pacnpocTpaftemocrx paa-
Annt-rwpri For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OB
aligHbIX Aaep. Ho onfloR 143 oceR (ocb aToR allarpammu OTRO-
%elm qxcno BenTpoxon, HaX0)1,51111,14XCH B fl,ape, rio OCH y ?Tamen?
x3oTonmecKoe qxcao (N?Z) aamoro x3oTona, a no ocx z?
OTHOCIITeRbHaSI pacnpocTpanennocTb aannoro 1130T0Ha cpenx apy-
nix 1430TOTIOB AaHHOCO anemenTa (71). Kai BHAHO 113 plc. 53,
235
/36Ce
144 Sin
3
152aga
'4751 '48 Sm
17 14
111111
154 ga
1.5
'52 Sm
26
mzNd ma /44
.._Nd Nd Nd
25,95 13 22,6 9,2
141Pr
100
138ce 14?ce 142Ce
1346a
543
133 CS
100
.855a
659
/00
456.Bu
81.54 136 Xe
8.95
146Nd
155
434Xle ?
110111111111111
111111111111111111
64 85 86 87 58 8.9 90
" Te
asi
78 79 80 81 82 63
P14C. 52. 51,Rpa c qnc.nom HeriTporms, 631)13101M lc 82. Caesa nepe/k CHM-
BOJIOM 3.nemeina CTOHT maccosoe ,i14C.110 sukpa. Bini3y no.n, CIIMBOROM
3.nemewra CTOHT ql4CTIO, noKa3b1salouige OTHOCHTe3bilyi0 pacnpocrpaHe1-
1-10CTU Aarinoro 1430T011a cpeAll 11J1e51,11,1,1 1430T0110B, o6pa3pow,1x
9aemenT.
gapa c qHCROM HeRTpoliou, paunbim 50, 82 x 126 (Ha rp4i4ce
npeacTametw sinpa c qxcaom neRTpotios 6onbuie 38), xmeloT
oTileTaxubiR maKcxmym. an4 anpa o63anaioT 6011bWOR OTHOCH-
TeabHoR pacnp0cTpane11HOCTI,10.
gApa, co,aepwanixe 82 npoToua, a Tame anpa, conernica-
nine 126 HeRTponos, Tame 5113.T1B10TC51 OTHOCHTenHO yCT0R41413b1MH
gapamx. flanomumm, TITO cBrnleu (aTommAti uomep 82) RBAHeTCH
110,B0 acex panwaKTRunNx cemeticTnax KOHetilibIM npo,aywrom
pacnaaa.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
236
VL H3OMEFH51 H AAEPHNE OB0,110,1RH
B pB,Tty papxoalcruBribix ua.nyuaTenet1 a-uacTug c ,n,ammim Z
mummanHam sHeprm ot-BacTull Ha6moitaeTcB y Tex BzLep, y Ko-
Topux ,114C710 HellTpoHort B BApe pawl() 126. aro 3flagHT, Lao
TaKue suipa ycTotiBuBee, Beni Bapa c Apyrum uncnom netiTpoHoB.
Hao6opoT, y paftuoarcTEBHux memerrron c Z =84 3Heprliff a-ua-
cTuu Hal460J1bIlla51, 3TO nanomunaeT no.amellue, cyinecTspoulee
y aTomoB, ? npu Banomiemuu o6o.ao4Ku 3Fleprtu 3.11eKTp0H013
Pnc. 53. OTHOCHTeALHaff pacnpocTpanennoub MOTOROB (110 OCH z)
il hoopAnHaTax Al (ocb -10 H (On BuAnw maxcnmymw
pacnpocTpanenHocm npn N-50, 82 n 126.
munuma.abHa. B pay aTomoB, y KOTOPWX npoucxowr Banc:mei-me
o6onoBBH, Han6o.abniee 3Hatleme aHepruu aneKTpona oicaahmaeTcB
y TON) aroma, y KoToporo HawmaeTcB Banonuenue o6o.notnc4.
CynlecTBoBanue TaBoro maucumyma aHepruu y ,7.-4acTuu ov-ieT-
AHBO 13PULHO Ha pnc. 54, Ha KoTopom AaHa TpexmepHaB Auarpamma
anepruu a-BacTnn, ulnyuaembix npu pa,rwoaxTaBHom pacHaAe
pa3.1Huublx nitep. Ho ocu X E)Toil Ruarpammil omoucemo ',MUM
HpoTonoB 13 Slape Z, a no ocu y ? omomeHue uucaa npoToHoB
M 114C.rly fienTponoB. HO OCH 2--atieprmsi IX-11aCTHIW,
Annrt-NwPri For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
OrmeTana? Bnaen maKcnmym sileprmn a-qacTnu. 3TOT maxcn-
mym TIpHXOJWITCH Ha aapa c Z= 84. B 06,nacTa Z> 100 name-
naerca noannenne wroporo maxcnmyma.
Hwrepecno oTmennb, wro nonepetmoe cenenue Ana saxsaTa
nettrponos mpessbinatino ma.no Ansi nAep, coa,epwamnx 50, 82
BAH 126 nettrponoe.
rinninin [6.27], onepmpya c nefirponamn OT pan,no-6em4na14enoro
HCTOLIHHKa, nawen, tITO y HTTpI451 89 nonepetmoe cemenne Rag
Pm. 54. 3Heprmg a-qacTuu, ncriyucaembix npvi pamoawnisHorvt pacnaae
(ocb z) B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT aTOMHOF0 HOMepa Z (ocb x) H OTH011le-
HIM ? (0Cb y). Bimex maicauslym 5tieprnu a-vacnntbi 84,
Hamegaensi mammym pu Z> 100.
saxnaTa netkrponon a 20-30 pas menbute, nem y COCeIMHX
H3OTOTIOB (4HCII0 nefrrponors y HTTIMI 89 paBno 50). Ana.no-
mime nmeeT mecTo Ansi 51397La n 5 9Pr (y 06014x no 82 nen-
141
Tpona).?
Memepaxos [6.28] Anapptcnn, TITO Ana neitrponos, no.ny-
naemmx 543 peaKuna (d, d), cyinecTsyeT ? ray6oxnft mnwnmym
nonepeminma saxnaTa: y nail-calla 139, npaseo,u,nma 141, y 6a-
pa 138 (tmcno wetiTpowos y acex palm? 82), a rum y imcmyTa,
y KOTOpOTO B SITLpe co.aerogwrca 126 weRTpowos.
floxasarenbnum aanneTcn Tame 3a13lICHMOCTb KnarLpyrionbnoro
momewra an,ep OT %Tula npoTonos 54 narrponos a %pax. Ha
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
'238 ra. VI. H30MEPH51 H HAEPHWE OBOA0gMH
pHC. 55 noxa3au xo2 KBaapynonHoro MOMHT a 3aBHCH-
MOCTH OT BeAMIHribl Z--qHCRa ripOTOROB B upe. Ha pHC. 56
u3o6pamceri X01 BeAMHHbl KBaApynonbiloro mometna smep B 3aBH-
CHMOCTH OT Benumilibi =mum HeitrponoB B Hue. Ha o6oH3c
pmcynxax OTTleTAHBO BHAHO, TITO AnsiLuep c gHCAOM upoToulo8
2, 8, 20, 50, 82 H xax staep c illicnom netrrpoxox 2, 8, 20, 50,
82 14 126 ima,apyrroabrahrtl ntomewr Q kima pasex nymo, max amee.T
PRc. 55. I-CHaApynoabm.411-1\10MeHT aAep Q (ymnoacemibai
ha 1024) B 3aBFICIIMOCTIT OT Z: ? ?suma c FlegeTHb1111 WICJIOM
RpOTOHOB, ?51,apa C lieBeTHbIM HecrrpoHoH,X ?
lincaemioe [6.18] magenne Q H3 coomowexun marwrabix
MOMBHTOB. MI1HBMyM KnApyrioablioro momexTa ripexo,amcsi
Ha aztpa c Z = 2, 8, 20, 50, 82.
mmama,abiloe 31-ratiefixe. Ha KpmBoi4 pxc. 55, mo6pmaiomet4 3a-
BHCHMOCTE, Q OT Z, BHAHU MHHHMyMbl, cooTBeTcTBymume
N,20, 50, 82 n 126.
liaHOMHHM, 4TO paneHmo Q--=0 omagaeT cpimmeTpimme
ympo, casexalontee 1-m1160:lee ycTotitllaBoll ci)opme. flonomxTem,-
Hoe Q omatiaeT ffapo, BUT3IHyT0e B Haripamenmpl OCH, a oTpm-
ilaTenblicie Q omattaeT, tITO AAN crunoulexo B HanpaBamput
CHHHOBOA OCH.
ni-NrmiPri For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
BEPHbIX 0t0.110,1BA%
239
COBOKyllHOCTb Hcero 03.B0NCeHHOTO BefACTB0TeBbH0 "tau ?CHO-
Batme CHHTaTb, HTO HApa c ?oco6budH? LllicnamH npoToHos HIM
HeRTponoH? 2, 8, 20, 50, 82 H 126 ABJIMOTCH OTHOCHTeabH0
yCTONHHBUMH. Ham4HHe Taxmx Hif.ep HmecTe- c ycTamon.neHHoil
a4
as
as
ai
28 20
50
Pc. 56. KBaApyHOJibHmil MOMeHT si,gep Q (ymtioNcembiti
Ha 1024) B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT N HeiirpoHcm B upe:
? ?Hs,pa c Hegemim glic.nom npoTolloa, +?HApa c H-
qeIBbIM HeilTpoHoH, x ?Bb1MHC.11eHHOe [6.18] 3Haqe-
me Q. IVIHHHmym xHaApynoamoro momeHira npHxo,r(HTcH Ha
g.apa c qmcnom HaypoHos 2, 8, 20, 50, 82, 126.
pante oco6emocnio B pacripocTpaHeHHH 143omepoH aacraHnHeT
Hpe.aHonaram Hankuthea wapax o6o.notiex H3 Heilvoilos H
ripo-
TOHOB. OCO6ble tuic.na npeAcrawisuoT co6ort Tor,a,a, ogerikumo,
til4c.rra HpOTOHOB 0110 COOTBeTCTBeHHO Heftwonos, 3BrIONMHOIBHX
H,ItepHbie o6onox4HH.
0 sulepHmx o6o.noincax
BoHmownocTb cyulecTHoHaHHH H.RepHux o6onogex aneicaeT
H3 cne,ayfoumx coo6paxceHmil. Llacnnibi, o6p.a3poume BTOMHble
HApa? HpOTOHEI 0 Hettrpoubi,?HmetoT C110H, pambift flOA0B0He.
TaitHe vacTuum He MOT HaXO,B,HTI,CH B COCTOHHHHX, xapaHTepx-
ayembix OB0RBISOBLIMX KBaHTOBbIM0 40C.TIBM0 (BICJHOHBR u UM-
HoBoe tinc.no). B Tmenbix HApax, co.aepwaumx 6o11bmoe Hoax-
'Hem? tiacTim, HpOTOHbI ii HeHTpOlibI BOTOKHbl pacripeaenancH no
COCTOHITHSIM, xapaxTepHsyembni pa3JIHT-MbIMH KBaHTOBEAMH '114
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R0044nnnRnrin7_7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
290 ra. vi. 1130MEPHSI 11 51,11E1411JB OBOJI011KH
caamH: n (kBaH?roBoe mHcao, onpe,rteamoutee aHeprmo macTH-
lib!), I (kBaHToBoe 1111CJIO, onpe,aeasnotnee momenT koanmecTBa
,ainokeHHB), in (kBarrroBoe LiHcao, onpeaeamontee npoemuno
momeHTa).
Takoe pacupezteaerme macTvat no kBaturonim ypoinom ecTecT-
Benno CIE323b1BaeTC51 C ripeacTasaenuem o makom-To oparranb-
HOM ABIctReHPIN sLaepHbix tlaCT141.1. BOBMONCHOCTb kaxoro-aH6o
op6nTaahHoro ,LIBPDReFIHS1 soepHux macTun BE,13b1BaJ10 comHeHne
BBHay HaJ111111151 CH/11J101-0 BBanmoaeficTBHB eKay soepHumil
EcTecTaeHHo, t1TO roBopprrh 015 op6nTaJTbHoM ,B,B111KeH1111 ka-
kotl-To Bitepnok macTpuul cpe,aH ,apyrnx macinu umeeT CMLIC.71
TOjIhKO B TOM caymae, kor,aa Anima CB060,11110F0 npo6era macTnu.bi
no oTHomerano K o6meHy aneprkeil 6yaeT .aocTaTomno 6oabinoPi H
Bo BCSIKOM cay-mae He meHboiefi, mem paamepu sopa. Ha nepBbill
1331-J1SH1 aro Tpe6oBaHne kakeTck FleBbIHOTHIEMbIM, H6o 113BeCT110,
aq)clieramBHoe cemeHne pacceming p npll sHeprnm nopso-
ka 20 4498 upH6.rmwreamo paBno 0,3 ? 10-21CI, tITO Urn
113BeCTI1OVI FIJIOTHOCTH macTHn B Bape an 3H3meHme cpe,aHeti
R.111111b1 cno6o,a,Horo npoi5era, paBHoe npn6.answreahno 13 paiwyca
sopa, T. e., 141113IMH caosamH, BaaHmouencTBne mmay a,aepHbimH
macTnuamit CTOTIb C14/11,110, L1TO Ha nyTH, B cpeaHem paBHom 1/?
utepHoro pump:a, 11p011CX0/111T CTOJIK11013eHHe Nrewily macnala-
mH, VI, caeaoBaTeabHo, o6meH sHeprmeti meauy CIa:11;10,91011IHMHCA
macTuuamm. HaaHmHe Takoro cuabHoro B3i11411101,etiCTB1451, HI/14mm
6ucTporo o6mena aneprneti mexoy =iacmu.amH H 1.1e/KHT B OC-
Hose kaneabHoil mo.aeari sopa. OaHako, Rai(' 6biao ykaBaHo
Befickoncpom [6.32] 14 (13e0414 [6.33], cToah 6bicTpbiti o6roer4
soeproeti Oy.qeT ITmeTb meCTo TO.711,K0 Aasi Buemnero (nocTopou-
Hero) Hykapna, HplIBIIOCS1Hei0 B sopo 60ab1oo1 1436bITOK DHepriln.
Taxan 6hIcTpast macTilua 6yLeT B /TericTimieablioCTIT 11C1161Tb1BaTb
B supe macTue CT0JI.KH0BeHHS1 (B COOTBeTCTBMH C ykaaanHoR Ammon
cBo6o,amoro npo6era, palmon 1(13 paimyca B,apa), npn koTopbrx
oHa 6yaeT nepea,aBam macTnnam, paHee HaX01IIBI1IIIMCH 13 sope,
cBoti 1136b1TOK aHeprHH. Maaasi amnia c8o6o,aHoro npo6era o6ec-
HemnBaeT 6hicTpsin H 11011111,111 o6meu aHeprHeft meaoy nonaBumm
H UP? HykaoHom (c 6onbu1otE aHeprnei9) H oyKaooamiT, 613113111HM11
B BAPe paHee.
OaHako o6:BeH aHeprnen .wexcay HymoHamn, HaX0A1BIIIHMHC51
B HOPMaJ1bHOM, fieB036y1K,ReHlIONI suipe, 6yaeT npoHcxo.awrb He
CTOJIE, macro. ,Ltamo cBo6o,aHoro npo6era rio oTHoulemno Ic o6-
meHy aneprHeil nykama, fiax0,TNUTer0Csi B cope, ,aoaama
A nr-Irm/Pd For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
.,aacTsyloutnx macrnu, He mo)Her nepeaaTb macTb cHoett 9Heprilm
apyron, He nepettaH H cocToHHHe c meHbumm 3HameHnem 3Heprun,
a 9TI4 COCTOAHVIA, coraacHo npHHunny nayan, OKa3b1BalOICA 3a-
1HHTbimn. no3Tomy 6oabniaH macTb ?CTOIKHOBefintl? mea ocumawropa, To aneprnsi HaCTHHIA B TaKom
noae onpezteat4rc51 16.4] nmpaa(ennem
1
E_=? u0 Aco cA1+ (6.2)
rite
N= ny n2 n + 1 , (6.3)
a ulicaa fly, n2 H ? IKeluno ypoeHetl, mem aT9 yma.3alto
[6.9J-16.111,
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
0 SUIEPHbIX OBOJIOLIKAX 249
Bnaroaaps cm4H-op6HTanbHo1 C13513H op6HTbi c 66Abumm
1
momenTom xonHvecTsa AB14)1Ban3He 21, 23 11 27 npoToHon, aetIcrBHreabno o6.aaaatoT crix-
45 51 59
11034 7/2. T:IICOBIA 17Co. OaHaKo Hap 25Mn, icoTopoe
roe aoaaum 6b1Ao 6b1 HMeTb CHH11 70, Hmeer CIIHH 5/2. Mar-
11147141,114 MOMeHT Anpa Mn25 Holca3bmaer, HT? COCT0511114e, 3a1111-
55
maemoe HmapHum npoTonom 95Mn, riBiBeTcn, 110B14AHMOMy, ldsi
(a He Y Bitep c ,414C,TIOM macTriu, 28 cocTomme 1./7/2 o1ca-
3uBaeTc5I 33.110:111eHHb1M, 14 MbI He BHaHM cpeau Haep C LIHCJICM
Hamill, 6Onb1ua1x 28 (13 MeHbI1114X 50), Talcux, y KoTopux C[11411
6b1R 6bI paBeH 7/2. To oacTomeabcrBo, LITO y Haep c nucaom Ha-
cTHH, (1117/0T0110B), p113IibIlVI 29, 31 (3To ?Harm Cu, Cr1,r3'?Ga,
31G:1), cum' paBeH 3/2, caeayeT, nocae 3aHonHeHHH ypoRng
3aHonmeTcH yposenb He 1fs,, a yponeub 2pal,. To 06CTOBTegb-
CFR?, LITO CHHH 31As, Hmex0Ln,Ht1 33 LlaCT1411,b1, 113 MAX 13 B ifeT-
BeFrog c6oacriKe, TaB)Be pa3eH 3 o3HaqaeT, qTO ypoBeHb 1f5/,
cnagaaa 3auo.aHHercH, normaHmemy, napamx macTHH,. Y 3607Zn,
coaepwaineTo 37, nettrpoHon, cnvin paBeH 5/2. CaeaonaTeamo,
y 3T0r0 Hapa HeaeTHurl Harpon 3ammaer ypoBeHb y 51,aep
C amcaom Hacrwr, 66.abunix 38, ypomm 2p. H lfsj. pice Baum-
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19 : CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
C111411b1 1,REP
257
}tent. B ,aanbnetituem Hp0HCX0IIHT 3ano.raiettHe yposneft 1g2 14
ripHHem, noanaHmomy, no epe yaeamenust ItHcaa itacTilu
B o6o.ao1xe HmeeT mecTo nepexpeumanHe 3T14X yposHet4.
Tax, 941Nb, Hmetottual 41 npoTon, Hmeer momeHT 9/2, T. e. netteT-
Hun npoToH y Hero oxxynHpyeT yp0BeHb 1g9/2. Y 06014x H30-
Tonos cepe6pa 14Hcao npoToHon palm 47, a cram Haim paaeH 1/4
cneaonaTeabno, Hellen-EA npoToH cepe6pa 3anktmaeT yp0Befib 211/1/,,
a He lgs,r,; B TO we apemst y o6oHx 1330T01:10B linatist co,aep-
mancti no 49 nporoHoa, a y 1-114X 060HX cram paseH cHosa
Y 3747Se, coaepacantero 43 HeflTpona, cram Hapa 7/2, a cnHH
Haep NKr H 83gSr pule"' 9/2. To 06CTOSITeilbCTBO, 4T0 ripm 3anoa-
HenHH geTsepTott tutepnoil o6ono4no4 npoHcxoaHT nepecetteHHe
ypoanet1 H 1g, Hmeer, yB13,1114M B aaabHeilatcm,
orpomnoe 3na4emte JUl51 HaepHoti H3omepH4.
ilsrraH rpyrina Ha'ep, y NoTopux 1Ip0HCX0,1114T 3anonHeHHe
nnTon sutepHon 060n04tat, npeacTanaena B Ta6aHue )00:1 6oab-
11114M K0.11H4eCTB0M 51,1:Lep C 411C.110M 4aCTHII (HeiteTHbtx) OT 50
AO 82. lisayto HaepHyto o6oaoincy COCTal3JI5110T ypoarm 1g-7/2,
2d5,/, 24? 3si12, 1/b11,. CnktH Haep, npHHaanencaw.Hx K 3To11
rpynne, MO/KT HMeTb 3Ha4eHHe a1160 7/2 (yporteHb 1g72),
aH6o 6/2 (2d51), J11460 3/2 (24,), aH6o 1/2 (3sy2), an6o 11/2 (lhiy.).
CIMH 9/2 cpe,n,H 3Tc11 rpynnbt Haep He ao.rnxeH acTpettaTbcH.
1/1 aeticTrarreabno, cpeaH 32 Haep 3TOIA rpynnu, ,L1.1151 KOTOpbIX
3xcnepHmenTaabHo ycTaHoaaeHo 3HageHHe crania, He HatiaeHo
1111 oaHoro Hapa CO CIIHHOM, pasHum 9/2. flowanyil, 3T0 06CT051-
Te.11bCTBO 5113A5IeTC51 0,13,IMM 113 CHJIbHh1X aprymenToa B 1.10.11b3y
cxembt HaepHux o6oaoitex, npeaamaeHnoR Mattep.
YposHH, axo,ataatHe B TIATy10 o6ono4xy, 3a510.11115110TC51 pa3-
.111411Hb1M o6pa3om. RAH H,aep C netteTnum itHcaom HpoToHoa 3a-
noatteHHe ypoandt HaeT B caeaytoinem nopsume: 1g7/2, 242, 24,
H 3SI12, XOTA ace 3T11 ypoaHH, nottwaHmomy, nepexpeuautatoTcH
apyr c apyrom. Tax, B Hattaae 060n0x4c14 KayT Hapa c nepeme-
amountmcH 3H114eH14em cnkma 6/2 H 7/2, ',memo, Hapo 12511Sb Hmeer
cram, paaHbni 6/2, a Hap? TSb HmeeT CHHH 7/2. 9Ap0 TIcHoaa
H r. 41meeT cram 133?,
m 6/2, a stapa 55S, La, 591- n.
r ace HmetoT
cram 7/2; caeaosare.TII.HO, He4eTHb1II IlpOTOH y HHX 3amtmaeT
yportenb Ha 3TOM yponHe moryT HaxoamTbcH acero amnb
aocemb tiacTHH. H03Tomy y Hapa npa3eoaHma no xpailHeR mepe
Ana 4aCTH104 30110,11115110T apyrott ypoaeHb (noaHammomy, 2d513.
CaeayeT OTMeTHTb, 4TO CHHH 7/2 acTpettaeTcH y Haep C ,mcnom
17 3a1c. 950. M. H Kopcyucxml
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
58 I. VI. 413OMEPHR 14 513,EPBb1E Ot0J16,451
npoTolloB 67 (12Ho) C 1-1 14C3OM FlpOTOHOB 71 1.4 73 (pa 17717Lu
Fl 1T
73Ta). aro 3HatIHT, tITO npoucxou,HT nepeKpeuinBanne He
TO.M.K0 ypornieg 1g,/, 2d,v, ,apyr c Apyrom, Ho Tame m
C ypOBEIRmil 3S.1,, 261, 11 1h112. flocaexinti ypoBenb 331103-
B3eTc3, nolinummomy, TO.T1bK0 napalm' Llama (ripaBwrio 4-e),
Talc Kan lie Hag/Lel-10 euie Hu onlioro suipa, noTopoe nmeno
51-31 B OCHOBEIOM COCT01111 1414 CM411 fl /2 IlocaeliHnmn B BA-
TOR o6ononice (npoToHno14) 33110.1MILOTC14 ypOBlin 2d3/2 H 3s1?
npiriem 3,aecb OH14, oneinimio, nepexpeuinBaEoTca ,apyr c ,apyrom.
Y siaep c negembun tinc.nom HeilTponoB nepBbim 3ariontnieT-
cii, norinaHmomy, ypoBelib 3sv?. Bce ocTanblible ypoBnn, 33 14C-
KalOgefaleM 242, 33110TIMOICA napamn gamin,. 06 '3TOM CB11-
.3eTe3bcmyeT TO, IITO SIAN C MIICJIOM HetiTpormB 63, 65,
67, 69, 75 Bce nmeloT cniri 1/). Iloc.aeaunm uanonnneTca
ypoBeHb 2d3/2. Ijpa c 414C.71.0M rettrpoHoB 77, 79, 81 HmeloT
cum' 3/2.
Y I FiliCTBa uiep, o6N3ytoun4x inecTyto rpynny, y KOTO-
pmx, cae,rioriaTenblio, rip014CX.0,314T 3anornieHne niecTotl o6o.noiwn,
cram Hem3BecTen. TonbKo y Hecnonbiaix nAep, npliBeAeHnbix B
Ta6Allue XXXI, RN 3CHCHO unatieline alma. 1103TOmy yCTaHOBilTb
nopffacmc 3artomieFivisi ypoBilen B 3TOR o6omolme Tpymm. 014e-
BRAHO, flepBbIM 33110.1H5leTCSI yp0BeHb 1h9/, (CHEII siapa 2:93Bi ,
limeloniero 83 npoTolia, paBeH 9/2), a nocneiumm UanoaHmeTcsi,
noBiviiimomy, ypoBeHb 3pv,. Tan KK C411 3/2 BcTpeilaeTca
y mHorinc smep c tuicaom HeI1TPOHOB UT 105 ,r(51,apo '77:!Hf)
125 (stapo 213b), TO, FLOBB,IIIMOMy, mHorne ypoinin 3TOR 060-
.1011KI4 TaK>Ke 331103HRIOTC9: napamH.
B Ta6,7inue XXXI yicamobi 3Ha4eHnsi canna ARA treino-nelieT-
mix sutep. Immo 113 npneeztentioro paccmorpetim, 3nage-
CH011011 3TIIX siaep xopowo coraacyercsi c npeAcTannermem
*) OgeHb BO3M014f110, MTO sukpo 157,Sn, o6pa3poulee naomepnym napy,
nmeeT B OCHOBHOM COCTORHI114 C111411, paBnbal 11/2. YKa3ali 14e Ha 3T0
AaeT conocTamenne meprnn 7- 11 3T0r0 HApa (Rev, of
mod. Phys. 25, 213 (1952)). VFIApa 12Sn, TaroKe o6pa3yiomero 1130-
meptipo napy, OCHOB110e 14 Bo36y)K2(ennoe cocTOsania BeCbMa 6.11431(14
mexiAy co6ofi. H3omepribill nepexoA B 3TOM 33pe 11a6m0fmeTcH, a 113
anamiaa cnexTpon H y-maynemlii Heab311 (B1314,ay 6J1 1130CITI
OCHOBH01-0 II meTacTaambnorn comininci) crie.TiaTb
113 imyx yponnen ? h11/, Han d,,,.?somsleTcsi 001013 11 b1M.
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
0 aaepHbix o6o.Tumax 14 C upeacTaBaelmem o cyw,ecTsocalm0
cm4H-op6HTanbnal CBH314 y net-ten-10H maepHoR maCTHIthr. ,
TOJIbK0 aBa aapa ?21iNa H 52551\in ?Buna,amoT H3 sTofA
cxembi? oaHo4acn41Hoi4 moae.rm co cmtH-op6HTaabHoti CBH3b10.
flp11414Hb1 9Toro OTCTy11:1eHH51 KpoioTcm B HapymeHHH 110.TIOHMHI14
MafAep, tITO CHHH mapa o6ycaosaeH MOMeHTOM TOJIbK0 0,11,HOil
HetleTHOR ma,epHoH macTimbi. flosHanmomy, y HeKOTOpbIX maep,
Hmemumx Ha ORHOM ypoime 3-5 macTuu, Kowlmrypaimm, .co-
cTaBaeHHam TM1 macTuu,amm, MO)KeT 010.33TbCH 3HepreTHmecm4
6omee BbIrO,RH011. Hanpumep, 3 macTmum, Haxoamumecm B COCTOH-
141411 d, o6pa3oBaTb KoH43urypaHmo, B KoTopoR peayab-
mproumil 110JIHNII MOMeHT 6y,aeT paBeH 3/2. flOACtleT BeJ114,1HHb1
marHuTHoro momeHTa, npoHase,aeHHull Mat4ep [6.25.1, noKaaaa,
tITO TaKam RoHcimrypaumm o6.aaaaeT MaTHI4THbIM MOMeHTOM, 6.11113-
KIM no BeJ114414He K aKcnepHmeHTaabno ycTaHoBaeHHomy mar-
miTHomy MOMHT 11Na. AHaaorpumoe noawKenue umeeT me-
55
CTO kl y 25Mn, y KOTOpOTO 5 npoToHoB, Haxoammuxcm B CO-
CTOHHHH C MOMeHTOM 7/2 (1f7/2), coa,amoT KoHoPurypau,mo c pe-
ayabTHpyimumm HOJIHNM momeHTom 5/2. ECJIH, B COOTBeTCTBHH
CO cneKTpocKonllmecKHmm 0603HageHHHMH, ypoBHH, 06pa30Ball-
Hble HeCKOJI bKHMH T4aCTHLIHMH, 0603Ha4aTb 60.11b111HMH 6yK-
23
Hamm, TO Tors,a ypoBeHb B uNa 6yaeT 1/3.70 .a B Rape. map-
raHu,a ?1F%. ?
B COOTBeTCTB1414 co cxemal, npe,a.momceHHoH MaRep, Haxo,
)1114TCA THIOKe 14 TO 06CTOSITeabCTBO, 14TO CIIHHbI Bcex tleTHO-
qembix maep parmbi Hymo. LITo mce KacaeTcm HemeTHo-HemeTHbix
maep, TO H3BeCTHO Bcero JIHLUb gerbipe mapa c HemeTHo-HemeT-
HbIM 1114CJIOM IlaCTH14, y KOTOpbIX H3BeCTeH cuml. 3To ,aerrrepon ?
crum 1, JIHTHR 6?C1111H 1, aaoT 14?CHHH 1 14 HaTputi 22,
y Koroporo CII1411 paBCH Tpem. Bo Bcex 3T14X CJITIBSIX CHHH
mapa paBeH cymme crinnoB, KoTopumn ,LIOJOKIIN o6,7IaaaTb HemeT-
Hbie LlaCTI41.1131. flpaB,LIA, y JIIITHH 6 CIII4H He paBeH 3, a paBeH.eam-
HHHe. 3TO momceT 03HallaTb, 11TO y J1HTHH 6 o6e 43CTHLIN 311414-
matoT ypoBeHb lpiL, a He 1p3/2.
HHTepecno OTMeTI4Tb, LITO cTpoeHue maepHmx o6oaogeK, npea-
,..aomceHHoe Magep, aaeT npocToe o6-bmcHemie xopomo HaBec-rHomy
(1)aKTy, rITO B 11pOTHB0110.710)KHOCTb 9.71eKTp0HHNM nepexoaam
B aTome B cocTaBe mmrKoro 7-143.nymeHxm maep He. Ha6aloaaeTcm
? anexTpHmecKoro ,annOmbHoro Hanymeimm. Ho- MaHep, B npeae-
? max 0,3,11014 060.110,1KH, T. e. rpynnbt ypoBnell, ,He CHJIbH0.0T.1114-
17*
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
260 PA. VL H8oMEPHA H glEPHME OtoA0tIK4
4aWAHXCH HO 3neprHH, HaXOARTCH ypoimm, MOMeHTU KOAH4e-
CTBa ABffikeHH51 KoTopmx oTAnualown Ha eAHHHELy, HO 9TH
ypoBHH Lice Hmeica ()Am-fah:onyx) 4eTH0CTb, H noTomy nepexoA
me}KAy HHMH 6yAeT AH60 AHHOAbHMil marnHTHEAR, Am6o 9neKTpn-
neCKHn KB2Apyri0AbHM14.
SIAepHme 060AOLHCH H H30Mep11H HeTHO-HeHeTHbIX gAep
CyTuecTBoBame ?oco6ux 4Hcea?, BaKoHomepHocTH B BeAH-
gime CHHHa H MaTHHTHOTO momeHTa nAep 1103BOASHOrr yCTaHOBHTb
pacupeAeneHHe ypomenB BAepHmx o6oAo11Kax H HOpflAOK HX
BanonHeHnB no mepe yneAmeHHB gHcaa gacTHR B 51Ape. To o6-
CTOBTeAbCTBO, 4T0 npH TaKOM 3anoaHenm0 np011CX0AHT nepe-
KpenTHBanne ypomefl, H moweT cAymmTb HpH411H011 H30mepH4.
RaK Mu ye maem, 11551 BO3HBKHOBeHH11 meTacTa6HAbnmx CO-
CTOAHHn Hy>KHO, 4TO6M OHHM 113 6.41DRaftE11X K OCHOBHOmy CO-
CT051HHIO OKa3aAC2 ypoBeHb c yrAomm MOMeHTOM, OTAHUKBAHMCA
Or OCHOBHOTO Ha HeCK0abK0 eaHHHu. ECAH aHepriu noBoyBae-
TaKoro ypOBH51 6yAeT He ogeHb 6oabnion, TO 3TOT yponeHb
mmeT OKa3aTbC51 meTacTa6HabHum C 1OCTaTO4HO 601bLII14M ne-
pHoAom MI43HH. YAHB11TeabH0e Ha Hepnun BmanA nanTme q0C-
Tp0BK0B momeplin? HaX0AHT npH 3TOM coupineHHo ecTecTBeu-
Hoe o6T>BcneHme.
PaccmoTpHm noApo6no cneAcTBHB, KoTopme BuTeKamT AAB
BAepHon n3omep11F1 113 cxemm, npeximelmon Mailep, a Taime
H TO, B KaKon mepe 9TH CAe1LCTB115 corAacylcacB c 3KcnepH-
MeHTaAblimmH AaHHUMH, KacaKauumncn immeport.
04eBHAHO, 4TO B nepon H BO BTopon o6oAollKax ne moryT
BCTpeTHTbC$1 H3omepHme nApa, 1460 BO BTopoft o6oAoAKe maKcn-
maAhHoe B03MOIKHOe H3MeHOH13e cnnHa paBno eAHnnite, a B nep-
BOn o6onogKe 4aCTHAbl moryT HMeTb TOAbK0 OAHO magenHe
cnHHa. B TpeTben BAepHoll 060A04Ke HaX011TC5I yponHH 140
14, 2sv, blaKcHmaAmo BO3M0)KHOe pawmgHe CHHHOB B aTon
rpynue MO)KeT OKa3aTbC51 NBHMM .AByM. SITo npomonAeT B TOM
cAriae, KorAa coceApHmH ypominmn (OCHOBHMM H Bo36pKAeH-
MINI) OKaNCyTC51 142 H 281/2. Mime caymaH BnoAHe BO3MOWHbl,
H6o BanonHeHme 3THX ypomen mAeT no cxeme 142, 2sv2 H 14,
T. e. yponHH 142 H 2,s/2 ABH51IOTC51 COCeAHHMH ypomsmH. TaK
KaK 4eTHOCTb ypormen 142 H 2s1, oAHHaKoBa (o6a ypomni
iieTnme), To nepexoA c 1d5/2 Ha 2.9,12 (Hzm c 2s. Ha 14) 6yAeT
ITONCX0AHTb 6e3 H3MeHeHH5I 4eTHOCTH H 6yAeT conpomouaThcB
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
HaEPHME OBOJHAMH H 1430MEP1451 gETHO-HVIETHMX 510,EP 261
HcnycKanHem BaexTpmecKoro KBaApynonbHoro Hanyqamg. Cae-
AyeT npH 5TOM HMeTb B Emmy, 1ITO paccTomme meKrty ypoB-
HRMH ARM BerKgx gAep(BcaeAcume manocTH Bel1141414HM AO 6p(eT
OTHOCHTeAbH0 6onbumm. 11o3TomyKsaApynonbHbillaaeKTpmecKilft
nepexoA (c 6onbulotl mieprilefl Bo36pK1mmg) 6y1LeT npoucxo-
-WM OgeHb 6WCTPO. Ta404M o6pa3om, Mb! HpHXOAHM K BUMOAY,
UTO H B Tpemen rpynne sutep (y KOTOpMX npoHcxoAHT aanoA-
HeHHe TpeTbeft o6oAoqxH) Haomepos 61,11% He /40.111HO. 14 Aetl-
cmHTeabHo, cpeAH gAep C gHCROM HpOTOHOB HAM HeftpoHoB,
MeHEMIHM UM 20, Haomepm He Ha6moAeHm.
B qemepTot1 gAepHoR o6onoqxeHaX0AATCA ypomm 1h, 1h0
2p10 2pv2 H 1g912. liopmanbHuR nopuoK ypomen B npmwo-
yronmal noTeHuHammoti lime HMeHHO TaKOB, KaK aAech nepe-
qHC5eHO, HO B peaymaaTe CHHH-OP6HTaAbHOR CBA3H, a Tairme,
BO3MON,
2
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51
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51
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65
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67
69
69
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75
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77
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18*
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
276
1130MF.PHA H 51/(ElliblE OBOJIOLIKH
C npomeacromHoro ypoBbili Ha OCHOBHOR ?saeKTpumecRoe
KBaJI-
pynoJlbuoe 143.aymeHHe. Talc KK OCHOBH0t1 ypoBeHb 1118Cd neeT
CHHH 1/2, TO no cxeme Mailep 3T1'IM ypoBHem AOJIIKell 611Tb 3S1/2.
lipomexcromHbiri yp013e1-113 ,a0.71)KeH HMeTh Ty >Re geTHOCTI3 (H60
nepexoa E2), T. e. 6bITb neTIMIM H HMeTh y1.10601 MOMeHT 5/2.
Tanim ypormem HiliffteTCSL B nwroll o6o.uomRe EcaH npomeacy-
Tot-mull yp011el-lb ecTb 2d512, TO HBOMepHUIM yponem ,a0.11>Kell 61,1Tb
lhivo
1160 pa3Hruaa B Be5H4HHe yr5OBbIX momeirroB 3THX ypoBHeR
paBna Tpem npwrom ypoBHH rimetoT pa3Hyto meTHocTb. CaeaoBa-
TeabHo, nepexoa c ypoBm Ha ypoBeHb 2d,12 npolwxoawT
C HcnycKamiem 3.1eicrpmeciwro OKTyHOJIbH0F0 maygeHrm.
3amemaTeabuo, Tro H3ytieBHe (' ? 1)-coBI1a)et1nt H marnHT-
ni
NOM none noaTBepariao, trro npomewyTomHbrm ypormem B 4sCd
2B1BleTCSI nmerulo ypoBeH 2d7. aTo o6cToBTeabcTBo HmeeT cy-
ulecTBenHoe 3HaneHne, H6o, Naic H B neRoTopbix apyrux cayi4aBx,
woraa H3omepHbni nepexoa SIBMIeTCH aaeRTpbwiecimm owTynoab-
I I LIM, B 141gCd HmeeTcB pacxoameHHe B onpeaeaermax nopswoca
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TO 06CTOSITe.MCTBO, 'TO MOMeHT npomeacyTomHoro cocTomma,
onpeaeaeuribiti lie3aBricHmblm nyTM, C HOMOIWO (i ?7)-coBna-
aemin B marnranom noae, noaTBepwaaeT aaHHbie o Hepexoae,
BbrreutoutHe 143 3HaBeHrm icoactRinnweHTa RobiBepoth, CBWaeTeJlb-
cTnyeT, wro maTpwumn1 3aemeHT, Bxoasumbil B cPopmyabi (3.35),
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paBHUM cam-lune, B ,RefiCTBETe.ThHOCTH moweT 6131Tb B HeRoTopbix
CJIrlaSIX 3H3illiTeM3H0 meHbare. B 14"8Cd Be.11HqHfla 3TOTO maTpm-
Horo aaemenTa He 6onee 10-5; oHa noRa3mBaeT, 'TO K 3Hamernno
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nepHoaa nonypacnaaa, Haao OTHOCHTIICA C OCTOpO/KHOCTMO.
Caeaymumm a lgCd HaeT B Ta6aH1Le XXXIV 1C d. OH
COgepiCHT 65 HePrrpoHoB. OCHOBHOR ypoBeHb 1Cd H3BecTen,
aTo ypoBeHb 3s. XaracTep momepHoro nepexoaa
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
Approved For Release 2007/11/19: CIA-RDP83-00418R004400080007-7
H3OMEPHH CPEAH HAEP HHTOR rPs.nnbi
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y 9Toro suipa HeHmecTeH. Tax xax, oA,Haxo, [3-pacnaa 'Cd
C meTacTaftabHoro COCTOAHHH npoHcxoAHT B OCHOBH0e COCTOSI-
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pacnaAe C OCHOBHOTO COCTOHHHH HepexoAHT B 8o36ymzeHHoe
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HAIM C gHCAOM HetTpoHos 67 ye 3anoaHeH. BO3MON