SOVIET LAND

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-00415R010200020022-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 32
• Document Creation Date: December 14, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 11, 2001
• Sequence Number: 22
• Publication Date: November 7, 1951
• Content Type: NSPR

 CONTENTS
Page
1. Thirty Fourth Anniversary of
Great October Socialist Re-
volution
2. The Soviet People Stand for
World Peace
3. The Great Family of Peoples
Enjoying Equal Rights
4. Industrial Kazakhstan
5. Education for the People
6. Reared by the Soviet Power
7. One of Many
S. In Moscows Former Purlieus
9. October Revolution Brought
the Working People of the
USSR a Prosperous and
Cultured Life (Facts and
Figures)
10. The Great October Socialist
Revolution and the Lenin-
Stalin Plan for the Electri-
Aca. A. Oparin 4
5
E. Frolov 6
r. Urherenko 7
9
A. Budkevich 11
A. Loginov 12
H. A Land Transformed N.
12. The Soviet Village of Today
13. Speech Delivered by V.
Migunov, the Soviet Chief
Delegate to the Plenary
Session of ECAFE's Trade
Promotion Conference at
Singapore on Oct. 10, 1951
14. Professor Dumas (Extracts)
Mikhailov
Page
20
23
26
I. Ehrenburg 27
(Graphic
SSR)
Poster by I. Kruzhkov
Art Exhibition of the Ukrainian'
Back Cover : Red Square, Moscow, at night during a,
searchlight and fireworks display in honour
of a big holiday.
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PRICE As. 2
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SOVIET LAND
Vol. IV No. 21
An Illustrated Fortnightly Journal
Published by TASS in India
November 7, 1951.
Z4.,rt~ inu ru~ ~n~ti~er~tt~ ~ of 'xea#
1(~c~u~rex ~ocY~zlY~# ~e~nlutYOxc
IOCTOBLR 2. (November 7 ), 1917 is forever grooved
in the annals of world history as a most significant
date. On that day, the working people of Russia, headed
by the' Communist Party, guided by their great leaders,
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin,
carried through the victorious Creat October Socialist
Revolution. For the first time in the history of human
society, the lofty, ideals of genuine freedom triumphed' in
Russia. power passed over into the hands of the people,
into the hands of the workers and peasants. The results
of the people's Revolution in Russia have surpassed the bold-
est dreams cherished by daring champions of progress of
all the ages who protested against the social order based
on exploitation; on the oppression of man by man.
More than one-third of-a century has elapsed since the
victory of the October Revolution. Since then the Soviet
State has advanced a long, wiry to its goal. Sweeping aside
the numerous obstacles in its way, it has been forging
steadily ahead like a pioneer explorer along the unexplored
road to Socialism. The accomplishments of the Soviet
Union in ;14 years furnish eloquent proof of the practicalness
of the ideas in the name of which the working people
effected the Revolution in October, 1917 ; they prove
irrefutably that the victory of the Socialist Re-
volution- releases such forces of social progress the like of
which were never known nor could they ever be known
under capitalism.
Histo`r y has, never ' withe sled' the rate of
progress in industry, agriculture and cultural
development attained in the Soviet Union.
The realisation within tine briefest possible his-
toric space of time of the majestic programme
of Socialist industrialisation of the country
and collectivisation of agriculture, and the
genuine cultural revolution which initiated a
population of rrtany millions into the treasure
store of civilisation--all this is graphic evidence
of the correctness of the policy of the Com-
munistParty Of the USSR.,nci of the Soviet
The October Revolution smashed the chains of social
and national oppression. It brought about the elimination
of the exploiting classes and eradicated the sources which,
engender these classes.
For the first time in history, the USSR has successfully;
solved one of the most important state problems, the national
problem. The Soviet multi-national state is a great com-
monwealth of Socialist nations with equal rights. The
ideology of the equality of all races and nations, the ideology
of friendship among nations prevailing in this state does not
and cannot exist under capitalism.
The victory of the October Revolution ushered in at
new era in international relations. Immediately after the
birth of the Soviet State, V. I. Lenin and J. V. Stalin pro-.
mulgated the policy of respect for the rights and independ-
ence of all nations, and proved in deed the desire of the
USSR to live in peace and friendship with all the states.
It was not fortuitous that the Second Congress of Soviets
held immediately after the victor` of the October Revolu-
tion which proclaimed the. transfer of power in Russia to the
working people, passed on October 21i (November 8), 1917 .
on the initiative of V. I. Lenin andxJ. V. Stalin, the historic;
Decree on Peace and appealed to the governments and the
peoples of all the belligerent countries, pr iposing immediate
negotiations for the conclusion of a just democratic peace.
The Government declaration ont peace approved: by:thi?
Congress of- Soviets stated among other
things " The Government considers it, the
greatest of crimes against humanity to con-
tinue this war for the purpose of dividing
up among the strong and rich nations the-
feeble nationalities they have conquered, and.
solemnly announces its determination im-
mediately to sign terms of peace to stop this
war on the conditions indicated, which are.
equally just for all nationalities without-
exception."
Strictly adhering to the principles proclaim
ed in October, 1917 the Soviet State has been
consrsjeltly and energetically fighting for
,.,fE' :,~ "" "`"'. a ~u 3 .yes ' -.,.,/ `'+~.a.+ i .
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r1~111~> i\l~
STAliN
A Leaders and Organisers of the
Great October Socialist Revolution.
After the events of July 1917, Lenin, hounded and persecuted by the counter-revolutionary Prori-
signal Gomernment, was forced to go into hiding.
While Lenin was in hiding, Stalin maintained a correspondence with his teacher and friend Ruud
kept in close contact with him. He visited him twice in his place of concealment near
Razliv.
Photo shows V. I. Lenin and J. V. Stalin at Ra.zliv.
7ti{4 '~
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Y' At the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets, held in June 1917, the Menshevik 7sereteli declared that there was
'._ vol a political parry in Russia prepared to take sole power. ''There is such a party
Lenin exclaimed "Our Party will not refuse ; it is prepared at any moment
to tyke all power into its hands.
Photo shows Lenin at the Cwference as he is exclaiming " There Is Such a Party 1
From the drawing by E. Kibrik.
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"Our foreign policy is clear.
It is a policy of preserving peace
and strengthening commercial re-
lations with all countries. The
USSR does not think of threaten-
ing anybody-let alone of attacking
anybody. We stand for peace and
champion the cause of peace."
J. Stalin
"WE stand for peace and cham-
pion the cause of peace "-
these wise words of great Stalin give
expression to the most cherished
thoughts and aspirations of all Soviet
citizens.
In the very first clays after the Great
October Socialist Revolution, the great
Lenin signed the Decree on Peace and
appealed to the nations to live in
peace and friendship. Ever since then,
throughout these thirty-four years, the
Soviet Union, the mighty Socialist
State, has been consistently pursuing
a foreign policy distinguished by its
adherence to principle.
The battle for enduring peace and
national sovereignty, . which is the
sum and substance of the Soviet
Union's Stalin foreign policy, springs
from the very nature of the Soviet
Socialist State in which there are no
classes or groups interested in foment-
ing war. The working people of the
Soviet Union have been educated by
the Party of Lenin and Stalin in the
spirit of peace and friendship with all
other peoples. Soviet citizens are
devoting themselves wholeheartedly and
The Soviet People Stand for
World Peace
By Academician Alexander Oparin
- I-entber, 117orld Peace Council and USSR Committee for Peace.
enthusiastically to the building of Com-
munism, according to the plan map-
ped out by the genius of the great
Stalin. Throughout the length and
breadth of the Soviet Land, gigantic
projects have been launched that will
change climate and nature.
The Soviet people need lasting and
durable peace to cope with these and
other numerous tasks.
When we in the Soviet Union lay
the cornerstones of new houses, or erect
the imposing buildings of the Moscow
University on the Lenin. Hills, when we
build clubs and schools, public parks
and gardens, all of our thoughts are
centred on peace. This is natural, for
all of these construction projects are
undertaken with the sole purpose of
making the life of the working man
happier and more beautiful, of pro-
vidi-:g an even happier future for Soviet
children and youth. And that is why
all my fellow-countrymen abhor and
detest the warmongers. That is why
they are striving for peace and friend-
ship among the nations.
The Soviet Union's proposals for
disarmament, prohibition of the ato-
mic weapon and the conclusion of a
Pact of Peace by the five Great Powers
evoked a ready response among honest-
minded men and women the world
over. Through these proposals the
Soviet people expressed their determi-
nation to oppose war and continue its
selfless battle for peace, for friendship
among the nations.
Every man and woman in the Soviet
Union warmly supports the stand taken
by the Government of the USSR on
the German question, its elTrts to
achieve the establishment of a united,
peaceable, independent and derrocra-
tic Germany, and its eflbrts to ensure
such a solution of the Japanese prob-
lem as would serve to promctc peace.
All the peoples of the USSR unani-
mously approve the reply of N. M.
Shvernik, President of the Presidium
of the Supreme Soviet of USSR, and
the resolution of the Presidium of the
Supreme Soviet of USSR in connec-
tion with the message of the. President
and Congress of the United States.
The collection of signatures of the
World Peace Council's, Appeal which
has developed throughout country,
is a salient expression of the Soviet
people's desire for peace and evidence
of how they cherish peace. Soviet people
are adding their signatures to those of
A general meeting of the personnel of the Calibre Works, Moscow, devoted to the collection of signatures under the Appeal of the World Peace
Council for the Conclusion of a Peace Pact.
Nikolai Rossiisky, foreman at the Calibre Works and member of the Soviet Peace Committee' is seen here addressing the meeting.
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the 450 million men and women of
diverse nationalities and political beliefs
who have already endorsed this mo-
mentous document.
Meetings are taking place in all our
factories and mills, on the collective
farms and construction projects, in
offices and colleges They are being
addressed by hundreds and thousands
of our people who are unanimously
voicing their will to champion peace
and contribute to its consolidation by
their labour efforts.
The peoples are certain that peace
will triumph throghout the world. This
faith of the millions in the victory
of peace is inspired by the wise words
of the great standard-bearer of peace,
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin : " Peace
will be preserved and consolidated if
the peoples take the cause of preserving
peace into their own hands and uphold
it to the end."
The slogans of the Soviet people in
connection with the anniversary of the
October Revolution resound through-
out the world. They are addressed to
all peoples, urging them to cement
peace and friendship among the na-
tions. "Peace" will be the appeal
carried by Soviet citizens in their an-
niversary demonstrations, and that
word will reach to millions of hearts
in every corner of the earth, for every-
where the people know that leading
the peace fighters is the great standard-
bearer of peace, Joseph Vissarionovich
Stalin.
This knowledge will infuse in the
people fresh vigour in the battle for
peace and friendship among the
nations.
( Continued from page 1 )
peace among all nations, for the
security of the peoples against aggression
on the part of world imperialism.
The ideas of a just democratic
peace among all the nations which
triumphed in the Soviet country, in
October, 1917 are winning and will
ultimately triumph in the whole world !
An earnest of this is the steadfastness
of the camp of peace and democracy,
the steadfastness of the Soviet people
and the wisdom of their leader, the
great Stalin, who has raised aloft and is
carrying forward the victorious banner
of the struggle for peace. Firmly
convinced of this, the Soviet people
and all men and women of good will
the world over are observing the 34t'.t
anniversary of the Great October
Socialist Revolution which initiated a
new era in the history For Rd"
The Great Family of Peoples
Enjoying Equal Rights
HE vast territory of the Soviet Union stretches from the Baltic to the
Pacific Ocean, from West to East and from the Arctic Ocean to
the Caucasian mountains and Black Sea from Norh to South. Its.
population numbers over two hundred million people who speak in more
than one hundred languages.
The Russians, Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kirghiz, Turk,
men, Georgians, Armenians, Moldavians,. Latvians, Lithuanians, Karelians
and other nations, nationalities and national groups inhabiting the Soviet
Union, enjoy the same, equal rights in the entire state, political, economic
and cultural life of the country.
The Soviet Union, which unites sixteen fraternal Union Republics,
constitutes a great fraternity of Socialist nations in which there are no
metropolises or colonies. It was formed as a voluntary union of nations
based on mutual respect, trust and fraternal cooperation of free people with
qual rights. In the Soviet Union there are no ruling nations or nations
without rights, no national exclusiveness or privileges, no national oppres-
sion or restriction of nations. The peoples of the Soviet Union constitute
a single closely knit friendly family of working people of Socialist society.
It was the Great October Socialist Revolution of .1917 that brought free-
dom to the peoples of Russia. Under tsarism, the peoples that inhabited
the outlying districts of the Russian empire were deprived of independence
and subjected to cruel national oppression. Their economy was extremely
backward. In spite of the rich mineral deposits and abundance of raw
and other materials, the country's outlying national districts did not have
their own industry. Being tsarist colonies in effect they served as sources
of raw material and markets of cheap labour power for the development
of the central districts of Russia of those days. The peoples of the
national hinterlands were subjected to ruthless exploitation also by the
foreign capitalists. In their striving to maintain the exploited people in a
state of slave obedience, the tsarist government did all it could to prevent
the cultural development of the peoples. It kept the population in dark-
ness and ignorance and paid no attention to its education or health.
The October Revolution cast the capitalist yoke off the people and
liberated them from national oppression. Soviet power granted all peoples
of Russia the right and gave them the real possibility to build their own
state and develop their economy, culture and art. The Soviet State based
its national policy on the teachings of the great leader of the Revolution
Lenin and Stalin on national equality and friendship of nations. Immediate-
ly after its formation the Soviet State declared :
Equality and sovereignty of the peoples of Russia.
The right of the peoples of Russia to self-determination up to secession
and formation of an independent state.
Abolition of all and sundry national and national-religious restrictions.
Free development of national minorities and ethnographic groups
inhabiting the territory of Russia.
The Soviet Government has been pursuing and continues to pursue this
policy with all consistency. Political inequality of peoples has been done
away with completely and for all times. The sovereign rights of nations
have been proclaimed and guaranteed by the Stalin Constitution of the
Soviet Union.
Industrialisation of the USSR eliminated the economic inequality of
the national republics of the Soviet Union. The mineral wealth war,
tapped energetically, factories and mills were built at a rapid tempo and
production of industrial output in these republics increased on a tremen-
dous scale.
While industrial output throughout the Soviet Union increased 10.9-fold
by 1940 as compared with 1913, in the Kazakh Republic it increased
by 22.2-fold, in Georgia-26-fold, in Kirghizia-160-fold, and in Tajikistan
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 INDUSTRIAL
KAZAKHSTA1
Al the Alma-Ain iieazy Engineu ing
Mill, in the Jia;zakh Republic.
I HERE is in the Kazakh folklore a
legend coming down from hoary
antiquity about a fairyland called Jer-
Yuk where there is no tyranny and
io backbreaking toil for rich beys,
where the people live knowing no
want, grief or suffering. For ages lung
inen dreamed of this promised laid and
from generation to generation, fru:m
mouth to mouth, passed on this
legend, the incarnation of the people's
dream of happiness.
But there was no such land. Ex-
ploited by khans, sultans, beys and
tsarist officials, the Kazakh people
suffered unbearably. Many times
they rose in struggle against their op-
pressors but could not vanquish them.
And until 1917 the Jer- Yuk legend
lived in the Kazakh people, as an
unrealized dream.
Stretching from the Volga to the
borders of China, and from the Urals
At an oil field in the Kacakh and the Altai Highlands to the majestic
Republic. Tien Shan. Mountains, Kazakhstan
1'owerjzd excavators lay bare the coal
scams at olren cut working JVo. 4, in
the Knakh Republic.
.ping of fundamental social and economic
changes. The age-old dream of the
KazIvkhs has come true, they have found
the happy-Jer-Yuk land. Their own
country has become this blessed land to
them.
The Soviet system has placed the
country's riches at the service of the
people. Having taken their destiny into
their own hands the Kazakh people
like the real maters of their country
that they are, have developed their
natural resources and have radically
transformed their entire economy.
With the aid of the great Russian people
They have built up a first-class industry
bas; d on the latest achievements of
:.~ fence and technology. And on the
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abounds in natural resources. But
the people were not themasters of their
land and could not enjoy its wealth.
For centuries the country's mineral
riches lay untapped. And until not so
long ago Kazakhstan was known as a
land of boundless deserts and hungry
saline steppes, a land of gloom and
sorrow. It was a country of nomadic
cattle breeding with rudimentary pri-
mitive forms of agriculture and in-
dustry.
"1 , he Great October Socialist Revolu-
tion in Russia brought freedom to the
Kazakh people, opened to them the
road to a new life, and laid the begin-
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map of Kazakhstan, on the but recent
solid white spots, there now appeared
numerous little circles denoting in-
dustrial centres, new socialist cities.
In 1930, the first group of mine
builders came into the steppe of Central
Kazakhstan on Camels. And a few
years later the Karaganda Coalfield
aver newly laid steel roads already
shipped millioiis of tons of excellent
coke to the metallurgical plants of
the Urals. Under the brlliant plan of the
great Stalin, in Kazakhstan has been
built up the Soviet Union's third coal
base which produces more than. half the
total amount of coal produced in all
Russia before the Revolution.
Karaganda coal has made possible
extensive industrial construction
throughout the entire Republic, even
in its remotest districts. Mine head-
franles, oil derricks and factory chim-
neys have sprung up and ligths have
flared up in the steppe. A ramified
network of railways and highways have
covered the country's vast expanses.
Kazakhs tan has made an unpreced-
ented leap in all history from a patriar-
chal and semiwild state to advanced
socialist culture. In less than three
five-year periods (1928- 1940) the
Kazakh. Republic has grown into a
highly developed industrial and agri-
cultural country with a powerful in-
dustry and large scale mechanized
farming. These m igitificcirt results of
the Soviet Kazakhstan';' economic and
eutlttiral development are a vivid malli-
k tatioii cf tl c rcatnl ss. (l the Lca)in-
Stalin i"atioilal t;ohe s the ac's an t) -cs
of Socialist iii< u,.tr1al]zati;~it and th.e
potenCV 4)f tie cre ltivfee lalailir Of tb.e
people emancipated from the colonial
yoke and - the fetters of capitalist
slavery.
Fourteen kilometres south of' Karag-
anda, in the hungry steppe, the giant
13alkhash copper smelting plant has
sprung ap on the basis of' Lite Kounrad
hopper deposits. This is the biggest
copper mill in Europe. Its history is
highly instructive. When the news of
the discovery of the Kazakh wealth by
Soviet geologi is spread abroad, im-
perialist vultures avidly stretched out
their hands for this wealth. In 1928
Leslie Urquart, a British capitalist,
asked the Soviet Government for a con-
cession in the Balkash. Unaware of the
nature of the social changes that were
taking place in the Soviet Land,
Urquart asked if the Soviet Govern-
ment woud let him mine in the Kirghiz
steppe around Balkhash and further,
its lie presurntuously 'held that the.
USSR would not get around to work
those places in another 50 or maybe
even 100 years, But the businessman
from City erred by 99 years. Not a
hundred but exactly one year later the
Soviet people launched an offensive
against the desert and subdued it.
In the course of the prewar Five-
Year Plans, by 1941, the Soviet people
had built in. Kazakhstan more than
2,500 industrial enterprises. Some 4,000
more enterprises were built in the next
ten years. Particularly great progress
Kazakhstan's national economy has
made under the postwar Five-Year Plan.
Her coal output in ] 950 exceeded pre-
war 1940 two and a half times, the
output of her engineering industry,
respectively, doubled and that of elec-
tricity increased more than four times
over.
The erstwhile barren and uninhabit-
ed deserts of Kazakhstan have been
transformed into flourishing country.
On the Republic's fields are now cul-
tivated wheat, rice, cotton, sugar beets,
rubber bearing plants and other
valuable crops. Tens of thousands
of tractors, combines and other
agricultural machines are now working
the boundless expanses of the steppes.
The collective farms are taking in rich
harvests in the Kazakh Republic which
has established world records in per-
hectare yields of sugar beets, rice, mil-
let, and tobacco. Irrigation and forest
shelter belt ptantuig is expanding with
every year.
Kaz i41 sta;i s great army of skilled
\ o'1CC1 s, engineers, agronomists, doe-
te i ;), A, 1 itel's, art v, orkers and scientists
who ha -c grown up from among the
native population have developed into
it mighty force. Among them a place
of honour is held by women for whom
it wide road has been opened to
public arrd political activity, and every
opportunity extended for the. mastery
of science and culture.
`I'hc historical victories of' Kazakhs-
tan's economic and cultural develop-
ment are a triumph of the great friend-
ship and fraternal co-operation between 11
the peoples of the Union of Soviet So-
cialist Republic., the fruit of the wise
Stalin leadership.
The Kazakh people with legitimate
pride rcvicw their inagitificentvictories
and achievements which have trails-
formed their country and have : made fi
life on the Kazakh- soil joyous and
happy. Engaged in their peaceful
constructive labour they ire, building
it still better future:
Education for the
`F-%eople
By Yakov Usherenko
The Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic
is situated in the eastern part of
Central Asia. Bounded in the south
and west by Sinkiang (Western
China), in the north by the Kazakh
SSR, and in the west by the Uzbek
SSR, it occupies an area of 197,000
square kilometres.
The Kirghiz State Drama 'T'heatre
of Frunze is showing a play by the
Kirghiz playwright Malikov, bearing
the characterstic title " We Are No
Longer What We Used to Be." This
play deals with the world historical
changes that have taken place in the
lives of the Kirghiz people in Soviet
times, as a result of the great October
Revolution and the triumph of Social-
ism in the USSR.
Prior to the Great October Socialist
Revolution, Kirghizia was one of the
most backward frontier provinces of
tsarist Russia. The toiling ma ses of
Kirghizia, languishing under the heavy
yoke of the beys and manaps, suffered
brutal exploitation, lived in poverty,
and were almost all illiterate. There
were no schools for the people, and the
Kirghizians did net even have their
own alphabet.
The Soviet system has not only -
fundamentally changed the social
and economic conditions in Kirghizia,
but has effected there also a cultural
i'cvolutiori and opened to the Kirghiz
people it wide road to education and
science.
In a brief period the Republic was
covered with it dense network of
schools and cultit 'al and enlightenment
cstablishrnciits. With the aid of Russian
scientists the Kirghizians acquired their
own alphabet. Universal compulsory
junior secondary education is in effect
here, like throughout the entire Soviet
Land, Today Kirghizia's 1,638 schools
are attended by 336,000 boys and girls.
On finishing junior secondary or full
secondary schools; Kirghiz boys and
girls go to study at secondary specialized
schools or higher educational institutions.
The Republic's 8 higher educational
institutions and 34 secondary specializ-
ed schools are this year attended by
13,500 lads and girls. In the past few
years alone the Republic's specialized
educational establishments have gra-
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duated 8,000 teachers, doctors, techni-
nicians and farm specialists. A fourth
of Kirghizia's population studies at
schools, specialized secondary and
higher educational establishments. If
we take into account the number of
Kirghizians attending different courses,
Stakhanovite schools and various other
forms of public educaion, we may safely
say that the entire Kirghiz people is
going after education. From an illi-
terate country Kirghizia has become a
vountry of 100 per cent literacy.
A major landmark in Kirghizia's cul-
tural development is the opening this
year of the Kirhgiz State University
in the Republic's capital, Frunze. Of
the University's 400 first-year students,
251 are Kirghizians of whom 51 are
women ; and others are Tajiks, Uzbeks,
Russians, Ukrainians.
In the course of the cultural Revolu-
tion in Kirghizia has grown and deve-
loped a Soviet intelligentsia from among
the native population. While in 1926
there were throughout the whole
Republic only 2 native scientific work-
ers, their number now runs into many
thousands.
The scientific cadres of Kirghizia
are growing by leaps and bounds. This is
greatly facilitated by the Kirghiz
branch of the Academy of Sciences of
the USSR, established in 1.943 with
headquarters in Frunze. Russian scienti-
sts are rendering talented sons and
daughters of the Kirghiz people enor-
mous assistance in scaling the heights
of science. And they are conducting
in their own Republic great scien-
tific and educational work.
One of the most striking indices of the
cultural growth of the Kirghiz people
is the development of the Press. Today
in the Republic arc published 85 news-
papers. In districts inhabited by several
nationalities newspapers are published
in 2-3 languages.
Books--political and scientific litera-
ture, fiction, poetry, etc.,-are publish-
ed in large editions. In the past five
years the Kirghiz State Publishing House
has turned out upwards of 9,500,000
books-more than 900 titles in the
Kirghiz, Russian and Uzbek langu-
ages. The Kirghiz branch of the
Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute is trans-
lating and publishing in Kirghiz the
immortal works of Marx, Engels, Lenin
and Stalin. There are printed in
Kirghizia also large editions of the
works of con temporary Kirghiz prose
writers, poets, playwrights and a big
literary magazine-Soviet Kirghizia--
is published. Scientific and political
knowledge is widely disseminated in the
Republic. Lecturers come to the re-
motest villages and mountain pastures.
Prior to the Revolution, Kirghizia
did not have a single theatre. Today
it boasts of 5 republican theatres and
two regional theatres and a State Philhar-
monic. Besides this, there are 2,050
clubs, houses of culture and reading
cottages in the Republic's towns and
villages.
Kirghizia has a large number of'
motion picture theatres. Popular Soviet
films are dubbed into Kirghiz. The
Frunze documentary film studios are
every month turning out in the Kirghiz
and Russian languages a serial docu-
mentary called " Soviet Kirghizia,"
covering the life and activities of the
Kirghiz people.
The Socialist sate of workers and peas-
ants has from the very first days of its
existence extended to all peoples of the
Soviet Land every opportunity to
develop their culture. By the ex-
ample of the progress Kirghizia made
in Soviet times, we may see how
V. I. Lenin's prophetic words about
the great cultural upsurge of the people
under the Soviet Socialist system have
fully come true.
In Kirghizia, like in all the other re-
publics and regions of the USSR, edu-
cation, science, and all forms of culture
are fully at the service of the
people.
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Reared by the Soviet Power
Galin I,-,mailova, performer of folkdances.
An Honoured Artist of the Uzbek SSR,
she is a solo dancer of the ballet corps
at the Naval Opera House. At the
International Festival in.Budapest she won
a prize, and for her performances of
I'n ational dances she has been awarded
a Stalin Prize.
Saifi Shamsiev, pediatrician. Was brought
u in a childern's home. Graduated
from the Tashkent Institute ofMedicine
in 1936. In 1940 presented his thesis
for the degree of Candidate of
Medical Sciences, and in 1950. for the
degree of Doctor of Medical Sciences.
Is a professor in the Department of
Children's Diseases at the Institute of
Medicine. Has written 22 scientific
corks on pediatrics. One of the
most popular children's physicians
in Tashkent.
UZBEKISTAN is one of the 10 constituent republics of
the Soviet Union.
It is situated in the heart of Soviet Central Asia and is
in the main inhabited by Uzbeks, the most numerous
of Central Asia's peoples.
The gifted Uzbek people, who gave the world such
outstanding men of science and the arts as the great poet
and thinker Alisher Navoi, the eminent astronomer
Ulugbek, the distinguished philosopher Al-Biruni, had
until the Great October Socialist Revolution remained
illiter Lte and backward.
Prior to the Revolution 98 per cent. of the Uzbek
people were illiterate. Uzbekistan's economy and culture
have changed entirely in Soviet times. With the aid of
the Russian people, the Uzbeks have liquidated the age-
old cultural backwardness of their country and people.
And Uzbekistan today is a country of 100 per cent literacy.
From amongst the Uzbek people has grown up a
numerous intelligentsia : teachers, now numbering 47,000,
agronomists, doctors, engineers, scholars in all fields of
science. More than 3,000 sci .ntific workers are today engag-
ed in the Republic's Academy of Sciences and scientific
research institutes alone. From among the Uzbeks
have also come forward talented actors, dancers, singers,
artists, writers and musicians.
And the great army of Uzbekistan's intelligentsia is
growing with every year, with new cadres pouring in from
the Republic's 39 higher educational institutions and 90
secondary specialized schools which are attended by close
to 70,000 lads and girls.
Here we give portraits of some representatives of the
Uzbek intelligent>ia. The brief biographies under their
portraits are graphic evidence to the fact that in the USSR
the road to knowledge and culture is wide open to all.
Afakhtar Ashrafi, composer, People's Artist of the
Uzbek SSR, director of the Tashkent State
Conservatory of Illusic. Won a Stalin Prize
for his first Heroic Symphony. Composer of
the cantatas "Song of Happiness," " Pro-
cession of the Peace Supporters " and other
works. Conducts a large symphony orchestra.
Rashid .Noble., historian. The son of a
Icrm labourer. he graduated from the
Fergirana Pedagogical Institute in 1932.
Holds the degree ofCandidate of Histori
cal Scierces. Is director of the Institute
of History and Archeology of the
Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR.
Is the author of more than 20
scientific works.
Adiha Shirakhmedora, film director. After
graduating from secondary school she
was sent to Moscow to study at the
State Higher Institute of Cinematography.
She works at the Uzbek Documentar,,
Film Studio.
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Reared by the Soviet Power
Alukarrain Turgunbaeva
ballet
Shamsroi Hasanoea
artist
'I he
,
dancer. People's Artist of the Uzbek
,
.
daughter of a textile mill
worker
.SYR.
7ivice winner of a Stalin
srre graduated fi-ona art
,
school
Ptize.
Soloist at the .ik'aroi
in 1939. 1Per " Portrait
of the
Opera
House in Tashkent. Ic
Poetess Alakhsati" texas on display
the
rlanghter o a peasant.
at the Paris exhibition.
She is
director of the Uzbek
State
Museum of Art.
i [uklztar Askad, author. The son
of a peasant, he graduated ,from
the Central Asian State Unizersity
in Tashkent in 1942. This young
(.:>bek writer has already written
ten books among them the long
poem "On the Big Road," and
Where the Ricers Meet."
Ubai sir/for, p1ysicist. Graduated
.from the Pedgagogical Institute in
Samarkand in 1931. Holds the
degree of Candidate of Phtiiro-
Mathematieal Sciences. L, a
docent at the Department of
Experimental Physics in the
Central Asian State University.
Is working for his doctor's degree.
in the Academy of Sciences
of the USSR.
Ilczrlicha Sulaimanoz,a, lawyer, The daughter of a
railway Worker, she holds the degree of Doctor of
Juridical Sciences and heads a department at the
Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of
the Uzhek SSR. She also heads the Department
of Criminal Law at the Tashkent Institute of Law.
She is the author of nine published works.
Rakhmatula Alimov, power engineer. Corres-
ponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the
Uzbek SSR, director of the Power Institute. Has
designed collective-farm Hydro-electric stations in
Uzbekistan. In his youth he was a peasant. Entered
a school for young industrial and agricultural work-
ers in 1926, and in 1932 graduated from the
Higher Institute of Water Engineering.
Uigun Atakuziev, Playwright. Author of the well-
known musical drama "Alisher Navoi," and of
" Song of Life," "Altin-Kul," " Golden Lake
sad other pla,),s. He is Chairman of the Union
of Soviet Writers of Uzbekistan.
in
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By Antonina Budkevich
THIS middle-aged woman with the searching eyes
1 can be seen everywhere-in school, surrounded
by a noisy crowd of children, in a workers'
clubhouse, in the shops of a canning factory, or out
in the cotton fields with the collective farmers. Old folk
pronounce her name with respect ; children speak of
her with love. When they meet her the inhabitants
?reet her sincerely and respectfully with " Salomi garmu
Jushon rais ! " which means " Hearty greetings to you,
chairman ! "
Ashurbibi Azimova, chairman of the Gissara District
Executive Committee, has earned the respect of her
people by her many deeds. Here is a life filled with great
content, a life that began 26 years ago, when she first
appeared on the streets of her native Gissara with her face
unveiled.
Ashurbibi was one of the first women in the Tajik
republic to go against the customs of her people by
discarding her paranja. Though she was already the
mother of a family, she entered school. This was in
1925, when the life of the Tajik people was undergoing
a great change and the working people themselves were
building a new life. Ashurbibi was filled with an over-
whelming desire to work, a..d applied to the City Soviet.
At that time mat.y women felt that to work on an equal
par with men was something that was forbidden them.
Reared to be humble and obedient they felt their lives
should be limited to the home.
" We must build our happiness with our own hands,"
Ashurbibi told them. " Look about you. See how much
has to be accomplished. Schools, children's nurseries,
clubhouses, hospitals are being built everywhere. How
can this big new economy get along without us women ? "
This feeling of responsibility for one's state, of which
Ashurbibi spoke with such passion, has never left her.
Both while she was attending school and later, when
she was continuing her education by attending courses,
Ashurbibi carried on extensive work. Her main job was
to help the women of the East to feel that they were
equal members of society. This Ashurbibi did by arrang-
ing lectures for them and holding talks on women's rights,
by organizing children's nurseries and dining-halls so
that women, freed from the cares of the home, would
have time for work outside the home.
The people among whom she worked appreciated
Ashurbibi's efforts. In 1928 they elected her a member
of the government of the Republic. As time passed
she gave herself more and more to her new work, gaining
in experience and worldly wisdom.
Then came the year 1938. The new life was flowering
in the Tajik Republic. A big food industry had been
started, one that surpassed anything the Tajiks had ever
known before. Silk-worm breeding had already attained
great development. Agricultural workers were faced by
important tasks. Gissara District needed an experienced
leader, a good manager, and the choice fell on Ashurbibi
Azimova. She was elected chairman of the Gissara
Executive Committee of the Soviet of Working People's
Deputies. -
Here she had a broad field of activity. Men and women
constantly came to her for advice, posing new problems
before her. Ashurbibi devoted much attention to public
health and education. She, who had no childhood
of her wit, realized especially keenly the profound
solicitude with which the Soviet Land surrounds its child.
ren.
Ashurbibi was born in 1901, into the family of a
poor artisan. At that time the birth of a daughter was
a major catastrophe for a poor Tajik family, for a
daughter was of no help in earning a living, was just
an extra mouth to feed. So it was no wonder that when
the conversation turned to children Ashurbibi's father
ust shook his head sadly, saying : "I have no children.
I have only a daughter." The quicker one rid onself
of a daughter the better, and so Ashurbibi was given in
marriage at the ag -- of twelve. A black veil ti,at shut out
the light of day was drape 1 over her head, and she
became the mistress of a household and the slave of her
husband. Today Ashurbibi, who never had a childhood
or youth of her own, experiences special tenderness
for all young people, for all that is new and bright, as
though to compensate herself for her lost happiness.
With each passing year Ashurbibi felt that she was
becoming more needed and more useful. No detail was
too small to be ignored. Everything had to be seen to
personally : did the children enjoy their summer camp,
were they getting good marks at school, was everything
being done to keep the smiles on their faces ?
A network of schools began to develop under her atten-
tive eye. She followed the studies and the development
of the youth with keen attention. There must be more
clubhouses, libraries, more centres of culture and art in
the towns, the villages, the field camps. And the growth
of the spiritual life of her fellow countrymen kept pace
with the growth in their material well-being.
Engrossed in her work, Ashurbibi did not notice the
strands of grey in her hair. Only when her first grandchild
addressed her as " buva " (grandma) did she first begin
to feel her age.
... A session of the Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR
was held in Stalinabad in April of this year. The budget
of the republic was under discussion. One after another
Deputies took the floor. They quoted figures showing the
wealth of the collective farms, the increase in the
number of schools, theatres, hospitals. These were
figures that reflected life itself. Ashurbibi sat in the
Presidium, gazing attentively at the familiar faces in
the audience. How life has changed ! she thought.
There Munavar Kasymova, Minister of the Light
Industry of the Tajik republic, a tall, handsome
woman, was rising to speak. The people had entrusted
her with a responsible job for Tajikistan now has a big
light industry, with many plants and factories prcduc-
ing silk, cotton goods, velvet and footwear. Their work
comes under the direction of the ML,istry of Light
Industry, which is headed by a woman.
The construction of new dwellings, theatres and
school buildings was describes] jn a speech rwicce
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by Hamro Tairova, the first Tajik
woman to become a civil engineer.
Hamro Tairova has erected many
beautiful buildings in Stalinabad,
and she will erect many more.
Gavgar Sharirova was one of the
women with whom Ashurbibi crossed
the threshold of the new life. They used
to send their children off to school and
then sit down together over their prim-
ers. Today Gavgar Sharirova is chair-
man of the Kulyab Distri t Executive
Committee. She speaks of the econo-
mic de, elopment in her district, of the
construction of new schools. Ashurbibi
listens attentively, recalling the day
when she first unveiled her fa e and
appealed to her comrades to do the
same : remove your black veils, she
told them. They prevent you from
distinguishing dark from light, the ugly
from the beautiful. With a smile
Ashurbibi recalled how, not long ago,
an amateur theatricals group of young
people in the district had been look-
ing for a veil, a paranja, for a perfor-
mance. They had asked all the old
people but with no success. Finally
they had applied to the museum,
where the only existing paranja in
Gissara district was still to be found.
Today Tajik women, their faces to
veiled and alight with joy, are taking
part in the building of a new life.
A report on the development of
science in the republic was made by
Sarif Rajabov, director of the Tajikis-
tan State University. "The number of
scientists in our republic has grown
many times over", he said. Ashurbibi
notes with pride that many of these
scientists are women.
There are scores, hundreds, thous-
ands of these women, who are joyfully
devoting their life's experience, their
knowledge and their enthusiasm to
their great country, from whose hands
they have received equal rigl.ts and life.
And one among the many is grey-
haired Ashurbibi Azimova. Attentive-
ly she follows the speech of Amina
Karimova, director of the public
library, who says that the reading room,
which seats 360, has now become too
small, that the book fund, numbering
600,000 volumes, has to be enlarged,
that construction of a new Stalinabad
city library, the fourth, has to be
started.
As she listens to the moving speeches
of the Deputies, Ashu bibi Azimova
reviews the past in her mind's eye, and
her face lights up with a happy smile.
" Yes, it is a glorious road our people
are advancing along".
In Moscow's Former
Purlieus
By A. Loginov
MOSCOW, one of the world's big-
gest metropolises, spreads over an
area of hundreds of square kilometres,
and its outskirts and suburbs are as
well developed and thriving as its
centre. Let us make a mental tour of
some of them.
Here we are in Krasnaya Presnya,
the city's western outskirts, an old-
time working-class district.
Prior to the October Revolution,
Presnya was a typical " poor quarter " :
neglected, half-starved, congested with
labouri,ig folk, who were cheap prey
of factory and mill bosses. Work was
fagging toil. Weavers dru 'ged 12 and
even 14 hours a day in the dusty
shops of the local textile factory. And
his "home" was a crowded stuffy
dirty Barra k or a small den in the mill
tenement. The place was a maze of
crooked narrow lanes, with kerosene
lamps at the crossings, hardly dispelling
the darkness at night. The houses were
low wooden dilapidated shacks without
running water or sewer drainage. "We
saw no newspapers nor books. Of
theatres, clubs, education, we couldn't
even dream," old Krasnaya Presnya
workers now recall. Hard toil of the
workmen, their joyless childhood, their
poor unhappy old age-all brought
profit to the capitalist boss.
This working-class district has chang-
ed beyond all recognition in Soviet
times, under the Stalin Five-Year
Plans. It has been reconstructed and
developed, has grown in height and
width, has become a 'beautiful, rich,
fl )wering section of the Soviet capital.
The very face, economy, public utili-
ties and whole life of this district has
altered. Its semi-handicraft textile
factory has been transformed into one
of the country's biggest industrial es-
tablishments : the Trekhgorna 'a Textile
Mills. There have sprung up here also
metal and engineering works, heat and
power plants and other enterprises.
Old factories have been expanded and
modernized. And today Presnya is
one of the city's major industrial dis-
tricts.
In the old days more than half of
Presnya's children remained illiterate.
Prior to the Revolution there were
here a total of six schools attended by
1,130 children. Today, Krasnaya
Presnya has nearly 30 schools with
27,000 youngsters daily filling t acir new
sunny classrooms. There are here now
also several higher educational and
scientific research institutions, 70 lib-
raries, a theatre, a House of Culture,
a Young Pioneer House. The man-
sion of the old owner of the textile
factory has been turned into
an excellent children's nursery. Kras-
nae'a Presnya's district park of culture
and rest is one of the best in Moscow.
Full of slums and tumbledown hovels
before the Revolution, Presnya has in
the past two decades built for its work-
ing population several hundred thous-
and square me:res of new modern
housing. The old factory barracks and
tenements. have been torn down and
the streets as well as the embankment
of the Moscow River hei e are now
fronted with, handsome tall apartment
houses with central heating, gas, elec-
tricity and other modern conveniences
and comforts.
A striking example of the changes
that have taken place- in this district
is its section named in memory of the
revolutionary events that had taken
place here in 1905, the 1905 Settle-
ment. In the old days this was the
end of the city. There was an old
saloon by the highway, vacant lots,
garbage dumps.... Today a Whole
city has grown up here with long and
wide streets of tall brick buildings.
The development of this section
began in the spring of 1927. Three
years later the first big houses appeared
on the formerly bare ground. And
into the new spacious apartments with
large windows and balconies-apart-
ments such as proletarian Prenya could
not even dream of in the old days-
30,000 workers moved in. With the
houses there sprang up also new schools,
a polyclinic, a club, tailoring shops, a
postal and telegraph office. In
place of the old filthy ale house at
what was the city's end now rises a
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 Approved For Rele
huge department store of glass and
reinforced concrete. The streets are
wide and paved. In the yards of the
new schools and new houses, sports and
playgrounds, gardens and flower beds
have been laid out.
And the settlement is improving with
every year, as does the entire Krasnaya
Presnya District. In the near future,
new boulevards and stadiums, new
schools, institutes, stores, trolley-bus
and motor-bus lines will appear here.
By the end of 1952, also a new Metro
(subway), line will be stretched here.
Next to the 1905 Settlement, a new
big residential quarter is growing up.
The whole district is in scaffolding and
on its street billboards numerous want
adds call for b icklayers, carpenters,
house painters, glaziers, welders, roo-
fers, gardeners. And if on some streets
there still remain little houses of the
past age with their basements sunken
into the earth, they too will soon
disappear.
s * s
Now let us go to the opposite, eastern
part of the city to where Rogozhskaya
Zastava (toll gate) used to be. Here,
in a enced in garden amidst a large
square stands a black milestone, polish-
ed smooth by rain and wind, inscribed :
" From Moscow-2 vyorsts (kilometre)."
Today this is the centre f two big city
districts, with a population of 200,000.
Tnis former purlieu of the city has
been built up entirely anew. There
was nothing to change here as there
was only bare ground and fields.
Monumental buildings surrounded
with trees, numerous squares with foun-
tains and :1 ,wer beds behind ornamen-
tal silvery fences-such is the typical
scene the local inhabitant -workers
and specialists of the " Serp Mol )t"
(Sickle and Hammer) Metallurgical
Works, the " Frazer " cutting tools
factory, and scores of other industrial
enterprises-behold today.
Here also is situated one of the
capital's scientific centres and a 6,000
student quarter. One of the streets is
even named Studencheskaya Street.
Only the old milepost now remains
of the old Zastava, and the Square is
called Ploshchad Ilyicha (after Vladi-
mir Ilyich Lenin.) Adjoining it in
Hovel where a worker's family lived
in `pre-revolutionary Moscow and an
ordinary apartment house in Socialist
Moscow.
Kotelnicheskaya Embankment on Moskva
River in 1911 and in 1961.
OWN MANNIMIMOMP"M
00020022-1
 1. Duelling houses for the workcr:s of the Ball
bearing Plcr't.
3. Drama Theatre on Zhuravlyov Square.
4. Building of the railwaymen's clinical hospital in
former Vsekhsryat