P.C. JOSHI'S NEW PUBLICATION INDIA TODAY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP83-00415R008500030004-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 66
• Document Creation Date: December 14, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 16, 2001
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: June 29, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

'1ELLOFAX.3
CONTROL ?- UoS,, OFFICI LS ONLY 25X1A
CENTRAL LNTELGENCN,GENCY" REPORT NO.
CLASIFICATION COS{7FI)F,iIT
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INFO ATI REPORT
COUNTRY India
SUBJECT P,,Cm Joshi's New Publication India Toda4Y
14 There is av a lable in the CIA. ,Library one copy of India Taday vo r.
.~.._...~ ._ ,
Noa 1, May 1951a
2m ThQ
ma a s meat head lists P,C, Joshiy former Secretary General of the
C {iwmunistt arty of India, as Chief Editfor and Oa Po Sarga1 as Editor.
CLASSIFICATION corn ri ,
CD NO.
DATE D1STR, 29 June 1951
Pty NO. OF PAGES
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25X1A
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 17 -a V
RELIC:-AX 3
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INDIA TODAY
VOL. 1. NO. I.
25X1A
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ADHUNIK PRAKASHAN
(A Progressive Publishing Rouse)
3RMTK T ;R;T7qR ?
;.Deing the Hindi translation of "ANARCHISM OR SOCIALISM?" by Stalin)
REMOULDING THE IDEOLOGY
By MAO TSE-TUNG & OTHERS
to colioction of arlictes on the Reform of Study, On Subjectivism, Bureaucracy and Party-
Sargon, Against Liberalism, and on Empricism with an introduction by P. C. Joshi)
DOCUMENTS FOR DISCUSSION
Editor: P. C. JOSHI
iA series for the Communist Party members and close sympathisers only)
1. PEACE MOVEMENT - MISTAKES AND TASKS, by P. C. JOshi.
.2 ARE WE ONLY STUPID? - Part I, by P. C. Joshi..
3.. PARTY-CRISIS AND WAY OUT by P. C. Jashi.
4. TELE.NGANA AND THE RAJESHWAR RAO LEADERSHIP by U. P. Sa.ngall.
7, Albert Road, Allahabad, India
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INDIA TODAY
Chief Editor: P.C. Josxi Editor: O.P. SANG AL
VOL. 1. MAY, 1951. No. I.
Peace Number
CONTENTS
Rs. 100/- 50/-
Rs. 150/- 75/-
Rs. 200/- 100/-
2. India in the Battle for Peace
P. C. Joshi ... ... 3
3. American Intrigues in India:
`Vinayak' ... ...
4. Sri Vatsyayan's Congress and
Hindi Writers: Arnrit Rai ... 22
5. Anglo-American Intervention in
other lands ... ... 24
6. War is a Profitable Business ... 25
7. Women Against War ... 27
8. American Atrocities in Korea ... 32
9. Peace in. Our Time : Krishan
Chandar ... ... ... 34
10. Soviet Foreign Policy: S.S. Dhavan 37
11. Documents of the World Peace
Movement ... ... 49
12. Poets for Peace
Page No.
... 1
13. " I do not wear a uniform on my
conscience" ... 59
COVER
Sketch by Chittaprosad; Lay-out by Samar
Das Gupta; Printed at the New Age Printing
Press, Bombay.
Subscription Rates
1 year 6 months 3 months 'I
INDIA Rs. 12/- Rs. 6/- Rs. 3 /-
FOREIGN Rs. 18/- Rs. 9/- Rs, 4/8
Single Copy : Rupee One
Advertisement Rates
Full Page Half Page Quarter
Ordinary
Cover 3rd page
Back cover
Page
25/-
37/8
501t-
Printed by P. D. Jayaswal at Technical
Press, Allahabad. Edited and Published by
O. P. Sangal at 7, Albert Road, Allahabad.
Editorial
WE did not invent a new name for
YY ourselves. We have proudly adopted
the title of one of the world famous books by
Rajani Palme Dutt, which has helped to educate
progressive democrats the world over on the
role of British Imperialism in our country
and the strength and weakness of our national
movement, and which is reverently used
as a text-book by the Indian Lefts to under-
stand the past of our movement and the tasks
ahead of ,the unfinished Indian Revolution.
Our honest endeavour will be to carry
forward, from month to month, the scientific
analysis of the Indian problems based on the
principles of Marxism-Leninism, which R.P.
Dutt has brilliantly formulated for our whole
modern epoch. Against the current wave of
frustration, we need the faith of the Russian
Bolsheviks. Were their difficulties less? Len-
in's comrades-in-arms derived their undying
faith from their revolutionary ideology,
Marxism. Against the growing cancer of
cynicism we need the patience of the Chinese
Communists. Mao Tse-tung's comrades-in-
arms could tirelessly struggle for 30 long years
because they used the Marxist-Leninist theory
to understand the complicated problems of
their liberation struggle and experience
taught them that the more successfully they
could wield their ideological weapon, the
mare effectively would they be able to lead
their revolutionary struggle to victory.
We shall apply Marxism to Indian reality
For most patriotic Indians the post-15th
August India has been all topsy-turvy.
The conditions of life that they expected
to change for the better have worsened and
men they expected to rise higher have
fallen lower than they imagined possible.
Traditional ideas fail to explain the present
tragedy. Yet we must understand it if we
are to grapple with it.
The path forward before the Indian movement
can never be blazoned unless the Indian Communists
learn to apply the universal,truth of Marxism-
Leninism to the Indian reality.
The broken hearts of Indian patriots
cannot revive with new hope unless their
own loyal service of our suffering people
leads them on to study the experience of the
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vast lands stretching from the Pacific to
the Elbe, where nations have become
truly independent, where people are really
masters of their destiny, where truth triumphs
and hope lives, where poverty is being liqui-
dated and culture nursed.
INDIA TO DAY will not be a highbrow,
so-called "theoretical" journal. It will truth-
fully mirror the sufferings of the people and
formulate their pressing demands. It will carry
contributions from the leaders of the Trade
Unions, the Kisan Sabhas, the Students'
organisations, and various democratic political
organisations on the problems of rebuilding
and uniting their disrupted and suppressed
organisations.
For a new Democratic Front
Progressive intellecutals and advanced ele-
ments inside every democratic party and group
have come to realise that after the betrayal
of their pledges by the leaders of the Congress,
the National Congress can no more function
as the United National Front serving the
needs of the people, that a new Democratic
Front uniting all the truly patriotic forces of the
country must be formed outside the National Congress
and against the Government manned and run by
its leaders.
The leaders of the Congress have compro-
mised with the British Imperialism symbolised
by their agreement to remain inside the Bri-
tish Empire and letting India be linked with
the global strategic aims of the Anglo-American
Imperialists. They are pledged to safeguard
British Capital and enterprises in India and
are offering anti-national terms to foreign
Imperialist captal and enterprises.
The leaders of the National Congress have
compromised with the old social allies of the
British Imperialism, the Princes and landlords.
They are hindering the democratic unification
of various nationalities in autonomous ling-
uistic provinces. They are playing with the
problem of the abolition of the Zamindari
system with the result that the feudal parasites
are getting their price, the tiller of the soil re-
mains land hungry, while the people suffer
famine conditions.
The leaders of the Congress representing
big capitalist interests have entered into alliance
with the feudal parasites and Imperialist
exploiters and warmongers. The domination of
this unholy alliance over our national life must be re-
placed by a new anti-Imperialits alliance of workers,
peasants, youth, women, progressive intellectuals
and national bourgeois elements who all suffer under
the present regime. Parties, organisations, groups
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and eminent individuals representing these
anti-imperialist democratic classes and in-
terests have yet to be regrouped inside a broad-
based Democratic Front. To the new and
difficult problems of building such a Demo-
cratic Front which will carry forward the anti-
imperialist and anti-feudal revolution, INDIA
TO-DAY will make its contribution.
Importance of India
The eyes of both the Imperialist and the
anti-imperialist leaders the world over are
fixed on India. The Imperialist statesmen
of the world realise that with China gone
out of their orbit, India is their last major
base left in the colonial world, and
that without India's aid they cannot
launch a major war on the Asian soil. In
other words, they realize that without the
Indian help they cannot turn back the wheel
of history that is moving against them from
Korea to Burma and will ultimately push
them down their historic doom. The
anti-Imperialist leaders of the world realise
[that if India breaks away from the Imper-
ialist camp, it will be a decisive blow against
the Imperialist war-mongers, and winning
[a major ally for the camp of peace and de-
mocracy. That is why Stalin welcomed
Nehru's peace initiative on Korea. That is
why Mao Tse-tung gratefully greeted India's
'recognition of China and her championing of
China's right of admission into the U. N. O.
But the vacillations, the weaknesses and the
contradictions of Nehru Government's
policy are also the dismay of progressive
people everywhere. They look forward
to the day when the Indian popular
movement will be able to force a real
consistent change of policy on the Govern
ment, or establish a new Government
which will adopt a new foreign policy
and which will raise its powerful voice against
the imperialist war-mongers, help to ensure
lasting peace and aid the forces of freedom
and democracy in every land.
INDIA TO-DAY will build a broad-
based Indian Peace movement and unite
all Indian anti-imperlialist forces to actively
aid Asian liberation and advance along
lines that will align our great country with
the camp of anti-imperialism, democracy
and peace headed by the Socialist U. S. S. R.
and the New People's China.
INDIA TO DAY is dedicating itself to
a great and noble task, the struggle for full
national independence and establishment of
See on Page 23]
INDIA TO-DAY
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India in the
Battle for Peace
1. With Imperialist War-mongers or
Patriotic Peace Partisans ?
BEFORE the scars of suffering have healed, before
the tragic memories of World War II have grown
dim, the question on every intelligent lip and in every
civilised land is: Will there be World War III ?
The battle-lines are getting drawn with
greater and greater sharpness.
The war-mongers are led by the American
Imperialists, who had hoped to take over the con-
quests and the resources of the defeated German
and the Japanese Imperialists, and who have
emerged unchallenged as the greatest Imperi-
alist power on earth. They consider domination
of the world as their right. They ? are out to
blast all opposition to their plans by freedom-
loving nations with their guns, by launching or
provoking wars against them. Their allies are
from among the reactionary politicians of every
country who are rapidly losing the confidence
of their own peoples.
They mask their aim of enslaving the world
as defending human freedom and they perform
this intellectual trick by borrowing arguments
from the well-known arsenal of Goebbels &
Co., by raising the bogey of Communism.
They have turned the U.N.O. away from its
original aim and with the aid of their satellites
have made it into an extension of the U.S.
State Department, to rubber-stamp Truman-
Acheson proposals. They are out to re-arm
Germany and make it the main arsenal in
Europe and use the Reischwehr Generals and
cadres to train their Atlantic Army. They are
out to rearm Japan and use it as their main
arsenal in the East and utilise the Japanese
militarists to train up the armies of their Asian
stooges. On the soil of Korea they have al-
ready fired the first salvoes of World War III
and if the Korean conflict could not be extend-
ed, it is despite the Americans, it is because the
P. C. Joshi
anti-imperialist peace-loving peoples and their
wise leaders have successfully checked the war-
mongers.
The imperialist War Camp led by the Ame-
rican Imperialists is being successfully countered
by the anti-imperialist Peace Camp led by the
U.S.S.R. and China. The future of war and
peace depends upon which among the two camps
wins and which loses.
Five post-war years
Let us cast a rapid look back at the last 5
post-war years to see who is winning and who
is losing
The American Imperialists made the blue prints of
their post-war domination of the world while the
World War II was on.
They did not believe in alliance with the
U.S.S.R. except as a war-time expedient.
They worked and hoped for such a weakening
of the U. S. S. R. that it could be ignored,
bullied and brow-beaten in post-war years.
As American diplomacy began going back on
the Yalta and Potsdam Agreements and the
U. N. O. Charter, Soviet diplomacy exposed
them at every step and on every issue and on
all availabie occasions inside and outside the
U. N. O. Soviet diplomats made concrete
proposals that will remove the causes of tension,
ensure peace and lead to international co-
operation. The result has been that the
American rulers stand exposed, before a grow-
ing number of peoples, including their own, as
self seeking, power-mad, war-mongering poli-
ticians who do not honestly seek settlement,
but would either dictate to, or threaten others,
to have their way. In the world of today, the
side that loses the ideological-moral battle in
the judgment of honest leaders of thought and
men, loses more than half the battle. The
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aims of American Imperialists are being un-
masked by the principled and patient Soviet
diplomacy. The American Imperialists are
driven to drug their own people with war
hysteria and to rely upon the thoroughly
discredited weapon of anti-Communism.
The American Imperialists had bargained
that the war-devastated Soviet Economy will
need American aid for its own rehabilitation,
while the rest of the world will be available to
them for their unhindered economic penetration.
But, the reality under Stalin's Post-war Five-
Year Plan turned out to be otherwise. The
Soviet leadership relying upon the honest will
to labour of the Soviet workers and collective
farmers not only fulfilled the Five-Year Plan in
four years, not only crossed the pre-war figures
in every branch of national economy, but was
able to actively aid the rehabilitation of the
East European People's Democracies whose
leaders had spurned the enslaving entanglements
of the Marshall Plan. Wise Socialist planning
defeated greedy capitalist calculations.
The result is that when the Soviet leaders passion-
ately declare that a peaceful co-existence of different
social systems in the world is possible and necessary
and challenge capitalism to peacefully compete with
Socialism, the American Imperialists start raving and
slandering, the last resort of those who know they are
losing.
Fiasco of Amrican plans in Europe
The Dollar Imperialists had planned to restore
capitalism in post-war Europe. They counted
their chickens too early. Half of Europe-the
Eastern half, set its face firmly against the old
capitalist-feudal order and is stoutly marching
towards Socialism in closest alliance with the
U.S.S.R. In the other half-the Western half,
Imperialists were more successful because of
the occupation of these countries by Anglo-
American armies which enabled the reactionary
politicians of these countries to stage a political
come-back.
Seeing through experience that the Mar-
shall Plan has made their countries Ameri-
can colonies, and resenting American inter-
ference in their national-political life, and
realising the consequences of letting their sol-
diers, sailors and airmen become American
mercenaries, the democratic peoples of
Western Europe are seeing that the path of
their present rulers, the American puppets, is
the path of national slavery, popular misery
and ultimately mass human butchery. The
peoples of Western Europe, therefore, are
building broad-based and growing peace move-
ments which in important countries like France
and Italy have become mighty mass movements
and are headed by strong Communist Parties.
Today, no honest observer will say that
Western Europe is safe for the American Impe-
rialists. They cannot count on its support for
their war-plans, because the people themselves
are turning against their plans. On the other
hand, independent neutrals frankly state that if the
American Imperialists provoke a Europeon war the
Western Europe will be lost to Communism in no time,
i.e., it will go out of the imperialist orbit and into the
hands of its own peoples. Such is the growing
weakness of the American position in Western
Europe and such the emerging awakening of
the people.
Asia has become a volcano for them
The Imperialist circles had hoped that with
some adaptations, and minor reshuffles they
will be able to retain or regain their Asiatic
colonies.
Their first big shock, from which they took
long to recover, was when the Chinese people
decisively rejected the regime of Chiang Kai-
sliek and all the plans of American strategists
remained on paper despite millions of dollars
sunk to stabilise Chiang's Government, despite
millions of tons of equipment to aid his armies
in the field..
Decisively defeated but yet undeterred, the
American Imperialists fell back on the three-
pronged MacArthur attack on People's China-
in the north through Korea, in the south
through Viet-Nam, and on the central mainland
from Formosa. The MacArthur plan has been
buried in the plains and high-lands of Korea,
and the five-starred General has had to face
disgrace and dismissal.
Instead of a restoration of the pre-war status-quo,
all the Imperialist rulers of the world are faced with
armed national liberation struggles in various South-
East Asian countries.
Even in the sleepy Middle East a new
national liberation upsurge is gathering strength
and Imperialist puppets have to jail thousands
of patriots and resort to martial-law in order to
keep themselves in power. The Anglo-Ameri-
can rivalry over oil has become so acute that
their native agents are using the method of as-
sasination to outmanoeuvre each other and serve
their respective imperialist masters.
The Asiatic Colonial World, thus, far from being
the main reserve of World Imperialism, has become its
main problem today. The imperialist war-
mongers are being forced to realise that the
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continuous supply of essential and strategic raw
materials from the colonies cannot be taken
for granted, nor any large-scale recruitment
of colonial man-power for their future war
against the U.S.S.R. and China. The more
far-sighted of the Imperialist statesmen are
already panicky over their colonial rear crack-
ing faster than it can be patched up.
Alliance of Puppets breaking
The American Imperialists united the reac-
tionary politicians inside every country into
an American Party, they won over the Right-
wing Socialist and Labour leaders who had
begun to disdain the very class on whose
shoulders they had risen to political and mass
leadership and learn to respect the opinions
of their master class and they were only too
willing to denounce Communism as "authorit-
arian" and "dictatorial" and glorify capitalism
as "democratic socialism" and popularise
American war-plans as peace projects.
The American Imperialists seemed to
succeed for a while. Even the once roaring
British lion began acting as the lap-dog of
Lady Dollar. But this pro-imperialist, anti-
democratic, war-mongering alliance of reaction
could never be stabilised. Lenin had forecast
long ago that capitalists, who cannot but
follow the law of dog eat dog, can never build
a lasting unity among themselves. Whatever
American diplomacy wa; able to achieve in
the first post-war years in the nature of build-
ing an Alliance of Puppets has begun showing
signs of serious strain in the last two years.
The squabbles over the distribution of
Marshall Aid appear small before the problem
of getting the so-called "Atlantic countries"
make their just contribution. Each wants the
maximum of Ameri an money and equipment
and is prepared to contribute the least in men
to serve as cannon-fodder in America's anti-
Soviet war.
The more real the implications of German
re-armament become for the peoples who were
the victims of German aggression, the more
their panic increases, and the less possible the
American puppets find to defend the American
alliance before their bewilderd peoples. Same
with the re-armament of Japan in the east.
The first threat to use the atom bomb by
Truman led Attlee rushing to Washington.
The load of American-dictated British rearma-
ment has already split the loyal British Cabinet.
In Korea the defeat of the American Army,
led by their greatest General, equipped with
all the weapons that American efficiency could
produce, at the hands of the Korean Liberation
Army and the heroic Chinese Volunteers, with-
out the real weight of the Chinese People's
Liberation Army being thrown in, without the
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Soviet Air Force and the Soviet Armies coming
in to the field, has convinced the world that
the American side is the losing side. Such a fiasco
of American arms and leadership as witnessed
in Korea cannot but have a devastating effect
on the morale and the internal unity of the
American Puppets.
The American plans are not succeeding.
They are being exposed and checkmated by
Soviet diplomacy; they are being disrupted by
popular action and wherever they have resorted
to military intervention, they are being
defeated by military action.
Danger of War has become acuter
But the Imperialists would not be imperi-
alists if they took. their defeat 1,:ing down.
The less the people listen to their propaganda,
the louder they lie to inject the backward.
The more they lose, the more desperate they
grow. From propagnda of war, they passed
on to preparations for war, and have actually
started local wars in two sectors of Asia, in
Korea and Viet-Nam, and in Europe they are
already trying provocation against the People's
Democracies through the Tito gang from
Yugoslavia.
The one historic lession of the last 100
years of Imperialist domination, which Lenin
first pointed out in his famous classic
"Imperialism-the Last Phase of Capitalism" is that
war is in the nature of Imperialism; it is the
law of its life.
The one historic lesson, driven home into
the heads of millions of intelligent men, of the
last two world wars, is that diplomatic checks
in peace-time do not make the imperialist
warmongers adopt the path of reason, on the
other contrary, they go more & more hypocri-
tical and hysterical and take to actual prepa-
rations for war; that defeat in local wars does
not convince the war-makers that their future
is doomed, on the contrary, they think that
only through bigger wars will they win their
real aims. Such were the calculations and the
practice of Hitler, Mussolini and Tojo. Such
is the case with the Anglo-American Imperiali-
sts today.
There is no guarantee of lasting peace in
the world until the Imperialist ruling classes
and their reactionary puppets are hounded
out of political life inside their own countries
and successfully prevented from interfering
in the lives of other countrles.
Hence the very defeats of the Anglo-American
plans in the past five post-war years are a call for
more vigilance, for bringing about a still greater
awareness of the issues involved among the broad
masses of the peoples of all countries, for uniting and
consolidating the camp of peace and democracy more
and more.
Peace depends upon the People
The basic issues remain unsettled; the dan-
ger of war remains real; it is true that the war-
mongers have been thrown on the defen-
sive, but millions of people have yet to be
educated, activised, organised and thrown
into action in defence of peace.
In February this year, the Pravda corres-
pondent asked Stalin the one question agitat-
ing the minds of all intelligent people; "What
will be the outcome of this struggle of the
aggressive and the peace-loving forces ?"
Stalin gave the following answer in his tra-
ditionally clear cut manner:
"Peace will be preserved and strengthened if the
people take into their own hands the cause of the
preservation of peace and defend it to the end. War
may become inevitable if the war-mongers succeed in
enmeshing the popular masses in a net of lies,
deceiving them and drawing them into another war.
"This is the reason why a broad campaign for
the preservation of peace, as a means for exposing
the criminal machinations of the warmongers is now
of paramount signi--fccance.
The issue and the task of the day could not
be put into simpler and more truthful words.
Russia, China and India shall decide
The active role of the people the world over
is the need of the hour. Lenin underlined the
historic importance of the Indian people in
a manner from which the anti-imperialist lead-
ers of the Indian people cannot but derive an
urgent sense of their own duty. Scanning the
world situation after the end of World War I
and the victory of the Russian Revolution the
eagley-eed Lenin confidently prophesied:
"In the last analysis the upshot of the struggle
will be determined by the fact that Russia, India
and China etc., account for the overwhelming majority
of the population of the globe. And it is precisely
this majority that during the past few years has been
drawn into the struggle for emancipation with extra-
ordinary rapidity, so that in this respect there
cannot be the slightest shadow of doubt what
the final outcome of the world struggle will
be. In this sense the complete victory of
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Socialism is July and absolutely assured."
(Lenin: "Better Fewer, But Better,"
Pravda, March 4, 1923).
Let us recall where did Russia and China
stood then and where do they stand now? And
contrast their position with ours, only to realise
acutely that our feet have to march Paster to
catch up with our great neighbours and historic
allies. Geography, history and our own
national aims proclaim aloud: Russia, China and
India together can decisively change the course of human
history, against Imperialist warmongers, and towards
the liberation, peace and prosperity of humanity.
The Indian patriots cannot but derive new
and limitless self-confidence by grasping she
full significance of the strength of our allies.
Our North-Western Ally
Soviet Russia was struggling for life after
World War I. After World War II it is head-
i:ig the world-wide anti-imperialist democratic
peace camp. In the relatively short span I.-
30 years, it is such a historic forward lead,
at the head of progressive humanity, that
only a wisely directed family of Socialist
nations like the U.S.S.R. could confidently
take.
The Russians have earned their leading
place through the blood of their countless
martyrs, through the sweat of their toilers
and through the wisdom of their leaders.
They staged the first successful popular re-
volution in the Epoch of Revolutions. They
were the first to build Socialism in their
country. They played the foremost part in
the defeat of Fascist Imperialists in World
War II. They unmasked Anglo-American
post-war plans for world domination and
for launching World War III. They have
offered practical plans to save peace and
ensure international co-operation.
POLITICALLY, the unity of the Soviet
State is based on the highest form of peoples'
democracy and equality of nations yet
achieved by mankind. Behind Stalin are men
and women enjoying the fruits of Socialism and
engaged in building Communism. Truman
is sitting on the top of a volcano of disconten-
ted slaves of capital, of nations robbed of
their independence, of coloured races suffer-
ing discrimination, oppression and lynchings.
MILITARILY,the might of the Red Army
was tested against what was once supposed
to be the unconquerable German Army.
Stalin has successfully carried out the behest
of Lenin, to raise and train the Red Army
to be able to defeat any combination of Impe-
rialist powers. The German and the Japanese
Imperialists challenged it during World War
II and lost half of Europe and a good part of
Asia to the people. If the Anglo-American
Imperialists dare challenge it, they will. lose
the remaining parts of Europe and Asia.
ECONOMICALLY, the capitalist leaders
are pursuing policies which worsen problems
all round and intensify the economic crisis,
while the Soviet leaders have completed
the Post-War Five-Year Plan in only 4 years
and 3 months and have achieved a magnifi-
cient success. The industrial output in 1950
was 73% above that of 1940. The 1950
grain harvest surpassed the 1940 harvest
by 345 million poods. Soviet citizens have
received 4 major price reductions and large
wage increases. Against this the economy
of capitalist countries presents a picture of
stagnation and decay.
During the last twenty years the average
level of production in U. S. A. increased
about two per cent annually; but in the
U. S. S. R. it increased by twenty per cent.
Thus, the tempo of the growth of Socialist
economy is ten times that of the most powerful
capitalist country in the world . Who will.
doubt that Socialism will surpass capitalism
in our own day and under our own eyes. ?
In the U. S. S. R., atomic energy is
being put to peaceful uses; mountains are
being blasted, course of rivers changed, whole
deserts irrigatedto become fields and pastures;
the very climate and nature are being changed.
Who would want his country remain
yoked to the dying Capitalism, instead of
learning from and cooperating with the
rising Socialism.
INTERNATIONALLY, the strength and
the influence of the U. S. S. R. are grow-
ing. New states have risen on its borders
which are bound with it in closest alliance;
450 million strong People's Republic in the
cast and 150 million strong Peoples' Democra-
cies in the West. Its policy of World Peace
of achieving peaceful co-existence of the
Capitalist and the Socialist systems and
freedom for all nations has found a world
wide popular base through the emergence
of the World Peace Congress which mobilised
50 crores of people against the atom bomb
and plans to rally more for the Pact of Peace.
It is India's furtune to have such a strong
prosperous and peaceful neighbour on its north-west.
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Our North-Eastern Ally
The victory of the Chinese Revolution
has soul-stirring significance that the cause
of Asian liberation has won its greatest victory
and a mighty bastion of peace, democracy
and freedom manned by 450 million Free
Asians has emerged on the Asian soil.
All the weight of the Chinese diplomacy
in alliance with the U. S. S. R. will be
thrown on the side of defeating the Imper-
ialist plans in Asia and ensuring the with-
drawal of foreign Imperialist troops from all
Asian countries.
Every Asian country can feel secure against
imperialist military intervention by entering into
a mutual assistance pact with the People, Repub-
lic of China.
The Mao leadership is putting through
plans to transform China into a great modern
industrial nation with Soviet assistance, and
is offering trade on equal terms and in mutual
interest to all Asian countries and above all
to our country. The Dollar Imperialists are
rebuilding Japan under the slogan of coopera-
tion between an industrial Japan and
an agricultural South-East Asia.
Protector of Asian nations
From the Imperialist side, the economic
pressure on all Asian countries wil be to keep
us as agricultural and backward countries
producing cheap raw materials for their
industries and aggressive war plans. From
the Chinese side will come the inspiring
example of how a free nation transforms the
old colonial and feudal order into a new
democratic and well-balanced industrial
agricultural economy serving all the needs of
its people.
The agrarian reforms have already changed
the chronically famine and flood stricken Kuo-
mintang China into a prosperous food-ex
porting People's China, as we know it from our
own experience. As new industrialisat ion plans
get into stride, new happy prospects will
arise before every Asian nation which is in
friendly cooperation with People's China.
In the wake of the victory of the Chinese
National Revolution, a new Cultural Renais-
sance is taking place. Mass illiteracy is
being rapidly eradicated. Intellectuals-leaders
of an ancient nation-are educating themselves
anew in the science of Marxisn-Leninism,
the science which when applied skilfully and
correctly by the Mao leadership led to the
victory of their Revolution. When the leaders
of the Chinese thought and culture start
applying this new science to various branches of
knowledge, China will make new contribu-
tions to world culture.
It is India's good fortune to have such a rising
anti-imperialist, peaceful power as our north-
eastern neighbour.
WHEN THE INDIAN PEOPLE REALISE THAT
THEIR TRUE PLACE IS WITH THE U. S. S. R.
AND THE PEOPLE'S CHINA INSIDE THE ANTI-
IMPERIALIST PEACE CAMP, THE PRESENT WORLD
SITUATION WILL BE RADICALLY TRANSFORMED,
THE ANGLO-AMERICAN WAR PLANS SUFFER
MAJOR DEFEAT, THE CAMP OF PEACE SCORE A
DECISIVE VICTORY AND LENIN'S HISTORIC PRO-
PHECY COME TO LIFE.
Informed Indians spontaneously contrast
Mountbatten-created and Nehru-led India
with Mao-led People's Republic of China.
The anti-American feeling in our country today
is a growing mass feeling. The moral and
material strength of the U. S. S. R., despite the
anti-Soviet propaganda in Big Business press
is being increasingly realised by all sections of
the people The Tass publication "Sovietland"
and specially its editions in Indian langu-
ages are having record sales. The mass
of our people true to their anti-imperialist,
peace-loving traditions are growingly be-
coming anti.. American and pro-Chinese and
pro-Soviet.
What of our ruling class ?
II Zigzags of Nehru's Foreign Policy
T HE British-imposed deadlock had left
India without a National Government
for the entire war period. When the San
Francisco Conference met for the foundation of
the U. N. 0., the British-nominated delegation
from our country was led by the quisling
knight Ramaswamy Mudaliar. The Congress
Working Committee was yet in jail but Gandhiji
was out and he denounced this misrepresen-
tation of India and declared :
"Real peace can onJ be based on freedom and
equality of all races and nations......exploitation
and domination of one nation over another can have
no place in a world striving to put an end to
all wars.
"An indispensable preliminary to peace is the
complete freedom of India from all foreign control.
"Independent India is pledged and prepared for
international cooperation, which may take the
form of a World Federation."
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Molotov's helping hand Caretaker Government, under Ranganadhan
These words could not but find sympathe-
tic response among lovers of peace and
friends of freedom. Forty members of the
British Parliament demanded the release of
Congress leaders enabling Indian represen-
tation at'Frisco by representatives of a National
Indian Government. Molotov threw Soviet
weight on the Indian side when he stated :
"The delegationfrom India represented a country
which was not independent...... We are confident,
the time will come when the voice of independent
India will be heard."
When the problem of colonies came up
Molotov again stated:
"The Soviet delegation realises that from the
point of view of international security we must first
of all see to it that dependent countries are enabled
as soon as possible to take the path of national in-
dependence. The Soviet delegation will take active
part in the consideration of this problem in its entire y."
Even the correspondent of the Hindustan
Times, J. J. Singh was stirred into writing:
"I confess that when Mr. Molotov read this
-1 clause (quoted above) my eyes moistened. I felt
an indescribable thrill. Here was a great and power-
ful nation striking out forcibly and in unmistakable
terms for the `national independence' of all peoples"
1. The First Flush
The Congress leadership utilised the post-
war national upsurge to strike a compromise
with the British Government. After compli-
cated negotiations, the Interim Government
with Nehru as the Vice-President was formed
on September 2, 1946.
Nehru outlined his foreign policy in the
first press Conference. He declared that hence-
forth :
India's foreign policy will be independent
of the policy of White Hall;
India will support veto in the U. N. Char-
ter for the sake of Big Power unanimity;
India will stand for Colonial freedom;
Indian men and money will not be used for
the suppression of national movements in
other countries; and
India will fight against South African
treatment of Indians.
They were bold new words; but at the
Paris Peace Conference the Indian dele-
gation, which was nominated by the earlier
MAY 1951
continued to side with the British on some
vital issues.
At the First Session of the U. N. 0. General
Assembly (end of 1946) India and the Soviet
acted together on the issues of
(i) the South African racial discrimination
against Indians;
(ii) the South African plan to annex South-
West Africa;
(iii) Setting up Trusteeship Council in a
manner as to provide democratic checks
against Imperialist oppression; and
(iv) the retention of the veto system.
Imperialist circles did not like this orienta-
tion of India inside the U. N. 0. and put
pressure. Indian delegate justice Chagla sum-
mated the position as follows:
"Our instructions from the Government of India
were that we should consider every question that
Came up before the United .Nations on its merits and
decide accordingly.
"As it happened Russia and her group did support
its strongly on the South African issue, and on
certain other questions we found ourselves taking
the same line as the Russians. But at, no time did
we blindly vote with the Russian group."
Mrs. Pandit, the leader of the Indian
delegation stated :
"The Soviet approach to most problems has been
somewhat more liberal than that of Britain and
the United States".
So deep was the stirring of national feeling
within India in recognition of the Soviet
support to the cause of India and of colonial
freedom that even Ashok Mehta was driven to
write in the Blitz:
"We acknowledge with gratitude and pride
the debt we owe to Russia for the unstinted support
given to India in the hour of need."
Asian Relations Conference
India carried forward her new role to
pursue an independent foreign policy and aid
Asian freedom when the Nehru Government
took initiative to summon in New Delhi
the inter-Asian Relations Conference (April,
1947).
From its platform Nehru denounced
Imperialist domination and proclaimed Asian
nations' determination to be free:
"For too long we of Asia have been petitioners
in western Courts and Chancelleries in the past.
We propose to stand on our own feet and cooperate
with all others who are prepared to cooperate with
us. We do not intend to be the plaything of others."
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Vacillations start
These rousing declarations and unanimous
reports and resolutions were essentially sound.
Subsequent events were to prove whether they
were empty words or meant to be seriously
implemented. China was yet under the
Chiang regime which under American Imperialist
inspiration and guidance was planning to
unleash a gigantic civil war. The South-East
Asian countries were in the midst of their
national struggles. In the middle east, Anglo-
American rivalries were becoming acuter, but
the joint front to drown the rising local anti-
imperialist democratic movements was also
in operation. The role of India was, there-
fore, decisive in the coming months and years.
This phase of India adopting an indepen-
dent policy also led to the establishment of
diplomatic relations with the U. S. S. R.
in April, 1947. Imperialist pressure to pre-
vent and delay establishment of normal
relations with our great. neighbour did not
succeed, but the pro-imperialist anti-Soviet
reactionaries immediately manoeuvred and
got all the facilities for stepping up foul and
slanderous anti-Soviet propaganda in the
Indian press and invading our Universities
and utilising all the channels of information
(e. g, the A. I. R. ) and public instruction.
At the third session of the U. N. O.
General Assembly (autumn, 1947) Indian
representatives began to vacillate; the duality
of Indian stand puzzled the fiiend.s of India
as it roused into. criticism the advanced Indian
democrats.
India and the Soviet acted together and
aided the cause of peace, national self-deter..
mination and international co-operation on
the following important issues: the retention
of veto in the U. N. O. Charter ; Palestine;
the Indonesian cease-fire; the South African
plan to annex the South-West Africa; the
question. of withdrawal of foreign troops from
Greece; the question of submitting to the
U. N. C), information about colonies; and the
issue of the Trusteeship Council.
India supports Imperialists
But on some very important issues India
supported the Anglo-Amrican camp and aided
their anti-democratic plans.
In the name of acting the conciliator bet-
ween Great Powers, India stood neutral on
the question of ratification of the Italian
Peace Treaty. Ratification would have led
to prompt withdrawal of Anglo-American
troops from Italy. India offered it under
American pressure.
Indian representatives supported Anglo-
American Imperialists for the first time on the
issue of setting up the Little Assembly
in violation of the U. N. O. Charter,
diminishing the authority of the Security
Council and by-passing the veto right and
thus moulding U. N. O. into an Anglo-
American Imperialist agency with the aid
of the fake majority of the puppet states.
On the Korean issue, the Indian delegation
supported the American game.
The U. S. had proposed that under U. S.
supervision elections be held in both zones,
a Government formed and then troops of occu-
pying powers be withdrawn.
The Soviet demanded that the represen-
tatives of the Korean people be heard on the
matter, and proposed that the occupying
powers first withdraw their forces and then
elections be held and a Korean Democratic
Government be established.
India's responsibility for Korean War
The Indian delegation intervened with a
compromise proposal. It proposed U. N. O.
control, instead of supervision of the elections,
but the troops of the occupying powers were
to be withdrawn after elections. Thus the crux
of the American proposal was taken over.
The first chairman of the U N. O.
Commission for Korea was an Indian repre-
scantative and he obediently dittoed everything
Washington suggested.
JVehrn Government thus bears the political
moral responsibility for the later open military
American aggression against the heroic Korean
people. Indian Government aided the American
plans and preparations for the same.
And what has been India's reward? Only this
that the American . Imperialists are now
trying to impose on the Nehru Government,
the same proposals for Kashmir which it had
itself prepared .or the Koreans earlier. Historic
retribution stares Nehru Government in the
face.
Why did the Nehru Government start
going back upon its declared aim of indepen-
dent foreign Policy ?
Because of August 15, 1947!
The deal between the Indian big
capitalists, represented by the Congress
leadership, and the . British Government
had been struck. India was to declare itself'
a Republic but stay inside the British empire;
i. e., the Congress leadership had agreed
INDIA TO-DAY
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and Pacrfic Pacts a link
not only to retain the colonial status quo in membership of the Atlantic f
India as an intergral part of British Imperialist would be secured with defence arrangements o Europe..
artici-
dian
I
h
structure but had volunteerily agreed to let
India be integrated with British Imperialist
"Defence" (i. e., War) strategy.
Nehru Government was playing at power
politics so far, exploiting Anglo-American
contradictions on the one hand and the Imper-
rialist and Soviet contradictions on the other.
With the 15th of August, the phase of pressure
tactics and noble words ended, and then began
Pandit Mountbatten KiJai and Lord Nehru Ki Jai.
Nehru Government's foreign policy staged
a right about turn into the Imperialist group.
2. The Phase of Retreat
(August 15, 1947 to early 1950)
The price of 15th of August Mountbatten-
Nehru settlement was that practical steps
to coordinate Indian economy and strategy
with British went ahead and Nehru's voice
became the Asian voice of Anglo-American
Imperialism.
Strategic Coordination
Through a series of commonwealth
Conferences Indo-British economic and
strategic links were strengthened anew. Our
military equipment is patterned upon and is
exclusively secured from Anglo-American
sources. Our Commander-in chief was groomed
for the job by the British themselves. Our
Naval and Air Chiefs are British and so are
all technical military advisers.
Nehru's Government was "fully consulted"
on the text of the ATLANTIC- PACT and it
"whole-heartedly consented" to Britain
joining the Pact. Indian Government linked
up her defence with Britain and supported
Britain linking up with U. S. A. and its
Atlantic puppets, and, thus, we became part
of the Anglo-American global strategic chain.
Nehru Government participated both in the
secret and the public discussions of the
PACIFIC PACT. India was represented at
the Baguio Conference by the notorious British
puppet Ramaswamy Mudaliar. Dr. Evatt,
Australian Minister, who was playing - a
leading role in the negotiations, stated after
consultation with Bevin:
"Such a pact would be on the lines of the Sorth
Atlantic Pact.... Countries certain to be included
in any first approach for membership of the pact are
believed to be the U. S. A., Canada, Britain,
Australia, New Zealand and India. By dual
p
n
e
The Pacific Pact and t
pation in it would have fructified but for the
emergence of People's China. The moment
Nehru Government realised that this new rising
major Asiatic power would denounce and
oppose the Pacific Pact in the East as resohrtely
as the U. S. S. R. was opposing the Atlantic
Pact in the West, it retreated.
Economic penetration
The long drawn negotiations with Britain
and other Empire countries have crystallised
in the form of the Colombo Plan under which
our economy is condemned to remain colonial,
i.e., go on producing raw and strategic
materials for imperialist needs and remain
industrially backward and dependent.
An Indo-American Air Pact was signed
early in 1947, on the basic of equality between
the gaint America and the infant India.
Airlines, Airmen and Aircraft of 3 big American
Air Companies are getting acclimatised to
our climate, landscape, etc.
American penetration has come through
other channels too. Early in 1949, an American-
dominated World Bank Mission made a
thorough survey not only of the projects for
which loan was demanded by India but also of
the over-all economic and financial resources
of our country.
Another American-dominated Mission
carne from the International Monetary Fund
to consider loans of Rs. 540 crores for the
reconstruction of country's airfields and
Rs. 300 crores for building an `Indian'
Navy under a British Admiral and with
ships from British and American yards.
It is not only that the Nehru Government
has been going to Anglo-American monopoly
capitalists for economic `aid', but has also been
yielding to their pressure not to enter into
normal (and to us more profitable) economic
relations with the U. S. S. R., the People's
China and the East European countries.
The cat is out of the bag inside the
American Congress where the shameless
demand is being openly made that if we
want American food to fight our famine we
must not only pay for it but also mortgage
our foreign policy and become enemies of the
U. S. S. R, and the P eople's China and
endanger our national security.
MAY 1951
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Against Asian Freedom
Earlier, Nehru had spoken for Asian
freedom. In this phase of his foreign policy
he struck a series of blows against the freedom'
struggles of the Asian countries.
After the renewed Dutch. aggression in
Indonesia in the winter of 1948 there was
universal demand for firm action by the
U: N. O:, and solidarity action by Asian
nations.
Earlier Soviet and India had worked
together. This time India and U. S. A.,
worked together. Indian delegate, Rama
Rau at the U. N. O. dropped the demand
of an immediate cease-fire and total with-
drawal of Dutch trrops.
Nehru Government took initiative to
summon an Asian Conference on Indonesia
but did not invite the Asiatic Soviet
Republics to it. It is no wonder that U. S.
Ambassador in India, Loy Henderson was
able to forecast that this Conference would
have a "constructive effect."
The Conference did denounce Dutch
Aggression in the preamble of its resolution,
but in the operative part, it endorsed the
American plan on crucial issues.
Thus, the authority of the Republican
leaders was confined to the Residency of
Jogjakarta.
The Republican Government was forced
to become part of an Interim Government
together with the old pro-imperialist non-
Republicans.
Dutch troops were given three months
to smash up guerilla resistance and they could
be used later to " restore law and order".
The New York Times correspondent reported
that Loy Henderson played a significant role
to make the final resolution " moderate and
workable."
The organ of the British oligarchy the
London Economist commended the Delhi con-
ference as an example of " what can be done with
Asian nationalism if handled aright."
Help to Nu; abuses to Malayan patriots
New Delhi also became the venue of an-
other " informal Conference on Burma " where
'Fhakin Nu was promised support against the
Communists and other patriots (in the form of
arms and money) and pressure was exerted on
him to settle with the pro-British Karens.
After this the London Economist characterised
Nehru as a " statcman of genius" and
explained
"He had first assembed the nations of Asia for
consideration of the Indonesian question and incidentally
taken the wind out of Russia's anti-imperialist sails by
giving leadership to Asian opinion on the subject. .
.He has now brought together a family council
of the Commonweath in such a way that neither is
Britain exposed to the charge of reviving Imperialism
by intervention in Burma, nor is India left alone to
cope with a very unpleasant situation on its eastern
borders.
Nehru went on a goodwill visit to Indo-
nesia and on the way back touched at
Singapore where he publicly fraternised and
feasted with the British butchers of the
Malayan patriots as a State Guest and roundly
denounced the guerillas. This he did know-
ing that the majority of the Indians living in
Malaya, true to the national tradition of their
homeland, were anti-British ; knowing that
the best sons of the Indian plantation workers
and employees in Malaya were among the
heroic guerilla fighters; knowing that they
had made a proud contribution even in
numbers martyred in the united armed
struggle of Indians, Chinese and Malays for
the sacred cause of Malayan independence
and democratic rights.
It was no sudden outburst on Nehru's
part. The basis for this new friendliness with
the British rulers and this hostility towards the
freedom fighters of colonial conntries had been
laid when as a part of the 15th August settle-
ment, Nehru Government had agreed to let a
section of the Gurkhas in the old Indian Army
join the British Army. Those very Gurkhas
were now being used against the Malayan
anti-imperialist struggle.
India's reward: Intervention in Kashmir
Indian reactionaries had thought that for their
servile pro-Imperialism the least price they would get,
would be Anglo-American support over Kashmir.
What they really got was a public sermon. from
Attlee and Truman to accept arbitration and stop
talking in terms of national self-respect and just
democratic principles.
Verbal protests were, of course, made but
the Dixon Mission, proposed by the Anglo-
American representatives, was accepted, which
tried to entangle India into accepting some
variant of the Anglo-American plan for the
strategic Kashmir.
Servility to Imperialists could only get in
return calls to surrender and never solidarity
in a just cause.
12-
INDIA Tb-DAY
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1. New shift : 1950 -
The above headlong march into and along
with the Imperialist camp was disrupted and
halted by the rise of the Chinese People's
Republic and the events that followed.
The American strategists had not bargained
for such a rapid loss of China. They had hoped
that with the aid of their countless dollars
and up to date equipment, Chiang Kai-shek
would hold on a substantial part of China, at
least, up to the time they prepared the ground,
diplomatically and militarily, for a large-scale
American war on the Chinese soil.
Secondly, because the Kuomintang regime
had begun to stink in the nostrils of decent men
the world over through the exposure of its
own nepotism, corruption and inefficiency
(all of which was inevitable under native
reaction representing feudal-compradore
interests in a backward colonial conntry),
the Anglo-American rulers planned to build up
Nehru as the wise Asian statesman and he
had past reputation for anti-imperialism and
progressivism. Hence the Anglo-American
diplomats directed a campaign of fulsome
flattery of Nehru to exploit Indian national
sentiment. They organised pressure at all
the weak spots of the Indian situation and
life to get the needed surrender by the Nehru
Government to their plans. Sadly for them,
this plan too could not come to full fruition.
Chinese Revolution: main reason of shift
The rapid victories of the People's Libera.
tion Army against Chiang Kai-shek convinced
even the friends of the Anglo-American
Imperialists in India that the American plans
for the reconquest of China were still-born.
Gradually the significance of the birth of'
Peoples' Republic of China began to dawn:
that China was no more the sick man of
Asia and 45 crores of people were actually
up on their feet; that China was no more
only potentially a great power but had begun
to act as such, both on the dimplomatic and
military planes; that the biggest nation of Asia
through its own liberation had suddenly
advanced to the position of leadership of
Asia. Indian ruling circles could not just
whisk this reality away from their calculations.
As the American aggressive plans for the
whole of Asia, of direct or indirect control
and domination of every Asian country, began
unfolding themselves, even the bourgeois
nationalist circles in colonial countries, and
MAY, 1951
above all in India, began realising that to
directly aid American plans is to heavily lose
face before their own people.
Korea exposes America's feet of clay
The American military disasters in Korea
spot-lighted the entire actual situation: that
a determined freedom-loving people, even of such a
small nation as Korea, can defeat and shake to its
very foundations the aggressive military might of
America; that the American ship even in Asian
waters was a sinking ship.
The politically experienced Indian big
bourgeois leadership began acting as even rats
do inside a sinking ship and Nehru Govern-
ment registered new shifts in its foreign policy,
away from the direction it was rushing down
and towards the course it had turned its back
upon, though stilt remaining yoked to its
15th of August moorings.
Nehru Government's welcome steps
in this phase Nehru Government began
disentangling itself' from the logical conse-
quences of its earlier and growing pro-
imperialist alignment and on specific issues
took a positive stand for the preservation of
peace and demarcated itself from the rabid
proposals of the war-mongers.
Korea: It first supported the illegal
Anglo-American resolution and blessed Ame-
rican aggression as United Nations' action.
But as the American and puppet armies began
reeling back under North Korean patriotic
blows, it took bold initiative for a peaceful
settlement of the Korean issue. Stalin wel-
comed it, but Acheson turned itRown. It
has, therefore, thrown its diplomatic weight
to localise the conflict. It roundly denounced
Truman threat to use the atom bomb and
helped to prevent the power-mad, U. S. rulers
from putting this threat into practice. Despite
these correct and concrete steps to save world
peace, the Nehru Government has not yet
renounced its earlier support to the illegal
U. N. 0. resolution and has instead, sent a
Medical Unit to Korea which is serving as a
part of the British Empire forces in the field.
China: India's was the first Government
outside the Soviet-led anti-imperialist camp
to recognise the Chinese People's Republic
and ever since it has been strongly pressing
for admission of People's China into the U. N.
0. and for the seating of its representative in
his rightful place in the Security Council.
Inside the U. N. 0., it opposed the Anglo-
American proposal to denounce People's China
as the aggressor, though it did not support the
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Soviet proposal to denounce actual and real
American aggression despite violation of the
Chinese air, blockade of the Chinese coast,
occupation of Chinese territory in Taiwan and
the bombings of Chinese towns. It - -)t imper-
missibly upset over the assertion of Chinese
suzerainty over Tibet.
American War Propaganda and Agg-
ressive Plans: In a series of speeches and
statements beginning from the second half of
last year, Nehru has denounced the key slogan
of Anglo-American warmongers of a preventive
anti Soviet war to win the next world war to
win world peace. This upset the Imperialists,
for it, discredited them in Asia and isolated
them in their own countries. This aided the
Peace Partisans, for it enabled them to win new
and hitherto vacillating elements to support the
crusade for lasting peace by saving peace now.
In the latest session of the U. N. O.
General Assembly, the Indian representative
opposed the Acheson Plan to revise the
Charter and turn the U. N. O. away from
its original purposes of safeguarding peace
and subordinate U. N. O. to U. S. State
Department dictation, acting as its inter-
national mask.
Kashmir: The Indian Government has
refused to accept the Anglo-American Resolu-
tion passed by the Security Council which will
bring foreign troops on the Kashmir soil and
subordinate its democratic Government to the
arbitrary will of an American nominee.
Food and Strategic Materials: It has
needed tl c pressure of menacing famine condi-
tionsbefore the Nehru Government took the risk
of displeasing the Dollar Monopolists and
entered into negotiations for food deals with
China and the U.S.S.R. But the fraternal
willingness of these countries and the easy and
cheap terms offered did not prevent the Indian
Government from giving monazite concession
to the war-mongers--the avowed enemies of
India's friends who arc sending food in her
time of need.
4. Whither India's Foreign Policy?
The zigzags of' Nehru's foreign policy are
the result of the push and pull between the
Indian big capitalists and the Anglo-American
Imperialists.
Peace-loving democrats the world over
were as greatly disappointed over the pro-
imperialist orientation of India's foreign policy
following the 15th of August as they arc now
looking with new hope towards India after a
series of initiatives for peace by the Indian
Government in the recent past.
Progressive patriots under Congress in-
fluence feel as proud of the new orientation of
Nehru's foreign policy as they are discontented
over his internal policy.
Indian Lefts tended to ignore the signi-
ficance of these new shifts in Indian foreign
policy, which were themselves a reflection
of bigger shifts on the world scene. Late
awakening to reality never starts with a clear
headed understanding and the mind registers
extreme swings. Indian Lefts for the time being
are sharply divided. Some tend to indulge in
uncritical glorification of Nehru's foreign
policy, ignoring its vacillations and contra-
dictions. Others tend to ignore its objectively
progressive role on crucial specific issues
in the wider struggle of war versus peace.
A correct understanding that neither
surrenders to false national pride, nor shuts its
eyes to living reality, is urgently called for.
India under Nehru, by the very limitations
imposed upon Indian sovereignty under
15th of August compromise, is. a part of the
British Empire whose rulers have mortgaged
and subordinated it to the mighty Dollar
Empire.
Why this change in Nehru's policy ?
The recent welcome shifts in Nehru's policy
are a reflection of the contradictions in the camp
of Imperialist reaction. ,
As the weakness of the Imperialist posi-
tion in Asia and the fiascoes of the immediate
plans of aggressors became apparent, Indian
ruling class circles became uneasy. They
realised that to go whole-hog with the Anglo-
American Imperialists and permit them
to use India as their actual war-base,
means putting their own regime into jeo-
pardy, face the rising hostility of the patrio-
tic and peaceful Indian people, and lose
everything when the unconquerable _
Red Army from the North-West and the
heroic Chinese People's Liberation Army from
the Norht-East come marching in pursuing
the Anglo-American Imperalist armies to
smash them in their main Asiatic base.
They, therefore, decided to disown and
dissociate themselves from the immediate war
plans of the Anglo-American Imperialists.
The Indian ruling class could take some
hold anti-war measures and risk the dis-
pleasure of the British and the Americans
becuase it is not, itself, -faced with any
imminent threat of internal revolution.
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The dominant sections in the Indian
leaderships are politically experienced enough
not to hand mover the national masses to
the Left and themselves appear only as the
apologists of the Imperialists.
Hence the new shift in Nehru Govern-
ment's policy; while not breaking lose from
the Imperialists, hence the attempt to disentan-
gle itself from getting into deeper commitments
with the Imperialist warmongers disowning
their war hysteria and even opposing their
actual moves of aggression.
Lenin, the greatest revolutionary strate-
gist of our age, proclaimed the tactical
axiom that the proletarian and the people's
movement which cannot exploit the con-
tradictions in the enemies' camp and Fail
Ill. For World Peace
The issue of peace or war is the cen-
tral issue before every country including
ours. From it stem all problems, and on it
depend their solution too.
This realisation led the advanced elements
among Indian patriots to organise the Indian
Peace movement as a part of the World Peace
Congress which embraces in its ranks the best
and most eminent sons of every people.
The Indian Peace committee already
includes in its ranks Congressmen of the
eminence of Dr. Kitchlew, Lala Dunichand
and Pandit Sunderlal; Left leaders represen-
ting almost all parties except the Right-wing
pro-American Socialists; labour leaders like
Chakkarai Chettiae and Satyapriya. Banerji;
writers like Vallathol, Sumitranandan Pant,
Mahadevi Verma, Tarash.ankar Banerji,
and Rajendra Singh Bedi; cultural workers
like Prithvi Raj Kapoor, Anil Biswas, and
Ravi. Shankar; journalists like Karanjia,
Rana Jung Bahadur Singh and Shamlal;
jurists like P. R. Das; and Professors Kosambi,
Habib and D. K. Karve. To get rid of the sec-
tarian legacy of the past it is organising this
month in Bombay its All India Convention
to frankly discuss problems of rallying India
for World Peace and Asian Liberation which
will enable it to broad-base the movement.
Attention will undoubtedly be concen-
tratel upon the following specific issues:
Pact of Peace: The Berlin session of the
World Peace Council has launched the appeal
for a world-wide campaign for a Pact of Peace
between the five GreatPowers with the proviso
that the nation that refuses will be considered
as nursing aggressive intentions. It will be
to win allies however vacillating and weak,
will never successfully fight forward to victory.
The right attitude for Indian progressives
towards Nehru's foreign policy will. be to:
Boldly support all his specc peace moves;
they objectively aid the anti-imperialist peace camp;
Sharply expose all the weaknesses, vacillations
and contradictitns of his policy which come from
pro-imperialist alignment and demand that a con-
sislent and firm peace policy be followed.
Tirelessly work to establish a Government
that will more correctly reflect the will of our common
people, complelly break Indian lies with the Im-
perialists and whole-heartedly join the anti-
imperialist peace camp and lead India to plan her
nigh ful role in the world,
and Asian Liberation
proposed that the Indian Government act the
host for convening such an international
conference. Such an effort will spotlight
the decisive role of India. To get our Govern-
ment take the initiative will be the problem
before every peace loving Indian.
The National Appeal: The all. India
Preparatory Committee will propose to launch
the following appeal for mass signatures
throughout the country:
`?Affi.rnmi.ng our faith in the establishment of
place and good will among nations and
confidently asserting that war is not inevitable,
we call upon our people and our Government:
To demand banning of all weapons of mass
eeter-mnination and to call for simultaneous and
proportionate disarmament among the nations.
To urge the withdrawal from each Asian
country q f all troops foreign to that country.
To declare that no foreign power shall
recruit for their armed ,forces Indian nationals
or those of another country on Indian soil.
To categorically state that no permanent
or temporary transit bases or transport faci-
lilies for troops, recruits or war materials
shall be granted in India to any foreign power.
It does not go beyond the oft-proclaimed
aims of every section ofour national movement.
In practice it means breaking away from the
shame of the alignment with the Imperialist
camp of war-mongers and taking our proud
flace in the anti-imperialist camp of the
plghters for peace.
For Asian Solidarity: No country is
more popular in India than China; from no
other country we have to learn as much
as from China.
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- Close Indo-Chinese diplomatic coopera-
tion can become a decisive factor in Asian
liberation and for World peace. Close
Indo-Chinese economic and cultural coopera-
tion will strengthen people's welfare in
both countries and advance their respective
national cultures.
No patriotic Indian will even. say that
our Government has done its duty by Korea,
if he knew the nature and the extent of the
American atrocities in Korea. Nehru Govern-
ment is putting its weight behind a peaceful
solution in Korea but it has also sent a
Medical unit from our Army to serve the
American aggressors. It is a shameful
contradiction between word and deed. The.
Indian Medical unit must be summoned back
home or asked to serve the tortured Koreans and
not their torturers.
The Gurkhas cannot be sent as British
mercenaries to fight the Malay guerillas
without the consent and co-operation of the
Indian Government. They are being rec-
ruited on Indian soil. This has to be
stopped in future. Those already in Malaya
have to be recalled by persuading Nepal
Government and letting it be known that
they will not be allowed passage back
to Nepal over Indian territory if the Nepal
Government insists on servility to the
British Imperialists and refuses to listen
to brotherly Indian advice.
For Peaceful Indo-Pak Relations:
It is nonsense to speak of fighting for world
peace and let Indo-Pak relations drift the
way they are doing. In fact, solving the
Indo-Pakistan problems is the specific con-
tribution we have to make to the cause
of world peace, as well as to disrupt
the Imperialist plans to provoke and weaken
us both and themselves come in as arbitrators
to force us to align with them.
The crux of Indo-Pak relations is the issue
of Kashmir.
The Anglo-American plan to plant foreign
troops and impose an imperialist Arbitrator
under the cover of U. JV. 0. must be resisted
at all costs despite the acceptance of the proposals
by the Pakistan Government.
A just solution of the Kashmir issue can
only be based on the acceptance of the
following principles:
ANTI-IMPERIALISM, i. e., no acceptance
of foreign troops to be stationed inside
Kashmir under any cover.
SELF-DETERMINATION, i. e., the people
of Kashmir themselves to decide the issue
of accession through a democratic and free
plebiscite.
FAIR ELECIONS, guaranteed under the
supervision of a Commission of the full Se-
curity Council; this and not a Commission
appointed by the Anglo-American majority
will be impartial.
It is a hard battle and who would expect
a, peaceful solution of the knottiest problem
created by the Imperialists except through
a sustained successful effort for the accep-
tances of just principles by the two Govern-
ments ?
The national economy of both our coun-
tries has been distorted, our peoples are
suffering want and our traditional trade
links have been disrupted by the British
imposed partition. All hindrances to res-
toration of mutual trade must be removed
in the interests of our peoples and. for the
lessening of the existing tension.
`National Security in Danger" is the war-
cry of reactionaries on both the sides. The
Imperialists are biding their time to impose
a Defence Pact under their own auspices
and link up the coordinated Indo-Paksstan
defence with their own world plans. Our
answer can only be:
1. An Indo-Pakistan Pact of Lasting
Friendship and Mutual Assistance against all
foreign aggressors.
2. Non-aggression Pacts with all our nei-
ghbours: Persia, Afgha.nistan, the U. S. S. R.,
China and Burma.
Economic Cooperation with all coun-
tries that will trade with us on equal terms
and aid our industrial development without
political strings. The contrast between the
Colombo Plan and the Sino-Soviet Eco-
nomic Pact needs to be nationally popular-
ised. The contrast between the American and
Chinese terms for food has laid the basis for
mass realisation of the fact that only from our
anti-imperialist allies we will get fair terms
and real aid to build our national economy.
Their aim and ours
The Imperialist aim vis-a-vis our
country has been graphically ' described by
the American ace columnist Walter Lippman
in the following words:
"India's manpower and material resources....
must be recognised.... Without India's support
the British positions might have been untenable
in the last, war. In another war the American-
British Position becuase o; their weak manpower
strength would be even worse."
[See on Page 24
INDIA TODAY .
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Mr. Loy Henderson at New Delhi
ALMOS T in every notable happening in
India's Capital these days there is a
hand discernible. It is the hand of a master
intriguer, who has the support of influential
circles inside and outside the Govern-
ment and has unlimited resources at his
disposal.
Nearly two years ago, in early 1949, the
Tass News Agency of the U.S.S.R. in India
published a book, called "The Truth About the
American Diplomats" by Annabelle Bucar.
A Connought Circus pavement bookshop
displayed the book along with numerous
other publications ranging from books
by Katheleen Norris, O. Henry andothers
to Moscow editions of Marx, Engels,
fn. A rather
flashily dressed
American passed that way and
looked attentively at Bucar's booki n
and put it aside. The Sardar
who owned the bookshop, consistent with the
usually obliging methods of the Connaught
Circus shopkeepers, thought that the Sahib
has not liked that book on America and so
showed him another volume, this time an
American publication, entitled "1,000 Ameri-
cans" by George Seldes, which- incidentally
is a thorough exposure of the supposed freedom
of the press in America. This, somehow,
infuriated the representative of the "American
Way of Life". He became wild. " How can
you sell such trash?" he yelled. He pointed to
the volumes by Marx and Lenin and demanded
an explanation from the poor Sardar: "How can
you sell these? Is there nobody to arrest you?"
It transpired that Mr. Loy Henderson had
just then arrived in New Delhi as the U. S.
Ambassador to India and was much irritated
by his exposure through the timely publication
by the TASS of Annabelle Bucar's book which,
no doubt, had a very successful sale in the
capital. The Yankee, who got so angry, was
one of the host of attaches and officers who
had accompanied Loy Henderson to India
and whose numbers have since increased
in geomteric progression, so that today they
have come to occupy more than three pages
of the Delhi District Telephone Directory !
What is significant, however, is that this
minion of Loy Henderson questioned the right
of an Indian national to sell works by Marx
and Lenin and wondered why the shopkeeper
Lenin and Sta
American
had not been arrested l Later developments
revealed that the prime object of this and the
other American `diplomats' headed by Loy
Henderson himself, in coming to India was
nothing but to interfere in India's internal
affairs, to make the Nehru Government fall
in line with the designs and the requirements of
the war-mongering American big business.
What has been Henerson's modus operandi
for the achievement of this object ? The solu-
tion to this question would be found in the
personality of the man himself.
Long, long ago, on the outbreak of World War 1,
Henderson, who then was a young man of military
age, sought refuge in the Red Cross and avoided conscrip-
tion. "The doors of the Red Cross were wide open to
certain young men
u ntrigues with excellent con-
necticris who for one
nd
iadid reason or another, most often cowardice,
not want to fight. And as a Red
Cross worker, Henderson made his first
acquaintance with the young Sovier Republic and
immed'ately realised that in the months and years to
come Communist-batting would pay rich dividends and
that the U. S. Government institutions would be in
continuous need of "Russian" or rather "anti-Russian"
specialists.
Of these `specialists' who have been a legion, it can
be safely said that, they have among other things, specia-
lised in the art of discovering the `menace' of Commu-
nism in all possible nooks and corners of the earth and
thus utilise the fears of the big business to get profit-
able assignments and jobs.
Soon after his early days with the Red Cross, Loy
Henderson joined the U. S. Foreign Service and was
sent to the Baltic States where his work was directly
related to the Soviet affairs. Before the establishment of
diplomatic relations with the U. S. S. R, in 1933, the U.S
State Department recalled him to Washington where
he laid the ground-work of the organisation which
handled Soviet-American relations and which has since
become the Division of East European Affairs. Soon after
that he went to Moscow along with his associates and
disciples whom he had indoctrinated in anti Sovietism;
and under the close direction of Loy Henderson the
entire U.S. Embassy establishment in the Soviet capital
became a branch of the notorious O.S.S. (the basic
American Intelligence organisation).
After he had got this system under way, Henderson
went back to Washington in 1938 and remained there till
1943 as the Assistant Chief of the Division of East Euro-
-by
`Vinayak
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IT AIN'T CRICKET
T. C. SIMMONS, a west cost
journalist has unearthed a vast inter-
national plot that involves the Soviet
Union. He got his scoop from Paris and
Brussels, and it concerns "international
intrigue and skullduggery." The cast
of characters, according to Simmons,
includes "a sinster Egyptian agent, an
American foreign correspondent, a
presumably stalwart General Motors
official and, lurking in the background,
the grim figure of Premier Joseph Vissari-
onovich Dzugashvili (Stalin).
Are we ready for the astounding
details ? Here goes: "At a recent Brussels
motor show the star proved to be. the Mosko-
vich, a Russian-built six passenger sedan
selling at $980."
*
AS IF THIS were not enough,
Simmons also revealed another awful fact,
made available to him by the superior
detective work of Theodore H. White,
Overseas News Agency correspondent.
White made known that the Soviet Union
is now offering, on the international mar-
ket, the Olympia typewriters,. "a hand-
some, blackcased job with keys of dark
maroon, a dove grey body, and with
margin releases and sets, shifts, and com-
plex spacing and guiding equipment."
The price of the Olympia is only $25.
IS THERE no limit to Soviet perfidy?
What intrigue! What skulduggery !
As Simmons says: "There's nothing like
competition to keep the West's industrial
machine running properly but this super
clut-cate game of the USSR just isn't the
kind of cricket western entrepreneurs care
to play."
Yes, yes, the western "entrepreneurs"
are rather upset about this whole busi-
ness. Competition is all right in its place,
where you can either control it or elimi-
nate it. But when you have to start
competing with the East, in those areas
where capitalism doesn't have quite the
reputation it used to, it's not cricket.
Above all, we must play cricket ! We
must demand our right to pay $3,000
instead of $980 for an auto! We refuse
ean Affairs. i'urning with hatred against the U. S.S.R.,
,
is wishes had the better of his reason at the time of the
Ger an attack on the U.S.S.R? and he advised Roosevelt
that Germany would overrun Russia in a few weeks and,
'herefore, no closer ties need be established with the
Soviets inspire of the very obvious common interests of
the U.S.S.t,., and the U.S.A, in the war against Germany.
Henderson's magic lamp
Roosevelt, however, soon realised that Henderson
was working 'o sabotage cooperation be,ween the U.S.A.
and the U S.S.R. ar.d so he had him removed front the
key position in the State Department and sent to Baghdad
as the United States Minister in Iraq. But the trick which
had helped Loy Henderson to build his career earlier came
handy once again. In the words of Annabelle Bucar:
"Henderson, however, is never at a loss. He has a ready
answer to everything. Having come to the home of the Ara-
bian Nights he, like Aladdin, pulled out his personal magic
lamp. Presto, there appeared a genie. Henderson's discovery
in Iraq was the same discovery he had made elsewhere-the
red menace".
And his discovery of the 'Communist menace' in
Baghdad and the Middle East so endeared him to the
State Department that he was recalled and made the
Head of the Division of Middle Eastern Affairs.
Roosevelt died, Truman stepped in his place. Came
1945. Just two days before the Soviet Union went to war
with Japan, Truman decided to drop the first atom bomb
on Hiroshima, a decision which the world-famous British
Atomic Scientist Professor Blackett has suggested, was
"not so much the last military act of the second 'world
war, as the first act of the cold diplomatic war with
Russia." Big events were taking place in India. From
the Middle East to India is but a short distance and as
the Head of the Division for Middle Eastern Affairs in
the U. S. State Department, Loy Henderson's discerning
eyes soon perceived the growing 'red menace' in that
vast country. To make the new set-up in India fall in
line with the global strategy of the U. S. Military staff,
now, became the chief concern of this careerist. And so
this man, Loy Henderson, came to India.
to surrender the privilege of paying
$125 for a typewriter instead of $25!
We are cricketeers !
If we weaken, we are liable to find
ourselves at the merey of a "sinister
Egyptian agent," and I do not mean
Orson Welles. This "sinister Egyptian
agent" to whom Simmons referred is an
Egyptian business man who offered a
French importer 20,000 Olympia type-
writers at $25 each. Had he offered the
French importer 20,000 Corona type-
writers at $125 each. I assure you he
would not have been at all sinister.
TO BRING PRICES within the
reach of the people is not cricket. It
isn't football. It isn't baseball. It's just
one aspect of socialism.
(Ted Tinsley writing in the Daily Worker, New
York, on Tuesday, February 27, 1951)
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in his new surroundings Henderson was
not without friends. The Shridharanis (of
"My India, My America" fame), the Masanis,
the Rangas and others of the clan of "Washing-
ton Patriots" were already active. Henderson,
to his amazement and pleasure, found a very
large number of `top' Indian politicians
who were almost as conerned, if not more,
at the growing `red menace' as he himself was.
Though possessing an unusual talent for per-
sonal intrigue, Mr. Henderson has an ex-
terior which belies this talent and leads those
who do not know him intimately to consider
him an honest and frank human being. And
so with the Shridharanis and the Masanis,
with the sympathetic `top' politicians, and with
his own capacity for double-talk, Loy Hender-
son soon became the leading foreign diplomat
in the Capital, who could at any time pick
up the phone and fix appointments with any
Minister or official of the Government of India.
The 'teas' at Birlaji's
And soon enough the court-circulars of
the then Governor-General, His Excellency
Sjt. C. Rajagopalchari began to announce
more and more frequent audiences with Loy
Henderson. It transpired that the U.S. State
Department gradually got more and more
impressed by the `wisdom' of Rajaji and
Henderson recieved an increasing number of
State Department requests for Rajaji's advice
and guidance on questions connected with the
South-East Asian and Far Eastern Affairs!
But a lot went on behind the scenes of
which people 'generally have no knowledge.
Birlaji also became very friendly with Hender-
son and after that it was the easiest thing for
Henderson to get an audience with any Cong-
ress leader through Birlaji's good offices. An
invitation to tea at Birlaji's palace would be
something which no Congress leader could
refuse and at the tea-table would invariably
be found Birla's American ` friend' to talk
things over. Specially frequent and numerous
were the friendly chats between Birla, Loy
Henderson and the then Home Minister
and Deputy Prime Minister, the late Sardar
Vallabhbhai Patel.
In his public pronouncements the -Ameri-
can Ambassador was never tried of expressing
the profound solicitude of the United States
for India. Time and again he harped on the
Fulbright Act, the Smith-Mundt Act and the
`Point Four legislation. Explaining that the
purpose of the first two acts was to promote
better understanding between the people of
the United States and those of India, Henderson
announced at Roorkee on November 25, 1950
that "almost 100 Indian and American nation-
als will be making use of those funds by the end
of this year. Over 60 Indian students and
professors have already left for the the United
States with the assistance of the Fulbright
rupee funds and the dollar funds provided
by the Smith-Mundt Act". He further added :
"The two programmes combined might
enable a total exchange of over 300 persons
in 1951, and about 75 Americans are expected
to come to India."
This, then, became the method by which
the U.S. Embassy Staff, studded with the
O.S.S. Agents, came in touch with young
Modesty!
AMERICAN IMPERIALIST CREDO
The following is taken from an editorial
which appeared in the Los Angeles Times
on October 2, 1950, headlined : "It's no
time for us to be Modest"
,,The United States has won another
war-that, in naked simplicity is
the matter which confronts our lea-
ders in the associated fields of diplo-
macy, economics, philosophy and
armed might.
"Despite the fiction of carrying
out a U. N. police action, we have
a clearer claim to write our own
ticket than in 1918 or even in 1945.
For we have not only become the
mightiest of military nations, we
also stand as the fountainhead of the
world's diplomatic leadership, of
the world's wealth and even of the
world's thought.
"Who else dominates the seven
seas and air above them? Whose
diplomats control every positive
move of the 57-member United Na-
tions and the left-out nations, such
as Germany, Japan and Spain?
Where is there a continent or even an
island which is not on our aims list?
And what else, except made-in-Ame-
rican democracy, is the over-riding
philosophy and aspiration of the
known universe?
"It is not a time to be modest...
Somebody's got to be boss ... What
are we waiting for?"
MAY 1951 19
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Indian University students and their guardians.
Boys of `respectable' families were selected
for studies in America where the more `reliable'
ones are being trained for `more reliable'
work! Through the same medium American
O.S.S. agents are coming to India and settling
down at all sorts of places for their 'studies'
and for doing `fundamental research'. In
reality, these gentlemen are mapping out
India for any future contingency.
Network of American agents
As to how widespread exactly is the network
of American agents in India at present, it is diffi-
cult to say . But that it is considerably wide, that
it has corroded the highest civilian in the New Delhi
,Secretariat, that there is hardly anything regarding
our armed forces which the Americans are not aware
of, and that even the Cabinet discussions and secrets
leak out to them are things which are now the subject
of everyday gossip in the New Delhi society.
Our American `friends', it seems, have
been collecting most detailed information
about the Trade Unions and the different
political parties in the country. A well-informed
journalist friend of the author of this article
went so far as to say that the Americans have
in their records a complete list of the members
of the Communist Party of India upto the level
of the District Committees.
Recently there was the story of the Food
Cable by 43 members of the Indian Parliament
and it is now well-known that the draft of the
cable was prepared by none else than Mr. Loy
Henderson and that the Food Minister Munshi
was fully aware of this fact.
Even more recent was the so-called Congress
for Cultural Freedom at Bombay where under
the patronage of Ministers Munshi and Ambed-
kar and of the leaders of the Indian Socialist
Party, notorious agents of the American State
Department like Burnham, Spender and
Norman Thomas misused Indian hosptality by
spitting venom against the Peace Policy of the
Nehru Government and abused and slandered
the Indian Communists and the Soviet Union
to their hearts' content. That Mr. Loy
Henderson's hand and the Carnagie Trust's
funds were behind this Conference, is an open
secret.
Hendersson's conquest of Indian Press
Some people have described these as the
greatest successes hitherto achieved by Henderson
in India. However, in the opinion of more
competent observers, Henderson's greatest success
lies in his conquest of the Indian press. As the
New. Delhi Correspondent .of a contemporary
has written : "The Indian Press directly or indirectly
is becoming the mouth piece of America".
It is not very difficult to understand the
anxiety of the Indian Press Barons to estab-
lish closest possible links with the Americans.
We have already referred to the close friendship
between Henderson and Birlaji. Recently
the Goenka-Deshbandhu Gupta combine has
also joined hands with the Americans. Desh-
bandhu Gupta's "Indian News Chronicle", which
has on its staff a swaggering young fellow
who has just returned after a course of `training,
in U.S.A.', is openly pro-American. The
same press is now printing "The American
Reporter", the propaganda-rag of the American
Embassy at Delhi. A Hindi weekly of the
same name has also made its appearance
recently for which nearly a dozen Hindi
journalists have been employed on rather
strikingly high salaries.
And now Dalmia's papers have also begun
to play the American tune. The dramatic
exit of Rana Fang Bahadur Singh, prominent
for his pro-Soviet and pro-China views and
an active participant in the Peace Movement,
from the editorship of Delhi "Times of India"
has been a necessary sequel of the new align-
ment.
The list of the : `American' papers in India,
however, will not be complete without men-
tioning the weekly "Thought" of Delhi which,
it is reported, does not sell much and carries
no advertisements worth the name, but still
manages to pay very high salaries to the "in-
tellectuals of Royist inclinations" employed
on its staff. It is widely known in the news-
paper world that "Iplies " is entirely depen-
dent upon its American friends. It might
also be mentioned that it was "Thought" which
took the lead in organising that blatantly pro-
American propaganda show called the Cong-
ress for Cultural Freedom.
Prior to the establishment of the U. S.
Embassy in Moscow in 1933, Loy Henderson
had selected a group of `smart' young men for
being trained as Russian experts. One of these,
George F. Kennan by name, was Minister
at the U.S.A. Embassy at Moscow, when the
second world war ended. In his book "Conspiracy
against Peace", the English journalist Ralph
Parker records that on seeing the jubilant
Moscow crowds from the Embassy window,
Kennan said grimly: "They are cheering....
They think the war is over, but it is only just
beginning." This man Kennan is now a Coun-
sellor of the State Department in Washington
and in the absence of Loy Henderson its
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'Chief Russian Expert. He wrote an article
under the caption "Is War with Russia In-
evitable?" in "The Readers' Digest", of March,
1950. Introducing him "The Readers' Digest'
wrote: "As chief of the State Department's
planning staff, he was responsible for the cold
war plan of containinq. Communism in Europe
and was one of the originators of the European
Recovery Programme' . In this article which
was very widely publicised by the American
Press, George Kennan laid down the strategy
of American State Depatment. Incidentally
it also reveals and explains the role of Kennan's
erstwhile colleague and "guru", Loy Henderson
in India.
Said Kerman: "We must continue to take an intelli-
gent and helpful interest in the efforts of people every-
where to withstand the sort of pressures which are
brought to bear against them from the Moscow Comm-
unist side. It means that we must continue the policy
of throwing our weight into the balnce wherever there
are relatively good chances that it will be effective in
preventing the further expansion of the power of inter-
national Communism."
Tandon's statement about Tibet
And so it was that when in January last
Pandit Nehru refused to beat the war-drum
following the march in certain eastern parts
of Tibet by the Chinese People's Liberation
Army, Loy Henderson, out to throw his weight
into the balance, quickly arranged a meeting
over the usual tea at Birla's New Delhi House
with Shri Purushottam Das Tandon, the Cong-
gress President. And two days later Tandonji
came out with a statement repudiating all
his previous protestations of friendship with
China (e.g., in his Presidential address at the
Nasik Session of the Congress) and roundly
condemned China s new regime. The "good
chances" were further extended. Henderson's
good boy Masani gave Tandonji a heap of
propaganda pamphlets on.Korea and did his
best to make the old man 'come out openly
agsinst Nehru's policy of peace.
Contacts with R. S. S. and Hindu Sabha
The other day a very old and leading
Gandhite Congress leader of Uttar Pradesh was
telling me that he had come to know from
very reliable sources that Loy Henderson
had already succeeded in establishing `necess-
ary contacts' with certain sections of the
Hindu Mahasabha and the R. S. S. leader-
ships. Some of the leaders of these two organi-
sations have already met Henderson and they
hope to receive lavish help from him. It will
not be very surprising if Dr. Shyamaprosad
Mukerji's new party also proves to be a product
of the same confabulations.
The above-mentioned Gandhite Congress
leader then said with real feeling that what
was troubing him even more than this news
about the R.S.S. and the Hindu Mahasabha
leaders was the fact that even the Socialist
leaders like jai Prakash Narain and Asoka
Mehta were following in the footsteps of
Masani and Munshi.
And with the Socialists too !
The concern and the sorrow of this veteran
Congress leader had been still further intensi-
fied by the news which had recently appeared
in the press and which had said that the Ameri-
can "socialist" leader Norman Thomas had
promised to secure large-scale financial help
L'or the Indian Socialist Party. Incidentally, it
might be mentioned that Mr. Norman Thomas'
`Socialist' Party can count its members on
finger-tips, but it has huge funds placed at
its disposal by the State Department.
Thus, Mr. Loy Henderson has thrown
his net far and wide. From the R.S.S. leaders
to the Socialists, from the Rangas to the Am-
bedkars, from the weekly rag "Thought" to
the powerful and established newspaper-com-
bines, from the Indian Government Officials
to the Congress President, every vital point
in the public life and the administration of our
country is a target of his "activities".
Mani target-Nehru's Peace Policy
Loy Henderson's immediate objective is to defeat
Nehru's Policy of Peace. Nehru's Peace Policy
today has became one of the greatest obstacles in the
war plans of the American imperialists. It is for
this reason that America is going all out to organise
its Fifth Column in India and is even manouvring
to get its own candidates elected in the next general
elections.
There are two prongs of the American
attack on India. One is the political black-
mail from outside on questions like Kashmir
and the American food aid to India. The
other prong is the organisation of a network
of American agents inside India.
All those who want to see India develop
into a really free, sovereign and economically
independent republic, and who want to save
India from being used as a cats-paw by the
Western Imperialists for their war-plans, must
be vigilant with regard to these activities
of this `guest' of ours, Mr. Loy Henderson,
and must fight against them . -
MAY 1951 21
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Hindi-Jagar
By Amrit hai
SRI VATSYAYAN'S CONGRESS AND HINDI WRITERS
T HE recent Congress for Cultural Freedom
at Bombay was remarkable for the
absence from its deliberations of the cultural
leaders of the country.
Its chief organizer was Shri S. H Vatsyayan,
a Hindi writer of some eminence with a sweet
tongue and rather persuasive ways. With a
little window-dressing and some deliciously
vague phrases about "culture" and "freedom,"
Shri Vatsyayan had easily succeeded in making
a number of notable Hindi writers to agree
to sponsor and attend his Congress.
However, with every new statement of
Shri Vatsyayana, the real aims of the Chief
Organiser and the powers acting from behind
him., became clearer, and many-nay, almost
all Hindi writers of any importance, dropped
the idea of attending the Congress. Only
one, Syt. Narendra Sharma actually attended it
but only to walk out in protest against the
anti-Soviet resolution moved by the organisers.
And the speeches of Minister Munshi
and the American `guests', as well as the
resolutions passed by the Congress, removed
the last lingering doubts of the Hindi writers
about the real purpose of Shriyut S. H.
Vatsyayan and his Congress for Cultural
Freedom. I have tried to find out the views
of some of the eminent Hindi writers about
this either by meeting them or by correspond-
dence. Here are the opinions of a few of them.
Rahulji's Letter
Rahu ji wrote to me as follows :
I read in the papers too about the Cultural Free-
dom Congress, meeting in Bombay. Is it any good com-
plaining against American Imperialists for it? It is
through them that Capitalism in its death-throes is
fighting for its survival! How can the good of the
millions suit the palate of these age-old tyrants who
have tasted blood? But the most amazing thing was
the association of the Indian Socialist leaders with
this Congress. Has malice rendered them altogether
purblind? Is it America that is the biggest sheet-
anchor of Socialism now ? Do the 800 million
strong Socialist countries of the Eurasian mainland
compare unfavourably with America? Is it that the
interests of Indian Socialism lie not with their
neighbouring brothers of Eurasia but with American
Imperialism? Who can doubt now that America
has left no stone unturned to start the third world
war that would mean _the total destruction of all
culture? About those who cannot understand this,
I can only say, that they are either mad or they have
nothing whatever to do with truth. There is only
one answer to this: the unity of all the left forces and
all progressive-minded people should be built up as
speedily as possible.
The letter is quite eloquent and needs
no comment.
Shri Ila Chandra Joshi's opinion
From the talk with Shri Sumitranandan Pant
it transpired that he had agreed to sponsor
the Congress becuase he was given to under-
stand by S. H. Vatsyayan that it would discuss
the possibilities and the ways and means of
having, apart from the political and social
approaches, a purely cultural approach to
matters. However, the Congress, as it
stands now before the world, had nothing
in common with these objectives communicated
to Pantji and Pantji is, indeed, very much
disillusioned. He declined to say much be-
fore he had talked it over with Shri Vatsyayan;
but he definitely said that he was not sati-
sfied with this Congress since it had become
a forum of anti-Soviet hate-propaganda,
which was altogether uncalled for. The
Congress had talked not of culture but of
fighting Communism which was irrelevant.
Pantji said that he for one stood for a cultural,
i.e., peaceful solution of world's maladies
and consequently did not believe in war.
Therefore, the sabre-rattling that took place at
the Congress was utterly alien to his mind.
Pan ji made it plain that he stood for peace and
culture and believed that war could be checked; but if
war did break out, he said, we should unhesitatingly
side with the Soviet.
It was in this connection that he expressed
his indignation at the treatment meted out
to Narendra Sharma at the Congress and said
that the whole thing was very disgraceful.
Talk with Pantji
The verdict of other writers, too, was
not different. For example Syt. Ila Chandra
Yoshi, till recently the editor of the illustrated
weekly "Dharma Yuga", who was at Bomaby
when the Congress took place, said that it was
a stinking business, this Congress. He said
that every one in Bombay, even the most
22
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ignorant, knew that it was an American show.
So, no decent man associated himself with
it. Among the people, there was such a
strong feeling against the Congress that one
was afraid of attending it just as one is afraid
of going to a brothel, for fear of being caught!
Joshiji said that he knew from the begining that
'Cultural Freedom' was only a camouflage, that
the Congress was really concerned with creating a
cultural war-base in our country..
Joshiji had been very much pressed to
join the Congress but he had frankly told the
organisers of the Congress that at the moment he
considered all talks of cultural freedom and
the like as stuff and nonsense, that any amount
of this camouflage was not going to stop the
people from ushering in the Socialist order of
things. He may have his differences with the
Soviets, but of this he was thoroughly convinced
that the Soviets had taken the first big step
towards real culture in as much as they had
equalised the social status of the people and
had freed them from the daily cares of Hunger
and Nakedness.
Therefore, Joshiji said, he stood for communism
as the first step towards the liberation of in-an's
energies for a future of limitless possibilities.
He said that if the Conference had succeeded in
doing anything it was in exposing men like Jaya
Prakash Narayan and Vatsyayan who now stood
before the people in their true colours.
Editorial
people's democracy, humbly learning our les-
sons from all modern people's revolutions
so that we all may lighten the dark recesses
of our mind, renew our faith in and reforge
our links with our great people and courage-
ously and unitedly resume the march forward
to final victory.
Linked as our ruling circles are with the Anglo-
American imperialist circles, pro-imperialist
and anti-Soviet, anti-democratic and reaction-
ary proganda is being freely let loose. Reaction
has strengthened its grip over all the channels
and sources of propaganda and popular
education-Press, Radio and educational ins-
titutions. Progressive intellecuals are being
starved, denied opportunities and forced to
surrender to. the ruling clique.
INDIA TO-DAY will revive and strengthen
the national progressive tradition and ruthlessly
expose all pro-imperialist, reactionary ideologies
and their protaganists. INDIA TO-DAY
Amrit Rai is a young Marxist Hindi
writer, and editor of monthly HANS. To-
gether with another young Hindi poet, Nemi
Chandra Jain he will be reporting to our readers
every month on the cultural developments in
the Hindi-speaking world.
Mahadeviji and Bachchamji
Sint. Mahadevi Verma and Shri Bachchan
also spoke in the same vein. Mahadeviji said
tht she had long ago smelt a rat in it and now,
of course, everything was clear as day.
Bachchanji said that after the speeches made
at the Congress there could not be a shadow
of doubt that the Congress was American-
inspired and American-financed.
All of us being Hindi writers, the sordid fact
of Syt. Vatsyayan's leading role in it inevitably
cropped up in our talk again and again, and
here it is my duty to put on record that people
in general feel about Vatsyayan that he
convened this Congress because he had some
axe of his own to grind. Yes, they said it.
And so that is how the Hindi intellectual world
reacted to this American propaganda-show,
which ended so dismally, as Auden's Gum Eliot
put it, not with a bang but with a whimper.
It, however, augurs well for the camp of
peace and democracy. It shows that the
building up of the cultural united front in
our land is on the order of the day.
[Continued from Page 2]
will help to unite all progressive cultural
workers to meet the challenge of reaction, save
our youth from ideological corruption and our
people from demoralisation and initiate a new
national cultural renaissance based on anti-
imperialist democratic foundations and truly
reflecting the problems of India and the
world in which we live.
To start INDIA TO-DAY on our own would
have been too venturesome, if not a sign of
intellectual conceit. But we have been promised
full cooperation by a number of eminent
writers and scientists and a team of
younger Marxist intellectuals as well as by
a large number of the organisers of the mass
movements in various parts of our country.
We hope to make it a real collective effort
of Indian Marxists and progressives.
With the light of Marxism to show us
our path, for people's life and nation's liberty,
we will make our contribution to the grand
common cause of world peace and liberation.
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Anglo-American Intervention in places
thousands of miles from their own frontiers
KOREA
4,980 miles from the U.S.
28 million inhabitants. 79,200 square
miles. The Americans opposed the
unification of the country and maintained
the police regime of Synghman Rhee south
of the 38th parallel. There were 85,000
arrests over the last 7 months before the
war began. There were 100,000 partisans
in the South. In the North, the People's
Republic was fulfilling the people's
aspirations. The Americans provoked
war and came out into open aggression
against Korea where they savagely
slaughtered the civilian population.
MALAYA
8,400 miles from the U.S.
5 million inhabitants. 47,200 square
miles. 1,20,000 British soldiers and
70,000 police are fighting the partisans
(with a #200 bonus for every partisan
killed). Ganapathy, the Indian General
Secretary of the Malayan trade unions,
was murdered in his prison cell in Singa-
pore and his successor was also brutally
murdered by the British.
VIET-NAM
7,800 miles away from the U.S.
21 mil ion inhabitants. 1,13,400 sq.
miles. 700 billion francs have already
been poure I out there to keep the Viet-
Namese peol.le in chains and to main-
tain bases fc r aggression against the
Chinese people. 2,00,000 soldiers (French,
African and German) are engaged
in the fight to oppress the Viet-Namese
people who for the past 5 years have
been carrying on an armed struggle.
American military missions are being
sent to Indo-China and a 50 million
dollar aid has been promised.
THE PHILIPP4NES
6,900 miles away from the U.S.
1,88,50,000 inhabitants. 1,07,740 sq.
miles. The Americans have spent 2
billion dollars to build 23 military bases
in this country which is under a regime
of terrible poverty and savage repression.
The Hukbalahaps (people's soldiers)
have liberated the centre of Luzon which
is the main island.
BURMA
10,200 miles away from the U.S.
47 million inhabitants. 2,43,967 squire
miles. As in Greece, the Americans
are taking over from the British. The
partisans have been fighting there for
the past three years and have liberated
18,000 square miles of their soil. Opera-
tions against the partisans are directed
by the Anglo-American military mission.
GREECE
4,200 miles from the U.S.
73,00,000, inhabitants. 47,770 sq.
miles. First British, then American
armed intervention to impose the mona-
archy on the Greek people. An incre-
dible reign of terror is raging (Makronissos
concentration camp) which has already
claimed 20,000 victims.
[Continued from page no. 16]
So the simple position is as follows:-
The Anglo-American Imperialists, without
active Indian aid CANNOT wage a suc-
cessful wrold war.
India's firm stand for peace
together
,
with the mighty U. S. S. R. and China
can lay the spectre of World War III.
j A Tripartite Indo-Chinese-Soviet Alliance,
can successfully bury American plans for world
domination, guarantee lasting peace and push
the wheel of human history decisively forward
and speed up liberation and every nation of demo-
cracy for the common man and pave the path
towards the realisation of World Socialism when
war and want will become stories, from a historical
past.
Such is the glorious prospect before
the Indian national movement once its
advanced democratic elements unite to make
the Indian Peace Movement BROADER than
our old national movement ever was.
Let the best from our anti-imperialist,
internationalist traditions of our national
movement stir the soul.
Let the shame of seeing our ancient
country tied to the Imperialist chaxiot-wheel
sting us to the quick.
Let the love for our own near and dear
ones make us fight for peace and against
the war-mongers.
The rest will follow.
INDIA'*TO-DAY
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Monopolists Fear Peace Because.....
War is the
most profitable
business
W WAR involves death and destruction for
millions of human beings, but it is a
damned profitable business for a few.
Every American tank and plane operating
in Korea, every bomb dropped on Korean
towns and villages, mean enormous profits for
the American armaments manufacturers.
Businessmen of the New York Stock-Exchange
literally danced with joy when Truman an-
nounced his "state of emergency" on December
16, 1950. Commenting on this, the Associated
Press, under the heading 00 New York Stock-
Exchange Record " wrote:
" The mobilization of American economy
resulted in shares on the New York Stock-
Exchange going up on Monday by more than
4,800,000 dollars the highest figure in 11 years.".
"Business week", the influential journal of
business circles wrote on December 9, 1950:
"A short dip might have been a fair bet as
long as the military build-up was jogging along
at a lethargic face. But now, the huge defence
(read: War!) programme is a sharp goad on
the industry."
Exorbitant prices of armaments
More will be spent on war measures in the
US this year than in the entire five preceding
years, and for the 1951-52 fiscal year, Truman
has asked for 71 billion dollars for war purposes;
that is, 74 per cent of the entire Budget!
The big trusts of the'war industry, of course,
are reaping the benefis: no less than 60 per cent
of the war Budget will be pocketed by them in
MILLIONS FOR FORD
THE Ford Motor Co. has announced
that it has received an order
from the US army to build an
estimated 195 million dollors' worth
of medium tanks at a plant to be
erected in the Detroit area. .
-"Brisbane Telegraph" March 7, 1951
Footnote: Henry Ford left an estate
admitted to be worth 80 million dollars.
the form of payment for military orders. They
arc demanding an exorbitant price for their
lethal products, a price far in excess of even
the usual high rate. For instance:
In 1945, an automatic carbine rated 3.55
dollars whereas, today, its price is 64 dollars.
At the end of World War II, a quick-firing
rifle cost 134 dollars; today, its price has gone
up to 358 dollars.
The price of a machine-gun for the same
period has increased from 249 to 720 dollars,
and that of a heavy mortar from 590 to 1055
dollars.
The price of a truck has increased from 2,500
to 5,900 dollars, that of a 105 mm. gun from
8,300 to 13,700 dollars, that of a light tank from
39,600 to 126,000 dollars.
Huge and quick profits
From this we see how the merchants of
death are raking in huge profits; their agents
in the Government paying any price asked for
at the expense of direct and indirect taxes
imposed on the people.
The "New York Times" reported on October
27, 1950, that the General Motors Corpora-
tion realised in the first nine months of 1950 a
greater net profit than was ever recorded by
any American corporation in a full year.
Between June 1940 and March 1943 alone,
the U.S. Government placed war orders with
this firm to the sum of 8,500 million dollars,
as well as orders for building at least 100 new
enterprises.
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War-time profits from both sides of front
DURING World War II, General Motors
made a net profit of 1,253 million dollars.
It netted profits on both sides of the front: in
America and in Germany.
In the pre-war dollar invasion of Germany,
among the enterprises which fell into the hands
of General Motors was the Opel works in
Russelsheim which, in addition to tanks, pro-
duced for the Hitler army enormous quantities
of essential parts for the Messerschmitt, Junk-
ers and Fokke-Wolff planes.
Right until the middle of 1941, prominent
U.S. representatives of General Motors were
members of the Board of the Opel Corporation.
Even after Hitler had declared war on
USA, General Motors continued to collaborate
with the Nazis. But, as they could not do this
openly during the closing years of the war, they
appointed their Danish representative (Albin.
D. Madsen) as their repsentative with Opel
Built up Hitler's tank and air forces
ACCORDING to "Poor's Manual" (refer-
ence book on US industry) in the years
when Hitler's army was being equipped, 20
million dollars of the enormous profits netted
by the Opel enterprises belonging to General
Motors were invested in other Nazi corporations
producing armaments. Without Opel (that is,
without General Motors), the Hitler tank
divisions and the Hitler Luftwaffe would never
have been what they were.
After the war, General Motors was able to
place its representatives in key positions in the
American military administration in Germany,
and General Motors' Opel works are thriving
again on rearmament.
Du Pont chemical trust
THE real significance of General Motors in-
vasion of Europe must be sought in its
financial tie-up with Du Pont.
This chemical trust, the biggest in the
capitalist world, was intimately linked, through
cartels and patent agreements, with I. G.
Farben-the economic and political bulwark
of the Hitler State. Du Pont controls the
greater part of the shares of General Motors.
The Du Pont concern helped to arm Japan
for war against China and sold to Mitsui con-
cern patents for explosives. For years, Du
Pont has been netting enormous profits from
the production of atom bombs.
They make both guns and governments
It was General Motors boss Charles E.
Willson whom, last December, Truman invest-
ed with dictatorial powers to mobilise the
economy.
Dean G. Acheson, the American Secretary
of State is a lawyer, a member of a Washington
firm that is general counsel for Ethyl Corp.,
jointly owned by Du Pont's General Motors
and Rockefeller's Standard Oil of New Jersey.
He entered the State Department in 1941, and
helped formulate the Truman Doctrine, the
Marshall Plan and the North Atlantic Pact.
Previously his clients had included some of the
largest oil, munitions, radio and telephone cor-
porations in the country.
John Foster Dulles, the Political Adviser
to the State Department, who played a major
role in starting the War in Korea, is the senior
partner in the law firm of Sullivan and Crom-
well, of Wall Street, the most powerful of Ameri-
can corporation lawyers, serving -Morgan and
Rockefeller, and is a director of International
Nickel Co. of Canada, Ltd. (Morgan and
Rockefeller). Through Sullivan and Cromwell,
he had close relations with the I. G. Farben
interests in Germany, and with the German
law firm of Albert and Wertriele, who handle
the business of the German subsidiaries of
International Telegraph and Telephone Co.
(Morgan).
The Secretary of Defence, General George
C. Marshall, who was Secretary of State from
1947 to, 49, and was the author of the Truman
Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, is a director
of Pan-American Airways, a combination of
Morgan, Rockefeller and Mellon interests.
Deputy-Secretary of Defence Robert A.
Lovett, is a partner in the Wall Street Invest-
ment Banking firm of Brown Bros. and Harri-
man Co. (Morgan and Rockefeller), a director
of Morgan's New York Life Insurance Co.,
and of the Union Pacific Railway.
Similarly, General Douglas MacArthur,
till recently the Supreme Boss of Japan, For-
mosa, Phillippines and the occupied portions
of Korea, has wide financial and industrial
interests in. the Phillippines and Japan.
Through these and such other agents, the
big armament manufacturers in America are in
a position to directly influence and mould the
policies of the Government and they are taking
good care to keep up the war-hysteria in
America and the cold War in the international
affairs, and are trying their worst to spread the
flames of the Korean War to China.
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The Indian delegate reports
the World Women's Meet at Berlin
WOMEN
AGAINST WAR
In the first week of February this year, 300
leading women of the world, representing over
nine crores of organsied women of all parts of
the globe, gathered in Berlin for the meeting
of the Council of the Women's Interna-
tional Democratic Federation. The
Indian delegate reports the meeting to the
readers of INDIA TODAY
OUR plane touched the ground and we
were in Berlin. The airport is in the
British zone. A girl had come to receive me
with a car which took us to the Eastern Zone.
I had expected that the border of the two
zones would be very heavily guarded. All
the P.T.I.-Reuter reports appearing in the
Indian newspapers had always represented
Berlin as a veritable powder-keg which would
burst into flames at the first spark. So, I was,
naturally, rather surprised to find only three
or four policemen guarding the border and
checking the people going to the Eastern
Zone-a scene which was in no way different
from what is an everyday sight at the Bandra
or Mahim causeway in Bombay where police-
men make a routine check-up of all traffic.
A city of ruins
Berlin has been a city famous for its magni-
ficent buildings and fine roads. But now it is
a heartrending sight. From the Brandenburg
Gate to the Potsdamer Platz, from the shell
of the Reichstag to the razed earth of the
former Chancellory, on every side of the Unter
der Linden there is an endless panorama of
ruins. The people and the government of
Eastern Germany are devoting all their ener-
gies towards the reconstruction of their country
and specially of their beloved Capital. But
that is a Herculean job and one can even to-
day see everywhere the evidence of the terrible
consequences of Hitler's war for Germany.
Utter chaos of debris stretches over tens of
square miles and beneath that lie corpses in
thousands which are still being dug up. And
over the ruins one can see huge posters, poin-
ing towards the debris, saying: "Look at this
destruction ! This is what war means !"
The arrangements for our stay had been
made in the biggest hotel of the city which had
central heating that kept us warm even in the
severe winter of February. And every night
when we came back from the meeting there
were always some surprise gifts waiting for
us in the room-apples, chocolates, sweets and
sometimes even a packet of cigarettes !
We were introduced to the Prime Minister
of the Democratic Republic of Germany,
Otto Grotewohl. He told us that under the
Hitler-regime, for many years the German
people had been kept completely isolated
from the democratic and peace-loving people
of other countries of the world. Therefore,
he said, they were very happy to welcome
in their country representatives of nine crores
of people from all parts of the world.
He assured us that the people of Germany,
Eastern as well as Western, hated the very
idea of war and were opposed to the plans of
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td-niilitarisation of Germany. Recently there
was a referendum in a big town in West-
tern Germany on this question and over 88
per cent of the population voted against
rearmament.
One elderly German lady frankly admitted
that it was a very hard job to educate people
who had been for years indoctrinated With
the racial, chauvinistic, gangster ideas of
Fascism, into democratic and peace-loving
citizens. "But we have done the job", she added
"and will go on doing it."
The miracle of East Germany
And from what I saw and heard in Berlin,
Weimar and other parts of Eastern Germany,
I could not help agreeing with the old lady.
It is a real marvel that throughout Eastern Ger-
many you never hear or read of war. In London,
every morning the daily papers would talk
about nothing else but war and would give
the impression that a world war was likely to
break out any moment and that most probably
it would start in Germany. But in Germany
itself, during my ten days' stay, I never had
this fear grip my heart that the world is
recklessly heading towards war.
In fact, there is now a statutory ban on
any kind of war propaganda in Eastern
Germany. In response to the appeal of the
World Peace Congress, the Democratic Re-
public of Germany has enacted a law making
war propaganda a cognizable and severely
MME. THAELMANN'S MESSAGE
My dear friends,
Your visit to Berlin, the capital of Germany,
for the meeting of the council of Women's
International Democratic Federation, gave
me particular pleasure. It is a great honour
and a task of great responsibility for the German
women, to carry on the fight against the war-
mongers and for friendship between. the peo-
ples of the different countries of the world.
In the German Democratic Republic and
in the democratic section of Berlin the anti-
fascist democratic social order is being streng-
thened daily. Our peace-loving progressive
Government under the leadership of the work-
ing class and our president Wilhelm Pieck and
our Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl have put
all their strength into the effort of raising the
living standards of the German working people.
In the German Democratic Republic, there
are no unemployed. We had a two-year plan
which was over-fulfilled, and since 'January,
punishable crime.
"Peace will conquer War", '"DER FRIE-
DDEN BESIEGT DEN KRIEG", this solgan hangs
not only in all Conference halls, but over
the entire Eastrern Germany and was echoed
and re-echoed from the throats of thousands
of young, blond German girls and boys who
surrounded us at every corner of the city
with banners and flowers and the slogans
of peace.
I met two unique women in Berlin-one
was the daughter of the great Clara Zetkin. She
is now more than sixty and does not speak
English. So she just went on shaking my
hand for a long time. She wanted to say
something but no translator was available
nearby, andI had to content myself with only a
warm embrace. The other was Rosa Thaelmann,
the widow of that great leader of the German
people, Ernst Thaelmann who after eleven years
of solitary confinement was brutally murdered
by the Hitlerites on the eve of the liberation
of Berlin by the Soviet Army. Rosa Thaelmann,
also, together with her young daughter, has
spent many long and terrible years in Hitler's
concentration camps. Now she works in the
Democratic Women's League of Germany.
She gave me a copy of her message to the
women of the world which I am enclosing with
this letter (see at the bottom of this page-
Editor).
From 45 countries, delegates had come
1951, we are working untiringly for our new
Five-Year Plan under the slogan "Always ready
for work and for the defence of peace!"
Untiringly we are explaining to the Ger-
man women that the American imperialists are
planning the same fate for the population of
Western Germany which they have already
inflicted upon the people of Korea. We have
not forgotten the terrible nights when the
Americans used to bomb our cities and towns
during World War II. On February 3rd, 1945,
during the course of an air attack on the living
quarters of Berlin by thousands of American
bombers, not less than 50,000 women and child-
ren and old and sick people were killed. That
is why the progressive women and the mothers
of Germany from the bottom of their hearts
hate the American interventionists, who are
massacring the innocent population of. Korea.
The German women know and have not
forgotten how the the Soviet Union, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, France, Bulgaria, Rumania,
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to the Council meeting, from the Soviet Union
and the People's Democracies of Eastern
Europe, from U.S.A, Britain, France and
Italy, from Korea, China and the countries
of the Middle East.
These women belonged to different political
trends and religious sects and they were from all
walks of life. The simple housewife, the mill-
hand, the peasant girl, the teacher, the artist
and the Minister of State -here all sat together
to discuss the menace of war that is hanging
over the world and threatens with death every
darling child of every loving mother.
The Korean Glory
There were two delegates from North
Korea, Mme. Che Den Zuk, the North Korean
Minister for Culture and a young girl of twenty
years who had already gazed into the eyes
of death while working as a nurse with the
Korean People's Army.
Mme. Che Den Zuk in her speech said
that today there were only two ways open
before the people of Korea : either to defend
the independence of their country against
the American invaders, if necessary even with
bare hands; or to become once again the
slaves of a colonial power. The Korean peo-
ple have chosen the first road and they
shall not turn from it. The soil of suffer-
ing Korea is drenched with blood. The dead
and many other countries have suffered from the
German Fascist bandits.
The best sons and daughters of the German
people also suffered torture and death in the
concentration camps and prisons of the same
gang. We owe eternal thanks to the brave
Soviet Army which liberated us from fascism
by sacrificing millions of its heroic soldiers.
- It was the brave sons of the Soviet-land who
liberated my daughter Irma and myself from
the concentration camp of Ravenesbrucke.
Ernst Thaelmann, my comrade and the father
of my daughter Irma, ?after eleven years of
solitary confinement, was murdered by the
fascists shortly before our liberation by the
Red Army. In his spirit, my daughter and
I work in the million strong organisation of
the D. F. D. (Democratic Women's League of
Germany) and try to do our share in
the rebuilding of a united and democratic
Germany.
I have time and again spoken to the workers
of the German Democratic Republic in large
mother with the baby clasped to her breast,
the corpses of children covered with blood
and mud, the women mad with grief, these
are now a common sight in Korea. Millions
have been rendered homeless, lacs have been
done to death by American bombs, American
machine-guns and American napalm jelly.
Those who escape the terror-bombings, have
no food to eat, no clothes to put on and no
house to take shelter in. "But", said Mme.
Che Den Zuk, "the Korean people-men and
women alike-are fighting and will continue
to fight even as the people of Soviet Union
fought against the Hitlerite invaders."
Zoya, the martyr Heroine of the Soviet Union
has inspired many Korean girls to follow her
example. The Secretary of the Korean Women's
Democratic League Kin Ran Ok was arrested
by the Synghman Rhee traitors. They ordered
her to shout "Long live Synghman Rhee!" She
replied "No, Rhee is a trator to Korea. Long
live the beloved leader of the people, Kim Ir
Sen." 1 And she died shouting these words.
In the Kumor mountains, Kan Gur Sun,
the famous partisan girl single-handed killed
30 enemy soldiers and enabled her partisan
unit to break out of enemy encirclement.
Addressing herself to the American and
English women, Mme. Che Den Zuk said:
factories like the Maxhutte about our friend-
ship for the Soviet Union and for the people
of the People's Democracies, about the vital
need for the German people to recognize
the Oder-Neisse frontier as the peace frontier
between the Polish and the German peoples.
Our youth, which is organised in the
Free German Youth works and studies in the
spirit of Ernst Thaelmann and of the millions
of fighters for freedom who had to sacrifice
their lives in the fight against Fascism.
The heroic Soviet women, the heroic women
of Korea and China and the brave partisans of
peace in Italy and France are an example for
us and an inspiration which drives us to
achieve even more, to unmask the warmongers
and to safeguard peace for all people.
The representatives of the nations present at
this meeting, have given us heartening words.
Deeply moved, I thank them all for this deep
experience and I vow that I shall put all my
strength into the fight for peace.
Rosa Thaelmann
MAY, 1951
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"Vou must know the evil things that your
husbands and brothers are doing in Korea.
Realise that you too bear the responsibility
for the murder of lacs of completely innocent
people. And do not belive that bombs will
continue to fall on the Asian cities and you
will be safe in New York and London, that the
towns and villages of America will never
have to endure what the towns and villages
of our country are suffering today. If
you want your children to be spared the
horrors of war, fight ! Fight now, to end
this dirty, senseless war in Korea. Fight to
stop your sons, brothers and husbands from
being sent to death in distant Korea."
The assembled delegates and the German
mothers and daughters listened to the repre-
sentative of the Korean women with tears in
their eyes, and each one of us vowed within her
heart to go back to her country and tell every
woman the tragic but heroic story of Korea.
Soviet delegate speaks
The Soviet delegate Perfenova warned the
delegates that the American Imperialists having
suffered a fiasco in Korea were hastily prepa-
ring to kindle a new war in Europe and were
re-militarising Western Germany, planning
to use German people as their connonfodder.
"In U. S, A." she said, "the heads of the
administration, the generals of the army and
some journalists and editors are openly
calling for Moscow, Leningrad and Baku to
be atom-bombed. But in my country, in
the Soviet Union, the teachers are teaching
children that besides the America of Truman
and MacArthur, there is also an America
which gave Abraham Lincoln and Fredrick
Roosevelt to the world, the` America of Paul
Robeson and Howard Fast and of the American
fighters for Peace and against the war in
Korea. That is the difference between a
peace-loving real democracy and an imperial-
ist hot-bed of aggression."
The Hell that is Greece today
The Greek delegate charged the American
war-mongers of having turned her beautiful
country into a dismal place of death and
desolation. She said that while in name
the native Monarcho-Fascists ruled over her
country, in reality Greece was already a colony
of the Americans, who had established a real
tyranny over the land. More than sixty
thousand Greek patriots-men and women,
are dying a slow death in the notorious Mak-
ronissos and other concentration camps and
prisons. 510 women exiled in the barren
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island of Trikeri are living in the open, exposed
to cold, rain and terrible winter storms. In
the prison of Averof 760 women patriots are
undergoing unheard of torments. Amongst
them, 12 are condemned to death including
a ninety years old grandmother who has
already given 3 sons to the Freedom movement
of her country.
But the women of Greece are resolutely
struggling for' Peace and indepence of their
country. One of the women while signing
the Stockholm Peace Appeal has written:
"I sign because of the martyrdom and humi-
liation suffered by my people. I sign because of my
negro brothers who are being flogged, lynched and
put to the electric-chair in America. I sign because
of my yellow brothers of Korea whose father-land
is being trampled upon by the boots of the invaders;
because of Seoul I sign the Stockholm appeal."
There were many other speeches and
reports by the delegates from various countries
and innumerable messages from Women's
organisations and distinguished women, in-
cluding the famous La Passionaria of Spain,
Mme. Dolores Ibarurry and Mme. Cotton of France.
The Call to the Governments
After considerable discussions inside the
various Commissions the Council unanimously
passed a resolution addressed to the women
of the world calling upon them to compel the
Governments of their respective countries
(1) to enact laws banning war propaganda
in any form;
(2) to stop spending billions on armaments
and use that money for increasing social ameni-
ties ;
(3) to act for immediate cessation of the
war in Korea and the withdrawal of all foreign
troops from there;
(4) to act for stopping the remilitarisation
of Germany;
(5) to stop the persecution of the defenders -
of Peace.
The second resolution was about the need
of strengthening and broadening the movement
for the defence of children and gave a call
for the widest possible celebration of an Inter-
national Children's Day in 1951.
The other resolutions were about the task
of building the unity of various women's
organisations, the fight against remilitarisation
of Germany, and the Peace Movement.
The Indian delegation fully participated
in the discussions. The leading members
of the Council impressed upon the Indian
delegates the great and urgent need of Indian
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Women's organisations formally joining the
International movement.
After the meeting was over, the delegates
dispersed into several groups to tour different
parts of Eastern Germany. l went to Weimar.
The warm and friendly welcome that we
received at every small village and town on
our way was too wonderful to be described. In
Turania where we had gone to see the Steel
Factory and the Wilhelm Pieck Nylon Factory,
the Premier (the Minister-President, as he is
called in Germany) of Turania himself welcomed
us and gave us a dinner, where I was given a
seat next to him, because, as they said, India
was such an important and great country.
The Premier talked to me-an ordinary
girl from India just like a friend and a comrade.
He told me that he was a son of the working
class and had escaped death ten times and
that he regretted very much that he did not
know English and, therefore, could not talk
directly to the representative of a great country
like India.
When I left Germany I was loaded with
all sorts of presents-two big dolls, a beautiful
glass flower vase, a broach, a pair of bracelets,
a chain, numerous books and albums and
plenty of sweets and chocolates and so many
kisses of German women and children.
I-went to Berlin with a number of prejudices
against the Germans. But I found that the
common people everywhere are the same-
friendly, peace-loving and affectionate. And
I returned with a deep affection in my heart for
the German women and men. May be some
day we shall be able to build a strong women's
movement in our country and invite the
German women here.
The Indian Medical Unit in Korea
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FACTS
YOU OUGHT TO KNOW
INTENSITY OF THE BOMBING
The American General Emmeth O'Donnel,
before leaving Tokyo for the United States, declar-
ed on January 18 that U.S. Air Forces had dropp-
ed over Korea 43,000 tons of bombs with "maxim-
um results".
43,000 tons since June 25, last year, that is, in
7 months! This is 3,000 more tons than were drop-
ped over Germany in the whole of 1942, and
Germany is three times as big as Korea.
That is, bombing in Korea has been five times as
intense as that of Germany in 1942.
President Truman Says :
"The principles for which we are
fighting in Korea are right and just."
Message to Congress, January 8, 1951.
But Korean women say:
Dear Friends,
You who desire peace throughout the
world and a happy future for humanity;
you who nurture the flame of protest against
all injustice, source of unhappiness and
suffering for humanity, it is to you that we
address this message from our deserted ruins,
where the winter lashes the body and chilly
blizzard relentlessly pierces the thin clothing.
Our peaceful life has been blasted by the bursts
of countless American shells....
The roads are choked with the number-
THESE ARE American STATISTICS
US Fifth Air Force statistics give the follow-
ing provisional summary of civilian casualties by
the action of the Force: 250,000 dead, 200,000 wou-
nded, 90,000 missing. Refugees from bombard-
ment: 3,000,000 up till December.
WONZU
On January 17, the Newspaper Le Monde of
Paris published following despatch of an American
Agency, the United Press:
"Before the withdrawal, every house in Wonzu
was burnt down, every bridge blown up, every
scrap of food rendered unfit for consumption.
Patrols went out into the surrounding countryside
to set fire to the huts and haystacks. Roads and
fields were mined. Then, after the town had been
evacuated and the last bridge blown up, artillery
and aircraft joined up.
"Today, Wonzu is razed to the ground. Not
one section of a wall is left standing to shelter the
enemy. And within a radius of several miles the
earth and the hillside where shells and bombs have
dug innumerable holes make the picture of a
pockmarked face."
BETWEEN SUWON AND SEOUL
Newspaperman Henri De Turenne wrote from
the Korean front to the French newspaper Le Figaro
as follows:
"The icy plain between Suwon and Seoul is
completely deserted and all the towns are razed to
the ground. Suwon, the only town in the penins-
ula with any pretentious to beauty, a kind of Car-
casonne, complelely walled, with towers and gates
eight centuries old, looks today like an empty box.
Inside the walls there is nothing lett but a carpet
of ashes; the inhabitants, some hundred thousand
of them, have disappeared. All along the road to
Seoul, through the frozen paddy fields that, from
a distance look like the compartments of an ice-
[Continued on the opposite Page]
less corpses of our brothers and sisters.
In the cities, most of the theatres, clubs
and other cultural institutions have been
destroyed and burned by American bombs.
But it is not only the towns and villlages
that have been destroyed; the barbarians
drop their incendiary bombs and flaming
liquid even in sparsely populated places;
here an isolated house on a mountain path,
there a whole forest is put to flames. Hardly
a human shadow can be found in the
streets; in the villages the crowing of the
rooster and the barking of the dogs are no
longer heard. Now instead of peaceful
family gatherings and songs of work and
construction, the roaring flame of the people's
wrath is heard, everywhere are heard the
people's maledictions, everywhere the peo-
ple's eyes gleam with burning hatred and
the desire for vengeance.
Korea can. no longer be studied on the
maps and in the books which depicted and
described our country six months ago.
Where towns and villages (were marked on
the maps, no trace remains; here stood a
house, it is no more; here were a garden and a
forest, they( are no more. Only the moun-
tain ranges and the river beds remain for ever;
but so does the unshakeable will of the
Korean people to fight for its liberty and
independence.
The targets on which the American planes
have been dropping their bombs since the
very beginning of the war, and on which
they have loosed their guns, are not the
trenches, or the artillery emplacements of
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our army, the barracks, and military convoys,
but children's schools, hospitals crowded with
the sick, churches, theatres, and cottages
on the banks of limited streams or in lonely
places in the mountains. They have aimed
their flaming liquid and their incendiary
bombs at infants weeping at the breast of
their dead mothers, at young brides be-
wailing with hot tears their husbands who
will never return, at aged mothers hoping
day after day for the return of their beloved
sons........
It was when we reached the highest
mountain peaks that we saw the most
terrible scenes. None of us could ima-
gine that mankind could attain such degra-
dation. We are convinced that this was
the work not of the hand of man, but rather
of the claws of a beast in human form.
We saw a baby, who with tiny hands
grasped the breast of his dead mother, and
vainly tried to suck nourishment therefrom.
How could the baby know that his mother
had been killed, that the life-giving milk
would no longer flow from her breast ?
This child was the only human being left
alive out of 700 of our brothers and sisters
shot by the American monsters on the moun-
tain of Chupkhennen.
Not far from Chupkhennen, in the valley
of Endon, we came upon a place where the
Americans had shot 200 young school girls;
in a pine forest, on the banks of a little
stream, were spread in disorder the bathing-
shoes worn by the children during their
physical-culture period. It seemed to its
that we could see the young girls falling
beneath the enemy bullets; we could hear
their last cries, could hear them as they
cursed their executioners. The bodies of
the young girls were taken away after they
had been murdered, but their shoes remained
behind, scattered on the grass.
In a little village of Savori, a province
north of Pyeng Yang, in only a few days the
Americans and the Synghman Rhee troops
killed about half of the inhabitlts.
Before they shot her, an aged Korean woman
vented her wrath on the enemy: "Monsters !
You will be wiped out, without fail."
Such curses are heard wherever the Ameri-
can and the Synghman Rhee brigands go.
The air is filled also with the groans and the
curses of our sisters violated by the Amer-
cans and their Korean mercenaries. Many
of our sisters could not bear the shame in-
flicted on them; such was their hatred of
the enemy that they committed suicide- , ..
FACTS [Continued from the
..... opposite page]
box, I saw two hundred Koreans. They were
in groups of about ten peasants, burying at
the roadside heaps of corpses frozen into tragica-
lly grotesque attitudes, pell-mell, women, men and
soldiers killed by aircraft.
"About ten kilometres north-west of Suwon,
an American battalion had started to attack a
hill position held batered held by the North Kor-
eans. As usual, the artillery had battered the hill
for half an hour before, but when the infantry
went in they were greeted with machine-gun fire.
The battalion commander then asked more artill-
ery support, and called in the air force.
"For one hour, after the thundering artillery,
jets dosed the hill with napalm and rockets.
"I'll be damned if anything's left alive," said
a correspondent who arrived at that moment."
SAVE ME FROM THIS LIBERATION
"Two days before Christmas she announced
that she was going to Pusan.
"She would have to ride for the best part of a
week perched dangerously on top of an overloaded
truck, with no protection against the biting, sub-
zero wind.
"Surely it would have been better to have
stayed behind. The Communists would'nt do
anything to her...
"We didn't understand, she explained. -,t
wasn't the Communists she was afraid of. She
had stayed behind before.
"What made her sell up her home and join
the refugees was the dread of being bombed again
by the United Nations."
(The British journalist Bernard Wicksteed,
describing his talk with a Korean refugee from
Seoul in the Daily Express )
* *
BRUTE
The newspaper ABC of Madrid in its issue of
December 20, quotes the American general of the
3rd. Division in Korea referring to China thus:
"After all a million people die of hunger every
year, and those left have difficulty in finding a
living. What difference is there between a million
dead from hunger, and another million killed by
bullets ?"
This brute has NOT yet been sacked by Tru-
mall.
* * *
CIVILISED!
U. S. flyers in Korea now carry sewn on
their backs a small American flag with the
tollowing inscription in four languages (Japanese,
Chinese, Korean and Filippino):
"Belonging to a civilised nation which has alw-
ays carefully respected laws of humanity, I demand
the protection of International Red Cross Geneva rul-
ing. Thank you."
MAY 1951 5
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Krishan Chandar
. Peace In Out Time
T he Indian peace
movement is a re-
cent growth and it has got
nothing to do with the old
peace movement which
was mainly confined to
one political party and
Krishan Chandar is the foremost story-writer
of Urdu and the secretary of the Preparatory
Committee of the Second All-India Peace Con-
gress. He will be regularly contributing to
,,India Today".-Editor
Rajput glory of battle was
not appreciated by our
its close associates and
friends. It was a very exclusive movement; it
had a very exclusive growth and ultimately it
died of its 'own exclusion.
The new peace movement seeking to avoid
the mistakes of the past has a more comprehen-
sive understanding of the issues at stake.
Slowly it is acquiring shape, strength and
vitality. Slowly it is rising from a nebulous
mass of vague longings for Peace and growing
into a distinctly autonomous political move-
ment having firm national roots. Today it
covers within its wide sweeping arch, ele-
ments from extreme right to extreme left,
industrialists, Congressmen, Theocrats, Socia-
lists, Forward Blocists, Communists, intellec-
tuals, scientists, doctors, non-Party, non-Poli-
tical men and women from diverse faiths,
religions and races. More than 25 lacs of
people have signed its Peace pledges at one time
or another.
Three thousand years' tradition
All this has been achieved within the
incredibly short period of one year, with-
out any governmental backing, without the
whole-hearted cooperation of any political
party or parties who could make Peace', the
centre of their programme, a shining testa-
ment of their faith and glory However, the
struggle for Peace does not wait for anybody. the
people have taken it up and it will grow.
That the Peace movement has been able
to grow in India in so short a time is not only
due to our new understanding but due also
to an understanding which is very, very old.
'From the hoary past, over the whispering
galleries of a three thousand years, tradition,
the voice of our ancient scholars, prophets
and men of Peace comes to us in words of
clear crystal-like, luminous wisdom.
The Indian Peace tradition is a very real,
genuine tradition. It is,not that India did not
have wars and warriors in the past or that the
A peaceful tradition is a great incentive
to Peace. But it has its limitations. For
the demand of Peace is independent of our
tradition, religion and philosophy, though
they may all help to build a climate of Peace
in our country, the real demand of Peace is a
rational, objective reality, arising out of the
fact that to-day through the misuse of scientific
discoveries, through atom bombs and hydrogen
bombs, and other death-dealing instruments of
mass destruction, it is within the bounds ofpossi-
INDIA TO-DAY
people. The difference
lies in an almost univer-
sal abhorence of war and
having Peace somehow,
even at the cost of some *
compromise. The dif-
ff'erence lies in the fact that Ashok is a
greater hero to us than Maharana. Pratap,
Buddha infinitely greater than Shankara-
charya, Akbar more beloved than Aurang-
zeb. All our great heroes are heroes of Peace.
We do not boast of having a Halaku, Chengiz
Khan, Timarlane or Hitler within the last
5,000 years of our organised social exis-
tence. Unlike the imperialists, we did not
first send the priest and then the soldier ab-
road. We first sent the priest, and then the
priest and then again the priest. That has
been our tradition.
Those who struggle for Peace in this country,
those who go to the people with a message of
Peace, must recall to their mind and to the mind
of the people our glorious peace-loving heritage.
They should recall Krishna's valiant struggle
for Peace before the battle of Mahabharata:
his even-to-the-last minute attempts to seat
Kauravas and Pandavas at a round table to
thrash out the issues and come to a pact of
peace. I think someone should translate
those chapters and dramatise them for the
modern stage. In the new context of things,
those old ancient truths will gleam with new
meaning. They will convince many not only
with the humanity of Peace, but also with the
Politics of Peace, for Krishna was a great
politician as well as a great prophet.
Collecting point of all humanity
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AFTER ATOM BOMBS.. - - . COFFINS!
The Pacific Tribune of Ottawa, Canada,
reported on February 23, 1951 that "the
St. Laurent Government is planning to
manufacture collapsible, easily-stored
fibre-board coffins for distribution to
urban centres likely to be bomb-targets in
event of war. As an added gesture to
culture, the National Research Council
has developed a spray to give the coffins a
velvet appearance. The cost will be
approximately $5 each."
That is, after making atom-bombs, now
they are making eo, fjins !
bility-nay, it is a probable certainty that the
entire mankind can be wiped out, the entire
earth reduced to a wasteland andits atmos phere
surcharged with poisonous radio-active elements.
This is not a mad man's dream or fantasy.
Its horror in all its naked truth and brutality
has been admitted by such eminent scientists
as Einstein, Joliot-Curie and many others.
Faced with such prospects of destruction and
annihilation, Peace becomes the collecting point of
all humanity to save itself from a few individuals
and groups of individuals who seek profit from death
and war.
First we must live
And since Peace is the collecting point
of diverse political elements, reactionaries
as well as progressives, Commuists as
well as Gandhi-ites; Peace becomes nautral
to all political issues except those of Peace
and War. This neutrality of Peace between
various political elements within the orbit
of the Peace movement is a cardinal point
in issue and should always be maintained.
I say this becuase it often happens that some
persons, through their incorrect understand-
ing, or becuase of their established political
habits and w?iys of thinking, would resort to
tendentious methods to give their own poli-
tical colour ng to the Peace movement, to
channelise it into solving local, national or
international problems which are really, ex-
traneous to the problems of Peace. Such
methods tend to create tension within the
Peace movement rnd restrict its growth.
Our occupation with the single problem of
Peace does not mean that other problems
concerning our national existence should not
be solved. But there are other platforms to
do so. On the. issue of Peace, the neutrality
of Peace must be obtained towards its various
components. This will obviate the necessity
of discussing such issues as Telengana, Assam,
the partition of Bengal, the Indian constitution,
Vana Mahotsav, the Railway Time-able
or Birth-Control-all from the same platform.
Really, Peace is the most dire necessity
for mankind today. Let us not make it a
joke. Capitalism is a stage in living, So
is Communism. But first we must live to know
how to live. That is why both capitalists
and Communists have joined our movement
on the issue of preserving world Peace. It
would be dangeroi s to exclude one or the
other. To those who say that our Peace
movement contains many Communists, I
would say that a peace movement which does
not include Communists and allow them
to play their rightful role in it would be as
dangerous a movement as the peace move-
ment which includes only Communists in it
and which does not allow other elements to
play their proper role in it. Rather it should
be a matter of great satisfaction to us that
Communists come on our platform 1prea-
ching world Peace and not world war, that
in answer to the tragic barbarism of a few
brutal war-makers, they bring to us the finest
hope of a new humanism.
But Peace is not synonimous with politi-
cal slumber. It does not mean that in a
given country or sector of human life various
political trends and ideologies will not contend
fiercely to mould human society into a parti-
cular shape. Peace does not stop that process.
Rather it accelerates that process by providing
a peaceful international atmosphere in which
man can experiment with various ways of
life and by his own efforts and understanding
arrive at a higer level of living. Of living,
not of Death.
Lean on the anti-imperialist sentiment
To use a Chinese saying with a slight
modification, one might say that World
Peace is the water in which various political
fish will roam. The fish will not exist
without water.
That brings me to the continuous process
of liberation struggles going on on the con-
tinents of Asia and Africa against various
foreign imperialisms. It is true that these foreign
imperialismsdenoteacontinuous stateof aggress-
ion and war carried on by some foreign powers
against the colonial naitons ofAsia and Africa for
the last two hundred years. Two hundred years
is a long time. During this time it was but
natural for these colonial peoples to know
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those aggressors by names, by faces, by all their
dark, cruel methods. It is also natural for these
people to develop an intense passionate hatred
against this centuries old aggression.
Any Peace movement in colonial countries which
does not take serious account of this intense
overwhelming feeling of the people would be lacking
in national content.
At Warsaw we took a step in that direc-
tion and I hope more attention will be
paid to this aspect of things by various peace
movements in colonial cAuntries.
From Stockholm to Berlin appeal
The draft of a national appeal put froward
by the Indian Preparatory Committe calling
for the withdrawal of foreign troops from
Asian soil is another step in that direction.
In fact, let us hope some day we shall have
a big Congress of Peace comprising of all
colonial countries, in India or China, to thrash
out our particular national problem of Peace.
We have travelled a long road. From
Stockholm to Berlin Appeal. In India the step
was faltering, the pace uneven, but unmis-
takably there have been taken big steps
towards enduring Progress. Stockholm posed
the moral issue of Peace. Berlin poses the
political issue, of bringing all the five great
powers together to sign a Pact of Peace. It
means asking the world of Communism and
the world of capitalism, the world of Peo-
ple's Democracy and the world of Imperial-
ism to give us Peace in our life-time. It does
not mean the end of Imperialism, or the end
of our national liberation struggles. It means
in fact, the provision of water for the fish to
swim in. The Peace movement has grown
from the moral to the practical plane. The.
Berlin Peace Council decision must be widely.
approved in India, and the ranks of those who
have signed. the Stockholm Appeal, must be
joined by hundreds of millions of Indians
signing the Berlin Peace Appeal sure in the
knowledge that the Indian people by their
united will can really make war impossible,
sure in their resurgent faith in their glorious
tradition to march forward hand in hand,
with other peoples of the world, not to make
a nightmare of shambles and ruins, but a
rainbow of shimmering smiles, of fond lights
and hopes and a great embracing of hearts
all over the world.
36 INDIA TO-DAY
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S. S. Dhavan
Soviet Foreign Policy
A few months ago a statesman asked me tion entitled their opinion to respect--went
the definition of a progressive person. so far as to say that by signing this pact with
'any the Soviet government had rendered
I replied, "Today the test of a progressive persoGerm
is his attitude to the Soviet Union". war between Britain` and Germany inevi-
This observation requires elucidation. table and were therelure to some extent moral
Today the political world is full of conly responsible for the war. Similarly, when
vatives, liberals, socialists, anti-socialists; capi ---the Soviet-Finnish war broke out , the Soviet
talists, and non-descript free-thinke s o government was accused of imperialist aggres-
_. tt d arrest a weak nation, and hostile critics
sorts. But in international anairs, Polltlc!Xfi, said that there was no essential difference
and political parties are distinguishable accor; between Soviet imperialism and any other
ding to their attitude to the Soviet State. brand of imperialism. Again, some people
Roughly speaking, they may be classified complain that the Soviet Union has always
according to the following labels : paid " svmPathY to the struggle of colonial
,
1. Soviet-baiters or Soviet-haters; countries for freedom, but in practice it
2. Soviet-lovers or huzza-men of tbo, maintains diplomatic and trade relations
Soviet Government whose motto is "my with all imperialist states. After the Soviet
Soviet, right or wrong" ; and German war and the consequent Anglo-Soviet-
3. Progressive-minded persons who- military alliance, the Soviet Union was sus-
regard the Soviet civilisation as a great pected of having gone over to the Anglo-
t l t r m b mortals American imperialist camp.
t
y
progressive sys em, ~u
who are as much capable of committing
mistakes and blunders as any
group of human beings.
A person may call himself a good...soci
A Socialist island in a Capitalist ocean
=Most of this type of criticism could be
be in the anti-Soviet camp. Mr. Winston
Churchill, and Dr. Ram Manohar Loh
will bear this fact in mind when judging _ e` vet foreign policy is based not on abstract
truth of my observation that the real test of principles but on concrete realities including
h
a progressive person today is not hett? ..,
is a socialist, communist, capitalist or any
other 'ist'. The real testis: What is his attitude
to the Soviet State ?
1.1917-50
T HE foreign policy of the Soviet Union
has been much misunderstood in this
country. In many cases the misunderstanding
is inspired by a dislike of the social philosophy
which is the basis of the Soviet State; in other
words, by hatred of Marxism, Bolshevism,
or Socialism. But in other cases, the misun-
derstanding is due either to ignorance or
confused thinking.
For instance, the Soviet-German Non-
Aggression Pact of 1939 raised a storm of
criticism in this country. Many persons-
and some of them were persons whose posi-
mentary facts. The U. S. S. R. may be a
ocralist state, but it is not situated in a Socialist
'world or in a vacuum, but in a non-socialist,
c p' talist-Imperialist world order. Moreover,
e criticism rec-
past experience. Much of t
ted against it displays an ignorance of history.
It is impossible to understand the foreign
policy of the Soviet government without a
knowledge of the historical events which gave
birth to the Soviet State and the attitude
S. S. Dhavan, better known as sANJAYA,
the famous columnist of the National Herald, is
a progressive congressman and a keen observer of
international aff airs. He will be a regular
contributor to these columns. Here he explains
the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union and why it
can not but be a Peace Policy. Naturally, we
are not in a position to agree with all that he has
to say, but we whole-heartedly welcome his
valuable contribution-Editor.
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of the foreign powers to the SovetState during
the early years of its existence.
The Bolshevist Revolution took place in
Russia in November 1917, when the capita-
list and imperialist powers were engaged in
a life and deaths.tyuggle. Consequently none
of the Great Powers was in a position to, inter-
fere. But Lenin warned the Bolsheviks that
their immunity from foreign invasion would
not last long. As soon as the two rival imperialist
groups were able to patchi up their quarrels --
a permanent so]ut_1on szt=_the imperialist rival-
ries was not possible without destruction
of imperialism itself -they 'ould unite to fight
Bolshevism. Some of his cc.lleagues including
Trotsky were inclin--d to pooh-pooh his warn-
ings as unduly alarmist. But Lenin -proved
right. Soon after the Revolution, the
armies of fourteen countries (Britain, France,
America, Japan, Italy, Poland, Czechoslo-
vakia, Rumania, Hungary, and Germany etc.)
invaded the Soviet Republic with the d,:,
lared object of "strangling Bolshevism at the
moment of its birth", as Mr. Churchill recently
put it.
Lessons of Intervention and Civil War
Such an attack on a revolutionary state
by a combination of foreign powers was not
a unique event in history. After the great
French Revolution, the other European
powers invaded France to restore the Bourbon
monarchy and the ancien regime in -France.
In 1871, Bismark helped the bourgeois govern-
ment of France to crush the `Commune'-the
revolutionary government set up by the people
of Paris. In our own times, the Fascist govern-
ments of Germany and Italy helped the
Spanish rebel Franco to destroy the Spanish
Republic. Therefore the combined assault
on the Soviet Republic in 1918 by a coalition
of fourteen foreign powers was not surprising.
But one feature of the intervention must be
noted. Germany co-operated with the powers
which had just inflicted a crushing defeat on
her. The enemies of yesterday became friends
for the purpose of destroying Socialism in
Russia. What saved the Soviet Republic
was a number of factors. Most important
of these was the fanatical resistance of the
masses in defence of their Soviet Republic.
Secondly, the conflicting interests of the Great
Powers were ' too deep-rooted to make any
co-operation possible for long. The Soviet
Government took the fullest advantage of the
jealousies and rivalries among their' enemies.
Lastly, the opposition of the working classes
in imperialist countries, who had already
suffered the horrors of four years of war, to
this new war against the infant Workers'
Republic damped the crusading anti-Bolshev-
ist ardour of the invading governments. The
`intervention' failed, and the Soviet Republic
came out-of-this ordeal alive, though consi-
derably weakened.
But the `intervention' had a permanent
effect on the foreign policy of the Soviet
government. During the ordeal of Civil War
and ' foreign invasion the Bolsheviks derived
many useful lessons which were to stand them in
good stead in later years. They were convin-
ced that though the __`intervention _ had been
beaten off, it would be repeated. What
had been gained was only a truce, or a brea-
thing space.
The Civil War convinced Soviet states-
men that Capitalism would not tolerate for
ever the existence within itself of a Socialist
economy. This conviction has-- been the basis of
Soviet foreign policy ever since. The broad prin-
ciples of this policy were laid down by Lenin
himself. These principles may be summarised
as follows:
The existence of the Soviet Union may be
detrimental to the interests of Capitalism as
a whole, but the conflict of interests between
individual capitalist states is too deep to allow
any united front against the Soviet Union for
any length of time. Therefore, it should be
the aim of the Soviet government to take full
advantage of these rivalries in order to prevent
the formation of an Anti-Soviet coalition.
Utilizing Imperialist rivalries
This policy had already been pursued
with advantage. When during the peace
negotiations with Germany, news was received
that the German armies had resumed their
advance, Trotsky proposed that the Bolshevik
government should ask the Allied Powers
for aid against Germany. Lenin supported
this proposal with the remark: "Please add my
vote in favour of the receipt of support and
arms from the Anglo-French Imperialist
brigands". Similarly when Japan invaded
Siberia, ostensibly to stamp out Bolshevism
but really to annex Eastern Siberia, the
Soviet government relied on the traditional
policy of America to weaken Japan's position
on the Asiatic mainland. In the end, American
oppposition forced Japan to withdraw. :Again,
when Britain sent her troops to the Caucasus,
the Soviet government had little difficulty
in persuading other Great Powers that the
British aim was not to fight Communism,
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but to secure the oil-fields of Baku.* During
the years immediatley following the Treaty
of Versailles, when Germany was an outcast
among the great powers in Europe, the Soviet
government developed cordial relations with
her for trade purposes.
The Five-Year Plans
Another great lesson which the Soviet
government learnt from the "intervention"
was to develop the military and industrial
strength of the country as quickly as possible.
This was the genesis of the famous Five- Year Plan;
which transformed Soviet Russia from a backward
agricultural country into the second greatest indus-
trial country in the world. That Soviet Russia
would have been industrialised sooner or later
is certain, for socialism in a primitive economy
is unthinkable. But the terrific pace of the
Five Year Plans and the terrible sacrifices
which it entailed upon the people were dictated
by the international situation. At the end of
the first Five-Year Plan, Stalin said:.
"It was the basic task of the Five-Year Plan
to transform the U. S. S. R. from an agrarian
and weak country, subservient to the caprices
of capitalist countries, into a powerful industrial
land, fully independent of and not subservient
to the caprices of world capitalism."
This is not the place to discuss the Stalin-
Trotsky controversy or to decide whether
"Socialism in one country" is possible. But
it is obvious to any intelligent observer that
if Stalin's policy had not been adopted in 1928,
the Soviet Union would not have survived the
invasion of Hitler in 1941.
Peace Front and Collective Security
Another principle of Soviet foreign policy
was to develop a "peace front" for the preven-
tion of war. In all the Disarmament Confer-
ences, the Soviet government proposed the total
abolition of all armament. Their proposals
were negatived by all the Western powers.
Moreover, the Soviet government concluded
non-aggression pacts with all States bordering
on her territory. (The only exception was
Japan who refused to conclude any such pact) .
In particular, it fostered diplomatic and trade
relations with Germany who had been laid
low_ by the burdens of the Versailles Treaty.
The Soviet Union was Germany's best customer
*"The oil industry of Russia liberally financed and
properly organised under British auspices would in
itself, be a valuable asset to the Empire"- Herbert Allen,
Chairman of the BIBI hBAT Oil Company, in an
address to the Stockholders, December 24, 1928.
during this period and most of the heavy
industry plant for the Five-Year Plan was
bought in Germany. The cordial relations
between Germany and the Soviet Union lasted
till Hitler came to power.
The rise of Hitler is the dividing line in
Soviet foreign policy. The basic principles
of this policy did not change, but the rise of
Nazism necessitated a change in tactics.
Nazi Germany compelled the Soviet government to
seek a rapproachement with Britain and France.
From 1933 to 1939 the efforts of the Soviet
government were directed towards the build-
ing up of a system of collective security in
Europe against Nazi aggression. If any state
was attacked anywhere in Europe, all the other
states would come to her help against the
aggressor. This is the principle of collective
security in a nutshell, and the Soviet government
made repeated efforts to create it in Europe.
They joined the League of Nations with this ob-
ject. But the effort failed, and in the end the So-
viet government itself concluded a Neutrality
Pact with Nazi Germany. In order to under-
stand the causes of this failure, it is necessary to
understand the problems created by the Treaty
of Versailles after 1919, and in particular the
policy of Britain and France to meet those
problems.
Problems after World War I
After the Great war, the victorious Allies
were faced with two great problems. The
first was communism and the other was Germany.
Of these two, Communism was the greater
danger. For instance, consider the following
remarks of a man who has left a name in history:
"The effect of the Russian problem
on the Paris (Peace) Conference was
profound : Paris cannot be understood
without Moscow. Without ever be-
ing represented at Paris at all, the
Bolsheviki and Bolshevism were power-
ful elements at every turn. Russia
played a more vital part at Paris than
Germany".
These are the words of Woodrow Wilson,
President of the United States and founder
of the League of Nations.
In 1919, the entire continent of Europe
was on the brink of a social upheaval which
threatened to sweep all governments. The
nations were hungry and disillusioned; the
armies were tired and weary of discipline.
(It was these conditions which were partly
responsible for the failure of the Allies to crush
the Soviet Republic). A communist government
was proclaimed in Hungary in March, 1919.
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Bavaria established a Soviet overnment in April.
In 1919, world capitalism and its statesmen
lived in fear of Bolshevism. his fear dominated
every move of the Allies If Poland asked
for a loan it was to defend the world against
Bolshevism. If the star ing population of
Germany required feeding it was to save Ger-
rnany from Bolshevism. A chain of small
states was set up on the Baltic as buffer states
against Bolshevist Russia. The major task of
the League of Nations was t save the world from
Bolshevism. This was pro lem number one.
Dilemma of the Imperialists
The second problem as Germany. The
great war had revealed h r colossal military
strength and war potenti 1. So she had to
be curbed with a strong and. But in this
respect the Allies were in dilemma. If Ger-
many was treated too severely and if the
burdens and restrictions i posed on her were
too heavy, the might be pushed into the arms
of Communism. Already in 1919 there was a
revolutionary crisis in Ger any. Hence care
must be taken to save Germany from Bolshevism
at all costs. Moreover, they was a sharp conflict
of policy between Britain and France over the
German problem. Britain as anxious only to
render Germany harmless as a rival in the colonial
and imperial fields. Henc , on her insistence,
Germany was deprived of all her colonies, her
entire navy and merca tile marine. But
Britain wanted to preserve Germany as a
great continental Power to reserve the Balance
of Power against France, an also as a bulwark
against the Bolshevist men e. But the French
aim was to destroy Germany as a great power
and to cut her up into smal states. This aim
was defeated by Anglo-A erican opposition.
France, however, surrounded Germany with
an iron ring of states all heavily armed and
bound by a military al iance to France.
The members of this allie nce were Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Rumania and Jugoslavia.
For many years the initiative in the matter of
Germany lay with Fra ce. Britain's role
was confinedto holding the scales even between
Germany and France.
Solution of the dilemma-Hitler
Then came Hitler.
In Mein Kampj, Hitler laid down the follow-
ing policy with regard t the expansion of
Germany in the future: "We, National Socialists
put an end to the eve lasting movement
of Germans to the Sou and West and
turn our eyes to the land in the East. We
put an end to the colonia policy of pre-war
times and proceed to the erritorial policy of
the future. If we speak of new land in Europe
today, it is primarily only of Russia and its
subject border states that we can be thinking."
This was the famous DRANG NACH OSTEN-
the PUSH TO THE EAST.
To the Imperialist powers the rise of Hitler
pointed the way to the liquidation of both
problems together-Gerlnany and Bolshevism.
If Hitler wanted to push towards the East
and annex Russian territory, it was no con-
cern of Britain and France. This would
give Germany all the territory and sources
of raw material she required, and keep her
away from colonial ambitions in Asia or Africa.
Moreover, the conquest of Russia was a tough
job, and would weaken Germany and render
her harmless for a long time. If in the process,
Bolshevist Russia was weakened or destroyed,
no tears need be shed over it. But if Ger-
many was to wage a successful compaign in
the East, she must become a Great Power
again. The shackles of the Treaty of Versailles
must be removed. The iron ring of states
encircling her must be broken. Germany's
western frontier must be secured against
invasion, so that she may have a free hand in
the East.
Imperialist powers build up Hitler
Thus, in the decade between 1929 and 1939,
Germany gradually rose to power and re-armed
with the connivance of the other Imperialist
powers, particularly Britain. The Rhineland
was evacuated in 1929, six years before time.
Germany was freed from the burden of repara-
tions in 1932, a concession which was constantly
denied to the Social Democratic government
of Germany. In 1933, Germany was allowed
to occupy the Rhineland in violation of the
Versailles Treaty. In the same year, Britain
concluded a naval Agreement with Germany
which allowed her to build a navy up to forty
per cent of the size of Britain's navy. This
treaty was made without consulting France
and was a violation of the Versailles Treaty.
It gave Germany mastery over the Baltic. In
1936, Germany was allowed to introduce
conscription, again in violation of the Versailles
Treaty. In 1938 Germany was allowed to
occupy Austria (France proposed joint action
against her but Britain rejected this suggestion).
In October, 1938, was enacted the infamous deal
at Munich, when Czechoslovakia was handed
over to Germany. The French steel-ring
around Germany was broken at last. During
this period the Spanish Republic was destroyed
by Franco with the help of Italy and Germany
while Britain refused to intervene. A hos-
tile fascist state on her southern border
40 1 INDIA TO-DAY
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weakened France and made her more depen-
dent on British support than ever.
The Policy of Appeasement
Of course, the policy of encouragement
and appeasement of Germany was full of
risks. Hitler, after climbing to power with
British help, might double-cross Britain. He
might desire colonies after all. But this risk
must be taken. The alternative was to push
Germany over to communism. And if com-
munism came to Germany, it would spread
over the whole of Europe and then Asia and
Africa. That would be the end of Imperia-
lism. "Appeasement" was a safer policy.
Any risk that Germany might turn her might
against her "appeasers" could be provided
against by Britain re-arming herself. The
policy of Britain and France was thus summed
up by Stalin:
"Through the policy of appeasement
there runs the eagerness and desire not to
prevent the aggressors from perpetrating their
black deeds, not to prevent, say, Japan from
becoming involved in a war with China or
better still with the Soviet Union; not to prevent,
say, Germany from becoming enmeshed in
European affairs, from becoming involved in
a war with the Soviet Union; to allow all
belligerents to sink deeper into the mire of war,
stealthily to encourage them to follow this
line, to allow them to weaken and exhaust
one another, and when they become suffi-
ciently weakened, to appear on the scene with
fresh forces, to come out, of course, in the
interests of peace, and to dictate their terms
to weakened belligerent nations. It is cheap
and it serves its purpose". (Stalin: Speech
to the 18th Congress of the Communist Party
of Soviet Union, March, 1939)
Fiasco of Chamberlain's policy
After the seizure of Prague in March, 1939,
Germany stood at the cross-roads. Upto
now it was not possible to guess the intended
direction of her aggressive ambitions. But
after the conquest of Czechoslovakia her next
move must indicate her intention. If her
aim was to push her way to the east and
towards the Soviet Union, her next move
would be to come to an understanding with
Poland and direct her attention on Soviet
Ukraine. The British government must
have watched for Germany's next move with
bated breath. The day after Germany
marched into Prague, the Soviet govern-
ment proposed to the British govern-
ment the formation of a collective front
against German aggression. But the British
Prime Minister negatived this suggestion
on the ground that it was "premature".
No wonder, because Germany had not yet
made her next move. Her next move was
shown in the manner in which Germany
partitioned Czechoslovakia. The Ukrainian
province of Teschen-also called Carpathian
Ukraine-was given to Hungary, thus reveal-
ing that Germany was no longer interested
in Soviet Ukraine. At the same time, the
German press started a bitter campaign against
Poland and pressed for the return of Danzig
and the Polish Corridor to Germany. Si-
multaneously, the Nazi leaders began to de-
mand the return of Germany's former colo-
nies. The direction of German expansion
was fully revealed now-not DRANG NACH
OSTEN, but a colonial empire. The entire
policy of "appeasement", patiently and skill-
fully built up by the Government of Neville
Chamberlain collapsed. Hitler had double-
crossed Chamberlain. The British government
now turned towards the Soviet Union for help
against Nazi aggression, and intimated to
the Soviet government that they were willing
to negotiate a collective Security Pact with
Moscow. Thus began the famous negotia-
tions which dragged on through the summer
of 1939, and ended when the Soviet govern-
ment signed a non-agression pact with Germany.
New menace for the Soviets
Meanwhile, the Soviet government were
watching the course of events. They had
watched the rapid re-armament of Germany
with British connivance, the crumbling of
the European structure built at Versailles,
the growing economic crisis in capitalist coun-
tries, and the steady drift towards war. They
also watched the re-appearance of the old
menace-the formation of a coalition against
the Soviet Union. They tried to meet the
situation as best as they could. They worked
hard to build up a peace front on the basis
of Collective Security. But Collective Security
was torpedoed by the resolute refusal of Britain
to undertake any obligations in Eastern
Europe. The Soviet government then con-
cluded a pact of mutual assistance with France
and Czechoslovakia. This pact was made
possible by the growing fear of France that
she could not rely on Britain alone for her
security against a re-armed Germany but
needed the additional support of another
Great Power. At the same time the Soviet
government joined the League of Nations.
The Franco-Soviet Pact was made a part
of the League Covenant to meet any possible
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objection that the pact w s a violation of the
Treaty of Locarno. Needless to say, the
Franco-Soviet Pact died painless death at
Munich.
But the Soviet government had too keen
a sense of realism to plat any great reliance
on Pacts ("scraps of paper") for the security
of the Soviet Union. Hen e their other answer
to the growing danger of war was a tremendous
speeding up of the military defences of the
country. They built u their defences on
the basis of having to fight the strongest possi-
ble combination of ene ies single-handed.
The Far Eastern army as made an entirely
separate and complete defence system.
Huge armament factories were erected in the
Urals and in Siberia, safe from an attack from
the West or the East. By March 1939, nearly
40 % of the entire resourc s of the U. S. S. R.
were being devoted to d fence.
British bid to double- ross the Soviet
I shall now discuss Soviet policy during
the months which im ediately preceded
the Non-Aggression Pact between Russia and
Germany. How was it that a situation which
began with Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations
for collective security agai st Germany sudden-
ly ended with the signing of a treaty between
Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia. The inner
history of all the negot ations which ? took
place between the partie will'be known only
when the secret archive of Britain, France,
Germany and the Soviet U lion are made public.
But one fact became obvious from the very
beginning of Anglo-Soviet negotiations. There
was a sharp difference between the inter-
pretation put on the word "pact" by
Britain and France on the ne hand and by the
Soviet government on th other. The Soviet
Union wanted a pact of collecitve security
which would secure all countries in Europe
against aggression. By "aggression" they
meant any attempt, direct or indirect, to
destroy the independent of a state. But
Great Britain and France only wanted a
military alliance which would compel the
U. S. S. R. to defend Poland against
Germany. Thus the Soviet government came
to realise that Britain and France probably
wanted to use Russia as tool, and were pos-
sibly at their old game of 'tirring up a conflict
between the Soviet Un on and Germany.
Moreover, in July, 1939, while negotiations
were still taking place, news leaked out that
"conversations" were goi g on in Londonbet-
ween a prominent German official, Herr Wohltat
and a member of the British Government for
an understanding between England and
Germany. The disclosure of the Hudson-
Wohltat conversations was a rude warning
to the Soviet government that the danger of
a double-cross,, by Chamberlain's government
was very real. At this stage, the Soviet
government appears to have decided that no
useful purpose would be served by further
negotiations with the Western Powers. They
turned towards the Nazis who were more
than willing to sign a non-aggression pact in
their desperate anxiety to avoid a war on two
fronts. The result was the Nazi-Soviet Pact
of Non-Aggression on the 23rd August, 1939.
Subsequently, Mr. Chamberlain complained
that the Soviet government had double-
crossed him. But they could say with justice
that it was only a case of double-crossing
a double-crosser.
Hitlerite invasion of the U. S. S. R
22nd of June, 1941. is a great landmark
in the relations of the Soviet State with
the non-Soviet world. Hitler's invasion of
the U.S.S.R. resulted in a military alliance
between the Soviet State and the Western
democracies.
Credit for this alliance goes in a, large
measure to Winston Churchill. His previous
and subsequent record must not blind us to the
fact that his prompt decision to help the
Soviet State was an act of courage in sharp
contrast with the sinister and suicidal policy
of Chamberlain. We are not concerned with
Mr. Churchill's motives. It has been sug-
gested that his decision to help the U. S. S. R.
was due to an ignorance of the military
strength of the Soviet state. In other words,
it is said that had Mr. Churchill known that
the Red Army was more than a match for
the Wehrmacht, his policy would have been
different. This may or may not be true. But
none of these facts can derogate from the his-
toric significance of Mr. Churchill's de-
cision. He may have been the unconscious
instrument of history and its purposes. But
his decision ushered a new era in world
history. From June 22, 1941 the Soviet system
was recognised as one of the great economic
and social systems of mankind. The Soviet
State became a co-partner of Britain and
America and a joint trustee of world peace
after the termination of the war.
From 1941 to 1945 was the period of the
"patriotic war" against Germany. The entire
resources of the Soviet State were directed
towards the achievement of one object: victory
over Fascist Germany. The common fight
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against the Axis forces drew the Soviet state
and the western democracies together. Instead
of being regarded as an enemy, the U. S. S. R.
came to be regarded as an ally and friend
of the western democracies. The policy of
co-operation culminated in the establish-
ment of the United Nations with the U. S.,S. R.
as one of the permanent members of the
Security Council. The period of outlawry
and isolation of the Soviet state was over,
never to return.
America disrupts war-time alliance
The period after 1945 may be called the
period of the disruption of the Allied-Soviet
entente which was built up during war. The
causes of the disruption may be summarised
as follows:
The foremost among these causes was the
action of the U. S. Government in manu-
facturing the Atom bomb as a secret weapon.
The Bomb was kept a secret from the U. S. S. R.
but was disclosed to the two other allies of
the United States, Great Britain and Canada.
The only conclusion from this discrimination
could be that the U. S. government was
contemplating the Bomb as a possible weapon
against the Soviet Union in a future war.
The second great disruptive factor was the
decision of the U. S. government to annex
all the Japanese islands in the Pacific and con-
vert them into naval and military bases. Some
of these islands were more than 5,000 miles
away from the Pacific coast of America but
only 400 miles from the Soviet coast. The
American decision was announced when war
against Japan was still being fought and no
serious differences had arisen between the
U. S. A. and the U. S. S. R. There could be
only one interpretation of the American deci-
sion to build bases near the territories of the
U. S. S. R., namely, that America had al-
ready started thinking in terms of a future
conflict between itself and its Soviet ally.
The third cause of the disruption of the
Entente was the consolidation of the Soviet
bloc in eastern Europe.
The American decision to manufacture the
Atomic bomb as a secret weapon and to build
naval and military bases near the Soviet coast
had swift reaction in the U. S. S. R. The
Soviet government decided once again to
achieve security along its borders. They were
determined that no Hitler would use the border
states as jumping-off boards for an invasion.
With this end in view, the Balkan states were
rapidly Sovietised, the popular fronts in
Rumania, Hungry, Bulgaria and Czecho-
slovakia were dissolved and these neighbour
states of the U. S. S. R. were converted into
full-fledged communist states, which resulted
in a more or less complete disruption of the
war-time entente between the Soviet govern-
ment and its western allies.
2. Is Soviet Union Re-arming ?
ANOTHER common misconception re-
lates to Soviet `aggression' and Soviet
re-armament. American propaganda is directed
towards these two points. It is often alleged that
the Soviet Government is re-arming at a terrific
pace with the object of committing aggression
in Western Europe and elsewhere. American
propaganda is very persistent on this point.
In fact, the U. S. government and its allies
have made the slogan of Soviet military power
the main justification for their own programme
of re-armament. It is, therefore, necessary to
examine the truth of this charge.
The exact state of Soviet armament is a state
secret known only to the Soviet government.
But certain aspects of Soviet economy throw
some light on the controversy whether the
Soviet government is embarking on a pro-
gramme of re-armament on the scale of Hitler
or whether it is pursuing a policy of peace and
reconstruction within its own borders.
Re-armament cannot be hidden
It is an elementary fact that any programme
of re-armament is not possible without the diver-
sion of a large portion of the material resources
of the state towards unproductive channels.
For example, if the U. S. government decides
to build 10 battle-ships, the result will be that
colossal quantities of steel and other metals,
man-power, and technical skill must be taken
away from the civilian production to be spent
on the navy. Similarly if the Soviet government
decides to build 10,000 bombers or fighter
planes, it must deprive its civilian population
of the necessary material resources and man-
power which will be reserved for its armament
factories.
The inevitable result of any large scale
programme of re-armanent are : (1) the rise in
prices of commodities, (2) the ever-increasing
scarcity of commodities for civilian consump-
tion, and (3) the general slowing down of the
"nation-building" industries.
A state which embarks on a programme of re-
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armament may be 'able to hide the exact size and
extent of its re-armament programme, but it cannot
conceal from the world the inevitable effect of such
a re-armament programme on its economic system.
Its effects in the West
For example, take the effect in Britain of
the present increase in armament. There has
been a general reduction in "nation-building"
construction. The quota of rations for civilian
consumption has been reduced, and rationing
has been re-introduced in the case of increasing
number of commodities. There has also been a
steady rise in prices all round. Health services
and other social services have been curtailed.
As I write these lines, news has arrived of
the resignation of Mr. Aneurin Bevan from Mr.
Attlee's government as a protest against the
decision to reduce social services and civil
consumption in the interests of re-armament.
This decision was a part of the economy
drive necessitated by the recent re-armament
programme. A first class crisis has arisen in
the British. Labour Party. There could be no
more apt illutration of the inevitable effect of
re-armament on the economy of a country.
Again take the effect in the U.S.A. of
the colossal re-armament programme of the
U. S. government. There has been a sharp
rise in prices and the civilian population has
been warned to be prepared for further and
bigger sacrifices in the interests of "national
security."
Thus, it is impossible for any state to in-
crease its armaments unless it simultaneously
adopts. the following measures : (1) It must
Truth about the relative size of the
Soviet and the Anglo-American
Armies
The latest Soviet note to the British
Government reveals the following :
1. With combined armed forces of more
than 5 million men, the U.S.A.,
Britain and France alone now have
an armed force more than twice as big
as the total armed forces of the
Soviet Union.
2. While the Soviet Union has demo-
bilised thirty-three age groups since
the end of the war, the U.S.A.,
Britain and France arc rapidly
increasing their armed forces.
3. While the Soviet armed forces are
today down to the level of 1939, those
of the U.S.A., Britain and France
are several times greater than in 1939.
increase the prices of commodities for civilian
consumption. (2) It must impose rationing
of commodities on a very large scale. (3) It
must cut down expenditure on industrial con-
struction and "nation building" activities.
If the Soviet government is increasing its
armaments and maintaining a large standing
army (11172 divisions in Europe alone"), then
its economy must reveal the inevitable con-
sequences explained above.
But what is the actual position in the
U. S. S. R. ? One would have expected that
the prices of commodities are rising, that ra-
tioning had been introduced on a large scale,
and that `nation-building' construction had
been cut down as in Hitlerite Germany ("guns
and not butter"), or as in present-day Britain
and America. But what is the actual position?
Re-armament cannot reduce prices
As regards prices of commodities, the retail
prices of food and manufactured goods have been
reduced by the Soviet governtnent four times since
1945. The last reductionwas made on March 1,
1951. The decision to reduce prices covered
a wide range of commodities including bread
and bakery products, cereals, rice, vegetables,
meat and meat products, fish and fish products,
fats, cheese and dairy products, soaps, paraffin,
cosmetics, tobacco products, furniture, crockery
and glass wares, radio sets, bicycles, motor-
cycles, clocks and watches, building materials
and household goods such as sewing machines,
cutlery and agricultural implements. The
reduction in prices also extended to prices
in restaurents, dining rooms, cafes and other
catering establishments. The U. S. S. R. is
the only. country in the world where the prices of
commodities are steadily going down.
The important point about this reduction
in prices must be noted. It is not an isolated
act, but a part of a continuous policy of price
reduction since 1945. As stated above, the
reduction in prices on March 1, 1951 was the
fourth since the end of the war. Here is a
remarkable contrast between the Soviet economy
and the economy of the countries like Britain
and America. Whereas in these countries
the prices of commodities are going up due
to a general scarcity caused by re-armament,
the prices of commodities in the U. S. S. R.
are steadily going down. This fact is not
consistent with a programme of re-armament.
The second fact to note is a general derationing
of commodities in the Soviet Union since 1945. The
list of derationed commodities is increasing
every I year. For example bread was dera-
tioned quite some time ago. This policy of
derationing combined with a simultaneous
44 INDIA TO-DAY
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policy of reducing prices must
have resulted in a huge in-
crease in the demand' for
civilian consumption. How
is it possible for the Soviet
government to embark on a
policy of a large scale clera-
tioning and reduction in prices
and thus stimulate the `civilian
consumption at a time when it
required, all the available
material resources of the state
for re-armanent?
The third fact to note is the
increase in what is known as
`nation building' industries. After
1945, the Soviet government
has started huge construction
works like the Hydro-Electric
stations on the Volga, Dnieper
and the Amu Darya and the
construction of the Main Turk-
menian, the South Ukrainian,
North Crimean and Volga-
Don Canals. These construc-
tions must have involved a
capital expenditure of billions
of rubles and the diversion of
huge quantities of material
resources. Citizens of India
will contrast the position in
their own country with that in
the Soviet Union. The govern:
went of India has been compelled
to abandon many `nation-building'
projects due to a world-wide scarcity
of materials caused by the re-
armament programme of Britain
and America, but the Sovietgovern-
ment has not only succeeded in rehabilitating its
industries destroyed by Germans, but is actually
expanding its civilian industry and construction.
In the face of these facts, let us analyse the
charge against the Soviet Government that
it has embarked on a programme of large scale
re-armament. Let us assume that the charge
against the Soviet government about re-arma-
ment, is true. In that case, the simultaneous
existence of the following conditions in the
Soviet Union can not be explained by any
known law of Economics : (1) There is a huge
expansion of unproductive armament; (2) there
is also a continuous reduction in the prices
of commodities and goods for civilian consump-
tion, (3) there is also a continuous policy of
derationing; (4) and there is also `nation
building' construction on a huge scale. All
these facts taken together, do not make sense.
The reader ' will also remember that the
Soviet State is poor compared with the
U. S. A. Its material resources are scanty.
Whereas America produces more than 60
per cent of the world's output ofindustrial goods.
The Soviet Union can hardly produce enough
to meet its domestic requirements. Then how
is it that at a time when the U. S. Government
is being compelled to raise prices and restrict
civilian consumption in order to fulfil its re-
armament programme, the Soviet Union with
meagre resources, is able to re-arm on a scale
larger than in America and also reduce prices,
deration commodities, and expand its `nation-
building' industries and construction.
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3. is the Soviet Union responsible for
Western rearmament?
IT remains to examine the charge against
the Soviet Government that they are
responsible for the decision of the Western
democracies to rearm. The speeches of Presi-
dent Truman and Premier Attlee are calculated
to convince world public opinion that the
rearmament of America and Western Europe is
a stern necessity forced on the democracies by
the menace of communist aggression. This
is an argument which requires careful exa-
inination by the countries like India. Why
India in particular ? Because India has
good reason to be interested in the rearmament
controversy. One of the reasons why
America has declined to supply capital
goods and heavy machinery to India and
the other backward countries is the
alleged compelling necessity for rearmament.
It is the race in armaments which is responsi-
ble for India being deprived of the opportunity
and means of industrialization. India has
a right to inquire into the reasons advanced
in justification of this policy of rearmement.
Armament older than the Soviets
The first point to note is that the so-called
Communist "menace" came into existence in
1917. Before that year there was no Soviet
state and no Communist menace. One would
have expected that in the absence of a Com-
munist menace the Westen democracies would
have regarded armaments as an unrieeessar~
waste. But what was the position before 1914?
The fact is that America, Britain, France,
Germany, Japan and all the other Great
Powers were all heavily armed. Worse, they
had entered upon a headlong race in rearmament
which was costing millions upon millions of
rupees. Thus an impartial observer must
come to the conclusion that armaments are a
much older institution than the Communist
`menace". The reader must also admit that
the decision of the Western democracies to
engage in an armament race has nothing to
do with Communist menace. There must be
other reasons for it, such as the desire to prevent
a slump in industry, to stimulate employment
by an artificial incentive in the shape of huge
government orders for armaments.
Another significant fact to note is the attitude
of the Soviet Government in all the disarma-
ment conferences from 1928 till the present day.
In 1928 the Soviet Government made a proposal
in favour of a complete and universal disarma-
ment. Under this proposal every state was
to disarm completely and was to be allowed
military forces and armaments just sufficient
for police purposes within its territory. The
Soviet proposal was rejected by every other
Great Power.
Subsequently, in 1932 and later years the
Soviet Government made another proposal
in favour of a partial disarmament which
would at least stop the armaments race, which
was about to begin. This proposal was again
rejected by the other Great Powers.
SOVIET PROPOSALS
First Session
Soviet delegation proposed
1. General reduction of armaments.
2. Prohibition of the production and
the use of atomic energy for military pur-
poses.
Second Session
Vyshinsky proposed on Sept 18, 1947 :
1. Condemnation of the criminal
propaganda for a new war.
2. Allowing of such propaganda to
be regarded as a violation of the duty
assumed :by member-States under U. N.
Charter.
3. All governments to be urged to
prohibit war propaganda as a criminal
offence.
4. Earliest implementation of the
General Assembly's decision of December
14, 1946, on reduction of armaments.
and of January 24, 1946, on excluding
from national armaments the atomic
weapon and other armaments for mass
destruction.
Third Session
Vyshinsky proposed on Sept 25, '48:
1. Reduction of the armaments and
armed forces of the five Great Powers
by one-third within one year.
2. Establishment of an international
control body within the frame-work of
the Security Council to watch and control
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In 1947 the Soviet Government proposed
a pact banning the use of atomic bombs and
bacterial warfare. This proposal was rejected
by the U. S. Government. Thus the present
race in the manufacture of atom bomb has not
been forced on America and Britain by the
Soviet Government. On the contrary, the race
has been forced on the Soviet Government by
the attitude of the U. S. Government.
Worse than Hitler
The U. S. Government and the American
politicians are quite candid in their attitude to-
wards the question of the atomic bomb. They
say that the monopoly of the secret of the bomb
gives America a military advantage which it
would be foolish to surrender. There was no
way open for the Soviet Government but to go
ahead with the manufacture of the atom bomb
until such time when the Soviet stock-pile
equalled in size its American counterpart.
Until this stage is reached the atomic race will
continue and billions upon billions of rupees
will be wasted in the manufacture of bombs while
80 per cent of the population of the world
lives in a condition of indescribable poverty
and backwardness.
It is somewhat remarkable that the U.S. Govern-
ment has adopted an attitude which is worse than
that of Hitler. The Nazi Government was quite
willing to sign a pact banning the use of poison gas
and chemical warfare. This pact- was respected
by both belligerent camps throughout the period of
the war, until the dropping of the atomic bomb
AT THE U. N. O.
carrying out of the 'measures for the re-
duction of armaments and armed forces
and for the prohibition of the atomic
weapon:
Fourth Session
Vyshinsky proposed on September 23,
1949 :
1. Condemnation of the prepara-
tions for a new world war now being
conducted in the United States and
Great Britain.
2. Prohibition of the atom bomb and
establishment of effective control over
atomic energy.
3. Conclusion of a Peace Pact bet-
ween the U. S. A. Britain, France, China
and the U. S. S. R.
MAY 1951
over Hiroshima and Jtfagasaki. Why then should
the U. S. Government be unwilling to sign a simi-
lar Pact banning the use of the atomic bomb in war?
.Most Governments of the world including those
of India, Pakistan, China, Indonesia and even
Britain are in favour of such a pact.
Therefore, it is hardly fair to say that the
responsibility for the present race in arma-
ments is on the shoulders of Soviet Government.
How can a Government which has made
several proposals for disarmament and peace
be made responsible for the present wasteful
race in armaments?
4. Socialist State cannot be
aggressive
T HE foreign policy of the U.S.S.R. cannot
be properly understood without under-
standing its domestic policy. The roots of
every foreign policy lie in the internal con-
ditions within a state. For example, the
foreign policy of the imperialist powers in the
second half of the nineteenth century cannot
be understood without an understanding of the
Nature of the economic system known as
imperialism. The policy of expansion abroad
had its roots in the economic conditions at home.
In the case of the Soviet Union, its foreign
policy can not be properly understood without
some understanding of the fundamental charac-
ter of the Soviet State. Once this character
is understood by the reader many misconcep-
tions about the Soviet foreign policy disappear
from his mind.
Fifth Session
Vyshinsky proposed on Sept. 20,1950:
1. Condemnation of the propaganda
for a new war.
2. Banning of the atomic weapon
unconditionally, institution of strict
international control, and a declaration
that the Government which shall be the
first to use it, or any other means of mass
extermination against any country will
be regarded as a war criminal.
3. Conclusion of a Peace Pact bet-
ween the U. S. A., Britain, France, China
and the Soviet Union.
4. Reduction of the armed forces of the
five Big Powers by one-third in a year, as
a preliminary step to further reductions.
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What are the fundamental characteristics of
the Soviet state? The two features which are
beyond dispute or controversy are the following :
(1) The production of goods and commodities
in the U.S.S.R is not in the hands of pirate concerns
but belongs to the state. Furthermore, the basis
of production is not the profit motive but planning.
The most important consequence of this feature
is that there are no vested interests in the
U. S. S. R. which stand to gain by an
increase in armaments. In this matter the
internal conditions, in the Soviet Union may
be contrasted with those of Britain, U. S. A.,
France and other countries where any in-
crease in armaments immediately results in
an increase in the rate of profit of big corpo-
rations like Du Pont, General Motors,
Metropolitan Vickers, Comite des Forges,
Tatas or Birlas. Therefore in deciding whether
the war DID NOT
have the same effects
in the as in the
U.S.S.R. U.S.A.
LOSS OF LIFE
SOLDIERS and CIVILIANS
1,75,00,000
3,g6,ooo
DESTRUCTION
70,000 villages destroyed.
1,710 towns wiped out.
3,99,000 miles of railway
line and 1,31,850 industrial
plants and farms destroyed.
25 million people without
shelter.
WAR LOSSES
4,85,000 million
dollars
NIL
WAR-PROFITS MADE
BY THE AMERICAN
MONOPOLIES
1943-10,600 million dollars
1944-10,800
1945- 8,700
1946-12,800
194 7-18,100
1948-21,200
it should re-arm or disarm, the Soviet govern-
ment has not to contend against powerful
vested interests whose prosperity depends upon
an ever-increasing armaments race.
(2) The second characteristic of the Soviet
state is the doctrine of racial equali y. There may
be a good deal of controversy about the presence
or absence of civil liberties in the Soviet
state but the existence of complete racial
equality in every sphere of social and political
life throughout the boundaries of the U. S. S. R.
is a fact which has never been seriously chal-
lenged even by the enemies of the Soviet state.
The economic and political implications of the
doctrine of racial equality must be properly
appreciated, particularly by nations of Asia
and Africa who have been struggling in vain
to persuade the western powers to concede
equality of status to all coloured nations.
In the economic sphere, the Soviet state insists
that the benefits of industrialization and modern
science shall be enjoyed by every nationality in the
Soviet Union. In fact, the rate of capital expen-
diture in the backward regions of the U.S.S.R.
is much higher than in Russia proper. Thus
the Soviet state has not classified its population
into two sections, an advanced section which
is industrialised and a backward section which
is engaged in producing raw materials and
agricultural products for the advanced section.
The declared goal of the Soviet government
is to establish uniform industrial system through-
out its boundaries.
In the political sphere, every individual enjoys
the same status irrespective of race, colour or na-
tionality. This position may be contrasted
with those prevailing in the so-called Negro
states of the U. S. A. or in the colonial
empires of the western powers. In the Czarist
Empire too, the Asian nationalities (Ar-menians,
Georgians, Jews and Turkestanis) were treated
as inferior races just as the Indians are
treated in South Africa and Negroes in
the southern states of the U. S. A. The
October Revolution brought about a funda-
mental change. For bringing about this change
credit goes entirely to the Soviet Government
which has never deviated from the principle of
racial equality during its 34 years of existence.
The question which an impartial student of
international affairs must ask himself is: Can a
government which is based on the principle of complete
racial equality and justice for all nationalities within
its borders be a tyranny? Can such a govern-
ment harbour designs to conquer the world by
sword?
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documents of the
world peace movement
SECOND WORLD PEACE CONGRESS (WARSAW)
Manifesto to the Peoples
of the World
War threatens mankind: every child, every woman, every man.
The United Nations is not fulfilling the hopes placed in it by the people
to ensure peace and security,
All human life and mankind's cultural heritage are in peril.
The people would cling to the hope that the United Nations will return
resolutely to the principles upon which it was founded after the Second World War,
and which consisted of securing freedom, peace and mutual respect between all peoples.
More and more the peoples of the world are putting their hope in themselves--
in their determination and in their goodwill.
Every thinking person knows that he who says : "War is inevitable", slanders
mankind.
You, who read this 'message proclaimed in the name of the peoples of
eighty nations, represented at the Second World Peace Congress in Warsaw, must
never forget that the fight for peace is your own fight. You should know that
hundreds of millions of defenders of peace. join in stretching out their hands to
you. They invite you to take part in the noblest battle ever waged by a humanity
confident of its future.
Peace does not wait on us. We have to win it.
Joinyourwill to ours in demanding the cessation of the war which rages in
Korea and which may set the world ablaze. Stand up with us in opposing the
attempt to re-sow the seeds of war in Germany and Japan.
Together with 500 million human beings who signed the Stockholm Appeal,
we demand the abolition of atomic weapons, general disarmament and controls
to accomplish this. The strict control of general disarmament and of the destruc-
tion of atomic weapons is technically possible. What is needed is the will to do it.
We demand the outlawing of war propaganda.
Let us press before all parliaments, all governments and the General
Assembly of the United Nations for the peace proposals put forward by this
Second World Peace Congress.
The power of the forces of peace throughout the world is great enough,
the voice of free men is strong enough, for us together to secure a meeting of the
representatives of the five Great Powers.
The Second World Peace Congress provides, the convincing proof that
men and women gathered from the five continents of the world can agree, despite great
d)ferences of opinion, in order to dispel the scourge of war and to maintain peace.
Let the governments follow this example and peace will be saved.
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SECOND WORLD PEACE CONGRESS (WARSAW)
Appeal to the United Nations
When the peoples of the world created
v the United Nations, they endowed. it
with their hopes. The greatest of these was
the hope for peace.
Today, however, war upsets the peaceful
life of many peoples and threatens tomorrow
to upset the peace of all mankind.
If the United Nations is not fulfilling that
great hope reposed in it by all the peoples
of the world, both those whose governments
are represented in it and those not yet represen-
ted therein-if the United Nations is not
guaranteeing mankind security and peace,
this is because it is being influenced by forces
which have disregarded the only path
to universal peace : the search for general
agreement.
If the United Nations is to realise the
hopes that the peoples have always reposed
in it, it must return to the path marked out
for it by the peoples since the days of its found-
ation, and, as a first step in this direction,
must secure as soon as possible the calling
together of a meeting of the five great powers :
the Chinese People's Republic, France, Great
Britain, the United States of America and
the Soviet Union, for the examination and
peaceful settlement of current differences.
The Second World Congress of the
Defenders of Peace, comprising delegates of
eighty countries and expressing the true voice
of a humanity longing for peace, demands
that immediate consideration be given by the
United Nations, and by the parliaments to
which the governments of the various count-
ries are responsible to the following proposals
designed to restore confidence among all
countries, regardless of their respective systems,
and to maintain and re-restablish peace :
1. In view of the fact that the war now
raging in Korea is not only bringing incal-
culable disaster upon the people of Korea,
but also threatens to become a general
war, we demand the cessation of hostili-
ties, the withdrawal from Korea of foreign
armies, and the peaceful settlement of the
internal conflict between the two parts of
Korea, with the participation of the
representatives of the Korean people. We
demand that the ,problem be dealt with by
the Security Council in its full composition-
that is, including the lawful representatives
of the Chinese People's Republic.
We call for the termination of the
intervention by American armed forces
on the Chinese island of Taiwan (Formosa)
and the cessation of hostilities against the
Republic of Viet-Nam, military opera-
tions which also carry the threat of world war.
2. We categorically condemn every move
made and measure taken in violation of the
international agreements forbidding the
remilitarization of Germany and Japan.
These moves and measures constitute a
grave threat to peace. We urgently demand
the conclusion of a peace treaty with a
united and demilitarized Germany, as well
as with Japan, and the withdrawal from
both these countries of the forces of occupa-
tion.
3. We consider the violence employed to hold
peoples in a state of dependence and colonial
subjection as a powerful menace to the
cause of peace and we proclaim the right
of those people to freedom and indepen-
dence. At the same time we raise our
voices . against every form of racial dis-
crimination, for it promotes hatred between
peoples and endangers the peace.
4. We consider it necessary to denounce the
attempts made by the supporters of aggres-
sion to confuse the very meaning of what
constitutes aggression and to intervene,
under one pretext or another, in the inter-
nal affairs of other nations.
We declare that no political, strategic
or economic considerations, no motives
deriving from the internal situation or
any internal conflict in one or another
state, can justify armed intervention by any
other state. That state conmmits the crime
of aggression which first employs armed
force under any pretext whatever, against
another state.
5. We hold that propaganda for a new war
constitutes a grave threat to the peaceful
co-operation of peoples, and we, therefore,
hold it to be a crime of the deepest gravity
against humanity.
We appeal to the parliaments of all
countries to enact a "Law for the Pro-
tection of Peace", which shall render all
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propaganda for a new war, in any form
whatsoever, liable to criminal prosecution.
6. In view of the fact that all decent persons,
regardless of their political views, regard
the ruthless mass destruction of civilian
populations in Korea as a crime against
humanity, we demand that a competent
International Court be appointed to exa-
mine the crimes committed during the war
in Korea, and in particular the question of
the responsibility of General Mac-Arthur.
7. Voicing the demands of peoples who bear
upon their shoulders the heavy burdens
of military budgets, and firmly resolved
to guarantee humanity a firm and stable
peace, we present for the consideration of
the United Nations, of all parliaments
and of all peoples the following proposals :
Unconditional prohibition of all manner
of atomic weapons, and of bacterio-
logical, chemical, poisonous, radio-
active and all other devices of mass
destruction;
Denunciation as a war criminal of that
government which henceforth is the first
to use these weapons.
The Second World Peace Congress, mind-
ful of its responsibility to the peoples, appeals
with equal earnestness, to the great powers
and calls upon them to launch, during the
years 1951 and 1952, a gradual, simultaneous 11
and similarly proportioned reduction of all
their land, sea and air armed forces by
one-third to one-half of their present size
Such a step, by putting a decisive end to
the armaments race, will reduce the danger of
aggression. It will help to lighten the budgets
of States which weigh heavily on all sections
of the people. It wit, help also to restore inter-
national confidence and the necessary co-
operation between all nations, regardless of
their social system.
The Congress declares that the controls for
prohibiting atomic weapons and all weapons
of mass destruction, as well as all conventional
arms, are technically possible. An interna-
tional body, staffed by qualified inspectors,
should be set up within the frame-work of the
Security Council and should be made responsi-
ble for the control of the reduction of conven-
tional arms as well as the prohibition of atomic,
bacteriological, chemical and other weapons.
These controls, to be effective, not only must
apply to military forces, existing armaments and
arms production as declared by each na-
tion, but also, on the demand of the inter-
national control commission, must be extended
to include the inspection of military forces,
existing armaments and arms production which
is suspected beyond what has been declared.
These proposals for the reduction of armed
forces constitute a first step on the road to ge-
neral and complete disarmament, the final goal
of all defenders of peace.
The Second World Congress, convinced
that peace cannot be secured through an arma-
ments race seeking a balance of forces, holds
that these proposals give no military advantage
to any country, but that they would result in
halting the drive to war and in advancing the
well-being and security of peoples of the world.
8. We emphasise that, in certain countries,
the passage from a peace economy to a war
economy is increasingly disturbing normal
economic relations and the interchange
between countries both of raw materials and
industrial goods. It is our view that this
exerts a harmful influence on the standards
of living of many peoples, that it raises
obstacles to economic progress and business
relations, and is a source of conflicts end-
angering the peace of the world.
Taking into consideration the vital in-
terests of the populations of all countries,
and with the desire to improve conditions
throughout the world, we urge the restora-
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tion of normal trading relations between
the countries on the basis of mutual advan-
tage, satisfying the requirements of the
peoples concerned, excluding economic
discrimination in any form and safeguard-
ing the development of each national
economy and the economic independence
of states, both large and small.
9. We hold that obstruction of cultural rela-
tions among the peoples breeds discord
and misunderstanding and creates an
atmosphere of distrust, favourable to propa-
ganda for war.
We consider that on the other hand,
the strengthening of cultural relations
between the peoples creates conditions
favourable to mutual understanding.
Accordingly, we appeal to all govern-
ments, urging them to contribute towards
improving cultural relations among the
peoples, in order to enable them to be-
come better acquainted with each other's
treasures in the field of culture. We
appeal to them to facilitate the organisation
of international conferences of persons
active in the field of culture, the mutual
exchange of visits and the publication and
wide diffusion of the literature and art of
other countries.
We draw the attention of the United
Nations to the fact that, while calling upon
it to justify the hopes reposed in it by the
peoples of the world, we are at the same time
undertaking the establishment of a World
Council of Peace.
The World Council of Peace shall be a
body embracing representatives of all the
peoples of the world, those within the United
Nations and those not yet represented therein,
and also countries still dependent and colonial.
It shall call upon the United Nations to
fulfil its duty to strengthen and develop peace-
ful co-poeration between all countries.
It shall assume the lofty task of securing a
firm and lasting peace that shall respond to
the vital interests of all nations.
The World Council of Peace will, in short,
prove before mankind that, despite all existing
difficulties, which must in no wise be mini-
mised, we shall accomplish the great mission
of peace upon which we have embarked.
Resolution against War Propaganda
T HE Second World Congress of the Dc-
fenders of Peace, considering :
That the propaganda favouring war carried
fon in some countries creates the greatest threat
to the peaceful co-operation of peoples; and
That the propaganda favouring war is therefore
one of the greavest crimes against humanity;
APPEALS to the parliaments of all countries
to enact a "law for the Protection of Peace",
rendering all propaganda for a new war,
in any form whatsoever, liable to criminal
prosecution.*
The Congress appeals to the parliaments
of all countries, in the interest of strengthening
peace, to provide for the education of the
younger generation in a spirit of co-operation
with other peoples and of respect for other
races and nations.
The Congress appeals to all defenders of
peace, to all honest men and women in all
* The Parliaments of 9 Countries : the U. S. S. R.,
China, Poland, Rumania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Albania and the Democratic Republic of
Germany have already, in response to this appeal,
banned all forms of war propaganda. -Editor.
countries of the world, to boycott firmly
publishing houses, film-producers, press organs,
broadcasting stations, individuals and organ-
isations which spread, directly or indirectly,
propaganda favouring war. We ask them
also to protest vehemently against all forms
of art and literature which support such
propaganda.
The Congress appeals to all workers of the
press, in literature, in the arts, in the cinema,
in education, to refuse to allow themselves or
their professional media to be used as instru-
ments of propaganda of hatred and war among
the nations, and to take an active part in
spreading the principles of peace and mutual
understanding amongst the peoples.
Resolution defining aggression
1. The aggressor fs that state which
first uses armed force, under any pretext,
against another state.
2. No political, economic or strategic
consideration, no pretext based on the
internal situation of a state, can justify
armed intervention.
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Resolution on the strengthening of cul-
tural relations between countries
WITH a view to ensuring peaceful colla-
boration and mutual under-
standing between peoples, the Second World
Congress of the Defenders of Peace considers
it necessary to take measures for the strength-
cuing and development of cultural relations
between the different countries. The Congress
recommends :
In the Field of Science:
The creation of international scientific
associations to include scientists from every
country.
The organisation of scientific congresses
in the capitals of each state in turn. Organi-
sation of visits of scientists to other countries
for closer mutual relations and for the exchange
of scientific experience.
Exchange of literature between univer-
sities and big libraries. Publication of regular
bulletins with notes on material published
in the different countries.
The organisation of visits to other countries
for young people, students, etc., during holi-
days.
In the Field of the Arts :
The organisation of tours for theatrical
companies, orchestras, ballet companies and
outstanding representatives of the arts, as
well as the distribution of films.
The organisation of music festivals, to
familiarise listeners with the music of other
countries.
The organisation of exhibitions of art and
of folk art.
Invitations to representatives of other
countries to take part in the celebrations of
national commemorations of important dates
in history, science, literaure and the arts.
Commemoration of these dates in other
countries. -
The translation of literary works, the
publication and performance of musical
works. Exchange of these as well as notes and
articles or critical statements about them.
Widespread publication of world classics
in literature and in music and reproduction
of paintings, sculptures and world-famous
examples of architecture.
The development, in each country, of the
art of translation of literary works from other
languages.
Resolutions of-the Berlin Meeting
of the World Peace Council
On the Struggle for Peace in the colonies
and Dependencies
THE Charter of the United Nations,
which was based on the right of free
self-determination of peoples, raised high
hopes in colonial and dependent countries.
But, in this sphere, as in many others, the
attitude of the United Nations, by serving
as a screen for the methods of force and
compulsion used to maintain peoples in a
state of dependence and colonial subjection,
has undermined the hopes placed in it.
This situation increases the danger of a new
world war.
The World Peace Council denounces the
false propaganda which tends to represent a
new world war as a path that might lead to
the free self-determination of the. colonial
and dependent peoples, and declares that the
common action of all peoples side by side for
peace constitutes a decisive factor in the rea-
lization by the colonial and dependent peoples
of the right of free self-determination.
The proposals towards a peaceful settlement
of the war in Korea and the major Asian
problems-Taiwan, Viet-Nam, Malaya-and
toward a peaceful settlement of the German
problem and the Japanese problem, as well as
the efforts of conciliation by certain Asian,
Arab, and other peace-loving countries, con-
tribute at one and the same time toward the
maintenance of' peace and toward the free
self-determination of peoples.
The growing opposition of the colonial and
dependent peoples to aggression, oppression
and the stifling of their liberties; to the inclu-
sion of their countries in aggressive pacts; to
the raising of native military contingents for
use against other peoples; to the stationing of
foreign troops on their territories; to the
acquisition of military bases and raw materials
in their countries; to the lowering of their
cultural values; to measures of race discrimina-
tion--all contribute vitally to the maintenance
of peace.
The World Council proclaims the solidarity
of all peoples without exception in the struggle
against the war that threatens all mankind.
For further resolutions of the Berlin Session see
next page.
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Resolution on a Peaceful Solution of
the Korean Conflict
TO secure a peaceful settlement of the
Korean question, the World Peace
Council demands the immediate calling of a
conference of all countries concerned.
We call on all lovers of peace in all coun-
tries to urge their respective governments to
support the immediate calling of such a con-
ference.
The World Peace Council strongly main-
tains the opinion that all foreign armed forces
must be withdrawn from Korea to enable the
Korean people to settle their internal affairs
for themselves.
Resolution on the Decision of the
United Nations Wrongfully Naming
the Chinese People's Republic
an "Aggressor" in Korea
THE World Peace Council recalls the
definition of aggression adopted by the
Second World Peace Congress: "That State
commits the crime of aggression which first em-
ploys armed force under any pretext whatever
against another State," and it declares unjust
and illegal the resolution adopted by the Ge-
neral Assembly of the United Nations naming
the Chinese Peoples's Republic an" aggressor"
in Korea. This decision constitue;; a serious
obstacle to the peaceful solution of the Korean
question; it threatens extension of the war in
the Far East and, consequently, threatens the
outbreak of a new world war.
The World Peace Council demands that
the United Nations rescind this resolution.
Resolution on the United Nations
THE World Peace Council has taken note
that the United Nations has failed to
reply to the Address of the Second World Con
gress, as though proposals for the maintenance
of peace advocated by the representatives of
hundreds of millions of human beings did not
concern it.
Since the adoption of that Address, the
U. N. has still further disappointed the
hopes the peoples had placed in it and has
raised this disappointment to a climax by the
resolution condemning China as an "aggressor'.
It has sanctioned, and covered by
authority, the systematic destruction in Korea,
by the American armed forces, of almost
a million human beings, including old people,
women and children, crushed or burnt in the
debris of their towns and villages.
The World Peace Council resolves to
dispatch to the U.N. a delegation comprising
Signor Nenni (Italy), Mme. Isabelle Blume
(Belgium), Mrs. S.O. Davies (Great Britain),
Mrs. Jessie Street (Australia ), M. d'Astier de
]aVigerie (France), Mr. Tikhonov (U.S.S.R),
Mr. Wu Yao-tsung (Chinese Peoples Repub-
lic), Mr. Hromadka (Czechoslovakia), M.
Gabriel d'Arboussier (Black Africa), Senor
Pablo Neruda (Chile), Genral Heriberto Jara
(Mexico), Mr. Paul Robeson and Rev.
Willard Uphaus (U.S.A), Dr. Atal (India)*.
This delegation shall be charged to demand
of the U.N.:
1. That it consider the various points
of the Address of the World Peace Congress
and the various resolutions adopted at this
session of the World Council and express an
opinion on each.
2. That it return to the role assigned to it
by the Charter, namely, that it should serve
as an area of agreement between the govern-
ments and not as the instrument of any do-
minant group.
This decision of the World Council will
have the support of hundreds of millions of
men and women who have a right to maintain
a vigilant watch to ensure that high interna-
tional organs do not betray their mission of
safegurading peace.
* As we go to the press, the news has come that
Mr. Trygve Lie, the Secretary-General of the U. N. 0,
has informed the World Peace Council that he is ready
to receive the delegation.
Resolution on a Peaceful Solution
of the Japanese Question
IN pursuance of the decisions of the Second
World Peace Congress, the World Peace
Council strongly condemns theremilitarization
of Japan now being effected by the occupying
power against the wishes of the Japanese
people.
The World Peace Council considers it
essential that a referendum on the remilitari-
zation of Japan and the conclusion of a peace
treaty with a peaceful and demilitarized Japan
be held in Japan and in the countries most
concerned in Asia, America and Oceania.
The World Peace Council condemns all
attempts to conclude a separate peace with
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Japan. It considers that a peace treaty must Resolution on Organization and Develop-
be the subject of negotiations in the first ins- ment of the Peace Movement
tance by the People's Republic of China, the
United States of America, the Soviet Union and
Great Britain, and agreed to by all the countries
concerned. All occupation forces must be
withdrawn from Japan immediately after con-
clusion of the peace treaty.
The Japanese people must be guaranteed
a demoratic and peaceful life.
All military organiztions and institutions,
acknowleged or concealed., must be forbidden,
and the whole of industry must be directed
towards a peace economy.
The World Peace Council invites all
friends of peace in Asia and the Pacific area,
including those in Japan, to hold on the earliest
suitable date a regional conference for the
defence of peace, in order to achieve a peace-
ful solution to the Japanese question and
thereby dispel a serious source of danger of
war in the Far East.
Resolution on a Peaceful Settlement
. of the German Problem
MILITARIST and Nazi forces are being
MILITARIST
in Germany, in betrayal of
the resolve of the peoples in whose name
were concluded the treaties which categorically
insist on Germany's disarmament. This
rearmament, military and industrial, of
Germany constitutes the gravest of the dangers
threatening a new world war.
The World Peace Council notes with
satisfaction the growth of the forces of peace
in Germany and welcomes the gratifying
success of the Peace Congress of Essen. It
commends the friends of peace in Germany
for undertaking, as a task in which peace-
loving people of all tendencies are participating,
a referendum in which the German people
shall express their will on the question of the
remilitarization of their country and on the
conclusion of a peace treaty that shall put
an end to the present dangerous state of un-
certainty.
The World Peace Council calls upon the
peoples most directly menaced to unite in a vigo-
rous movement of protest of millions of men
and women to secure from their governments
the conclusion, in the course of the current
year, of a treaty of peace with a peaceful and uni-
ted Germany, whose demilitarization, ensured
by an international agreement, will constitute
the best guarantee of peace in Europe.
1 HE World Peace Council, at its meeting
in Berlin in February 1951, notes with
satisfaction what has already been done to carry
out the decisions of the Second World Cong-
ress and considers that these activities must be
still further developed.
The Council in,particular urges all national
committees greatly to increase the circulation
and popularization of the Address to the Unit-
ed Nations Organization. The Address must
reach every corner of the earth; it must be
made known to every man and every woman.
The Council calls upon every peace-lover to
show the greatest initiative in this task both
nationally and internationally.
The Council records and welcomes the fact
that a number of countries have passed laws
against war propaganda.
It urges national committees to take steps
to frame proposals for Peace Defence Acts for
presentation to the national parliaments. It
calls upon national committess to inform pub-
lic opinion on these efforts so as to secure
the widest public support.
It urges national committees to put the
people on their guard and to mobilize them
to denounce and bycott all publications,
schoolbooks, films, radio broadcasts, etc., which
contain any incitement to war.
It asks national committees to launch a
great campaign of enlightenment in which
thousands of men of goodwill in each country
will ceaselessly expose the falsehoods that aid
the preparation of war.
It proposes that the Bureau take steps to
set up, under the Secretariat, an information
office to supply a service of accurate and
objective information in order to defeat false
or tendentious news designed to whip up a
war psychosis.
*
The World Peace Council welcomes the
relations which have been established, in
accordance with the decisions of the Second
World Congress, with numerous associations
and groupings and expresses its satisfaction at
the contribution to the further extension and
development of the peace movement which
these contacts have made possible.
The Council resolves :
1. To continue discussions with the move-
ment of `mondialists' in different countries
with a view to defining points of agreement
and joint activity, and encouraging reciprocal
participation in conferences and congresses.
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2. That the equal-representation meeting
suggested by the Society of Friends, be ar-
ranged, the documents and resolutions of the
two movements forming the basis for a discus-
sion of conditions for joint action.
3. To bring the resolutions adopted at
this session to the notice of the Churches and to
solicit their support. The President of the
Council, Professor Joliot-Curie, has already
written in the name of the Bureau to the high-
est Church authorities informing them of the
Second World Congress resolution on disar-
mament. Several replies received to date are
indicative of the interest evoked by this mes-
sage.
4. That it is necessary to develop relations
with circles in various countries which favour
neutrality so that they may be encouraged to
take'eff'ective action in behalf of peace.
5. To work for co-operation with pacifist
movements and with all groups, contact and
co-operation with which can serve the cause
of peace.
* * *
The World Council welcomes the proposals
and steps already taken for calling internation-
al conferences which will enable those quali-
fied to represent opinion in various countries
to exchange views and jointly to seek the
solution of problems in the interests of world
peace.
In conformity with this, the World Council
1. Approves the convocation by the
Franco-Belgian Movement Against German
Rearmament of a conference of the peoples of
the European Atlantic Pact countries, together
with the German people, in Paris or Brussels,
at the earliest possible date. The object of
this conference shall be to examine the ques-
tion of combating remilitarization of Germany
and attainment of a peaceful solution of the
German problem;
-2. Approves the proposal for the organiza-
tion of a conference of the countries of Asia
and the Pacific, the principal object of which
shall be the struggle against Japanese rear-
mament and the peaceful solution of existing
conflicts, and also the holding of a popular
referendum in the Asian and Pacific countries
concerned on the remilitarization of Japan
and the conclusion of a peace treaty with her
in the current year;
3. Requests the Bureau to - support the
organization of regional conferences,
(a) of the countries of the Near East and
North Africa, and
(b) of the Scandinavian countries.
4. Recommends that the Secretariat envis-
age the organization of similar conferences,
(a) of the countries of Black Africa, and
(b) of the countries of North America and
Latin America. (This! conference should he
held in Mexico next August.)
The World Council decides to call an Inter-
national Economic Conference, to be held in
the U. S. S. R. in the summer of 1951. This
conference shall be open to economists, techni-
cians, industrialists, businessmen and trade-
unionists of all countries, and its object shall
be to consider ways and means of re-establish-
ing economic relations and raising the general
standard of living.
The conference shall discuss the following
subjects :
(a) Opportunities for improving standards of
living in the middle of the twentieth century
under peace conditions;
(b) Opportunities for improving economic
relations between all countries.
In accordance with the resolution of the
Second World Congress on cultural exchanges,
the World Council recommends its Bureau
to give full support to the organization of a
conference of members of the medical pro-
fession, which has already been initiated by
leaders of the profession in France and Italy,
and which should be held in Italy during
this year. This conference shall be devoted
to the problem of combating the evil effects
of war preparations on the public health
services.
The Council directs the Secretariat to study
the possibility of, and encourage international
conferences to discuss ways and means of
developing national cultures and international
cultural collaboration under peace conditions.
(Conferences of writers and artists, scientists,
film producers.)
A conference of writers and artists shall be
convened in 1951.
It directs the Bureau to explore the possi-
bility of founding a film centre that will en-
courage and co-ordinate the production and
distribution of peace films and will combat the
use of the cinema for war propaganda.
It recommends the Secretariat to. approach
peace-loving scientists with a view to encourag-
ing them to urge the national and interna-
tional scientific organizations to which they
belong to adopt as a charter principle the
demand that their discoveries shall be used
for peaceful purposes only....
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N'agarju n
THE EARTH
The Earth is the Earth
Not a Cow rear to be milked,
To yield a bowlful of milk!
The Earth is the Earth,
Not a stack of rice or wheat,
To be auctioned, or whisked away,
And sold in the mandis!
The Earth is the Earth,
Not an automobile,
To be c'riven away by pressing a switch
To Patna or Delhi!
The Earth is the Earth,
Mother of all things, moving or still,
All-too forbearing, bearer of corn, of all
wealth;
She desires, not praise, but work, very
hard work.
She has always wanted
Ploughing, watering-over and over again,
Sowing, nursing, service and toil.
She has always wanted
The warm, close touch of hand, foot and
bo cy,
The precious drops of sweat,
The eager, hungry look of eyes, moist and
soft.
She has demanded
Reverence and devotion such as a pupil offers,
Care such as a son gives,
Love of a husband,
Affection of a mother,
Tending such as a father gives.
The Earth has always desired
Unending, boundless, deep love.
She has been bearing for years untold
Sweet, multifarious, fruits, flowers and
corn.
The swaying, waving stalks of rice
Have always borne messages of Peace,
never of Death!
They are symbols of Life perpetual, not
destruction,
These fields of rich, green Corn spreading
as far as the horizon,
Which the eyes are never weary with
watching!
These plants and seedlings have never
borne daggers,
From the roots of trees, there never came
high explosives,
After feeding on grass, no cow ever gave
forth poison;
After drinking the life of the earth, no
cloud ever rained death.
We dedicate ourselves to this Earth;
It belongs to us; it is none of yours.
Hear, 0 Carrier of Death, 0 Monster
in love with War,
0, dreary, accursed Being, hear!
She does not desire your touch,
This Ahalya, this blessed, virgin Earth!
Lift your gaze and see,
There, where the regions of the Volga
and the Yangtse,
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Are immersed in 'work, in fruitful toil, And turn them into pioughshares
productive of comfort and plenty, pruning hooks,
Where hundreds of thousands, and millions Sources of creation and riches,
of craitsrnen and scientists Of knowlec'
,e
wa
d
g
,
scom an
Joy,
Care free, bold and daring, Media for inflicting defeats on nature.
Melt their guns swords and
rr
a a o
in
7
ws
the furnace,
Translated from the Hindi by P. C. Gupta
Louis Aragon
SANTA ESPINA
I remember a tune we used to hear in Spain
And it made the heart beat faster, and we
knew
Each time as- our blood was kindled once
again
Why the blue sky above 'us was so blue.
I remember a tune like the voice of the open
-sea
Like the cry of migrant birds, a tune which
stores
In the silence, after the notes, a stifled sob
Revenge of the salt seas on their conquerors.
I remember a tune which was whistled at
night
In a sunless time, an age with no wandering
knight
When children wept for the bombs and in
catacombs
A noble people dreamt of the tyrants' doom.
It bore in its name the sacred thorns which
pierced
The- brow of a god as he hung upon the
gallows
The song that was heard in the ear and felt
in the flesh
Reopened the wound in his side and revived
his sorrows.
No one dared to sing to the air they hummed
All the words were forbidden and yet I know
58
Universe ravaged with inveterate pox
It was your hope and your month of Sundays.
Vainly, I seek its poignant melo.y
But the earth /:as now but operatic tears
The memory of its murmuring waters lost
The call of stream to stream, in these deaf
years.
O Holy Thorn, Holy Thorn, begin again
We used to stand as we heard you long a,;o
But now there is no 'one left to renew the
strain
The woods are silent, the singer dead in
Spain.
I would like to believe that there is music
still
In that country's heart, though hidden under-
ground
The dumb will speak and the paralytics
will
March one fire day to the cobla's triumphant
sound.
The crown of blood, the symbol of anguish
and sorrow
Will , fall from the brow of the Son of Alan
that hour
And man will sing loudy in that sweet
tomorrow
For the beau y of life and the hawthorn tree
in flower.
Translated from the French by Kenneth Muir
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 Approved For Release 2002/01/04: CIA-RDP83-00415R008500030004-0
"I do not wear a uniform
40
on my conscience!"_
Henry Martin
Vv HEREVER people have refused to be
slaves and are fighting for freedom;
in every country of the continents of Asia and
Africa; the name of a white man, of a young
patriot of France, will be pronounced with
reverence and affection.
The people of Asia and Africa will make
songs about him and will cover his name
with glory for ever and ever; for being a white
man, he fought for the freedom of the black
and the yellow men and sacrificed his precious
youth in order to put a stop to the 'dirty'
war against the heroic Viet-Namese.
"I recognise that I alone am guilty of the
sabotage act...I have not received any instruc-
tions from Henri Martin.
Speaking before his judges of the Military
Tribunal at Toulon, Henri Martin proudly
declared:
"...I was 16 years old when I started tol
distribute leaflets. I have loved and still
love my country with all my strength. After
having fought in the Maquis in the Depart-
ment of Cher, I could have gone back home.
I was 17 years old. I asked to be sent to
the Royan Front. There, I had a 24 years
The name of this young French man is old captain who knew how to lead his men
Henri Martin. At the age of 16 he fought and who fell at the hands of the enemy on
for the freedom of France against the Nazi December 3, 1944. Before he died, he said
invaders and their French to us:
fifth-columnists. At the age French youth faces court-martial `Come on boys, you
of 23 he has gone to jail to must fight to the very
spend 5 years in solitary for opposing the dirty war end.'
confinement - yes, SOLIT-
ARY confinement-for the against Viet-Nam "I hold this pledge
crime of distrib,ti-ig lciffets today in fighting against
calling upon the sailors to refuse to fight the unjust war in Viet-Nam. In enlist
the Viet-Namese people. ing to fight in Indo-China, I believed
f
The evil men who today rule over France,
wanted to damn Henri Martin in the eyes of
the French people. But they could not think
up anything better than the simple trick of
putting up before the same Tribunal which
was trying Henri Martin a quarter-master
named Heimberger, accused of sabotage on
the air-craft carrier "Dixmude". The re-
actionary press made a great fuss about it,
trying to connect both the cases and hinting
that the act of sabotage was committeed on
the instructions of Henri Martin.
Martin angrily rejected this charge in a
magnificent letter. He said:
"We are 8 million Frenchmen who do not
want to die either for the American Imperial-
ists or for the French capitalists. We are,
therefore, sufficiently strong. It is because
of this that ,I reject individual sabotage. I have
confidence in the strength of the people."
And then with the following statement
of the quarter-master Heimberger, the charge
of sabotage collapsed completely:
t e
I would be fighting for the happiness o
people of Viet-Nam. Liberty, Equality, Fra-
ternity, are not empty words for me. 1 do not
wear a uniform on my heart, nor on my conscience.
I am ready to give my life for my country.
I have not changed. If they have dragged
me before this tribunal, it is because the men
who rule my country, betray it as at the time
of the occupation."
The President of the Tribunal: When you
enlisted, you knew that you would have to
obey orders for waging war. -
Henri Martin: I did not enlist to wage
a war which strikes at women and youngsters.
The President: Have you got proof of
what you have said?
Henri Martin: Yes, at Haiphong we shot
at a column when we did not know whether
they were civilians or soldiers.
The President: Do you accept the author-
ship of the leaflet entitled" SAILORS, VOTE
FOR PEACE !" ?
Henri Martin: Yes,
on my request and
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this leaflet was written
distributed by other
 Approved
searrcen, after I had asked them whether they
were in agreement with the fight for peace.
The President: Did you receive foreign
inspiration for writing this leaflet ?
Henri Martin: I did not need. that. It
is sufficient to see . what still needs to be
reconstructed in our country to understand
that the military credits are too high, and
that instead of waging a war in Indo-China,
it would be better to place all the forces of
our country into the fight for peace.
The President: I do not want to reproach
you for this, but when one is a sailor, one
has certain obligations, especially as you have
received the enlistment allowance.
Henri Martin: So you mean 'to say, that
we are not sailors, but mercenaries ?
The President: You enlisted to go to
Indo-China!
Henri Martin:. It was not the the attrac-
tiveness of the allowance which made me
go there. I wanted to fight against the
Japanese aggressors and not against the Viet-
Namese people. It is true, that when I saw
the work I had to do, I asked three times
for a cancellation of my enlistment. Three
times I was refused. Besides, to those who
reproached me for casting a slur on the
discipline and the morale of the sailors, I
replied, that there was nothing in asking the
sailors to vote for peace. I repeat that we
are not mercenaries but republican sailors.
. The President: But in distributing the
leaflet: "Not a man, not a penny :for Indo-
China", you have made the apology for
disobedience.
Henri Martin: It is not disobedience
when it is a question of fighting against a
government which betrays the 'interests of
France. Those who fought against the
Vichy Government are not traitors.
The President: So everyone can do as he
pleases
Henri Martin: There is a fundamental
difference between doing as one pleases, and
obeying criminal orders. As far as I am con-
cerned, what I have seen in Indo-China- is
quite sufficient. Between March and Decem-
ber, 1946, at a time when the agreement of
March 6 was in force, we, among others, sank
junks loaded with rice which the Heaclquarters
had agreed to permit to reach Haiphong for
feeding the civilian population, and my own
officer said: "Oh, these bastards!"
FROM THE NEXT MONTH
N EVERY ISSUE
1. A'otes of the Month by P. C. J.
2. Economic Notes by Ajit Roy
3. A series on agrarian reforms in different
provinces by 'Vinayak'
4. A sympsiumon Marxism and Ancient
India by D. Do. Kosambi, S. S. Dhawan, D.
K. Bedekar, Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya,
Rangeya Raghava.
5. Open Forum containing contributions by
leaders of Left and Democratic Parties.
6. Scissors and Paste by O. P. S.
7. Asia in Revolt--reports of the liberation
movements in Asian lands.
8. Provincial Letters on- Parties and Politics,
Labour, Kisans, and Food.
9. Battle for Peace-from month to month
10. The Dollar "Democracy" the dirt and
the filth of the "American Way of Life."
11. Short Stories by Mulk Raj Anand,
Krishan Chandar, Abbas, Ashk, etc.
The President : Would you recognise the
person to whom you gave the leaflets for
distribution?
Henri Martin: I will not become an accom-
plice of repression, Mr. President.
The Defence Lawyer, Mr. Vienney: To every-
one his role Mr. President!...
Yes, to everyone his role.
To the Jules Mochs and the Rene Plevens
the role of the tyrants of their own people and
of the murderers of the Viet-Namese.
To Henri Martin the role of a fighter for
the"freedom and the honour of his own country
and for international brotherhood of all the
peoples of the world.
The Jules Mochs and the Rene Plevens
are desecrating the great traditions of France,
the land of the French Revolution and the
Paris Commune.
Henri Martin in fighting against the un-
just war in Viet-Nam is defending the honour
of France and is carrying forward the heritage
of the Jacobins and the Communards, of
Gabriel Peri and the 75,000 who fell fighting
against Hitler and Petain, and of Andre
Marty, who organised the historic Revolt
of the Black Sea Fleet at Odessa. when the
French Imperialists were trying to intervene
against the young Soviet Republic of Russia.
Salute to Henri Martin ! In the fight for
Peace we shall learn from his heroic example.
INDIA TO-DAY
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 Approved For Release 2002/01/04: CIA-RDP83-00415R008500030004-0
ADHUNIK PUSTAK BHANDAR
Presents
BOOKS ON CHINA
1.
CHINA SHAKES THE WORLD Jack Belden
its. 15-12-0
2.
NEW CHINA - FRIEND OR FOE? Allen Falconer
Its. 2-10-0
3.
REPORT FROM RED CHINA Harrison Furman
its. 11- 4-3
4.
ON THE PARTY Liu Shao-chi
Re. 1- 8-0
5.
THE UNFINISHED REVOLUTION IN CHINA I. Epstein
Its. 6- 8-0
6.
A SHORT HISTORY OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION Tsui Chi
its. 11- 4-0
7.
THE CHINESE-THEIR HISTORY AND CULTURE Kenneth S. Latourette
its. 45- 8-0
8.
ASPECTS OF CHINA'S ANTI-J-AP STRUGGLE Mao Tse-tung
Re. 1- 8-0
9.
THREE IMPORTANT WRITINGS
Mao Tse-tung
Re. 1- 4-0
10.
CHINA WINS ECONOMIC BATTLES
Nlao Tse-tung & Chen Yun
Re. 0-12-0
11.
THE CHINESE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION AR 1lY
Re. 1- 4-0
12.
JOURNEY TO RED CHINA
Robert Payne
its. 5- .5-3
13.
INDIA AND CHINA
S. Radhakrishnan
its. 3-12-0
BOOKS ON FILMCRAFT
1.
FILM FORM
S. Eisenstein
Rs. 24-12-0
2.
THE ART OF THE FILM
Ernest Lindgren
its. 12- 0-0
3.
WORKING FOR THE FILMS
Ld.Oswell Blackston
Its. 7-14-0
4.
EXPERIMENT IN THE FILM
Roger Manvelt
Its. 11- 4-0
3.
THE CINEMA: 1950
Re. 1-14-0
6.
FILM
Re. 1-14-0
7.
THE USE OF THE FILM
Basil Wright
its. 2-10-0
8.
FILM ANSWERS BACK
E. W. & M. M. Robbsan
its. 11- 4-0
9.
HOLLYWOOD-THE MOVIE COLONY:
THE MOVIE MAKERS-
Leos. Rosten
Rs. 22- 8-0
10.
FILMSTRIP & SLIDE PROJECTION
Kidd & Long
Its. 5-10-0
11.
HAW TO FILM
G. Wain
its. 4-14-0
12.
HOW, TO TITLE
L. F. Minter
Its 4-14-0
13.
HOW TO SCRIPT
Osweil Blaekston
Its. 4-14-0
14.
HOW TO DIRECT
Tony Ruse
Rs, 4-14-0
15.
HOW TO PROJECT
Norman Jenkins
Its. 4-14-0
16.
HOW TO PROCESS
Leslie Wheeler
Rs. 4-14-0
15.
H.OW TO USE COLOUR
C. L. Thomson
4-14-0
7, Albert Road, Allahabad, India
Approvea or a ease 200210 11047 - -
 SIGN THE APPEAL FOR A PEACE PACT
"Peace will be preserved and strengthened if the peoples take Into
their own hands the cause of the preservation of peace and defend it
to the end. War may become inevitable If the warmongers succeed
in enmeshing the masses of the people in a net of lies, deceiving them
and drawing them Into a new world war.
"This is the reason why the broad campaign
of peace, as a means for exposing the criminal
warmongers, is now of paramount significance."
for the preservation
machinations of the
--- J. STALIN
Berlin Appeal for a Peace Pact
"To fulfil hopes cherished by millions of people
throughout the world whatever may be their view
of the causes that have brought about the danger
of world war:
"To strengthen peace and safeguard international
security:
"We demand the conclusion of a peace pact among
the five great powers-the United States of America,
the Soviet Union, the Chinese People's Republic.
Great Britain and France.
"We would consider a refusal to meet to conclude
such a pact, by the Government of any of the great
powers whichever it might be, as evidence of an
aggressive design on the part of the Government
in question.
"We call upon all peace-loving nations to support
the demand for this peace pact. which should be
open to all countries.
"We set our names to this Appeal and we Invite
all men and women of good will, all organisations
that hope for peace, to add their names in its
support.".
SIGN HERE
Cut along the dotted line and send it to your local Peace Committee or to
ALL INDIA ,N~~Ei~r~p6iit~eOplb8u0~~~R~',p2~~6~Og4-