JPRS ID: 10680 WORLDWIDE REPORT TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000500080054-9
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 54
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/10680
23 July 1982
World~ride Re ort
p
TELECOMMUNICATiONS POLICY,
- RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
CFOUO 15/82)
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCA~T INFORMA~'ION SERVICE
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NOTE
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transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
- are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text~
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
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mation was summarized or extracted. '
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. W,~rds or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within ~tems are as
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The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or at.titudes of the U.S. Government.
~
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN I.tEQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
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, JPRS L/10680
23 July 198~
WORLDWIDE RE~ORT
TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(FOUO 15/8 2 )
~ CONTENTS
WEST EUROPE
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
UNESCO~s Role in N~rth-5outh Information Exchange Examined
~ (Herve Bourges; JEIJNE AFR,IQUE, 28 Apr 82) 1
New 8atellite To Determine Ftiiture User Needs
(P~erre Iangereux; AIR ET COSMOS~ 8 May 82) 6 .
FRG To Be Main Financer of ERS Remote Sensing Satellite
(Pierre Langereux; AIR ET COSM4S~ 22 May 82) 8
~ ESA Announces 2 Ariane I,s~unches for 1982, Delay Penalties
(Pierre La.ngereux; AIR ET CQSMOS, 22 May 82)............~ 10
Briefs
Marecs 1 Operational 12
Thomson Studies High Frequericy Payloads 12
Ariane Production Schedu~e 13
FIDERAL REPUBZIC OF GERMANv
Space Research, Satellite Plans for 1982-1985
(Pierre Langereux; AIR ET COSMC:~, 15 May 82) 1!~
New Radio Format Seeks To Increase African Coverage .
�(JEUNE AFRIQUE, 5 May 82) 18
_ a _ [III - WW - 140 FOUO]
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INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
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- UNESCO'S ROLE IN NORTH-SOUTH INFORMATION EXCHANGE EXAMINED
~ Paris JEUNE AFRIQUE in F`rench 28 Apr 82 pp 100, 101
[Article by Herve '3ourges] .
[Text] Communication--to ~nable every individual, every community to hear and
~ be heard, to promote true freedom of information, these are among UNESCO's major
concerns. ti~e must listen and see.
But the poor African peasant-�-even if he has the slightest change of owning a
radio--hears a sales pitch in a language that is not his own from a consumer
society thousands of miles away from his daily problems: a constant challenge
to his poverty.
On another continent, the TDF 1 8atellite will in 1984 begin infusing France
with its three television channels. There will be no more areas with a poor-
quality picture, no more shadow zones, but excellent reception everywhere.
The mass media explosion has precepitated decisive changes that should lead us
to a society of planetary dimensions in half a century.
The f irst shock wave was spreading while, in the seventies, the waves ~f com- ~
puterized communications and data processin.g were surging forth. The :.apacity
to transmi~, store and use information multiplied at a dizzying pace. This
aggravated the problem of a balanced distribution of ineans of communication
among nat.'.ons.
� When you consider that 2 mil~ion scientif ic and technological texts appear
every year--i.e., 6,000 to 7,000 articles, reports and papers every day--you
realize why new countries want to have access to this information and are very
interested in international inf ormation systems.
It is quite obvious that neither the revolutions in communications nor the grow-
ing awareness of its role have made this freedom of information available to all
people, but that it remains the privilege of the Western World, unilateral fr ee-
dom, a tool of domination.
Now that it has become a worldwide it~dustry, communication constantly needs more
infrastructure and investment. Industrialization encourages concentration
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through the formation of monopolies in the areas of gathering, storing and cir-
culating information. As a result, the number of users must increase so that
the operatinn is pr~f itable, the f inancing of the facilities tends to be con-
trolled by the large f irms, and poor countries are left without communication
syetems.
How ca~ we conceive of a free, widespread, and balanced circulation of infor-
mation iia. an industry dominated by a small number of transnationals controlling
al'� aspects of production and distribution--large press, television, v ideo, f ilm,
rad~o and publi~hing agencies and conglomorates?
The flow of information, messages, programs, and ~ultural products basically ~
goes from the rich to the poor countries, exerting an overwhelming inf luence on
ideas, values and life styles in tize many communities of our "planetary village."
Although it may be anecdotal to say that Kojak, the Amr~rican police off icer, is
as well known and popular in Singapore or Guatemala City as he is in New York
City, it is just as reve~ling to rep~rt that the Associated Press Agency sends
an average of '90,000 words a day through its international telex service from
New York to Asia. In the other direction, 19,000 words arrive in the United
States for distribution throughout the world. A study made in Venezuela in 1977
showed that the country received 1,360 news stories a day from other countrie~,
including 278 from the United States and Canada. At the same time, Caracas ex-
ported 71 news stor ies, only 20 of which went to North America.
It would be wrong to put all the blame for this one-way circulation of the news
on the distributing agencies. Reporters in developing countries frequently opt
for pleasing the Westernized local elite. The content of inessages, the choice
of subjects, value ~udgments, and the selPCtion of news stories, books, and
music usually i1lusFrate this one-way ilow.
The version of world events transmitted to developing countries and v ice versa,
and the life in these countries presented to Western viewers suff ers from a fre-
quently subconsc:'ous cultural bias that sometimes borders on denigration.
Thus, we should encourage the countries of the Third World to make their voices
heard the~mselves. It is their own view of the situation in their countr ies and
in the world that they should be publicizing, without impeding the right of
others to obtain and publish other information. A diversity, an exchange and a
co:tflict of inessages zre needed if people are to be well informed and free.
S;nce UNESCO has became the main Lorum for taking concerted action to establish
a new information order, it has come under the rire of part of the Western
press--especially American, but also French--that accuse it of designing a
"world information censuring system," ar even of covering up "totalitarian"
regim~s, out of complicity or ign.orance.
Totalitaxianism' We have to take a closer look at this. Totalitarianism
brings about three types of changes--a manipulation of communications, a ten-
dency to treat inf ormation as merchandise, and a change fram a receptive subject
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to a passive object. Although, at the present time, no regime o~enly says that
it is spreading propaganda, the correlation between inf ormation and merchandise
is increasingly accepted. In both cases, UNESCO intends to make a distinction
and point out the dangers.
It is a proven f act that dictatorships or even authoritarian regimes abolish
freedom of the press. And they do not stop at censure. Imprisornnent, exile
and sometimes assassination of journalists are too often part of the govern-
; ment's arsenal. This is why UNESCO, as an international organization, encour-
~ ages conflicting stories with a view to better protecting reporters throughout
the world, and why it offers its headquarters and working tools to prof essional
' agencies to coordinate their id eas and activ ities to this end. Its dir ector
general, Amadou-Mahtar M'Bowr does not hesitate to intervent personally in fa�~or
of journalists in danger.
The authoritarian control of inf ormation and the tendency toward propaganda are
commonplace in developing countries. It is true that there are priorities, such
as literacy and promoting higher education. It is understandable that a reporter
would be asked to follow these priorities and use the modern technology of com-
munications to promote "national unity." But who could fail to see tne danger
of slipping from this prior ity education into totalitar ian obedience, from gov-
ernment regulation to confiscation of information?
When UNESCO participates in dev elopment and Pducation programs, it always
stresses the democratic virtualities and finalities of any true education sys-
tem. "External" decolonization of informa.tion cannot be accomplished without
"internal" decolonization. In any case, a minumum sort of consensus by default
seems to have been reached today in all countries, and that is that no one dares
to openly profess that information is being reduced to propaganda.
Moreover, how could anyone accept information as merchandise? Because of a lack
of true reciprocity in communications, news is produced as items for consumption.
Th is trand is strengthened and spread by the concentration of communication
means, and by sensationalism and various ways of distorting the news. This type
of information system corresponds to a rich or poor consumer: for the r ich, in-
creasingly sophisticated equipment and products; and, for the poor, secondary
products ana outdated equipment. ~
_ The totalitarianism of information as propaganda, the totalitarianism of infor-
mation as merchandise. Part of the Western press believes there is only one
way to resolve this dilemma: have total conf idence in "freedom of the press."
It is fine to mention the irrevocable principle of Western nations, prov ided
that it is extended to cover all nations and all communities.
Ts i.t perpetrating true f reedom to further discrim ination and imbalances? To '
be "free," the informer--whether an individual, a group or a nation--must have
the material, financial and political means to prove hi.mself and declare himself '
f ree .
As a value and a norm, freedom is indivisible and universal, but there are many
different ways to achieve it, as thera are many different cultures. UNESCO has ~
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become the platforan, but also the laboratory, for confrontations between differ-
ent cultural and communications models. True confrontation implies the accep-
tance of diff erences. International consensus can onl~ be achieved at this
price. ~
The stakes are clear. Conditions of domination have been re~ected in the ~po-
litical arena. Inequality has been denounced in the economic order. Can we
allow them to exist or spread in the extremely sensitive f ield of communications?
During his recent tr ip to Africa, Pope John Paal II stated in Lagos "that the
sovereignty of every c:ountry must be protected by proper use of the mear.s of
communication, which can become tools of ideological pressure. And this type ~
of pressure is more dangerous and insidious than many forceful means." Valu-
able support in this controversy.
Initially, it was thought that to correct the imbalances, the most eff ective
solution would be to arrange for a transf er of technology and information pro-
grams to the Third World. It is obvious that this is a de~eptive solution, since
it only strengthens the current system: the implacable market law, concentration
of powers, sources and means. ~
The decision to set up a new world order for information and communications,"
approved in Belgrade, is more an aspiration than an actual def inition of a reg-
ulatory system. It reflects adherence to a few major ob~ectives agreed by the
international community: elimination of imbalances and inequalities t+y promot-
ing the free circulation and a broader and better balanced distribution of in-
formation, and broader distribution of communications facilities.
It is the African continent that is benef iting this year from the main action
. agreed by the PIDC, namely to assist the Pan-Afric~an Press Agency (PANA). The
Arab Gulf states, moreovPr, are going to contribute to the communications devel-
opment program in Africa.
However, it was evident that the developed countries were reluctant to partici-
pate fully in the projects. The UNESCO Director General regretted that the con-
tributions of these countries amounted to only $6 million out of the 70 under
= study. The American delegation explained that its country's aid would only go
to bilateral acti~?ities and specif ic pro~ ects and it asked for guarantees that
new information exchange networks, particularly~ in Asia and the Pacif ic, would ~
not restrict the activities of international press agencies operating ia the
same region.
France for its part announced at the beginning of the meeting that it was plan-
ning to contribute $2 million over a number of years, $500,000 of which would
be disbursed in 1982. People should not be surprised. Did Francois Mitterrand
not declare last October in Mexico that he was in favor of a new rold informa-
t;on order? "The procedure whereby someone designs a product and then tries to
sell it does not meet a need of this sort, nor does it contribute to a communi-
' ~ cation, information and education policy in large territories which are some-
times sparsely populated."
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'liiis positivc contribution by France is illustrative of the new attitude in
relations between the French Government and UNESCO. In this case, it is meant
_ to "help bring information flows between the North and the South into balance,"
under an open policy of exchange.
COPYRIGHT: Jeune Afrique GRUPJIA 1982
9805
CSO: 5500/5800
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INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
NEW SATELLITE TO DETERMINE FUTURE USER NEEDS
Paris AIR ET COSMOS in French S May 82 p 42
`Article by Pierre Langereux: "Start of Satellite Nbbile Telecommunications
Project 'PROSAT' Imminent"~ ~
Text~ The beginning of next week, 11 May, will, in principle, mark the start
. of the ESA's rEuropean Space Agency's~ new program "PROSAT," in which eight ESA
member countries will participate: France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, Nor-
way, Sweden, Belgiwa and Spain. The cost of the program is estimated at 5.4 mil-
lfon UC's ~units of accounting~ (1981 prices), or around 32 million francs, for
its initial phase (Phase 1).
The PROSAT program is an extension of the European MARECS ~maritime telecommuni-
cations satellites~ program, which is to serve as a preparatory basisfor partici-
pation by European industry and users in the future INMAItSAT second-generation
~ telecommunications system. In particular, it will enable a determination of the
specifiaations of the future satellite mobile telecommunications system that is
to provide operational links with maritime terminais, but also with aeronautical
and land terminals (trucks), as well as links with the SAR ~Search and Rescue~
channels of planes and ships in distress.
The PROSAT program is divided into two successive phases. The first phase, which
- has just been decided upon, concerns the development of the new maritime~ seronau-
~ tical, terrestrial and SAR terminals by the eight participating countries, and the
testing of these various terminals with the MAItECS 1 and 2 satellites; transmis-
sions intended for mobile terminals will be relayed via the Villafranca (Spain)
station, for the specific purpose of characterizing the multiple trajectories.
The tests will utilize various types of terminals having a noise factor of -19 to
-24 3B/�K for the three mobile applications. It is also planned to utilize
simulators of the INMARSAT Standard C terminals that are to be built by Germany,
the United Kinqdom and the ESA (ESTEC jEuropea~ Space Technology Center~).
This first phase is to start at the bE;ginning of 1983, with the mobile terminals
in place, by way of multiple-trajectory measurements; simulation tests are to be
completed by the end of 1983 or early 1984. This is to assure the availabil?ty
of the prototype terminals by then, except for the airborne terminals which are
to be ready by mid-1984.
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A second phase, consisting of conclusive tests of the new prototype terminals
actually installed in the different mobile environments, is to be implemented
between the beginning of 1984 and the end of 1985, ~:pon completion of which
vrork is to begin on the configuration of the future INMARSAT second-generatton
satellites that are to succeed the satellites currently in use (MARECS, MARISAT
~ and INTELSAT 5).
~ COPYRIGHT: A. & C. 1982
9399
CSO: 5500/2246
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INTLRNATIONAL Ak'FAIRS
FRG TO BE MAIN FINANCER OF ERS REMOTE SENSING SATELLITE ~
Paris AIR ET COSMOS in French 22 May 82 pp 34, 52
Article ~y Pierre Langereux: "Startup of European Remote Sensing Satellite 1?RS-1
Project"~
~ tText~ The ESA ~European Space Agency~ has just obtained from i~s member govern- -
ments the financisl commitments necessary to start up the new European remote
sensing satellite ERS 1 project. ThE sate~lite is ta be launc~ed around the end
of 1987 by an Ariane rocket. This announcement was made officially on 17 May at
Hannover (Germany) by Mr Erik Quietg~ard, dir.ector ger.eral of the ESA, and Dr
Lennertz, head of the Agency's earth observatiori program.
Ten member countries confirmed officially this week their participation in ERS 1,
to a total extent of 88.22 percent, which thus exceeds the quota (SO percent)
required to get the project under way. Germany is contributing the largest share
(24 percent), followed by France (18.31 percent), Great Britain (13.38 percent),
Italy (10.61 percent), Canada (9.10 percent), Sweden (3.90 percent), Belgium
(3.72 percent), Spain (2 percent), Switzerland (1.70 percent) amd Norway (1.50
percent. Two other member countries also have yet to confirm their participation
in the project: Netherlands (5 percent) and Denmark (1.99 percent). This will
then assure better than 95 percent financing of the program.
The German decision ta contribute the major share of the project and to accept
that the ESA management group remain partly installed in Toulouse (initially)
was what finally resolved the impasse. But, strictly speaking, the member states
have not for the moment committed themselves to finance beyond the definitional
phase (Phase B), in the amount of 25 million UC's `units of account~, whereas
the total cost of the ERS 1 project is estimated at 360 million UC's (1981 �
prices), or more than 2 billion francs.
The ESA officials also emphasized that the choice of prime contractor for the
ERS 1 satellite will be made around the end of July, based on competitive bidding
between the German firms Dornier and MBB tMesserschmitt-Baldow-Blohm~, it now
being definitely settled that the prime contractor will be German. But the fact
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' is that a real competition will be very hard, if not impossible, to come by foic
the ESA, since the preliminary study of the project has up to now been conducted
solely by Dornier, the platform will be that of the SPOT ~Earth ObsErvation
Probe System~ satellite developmed by MATRA `Mechanics, Aviation and Traction~,
and the principal instrument (microwav~s) has been studied by Thomson-CSF ~Gen~
- eral Radio Company~ and Marconi!
' There can be no doubt therefore that Dornier, which will submit its proposal on
1 June, will be chosen as the prime contractor o� the ERS 1 satellite. The ESA's
industrial policy committee could hardly do otherwise without risking a complete
upset of the delicate industria~ "balance" that has been worked out among the
, European firms for their participation in the ESA's new programs.
Thus, the definitional phase is to begin in August and be completed by the end of
1983, after which the pZan calls for 4 years of developmental work on the satel-
lite and its instruments, which are to be integrated an~ ready for launching by
the end of 1987. Operation of ti~e experimental satellite ERS 1 would thus begin
the following year, in 1988. ERS 1 will be essentially an oceanographic satel-
lite, positioned in a circular orbit at an altitude of 675 km and controlled via
the Kiruna (Sweden) station. The satellite will be equipped with an "A~MI" ~active
microwave instrument~ and a ra~3io altimeter that will operate in the Ku (13.7 GHz)
band to measure wave heights. The AMI will be a synthetic-aperture and SLAR
~side-looking airborne radar1 sxstem operating in Band C ti5.3 GHz) in either of
two modes: One radar mode to provide a high-resolution (30 m) image of the sur-
- faces of the earth and the ocean:,, and one scatterometric mode to measure the
direction and speed of winds (between 4 and 24 meters/sec) on the surface of the
oceans.
The European ERS 1 satellite will be one of the rare oceanic satellites, other
than the American SEASAT 1 satellite (which operated only 90 days) and the future
Japanese MOS 1 sa~ellite, which is to be launched some years hence.
COPYRIGHT: A. & C. 1982
9399
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INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
ESA ANNOUNCES 2 ARIANE LAUNCHES FOR 1982, DELAY PENALTIES
Paris AIR ET COSMOS in French 22 May pp 44, 52 . ~
Article by Pierre Langereux: "Only Two Ariane Launches in 1982"~
Text~ The ESA LEuropean Space Agency~ has just announced that the next launch
(L5) of the European launcher Ariane, carrying the MARECS 2 and SIRIO 2, has now
been postponed to 10 September 1982 and will be followed by launch L6 during the
second half of November (probably around 25 November) carrying the European
satellite EXOSAT~1~. This confirms then (see AIR ET COSMOS, No 904) that there
will be no more than two Ariane rocket launches this year. The European rocket
having been officially qualified since December 1981, it could have carried out
three or four launchings this year, the first of which could have been in Febru-
ary 1982! Ariane's first payloads, however, consisted of European satellites
that ended up running behind the original schedule, leaving the Ariane rocket
without a payload. Despite the delay (of 1 year) experienced by the launcher
following the failure of its flight-test launching (L02), the European satellites
still did not show up to meet it. The first operational launching had been set
for April 1982, which was already a delay but still an acceptable one. But the
technical problems encountered with the first MARECS 1 satellite in orbit (spon-
taneous electrostatic discharges perturbing the operation of the satellite) have
caused successive delays in the launching of MARECS 2, until September. No
other satellite will be ready before then (except SIRIO 2), since the modifica-
tions to be made to MARECS 2 will also haue to be made to the ECS satellites,
which use the same platform. This has all resulted in delaying the putting of
the European launcher into operational service at the crucial moment when
launchings of new pavloads, particularly in the telecommunications satellite
sector, are being negotiated. These 7 months of inactivity for Ariane cannot
be retrieved! The available facilities at Kourou--human as well as hardware--
are insufficient to enable an adequate speedup in the launching rate, at least
for another 3 years (when the second launching facility will be in service). The
ESA, as the responsible agency for the MARECS program, and British Aerospace
(Great Britain), as prime contractor, bear a heavy burden in this situation.
The default on the part of the MARECS satellites~2~ is all the more disturbing
for its impact on other telecommunications satellites, a sector in which Europe
is trying to position itself alongside the big American builders.
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Considering the duration of the launch windows (35 working days), it will not be
possible to carry out more ~than five launchings in 1983, as plannec3. The neces-
sary modifications ta the interface between the launcher and its payloads (re-
configuration of wiring, etc), moreover, have yet to be done. The first of next
year's launchings (L7) is therefore now scheduled for the en~ of January 1983,
carrying the European ECS 1 satellite (which normally was to have been launched
in 1982). Three more launchings (L8, L9 and L10), in principle, will orbit three
further INTELSAT 5 satellites for the intelsat organization (two of which were
normally to have been launched in 198?.), if the satellites are actually ready
on time (Ford Aerospace :~as already :ncurred delays in their deliveries); it
appears, however, that at least two INTELSAT 5 launchings are assured for 1983.
The last of next year's launchings (Llly, scheduled for November or December,
will carry the ECS 2 satellite or the French TELECOM lA satellite, whichever is
available first.
For, once the series of operational launching$ is under way, there will be no
further waiting for payloads, as this would cotinpletely disrupt launching opera-
tions at Kourou. The rule will be si~ple and severe: The first to be ready will
be the first to be launched. And costly penalties will be levied against those
who are late (as is being done, after all, in the case of American rockets).
This should induce stricter observance on the part of the satellite builders
with respect to delivery schedules on the satellites for which they are the
contractors. The fact is that we have now entered an era of operational and
commercial exploitation of rockets. Thi~ marks the success of this activity,
but inevitably imposes a certain number of new constraints.
The use of satellite launchers has become a space transportation "service,"
with everything that concept involves (punctuality, costs, guarantees, etc.).
FOOTNOTES
l. This satellite must necessarily be launched between 8 October 1982 and
15 January 1983
2. Despite knowledge of "prior experiences" with phenomena of this nature en-
countered in American satellites (MARISAT and FLEETSATCOM).
COPYRIGHT: A. & C. 1982
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INTERNATIONAL AFP'AIRS
BRIEFS
MARECS 1 OPERATIONAL--The international space telecommunications organization
INTELSAT put into service a new telecommunications satellite, INTLLSAT 5, over
the Indian Ocean on 1 May 1982. Another INTELSAT 5 satelli.te will soon be
orbited in the same vici.nity to handle that tegion's traffic. The international
maritime satellite telecommunications orqanization INMARSAT has just announced
the putting into service, also on 1 May, of the first European maritime telecom-
munications satellite MARECS 1, which was launched on 19 December 1981 by Ariane
on the latter's fourth and final flight test launching. INMAIZSAT states that
the satellite is operating normally. The putting into operational service of
MARECS 1, it will be recalled, which was originally scheduled for 1 February
1982 (see AIR ET COSMOS, No 886), was scratched because of radicelectric distur-
bances affecting the satellite in geostationary orbit. This development moreover
compelled the ESA and British Aerospace, the satellite's prime contractor, to
modify the MARECS 2 satellite and the ECS satellites--which use the same platform ,
--to avoid the recurrence of such disturbances to future satellites. The ESA was
supposed to announce this week the new launching date for MARECS 2, confirming
that this could not be before the first half of September 1982 and that there-
fore there can only be two Ariane launchings this year. tArticle b Pierre
Langereux: "MARECS 1 and INTELSAT 5 Satellites in Service 1 May"~ ~Paris AIR ET
COSMOS in French 8 May 82 p 42~ ~COPYRIGST: A. & C. 1982~ 9399
THOMSON STUDIES HIGH FREQUENCY PAYLOADS--The ESA ~European Space Agency~ has just
entrusted Thomson-CSF ~General Radio Company~ with a definitional study of future
high-capacity telecommunications-satellite payloads utilizing tt:e new high fre-
quencies in the 20-30 GHz band. Thomson-CSF is to analyze different satellite
configurations and their impact on payloads. SAGATEL ~expansion unknown~, a
telecommunications and telematics consultant company, is associated with this
stud~~ to evaluate the potential market for wideband telecommunications se~vices
(video-conferences, etc) during the 1990's. Three other European firms--TICRA
[expansion unknown] (Denmark), HSA [Dutch Telecomanunications Equipment] (Nether-
lands) and SAAB [Swedish Airlines Inc.] (Sweden)--are also participating in this
study ordered by the ESA. [Text] [Paris AIR ET COSMOS in French 8 May 82 p 42]
[COPYRIGHT: A. & C. 1982] 9399
~
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ARIANE PRODUCTION SCHEDULE--The new schedule of Ariane launchings published this
week by Arianespace shows practically a full booking to the end of 1986. 8ixteen
Euro~~an and American clients have already booked reservations on Ariane's launch
wi:~dows for the orbiting of 35 satellites (includir,g the three already orbited
during the qualification launchings) and the future Brazilian satellites ~as
published~. The ESA and Arianespace have put 19 Ariane rockets into production
for these launchings, which will use the Ariane 1 version of these rockets to the
end of this year, then the improved Ariaiie 2 and 3 versions beginning next year.
Provisions have also been made for the fabrication of seven additional roc;:ets,
for a total of 26 Ariane rockets, to fulfill requirements to the beginning of
1986. Ariane rockets are currently being built at the rate of 4 to 5 rockets a
year; this rate will continue throughout ne.~t year. But it is planned that by
1985 the rate will be 8 rockets a year. By then, Arianespace will have put the
second launching facility, ELA 2, at Kourou into service, enabling the rate of
Ariane launchings to be increased to 8 or ten launches per year and providing a
rEdundancy of launching facilities in case of accidental damage to one of the
launch pads. The new ELA 2 launching facility will also be compatible with the
new Ariane 4 rocket, which will have double the performance ratings of the pres-
.ent rocket and which will be the true competitor of the American Shuttle during
the 1980's. Article by Pierre Langereux: "~aenty-six Ariane Rockets in Produc-
tion"~ ~Text~ Paris AIR ET COSMOS in French 22 May 82 p 44~ COPYRIGHT:
A. & C. 1982~ 9399 `
CSO: 5500/2245
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~ FEDERAL REPUF3LIC OF GERMANY
4
i
SPACE RESEARCH, SF.~PELLITE PLANS FOR 1982-1985
Paris AIR ET COSMOS in French 15 May 82 pp 51-53
Article by pierre Langereux: "New Objectives of German Space Plan for 1982-
1985" ~
~
_TextJ The new objectives of the German space plan for the period 1982-1985
were released recently by Dr Herman Strub of the BmFT ~Ministry for Research
and Technology~. The new plan, which is now officially adopted by the BmFT
and due to be published shortly, has already been debated and approved by the
entities concernec~ (governmental administrations and business organizations) on
the basis of the plan drawn up in June 1981 by the DFVLR ~German Research and
" Experimental Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics~ and of the final recom-
mendation submitted to the BmFT in.October 1981.
The major objectives of the plan are: Promotion of basic research, technologi-
' cal innovations with a view to their application to public services, a bolster-
~ ing of the German aerospace industry's competitiveness particularly in the mar-
ket domain of commercial application of space systems (launchers, satellites and
ground equipment), and development of international cooperation with Europe
and the United States.
The new 1982-1985 plan calls for a moderate.grow~h in German space expenditures
within a ceiling of 800 million DM by 1985, which is slightly higher than that
of 1982~1~. It is to be not2d however that to this direct subvention by the
BmFT must be added the add~.tional credits granted by other organizations, such
as the Max.Planck Institute for space research, �:he Bundespost for domestic
direct-TV satellite (TV-SAT~ and telecommunications satellite (DFS) projects,
and the Deutsche Wetterdienst (Meteorological Service) for German participation
in the European network of operational weather satellites of the future EUMETSAT
rexpansi~n unknown~ organization. .
The new German space programs are articulated along three main axes: Space re-
search, commercial applicatioas (telecommunications, direct TV, meteorology,
navigation and remote sensing), and launchers and orbital systems of the future.
(1) The BmFT's 1982 "research" budget totals b,578.5 million DM, of which 945
million DM are for aeronautical and space research.
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.i;~:;',
Space Research
Dr Strub underscored the magnitude of the German participation in scientific
projects concerned with aeronomy, astrophysics, geophysics, space biomedicine
and the new exper unents in microgravity.~
The most costly of the German space projects, involving probe rockets, will be
its participation in the MAP ~Middle Atmosphere Program~ project and in its ex-
tension MAP-WINE ~expansion unknown~, concerned with wintertime observations
overnorthern Europe by means of atmospheric soundings at altitudes ranginq from
10 to 100 km carried out from three sites: Andoya (Sweden), Lista (Norway) and
Thule (Greenland). Germany will also participate, this summer, in the iono-
spheric soundings project HERO and, in 1984, in the CAESAR project to str~dy tt;e
polar magnetosphere and ionosphere. During the summer of 1984, Germany will ~
also participate in the INTER ZODIAK project on measurements of solar radia-
tions at vacuum ultraviolet wavelengths and of�zodiacal light, by means of
probe rockets launched from Natal (Brazil).
In addition, Germany has furnished equipment (AEROS-type spectrometer and
trajectory-measuring system) for the new Italian scientific satellite SAN MARCO -
D, which is scheduled to be launched this year-end by an American SCOUT rocket
at the Italian test site in Kenya (Africa).
Germany will also furnish one of the three satellites for NASA's AMPTE ~Active
Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorer~ project, which will also involve a
British satellite. The German Oberpfaffenhofen Control Center will take part
in the mission for the tracking of the AMPTE satellites, which are to be
launched in 1984. German scientists are participatinq moreover in European
GIOTi'O comet-probe and the ESA's ISPM solar-probe projects; these probes are to
be launched, respectively, in 1985 and 1986 by Ariane and the Shuttle. They
are also participating in the new HIPPARCOS astrometry satellite due to be
launched in early 1987 by the ESA, and in the large astrbnomic telescope pro-
ject--NASA's SPACE TELESCOPE which is to be orbited in early 1985 by the
Shuttle. Germany's participation in the latter will consist of furnishing one
of Space Telescope's main sensors: The FOC ~Faint Object Camera~ develo~ed by
Dornier with the aid of MATRA ~Mechanics, Aviation and Traction Company~
(France). Germany is also sharing substantially in NASA's GALILEO probe pro-
ject; this probe is to be launched toward Jupiter in 1985, and the propulsion
module that is to brake the robe upon its arrival is being built by MBB
Messerschmitt-$oelkow-Blohm~. Germany also plans to participate in future Euro-~
pean scientific satellite projects (to be chosen in 1983) and American ones
(SOT iexpansion unknown~). Germany, in particular, has studied a national
project o=.a large infrared observatory--GIRL--which could be launched and
retrieved by the Shuttle.
Dornier is currently at work on a new German scientific satellite project:
The ROSAT satellite for the study of X-rays, which is to be launched in early
1987. On the other hand, operation of the Helios 2 solar probe is to end this
summer after 7 and 1/2 years of operation.
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Microgravity
But the foremost German nation~l scientific project is Germany's SPACELAB D1
mission which has now been paccF,oned to April 1985. Tris mission, in which the
ESA, France and Italy will also participate, will cost Germany 405 million DM.
' The C1 mission will be oriented essentially toward metallurgy under microgravity.
, The principal equipment used will be: The instruments already developed for
; SPACELAB's first payload (isothermal oven, temperature-gradient oven, reflector
oven and fluid-physics module), as well as an experimental chamber f~r the study
of transfers and the MEDEA lexpansion unknown~ setup. This is an exgerimental
setup consisting of a new "ELLI" LMono Ellipsoidal Reflector Furnace~ oven, a
temperature-gradient oven with a quenching device and a high-temperature thermo-
static shield. The ESA will also furnish the "BIORACK"~expansion unknown~ and
the "SLED" ~expansion unknown~ vestibular sleigh (taken from the "ESLP" flight)
for biomedical experiments in weightlessness.
Space Teledetectian
Germany is also showing an active interest in earth observation, with optical and
microwave instruments aboard the Shuttle and Spacelab.
An MOMS LModular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner~ is to be used on the first
flight of the German SPAS 1 platform planned for the beginning of 1983 aboard the
seventh flight of the Shuttle. A metric camera and an MRSE LMicrowave Remote
Sensing Equipment, will also be part of the first payload aboard Spacelab, which
is due to fly in September 1983. The DFVLR has moreover undertaken the develop-
ment of an SAR ~synthetic-aperture radar~ for remote-sensing satellites. This
project is already being carried in cooperation with Norway, and negotiations
are under way with Italy, who is also interested in this technique. But Ger-
many's biggest effort in the domain of space teledetection is its share, as the
majority participant, in the European ERS 1 oceanic observation satellite project.
This project is to get under way within the next few weeks under the prime con-
tractorship of a German firm, Dornier, if Germany agrees tha~ the project's
staff remain installed at Toulouse (France).
On the other hand, the DFVLR is installing in Germany a National Teledetection
Center, which is to centralize all the remote sensing, meteoro?ogical and clima-
tological data. A climatic research program is to get under way in 1982, using
new space sensors.
TV-SAT and DFS Satellites
Significant developments are in progress in space telecommunications. Germany
and F~:ance have undertaken the joint construction of the German TV-SAT direct-TV
satellite and the French TDF 1, which are scheduled for delivery, respectively,
15 February and 15 April 1985 to be launched by Ariane 2. The building of these
satellites has been entrusted to the Franco-German group Eurosatellite GmbH,
made up of AEROSPATIALE National Industrial Aerospace Company~, MBB LMesser-
schmitt~oelkow-Blohm7 Thomson-CSF _General Radio Company~ and AEG-Telefunken,
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with participation by Belgian and Swedish industries. The prime contract for
the building of the TV-SAT and TDF 1 satellites is due to be rele:.sed to Euro-
eatellite shortly by the French and G~rman authorities.
The German PTT has also undertaken recently the study of a domestic telecommuni-
cations services satellite operating in the new 20-30 GHz frequency band. This
DFS ~expansion unknown~ project of the Bundespost provides for the building of a
satellite to furnish conventional communications serviceG (telephone, facsimile)
~ and new services (telematics) inside the FRG. The DFS satellite is being tar-
qeted for launching in 1986 (see AIR ET COSMOS, No 901).
EURECA
Germany is also planning to maintain a certain level of activity in the domain
of launchers and orbital systems, notaaly by increasing its participation in the
development of the new versions of the European launcher (Ariar~e 2, 3 and 4).
Germany's participation in Ariane 4 is to be 20 percent, said Dr Strub. And
Germany is also participating actively in the definitional studies on the "future
European launcher" of the 1990's, which is currently under way at the ESA and the
CNES (French) National Center for Space Studies~ (see AIR ET COSMOS, Nos 891,
892 and 893), in particular with respect to the new 100-ton cryogenic motor that
has been entrusted to the SEP ~European Propellant Company~ (France) in associa-
tion with MBB.
On the other hand, commitments to future Spacelab developments are less evident,
particularly in view of tl~e high cost of operation of the orbital laboratory.
Germany is participating, however, as main financer (40 percent), in the develop-
ment of a new self-powered, recoverable platform under the ESA's EURECA project
(see AIR ET COSMOS, No 905). The platform is currently being studied by ERNO
[Development Association North]-MBB and Dornier. The initial flight of this self-
powered satellite, with a payload dedicated to experiments under microgravity, is
targeted for the end of 1986-beginning of 1987.
COPYRIGHT: A. & C. 1982
9399
CSO: 5500/2251
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FRANCE
NEW RADIO FORMAT SEEKS TO INCREASE AFRICAN COVERAGE
Paris JEUNE AFRIQUE in French 5 May 82 p 71
~Article by C. D.: "Echo from the Savannas"~
LText~ Exit the NAP, enter the MFI! Behind these barbarous acronyms--for
NOUVELLE AGENCE DE PRESS and MEDIAS FRANCE INTERCONTINENTS--lies one of the most
meaningful aspects of the R-FI ~RADIO-FRANCE INTERNA^IONAL~ reform (JEUNE
AFRIQUE, No 1106). The "cooperation" sector will be one of the principal bene-
ficiaries of the major upheaval in R-FI, which has as its goal nothing less than
to go the international services of the BBC and the DEUTSCHE WELLE one better,
by way of a fivefold increase in its budget between now and 1987, and by playing
to its advantage the card of the new world information order.
Staffed by some 10 persons (only two of whom were journalists), the NAP expired
quietly on 31 March. It had been supplying written press information on a daily
basis to some hundred African newspapers. The Ministry of Cooperation--which
had been paying for the subscript~ons--put an end to the experiment, taking thus
a backward step for a longer leap forward.
R-FI already operated a small broadcast service that furnished audio material to
the African media. Another service compiled for the Quai d"Orsay (Ministry of
External Relations) bulletins for transmission to French embassies. A disper-
sion of effort that had to be ended! These different services were merged with
the erstwhile 1v~P, and so the MFI came into being, its name having been regir-_-
tered officially by mid-April.
Now operational with a staff of some 20 journalists,the new written- and spoken-
press agency had to h~;ve as its managing editor... n~ne other than a former
editor of JEUNE AFRIQUE. it was in fact Philippe Gaillard who was approached by
Herve Bourges, general manager of R-FI. "We will endeavor to do what the other
press agencies ~~re not doing," aff irmed the latter.
Reporting, documentaries, economic analyses, followups on the activities of the
international organizations: Up to this point the advance is over familiar ter-
rain. But MFI intends to go further. Herve Bourges, former s~kesman for
Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow, is not forgetting UNESCO's fight for a new information
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order. MFI is not going to be con'tent with merely informinq Africa. It is
going to try also to institute a inverse information flow: The newspapers and
radio statfons of that continent will be encouraged to send us their cwn
~ productiens. "po ~ne spraks of Africa until a coup d'etat takes place.� sayF
Hexv~s Hc~urges. The time has come to make known the oth~r African realities.
~he ~ayst~n of exchanqes will be put in place gradual].y. But it will un-
d~~ubhedly require a great deal of ateadfast perseverance to break through the
Western public's wall of indifference to any information that is not laced with
folklure."
COPYRIGH'!': 1982 Jeune Afrique GRUPJIA
9399 ~ ~
CSO: 5500/2246 ~ .
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