JPRS ID: 10667 EAST EUROPE REPORT SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/10667
19 July 1982
E ast E u r~ e R e o rt
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SCIENTIFIC~ AFFAIRS
CFOUO 4/82)
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JPRS L/10667
19 ~Tuly i982
EAST EUROPE REPORT
$CIENTIFIC AFFAIRS
(FOUO 4/82)
_ CONTENTS
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
Joint CSSR-USSR Aerial Reconnaissance Experiment Des~cribed
(Jiri Sima; GEODETICKY A KARTOGRAFICICY OBZOR, No 4, 1982) 1
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Current, Future Chemical Fiber Production Surveyed
(Milan Drazdi;.; CHEMICKY PRUMYSL, No 2, 1982) 5

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INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
JOINT CSSR-USSR AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE ERPERIMENT DESCRIBED
Prague GEODETICKY A KARTOGRAFICKY OBZOR in Czech No 4, 1982 pp 96-~7
[Article by Engr Jiri Sima, CSc, Center for Remote Terrain Sensing, Institute of
Geodesy, National Enterprise, Prague: "First Joint Czechoslovak-Soviet Experiment
With the AN-30 Flying I.aboratory"]
[Text] The first joint experiment, under the Czechoslovak-Soviet intergovernmen-
tal agreement on cooperation in remote terrain sensing, was held on 9-29 March
1982, on the territory of the CSSR. At the invitation of the Czech Geodetic and
~artographic Office (Cesky urad geodeticky a kartograficky), to which the CSSR
gov~rnment's resolution No 249 of 1977 had assigned the task cf coordinating the
gathering and practical applicatior~ of data from remote terrain sensing for the
needs of the Czechoslovak economy, the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology
and Control of the Living Environment sent to Czechoslovakia its AN-30 flying la-
boratory with a team of five scientista and specialists, so that aerial muitispec-
tral and thermal photographs could be taken of areas important from the viewpoint
of the further development of our agriculture, forestry, mana~ement of water re-
sources, geology and cartography.
The AN-30 flying laboratory was equipped with an 1rIICF-6 M Zeiss Jena multispectra.
aerial camera, a set of three AFA aerial cameras that have frame constants of 50,
100 and 200 mm, and a Hasaelblad 500 EL hand-held aerial camera of ~he Center for
Remote Terrain Sensing (Stredisko dalkoveho pruzmumu Zeme), and ~:ith a Vulkan two-
channel s~:annig infrared radiometer. The new Soviet thermovisiun (Vulkan) system,
which records on film strip the thermal image of the earth's surface or of the sur-
face of a body of water, in the range of reflected and natural radiation, was used
specifically on this pro~ect for the first time on such a large scale and outside
the Soviet U~ion. The AN-30 airplane hae modern navigation aids that enable the
navigator to keep the two-engine turbojet, flying at speeds of 400 to SAO km/h and
at altitudes up to 7000 m, on the planned course within an error of 50 :n.
The ground control surveys were made by two teams of scientists and techniciana,
namely: on the East Slovakia pla~.n, by staff inembers of the I~Vz SSR [SSR Minis-
try of Agriculture and Food] and MVI~H SSR [SSR Ministry of Farestry and Water Re-
sources], under the methodological guidance of the Slovak Academy of Sciences In-
stitute of Geography (Geograficky uetav SAV); and on the Intercoemos program's
Stritez test range in Trebic Okres, by staff inembers of the Center for Remote Ter-
rain Sensing and of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Institute of Geography
(Geograficky ustav C SAV) in Brno.
1
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The primary purpose of the experiment's scientific program was to explore the
earth's natural resources. The season of the year, the use of infrared photography
and rhe recording of. the thermal image make it possible to determine the acreage
of f.a~�.land that is waterlogged, and to what extent. Research in this direction
concentrated on the Ea~t Slovakia plain and covered an area exceeding 150,000 hect-
ares. The entire area was sensed twice by different procedures, so that multi-
s~c:ctral photographs on a 1:50,000 scale, black-and-white infrared photographs on
a 1:150,000 scale, color infrared photographs on a 1:100,000 scale, and a thermal
scan in tt~e 3-5 um and 8-13 um parts of the spectrum were obtained. The selected
.;r~~a5 where control measurements were made on the ground were sensed four times by
SimiLar methods, but on larger scales (1:65,000 to 1:25,000).
I.~i tt~e basin of the Udava River (Humenne Okres) repeated photographing and thermal
sensing were conducted to obtain data for a model of runoff after the melting of
the snow cover, and to determine more accurately the supply of water in the snow
cover. Solution of this task is one of the topics of the bilateral scientific and
technical cooperation with the Soviet Union in the area of remote terrain sensing.
For the geological and geomorphological investigation of the volcanic mountain
ranges in Central and Eastern Slovakia, multispectral photographs were taken on a
1:.50,000 scale, and sn aerial photogrammetric survey on a 1:30,000 and 1:100,000
scale was made of the Vihorla~ range, of the area between the two branches of the
2
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Bodrog River, and of the Stavnica range. For the classification of timber stands
in the Kremnica M~ountains region, for the purpose of forestry research, and of col-
lege inatruction of the interpretation of DPZ [dalkovy pruzkum Zeme; remote terrain
sensing], inaccessible mixed timber stands were photographed from the air in black
and white on a 1:9,000 scale against a background of snow cover, and in infrared
on a 1:22,000 acale with the Hasselblad camera.
The experiment's scientific program investiga.ted also questions of protecting the
living environment. To determine the extent of damage caused by man to the envi-
ronment in much-frequented recreational areas or in areas with a high density of
vacation cottages, multispectral and color infrared photogrammetric su~veys were
made of the vicinity of the Zemplinska Sirava reservoir, and of the Kninice dam
near Brno. These survey provide objective and meaningful data for territorial
planning.
The parameters of the aerial surveys were always selected so that the photographs
could be used in geodesy and cartography, geology, forestry and the management of
water resources, to correct and update the basic and topical maps on scales of
1:10,000 to 1:200,000.
The results of the experiment with the AN-30 flying laboratory will be used also
to solve certain tasks of basic and applied research. For this purpose, with the
, cooperation of the Center for Remote Terrain Sensing and the Czechoslovak Academy
of Sciences Institute of Geography in Brno, a coordinated program was held on 16
March 1982 at the Intercosmos program's test range in Trebic Ok~es, in the course
of which multispectral photographs were made with thP 1~lKF-6 camera aboard the
AN-3t~ flying laboratory, from altitudes of 6200 and 3100 meters, while simultane-
ously photographs of the same spectral parameters were raken with the multispec-
tral camera of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciencea Institut~ of Geography, from
an altitude of 500 meters, aboard an AN-2 airplane of ihe Slovair Enterprise. At
the same time, the spectral reflectanc~ of various ob~ects, and the temperature and
moisture content of the soil and of the air were measured from the ground.
During the six flying days when the weather was favorable, eight flights were made
from the airports in Bratislava and Kosice. The AN-30 flying laboratory logged
a total of 26 hours and 50 minutes in the air. In all, the laboratory receiv~d
for processing over 9000 frames of black-and-white zonal (multispectral) shots,
black-and-white and color infrared survey shots, infrared photographs taken with
the Hasselblad camera, and photographic recordings of thermal sensing covering an
area of 209,000 hectares.
A press conference was held at the close of the experiment. It was attPnded by 31
journalists, and by party and governm~:.t officials of the S2ovak Socialist Repub-
lic. The press conference included an exhibit uf some of the results of the surveys
in East Slovakia, and an inspection of the AN-30 flyiug laboratory. Whi1e the air-
plane was at the Bratislava airport, excursions were organized for the managers
and scientif ic staff inembers of the interestad organizations. More than 100 per-
sons participated in these excursions.
- The first joint Czechoslovalc-Soviet experiment with the AN-30 flying laboratory
ended successful, without any unforeseen events and organizational complications,
3
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ttianks to the detailed preparations and the maximum effort exerted by all the parti-
cipating organs and organizations. The obtained re~ote terrain sensing data will be
distributed to the interested organizations in May and June 1982, and the first data
to be processed will be the ones obtained in East Slovakia. A preliminary asseasment
of the feasibility of their practical application, namely by organizations of the '
Ministry of Agriculture and Food, and of the Ministry of Forestry and Watex Resources,
ic expected in September 6T this year. An evaluazion of the experiment's acientific
contribution, from the viewpoint of the objectives of the bilateral CxechosZovak-
Soviet scientific and technical cooperation in remote terrain sensing, will be made
before the end of 1982. Full ~nd comprehensive practical application of the obtain-
ed data, by all interested oxganizations, will take at~out two years.
COPYRIGHT: SNTL--Nakladatelstvi technicke literatury, Prague, 1982.
1014
CSO: 24a2/57
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CURRENT, FUTURE CHEMICAL FIBER PRODUCTION SURVEYED
Prague CHEMICKY PRUMYSL in Czech No 2, 1982 pp 105-111
[Article by Milan Drazdil, State Planning Commission, Prague: "Current Status
and Prospects for Development of Chem~cal Fibers Abroad and in Czechoslovakia"]
[Text] This article briefly summarizes foreign and domestic
developments in the production of chemical fibers. In the
s~cond part, tendencies and problems connected with the
prospects for further development in this ffeld, particu-
larly in relation to the raw materials, investment and other
capabilities, are traaed, and forecasts for Czechoslovakia
are presented.
Introduction
Chemical fibers, along with plastics, are the most rapidly developing products
of th~ modern chemical industry since the Second World War. Thanks to the
rapid growth in output of these produczs, they have gradually attained a domi-
nant position, alongside cotton, among starting materials for the textile in-
dustry and other industries, as,well as producing important structursl changeP.
Their rapid growth was aupported by several factors, especially the need to
limit land area used for the production of natural fibers and to uae it in-
stead for growing food, progress in fibers research and development (diacovery
of new fiber-forming polymera, steady improvement of production technology,
expanded selection and range of applicstions, moderniz~tion of the textile
indu:,try), the unprecedented growth of the petro-chemical base, increasing
population, changea in styles of life and work, increased expenditures oa at-
tractive clothing, donestic furnishings and engitieering materials. In tercns
of the etarting materials used, there are fibera based on natural products,
such as cellulose, glass and metals, and synthetic products, which are based
on high-molecular-weight fiber-forming polymers. The purpose of this article
is to evaluate briefly the development of the production of chemical fibers,
i.e. cellulosics and synthetics, abroad and in Czechoslovakia, and to indi-
cate several directione of their future deveiopment.
Development of Chemical Fiber Production Through 1980
In contrast to the ma~ority of~other industries, the chpmical industry did
not originate in an artisan trade, but resulted from consiatent transfer of
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scientific research results into industrial practice. In addition, from the
beginning, the development of the chemical industry was based on systematic
objectives and relied less on trial and error than other industries had. As
soon as the theoretical basis was sufficiently well known and well developed,
the industry developed rapidly, often progressing by 3umps.
This tendency was particularly apparent in the development of chemical fibere,
and especially synthetics. So long as man lacked an adequate conception of
the composition and structure of the material which surrounded him, it was
obviously impossible for him to plan and systeTaatically carry out the conver-
sion of materials. As a result he was unable to provide the necessary manmade
fibers for his clothing, the second basic necessity of life, and for thousands
of years he had to turn to plant and animal products, i.e. fibers and bio-
palymers. It was only after he increased his knowledge of the nature of the
chemical elements, the structure of chemical compounds and the laws governing
chemical processes in the 18th and 19th centuriea that various ways of modify-
ing natural fibers and creating chemical ones, par~cicularly fibers based on
cellulose, were found. Thus from the point of view of basic textile raw mate-
rials, the year 1886 marks a milestone, for in that year the first chemical
fiber was produced from nitrocellulose on the basis of a patent by H. de
Chardonnet. Further important discoveries in the field of chemical fibers
were not long in coming. The most effective of these on an industrial scale
was the adoption of the viscose method in 1892 (invented by Cross, Bevan and
Beadle), which was successfully used to produce viscose staple. But it was
only in the 1920's that the pioneering work of Prof H. Staudinger, a Nobel
Prize winner, resulted in a thorough knowledge of the macromolecular struc~ure
of cellulose. In the 1930's and early 1940's this work led to the discovery
of the polymers which, with the exception of polypropylene, are the most im-
portant for synthetic fibers today, namely 6,6-polyamide, 6-polyamide, poly-
ethylene terephthalate, and polyacrylonitrile. Although the main patents for
the production of certain synthetic fibers date from much earlier (1913 for
PVC [polyvinyl chloride] fiber and 1931 for PVA [polyvinyl alcohol] fiber),
it was 6,6-PAD [polyamide] discovered by Carrothers, which in 1939 was succesa-
fully brought out on an industrial scale by the U.S. du Pont company, producer
of the first thousand tons of nylon (the trade name came from the words "New
York, LONdon").
The promising emergence of synthetic fibers was temporarily halted by the war,
but research work never ceased, and in 1940 the Englishmen J. R. Whinfield and
T. J. Dickson were awarded the basic patent for the production of polyester
fiber, while in 1942 J. Zettner and M. Genes were able to patent the produc-
tion af polyacrilonitrile fiber. After a brief interlude necessary for the
reconstruction of industry destroyed by the war, nothing could prevent the
production of chemical fibers from expanding rapidly.
In 1950 the highest prewar level in the production of viscose and acetate
fibers was exceeded, and in the late 1950's and particularly the 1960's the
production of synthetic fibers began to increase rapidly. Their unprecedented
growth is graphically illustrated by the fact that between 1960 and 1970 the
output of these products increased 7 times, while between 1960 and 1980 it
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increased 15 times. Table 1 deacribes the trend of chemical fiber production
in the 20th century.
Table 1. World Output of Chemical Fibers (thousands of tone)
1900 1920 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
All chemical fibers 1 15 1,132 1,681 3,303 8,131 14,221
cellulose fibers 1 15 1,127 1,612 2,600 3,431 3,630
syr?thetics - - 5 69 703 4,700 10,591
Source: TEXTILE ORGANON, Enka AG
The table mat~es it clear that the production of cellulose fibers increased
rapidly, particularly in the 1950's, then begaa to level off in the 1960~s,
while in the 1970's output began to fluctuate by �200,000-400,000 tons a year.
'ihe maximum was achieved in 1973, when 3.661 million tons of cellulose fiber
was produced worldwide. The rapid development of synthetics began in the
second half of the 1950's as a result of the rapid increase in production of
polyamide, polyester (PES) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers. The maximwn
annual growth worldwide occurred in 1969, 1971-1973, and 1979. Trends in t~he
output of cellulose fibers are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Worldwide Output of Main Types of Cellulose Fibers (thousand tons)
1900 1920 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
All cellulose fibers 1 15 1,127 1,612 2,600 3,431 3,630
textile and cord 1 15 542 874 1,131 1,391 1,200
filament*
viscose staple - - 585 738 1,469 2,040 2,430
and cable
~Including acetate and triacetate filament
Source: TEXTILE ORGANON, Enka AG
It is evident from Table 2 that initially the producers concentrated their
full attention on continuous filament, which could be used to replace natural
silk, since the very low silk production capabilities could not keep up with
demand. The production of viacose staple was begun only in the late 1920's,
but it expanded very rapidly, particularly in the late 1930's, when the tense
international situation caused a sizeable drop in importa of strategic mate-
rials such as wool and cotton on world markets, with the reault that in 1940
the output of viscose staple had already surpassed that of textile filament.
During the war the output of cellulose fibers dropped by nearly 50 percent,
but rapid restoration of capacities diarupted by the war revivified the in-
dustry, so that by 1950 the 1940 maximum had already been considerably ex-
ceeded. In the period between 1950 and 1970 production continued to increase,
while producer interest began to tum more and more to viscose ataple, which
is suited to a number of remarkable applications in mixt+ires with natural
~ and synthetic fibers; in the 1970's the rate of increase was somewhat lower
as a result of great pressure to eliminate harmful emissions and improve the
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environment. Recently, cellulose fibers have been experienGing a certain
resurgence, new second- and third-generation modifications have appeared, and
some producers have begun to expand and modernize tfiefr production faciliti~s.
1'he trex~d of synthetic fiber praduction is shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Worldwide Output of Main Types of Synthe~ic Fibers (thousands of
tons)
1940 1950 1~50 1970 1980
All synthetic fibers 5 69 703 4,700 � 10,591
� polyamide 5 56 408 1,905 3,071
polyester - - 122 1,645 5,083
polyacrylonitrile - 3 109 1,003 2,012
othar synthetics - 10 64 147 425
~ource: TEXTILE ORGANON, Enka AG
The category of "other synthetics" includes PVC [polyvinyl chloride], PVA
[poly-vinyl alcohol], polyurethane fibers and other less frequently used vari-
eties. This survey does not include polyolefin fibers (polypropylene, poly-
ethylene and fibers produced from sheet and strip) because statistical account-
ing on these began only in the 1970's and data for 1980 were not available at
the time of writing.
It is clear from Table 3 that the production of synthetic fibers began to pick
up speed in the late 1950's. Initially PAD fiber had no competitors, but the
situation gradually began to change as the possibilities for use of polyester
and polyacrylonitrile fibers increased. In 1972 world output of polyester
fibers f irst surpassed that of polyamide fibers; this trend has continued.
The increasing popularity of polyester fibers (with excellent physical and
mechanical characteristics, a wide range of applications, extensive possi-
bilities for modifying their properties and the ~ike) was not significantly
harmed even by the oil crisis of the mid-1970's. Currently polyesters account
for fully 48 percent of worldwide output of synthetics (polyamides account for
29 percent, polyacrylonitriles for 19 percent and Che others for 4 percent),
and they have good prospects for the future: by the year 2n00 the output of
polyester fiber is expected to approach that of the most widely-used textile
fiber, cotton.
The situation in the production of chemical fibers is further described by
Tables 4 and 5, which show trends in the relative proportions of filament and
staple fibers.
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Table 4. Relative Proportion of Filament and Staple Fibers (percent)
1920 1940 1950 ~ 1960 1970 1980
All chemical f ibers 100 100 100 100 100 100
staple - 52 45 53 54 56
filament 100 48 55 47 46 44
Souzce: TEXTILE ORGANON, Enka AG
Table 5. Relative Proportions of Filament and Staple Fibers Among Various
Chemical Z~ipes (percent, for 1979)
Filament Staple Total
Cellulose fiber 35 65 100
All synthetic fibers 46 54 100
polyamide 80 20 100
'polyester 43 57 100
polyacrylonitrile 2 98 100
Souxce: TEXTILE ORGANON ~
It can be seen from Table 4 that the relative proportions of filament and
staple fibers have gradually shifted in favor of the latter. Among 3ndividual
types of synthetic fibers, however, the relative proportions differ rather
considerably. While textile, technical and cord filament and cable predomi-
nate in the case of polyamides, the situation is 3ust the opposite in the case
of polyester and acrylics, where staples, cables and the like predominate.
A glance at the worldwide statistics (more detailed data are available from
1979 on) indicates that the United States has no competitor as the largest
producer of chemical fibers, with an output of 3.905 million tons. It is
followed by Japan (1.760 million tons) and the Soviet Union (1.111 million
tons), then by Taiwan (591,000 tons), the United Ringdom (579,000 tons) and
South Korea (501~,000 tons). Of the other aocialist countries, East Germany
has llth place, Poland 15th place, Romania 16th place and Czechoslovakia 19th
place worldwide. At first glance the high ranking of the two Asian countries
may appear surprising. The reason for it is that the chemical industries, ~
and particularly the synthetic fiber industries, developed extremely rapidly
in Taiwan and South Korea during the 1970's with considerable capital partici-
pation of Japaneae, West German, American and other companies, based on the
most mod~rn processes, and at present these two countries not only have cap-
tured most Asian markets, but are also providing uncomfortable competition
on Western European markets with their fibers and finished textiles.
As for cellulose fiber, the largest producers are the Soviet Union (635,000
tons), followed by Japan (374,000 tona), and in third place the United States
(278,000 tons), where output has been declining for several years. The CEMA
countries produce about a third of all of the world's cellulose fiber output,
and other than the Soviet Union, East Germany and (recently) Romania occupy
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important positions. Czechoslovakia is in 14th place worldwide. In the case
of synthetic fibers, the United States is securely in first place (3.484 mil-
lion tons), followed by Japan (1.363 mi113on tons), West Germany (760,000
tons), Taiwan (521,000 tons), South Korea (477,000 tons) and the Soviet Union
(476,000 tons). Among the socialist countries, the largest producers of s}nt-
thetics other than the Soviet Union are Poland (153,000 t~ns), Romania
(140,000 tons) and East Germany (133,000 tons); in 1979, Czechoslovakia was
in eighth place.
Production of Chemical Fibers in Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia began to produce chemical fibers only after the reput~lic was
founded. In 1919 a sr~all viscose textile filament plant in Moravske Chrastove
with a capacity of 250 tons pe~ year began operation. In 1920 two other small
plants began operation in Theresiental (now Rudnik near Hostinny) and Sen~!ce
_ nad My~avou, while in 1921 a factory began operation in Lovosice; this was e~c-
panded in 1935. In 1936 another viscose textile filament factory was opened
in Batizovice (now Svit); its production capaeity was increased in 1953, and
facilities for coloring fiber material were added. The first viscose staple
was produced in 1942 in the Vistra plant in Bratislava, while staple produc-
tion in Bohemia was begun by Spolana Neratovice in 1947; an additional small
staple production unit was also installed in Svit. In the early 1950's a
rayon textile and cord filament plant began operations in Bratislava; it was
one of the most modern of its time in Central Europe. In 1953-1956, the units
in Rudnik and Lovosice were reconstructed to produce viscose cord filament.
This ended the development of viscose fiber production in Czechoslovakia, for
in the late 1960's and the 1970's, as a result of the rapid development of .
synthetic fibers and in the interest of improving the environment, the viscose
staple plant in the Chemosvit Svit National Enterprise was shut down (1967),
as were those in Rudnik (1971) and in the CHZJD [expansion unknown] National
Enterprise in Bratislava (1978), as well as the textile filament in the
Chemosvit National Enterprise (1978). Viscose fiber is currently produced
in Neratovice (staple), Lovosice (cord filament), and Senice and Bratislava
(textile filament).
The history of our synthetic fiber production began during the occupation,
when the research institute of the Bata Plants in Zlin (now the Research Insti-
tute of Rubber and Plastics Technology, Gottwaldov) developed and produced
the first polyamide fiber on the basis of a specially-designed process, with-
out foreign licenses. In July 1947 a pilot unit with a capacity of 0.6 tons
per week was started up, and at the end of 1949 this facility was transferred
to the new Silon chemical combine in Plana nad Luznici na Taborsku. There
the first 52 tons of Silon polyamide textile filament was also produced in
1952 (the trade name was invented by the writer T. Svatopluk), and Czecho-
slovakia thus became the seventh producer of synthetic fibers in the world.
The leading position in the production of polyamides was taken over in the
1960's by Chemlon Humenne National Enterprise, which began production in a
facility for manufacturing polyamide textile filament (using Soviet documen-
tation), a facility for polyamide cord filament (from the Zimmer Company,
West Germany), and other units for polyamide textile filament (ACO Company,
Holland) and high-strength polyamide cord filament (Tei~in, Japan); in 1969
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it reconstructed the polyamide cord filament unit to manufacture polyamide
cable. Now Chemlon flumenne produces more than 90 percent of all Czechoslo-
vakia's polyamide fiber output. The obsolete polyamide textile and technical
filament facilities at Silon Plana were dismantled in 1980 after more than
30 years' operation.
Silon Plana nad Luznici was also a pioneer in the production of polyesters;
in 1959 it produced its first tons of polyester staple on license from ICI
(England). In 1966 this enterprise started up what was then a unique produc-
tion facility for polyester staple with continual polycondensation and spin-
ning, obtained from Zimmer in West Germanq. The Slovensky Hodvab National
Enterprise in Senice began the production of textile polyester filament in
1969, and in 1978 it expanded its capacity to include additional facilities
for polyester textile filament and granulated polyester; two-thirds of the
latter is delivered to the Chemlon National Enterprise, which also began the
production of polyester textile filament in 1978.
We are one of the leading countries in the production of polypropylene. A
pilot polypropylene staple line began operation in as early as 1965 in the
Chemosvit National Enterprise, a larger facility began operation in 1970 at
CHZJD Bratislava, and a large-capacity facility was also put into operation
there in 1979. In addition, CHZJD Bratislava installed a pilot polypropylene
cable line in 1972 which was used primarily to produce carpets and household
textiles; a larger facility went into operation there in 1~975, and an addi-
tional large-capacity operation, most of whose output is intended for export
- to the CEMA countries, is now being completed. In 1974 Chemosvit began the
production of polyester textile filament on a semicommercial scale, and in
1980 this facility was replaced by a unit with a capacity of 4,000 tons a
year, the largest of its type in the world.
Other well-known types of synthetic fibers (acrylic fibers, polyvinyl chloride
staples, polyurethane filament, polyvinyl alcohol fiber and the like) are not
produced in Czechoslovakia. The main reasons for this intentional production
structure is that at the recommendation of CEMA's operating bodies we spe-
cialize in the production of polypropylene fibers, an area in which we have
rich research and production experience and suff icient starting materials,
i.e. granular fiber-grade polypropylene, and have developed and tested numer-
ous applications. In contrast, the development of polyacrylonitrile produc-
tion was not provided for in the guidelines for the Czechoslovak chemical
industry primarily because Czechoslovakia has available neither a materials
base nor the production technology and equipment and has done little work
in the field, with the exception of applications work. Nor is there any plan
to begin production of polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, polyvinyl al~~ohol
or other less known types of synthetics here, especially since Czechoslovakia
consumes only miniscule quantities of these products. The same is true of
the special types of synthetic fibers with "upgraded use characteristics,"
e.g. aramid fiber, PAD-4 and the like.
Table 6 surveys the proluction of chemical fibers in Czechoslovakia.
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Table 6. Production of Chemical Fibers in Czechoslovakia, 1920-1980
(thousand tons)
1920 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
Al1 chemical fibers 0.3 5.4 27.0 61.9 100.8 163.5
~ cellulose 0.3 5.4 26.9 58.9 69.3 54.9
synthetic - - 0.1 3.0 31.5 108.6
It is clear from Table 6 that cellulose fiber production developed especially
rapidly in 1950-1960, when output more than doubled, while production subse-
quently leveled off and after 1979 showed a considerable drop of more than 20
percent because of the shutting down of an ecologically undesirable viscose
staple production facility in Bratislava, and subsequently of a smaller unit
producing textile filament at Svit. Synthetic fibers have shown dynamic
growth in the last two decades. In 1960-1970 output increased 10.5 times,
while in 1970-1980 it was up almost 3.5 times. The development of synthetic
fiber production structure in the last few years is interesting (Table 7).
Table 7. Share of Individual Fiber Types in Overall Output of Synthetics
(percent)~
1950 1960 1970 1980
All synthetic fibers 100 100 100 100
polyamide 100 88 68 45
polyester - 12 29 33
polypropylene - - 3 22
Table 7 shows that the share of polyamide fibers has gradually fallen as the
output of polyester and polypropylene fibers has risen. Polypropylene fibers
have an important place in the production structure (accounting for more than
a fifth of output, as a result of production specialization within CEMA), at
a level considerably higher than the world average.
In addition, in 1980 Czechoslovakia produced 15,000 tons of polyolefin fibers
from polymer strip and sheet (the usual starting materials are polypropylene
and high-pressure polyethylene granules), which have been a fully adequate
replacement for linen, ~ute and sisal in the production of sacks, tarpaulins,
packaging materials filter textiles and the like. The primary producer of
these fibers, worldwide output of which (including textile varieties) has ex-
ceeded a million tons, is the VHJ Lanarsky prumysl Trutnov.
The attention which has been devoted to the production of synthetic fibers in
Czechoslovakia in recent decades is indicated by the fact that in the last two
five-year plans, Kcs 6 billion has been invested in this sector. We now pro-.
duce about 1,000 varieties of chemical fibers in various final forms, more
than 600 workplaces and organizations, primarily in the textile and rubber
industries, as well as production associations, locally operated enterprises
and consumers in the Ministry of Agriculture and Foodstuffs, the Ministry of
General Engineering, and the Ministry of Electrical Engineering. The share
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of synthetic fibers is increasing most rapidly in the textile industry. While
~ in 1960 it was only 2 percent, in 1970 3t had increased to 14 percent, in 1975
to 23 percent, and in 1980 to at least 32 percent. In the knitting and wool-
ens industxies the amount of synthetics used has already exceeded 50 percent,
while they will continue to have a relatively small share in the cotton indus-
try, amounting to only 10 percent in 1980.
Prospects for Future Development of Chemical Fibers Worldwide
The future development of chemical fibers worldwide is very closely associated
with the economics of the various countries and is governed by a num~er of
factors including the raw materials situation, the level of technolo~y in pro-
duction, finishing and other processing, and the differing requirements of the
public as regards clothing, household and technical textiles. Even recentl~~,
forecasts of output and use of chemical fibers differed little from the levels
actually attained, and in a number of cases predictions were even exceeded
as a result of the very rapid growth of this sector. But the most important
turning point came in the mid-1970's, when as a result of the oil crisis and
economic difficulties in a number of capitalist countries, the long-term fore-
casts of development in chemical fibers suddenly became unusable, for the un-
desirable consequences of these circumstances had a pronounced effect on this
industry and considerably changed views about future development. Nor were
thnse who developed forecasts of development of fiber production in 1981 much
wiser. Although in 1976-1979 production picked up somewhat, 1980 again
brought some elements of crisis, such as limitations on production resulting
. from nonuse or elimination of production capacities, important problems in ~
the capitalist textile industry and so on (although these problems did not
affect the socialist countries and some Third World countries in Asia and
South America); as a result worldwide output of chemical fibers again dropped
below the 1979 level. Nor are western experts optimistic in their estimates
of development in the near future. A particular basis for this attitude is
~ the expected further cutting back of production capacities in Western Europe,
with the primary purpose of decreasing the high costs to produeing companies.
Experts estimate that by 1985 the demand for synthetic fibers in Western
Europe will have to ad3ust to output levels which have decreased to 500,OOG-
600,000 tons below the current level. Only in this way would it be possible
to utilize about 90 percent of available production capacity, which would
assure the required profitability. Producera of chemical fibers in the United
States and Japan face similar difficulties.
Because of this complicated situation, it is difficult to forecast develop-
ment of chemical fiber production in the longer term. Nonetheless, our con-
sideration of the further development of this pragressive: branch of chemistry
~iust be based on some suitable forecasts. The following are the main require-
ments.
1. In spite of the continuing interest in conventional natural materials
(cotton and wool) and cellulose fiber, we may expect that synthetic f ibers
will be the fastest-growing textile materials in the near future and that
polyester filament and staple will continue to hold the lead in this sector,
since they offer the widest range of applications.
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2. We may assume that before the end of the century no other type of textile
fiber whose mass production could exceed that of the currently used types of
textile materials will appear.
3. In all probabilit:y no chemical fiber with universal properties will be
~ developed and put in~o production before the end of the century, because
fiber processors require characteristics which are not mutually compatible.
We may expect significant further progress in the development of processes
and equipment for fiber production, much more efficient use of basic and aux-
iliary raw materials, better energy conservation in manufacturing processes,
more extensj_ve use of automation, continuous processes, data processing and
the like, a considerable increa$e in labor productivity and the introduction
of new, advanced methods of processing chemical and particularly synthetic
fibers. Research and development in the chemical fibers field will concen-
trate primarily on special types and on modifications with desirable use
characteristics, while attempting to achieve suitable combinations of more
desirable properties at an acceptable price.
4. The fiber production and textile industries will devote much more atten-
tion to the solution of ecological problems, particularly the elimination or
recycling of gaseous, liquid and solid wastes. According to estimates of
future fiber production, we may expect that in the year 2000 some 7 to 10
million tons of waste will be produced annually. About 5 to 10 percent of
this total will consist of wastes from the production of fibers, about 40 to
45 percent will be waste from the textile and clothing industry, and the re-
mainder will consist of used textiles. But there still exists no economically
feasible process for separation or utilization of mixed fiber (about 30 per-
cent of the total amount of waste). The successful solution of this important
problem not only would help to improve the environment, but also would make
possible effective utilization of this hitherto neglected source of valuable
- raw materials.
Now let us make some observations on the prospects for production of the main
types of textile fibers. Experts disagree on the share of total textile fiber
output which will be occupied by the main types of natural fibers. There is
full agreement that an increase in the output of wool and natural silk is
unlikely, especially since silk requires 4 times more land area to produce it
than does cotton, while wool actually requires 1,000 times more area, even
though in this case it is land unsuited for crop production. But f.orecasts
differ regarding cotton, which is currently the most widely used type of tex-
tile fiber. One school of thought holds that the land area devoted to it
will decrease steadily but cotton yields per unit area will increase, so that
by the year 2000 output will be at least what it is now, and more probably
will be higher. However, there is also a completely opposite viewpoint. For
example, representatives of the American Enka Company forecast that by the
year 2004 most cultivated land will be used for growing food, and cotton pro-
duction will decrease to a minimum. One of the main arguments for this view-
point is that from the beginning of its growth period to the end of the life
of a clothing product, cotton uses up more energy than fibers such as poly-
ester. Our view is that cotton output is likely to be maintained at approxi-
mately the current level, or to decrease slightly, with the difference being
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made up by synthetics, and that the uae of cotton-synthetic mixtures will in-
crease only slightly, while ~se of mixtures nf cotton and viscose or acetate
will decrease considerably.
Estimates of the future output of cellulose fibers (viecose and acetate) show
the wideat divergence. While most West European and Japanese producers�agree
in predicting stagnation or slow growth of output through the year 2000, some
American companies, particularly Chemtex and ITT Rayonier, make forecasts of
cellulose fiber output which may be excessively optimistic: they consider
that by the end of the 20th century output of cellulose fibers will rise to
8-14 million tons, i.e. 2.5-4 times the current level. They support their
forecast by the assertion that the polymer Btarting material, i.e. industrial
cellulose, is continually renewed in nature, in contrast to oil, and is not
subject to the same limitations on growing area as cotton. In addition, they
assume that the problem of emissions and wastewater will be solved and that
there will be a number of innovations in the product selection, including ex-
tensive use of next-generation fibers. One is more inclined to the soberer
views of organizations such as Lenzing (Austria), Bayer (West Germany) and
Teijin (Japan), which quite ~ustifiably call attention to the fact that the
machinery and process equipment used for this oldest type of chemical fiber
do not meet future demands, and that radical modernization would require con-
siderable investment expenditure, both for emission control and waste water
purification and for improvement of the production process itself, including
making it continuous, automating it and concentrating production. Accord-
ingly they expect only a modest increase in output and consumption of cellu-
lose fibers, to about 4-4.5 million tons, in the year 2000.
In the past 20 years the world output of synthetic fibers has increased 15-
fold. But the last 5 to 7 years, a period begun by the oil crisis, have re-
, vealed certain problems in this sector. The most important of these is limit-
= ed capabilities for delivery of the basic starting materials for synthetics
= production, starting with oil, and the closely associated, increasing pres=
sure to save energy, along with difficulties in providing machinery for fiber
production and processing, the necessity of producing auxiliary substances
(primarily dyes, brighteners, preparations and oils) for synthetics, license
barriers and other factors. On the other hand a number of factors clearly
aupport a further increase in the output of synthetics. They include, for
example, the increasing world population, increasing per-capita fiber con-
sumption, the limited increase in output of natural and cellulose textile
fibers, progress in fiber production and treatment technologies and in appli-
cations, great potential for conservation, improved labor productivity and
the like. Between 1960 and 1980 the share of synthetics in total textile
fiber consumption rose from 5 percent to 39 percent. This share wi1J con-
- tinue to increase, even if somewhat more slowly than previously.
For illustration we present several forecasts of the future growth of produc-
tion of different types of textile fibers through the year 2000.
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Table 8. Forecasts of Output of Textile Fiber Tlirough the Year 2000
(millions of tons)
200G
1980 1 2 3 4 5

~ All natural fibers 14.5 13.0 12.0 13.0 15.5 14.5
Cellulose fibers 3.6 4.0 8.0 3.0 4.0 4.5
Synthetic fibers 10.6 35.0 30.0 35.0 25-30 25.0
All textile fibers 28.7 52.0 50.0 51.0 44.5- 44.0
49.5
Natural fibers include cotton, wool and natural silk.
Key: 1. UN forecast, March 1977. 2. Forecast by Chemtex Company, USA,
February 1981. 3. Forecast from "Lexicon of Chemical Fibers" (West
Germany), 1979. 4. Forecast of West German experts, 1978.
5. Author's forecast.
This survey makes it clear that the forecasts differ most with regard to chem-
ical fibers and sometimes contradict one another as a result of the forecast-
er's profession and company affiliation. If we asswne that in 2000 the world
population will be 5.5-6 billion, the annual increase in production and con=
sumption of textile fibers would have to range from 0.7 to 1.2 million tons,
close to the figures for the boom years ~f the 1960's and early 1970's. These
forecasts involve, primarily an increase in chemical f ibers, since, with the
exception of No 4, they forecast a stagnation or decrease in the output of
natural fibers.
Prospects for Production in Czechoslovakia
No complete conception of the prospects for development of chemica]. fibers in
Czechoslovakia through the year 2000 has yet been worked out in detail and
in all its implications. There exist only some limited studies, which do not
deal comprehensively enough with this problem. Although they are based on
conceptions of future consumption of textile fibers by the processing sectors
(textile and rubber industries, and other consumers) and on population curves,
they do not take sufficient account of the factors which are critical to the
further development of chemical fibers in Czechoslovakia (raw materials, in-
cluding oil, energy, investment and foreign exchange capabilities, technical
progress and the like).
The most specific conceptions of the prospects for chemical fibers in Czecho-
slovakia are those for the Seventh Five-Year Plan. No such pronounced growth
as took nlace in the preceding two five-year plans is planned for 1981-~985.
We can expect the greatest growth in polypropylene fibers as a result of the
gradual coming on stream of new large-capacity polypropylene textile filament,
cable and staple facilities. There will be only a small increase in the out-
put of the other types of synthetic fibers, resulting primarily from inten-
sification measures (polyester ataple, polyamide cable).
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During the Seven~h Five-iear Plan the output of cellulose fibers will stay
level, or may even decrease temporarily toward the end of the period as a
result of necessary reconstruction of the viscose staple production facility
in the Spolana Neratovice Kra~ Enterprise.
Accordingly, the chemical fiber producers must devote more attention to im-
proving quality and to innovation in product selection than previously. This
task is even more important in�view of the fact that we import a considerable
quantity of chemical fibers (the figure will be nearly a third of total con-
sumption in 1985), and since most of the imported selection, especially syn-
thetic f ibers, is extremely demanding in terms of foreign exchange. The cen-
tral economic organs have long been intensively studying the problems of
quality and provision of the needed selection, and analyses have indicated
that there are realistic ways of improving the present state of affairs. The
most important of these is the pursuit of anti-import programs with extremely
rapid payback, financ~d by recoverable foreign exchange credits. The main
aim of such measures is to make available to domestic producers certain scarce
types of fibers, particularly those which we import under unfavorable price
conditions for convertible currency (continuous synthetic f ilament, fortned
fiber, polyamide cable, modifications; special varieties and the like). Prepa-
rations are now being made to impleme~it several suggestions involving recover-
able foreign exchange, and others are being developed. During the Seve:~th
_ Five-Year Plan the main commodity for export to the socialist countries re-
mains polypropylene fiber, which we will exchange with these countries for
� scarce textile raw materials (cotton, viscose staple, acrylic fiber and the
like) or important chemical products.
. In 1986-1990 our attention is likely to be concentrated primarily on expand-
ing the output of selected types of polyester fibers (technical filament and
-staple), which will become scarcer in the 1980's. Reconstruction of the
Spolana Neratovice Kra~ Enterprise is expected to be completed. The increase
in output of polyamide fibers is likely to be minimal, and the increase in
polypropylene fibers is likely to involve pri.marily cable for domestic tex-
tiles and export to the socialist countries and polypropylene textile fila-
ment, in which areas it will be necessary to expand the output of smooth-
surface and coarse-denier fiber for the wool industry (domestic textiles and
carpets). An increase in the output of polypropylene staple will depend to
a considerable degree on successful development and production of cotton-like
products which would at least partially replace cotton and other scarce
fibers.
The development prospects for chemical fibers in Czechoslovakia after 1990
will be highly dependent on the long-term conception of our light industry,
i.e. whether it will continue to be an important export sector to both so-
cialist and nonsocialist countries, or whether it will concentrate primarily
on meeting domestic needs. In this period the problems of cellulose fibers,
both textile filament and viscose ~taple and cord, w311 require solution
(obsolete machinery, emissions, poor quality, limited selection and the like).
Among the other types of fibars, as in the Eighth Five-Year Plan the primary
attention will be devoted to expansion of polyester and polypropylene pxoduc-
tion, and the importance of synthetic fibers for a wide range of technical
applications will increase.
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In general terms, we may state that development of chemical fiber output
in Czechoslovakia during the near future will aim at the following basic
goals:
--improving the use characteristics and quality of fibers;
--expanding the selection of modifications, apecial fibera and advanced-
generation fibers for clothing, domestic and technical purposea;
-=decreasing consumption of raw materials, suxiliary materials and energq;
--increasing the labor productivity of production units, introduction of con-
tinuous processes, automation, extensive use af data processing equipment
and the like;
--the search for suitable replacements for imported fibers, particularly
natural fibers.
Research and development in the chemical fibers field in Czechoslovakia will
continue to be performed primarily by our own inanpower and in cooperation
with other CEMA countries. Deliveries of some raw materials (caprolactam,
dimethyl terephthalate) and auxiliary materials (dyes and preparations) will
remain a bottleneck during the 1980's, as will the provision of machinery
and equipment for new fiber production facilities; as previously, we will
depend primarily on West Germany for imports.
Conclusions
Chemical fibers will continue to hold the decisive position among starting
materials for the textile, rubber and other industrial sectors in coming
years. In particular, the importance of synthetic fibers will continue to
grow; in the period through the year 2000 they will account for most of the
growth in output of fiber materials. Although natural and cellulose fibers
will continue to hold the attention of producers and processors, their share
of total textile materials will decrease steadily. The efforts of research,
development, production, processing and application of chemical fibers will
focus primarily on:
--increasing efficiency and labor productivity in the mass production of
cellulose and synthetic fibera;
--development and further expansion of the number of modifications and spe-
cial fiber types in accordance with purchaser requirements;
--introduction of increasingly modern and effective processing technologies;
--the development of new, nonconventional designs for the production of tex-
tile surface configurations;
--comprehensive utilization, and the further solution of ecological problems
in the production, processing and use of chemical fibers, including effective
utilization of fiber production and textile waste.
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~ Meanwhile, the importance of socialist economic integration in the fiber
field, coordination of investment programs in fiber production, and exchange
of fiber types will continue to grow in the socialist camp.
COPYRIGflT: SA1TL, Nakladatelstvi Technicke Literatury, Prague, 1982
8480
CSO: 2402/46 END
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