JPRS ID: 10553 USSR REPORT CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY

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• Document Page Count: 129
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 66
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10553 ~
28 May 1982 .
IJ~SSR Re ort
p
CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND
AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
(FOUO 11 /82)
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/10553
28 May 1982
~ USSR REPORT ~
CYBE RNETICS, COMPUTE RS AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
(~ovo i~/a2)
.
CONTENTS
HAftDWARE
Unified Software System for Control of Ion Beam Apparatua ~
ar:d KSR-1~100 Computer 1
. Primary Specifications of ~I Computer Peripheral Units 4
New Control Computer Complexes 11
Display Processor for Experimental Data Processing Systems... 17
Synthesis of High Productivity Minicomputer With Fast
Interrupt Response 19
Automatic System for Determining llynami.c Characteristice 23
Heat Troatment for Ferrite Cores Simplified 25
SOFTWARE
Mathema,tical Methods of Cybernetics 27
Theory and Practice of Systems Prograrrnni.ng 28
Prograrroming in Unified-3eries Operating Syatem Based on
ASSII~iIBLER Language 29
Regulation of Work Asaociated With Interactive Problema in
_ DISPAK Operating S~istem 36
APPLICATIONS ~
- Automated Dispatcher System at Metallurgical Plant 4~
- a- [III - USSR - 21.C S&T FOUO]
Fn~r ~FFrr~ e r~?~F. ~NT.Y
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Automatic Dispatchex System Used Succeasfully in Metallurgy 49
Method for Calculating Amplitude Chaxacteristice of
Rando~n Processes 71
Standar~i.zing Equipment Used in Geophysical Exploration........ 54
OPTICAL PROCESSING
Controllable Tranaparenciea and Reveraible Recording
of Opt~.cal Sigmals b4
Controllable Liquid Cryatal Transpaxencies for Optical
Signal Converters and Coders ......o 65
Electrically Gontrollable Light Modulation in Lanthanum Modified
Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics 91
Research on Develo~ment of Optically Controllable Storage
' Elements Based on Multilayer Semiconductor-Inaulator
?S~'irl~Ct'iLll'@S s~~~~~~��~~��~~~~~~~~~~~~��~~~~�~�~~.�~~~~~~~~~~~� 91
PERSONALITIES
Instrument-Making Winners of 198Z U3SR St~,te Prizes in
Technology Named 105
EXHIBITIONS AND CONFERENCES
New Computer Technology Exhibited at T~eipzig Fair 107
Conference on Second-Generat3on Robots Planned for Fall 1982.... 111
Franco-Soviet Computer Prog�arruning Symposium Published 113
'PUBLICATIONS
Special k'acilities for System Design and Simulation 115
Contents of ~JOURNAI~ OF THE USSR ACADEMY QF SCIENCES:
TECH~TICAL CYBERNETICS~, January-February 1982 117
Power System Automation Fundamentals 120
~ ' - b -
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HAR.DWARE
UDC 51:681.3.06
UNIFIED SOFTWARE SYSTEM FOR CONTROL OF ION BEAM APPARATUS AND KSR-I~100 COMPUTER
Kiev SPETSIAL'NYYE SREASTVA PROYEKTIROVANIYA I MODELIROVANIYA SISTEM /PROYEKT-YeS/
in Russian 1981 (signed to press 29 Jul 81) pp 35-39
[Article by V. F. Lyabakh from book "PROYEKT-YeS Special Facilities for System
Design and Simulation", editor-in-chief A~cademician V. M. Glushkov, Institute of
Cybernetics, UkSSR A~cademy of Sciences, 550 copies, 107 pages~
[Text] A great deal nf time is expended on programming facilities enabling inter-
actio:~ between the designer and computer-aided design [CAD] system. And the com-
plex programa are compiled from modules differing little from each other in func-
tional purpose, but very bulky in eize. To enable interaction between a CAD system
and a peripheral processor, one has to either aupplement the programming language
for the CAD software, or construc t epecialized sof tware f~or the peripheral proces-
sor. Direct application of a apecialized proceseor with a simple input language
requires a great deal of effort to prepare the data and compile the control pro-
grams. For this purpose, it is expedient to use high-throughput computers that, in
addition to reducing progremming time, permit reducing the number of errors in pro-
grams and performing debugging with powerful and convF~nient facilities. In terme
of both hardware and software, the power of peripheral device facilities is small
if they are oriented to a broad class of problems. But if they are narrowly speci-
alized, then it ie possible to achieve a high level of the programming language or
instrumental facilities in some class of problema, but ewitching to another clase
of problems requires a great deal of effort.
Described in this work is an approach to conetructing software for the specialized
- KSR-4100 computer that is a continuation of the effort to develop facilities for
interf acing the engineering design s tage and the stage of manuf acturing electronic
circuita [1]. The apecialized KSR-4100 computer is used to control an electron-ion
beam in laying out the patterna on cryetal with the electronic,ionic technology
for manufacturing circuita.. Circuit descriptions made in the engineering design
stage are analyzed and converted into a control program for the KSR-4100 by special
s~atem facilities.
The aoftware for thia part of the system is compiled by the following facilities:
1. Data representation facilities in the system are facili.tiea for representing
data in the external descriptic~n--pattern descriptiona, f acilities in internal
representation--component objects, and data repreaentation facilities to enable
interaction--f ields having parts that are constant and varying in the interaction
proceae.
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2. Processing facilities enable assignment of the type of pattern, its placement
in the working fiQld, shifting of the pattern, creating a copy of the pattern,
specification of scalea on the horizontal and vertical axes, and compilation of a
complex pattern from parte. They use the universal mechanism of processing--trane-
lation by products, which are specified by using tables, which permits easy recon-
figurati~on of the tablea for different types of patterns. These facilitiea have
now ~een implemented i.n the PROYEKT-YeS system and adjusted for illustration of ,
texts, The input program for the apecialized KSR-4100 computer must have the fol-
lowing structure: The first part ia the pattern program proper, i.e. a series of
paire of coordinates of the diagonal points of the rectangles forming the pattern.
Each coordinate ia specified by a four digit number with a sign. Plus is the
detault eign. Cordinatea are separated from each other by a special character that
ie accessible to the uaer only during system aetup. Each rectangle (four coordi-
nates) ie separated by another character, also user-accessible only at system setup
time. The second part ie a file of diaplacementa of this pattern relative to the
coordinatea specified in the first part, if the pattern ia used several ti.mes in
the drawing. Thie file starta with the character "A". Following it are the coor-
dinates of the diaplacementa arranged in paira (on the horizontal and vertical
axea). Diaplacement coordinate format is the same as in the first part of the pro-
gram. The characters "AE" muet be placed before the last apir of displacementa.
If the drawing coneiete of several different repeated patterna, the program for
this drawing muet coneist of programs for each pattern written by the method de-
ecribed above. The input program for the KSR-4100 ia read trom perf orated tape in
ISO codes. These requirements govern the conditiona for the structure of the pro-
cesaing program and setup of product tables.
- The product table fa a two-dimeneional array. Arranged in the first dimension axe
all the pattern types in the Language for description of the patterns encountered
- in a class of drawing data. In the current version, this includes the letters in
the Russian alphabet, some of the Latin alphabet lettera, the numbers and the
punctuation charactera. Arranged in the second dimeneion of the array ar~ the
programs for the correaponding types of patterns in the KSR-4100 input language,
i.e. in the internal ayatem language up to recoding into ISO codes. The �acilitiea
for entering and editing product tables are offered by the interactive data prepar-
ation system (DSPD) which uaes a display terminal. The control program scans the
input text and fills out a file for the drawinga, which also conaists of a certain
number of two-dimensional arrays. The number of arrays matches the number of
different types of patterns (letters). In the firet dimension, if a given type of
pattern ia encountered in the input text, the pattern program is written from the
product tabte, and in the second, the apire of coordinatea for the displacements,
defined according to some algorithm by the control program. When the pointer,
under the control of which text reading occurs, acans in tHe input text a pattern
of a type that had been read earlier, only the second part--the subf ile of dis-
pl~cements--is filled out. When the pointer reade in the input text a special
' functional character--end of processing, the control program terminate~ the process
of filling out the drawing file and begins recoding the contents of it into the ISO
_ codes. T'ne system offers the uaer two types of pattern apecificationa: explicit
(two four-digit numbera) and that computed by a special algorithm, if the patterna
are specified in the form of a series of periodically placed elements. The drawing
acale is specified according to the horizontal and vertical axes when the system is
set up and consiste in the linear converaion factore for the corresponding axes of
the cc~ordinates contained in the product tables. Specification of the input text
= . 2
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- may be performed by the facilitiea of the INESS syatem [2] or directly from the
external medium, i.e. in the interactive or direct input mode. And the data may be
prepared in advance by using the DSPD int~ractive data preparation system.
With appropriate adjuetment, the software described may be uaed in all apheres of
KSR-4100 application: for control of ion-beam, electronic-lithograph and other
apparatus [3].
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Glushkov, V. M.; Kapitonova, Yu. V. and Letichevakiy, A. A., "Avtomatizatsiya
proyektiroveniya vychisl.itel'nykh maehin" [Computer-Aided Design of Computers],
Kiev, Nauk. dumka, 1975, 231 pagea.
2. Bublik, V. V.; Doroshenko, A. Ye.; Krivoy, S. L.; and Lyabakh, V. F.,
"Interactive Data Structure Proceasing," KIBERNETIKA, No 5, 1978, pp 13-18.
3. Derkach, V. P.; Karagodov, V. P, and Korsunskiy, V. M., "Principles for Auto-
mation of Programming of Electron-Beam Indus~rial Processea," in "Metody
miniatyurizataii i avtomatizatsii proizvodetva komonentov EVM" [Methoda of
Miniaturization and Automation of Production of Computer Componenta], Kiev,
IK AN USSR [Institute uf Cybernetics, UkSSR Academy of Sciences], 1972, pp 18-30.
COPYRIGHT: Inatitut kibernetiki, 1981.
8545
, CSO: 1863/89
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UDC 681.3
PRIMARY SPECIFICATIONS OF SM COMPUTER PERIPHERAL UNITS
Moscow PRIBARY, SREDSTVA AVTOMATIZATSII I SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA, TS-2:
PERIFERIYNYYE USTROXSTVA SM EVM (OBZORNAYA INFORMATSIYA) in Rusaian No 1,
Jan-Feb 80 pp inside front c.over, 6, 10, 12, 13, 16, 19, 29-30, ~~0
y [Annotation, selected tables, and table ~ontente from book "Instruments, Auto-
mation Equipment, and Control Systems, Technical Series No 2: Peripheral
Units of SM Computers (Survey Inforn~ation), by Yu. D. Alekseyev and A. A.
Myachev, Izdatel'stvo "TsNIITEIpriborostroyeniya", 4,435 copies,
40 pages] '
[Text] Annotation ~
This survey reviews the classification, primary principles of organization, and
technical specifications of peripheral units of SM computers. The book givea
examples of organization and the technical specifications~ of a number of per-
ipheral units in aystems produced abroad.
The book 3s intended for specialiats who are deaigning systems and units based
on SM computer hardware.
Table 2. Primary Characteristics of Magnetic Disk
External Units Included in the SM Computer Catalog
Averr~ge Ac- Transmission
_ Type, Number of Unit, cess Time, Capacity, Speed, megabits/
(Manu~acturing Country) milliseconds megabits seconds
- Fixed-Head Magnetic Dtsk 3tores
SM ~SOC~, I~ID-500C (Hungary) 10 0.5 mega- 1.35
= bytes
SM 5501, MD-800V (USSR) 10 0.864 mega- 0.67
" bytes
Magnetic Disk Stores with Removable Diska
- ~M 5400, IZOT-1370 (Bulgaria) 50 50 2.5
S1{ 5401, MERA-9425 (Pnland) 40 50 2.5
SM 5403, KDP-721 (Czechoslovakia) 30 50 2.5
_ [Table continued, next page]
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[Table 2 continued]
. Average Ac- Tranemission
Type, Number of Unit, cess Time, Capacity, Speed, megabite/
(Manufacturing Country) milliaeconds megabits, seconde
Floppy Disk Stores
SM 5601, MF-3200 (Hungary) - 3.2 0.25
SM 5602, RLX-45D (Poland) - 12.8 0.25
SM 5604, Konsul 7112 (Czecho?~lovakia) - 3.2 0.25
SM 5605, two-disk (Czechoslovakia) 500 6.4 0.40
SM 5606, MFU-2 (Hungary) 370 6.4 0.25
Table 4. Specifications of Magnetic Tape External
Storage Units Included in the SM Computer Catalag.
Speed of Ex- Recording Den-
Type, Number of Unit, change, kilo- Capacity, sity, bits/
(Manufacturinst Countrv) byt~s/aecond megahits millimeters
Storage Units Using 12.7 Millimeter Tape
SM 5300, IZOT-5004Ye (Bulgaria) 10 100 32
SM-5302, IZOT-5005-OIYe (B~:lgaria) 20 200 32
_ SM-5303, IZOT-5006Ye (Bulgaria) 36 - 32
SM-5304, RT-305-2 (Poland) 40 - 32/64
Storage Units ilsing 3.81 Millimeter Caasette Tape
SM-5202, RK-1 (Poland) 0.5 5.76 32
SM-5203, KPP-800 (Czechoslovakia) 0.125 3.2 32
Table 5. ~pecificationa af Punched Tape
In~ut-Output Units of SM Computers.
Primary Characteristics
~ ~ Possibility of
Speed, lines/ Number of Building
Seconds Tracks in Unit
Punched Tape Input Units
SM-6203, MR-301 (H~ingary) 500 5.8 yes
SM-6205, ST-2030 (Poland) 300 5.8 no
[Table 5 continued, next page]
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[Table 5 continued]
Primary Characteriettcs ~
Possibility of
Speed, lines/ Number of . Building
Seconds Tracks in Unit
SM-6216, ST-2100/2200 (Poland) 1,000/2,000 5.8 no
SM-6208, Konsul 337.2 300 8 YeB
' (Czechoslovakia)
SN�-6209, FS-1503 (Czechoslovakia) 1,500 8 no
Punched Tape Output Units
SM-6222, DT-lOSC (Poland) 50 5.8 yes
SM-6227, MP-51 (Hungary) 50 5.8 Yes
SM-6206, Daro-1215 (East Gerroany~ SU 5.8 Yes
Combined Input-0utput Units
SM-6200, MPR-51/301 (Hungary) 50/500 5.8 yes
SM-6204, SPTP-3 (Polandj 50/100 5.8 yes
Table 6. Specificatione of Punchcard Input Units of SM
Computers
Prima.xy Specifications
, Speed, Card/ Magazine Ca-
Minute pacity, caxds
SM-6101, VT-42111 (Hungary) 600 600-640
SM-6102, Daro-1220 (East Germany) 160 500
_ SM-6105, RSD-9226 l,Romania) 300-800 1,000
Table 7. Specifications of Printers of SM Computers
Primary Characteristica
Line 5et of
Length, Symbols,
Printing Speed Characters Characters
Parallel-Type Alphanumerfc Printer
SM-6316, VT-24112 (Hungary) 253 linea/min 80 96, 64
SM-6321, VT-25150 (Hungary) 650 ]ines/min 132 64, 96
SM-6306, VT-25112 (Hungary) 900 lines/min 132 96
SM-6322, RSD-9233 (Romania) 200 lines/min 132 64, 96
- SM-6315 (USSR) 500 lines/min 132 96
[Table continued, next page]
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[Table 7 conttnued]
Primary Characteristics
Line Set of
Length, Symbole,
Printing Speed Characters Characters
_ r.
Sequential-Type Mosaic Alphanumeric Printer
SM-6301, Daro~1156 (East Germany) 100 char/sec 132 96
SM-6302, DZM-180 (Poland~ 180 char/sec 132, 138 128
SM-6303, Konsul 211.1 150 char/sec 132 96
(Czechoslovakta)
Sequential Alphanumeric Priater with Keyboard
SM-6312, IZOT 0232D (Bulgaria) 20 char/sec 132 96
SM-7108, Konsul 211 with 150 char/se~ 132 96
Konsul 256 Keyboard (Czechoslovakia~
SM-7102, UKVKL (East Germany) 45 char/sec 132 94
Table 8. Specifications of Displays
Primary Specifications
Number of Sym- Dimensions of
bola on Screen/ Matrix (Milli-
Nwnber of Ad- meters),
Type, Number of Units dreasable Potnts Method of Editing
(Manufacturing Country~ on Screen Fcrmation Functions
Alphanumeric Displays
SM 7202 (Czechoslovakia) 1,920 5 x 7 Full
SM 7203, SID-702 (Cuba) 1,440 5 X 7 Full
SM 7206 VT-47100 (Hungary) 1,280 5 x 7 Full
SM 7207 (Poland) 512 5 X 7 Full
SM 7208 (Poland) 1,280 5 x 7 Full
SM 7209 MERA-7952 (Poland) 1,920 5 X 7 Full
SM 7219 VDT-52105 (Hungary) 1,920 7 X 8 Full
VT-05, DYeS, United States 1,440 5 X 7 Partial
822 Burroughs, United States 1,920 5 x 7 Full
[Table continued, next page]
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[Ta61e 8 conttnuedJ
Primary Specifications
. Number of Sym- Dimensions of
bols on Screen/ Matrtx (Milli-
Number of Ad- meters),
Type, Number of Units dressable Points Method of Editing
(Manufacturing Couatry) on Screen Formation Functians
Intellectual Alphanumeric Displ~ys
SM 7401, VT-~47605 (Hungary~ 2,OOQ 9 x 7 Full
SM 7402, RVT-4000 (East Germany) 256 5 X 7 Full
Graphic Displays
_ SM 7300, EPC~SM (USSR) 1024 X 1024 Vector -
SM 7301, VT-47607 (Hungary) 512 x 236 Point -
GT-40, DYeS, United States 1024 X 768 Poiat -
Idigrat Display, United Statea 1024 X 1024 Hachures -
W2000, Sintra, France 2048 x 2048 Hachures -
Technical Specifications of the Active SM-1800 Industrial
Unit for Communication with the Ob~ect
Central Procesaor Module
Word Length, bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Capacity of Internal Memory in Central
_ Processor Module, kilobits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Capacity of Read-Only in Central Processor
Module, lcilobytes . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Execution Time for Inetructions, Microseconds 2-8.5
Analog Input Module
~ NumSer of Input Cltannels . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Range of Conversion, volts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �5
Resolution, bit positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Maximum Conversion Time, microseconds . . . . . . . . . 60
Primary Error, % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .not more than �0.2
- Ana~og Output Module
Number of Output Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Resolution, bit positiona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 .
6utput Signal by Voltage, volts . . . . . . . . . . . . 10; 24
Output Signal by Current, milltamps . . . . . . . . . . 20; 48
Primary Error, X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2-0.3
[List continued, next page] ~
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[List continued]
Dtscrete Input Module
- Number of Tnput Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16; 32
Level of Input Signal, volts:
Logtcal t'Zero" . . . . . . . . . . 0�2.4; 0�4.8; 0�9.6
Logtcal r~l~~ . . . . . . . . . . . �9.6...�14.4; �19.2...
�28.8; �38.4...�57.6
. Input Current for Each Channel,
milliamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . not more than 20
_ Discrete Output Module
Number of Output Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ~
Maximum Switchable Current, amps . . . . . . . . . 0.2
Working Frequency, khz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Switchable Voltage, volts . . . . . �4.8...�7.2; �9.6..
�14.4; �38.4...�57.6
Module for Outputting Number-Pulsed Signals
Number of Input S~gnals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Capacity of Each Counter, bits . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Maximum Counting Frequency, khz . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Table of Contents Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
External Memory Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � ' S
Magnetic Disk Stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Magnetic Tape Stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Alphanumeric Information Input-Output Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
. Punched Tape Input-Output Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
- Punchcard Input-Output Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Units for Operator Communication with Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Alphanumeric Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Graphic Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Units for Com~unication with Ob~ect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Fundamental Concepts and Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Subsystems for Analog Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Subsystems for Discrete Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Structures of Units for Communication with Ob~ect . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Structure of Industrial Unlts for Communication with OU~ ects 26 .
Structure of Research Units for Communication with Ob~ects 30
_ Structure of Units for Communication with Objects in CAMAC Standard . 3i
[Cot~tinued, next page j
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[Table of Contents continued] PaBe
Data Transmtssion Units of Control Computer Complexes. . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3tandard Data Transmission Untts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5tandard Types of Equtpment of Data Transmission Unita 36
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 36
- Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
COPYRIGHT: Tsentral'nyy nauclino~isaledovatelTSkt.y insti.tut informatsit. i
tekhniko-ekonomicheskikh issledovaniy priborostroyeniya, sredstv
avtomatizatsii i sistem upravleniya (TsNIITEIpriborostroyeniya),
1980
11,176
CSO: 1863/116
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f
UDC 681.3
NEW CONTROL COMPUTER COMPLEXES
_ Moscow PRIBORY, SREDSTVA AVTOMATIZATSII I SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA, TS-2:
RAZVITIYE UVK SM-1 I SM-2, IKH PRIMENENIYE I PERSPEKTIVY (EKSPRESS-INFORMATSIYA)
in Russian No 5, Sep-Oct 81 pp 1-7
[Chapter from book "Instrumente, Automation Equipment~ and Control Systems.
Technical Series No 2: Development of the SM-1 and SM-2 Control Computer
Complexes and Their Applications and Proapects," 4,285 copies, 13 pagea]
[Text] Hardware and Software of SM Computers
Development of tne hardware and software of the SM-1/SM-2 system was o*_-iented
mainly to ASUTP's [automated control syatems for industrial processes] wttfi
continuous types af production. But this system proved quite satisfactory and
found broad application for do~ng the most diverse ~obs. Among these ~obs are
contr~l of industrial ob3ects with complex data proceseing algorithms,
processing geophysical and oceanographic data, controlling scientific experi-
ments and processtng their results, testing complex ob~ects, and so on.
- The development of complexes of the SM-1/SM-2 architectural lines contemplates
setting up a program-compatible saries of base computer complexes which dif-
fer by productivity, logical and structural capabilities, maximum storage
volume, and other characteristica.
The junior models of this series are the SM-1M and SM-2M.
_ While it has a comparatively small number of models, the system must have a
broad range of productivity, from 200,000 to 20,000,000 sho~t operations per
second. A significant further increase in productivity (to hundrede of mil-
lions and billions of operations per second) for more or l~:~ss narrow classes
of problems is accomplished by setting up problem-oriented special processors
connected to the base computer complex.
The SM-1M computer complexes are a modernization of the SM-1 complex of SM
computers. They can be used in subsystems for input-output controls for
autonomous control of aggregates and industirial processes, for engineering
calculations, and as built-in control units for complex instruments in scien-
tific e~periment systems.
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The SM-1M is the first computer in the SM family that outputs to tfie geueral-
purpose IUS system interface. This insures that the SM~1M is compatiFile with
SM-1/SM-2 complexes tn terms of sy~tem and user programs and tFie assortment
of units connected to the SM-1 and SM-2.
The design concepts of the SM-1M allow modification of the characteristics of
complexes by volume of internal memory (to 64K words) and read-~only memory
(to 16K words), as well as by number and assortment of connected peripherals.
Some procedures of the operating system (procesaing interrupts, coatrol of
switching a unit into the syetem) have been transferred to ~icroprograms, which
increases the productivity of the complexea in real-time systems. The aystem
timer (unit) has been replaced by a microprogram. It is proposed that the re-
mainder of microprogram storage be used for problem-oriented user procedures.
The SM-2M control computer complexes are modernized 5M-2 SM computer complexes.
In the SM-2M the processor and chan~el for direct acceas to m~~mory are com-
bined in one module and located in one autonomous block of tfie complex,
which reduces the number of system bundles by almost one-half and also reduces
the overall dimensions of the SM-2M control computer complex.
The speed of the channel for direct access to memory is altnost doubled in the
multiplex regime. Internal and microprogram storage are allocated on~ inte-
grated microcircuits, which improve the technological suitability for manu-
_ facture and reliability of the complexes in operatton.
The software of the SM-2M complexes is put on magnetic media: minicassettes
and reels of magnetic tape.
The SM-1/SM-1M and SM-2/SM-2M complexes can interact with terminals, with one
another, and with YeS [Unified System] computers.
. The data transmisston hardware of the first and second phase SM computers con-
tains data transmission devices (APD-MA's and APD-MPP's), modems with S2 inter-
face, and also modules specially oriented to use in SM computers; adapters for
interlinking with the S2 interface, modules for interlinking with data trane-
mission devices and telegraph communications ltnea, and high-speed intra-
system modules used over short distances.
Our country's telegraph system makes it possible to use telegraph communications
channels to transmit data in the SM-1 and SM-2 complexes. For this reason, a
software library was developed for work over telegraph lines based on the
A722-2 modules for interlinking with telegraph lines and tfie A722--b telegraph
adapters.
The program modules provide exchange of data between the computer complex and
teletypes (T-63, T-59, RTA, and others) on the subscriber telegraph system or
in a unipolar or bipol3r regime of work on switchable or nonswitchaBle tele- �
graph lines respectively.
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These units are a constituent part of the operating aggregated aoftware system
(ASPO) and support tfie establishment of communications with su~scrihers to the
telegraph system, exchange of autoresponses (whether exchange of data with the
given subscriber is permisaible in tt~e computing aystem formulated ~s~ teated by
the teletype autoresponse), da~a transmiseion (input or output of data), switcfi-
ing off telegraph communications, translating the international telegraph code
NTK-2 into machtne language and vice versa, and syatem operation during detec-
tion of error situations that occur in the telegrapfi system.
The full set of software and hardware ~+akes it posatble to construct terri-
torially decentralized complexes based on the M-7000 ASVT-~i and SM-1/SM-2 SM
computers.
The PS-2000 problem-oriented computer complex ia designed for highly productive
processing of large data arrays. It can be used for eff icter~t performance of
tasks tfiat permtt parallel processing of many data flowa according to the same
program. The computer complex includes a decision field and control unit.
The largest decision field conststs of eight processing units, eacC~ of which in
turn consists of eight processor elements witTi its own internal memory. Data
exchange among processor elements is done by a system of information channels;
data exchange with peripheral units is accomplished through a built--in hardware
channel for direct access to the memory of the processor elemer.~:s.
The PSI-2000 complex can be used to solve problems in geophysics, meteorology,
and other areas which require proceseing large data arrays by regular algo-
rithms.
A high-speed special processor built as an external unit interlinked with input-
output channels of system ASVT models has been developed for processing s~ismic
exploration data. This processor is intended to perform group operations on
arrays. Its high speed reaults from the use of special computer circuits that
interlink in~time several arithmetic, logical, and addreasing operatione.
~ The special processor consiats of a unit for interlinking with the channel, a
control unit, and a pipeline-type arithmetic unit. It performs the following
operations: convolution of an array with a statement; computing mutual corre-
lations; multiplying two arrays; multiplying an array by a given number; de-
termining a moving average; determining a moving average module; centering an
array; and, copying data inside the main (internal) memory.
The technical specifications of the processor are as follows: internal memory
capacity - 16 kilobytes; speed in performance of the most complex operations
(correlation and convolution) - 4 million paired multiplication--addition oper-
ations per second; volume of each of the two input data arrays is limited to
2,048 16-bit words.
The A135-1 microprogrammable controller (MPK~ is designed for setting up pro-
grauunable subcomplexes for tnput-output, external memory, communication with
the object, programmable terminals, and the like within computing systems based
on SM computer hardware. The MPK envi:sions connecting control (internal and
read-only) memory with a total capacity of 64 K words to interna.i interface
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lines to store microprograme, connecting an internal memory with a volume of
up to 64 K words to IUS interface lines, a~~d servicing 2S6 addresses of input-
- output units.
~ The MPK has a multilevel system of interrupts. The word length of micro--
instructions and data is 16 bits. The system of microinstructions for the MPK
includes operating~inetructions, the instruction to copy a constant, instruc-
ti:ons for conditional ~~.id unconditional branches~ and inputrout instructione.
The minimum performance time for microinstructions is 360 nanoseconds.
The arithmetic-logical unit of the MPK proc~eaes two operanda in eaeh of 32
assigned artthmetic or 16 logical operations and seven shift operations. The
contents of one of the 16 registers of the high~speed internal memory is used
as t~:e first operand, and the contents of the ~uffer register serve as tfie
second.
The MPK is control.led autonomously.
The system for preparing microprograms for the A131-5I~.'K is designed for macro-
- generation, translation, editing, composin~, and debugging microprograms on the
~SM-1 ~nd SM-2 SM computer complexes. The syatem makes it poesible to work with
microprograms written in absolute or sliiftable format in the specially de-
veloped machine-oriented MIKROKOD language.
The system includes the following programe: tranalator from MIKROKOD (first
veraion, no-dfsk variant); translator from MIKROKOD (firat version, disk vari-
ant); tranalator from MIKROKOD of the MPK (second version)~ MPK microprogram
assembler; technological program for obtaining truth tablea and"punched tape
- for programmable microcircuita; technological program for obtaining tables re-
corded fn the MPK read-only memory.
" The A714-5/1 (RIM-1) and A714�5/2 (RIM-2) multtplex interface dividers (branches)
broaden the capabilities of ~M-1 and SM-2 control computers for input-output by
increasing the number of 2K interface outputs used to connect pertpherals to
the control complex, aupporting the work of two control complexes with common
peripherals, and ~o~ving peripheral units further from the control ~omputer
- complex.
_ The RIM=1 with the RIM-2 expansion module permits connecting in as many as 63
- peripheral units. The groupa of peripheral units arranged on the basis of the
RIM-1 and RIM-2 can be moved as much as three kilometers away from the com-
_ puter complex.
Freeing the central_ processor of SM-2 computer complexes from the functions of
controlling exterr~al memory is accomplished by Che K312-3 external memory sub-
complex. The suFicomplex is based on a microprogrammable controller and in-
cludes, in addit~ion to the MPK, a read-only memory with capacity of 6K words;
, internal memory with capacity of 32K words, used to allocate data arrays, buf-
fer control sequences, and load teat systems; two A328-6 disk control modules,
wtth up to fo�ur YeS 5061 magnetic disk stores connected to each of them; two
A318-7 tape ~.ontrol modules with up to eight YeS 5012-03 magnetic tape stores
~ connected to each of them.
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The total capacity of external memory with direct access is 232 megaFiytes,
while with sequential access it ts up to 320 megaBytes. The external memory
subcomplex carries on data exchange between the SM-2 and storage on magnetic
disks or tapes, marks packagea of magnetic disks, and copies data from tape
to dtsks. 7~,ro data exchange operations can be performed simultaneously wfi_sn the
external memory subcomplex is in use.
The M-6000, M-7000, SM-1, and SM~2 computer comple.�as can be used to control a
system consisting of a set of standarc; digital blocks meeting the CAMAC
standard. Up to aeven CAMAC crates can be conner_ted to tfie computing comglex
using the A711-19 device to match with the CAMAC s~stem.
The devtce is built on three type B boarda (for working with 36-:,tt information
words) or four boarda (working with 24-bit information words), wbich are con-
nected to a 2K i.nterface, interlinked by meane of a bundle, and conn~cted to
the pluga of a type A crate-controller. The last crate cannot be more than 15
meters from the computer complex.
The unit occupiea three access codes in the 2K interface, ~t~d provides ex-
change of 16-bit and 24-bit words through the program channel and 16~bit worda
through the channel for direct access to memory. The M-6000 complex can only
work through the program channe~.
The M-6000, M-7000, SM-1, and SM-2 computer complexes can be used to set up
measurtng systems and to automate scientific experiments on the b~sis of pro-
grP~able inatruments built in conformtty with international standard IEEE-488
("Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation") or tfie standard adopted
by the International Electrotechnical Commission ("Standard Interfac~ Systems
for Progra~able Measuring Apparatus"). The instruments are ccnnected to the
computer complex by means of an A711-15 matching device built on two type B
boards which are connected to the 2K interface~ are bundled togetfier, and
are connected to one of the instruments. Fourteen inetruments can be con-
nected to the computer camplex through the matching unit at one time; the maxi-
mum allowabZe dietance from the computer ~omplex is 15 metere.
Information is received and transmitted in eight-bit code (without monitoring)
or in seven-btt code (with monitoring). The rate of data exchange is de-
termined by th.e characteristics of the program channel of the processor bein~
used.
The K-331-3 graphi.c sEmitone display is designed for dieplaying, editing, and
processing complex graphic semitone monochromatic and multicolored images.
The display is based on a built-in microprogram controller.
- The graphic semitone display generates an image in a point mt~trix formed af
- 287 television lines with 320 pointa on eact~ line. Data about tfie image of
each point are stored in the internal memory of the dieplay as words eight b~ts
long (aeven bits for the graphic image and one bit for the eymbol image).
Among the image processing capa~ilities provided by tfie display are: 256 hues
of color for color modifications, 64 levels of brigT~tness in a monochromatic
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image, scaling wtth coefficients of 1-16 for each coordinate, scanning in the
"windaw" regime;, deletion of assigned parts of an twage by flasfiing, erasing
assigned parts of an image, work in a regime of true colors or pseudocolors,
shifting the image on the screen, construct.tng grapha of cfiange in the tnitial
function along assigned horizontal or vertical lines, computing and displaying
histograms and values of functions at an indicated point~ and computtng the
distance between assigned points.
Printers are wtdely~used to output data fro~tt the computer. The ne~r printer ia-
cluded in the SM computer set has several outstanding features: a larger
number of printing ele~eents (18 needles) which makes tt passible to improve
~�the quality of character formation and print characters with intricate configura-
~ tions in one pass; greater epeed of printing elements (1,000 Az) and their
' larger number, which makes it possible to more than quadruple the productivity
of data registration; and, the possibility of turntng the printing head on its
longitudinal axts (information is printed on two mutually perpendicular coordi-
nates). The printer has microprogram control of actuating mecfiantsms and com-
bines the iunc:tions of printer and graph plotter, maktng it possiFile to output
graphic infor~nation on two coordinates. The low level of poaitton 3iscreteness
makes posaible continuous and poiut representation of information. It is
possible to diaplay the information being registered fn two colors.
The various requirements of the aystems with respect to the format of blanks
and functions performed necessitated development of a numb~er of character-
synthesizing printers. Thus, the A521-5 device which automatically segments
blanks in the subcomplexes was deaigned for the ASU-5 mass service system.
The A521-6 device is used in subcomplexes built on the basis of micro-
programmable controllers. This unit permita output of various types of
graphic and alphanumeric information to a blank 420 millimeters wide by program
means.
The A521-4 and 531-10 units can print both alphanumeric and g~aphic information.
The blank is 420 millimeters wide. In addition, the A~531-10 has an alpfia-
numeric keyboard block with independent output to an IRPR interface, which
broadens the opportunities for operator communication with the machine.
COPYRIGHT: Taentral'nyy nauchno-issledovatel'skiy institut informatsti t
tekhniko-ekonomicheskikh issledovaniy priborostropeniya, sredstv
avtomatizataii i siatem upravleniya (TsNIITEIpriboro~troyentya),
1981
11,176
CSO: 1863/116
~ 16
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UDC 681. ;
. DISPLAY PR(JCESSOR FOIt EXPERIMENTAL DATA PIipCESSING SYSTEMS
Kiev POSTR~JYENIYE AVTOMATIZIRpVANNYI~i SISTEM OBRABOTKI EKSPERIMENTAL'NYKH DANNYKH
in Russian 1981 (signed to press 3 Jul 81) pp 43-54
[Article by A. K. Belyayev, V. V. Gayduk and N. V. Yarovaya from book "Synthesis
of Automated Systems for Processing Experimental Data" edited by G. S. Tesler
(eciitor in chief), Nauchnyy sovet po probleme "Kibernetika", Ordena Lenina
institut kibernetika, Akademiya nauk Ukrainskoy SSR, 550 copies]
- [Excerpt] Development of automated systems for processing experimental data (ASOED)
based on minicomputers requires special resources for representing processes
occurring in the system in visual form. Experimental operation of the Pirs system
(1) showed that standard television seta can be used as the basis for the visual
displays.
This work describes a specialized display processor that allows an operator to
interact by way of a television set with a"Etalon" minicomputer system (2). The
specialized display processor (DP) has access to a reserved area of the main memory
having a volume of 12,000 16-bit words (Figure 1) [figures not reproduced]. All
- ~ ott~er areas of the main memory and the UPZU [not further identifiedJ are inaccess-
ible to the DP.
The DP memory contains instructions and a data buffer as well as special synchroni-
zation service cells (addresses 4000 and 400Y). In distinction from the Pirs
~ system, in which the second processor is a processor-type resource of the system,
the DP is an external unit-type resource of the system.
1. Structure of the Display Processor
The DP is a microprogram-controlled unit operating with three types of inemories
and a television set (Figure 2). The television set is an ordinary industrially-
produced color television set that is connected without any alterations to the
DP control unit.
The effective memory--that is, the memory reserved for the DP microprograms, has
a volun?e of 1,024 64-bit woriis with a word access time of 500 nanoseconds.
Special instructions can be used to update this memory (only in its entirety),
and its contents predetermine the problem orientation of the display processor.
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There is one other form of DP memory which is accessible only to the DP. This is
the symbol generator, which has a volume of 1,024 bytes with a byte access time of
500 nanoseconds. Small in volume, the effective memory and the symbol generator
are internal to the DP, and th~y are accessible to the first processor only in
special modes, in which they are memorized as a whole.
The third type of inemory with which the DP works is the main memory or, more
accurately, a region of the main memory with a volume of 12,000 16-bit words be-
ginning with the address 400016. Tlais memory is simultaneously accessible to the
= first processor and the DP. In this case when addresses larger than 4000i6 are
interrogated, the first processor has the least priority in picking up the main
memory cycle. ~
COPYRIGH':: Institut kibernetiki, 1981.
11004
CSO: 1863/137
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UDC 681.327
SYNTHESIS OF HIGH PRODUCTIVITY MINICOMPUTb.R WITH FAST INTERRUPT RESPONSE
Kiev POSTRfJYENIYE AVTOMATIZIROVANNYIQi SISTEM OBRABOTKI EKSPERIMENTAL' NYKH DANNYKH
in Russian 1981 (signed to press 3 Jul 81) pp 54-58 ,
[Article by V. F. Bernikov from book "Synthesis of Automated Systems for Processing
Experimental Data" edited by G. S. T~sl~r (editor in chief), Nauchnyy aovet
po probleme "Kibernetika", Ordena Lenina institut kibernetika, Akademiya nauk
Ukrainskoy SSR, 550 copies]
[Text] The problem of reconciling a number of contradictory demands imposed on
the processor must be solved in systems processing experimental data obtained from
natural tests on complex objects. On one hand we have high productivity and quick
servicing of high speed ~eripheral input-output equipment, while on the other hand
we have minimum dimens.`ons, weight and conswned power on the condition of suffi-
ciently high work reliability. Nbreover the computer must respond quickly to
change in external conditions, and it must tttake the corresponding changes from one
program to another quickly.
To satisfy the speed requirements, the minicomputer processor is structured
according to the principle of combining instruction processing phases--that is,
the conveyor principle. The phases of selecting an instruction from the memory,
, modifying the address part of the instruction, exchanging an operand with the
memory and accumulating an arithm tic-log.ic operation are carried out in indepen-
dent blocks of the processor (1). To ensure minimum computer outlays, the work
of the blocks is controlled synchronously and with microprograms.
Let us evaluate the different structural variants of the processor. We designate
the duration of the i-th phase by ti and assume that all phases are carried out
in succession. The total duration of an operation would be ~
n
ttotal - G ti ~
i=1 ~
where n is the number of phases in the operation (in this case n= 4), and the
speed of the processor would be
1 1
STotal - ttotal n (operations/sec).
~ t2
i=1
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It should be noted that the phases of instruction execution are carried out by
different blocks at different speeds.
Let us assum~e that the main memory of the minicomputer consists of separate in-
struction memory and data m~mory blocks. The cycle time tT of.the conveyer is set
~ equal to the longest phase:
tT = max { tZ } .
' ~ (i)
Usually the time required to complete the principal, short arithmetic-logic opera-
tions is shorter than the memory interrogation cycle. Let tT be the duration of
a memory cycle. .
The speed of the processor would be S= 1/tT, operations/sec.
In our case at tT = 500 nanoseconds, S= 2�106 operations/sec.
The actual speed may deviate from this value in both the greater and the lesser
direction. If the duration of an arithmetic-logic operation is greater than one
cycle, the real speed is less than ~hat calculate~i; it becomes larger if a"record
in memory" instruction or another. c~~t requiring =our phases for its execution is
being fulfilled. Creation of a processor with ~`.wo independent blocks--instruction
memory and data memory--ensures maximum speed fo+� ciie processor. But this method
requires significant equipment outlays to make the memory blocks independent.
Now let us eval~~ate the charac:teristics of ~the processor when the memory is
organized in the traditional form of a single physical and adc'ress field. In
this case the work of the conveyer is delayed during simultaneous interrogation
of the memory in the instruction seleEt~on and.operand exchange phases. W:iile
instructions may be processed in all phases simultaneously within the processar
when there are separate lines to the instruction and data memories, when the
memory is indivisible instructions can be processed simultaneously in up to two
phases. In this case the speed is halved, and an additional load is imposed on
the processor's separate blocks. Thus the arithmetic-logic unit executes the
code for the instruction operation and modifies the address part of the instruc-
tion while the memory interrogation block selects the command from the memory and
exchanges operands with it. It should be noted in this case that if the selected
instruction does not require operand exchange, the memory interrogation block is
now ready to select the next command. This variant of the processor's structure
is tynified by minimal equipment outlays in comparison with the example examined
- above, and by sufficiently effective use of the processor's apparatus. Moreover,
as was noted at the beginning of this article, processor control follows the
microprogram principle, and simultaneous control of the processor's independent
blocks requires additional independent groups of wnrd bits in the microinstruc-
tion and the associated equipment outlays.
The second variant of the structure results in a rather simple microprogram con-
trol unit that ensures simultaneous execution of different phases of two commands.
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In this case the speed of the processor would be
S= 2~ tT =1 � 106 operations/sec,
.
Looking at the question of achieving a fast interrupt response in this minicomputer,
we should note that this requirement arises when a large number of the object's
sensing elements must be interrogated at a high frequency. Moreover depending on
the course of the experiment, the processing proqran! must be swxtched quickly,
without loss of information.
The rate of the interrupt response is the sum of the following values:
tin. r- tin, s+ tyZ + tcom + tecl + tnew~
where tin.s'-time from the start of an interrupt signal from the source to the
beginning of determination of the number of the interrupt signal's source; t~--
time for determining the number of the interrupt siqnal's source; t~om -time of
completion of the current processor instruction; tecl--time during which the state
of the processor is eclipsed at the moment of interruption; tner,~--time of establish-
ment of the new state of the processor and the beginning of interrupt signal
processing.
Time tin.r is determined from the equipment lag associated with activation of the
electronic circuits and the load on the input-output channel. This time may be
ignored. ~
Time tn is determined by searching for the number of the interrupt signal source;
however, the rigid time li~its do not permit the processor to perform this func-
~ tion. The number of the unit is determined jointly by the equipment of the input-
output channel and the interrupt signal source itself. We will assume that
tyt= 3-5 usec (tn depends on the rate of information transmission along the lines
of the channel in both directions and on the rate of operation of the channel's
equipment in accordance with a special algorithm).
Time tcom is approximately 1 usec; this time also includes the time for determin-
ing the processor state eclipse and recovery zones depending on the number of the
interrupt signal source.
'i~ime tecl is defined as an average of fuur memory interrogations (eclipsing of the
instruction counter, the state register, the processor accumulator register and
the program base register).
Time tnew is defined as three interrogations of the memory to establish the new
values of the processor's reqisters.
Thus tin.r is 8-9 msec. The operation of determining the number of the interrupt
signal source is completely superimposed ov~r the processor's operation, and when
execution of the current command ends, control is transferred to the microprogram
responsible for eclipsing the contents of the processor's registers. This makes
it possible to accelerate the interrupt response.
21
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Kartsev, M. A., "Arkhitektura tsifrovykh vychislitel'nykh mashin" [Architecture
of Digital Computers], Nbscow, Nauka, 1978, 294 pp.
COPYRIGHT: Institut kibernetiki, 1981.
11004
CSO: 1863/137
22
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UDC 681.518.3
AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Moscow PRIBORY I SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA in Russian No 1, Jan 82 p 22
[Article by candidates of technical sciences S. I. Yeme2s and I. G. Khanin and
engineers S. D. Popovichenko and V. A. Rezvitskiy: "Automatic System for Deter-
mining the Dynamic Characteristics of Actuating Elements"]
[Text) In many cases rigorous demands are made for the dynamic characteristics
of actuating elements, for example the amplitude-pha~e-frequency characteristic,
the constant times of the .transitional processes of acceleration and decelera-
tion, and the time of deflection of the outgoing element (shaf t, stem) of the
actu3ting element. This in turn tnakes high demands on the means and methods of
functional testing of actuating elements with respect to speed and precision.
Determining dynamic characteristics ordinarily in~volves oscillograph recording
of the output parameter of the actuating element (displacement of the outgoiiig
elemen~t), then decoding the oscillograms and calculating the characteristics
by known formulas. This method has a low level of precision and is very labor-
intensiva; it make automation of the testing processing impossible.
An automatic system has been developed to automate the processes of functional
testing, improve the precision of ineasurement of displacements, and determine
dynamic characteristics. The information-measurement part of the system, the
measurement subsystem, contains a displacement sensor; a BS-155A contactless
transfortner selsyn with a rotor that is rigidly connected to the outgoing ele-
ment of the actuating element; a measuremen2 block which forms at its output
16-bit parallel binary codes of ineasurement of the coordinate of the outgoing
element the displacements that are sent to the storage unit of the computer.
The system has adopted th~ quantization t~achnique for displacement in time and
- shaping and processing arrays of data on displacement. The t~chnique is imple-
mented using the phase-pulse method of mraasuring displacements, with time T
of one measurement of a displacement serving as the step of quantization in time.
- The system uses an Elektronika-60 microromputer as control machine. It shapes
control actions for the actuating eleme.nt and processes measurement data.
The following characteristics of the actuating element are determined as the
result of processing the data that coraes to the computer from the measurement
subsystem (this is done using the special software of the system): angle of
23
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rotation of the shaft; average speed of movement; phase delay depending on the
reverse rate; amplitude of oscillations in the amplitude function of a control
action and reverse rate; constant times of the transitional processes of accel-
eration and deceleration of the actuating element.
Analysis of the work of the measurement subsystem showed that in the dynamic
measurement regime distortions occur in the shaping of data arrays as the result
of ineasuring the step of quantization in time, which depends on ths rate of dis-
_ placement of the outgoing element of the actuating element. To evaluate the
distortions the concept of the coefficient of distortion K was introduced:
K= Si/Si~ = Wo/(WO+w), where Si is the result of ineasurement in cycle i(i is
the number :.f .*.he measurement); S. is the actual value of displacement of the
outgoing element at timQ t= iT 2~r/wo is the period of rotation of the
stator field of the selsyn, the period of m~asurement, and the step of quanti-
zation in time); c~o and w are the angular velocities of the stator field of the
~selsyn and the rotation of the rotor respectively.
In the.concrete case w=(-240 =+240) degrees/seconds and T= 10 3 with coef-
� ficent K= 0.9993:1.0006. The dynamic ce~ponent of relative error in shaping
the information array for displacement of the outgoing element of the actuating
element is d~ _ (1-K)100 = (0.006=0.07) percent.
The full text of the article has 10 pages with three illustrations and two
_ bibliographic entries. It is deposited at the Central Scientific Research Insti-
tute of Technical-Economic Information in Moscow under No 1612.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", "Pribory i sistemy upravleniya",
1982
" 11,176
CSO: 1863/117
' 2!~
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UDC 621.785.92
~ HEAT TREATMENT FOR FERRITE CORES SIMPLIFIED
Moscow PRIBORY I SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA in Rusaian No 1, Jan 82 p 32
[Article by engineer V. S. Romanovich: "Thermal Treatment of Round Ferrite
Cores")
[Text] Magnetic materials for pulse and high-frequency engineering must have
high electrical resistance. The higher it is, the lower the power losses to
eddy currents will be. Oxide magnetic materials, ferrites, have this property.
In turn, they must match the required magnetic and electrical characteristics,
geometric form, and dimensions strictly. In their production it is necessary
. to employ the simplest technological processes, those which insure maximum
output of finished articles.
After the forming operation round ferrite cores (ferrites) usually go through
high-temperature sintering in order to obtain elements with definite magnetic
and electrical parameters. The result is ferrites that consist of individual
coalesced crystals (grains) that influence their properties. The larger the
grains are, the lower the strength of the ferrites will be. In addition,
large grains have microcracks and irregular shape, ~ahich impairs their elec-
tromagnetic properties. We also know that sintered ferrite articles are sub-
~ected to annealing at 650-800 degrees C for 6-100 hours in a gaseous medium
containing oxygen at a pressure of 0.5�105=5�105 pascal.
The prolonged cycle and complexity of the process of annealing in product3on
lower the productivity of ferrite articles.
The Mogilev Tekhnopribor Plant has introduced a simplified heat treatment
process that raises productivity 10-15 times while preserving the excellent
electromagnetic properties of the ferrites.
Their heat treatment consists of processing the sintered ferrite cores in a
medium of liquid nitrogen (-206 degrees C) for 0.5-2 hours followed by spon-
taneous hardening to room temperature in order to remove the internal
mechanical stresses that occur with abrupt cooling.
The process is done on equipment manufactured at the plant. Five hundred
thousand ferrite cores contained in a special package are submerged for 30
minutes in a Dewar flask type thermostat. If the number of articles processed
at once is larger, the soaking time is increased to two hours.
25
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The ferrite cores, cooled to the temperature of liquid nitrogen and soaked in
it for 30 minutes, are removed from the thermostat and the process of spon-
taneous hardening begins (the temperature of the ferrite cores begins to rise
to room temperature).
Because of higtt and low temperature oscillations in the ferrite cores, the
~ferrite grains which are irregular in shape and have microcracks break down
into fine, full-value grains and the mosaic blocks are refined.
Simplification of the heat treat~uent process and raising productivity while
preserving the good electromagnetic properties of the ferrite cores after
introduction of cryogenic treatment produced an economic benefit of 127,000
. rubles a year.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye"~ "Pribory i sistemy upravleniya",
1982
11,176
CSO: 1863/117
�
26 ~
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SOFTWARE
UDC 519.853
MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF CYBERNETICS
Kiev MATEMATICHESKIYE METODY KIBERNETIKI in Russian 1981 (signed to press 29 Apr 81)
p 78
[Table of contents from book "Mathematical Methods of Cybernetics", editor-in-chief
Yu. G. Stoyan, doctor of engineering science, Institute of Cybernetics, UkSSR
Academy of Sciences, 500 copies, 82 pages]
[Text] . Contents Page
Rvachev, V. L.; Sinekop, N. S. and Kravchenko, L. K.
Methods of Algebra of Logic in Problems of Heterogeneoua Theory of
Elasticity 3
Puty~atin, Ye. P. and Dolzhenkova, T. G.
Aiettiods of Nonlinear Normalization of Drawings 13
Meleshko, V. I. Algorithms for Pseudoinversion of Rec tF~ngular Matrices
That Make Us~~ of the Lagrangian 1~ansform and That Are Stable Against
Disturbances 24
Dol'berg, 0. M. and Nazyrova, V. P. App3.ication of Compromise Planning
in Algorithsm for Statistical Optimization ~ 38
Putyatin, V. P. and Klimova, N. P. Optimization of Placement of Heat
Sources in a Region with Movable Boundary 47
Vayner, V. G.; Gubintakiy, S. B.; Vel'ma, V. I. and Shtepka, A. A.
Method of Placement of Multiply Connected Objects in an Interactive
Design System 55
Vodop'yan6v, V. Ke and Zav'yalov, V. N.
Isomorphism of Regular Schemes of Algorithms and Their Unification 66
COPYRIGHT: Institut kibernetiki, 1981 .
8545
CSO: 1863/89
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UDC 681.3.06
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SYSTEMS PROGRAMNIING ~
Kiev TEORIYA I PRAKTIKA SISTEMNOGO PROGRAMMIROVANIYA in Russian 1981
, (signed to press 17 Jun $1) pp 106-107
[Table of contente from book "Theory and Practice of Syetems Progra~mning", editor-
in-chief Ye. L. Yushchenko, corresponding memeber of the L''~cSSR A~cademy of Sciences,
Institute of Cybernetice, UkSSR A~cademy of Sciences, 700 copies, 112 pages]
[Text] Contents P86e
Vodop'yanov, V. K. Automaton Modela of Analytic Expressions ~
Zhukov, S. A. Functioning of Models Based on Generalized PR-Inf erability 12
Terzyan, T. K. Structural Design of Manufacturing Processes 21
Tlyusten, V. Sh. Conceptual Teaching of Problems of Using Input/Output
Facilities ir. Programming Lan~uages �
Adrianov, S. T. Method of Automating Deciaion-Maicing Process in
Teaching and ~aining Syetems 35
Pigaxev, Yu. B. Problem of Data Representation in a Problem-Oriented
Simulation System in Natural Language 4~
Adel'geym, V. G. and Petrushin, V. A. Implementing the GPM Macroprocessor
on the Unified Syetem of Computera 54
- Taranenko, A. A. Features of R-Technology for Minicomputers 60
Taranovskiy, M. R. Collective Servicing of Users of One Class of Interactive
Data Processing Systems 65
Khorolets, D. S. Universal Program Supporting Interaction for the Unified
System of Computers Operating System ~1
Vishnya, A. T. and Morentsov, Ye. I. Principles of Lnplementation and
Structure of Files for the APROP System 80
Nepomnyashiy, B. D. Application Program Package for Machine Toola with
Numeric Programmed Control 88
Mal~shev, 0. V. Some Problems of ~xperimental Research on Computer Processes 99
COPYRIGHT: Inetitut kibernetiki, 1981 .
8545
CSO: 1863/89
28
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PROGR~II~IING IN UNI~Fka?~4 };R~~S 4~~1,T]NG SX'Sx~M ~AS~'A ON ASSEMa~R LANGUAGE
Moscow PROGRA1rIIrIIROVANT~ V OS X~eS NA BAZ~ ~'AZX'KA AS"S~T,ERA in Russian 1981
(signed to press 3 Sep 87.~ pp 2, 6, 308-309, 316-3].9
.[Annotation, excerpt ~ratn intxpduct~on~ bibl3ography and table o~ contents from
book "Programming in the Un3~~ied-Sertes Operattng Syst~a ~aaed on the ASSE'MBLER
language"~ by Zhanna Nikolayevna Zaytseva, Tzdatel'stvo '"Finaney i statistika",
40,000 copiea, 320 pages]
[Text] In addition to a detailed de~~cription of the ASSEMBLER language, ita close
relatianship with the operating syst~~m and the service which it offers the pro-
grammer user fox the purpose of the fullesC uttlization o~ the resources of a
computing facil3ty is revealed. The diacussion of the niaterial proceeda from
concepta of the structure of simple programs to the development of program complexes.
Variants of cambining progrania are described: during compilation, input of the
task, editing o~ connectives and execution.
For users of YeS [Unified Series] computers and WZ studenta in the appropriate
fields of specialization.
Because of 1'mited space the following questions are not represented in this book:
programming for numbers in a format with a floating point, programming at the
physical level, files on punched tape, macroprogramming and programming in the
time sharing mode.
This book contains the basic information needed by a progratmner in writing and
debugging programs and program camplexes. It is also use~ul to programmers writing
- programs in high-~evel, languages auch as ~I,/1, ~OR~'RAN and COROI,. Thia book is
addressed to students studying th~rd~g~nexatiqn taachines and t4 ~pecialists who
are improv~.ng the~,r know~,edge in ~h~ axe$ o~ attend~ng to and uaing so~~waxe ~ur
YeS crnrtputex model.s.
The author ~xpx~ss~a hex grati~ud~ ta Aocfiax o~ ~echni.ca]. Sc~~nces G.K~ Gav~x~7.ov
and Candidatfie Q~ ~e.ch~i,ca7. Sc~enG~s~ T~.fl. R~ty'kav ~ox fihei;x valuaD~.e camments and
suggestions in w9;~;~ittg ~h~ manuacr~~t.
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~~b~.i.ograpl~y~
1. A1ad''yrev, and Oatpov, 0. ~Vh?edeni:}rs v axk~i~,~~kxuxu mode7~~y~ X`~S ~''i~'
[ Introduc~~on ~a ~he Axch~;~ectur~ o~ X'~S Coinpuxer Mads~.s7 ~~a7.~,~nn, Vr~~gus,
7.976.
_ 2. Yakubaytis, ~.P., T.i.thuanian SSR A~adesay o~ Se~.~ence~ a~ad~a~,c~rtn, ed~:tox.
"Ang~.o-rus~ki,y* ~o~kavyy~ ~~ovax'' po vyeRf~l,i~e~,~noy tekttn~ke" [Engl3.sh~Russian
Explanaxoxyr Di:c~~ana~r o~` Cawputsx x~chna~.og~*~, R~ga, Z~na~ne~ 1977.
3. zeydenberg, V.K., Zitqrtn~ x'u.L. and� zi,~re'v~ A.~1. "Anglo~xusskf.y slovar' po
vychislitel'noy~ tekhnike" [Engl~ah~Russian Dfic't~onnry o~ Cosnputer Technology],
Moscow, Rueskiy yazyk, 1974.
4. Brich, Ye.S., Voyush, V.T., Degtyare~va, G.S. and Kavalevich, ~.y. "~rogram-
mirovaniye na yazyke Assemblera YeS EVM" [Progrannaing ~.n the YeS Computer
ASSEMBLER i~anguageJ, Moscow, Statistika, 1975.
5. Stolyarov, G.K., editor. "Vvedeniye v zapaninayuahchiye ustroystva pryamogo
dostupa i metod}r organizatsii dannykh" [~ntroduction to Direct Accees Memories
and Methods of Organizing Data], trans7.ated froni English, Moscow, Statiatika,
1978.
6. Shtarkman, V.S., editor. "Vychislitel'naya sistema IBM/360. Printsipy
raboty" [IBM/360 Computing System: Operating Principles], translated from
English by A.I. Ilyushin and A.A. Karlov, Moscow, Sovetskoye radio, 1969.
7. "Vychislitel'naya tekhnika i obrabotka dannykh. Terminologicheskiy tolkovyy
slovar' firmy TBM" [Computer Technology and Data Processing: IBM Terminology
Explanatory Dictionary], translated from English by T. Ter Mikaelyan, Moscow,
Statistika, 1978.
8. Gurova, L.I. "Osnovy programmirovaniya" [Fundamentals of Programming], Moscow,
Statistika, 1976.
9. Dzhermeyn, K. "Prograwairovaniye na IBM/360" [Programming for the IBM/360],
Moscow, Mir, 1971.
10. Donovan, Dzh. "Systeumoye progratacairovaniye" [Sy~t~u Progxa~ama~.ng], translated
from Engliah by I,.A. Raykvv and S.N. T~lorentaev, ed~ted by L.D. Raykov, Moscow,
Mir, ~.975.
11. Drobushe.v~ch., G~~. 'tSpxa'VOCh~ik pxo~xaw4~~~~" I~'xugxa~tex ts Handbook] , T~inek,
Vy~she}?$h$y~ s.hko~.$, 7.Q78.
7,2. Yodan, E. ''Stxuktuxnoye pxqy~k~ixovan~y~e ~ kot~Q~xuixovani~ pxo$x~m~q~'
[Structuxa~ pe~ign and Qx$aaizt~~fion o~ ~xogxt~spa] ~ txan~7,ated ~~ow English by
V.~. ~xo],aV $nd i,.~. xep~itski~y~ edi~ed l~y~ T,.N. Koxole~, P'~qscow, 'Mix, ~979.
FOR OFFIC~A7.. USE ONLY
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13. Kattsan, "V'ychis,~,ize~.''nyye ~ashiny si,ste~y~ 370~' [Cp~tput~xs. o~ the 370
Sys~esn]. ~xan~~,ated ;~x'om Eng~i;~h l~}r T~.A: Raykov and V~K~ ~,eVin~ ~QSCqw~ ~fi,~,
1974.
14. xat~san, "Q~~xa~s~ionnyye sisfiemy" [ppexa~ing Srsten~al~ txants~,$~ed ~xom
Eng7,ish by~ 'Y.V� Padbs~.''~kir, editad ~y K.A. k'ugltov and T~.A, Shatxavskiy,
Moscow, Mir, ~X76.
15. Lebedev, V.N. and ~ok47.vv~, A.P. "Vlreden~y~e ~ ais~emu pxogramw~,xovaniya
OS YeS" [xntxoductiQn to the XeS Qpera~tng, Sp~tes4 ~'xo$xst~ing System], Moscow,
Statistik,a, 1978.
16. MitroPanov, 'V�V'. and Odintsov, B.'V. "Programnay obsluzhivaniya aS YeS EV'M"
[Programs ~ox Servicing YeS Computer Operattng Syetems], Moscow, Statistika,
1978. .
17. Mednik, S. and Aonovan, Dzh. "Operatsionnyye si~temy" [Operating Systems],
translated from English by Ye.A. Yevsyukova and N.F. Muzyleva, edited by L.D.
Raykov, Moscow, Mir, 1978.
18. Naumov, V.V., Peledov, G.V. et al. "S~pervizor OS YeS EVM" [YeS Computer
Operating System Supervisor], Moscow, Statistika, 1975.
19. Ilyushin, A.I., editor. "Operatsionnaya sistema IBM/360. 3upervizor i
upravleniye dannymi" [IBM/360 Operating System:� Supervisor and Control of
Data], translated from English by A.A. Karlov et al., Moscow, Sovetskoye
Radio, 1973.
20. Peledov, G.V. and Raykov, L.D. "Vvedeniye v OS Ye5 EVM" [Introduction to
- the YeS Computer Operating System], Moscow, Mir, 1977.
21. Raykov, L.D., editor. "Printsipy raboty aiatemy IBM/370" [Operating Principles
of the TBM/370 System], translated from English, Moacow, Mir, 1978.
22. Radd, U. "Programmirot~aniye na yazyke Assemblera i vychislitel'nyye sistemy
IBM 360 1 370" [Programming in the ASSEMBLER Language and the IBM 360 and 370
Computing Systems], translated from English by A.P. Gagarin and L.D. Raykov,
edited by L.D. Raykov, Moecow, Mir, 1979.
23. Reytbort, I.~. "~osobiye dly~a opera~ora XeS ~'y'1K~' [XeS Cptpputer qperator's
Textbook], Mpscow, ~tatist~ka, ~979.
24. I,ztrionov, ~.M.., ediCOr. ~~Sf&xes4a dQku~les~~~t~i.i yedinpy ~~,y~~~tqy ~VM~' [Uni~i,ed
~ystem o~ Cp~tPu~exs Apcutq~ntati~n Sy`s~~t11] ~ MQt~cvw�, St$CisCika, ~.975~
25. Laxionov, ~.M. , editor. ''a~,~C~~ ~te~~i;ches.k.ogo oF~eapecheniy~ X`eS E'~'M"
[YeS Cc~t~pute.x So~twaxe System], ~losaaw, S~a~ie~~ilta, ~,974.
31
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26. Stebli, A. "Logicheskoye prograAanirovAniy~ v ai:s~etqe TBI~/360" [I~agica7. ~x4^
granaaing itt th~ ~,~/360 Sys~~ni.] , tr~nsla~~d ~xom ~ng~.i.~h. br ~ Ga$axin,
- V. G. MQxku~.ov ~nd 0.~. Myas.in, ~di~ed by~ T,.D. Ray~.ov and Ttt~i~ Shura--~uxy~,
Moscow, 'l~i:.x, ~.974,
27. Tanenbau~q, "I~Qp,pure~vna~vayd oxganizatsi;y~ ~y'M~' [Mu~.ti7.eve1 Org~nizatian
of Cowputexs], trans~,$ted ~xom ~ng7.ish by y.~. Kis~~1'nikov et al., edited by
M.B. xgn~~'ye.v, ~tot~cuw~. P~~x, 1.979. .
28. ~lores, "'Vnteshniye us~roy~tva ~'V'M" (Cau~putex ~'exipheral ~'quipment],
translated ~ran~ Png7.ish by ~,.A. xep~.~:ts~lc~;y~ et' a7,., edited by A.'V. Shileyko,
- Moscow~, 'Mir, ~.977.
29. ~htarkman, V.S., editor. "T~unktsfonal~napa struktuxa OS/35Q" [~unctional
Structure o# the 360 Operating 3ystem], translated ~ram Engli;sh by A.T.
. Tlyushin, Moscow, Sovetskoye Radio, 1971.
30. Tsikritzis, L. and Bernstayn, P. "Operatsionnyye sistemy" [Operating Systems],
translated fram English by V.L. Ushakova ard N.B. Feygel'son, edited by
I.B. Zadykhaylo and V.V. Martynin, Moscow, Mir, 1977.
31. Shelikhov, A.A. and Selivanov, Yu.P. "Vychislitel'nyye mashiny. Spravochnik"
[Computer Handbook], edited by V.V. Przhiyalkovskiy, Moscow, Energiya, 1978.
' CONTENTS Pa$e
Introduction 3
Sectian I. Fundamentals of Programming in the ASSEMBLER Langua.ge in the
YeS Operating System 7
Chapter 1. Logical Structure of YeS Computers 7
1.1. Representation of data 7
1.2. Representation of instructions in the computer 13
1.3. Central processor 15
1.4. Main inemory 16
1.5. Channels 17
1.6. Peripheral equipment and control units 18
Chapter 2. General Questfons Relating to Progratroning in the ASSEMBLER
Language in the YeS Operating ~ystem 18
2.1. Symbolic addressing 19
2.2. Statements of the A~S~MBLER 1~tngua$e 19
2.3. Input o~ dax~ into a pxogxam 2~
2.4. Memoxy redundancy~ 20
2.5. ASSEMBI,~R ia7.ank 20
2.6. Sy~tem agre~t~ents xega~di;ng ~Onne~~i~re~ 22
2.7. Writing assi~nment ~or� ~xecut~or~ o~ pxo~xam 23
2.8. Exan~p7,e e?E pxqgrat~ in ~SS~,~ 26
Chapter 3. ~txuc~uxe o~ ~~$~$I,ER ~~n$u~$~ 30
3.1. Mnemonic cvdes o~ ma~chine instructions~ 30
3.2. Machine instruction opexanda 34
3.3. Memoryredundancy statement 38
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3.4. Detercnination o~ ~ans~ant~ 42
Chapter 4. Key A~SF~ALER ~unctions and ~xpg~Am I.~sxing 43
4.1. Princip7.es o~ ~ompilatiqn o~ a~ pxogra~t l?3
4.2. Rules ~ox bat$ing prvg~e~ma 45
4.3. Litera7, ~001 50
4.4. Necessary~ in~oxi4a~ion reg$rd~n~ ~he compi].e~ 50
4.5. ASSEMBI,Eit 7.is~ting ' ' S3
4.6. Contro7. o~ ou~put of proaram i~1 a 1ta~tin~ 55
4.7. Copying souxce text into the pxog~&pt 57
Chapter 5. Logical Opexations in a~rogr~tq ,57
5.1. Logical ccpying ~ron~ ~nen~ory to mea~ory~ 5g
5.2o Character copying instructi;ona 58
5.3. Address 7,o~din$ inatruction 59
5.4. Code addition and subt~action instruct~ona 60
5.5. Logical caaparison ~ 60
5.6. Logical shi#ts 61
5.7. Bit-by-bit logical operations 62
5.8. Mask check 64
5.9. Recoding of data 65
5.10. Compilation o� data ~ith check 67
5.11. Modi~ication o~ instructions during executtan (g
Chapter 6. Programming with Decisnal Data 69
6.1. Input of decimal constants 69
6.2. Input o~ decimal data from punched cards 70
6.3. Group of instructions for proceseing decin~al data 7p
6.4. Simple methods of rounding of~ 75
6.5. Decimal shifts 76
6.6. Indexing of decimal instructions 77
6.7. Editing xeadout of decimal numbers 7g
Section II. Input/Output of Tnformation and Programming of Jumpa, Switches
and Cycles gl
Chapter 7. Control of Input/Ou~put of Data gl
7.1. Data control entities gl
7.2. Data control levels 82
7.3. Simplest input/output macroinstructions 8,5
- 7.4. Description of input and output data seta g(
7.5. Route of data sets throu~h ou~put streatu 87
Chapter 8. Input/putput o~ Punched Cards and I,isting o~ Resul~s 88
8.1. Data sets on punched cards gg
8.2. Formation p~ da~a for printing gg
8.3. Additional possibilit~es ~'ox contxo~~ing pxfntin$ 92
Chapter 9. Organizazion Q~ .~umps, Sw~;tcR~s and Cyc],es in a~x4g~at'~ 93
9.1. Conditional and unconditiQnal jurnps 93
9.2. Expanded mnetqonic cQdes 95
9.3. SwiCches in a p~ogram 95
9.4. Org~nizafiion o~ cyc~.es in tex~1~~ p~ equn*_� 97
9.5. Readdres.sing da,t~ 98
9.6. Address ~rithmetic gg
Chapter 10. Operations on Binary Num~exs wi~h a~'ixed Poin~ 99
iu.l. Input o~ binary constants w~th a~ixed point 99
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10.2. ~ddition and suhtrac~,~.,on~ ins~tructions~ ~.02
10.3. Binaxy co~p$xisan ins~xuc~~i4Rs. ~,Q3
7,0.4. Ins.truc~ions~ fa~ capytn,g ~xom sa~norg ~o ~~g,i.s~ex ~Q3
10.5. Ins~~ructi~n~ ~ox ~op~ing #rom x~$is:t~x& ~o s4~?4~a~ry~ 1~~+
10.6. Instxu~~iQns~ ~px copying fixanl registex tQ ~egister ~Q4
10. 7. Ins~txuctions� fox ~nlu~ri~p7,y~ing ~ and d~vid~:n,g 1~3,'~ar�y' numllerg w�fi~h a
fixed point 7.06
7.0.8. Arithmetic shi~t ins~truction$ 107
10.9. Tnput o�` binary da~~ w~th ~~i~~d }~oint 108
- Chapter 11. ~ndexing o~ Da~ta a,nd Q~gz~nization o~ $ul~~ou~ine$ 113
11.1. Cycles with indexing o~ d~tta 113
11.2. Indexing of unidimen~ional arraq~s 115
11.3. Indexing v~ bidimensional arrays~ 117
11.4. Indexing o~ multidimensional arrays 117
11.5. Subroutines 120
11.6. Transfer of parameters to sulirvutine 121
11.7. Basing o~ suY~routines 122
11.A. Organization of large programs 123
11.9. i~~serted subroutines 124
11.10. Subroutine ca17. switch 124
Chapter 12. Sectionalization o# Programs 125
12.1. Process of dividing a program into sections 126
12.2. End o~ program 12$
12.3. Virtual section 129
Chapter 13. Problems o~ Buf~ering in Tnput/Output of In~or~aation 134
13.1. Simple method of bu~�ering 135
13.2. Exchange buffering 138
13.3. Use of virtual section ~or instruction and substitution modea 139
Section IIT. Software ~or Working with Data 143
Chapter 14. ~iles on Magnetic Tape ~ 143
= 14.1. Physical characteristics of inedium 143
14.2e Formats for recording on magnetic tape 144
14.3. Values of key parameters of DCB macroinstruction 145
14.4. Organization of file on magnetic tape 145
14.5. Macroinstructions for controlling a file at the logical level of
data control 145
14.6. Macroinstructions �or controlling a file at the basis level of data
contro]. 146
14.7. Concept o~ method o~ access 150
14.8. Working with bu~~ers 152
' 14.9. Apparatus o~ atandard 1abels on ~nagnetic tape 154
1.4.10. Check poin~, restart 155
- 14.11. ~'~ra,me~~x~s of ass.ignment eontxol, ~,an$u~ge ~or descxi~in~ ~'iles pn
magnetic ~ape 157
14.12. ~repara~iQn~ q~ a vql,u~e on ~gn~~iG ~ap~ ~Qx ops~;a~ipn 1.61
Chapter ~.5. l~Rd~u~~4r ~'rpgra~ling 1.63
15.7.. Key~ conae~r~~ of ~he orga~niza~~;on o~` ~onn~cxi~~s be~we.~n moduxes: 7.64
1.5.2. Organiza,~ion o~ connectives b~tween ~aodu~e~ 165
15.3. ASSEMBT,ER pseudo~instructions Por orga~nizing exfie~rnal connec~ices
between modules 170
15.4. Structure o~ ob~ect module 178
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Chapter 7.6. ~i1,es on ;~atgnetic 1?iatks ~8~
_ ~.6.1. ~hya.ica7. charac~eris~ics of inediu~m ~8~
16.2. Sequential, O~~anizaCion o~ ~~,1es ia direc't�~stcce~s ~V07.ut~e.& 1.84
15.3. Direct or~aniz~tion v~ ~i1.es~ or, at di~k ~86
- 16.4. ~equen~ir~9, indexed organization o~ files~ oa a dis~tc 194
16.5. Library oxganiza~ivn o~ ~i~~s on a~ di$k 20k
16.6. Parameters o~ DA sta~en~ent ~or descr~pt~,an o~` ~i7.es on a magnetic disk 210
16.7. PreparatiQn o~ digk. pztek ~or operat~on 212
Chapter 17. Prvicessing o~ ~ User's ~sigcn+nent ~;n the YeS Qperating Syrstem 214
17.1. Structure o~ X'e3~ ope~ating systeta aa~'twe~xe 214
17.2. GeneraCion of operating syste~nt 215
' 17.3. Preparation o~ operating system ~or opexation 215
17.4. Basic files o~ Y'eS opex~ting sy~stem 216
17.5. 3y~stem catalogue 21~
17.6. Passage o~ assignments through syst~ in ro~arious opexating modes of
the YeS operating systen? 219
17.7. Aspects o~~multiprogra~n operating modes of Y`eS operating sy$tem~ 224
17.8. Flowchart ~or proeessing a single assign~ent in the Y'eS vpexattng
system in the multiprogranuning mode ' 226
17.'~. Processing o~ interrupts 22~
Chapter 18. Combining PrograRas 233
18.1. Program structures 234
18.2. Nature o~ employment of loading ~nodules 235
18.3. Programmer's personal libraries 236
18.4. Combining programs during input of assign~uents 237
18.5. Combining programs during editing of connectives 243
18.6. Planning overlay structure o� program 249
18.7. Catalogued procedures of connective editor 256
18.8. Connective editor listing 25~
18.9. Edittng and executing module in a single step 259
18.10. Combining programs during execution 261
18.11. Facilities for debugging programs 282
Cha,pter 19. Servicing Data Sets 288
19.1. Use of utilities in process of debugging program modules 289
19.2. Servicing libraries 243
_ 19.3. Printout of heading of volumes and library reference books. 295
19.4. Printing and punching o~ data sets and sections of libraries 296
19.5. Copying and editing serial sets on various external med{.a . 298
19.6. Cataloguing data sets and w~orking with catalogues 300
19.7. Soxting and uniting data 301
Bibliography~ 308
A,ppendix 1. Aic~iqnary o~ Engli~h ~~x~nls ~nd AbbxeYiazion~ 310
Appendix 2. Sy~;fie,trt '~acxoinstru~~~:qn$ 313
~ppendix 3. ~SS~~B~ER Pseudo-fins~~xu~ti;q~ls 315
COPYRI.GHT: ~zda~e~.' .s.~vo "~inan~y~ i ~~ta,~is~ik~,"~ ~,981,
8837.
GSO: 1863/124
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UDC 681.3.06
REGULATION OF WORK ASSOCIATED W~TH INTEftACTNE PROBI~EMS IN DISPAR OPERATING SYSTEM
Irkutsk MATERIALY PO MATEMATICHESKOMU OBESPECHENIYU EVM in Russian 1980 pp 78-81
[Article by V. N. Balakirev, 0. M. Balashov, V. P. Petlinskiy and V. F. Tyurin
from book "Materials on Computer Software",, edited by I. A. Sher, candidate of
technical sciences, Sibirskiy energeticheskiy institut SO AN SSSR (SEI)J
[Text] An increase in the proportion of problems oriented toward work in inter-
active mode, or in ones close to it, can be observed today. Thus for example, the
following dialogue systems can function, and are broadly employed, in the O5
DISPAK,~VESM-6 computer system: For program editing and debugging (DIMON, KRAB, KOP,
SERVIS, REKS, PUL'T, SLUGA etc.); for service operations (DIOP, DZhIN, ZAP, PK,
SER33, KANII~]I etc.); a number of systems for problem oriented research. Obviously as
a branched terminal network develops, this trend will be amplified (1).
Each of the dialogue resources used for communication with the computer user is
typified on one hand by consumption of a certain amount of the resources of the
computer system to support its normal operation, and on the other hand by a
certain area of use. At the same time almost all such problems handled by the
OS DISPAK have an equally privileged status and enjoy equal priority in selection
for solution. 2"his can be explained by the fact that they are not differentiated
- by rank in any way at this stage. For comparison purposes we can note that systems .
controlling admission of problems for solution, based on class ranking in accordance
with a number of criteria, have already been developed for batch processing (2,3).
The need for such a system regulating the admission of dialogue problems arises
especially when there is a scarcity of terminal equipment and of computer resources
used in dialogue systems (main memory lists and magnetic drum boosting channels)
and when dialogue resources are available to all users. Such ranking must be
accounted for during times when the terminal network experiences peak loads (day-
time on work days); work on an unrestricted schedule is permissible in those times
when overloads are known not to occur in the terminal network (night time and days
off).
The principal criteria used to rank dialogue problems are: unit consumption of
computer system resources to service one terminal of a certain dialogue system;
area of applicability or broadness of use of a concrete dialogue system by a group
of users; status of a particular terminal of a total number of terminals; status
of a particular user.
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~ When dialogue resources are ranked in relation to the first criterion, multiterminal
monitoring systems have an advantage over single-terminal systems. In an OS DISPAK,
the first criterion may be based on information provided during composition of the
call code for the appropriate dialogue system.
The rank of a problem may be determined in relation to the second criterion from
information furnished by a human administrator. Such information may be repre-
sented by the code (codes) of one (several) most popular dialogue systems.
Not all terminals have an identical status. We define terminals which may be
used in accordance with a rigid schedule type 1 ternunals. Type 1 terminals are
the "pErsonal property" of a certain set of users, and they can be used to run any
dialogue problems within the allocated time. All other terminals are type 2
terminals. They are the "collective property" of the computer center users, and
work is permitted with them at any time of the day, though only in multiterminal
systems.
Introduction of the fourth criterion is necessary because there is always a
group of users for whom access is permitted at any time and from any terminal.
This list of users usually includes the system programmers and those performing
urgent functions, and it is drawn up by the administrator.
Programs regulating adinission of dialogue problems in an OS DISPAK have been
written in accordance with the criteria described above. They include two program
packages contained within the OS DISPAK and a utility service program used to
schedule the work of the terminals.
The first package of the OS DISPAK contains a SKORYY nonresident module, and it
goes into operation at the moment a request for a dialogue system is keyed in.
The functions of this module include: determination of the correspondence of the
type of dialogue system requested to the type of terminal; verification of per-
mission to work at the given time, if this is a type 1 terminal; comparison of the
user's code with the list of privileged users, if the first two checks produced a
negative result.
In the event that any one of the three checks produces a positive result, the
problem request be~omes a candidate for solution, and it is admitted to the input
~ queue of the processor planner. Otherwise the appropriate diagnosis is fed to the ~
terminal.
The second package of the OS DISPAK functions periodically at a rate determined
by the work ot the nonresident module NOMBOB (about once every 2 seconds). The
functions of this package include monitoring the order of work on those dialogue
problems which are presently undergoing solution in bQth active and passive states
(in the sense of occupying the processor's time). Five minutes before the
scheduled time for working one (several) dialogue problem expires, this block
transmits, to the required terminal (terminals), a warning to the user that the
time allotted by the terminals scheduled for the work is expiring. When the
allotted time expires, problem solution is mandatorily halted and the appropriate
reason is entered into the statistics.
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- The followi.ng tables and scales, located within one of the z~nes of a 2053 systemic
disc, are used as the input information to support the work of these packages:
a section operation scheduling table (up to 10010 sections.,beginning with number
OOlp and ending with number 9910); a table scheduling the work of terminals for the
day ~up to 64 terminals); a table of codes for multiterminal systems; a table of
codes for priority users (up to 20); a scale of type 1 terminals (this one scale
is enough because all otner terminals are automatically treated as type 2 terminals).
Z'he tables and scales are drawn up by the utility service program on the basis of
tlie initial information introduced into the program in symbolic form. This informa-
tion describes the contents of the tables and scales in accordance with the adopted
syntax and semantics. The code for requesting the utility service program may be
stored together with the initial symbolic information in the archives of one of the
dialogue systems (for example in DIMON), and in accordance with the instructions
of this system it may be corrected and transmitted to the program package used to
draw up the tables and scales at the beginning of the work day. At the end of the
scheduled time, all tables and scales are automatically cleared.
We note in conclusion that the scheme proposed in this article for controlling the
running of dialogue problems has a number of advantages over known problem running
_ schedules drawn up by resources of the dialogue systems themselves. Here are
the most significant of them:
This system is more convenient and easier to operate because it does not require
creation of a schedule for each of the dialogue systems contained within the com-
puter center--that is, multiple redundancy is not required;
the same functions need not be made redundant in several dialogue systems, which
reduces the outlays on their development;
~ the possibility of engaging "one's own" dialogue system without the awareness of
the administration is totaly excluded;
there is less "trash" (unneeded information) in the statistics on solved problems,
since admission to a dialogue program is analyzed before the program is placed
in the input queue.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Marchuk, G. I., Kuznetsov, Ye. P., Moskalev, 0. V., et al.,"The Program to
Create a Time-Sharing Computer Complex (Center) in the Novosibirsk Scientific
Center, Siberian Department, USSR Academy of Sciences (Project "VTsKP"),"
in "Programmnoye i tekhnicheskoye obespecheniye vychislitel'nykh tsentrov
~ kollektivnogo pol'zovaniya" [Software and Hardware for Time-Sharing Computer
Centers], Novosibirsk, VTs SO AN SSSR, 1978, pp 7-39.
2. Balakirev, N. Ye., and Tyurin, V~ F., "The Budget System of the DOS DISPAK,"
in "Materialy IV konferentsii po ekspluatatsii vychislitel'noy mashiny
BESM-6. Programmnoye obespecheniye" [Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on
Operation of the BESM-6 Computer. Software], Tbilisi, IPM TGU, 1977, pp 25-28.
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3. Grekov, V. P., and Mikhaylov, A. P., "Problems in Developing Packaged Service
Programs," in "Materialy IV konferentsii po ekspluatatsii vychislitel'noy
mashiny BESM-6. Program~nnoye obespecheniye," Tbilisi, IPM TGU~ 1977,
pp 8-13.
CQPYRIGEIT: Sibirskiy energeticheskiy institut SO AN SSSR (SEI), 1981
11004
CSO: 1863/136
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APPLICATIONS
UAC 65.011.56+658.514.669
AUTOMATED DISPATCHER SYSTEM AT METALLURGICAL PLANT
Moscow PRIBORY I SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA in Russian No 1, Jan 82 pp 2--4
[Article by candidate of technical sciences A. P. Poltsfichuk and engineere
L. I. Dubson, V. I. Shpektor, A. I. Kuranov and V. S. Zaytsev: "Automated
System for Dispatcher Control at a Matallurgical Planti"]
[Text] During the lOth Five-Year Plan the Krivorozhstal' [Krivoy Rog Stpel]
Plant imeni V. I. Lenin completed development, te~ting, refinement, and intro-
duction of an automated system for dispatcher control (ASDU) of a metallur-
gical enterprise with a full production cycle. Ttie system is destgned to
provide the enterprise management and dtspatcher service witfi operational data
on the state of the production unitsand quantitative and qualitative iadicators
of the work of the principal plant auT~divisions: stntering plant; twu blast
furnace shops and three steel foundries, three blooming mtlls, tTiree section
rolling shops, and warehouses for cast tron, steel ingots, and finished rolled
products. The plant ASDU under consideration is the connecting element between
the upper and lower levels of the hierarch.y in an integrated system of enter-
prise control (the subsystem for operational calendar planning on tfie one fiand,
and shop industrial organizat3on sutomated control spstems on the other).
Figure 1 below shows the functional structure of the ASDU, which has eight sub-
systems. The principal functions performed by the ASDU are given in tfie table
(below).
In these subsystems the course of production ie accounted for and monitored
chiefly on a shift and daily breakdown with information in running totals from
the start of the month. Operational data are outputted on request to tE?e screens
of video terminals (SID-1,000's) which are installed for the director, chief en-
gineer, chief of the production division, and the plant dispatcher service.
These data are also printed out in the form of shift and daily datasheets and
. dispatcher reports. The ASDU has ~ special complex of data recording and rep-
resentation problems to support these functions.
The hardware of the ASDU (see Figure 2 below) includes units to collect data
and transmit information, data process3ng means, and a set of devices for rep-
resentation and recording re$ults and processing data.
The means of data collection are represented bp a set of automatic instruments
and signaling devices, consoles for manual data input, and specialized video
terminals. Automatic data collection instruments are mounted on the two coke
feed conveyors and on the sinter conveyor. They are tensometric conveyor
!~0
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ee N u nevam 5)
7) n � ceipee" r.MU~ne~x
t nyn~rr~a u tymovn~lr
/ryy~io:o BEOBa dodywenmo!
B! N ~ ~~�A:no~o~puna
o tocmonnuu
otpetomoe ~
~r" yy~9'~ ~
N u 8N nQ
mencMempurecxou CNq -1000
, unmttpon?nou lOVI~ Cmae~�
no~wa ueng- 1 6~roM4~ILU" ~
�tnpatovnou ~ y B
na u4um
Il �Copmo nporcom ducnemvepa
~l~ ~~~opwo�uu
tlm At9 epRnrto u
nu~nc~o yY
3p,Omtpy~xa"
~P u nepe vd ~
aa��.,x e
E/ H c LNJT ~Konmpon~ eotmo� ^C9 Eeprneto
nu~ aapranmol" ""yyneio
Figure 1. Functional Structure of tfie ASDU.
Key: (1) Data Input from Manual Feed (12) Section Ralling Subsystem;
Console; (13) Shipping Subsystem;
(2) Input of Data on State of (14) SuFisys~em for Monitoring State
Aggregates (Production units); of Aggregates;
(3) Input of Integral Telemetric (15) Shaping and Printing Stiift and
Data; Daily Documerits;
(4) Inpute of Reference-Norm Data; (16) Sfiaping and Outputting Data to
(5) R~ceiving Data from ASU of SID-1,000;
Upper and Lower Control Units; (17) STiaping and Outputting Data to
(6) Data Input from Station for Rep- Dispatcner Console;
resenting Symbolic Data on (18) Shaping and Transmitting Data
Television Screen; to ASU's of Upper and Lower
(7) Raw Material Subsystem; Control Units.
(8) Sintering Plant Subsystem;
(9) Cast Iron SuTaeyatem; ~
(10) Steel Su~isyatem;
(11) Blooming Mi11s Subsystem;
scales made by the West German Schenk Company. The automatic signaling units are
deaigned to produce signals on the presence or absence of inetal in the mont~ored
section or to form signals on the state of particular units.
The following signals are shaped by the use of simple relay circuits: "Operating"
and "Down" for sintering machines; "Full Speed," "Slow Speed," and "Tap" for
blast furnaces; "Operating," "Down," and "Tapping Steel" for convertora and open
hearth furnaces. For the rolling mills the "Operating" and "Down" states are re-
corded by the time that lapsea between the passage of two ad~acent rolled lengths
through a certain section of the mill. This time is read by photorelay pulses.
These same pulses are uaed to count the nuir,ber of rolled pieces. The "Repair"
state is fed by service personnel of the appropriate units ustng special switches.
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Table.
Representation of
~ Results of Subsys-
Subsystem Principal Functions tem Functionin~
1. Sintering plant 1.1. Operational accounting and Print - one shift
monitoring of sinter pro- datasheet; indication
duction for each sinter ma- on ~ID-1,000 - two
chine and for the s~iop as a forms; indication on
whole dispatcher console
1.2. Operational accounttng and
raonitoring of sinter quality
1.3. Operational accounting of num--
ber of railroad cars unloaded
by car-tipper and vacuum
valuea in vacuum chambexs
2. Raw materisls 2.1. Operational accounting and Priat two daily
monitoring of receipt of datasheets; indication
basic raw materials and fuel on SID-1,000 - 24
at blast furnace ahops Nos 1 forms; indication on
and 2 dispatcher console
2.2. Operational accouating and
monitoring of raw material
and fuel quality
2.3. Operational accounting of ex-
penditures and balances of raw
materials and fuel
3. Cast iron 3.1. Operational accounting and Print - one shift
monitoring of production and datasheet; indication
distribution of cast iron from on SID-1,000 - 60
blast furnace shopa Nos 1 and forms; indication on
2 dispatcher console.
3.2. Analysis of Ctme of tapptng
~ and calculation of the rhpthm
coefficient for the blast fur- ~
~ nace
3.3. Operational accounting of avail- ~
ability and distribution of
ladles
4. Steel 4.1. Operational accounting and Print - three shift
monitoring of steel production datasheets; indication
by open hearth and convertor on SID-1,000 - 14
shops forms; indication on
H 4.2. Operational accounttng and mon- dispatcher console.
toring of steell qualfity
[Table continued, next page]
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[Table continuedJ
Representation of
Results of Subeys-
Subsyetem Principal Functions tem Functioning
4.3. Operational accounttng and
monitoring of performance
of orders by steel foundry
shops (bq shift, day, and
month)
4.4. Operational accounting of
quantity and quality of cast
iron in mixers
5. Blooming mills 5.1. Operational accounting of Print - three ehift
number of ingots received datasheets; indication
at blooming mills Nos 1-3 on SID-1,000 - 12 forms;
5.2. Calculation and monitoring indication on dispatcher
of inetal temperature at console
moment of arrival and fitting
5.3. Operational accounting and
monitoring of blooming mill
production with breakdown by
section and dimensians (im-
plant, hot rolled products,
commercial semifinished ar-
ticles~
6. Section rolling 6.1. Operational accounting and Print - oh~ shift data-
monitoring of p~oduction sheet; indication on
of section rolling shops SID-1,000 - 20 forms;
6.2. Operational accounting and indication on diepatcher
monitoring of performance console
of orders by section rolling
shops
7. Shipping 7.1. Operational accounting and Print - one daily data-
monitoring shipping of com- sheet and one shif t
- modity cast iron datasheet
7.2. Operational accounting and
monitoring of shipment of
commodity steel and avail- ~
ability ef inetal at ingot
warehouse
7.3 Operational accounting and
monitoring shipping of com-
modity semifinished products
- by blooming mills and avatl-
. ability of inetal tn adjunct
stages [Table continued, next page]
43
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[Table continued]
Representation of
Results of Subsys-
Subaystem Principal Functions tem FunctioaiRg
7.4. Operational accounting Print - one daily data-
and monitoring of section sheet and one shift data-
rolled products and sheet
availability of inetal
- at warehouaes of section
rolling shops
8. Monitoring the 8.1. Operational accounting of Print - eight datasheets;
atate of the unit downtime at the plant indication on SID-1,000 -
production units (as a whole and broken down six forms; indication on
by causes) dispatcher console
8.2. Recording the atatea of the
plant's production units
The manual feed consoles include the TM-301I remate control system and are de-
aigned for a set of inessages up to 120 digital cfiaracters long. Manual control
consoles are used in places where raw data originate and are conuected by a radiaZ
scheme to the monitored points of the remote control system. Manual feed consoles
are used to input data on the quantity of raw materials and fuel received and its
time of arrival, the weight and distribution of taps of cast iron and steel,
hourly and shif t production of rolled products ~ith a breakdawn by dimensions of
shaped pieces, causes of unit downtime, and the like.
At the same time the dispatcher system imposes high requirements for the timeli-
ness and reliability of the data being transmitted, in particular data fed by
~ shop production personnel using remote termtnals. Experience with oQeration of
. the ASDU has demonstrated that shop operators, wetghers, and other production ~
personnel are not always able to prepare and feed the essential data to the com-
puter on time using the manual input consoles. When emergency situationa occur
during peak loads information is fed 2-3 hours late at best. Furthermore, feed-
ing the computer data on production for a certain period, if it is not conditioned
on the technology of the data transmiesion system existing at the plant, leads,
for one, to production personnel performing additional functions, and for two,to
lack of monitoring over data being fed (witfi t~e exception of very limited possi-
bilities of program monitoring of the completeness of transmission, correctnesa
of format, and locating each parameter within given limits).
' For this reason, development of the ASDU is occurring concurrently with tntro-
_ duction, at the Krivorozhstal' Plant iment V. I. Lenin, of local information
syatems to transmit production information. They are based on SIET's [stations
to diaplay symbolic information on a television s~reen] and transmit informatton
- (and instruction) messages along production lines with simultaneous tnput of tfie
messages to the computer.
~
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~un. cna 2~ ~3~ wn ~2 tN4 ^un ~ .
~ yK ~4) MnyK
` MI(VF MNy6
HMn 6~ ~5 ) ' ~~Mn 6)
~ o NM'J 4B /
~ BAM ~
( AK M�600 KA ~ BH M 600D
`1~' yBlln y' y ` vH 1.~
J
~13 91ty ~7 , yliv
~ HY y w 3~
Mf 5~ ~y~ 6~ fYL ~1~ fyL
/1 IN 8~ !f/I ~],9~ MR (IIJi CNJi
~
~ T QTII /1PB 4iC ~1lH fll'B 23~
~
Figure 2. Structural Diagram of the Hardware Complex of the ASDU.
Key: (1) Alphanumeric Printer; (14) Commutator of Unit f~r Co~unica-
(2) Data Display Stations; tions with Remote Control System;
(3) Dispatcher Console; (15) Group Control Madule;
(4) Contact Code Control Module; (16) TM-301I Remote Control Point;
(5) Contactl~ss Code Control (17) Group Communi~ations Unit;
Module; (18) Initiative Sdgnal Input Module;
(6) Magnetic Disk Store; (19) Monitored Pciint;
. (7) Control Module Commutator; (20) Station for Indication of Symbolic
(8) Punched Tape Data Input Unit; Information on Television Screen;
(9) M-6000 Computer Complex; (21) Remote Signal Sensor;
(10) Display Module Commutator; (22) SQnsor of Telemetric (Integrated)
(11) Punched Tape Output Unit; Data;
(12) Unit for Communication with {,~3j Manual Feed Console.
Remote Control System;
(13) Keyboard Printer;
The uae of SI~T's makes. i.t possible to set up a message 112 characters long (the
capacity of one page of inemory), atore it in buffer memory, display it on tfie
screen, and transmit it to the pipeline and computer. Tfie total capactty of tihe
SIET memory ia up to 10 pages of 112 charactera apiece. The contents of each
page can be displayed c~ty the screen; the cfiaracters are 15 by 24 millimeters in
size for a picture tube of 59-61 centimeters on tlie diagonal, and tfiey can be
seen from up to 15 meters. As many as 12 television receivers at distances up to
two kilometers can be connected to the pipeline. Aata is exchanged with the com-
puter by means of a builtin interlinking device to a telephone line up to 14
' kilometers long. The speed of exchange is 600 bauds.
Use of SIET's as remote terminals made it poseible to ratse the operational
_ qulity of productton data input to the computer, significantly reduce tfie volume
of data which operations personnel must transmit exclusively for input to tfie
computer; and, improve the reliability of data being fed by sfiop productton
45
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personnel's monitoring it and repeating the input in case of errors. Further-
more, use of SIET~s made it posstble to increase the volume of information
coming to the dispatcher and plant manager because qualitative indicators (chemi-
cal analyses of raw materials, fuel, melted pig iron, slag, and stee~.) of tfie
work of the blast and steel foundry shops were recorded and displayed. In rolling
production the SIET permits a more ~3etailed (by grades of steel and dimenstons of
sections) record of performance of orders. .
- The data display equipment of the ASDU comprises tTie dtspatcfier's panel and con-
sole and five SID-1,000 data display stationa. The dispatcher panel is designed
for indicating the current state of production by ligfits and giving warning sig-
nals. ~Information on the states of tFie principal industrial processes (work,
downtime,,and repair), on output actually produced since the begtnning of the
shift or day, and deviations from asaignments are outputted to the panel; it also
indicates the beginning and end of tapping cast iron and steel. Operational
digital information is outputted ta the dispetcher panel following a request of
the dispatcher console. All information on the course of production and state of
the production units can be shown on the panel by the dark or light panel cir-
cuit following a dispatcher instruction. When tfie state of the pr~duction unit
changes the blinking signal can be "skvitirovan" [possibly "stopped"].
The software of the ASnU includes more than 120 programs for feeding and process-
ing operational information, accounting for and analyztng production, sfiaping
arrays of plans and sct?edules, and outputting data on production thraugh display and
printing units and makes it possible to modify programs efficiently. Tfiis is
epsecially important in the initial stages of functioning of t~ie system, and also
provides a possibility of regenerating stored data after malfunction $nd permits
work in real time where there is a large number of subscrtbers.
The sets of problems of the ASDU are executed under the control of an RV dtsk
operating system. During generation of the system drivers of systeffi terminals
- from standard ASVT M-6,000 aoft~are, the driver of the nonstandard unit for
interlinking the telemechanical system of the computtng complex, and tfie driver
of the SIET are used.
All user programs which demand rapid response to changed external conditions are
formulated as disk resident programs and have the "swapping" feature. Only a
few high-priority problems are executed as internal memory-resident programs.
The syste~ of dispatcher control can work in an automatic regime and a correc-
tion r~gime. In the automatic regime data coming from tfia telemecfiantcal system
from the SIET are sub~ected to logical monitoring~ after which autfiorization fs
given to switch in the user problems of accounting and ~aiy8i8 that shape the .
working and resulting data arrays. Production sc~iedules are put into the com-
~ puting complex at the beginning of the day; planning inPormation is fed at the
start of the month. The results of performance of problems can be displayed on
the SID-1,000 screen and on the dispatcher panel on request. Upon completion
of a certain period (shift or day) the corresponding disp~tcher reports are
f~ormulated and printed.
46
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The correction regime is used to restore the work capabiltt~ of the system
after malfuncttons in the computer complex; when tfie system is down data input
by puncFied tape is envisioned.
The ASDU being described is based on application of a system of file control~
This made it possible to construct the a~ove-named sets of pro5lems on tfie
modular principle and, therefore, to write and debug t~ie programs for tfiem in-
dependently of one another. The structure of the information base and program
modules of the system is done in a~zay that insures the possi'btlity of enlarg-
ing the total volume of raw data, including data in tfie system of data com-
ponents, without significant expenditures for reprogramming.
Access to the data arrays is accomplished hy means of approprtate manuals. The
intemal memory stores only the information array; the results of processing in
the form of a working array and a resulting array are copied on external media
(magnetic disks).
The working and resulting arrays give information, respectively, for the cur-
rent (for example since the start of the day7 and preceding time segments. Tfie
structures of these arrays are practically identical, whicFi makes it posstble
for the system, wifhout additional efforts for programming, to store and print
out or display data on the current and preceding period (sfiifts or days) and to
make corrections for the preceding period and to tfie running total in case in-
formation is fed late.
Because of the limited memory volume printing does not use buffering~ but
rather is done with output of data through a common region wfiere data, recoded
in symbolic form, are copied to output one line (up to 120 characters). Tfie
data are outputted; then the readiness of the alphanumeric printers for further
work is analyzed and the next line is outputted after recoding. '
The system has established monitoring of completion of ~obs ~ay a periodic check
on the presence of filled information arrays and putting tfie corresponding ~obs
in a queue (information arrays are cleared when the job ts completed).
The ASDU we have described is a system of operational accounting for production
so it is natural that when information is accumulated fram tfie start of tfie
~ month certain discrepancies between it and the figures of plant accou~ting docu-
ments will occur. To avoid this the ASDU has organized input of refined ~nfor-
mation on production and the distribution of the prtncipal types of output tiased
on data from the planning diviston and production dtvision of the plant. This
is as follows: each day before 1500 the plant management servtce prepares.re-
fined information for the plant management concerning tfie actual course of
production from the start of the month until completion of tlie preceding day.
One copy of this document is sent to the ASDU duty officer, who must put tTiis
information in the computer before 2300.
Thus, in the ASDU information on production from the start of the month alatays
includes refined figures for the end of the preceding day and operattonal data
for the current day. This makes it possible to formulate information on pro-
duction from the start of the month wtt~i a fiigh degree of autlienticity and to
simplify synchronization procedures with the process when the system is restarted.
~7
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The links between the ASDU and otfier levels of control are conditioned by the
fact that it is part of the integrated plant ASUP [automated system for pro-
duction conxrol] and exchanges information witfi tfie sufisystem for operational
calendar plannin~g at tfie highest level and with the s~iop production--organiza-
tional automat-~d contr~l systems at the lowes~t level.
In the llth Five-Year Plan the ASDU of the KrivorozTistal' Plant imeni V. I; ~
Lenin is to be connected in to the sector automated control system that is under
development. The problems of integration ma~Ce additional demands for tfie or-
ganization of ASDU software, and as a result tfie latter Fias a special set of
programs for shaping data files with suhsequent transmission to these automated
control systems.
Introduction of the system into operation fiy atages ~egan in 1977 wt.th a gradual
enlargement of the functions and refinement of software and hardware. Tfie eco- ~
nomic impact of introduction of the system is 770,000 rubles of a year owing
to a reduction in production losses and penalties. It is contemplated ttiat the
fundamental. decisiona with respect to functional structure, metfiods and means
of collecting data, proceasing, recording, and displaytng inforn?ation, software,
and monitoring and diagnosis techniques will Fie used to butld systems for oper-
ational control of primary production at other ferroue metallurgtcal plants.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye'r. "PriTiorq i sistemy upravleniya",
1982.
11,176
CSO: 1863/117
48
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1
r
_ UDC 669.184.244.66:j658.~12.Ci11.56:658.514]
AUTOMATIC DISPATCHER SYSTEM USED SUCCESSFULLY IN METALLURGR
Moscow PRIBORY I SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA in Rus~sian No 1, Jan 82 pp 4-b
[Article by doctor of technical sciences S. K. Sob olev, candidates of technical
sciences R. M.~Nikolaych~ic, V. S. Bogushevskiy and N. A. Sorokin, and engineers
- S. V. ~'irogov anfl A. A. Rogoznyy: "Dispatclier Control of a Convertor Shop"]
[Excerpts] Studies of the work of convertor shops sfiow tFiat 5-10 percent of
the calendar time is taken up by production untt downtime related to organiza-
tional factors. Witfiout operational information on the state of tfie equ~pment
and availability of charge materials, tfie production preparation foremen and
shift heads essentially do not have time to control production. Moreover, it
is impossible for an ASU TP [automated control system for industrial processes]
to function successfully without aolving dispatcfier problems.
The Yenakiyevo Metallurgical Plant has launched an ASU TP for a convertor shop.
It performs both production and dispatcher 3obs. Tfie system is based on a
two-processor M-6,000 control computer complex. It collects informatton on the
work of tTie main shop sectors and controls them. Information on the work of
particular sectors and equipment of the convertor sfiops is outputted to tfie
control panel of the foreman for production preparatton of the convertor sTiop
(see Figure 1 [not reproducedJ).
The basic information is formed automatically from 1oca1 data collection net-
works with realization o~ correspondtng algorithms on tfie M-6,000 control com-
puter complex. Information on the working order of the valves, the operation
of the mixers, and the presence of the slag hopper and steelmaking ladle under
the convertor is fed manually in the form of position signals.
The local circuit for determining the position of tfie cast iron ladles and
~ their loading uses information on the delivery of tfie empty ladle to tF?e scales,
pouring cast iron into the ladle, transporting it, and pourtng the cast tron
into the convertor. Information on the weigfit of cast iron in ttie mixers comes
from the sensor of the angle of inclination of the mixer for pouring tron into
the ladle, tfie sensor that determines the number of ladles poured into the mixer,
and the local circuit that monitors mixer ware during tfie operating process.
Information on the technological operations of the convertor travels from the
local circuit, which considers the angle of inclination of the convertor and
1~9
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~
~ EOR i~FNi^.~AL USE ONLY
~
i
i
~ receipt of signal~ on engagement of tfie blast, lowerfng tfie lance into the con-
! vertor, the introduction of loose material, and tfie duration of tfis blasting
process. Information on the time tliat pouring in tfie pouring area begins and
~ ends, tTie shop number of the melt being poure.d, and tfis tppe of ingot molds
; travels from the manual data input console installed in tfie pouring bap.
The work of Che dispatcher is controlled differently depending on tfi.e nature
of the indicating parameter and the source of origin of tfie information: from
the dry contacts of the circuits for control of industrial equipment, from the
M-6,000 control computer complex, and a mtxed form. Control from the M--6,000
complex is accomplished by means of a special interface block BTF-T whicfi is
connected directly to a 2K interlink. Control is done bq mesgages of fo+sr
binary-decimal bits apiece.
Industrial use of the dispatcher part of the system made it possible to raise
shop productivity by three percent and insure rhythmic productton. Tfie economic
impact from introduction of the system was about 200,000 rubles a year.
- COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", "Pribory i ststemy upravleniya",
1982
11,176
CSO: 1863/117
50
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- UDC: 681. 3. 03
METHOD FOR CALCULATING AMPLITUDE CHARACTERISTICS OF RANDOM PROCESSES
Kiev POSTROYENIYE AVTOt9ATIZIROVANNYIQ3 SISTEM OBRABOTICI EKSPERIN~NTAL'NYKH DANNYKH
in Russian 1981 (signed to press 3 Jul 81) pp 21-25
- [Article by V. Ya. Gal'chuk, V. I. Ivanas, O. I. Starodubova and Yu. F. Luk'yanov
from book "Synthesis of Automated Systems for Processing Experimental Data" edited
by G. S. Tesler (editor in chief), Nauchnyy sovet po probleme "Kibernetik.a", Ordena
Lenina institut kibernetika, Akademiya nauk Ukrainskoy SSR,
- 55U copies]
[Text] In research on random processes, the need arises in a number of cases for
- evaluating the process under analysis on the basis of its amplitude characteristics.
For example if we are to evaluate stresses arising in the hull of a vessel as it
moves over a wavy surface, if we are to eyaluate the sea state and so on, we would
need to analyze not the entire temporal series but only its amplitudinal values,
spread and periodicity.
This article examines one of the methods of calculating the amplitudes and half
periods of a random process.
Assume we are dealing with a random process xL (i = 0,1...N-1), a portion of which
is shown in Figure 1. Ampl~.tu3es A1, A2..., Ak must be isolated and their distri-
bution law must be plotted.
The problem is solved in two stages. In the first stage we isolate all extremums
al, a2, a~,...from the total quantity of ordinates (Figure 2). 'The criterion
we employ in this case is the change in sign of successively calculated differences
between two neighboring ordinates--that is, (x2-xi_1), (x2~.1-x2) etc. If such a
change in sign occurred, then the value of the lower ordinate is taken as the sought
extremum and entered into the set of extremums (a~). Concurrently we enter into
_ � the memory the current time (t~) corresponding to this extremum. (At xL-xi_.1 = 0 a
transition occurs to the next difference.)
The next stage in the calculations entails sorting the obtained set a~j with the
purpose of sampling out the global extremum to which correspond A1, A2, Ak
(Figure 3). Global extremum values are those which are ma.ximum in relation to the
modulus within the interval of transition to the zero axis--that is, in the inter-
vals of positive and negative domains.
- 51
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In this approach, however, global extremums may also include a6, a~, a22, cz23 and so
on, which must be excluded from further examination. To avoid the addition of
such extremums to the set of global extremums, an additional limitation must be
imposed on the selected amplitudes in the form of a stop band for amplituiies (t~A)--
that is, amplitudes falling within the interval [+DA,-pA] are excluded from the
subsequent calculations.
. `X; .
I A~ AI
~ .
` :;~s'�
l ~"~y'� � . �
- Figure 1
G~ p~~
~ ~
a a, \ an ~ q=! .
~ - ~ . G~----..-;
o: aK ~ ~
Figure 2
~Nn -
~
ti~ ~ A~
. ~
R
~
- ~ . A,'� \A.:
Figure 3
As a result of such calculations we can obtain a set of global amplitudes (Aj~) and
the set of half periods corresponding to this set (Tk). Then we plot the amplitude
and half period distribution laws.
Selecting the theoretical distribution law on the basis of congruence criteria
T2 or w2, we check the correspondence of the experimental distribution law to the
52
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P(~~ ~
as
o.Q
o.~
~ / A
Figure 4
~ selected theoretical law. We proceed similarly with the set of half periods Tk
as well. It should be noted that in certain cases it would be suitable to first
smooth the set of ordinates in order to exclude certain frequencies distorting the
values of the amplitudes of interest to the researcher. The sliding average method
can be recommended as one of the smoothing methods (1).
Let us examine an example. Assume w~re must evaluate the stress on the hull of a
vessel. Let the time of action of the stresses be T= 12 minutes (the portion shown
in Figure 1). The first stage of the solution gives us set a~ (see Figure 2), and
the second stage gives us set A~ (see Figure 3). ~A is sel.ected by the experi-
menter. In this case 0,4= 0.5 A~X. The distribution law for the global amplitude
is shown in Figure 4. We proceed similarly with the set of half periods Tk.
~ BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Dzhenkins, G. M., and Vatts, D. T., "Spektral'nyy analiz i yego prilozheniye"
[Spectral Analysis and Its Application], translated from English, Vol 1,
Moscow, Mir, 1971, 360 pp.
~ COPYRIGHT: Institut kibernetiki, 1981. ,
11004
CSO: 1863/137
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UDC 550.83:53.083.8:681.3
STANDARDIZING EQUIPMENT USED IN GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION ~
Moscow PRIBORY I SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA in Russian No 1, Jan 82 pp 14-17
[Article by candidate of technical sciences L. I. Orlov, chief of the Special
Design Bureau of Geophysical Iastrument Making: "Problems of Building
Standardized Information-Measurement Sqstems in Geophysical Instrument Making"]
[TextJ The current level of technology used tn carrying on exploration for
petroleum, gas, and other mineral products is determined ~iy tfie level of de-
velopment and production of geophysical equipment. Tfie economic and technical
indicators of the use of the equipment, which are the basis of the efonomic in-
dicators of~geophysical studies, depend above all on tfie qualitative param-
eters (informational value, precision, and the like) and quantitative features
- (speed of the experiment, rate of data proceseing, and the like). It is clear
that both kinds of characteristics can be improved by refining proven geo-
physica~ ressarch techniques and by applying new methods of exploration. The
development of geophysical techniques depends on refining the latest scientific
and technical advances to improve tfiese techniques. This makes clear how im-
portant it is for geophysical work to develop and quickly introduce highly
productive modern eqtiipment [1].
The trends in development of geophysical systems permit~us to single out the
main features that nece~sitate the application of efficient means of process-
ing measurement data and automating control and monitoring of the measurement
process. Among these features are the increase in number of channels, di-
veraity of the sensors that measure the parameters of various physical fields,
the impact of external factors, the complexity of the functions of controlling
the measurement process and outputting data, and tTie requirements for diagnostic
procedures. In geophysical systems these problems are traditionally solved
chiefly by means of analog computers, or in some cases special digital com-
puters (the LTsK-10 well-logging unit, the Progress seismic unit, and others).
Various types of software (logic blocks, program blocks, and the like) based
on rigid logic are applied to solve the problems of controlling the measure-
ment process.
This method of construction necessitates individualization of the algorithm
of the control process, prevents expansion of tfie system and enlarging its
funct3onal capabilities, makes development more complex and expensive, and
complicates the process of updating equipment and introducing new developments
into production. The great diversity of sensors wtth different output
54
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chara~:teristics and the variety of geopfiysical technic~ues make it necessary to
have ~any individual elements, for eacfi case, in measurement and convertor units.
This results in greater complexity of geopfiysical information and measurement
systems, ov~rly narrow specialization, and orientation to solving concrete
- problems. As a result, a large numlier of narrowly specialized syetems fiave
appeared in recent years.
The situation that has come about poses the cfiallenge of standardizing geo-
physical equipment for different research techniques. Tliis would reduce the
time required for development and incorporation into production and produce a
- ma~or econo~ic impact in the national economy. Tfie development of staadardized
equipment would act as the "jumping off place" for increasing tfie pace of tech-
nical re-equipping of geophysical work.
The purpose of the present article is to formulate the fundamental principles
of building a standardized geophysical measurement--computing complex. Tfie de-
velo~ment of a new basic element in recent years, microprocessor computer equip-
ment, is useful in solving this problem.
The principal techniques of geophysical exploration today are seismic explora-
- tion, electrical exploration, and geophy~ical well studies. TTie latter in-
clude also techniques of s*udying the geological cross-section during the drill-
ing process (gas logging and monitoring the industrial parameters of drilling)
because in many cae~s analysis of drilling parameters gives a reliaFile descrip-
tion of the geological structure through wfii:ch tfie well passes.
Technical equipment for contemporary seismic exploration includes sources that
generate P-waves (longitudinal) and S-waves (transverse) and a seismic recording
system. Figure 1 shows the typical str~icture of the recording system. It re-
flects the fundamental principles of construction of all seismic stations pro-
duced in the USSR, including newly developed ones produced by the Moscow
Geofizpribor [Geophysical Instrumentj ProductYon Association (the Progress Sta-
tion). Trends in the development of seismic recording systems are analyzed in
detail in work [2).
Equipment for electrical exploration work includes generators of electromagnetic
fields (direct or alternating) and various types of apparatus to receive and
record emissions after they interact witF~ the geological formation. Plants of
the Ministry of Instrument Making, Automation Equipment, and Control Syetems and
the USSR Ministry of Geology are producing about 20 types of recording equipment
for electrical exploration methods. Most electrical exploration systems are
analog types with few channels. The TeES-2 sfiown tn the block diagram in
Figure 2 is a typical representative of a digital electrical exploration unit.
Enterprises of the Ministry of Instrument Making, Automation Equipment, and
Control Systems are planning the productton of multicfiannel digital electrical
exploration stations (TeES-3). Many institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences,
the USSR Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education, and the USSR
Ministry o� Geology are working on building multichannel digttal recording sys-
tems for electrical exploration.
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At y~ 12)
Yl (6AP 4A 7, CO 'c 6H
~1 2) a2 )
fIMA
Y2 KK A!!/1 ~P 6H HMI) Y2 A~ifl 6Y,
~3 (5) 9) t i i
QM ~ nn
A 'J� y" ~ 6~
Figure 1. Typical Structure of a Figure 2. Block Magram of TsES-2 Digi-
Seismic Recording System tal Seismic [sic] Exploration Apparatus
Key: (1) Sensor [Nos 1, 2, ...N];
(2) Amplifier jNos 1, 2, ...N];
(3) Channel Switching Unit;
(4) Analog-Digital Convertor;
(5) Format Convertor;
(6~ Analog Register;
(7) Digital-Analog Convertor;
(8) Storage Block;
(9) Magnetic Tape Storage; .
(10) Compensator(s);
(11) Control Slock;
(12) Compensation Slock.
Field geophysical equipment consiats of various types of well instruments
which house sensors to measure physical fields in tFie wells and logging and gas-
logging stations that control the collection and processing of data. Figure 3
below shows a consolidated block diagram of the LTsK-10 digital logging labor-
atory.
AB aun nMn
o- ~ 4 ( )
GKy
ld- n ~3)
A
Figure 3. Block Diagram o~ the LTsK--10 Digttal Loggin g
Laboratory.
Key: (1) Sensors; (5) Analog Register;
(2) Panels; (6) Ana~og-Digital Convertor;
i3) Switching and Control Hlock; (7~ Magnetic Tape Store.
(4) Analog Computer;
Enterprises of the I4inistry of Instrument Making, Automation Equipment, and
Control Systems, the Ministry of Petroleum Industry, and the Ministry of
Geology are producing more than 10 types of logging and gas-logging stationa
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designed for geopfiysical studies under different conditions. Most of them
are analog systems. The stations to monitor industrial parameters during the
drilling process based on characteristics are in large part similar to the
logging and gas-logging stations mentioned above.
Despite the dtverstty of equipment in use, witfi respect to functional structure
all these stations are similar to one another, and some differences do not
_ cause fundamental changes in their structure. Tfiis gtves reason to consider
geophysical stations on the level of execution of functions as geophysical
information-measurement systems. The heart of any information-measurement
system, including the geophysical one, is the measurement-computing complex
(MCC). Its structure does not depend on application, operating conditions,
or geological technique employed by the particular geopfiysical information-
measurement system.
The functions of any measurement system can be realized By various metfiods
= which make up the set of structures. For this reason tfie central issues of
development of geophysical information-measurement systems are selecting and
substantiating the structure af the system, defining the function of commu-
nication with the ob,ject, and analyzing and realizing algorithms for moni-
toring and controlling the ob~ect and algorithms for exchange of information
with the operator.
It must be observed that in recent years MCC's have developed along the paths
of ever-increasing volume of data processing, more thorough diagnosis of the
state of the system, and a more complete volume of information represented for
interpretation, in a form that is more convenient for consideration. At the
present time the trends in development of the structures of geophysical MCC's
have hardly been formulated. But the necessity of working out a uniform con-.
ception for the development of MCC's demands that they be defined.
Analysis of the structure of contemporary MCC's used tn various fields of
science and technology shows that they are practically all constructed on the
pipeline principle of data exchange among units included in the complex [3].
Data on signals that are measured and outputted, information on switches, and
control and auxiliary signals that define the processes of information ex-
change are transmitted along the pipelines.
Other equally important characteristics of contemporary MCC's are modular
construction and microprogram control of the process of data collection and
processing, and of the system and dtagnosis. For this structure they ar.e obli-
- gated to the developments of microprocessor technology and microcomputers,
which make it possible to develop specialized units t~iat realize very diverse
control and computing functions, in other words to set up an aggregate system
on the principle of pipeline-modular construction with microprogram control.
It is equally important that the use of microcomputers and mtcroprocessors
opens broad opportunities for realizing a number of functions: statistical
processing, error correction, monitoring work capability, diagnosis, forecasting
malfunctions, and others. The realization of tfiese additional functions, which
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improve metrological characteristtcs and raise technical-economic indicators,
insures a qualttatively higher level of geophysical MCC~s.
The technical-economic effictency of using microprocessors and microcomputers
results, in addition to the obvious factors, from the possibility of botfi en-
larging the microcomputer or microprocessor system ttself and adding additional
peripheral equipment without altering the entire system. Destgning for a con-
crete problem becomes reprogramming without modification or simply a matter
of adding certain assemblies or sensors.
The use of microproceasor computer equipment creates conditions for con--
structing geophysical measurement-information systems on new arcfiitectural
principles. There are broad opportunities for the development of systems with
parallel processing (single-level multiprocessor systems) and multiprocessor
systems with multilevel architecture. In such geopfiysical measurement-
information systems the microprocessor (microcomputer) at the lowest level
linearizes the output qualities of the ~ensors, corrects errors, and controls
the channels for communicat~.on with the microprocessor (or microcomputer) of
the higher level. At the highest levels data is processed according to as-
signed algorithms and the work of processing is controlled.
Thus, the pip eline-modular principle of constructing MCC's using micro-
processor or computer equipment is the basis on which it is possible to
standardize geophysical equipment and improve metrological support and the
quality of processing of geophysical data. All this will make it possible to
solve the problem of sharply expanding the volume of productton of geophysical
equipment in the llth and 12th five year plans.
For MCC's based on pipeline-modular structure there must be, in the stage of
concrete technical realization: analysts of the logical algorithms of proceas-
ing data for control, monitoring, and diagnosis; analysis and selection of
hardware and means of realizing these algorithms while concurrently optimizing
them, and development of hardware for machine realization of algorithms or
programs for software realization.
The special characteristics of using a geophysical MCC make additional require-
ments for such technical specifications as dimensions, weight, power consum~-
tion, and resistance to mechanical and climatic effects. This demands, in
turn, that in the development of geophysical MCC~s concepts be found which
differ fundamentally from those for other MCC~s. The technology of geophysical
work that exists at the present time and, for all appearances, will continue
in the near future, ordinarily defines the collection and initial processing
of information by simplified parameters. This outlines the range of problems
for which geophysical MCC's will be built: collection of information fratn
numerous sensors, preliminary data processing, control of the process of re~
cording information on long-term media, and system monitoring and diagnosis.
The results of analysis of geophysical measurement systems given above made it
possible to identify a number of common features tliat satisfy different condi-
tions of the application of MCC's in seismic recording, electrical exploration,
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and field geophysical aystems. gearing in mind that microprocessor equipment
is the foundation for newly developed MCC~s, we must formulate tfie following
specifications, which are most typical for the geophysical MCC being de-
veloped:
a. 3-24 measurement channels (except for seismic systems
with very large numbers of channels);
b. query time for one channel of 9-10 microseconds (with
sequential querying and no more tlian five parameters
measured in one channel);
c. minimum level of the input channel of 0.2-5 microvolts,
dynamic range of 80-50 decibels, and frequency range of
0.01 hertz-10 kilohertz;
d. coefficient of phase, amplitude and �requency distortion,
which determines the precision characteristics of t~ie
system, of 0.01-1 percent;
e. the procedures and algorithms for system diagnosis and
monitoring should insure identification of malfunctions
to the level of a single card;
f. the work regime in an emergency sttuation should preserve
work capability in the case of malfunctioning of up to
50 percent of the measured channels with a signal on the
existence of the malfunction;
g. the procedures for representing measured information
visually should use a paper medium (for documents)
and a video monitor (to monitor the state of the
system and the quality of recording); .
h. the long-term medium for subsequent data processing is
a magnetic medium with a capacity of 1-2 megabytes;
i. the volume of internal memory is 64 Kbytes, tF?e volume
of read-only memory is 16 Kbytes, and the type of read-
only memory is an electrically reprogrammable device
or a magnetic medium;
j, the depth of data processing is determined by the capa--
bilities of the computer selected and the communications
channel, with a data format of 16 bit positions and a
speed of 300,000 simple operations a second;
k. the possibility of expanding the system in different
variations of use; this parameter is guaranteed by
the principle of modular construction itself.
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A key decision tfiat determines the level af standardization in building a
geophysical MCC is s~election of the microcomputer. Tliis is done on tFie basis
of analyzing the generalized processing function, and tfie functions of control,
monitoring, and diagnosis reviewed above. The system of communication be-
tween the machine and peripfieral equipment or many machines tn multiproceasor
- systems depends on the microcomputer that is used.
The microcomputerg being produced at the present time Tiave a limited assort-
ment of units for communication with the object, but tfiere is a capability of
connecting various peripheral units to the pipeline of the machine. Because
the assortment of such devices in geophysical MCC~s is small and operating con-
- ditions for them do not permit the use of series-produced instruments with
output to machine-independent pipelines (MEK, CAMAC), it would be advisable
to use the pipeline of the machine itself. Sut it is designed to connect up
a definite number of peripheral units and increasing this number disturbs the
~ established optimality and leads to un~ustified expenditures of hardware and
software. In such cases, nonetheless, it is better to add one of the standard
machine-independent pipelines to the system. The most reasonable one to use
for geophysical MCC's is the MEK pipeline.
The level of standardization in development of MCC's will depend on the level
of centralization of processing functions; a high level of centralization
makes higher demands for the computing power of the central microcomputer.
This means that it is lfkely there will be some cases where realization of
certain processing functions must he accomplished at the lower level of the
~ structure (variation of realization of a multilevel structure).
The latter became possible with the appearance of built-in microprocessor
equipment. Of the microcomputers now in production, the Elektronika 60, the
Elektronika NTs-03D, and SM 1800 meet these requirements most fully. Series
production of the Elektronika NTs-SOP1, a single-card microcomputer now under
_ development, is to begin this year. It has greater speed, smaller dimensions,
and is compatible with the SM-3 and SM-4 machines. In terms of technical
specifications this microcomputer most fully meets tfie requirements made for
the machine in the geophysical MCC: speed of 300,000 operations a second,
16 bit positions, power consumption of 10 watts, and weight of 0.2 kilograms.
We must observe again that the path to standardization of geophysical equip-
ment is blocked by numerous problems linked to the traditionally established
departmental approach to development. This does not mean, however, that the
particular organizaticnal-technical difficulties cannot be overcome. Without
going into questions of organization here, we can give examples of technical
solutions to problems of this sort: development of the CAMAC pipeline--modular
system (State All-Union Standard 26.201.80), the "Common Line" interface (the
DEC Company of the United States), the standard for tfie digital interface for
IEEE-488-78 programmable measuring instruments, and others.
Formulation of software is becoming an important question in the development of
geophysical MCC's based on microcomputers and microprocessors. The software
is given three basic jobs: processtng ~ncoming information, controlling tfie
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measurement process, and system monitoring and diagnosis. These johs involve
realization of the functions of data input-output, conve~rsion of data, various
types of corrections, producing control signals witfi a definite sequence, and
executing monitoring and diagnostic procedures.
Field geophysical studies contemplate cfiiefly collection and preliminary
processing of data; this means that the peripheral eqt~tpment of the MCC usually
does not have to have control feedback. In this case processor time wtll be
fully controlled by the operating system, and instructions will be carried out
one after another in sequence. The operati,ng system is degenerated into a
package of drivers for communications and information exchange by tfie tnput-
output devices. For this reason it is advisable to use tbe operating system of
the machine selected. In real-time systems (logging stattons, stations to
monitor geological-industrial parameters, and the like) it will be necessary
to formulate more complex control programs.
The language in which the user programs his jo~is in a geophysical system can be
constructed by three variations: development of one's own language, selection
of a standard language, or development of a supplement to a standard language.
The first variation offers the possibility of taking account of all special
features of the jobs being performed, but tfie process of developing a litirary
of standard and applied programs is labor-intensive and complex. In.the
second place program processing is much simpler, even though the language may
prove insufficiently effective to solve the specific geophysical problem.
In some cases it is advisable to add missing characteristics necessary for the
work of geophysical systems to the programm~ing language selected.
If we have application in mind, the main thing in dev~lopment of software for
a standardized geophysical MCC is simplicity of fitting it to specific geo-
physical systems, the possibility of modification. This is provtded by the
modular principle of construction of the MCC. The software shauld be oriented
to formulating control (initial load, planning the operation, control of inea-
surements, input-output, and diagnosis) and special-purpose programs which
include preliminary processing, computations, correction of drift, analysis
of diagnos~ic results, and the like.
The special-purpose programs must be developed individually for different
cases of the application of a geophysical MCC; the control programs are gener-
ally similar.
The error of ineasurement of parameters in a geophysical measurement--information
system is determined by the precision characteristics of tfie sensors them-
selves, the behavior of Che system in a dynamic regime, and tfie influence
of external factors. The parameters of the sensors can be considered given,
which is reflected on the magnitude of error of data process~ng defined in the
stage of formulating technical specifications for designing tfie MCC. This
makes it clear how important it is to select tfie best processing algorithms in
the MCC in order to realize the precision characteristics of tfie system.
For metrological support of the geophysical MCC, after manufacture and periodi-
cally during the process of operation the error of ineasurement of the most
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important garameters must be monitored. When geophpsical MCC*s are used
under field conditt.ons far from bases built--in metrological snpport systems
must be provided.
- In connection witfi tfie rise in qualitp requirements for geophysical measure-
ments and the growing complexity of the equipment, tfie technical level and
precision requirements for monitoring instruments are rising. The great
diversity of geophysical equipment and the heightened requirement for monitor-
ing instruments often make it impossf~ile to insure the necessary precisiori
characteristics fully and on time. Standardization of MCC's will permit
standardization of monitoring instruments and techniques, wfiicfi wtll greatly
reduce the time required to manufacture and introduce new geophysical systems.
The formuZation of a standardized MCC based on microprocessor computer equip-
ment will offer an opportunity to diagnose the system on a fundamentally new
level, realize program procedures for diagnosis, and attain a higher level of
diagnosis and forecasting malfunctions both for tfie MCC and for the geopfiysical
system as a whole. The diagnostic "capabilities" of the system are specially
important in geophysical MCC's which are used to monitor geological-industrial
parameters during the drilling process. Forecasts of various types of compli-
cations and emergency situations will he decided right in the drilling process,
for example anomalous layer pressures, or wear on casing coluums and twisted
lengths of pipe. _
The introduction of a standardized microprocessor system wi'l1 be a decisive
contribution to meeting the challengea of accelerated introduction of con- ~
temporary scientific-technical advances in geopfiysical instrument making.
The principal factors here that sharply raise all technical-economic indicators
are improvement in metrological characteristics, reducfng the use of elec-
tricity, raising reliability, decreasing dimensions, and reducing time required
for development and incorporation in production. Preliminary calculations show
that with introduction of standardized geophysical measurement-information
systems power consumption is decreased 250-300 percent, labor-intensity is
decreased 200 percent, and development time is cut 2-2.5 times.
The development of a standardized geophysical MCC will be a strong basis for
implementing new geophysical techniques and will fielp meet the challenges of
the llth and 12th five-year plans for the development of geophysical instrument
making.
POOTNOTES
1. V. Yu. Zaychenko, "Prohlems of Raising the Efficiency of Geophysical
' Studies in Prospecting for and Exploring Promising Petroleum-Gas Struc-~
tures in the llth Five Year Plan," GEOLOGIYA NEFTI GAZA, 1981 No 6.
2. "Sovremennoye Sostoyaniye i Tendentsti Razvitiya Seysomorazvedochnoy
Tekhniki" [State of the Art and Trends in the Development of Seismic Ex-
ploration Equipment], Vyp 2, Moscow, "TsNIITEIprioborostroyeniqa", 1981.
62
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3. N. I. Gorelikov, A. N. Domaratskiy, S. N. Domaratskiy, et al., "Interfeya
dlya Programmiruyemykh Pritaorov v Sistemakh Avtomatizatsii Eksperimentarr
[Interface for Programma~le Tnstruments in Automation of Experiment
Systems], Moscow, "Nauka", 1981.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Masfiinostroyeniye", "Pribory i sistemy upravlenfya",
1982
11,176
CSO: 1863/117
63
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OPTICAL PROCESSING .
UDC 621.382
CONTROLLABLE TRANSPAl2ENCIES AND REVERSIBLE RECOKDING OF OPTICAL SIGNALS
Moscaw UPRAVLYAYEMYYE TRANSPARANTY I REVERSIVNAYA ZAPIS' OPTICHESKIKH SIGNALOV
(TRUDY ORDENA LENINA FIZICHESKOGO INSTITUTA IM. P. N. LEBEDEVA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR,
TOM 126) in Russian Vol 126, 1981 (signed to press 1 Jul 81) pp 2, 157
[Annotation and table of contents from book "Controllable Z~ansparencies and Rever-
sible Recording of Optical Signals", Works of the Order of Lenin Physics Institute
imeni P. N. Lebedev, USSR Academy of Sciences, editor-in-chief Yu. M. Popov, doctor
of physical and mathematical sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1400 copies, 161 pages]
_ [Text] This collection includes works on current problems of optical information
processing performed in the laboratory of Optoelectronics, FIAN [Physics Institute
imeni P. N. Lebedev, USSR A~cademy of Sciences]. Presented are results of research
on spatial modulation of light in liquid crystal structures and in electrooptical
TsTSL [zirconate-titanate of lead modif ied by lanthanum] ceramics, as well as on
optoelectronic circuits for inf ormation processing using controllable transparencies.
The current state of research on materials for reversible recording of optical sig-
nals has been analyzed and the outlook for using multilayer structures of semicon~-
ductors-dielectrics for these purposes is ahown. Various circuit solutions are
diacussed for optical atorage units based on the researched materials.
This collection is intended for a broad range of specialists f.n the field of solid
state physics, optoelectronics and computer engineering.
Contents PaBe
A. A. Vasil'yev. Controllable Liquid Crystal T~ansparencies for Optical
~Signal Converters and Coders 4
I. N. Kompanets,P. N. Semochkin, A. G.. Sobolev. Electrically Controllable
Light Modulation in TsTSL [Zirconate-Titanate of Lead
Modified by Lanthanum]-Ceramics ~ 76
- A. F. Plotnikov, V. N. Seleznev. Research on Development of Optically
Controllable Storage Elements Based on Multilayer
Semiconc~uctor-.Insulator Structures 120
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stv~ "Nauka", 1981
8545
CSO: 1863/37
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UDC 621.396:535.8
CONTROLLABLE LIQUID CRYSTAL TRANSPARENCIES FOR OPTICAL SIGNAL CONVERTERS AND CODERS
Moscow TRUDY ORDENA LENINA FIZICHESKOGO INSITTTUTA IM. P. N. LEBEDEVA AKADEMII
NAUK SSSR in Russian Vol 126, 1981 (signed to press 1 Jul 81) pp 3-75
[Part ' by A. A. Vasil'yev*]
[Excerpts] Introduction
The main requirements imposed on cybernetic systems currently being developed are
high rates of information processing, large amount of storage, extremely high
reliability, minimum consumption of energy and, in addition, small dimensions and
low equipment cost. One way of improving these parameters is to use optical
methods and devices r,hat permit processing information in the form of large twu-
dimensional a.rrays lpictures). In doing so, more extensive functional capabilities
are provided by using as the information medium coherent light that, compared to
- noncoherent light, has higher information capacity in a natural way permits
processing of information in the form of complex functions and fields.
The need for coherent optical information processing devices (KOU) long ago became
ripe in such fields as analysis (conversion, recognition) of images, for example,
- in aerial photography, data transmi3sion, medical and biological information pro-
cessing, photogrammetry, etc.; performing information retrieval operations in
catalogs, directories, archives and others; multichannel processing of radio and
acoustic signals, especia;.ly in systems for radio detection and ranging, navigation,
exploration of natural resources, seismic prospecting and others [1].
Modern computers are ill-suited for solvin$ these problems, since they are primarily
machines for calculations and control. But KOU's, conversely, are suited primarily
for processing information in arrays of 103-10~ bits each.
The major problems in the field of coherent optical methods and devices for informa-
tion pr.ocessing are real-time input of information into the KOU and on-line recon-
figuration of optical circuits needed in executing complex data processing algo-
_ rithms. Both these problems can be solved by using electrically and optically
*
From tlle dissertation by A. A. Vasil'yev, "Controllable Transparencies Based on
= Liquid Crystals and Their Use in Optical Signal Conversion and Coding Circuits,"
dissertation candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, Moscow, FIAN,
1980.
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addressable spatial-time light modulators--controllable transparencies (UT) [2, 3]
that are used to generate and convert optical signals and in a KOU can perform the
functions of devices for input and display of information [3, 4], amplifiers of
brightness and converters of images[3, 4], reconfigurable apatial filters [5-8],
- coding elements [7, 8] and others.
- As a result of research performed in many laboratories, certain pxogress has been
observed in recent years in the development of controllable transparencies, since
a number of the most promising materials has been determined for spatial-time light
modulation [3, 4]. Of primary importance among them are nematic liquid crystals
(ZhK). They are distinguished by the exceptional diversity of electrooptical
effects that permit developing both amplitude and phase controllable transparencie~s
based on them [2, 9]. The m~jor advantages of liquid crystals are high trans-
mittance and sensitivity to control voltages and power, and also the adaptability
- t~ manufacture of the instruments based on them.
When this work was begun (1972), the basic properties and electrooptical effects in
_ liquid crystals had been studied [9). However, there remained to be investigated
the link between many major characteristics of spatial light modulation in electri-
cally and optically controllable liquid crystal structures and the parameters of
liq~id crystals, as well as of other materials of these structures. Also of great
interest was the analysis of maximally achievable parameters of liqtiiid crystal
- structures and the controllable transparencies based on them. Finally, it was
necessary to examine the posaibilities of new methods and circuits for conversion
and coding of optical signals that are opened when spatial modulators are used in
them, and in particular, controllable transparencies based on liquid crystal
structures.
,
Chapter l. Spatial Modulation of Light in Liquid Crystal~Structures and Its Use
~ for Conversion and Coding of Optical Signals
The above analysis of physical methods o~ :~natial light modulation in liquid
crystal structures and the achievement in the.area of creating EUT and OUT
[electrically and optically controllable transparenci~s] based on liquid crystals
indicate that they basically meet the requirements imposed on controllable trans-
parencies intended for coding and converting optical signals (images). Their
development and application has permitted demonstrating the great promise of opto-
_ electronic circuits and methods of optical information processing. One can note
that with that of greatest interest are the phase controilable transparencies that
permit realization of numerous algorithms for optical processing with minimal
losses of light power (15]. From the viewpoint of the direction of further re-
search, now coming into the foreground are the problems of optimizing the para-
meters of the liquid crystal controllable transparencies and control of these
parameters, as well as the technological implementation of the devices that have
been developed.
Let us note that the work perfbrmed at the FIAN [Physics Institute imeni P. N.
Lebedev, USSR Academy of Sciences] has made a definite contribution to the study of
the electrooptics of liquid crystals and to solving the problem of establishing
the research and clarifying the functional capabilities of liquid crystal control-
lable transparencies [2, 5-8, 14, 15, 17, 18, 34, 44, 52-55].
66
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Chapter 2. Research on Phase Spatfal I~ight Modulation in Electrically
Controllable Liquid Crystal Structures
Results obtained can be formulated as follows:
1. A technique has been develope~ to create experimental samples of phase EUT
[electrically controllable transparencies] based on the orientation S-effect in
NZhK [nematic liquid crystals].
2. Based on analysis of the properties of the orientation S-effect in nematic
- liquid crystals, the simplest principle has been suggested and realized for
parallel switching by voltages of two different frequencies of all elements in a
matrix addressable phase EUT [electrically controllable transparency~, which
realizes binary sign-variable factorable functions (two-dimensional Walsh func-
tions, Gilbert maoks, pseudorandom signals and othera). The advantage of the
principle is the capability of separate adjustment of the initial transmission of
the controllable transparency elements and additional phase delay in the elements
switched on. This has permitted reducing approximately to five percent the
standard deviation of reproduction of the required function of tranamission of
the controllable transparency.
3. Behavior of nematic liquid crystals in nonhomogeneous electrical fields during
quasigraduated variation of the potential at the boundary of the liquid crystal
layer has been studied for the first time theoretically and experimentally.
The lack of a threshold of the elctrooptical response was discovered experimentally
in planarly oriented liquid crystal layers with positive dielectric anisotropy
when components of an electrical field are present along the initial direction of
orientation of the molecules.
4. An anisotropic nature was established for the spatial transient characteristics
of the electrooptical response of the planarly oriented liquid crystal layers,
which permits drawing a conclusion on the anisotropy of the resolution of liquid
crystal instruments based on the S-effect. The dependency of the width of the.
transient region (maximum spatial resolution) on liquid crystal parameters was
studied. The common character inherent to all field effects in nematic liquid
~crystals permits hoping the suggested theoretical.model and experimental technique
will be usef ul in defining the resolution of liquid crystal instruments with
various methods of addressing which make use of field effects.
Chapter 3. Research on Functional Capabilities of Experimental Models of Matrix
Electrically Controllable Transparencies
The above results permit drawing the following conclusions:
1. An optoelectronic circuit with a phase matrix controllable transparency that
performs the Walsh transform of two-dimensional optical signals was proposed,
implemented and researched. Factors for expansion of the simp).est images in the
Walsh-Fourier seriea were determined eKperimentally.
2. Experimental models of phase matrix electrically controllable transparencies
were used for the first time in a circuit for the Hilbert transform of two-
dimensional optical circuits. Phase object Hilbert transforms� were obtained in
which phase nonuniformities and boundaries of regions of constant phase were
visualized.
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3. The calculationa made and experimental results obtained demonstrate the
effectiveness of using phase controllat~le tranbparencies in circuits that realize
Walsh and Hilbert transforms. The basic advantage of these transparenciea ia
their capability of reproducing any phase relationships in transforms being made
and the capability of expeditious r~earrangement of circuits.
Chapter 4. Research on Spatial Light Modulation fn Photoconductor-Liquid Crystal
Structures
Here are the main results presented in this chapter:
1. For the firat time, calculations were made of the photoelectrical parameters
of various t}~pes of structures based on liquid crystals and photoconductors to
optimize their electrooptical characteristics. Conditions were determined under
which maximum sensitivity of structures with modulation of transmitted and re-
flected light is achieved, and in particular, attention was paid to the impor~ance
of matching the impedances of the layers of liquid crystal and photoconductc~r
with regard to featuses of modulation characteristics of liquid crystals.
2. A record value was achieved for aensitivity of a liquid-crystal-photoconductor
structure, on the order of 0.1 microJoule/cm2, which corresponda to the maximum
depth of modulation of transmitted light. For structures with modulation of
reflected light, sensitivity was obtained according to similar criterion which
exceeds the value of 10 5 J/cm2. Threshold sensitivity of structures in both
cases was about 5� 10-8 J/cm2.
3. Holagraphic and projection techniques were suggested for measuring resolution
of FP-ZhK [photoconductor - liquid cryst~l] atructures that allow obtaining com-
plete spatial-frequency characteristics of amplitude and phase modulations of
light in photoconductor-liquid-crystal structures. There was a g~od match of
results obtained by both techniques. In atructures based on the hybrid effect,
resolution reaches the value of 46 linea/mm over a half-drop of the frequency-
contrast response. In structures with the S-effect, resolution according to the
same criterion reaches the value of 115-120 lines/mm.
= 4. The anisotropic nature of reaolution of devices based on orientation effects
_ in liquid crys~als, mentioned in chapter 2, and the reaolution dependency on the
parameters of the liquid crystal materials were confirmed. In structures with a
~ small value of dielectric anisotropy of liquid crystal, resolution of over 200
- lines/mm was obtained over a half-drop in the frequency-contrast response.
5. Measured for the first time were ~he spatial transient characteristics of
photosensitive liquid-crystal structures, which were used to calculate the spatial-
- frequency responses of a structure with the S-effect. It was shown that the
scattering function (pulae response) of the atructure has a symmetrical shape;
r.onsequently, there are nc:~ spatial phase-frequency distortions in the images
- t:~ansformed by the structure.
Chapter 5. Optically Controllable ZYansparencies Based on Photoconductor-Liquid-
Crystal Structures in Optical Signal Conversion and Proceasing Circuita
Despit:e the broad functional capabilities of optically controllable transparenciea
[OCT] noted in the review, until now photoconductor-liquid-cryatal [PC-LC]
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structures have been used in optoelectronic circuits mainly juat to amplify bright-
ness and transform imagea by type of radiation (for example, from noncoherent to
coherent) [3, 4, 11]. The moat significant achievements in this case are the
input of images of moving three-dimensional objects into the circuit of a holo-
graphic correlator, and an optical device for aubtraction of images by using
two PC-LC type OCT's [11].
Given in this chapter are the results of experimental reaearch on the functional
capabilities of PC-LC type OCT models in circuits for optical processing of signals
and images. The main focus is on using theae structures as reconfigurable epatial
filters, including the holographic type. The problem of analyais of the capabili-
ties of these circuits has also been raised with regard to parametera of the
PC-LC structures atudied in this work.
5.1. Conversion and Amplification of Brightness of Images
To evaluate the capabilities of performing varioua conversiona of optical signals
by using the researched models of PC-LC structures, an experimental model of an
optical converaion module was used. A diagram of this module is shown in fig. 39.
f .
~ ~ /
I
~ ~ B Z ~
S /4 , ~ 6 7 �
I
~a)
9
~ l! ;
Fig. 39. Diagram (a) and external view (b) of optical module for conversion and
amplification of images with the photoconductor - liquid-crystal atructure
Key:
1. optfcally controllable transparency 8. noncoherent light source
2- 6, lenses 9. microlens
4. Glan-Thompsor~ prism 10. spectral plane
5. output plane 11. laser
7. input signal ,
- When various types of structures and various readout methods are used, this con-
verter can perform the following operations: 1) conversion of noncoherent optical
signals (images) into coherent; 2) canversion of images by changing the length
of the wave'carrying the in~fo.rmation of the light beam; 3) amplification of the
orightness of images in the blue-green region of the spectrum; 4) conversion of
amplitudinal into phasal contrasts; and 5) generation of the spatial spectra of
the images being converted.
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: ~
i
: ~ ~ .
� ~
' ti
;.i ~
~
(a) . (b). (c) (d)~
Fig. 40. Images of Output Plane of Converter in Different Modes
a. conversion of image by wavelength with inversion
b. without inversion of contrast in structure number two
c. amplification of brightness of image in structure number four with hybrid
effect (recording 50 microwatts/cm2, reading 7 mW/cm2)
d. recording in noncoherent light of images in structure number four with
reading by radiation of an He-Ne laser
The different modes of converter operation are demonstrated as an example in fig.
40. Fig. 40 a and b show conversion of images by wavelength with and without
inversion of contrast in structure with the S-effect. Fig. 40 c and d show the
result of amplification of the brightneas of the images on one wavelength (441.6 nm)
and conversion of the imagea by type of radiation (noncoherent-coherent) in
structures with the hybrid effect.~ The contrast in the converted images in fig.
40 a and b is 15:1, and in fig. 40 c and d, it is over 100:1. Tolerable image
brightness amplification ia determined by absorption of light in the blocicing layer
of cadmium telluride and may reach 30 dB (a thousand-fold in intensity) for
structure number four.
Structure number two based on the S-effect was used in the circuit for conversion
of amplitudinal into phasal contraet and generation of the spatial apectrum. Uaed
as the input signal was a diapositive (f ig. 41a) with an image of a chessboard,
which matches the modified Walsh functian Wal (15,15) (see section 3.1). By means
of the structure with the S-effect, thia amplitudinal aignal is converted into a
signal with phase modulation, equal to the corresponding unmodified (true) Walsh
function, since the reading light, reflec:ted from the illuminated regions of the
optically controllable transparency, acqUirea an additional phase shift by~f1'~
Shown in fig. 41c is the spec~rum of derived Walsh function Wal~(15, 15), generated
by lens 2 in spectral plane 10 of the optical circuit of the device when the
information is read by the radiation of an He-Ne laser. Proof of the truth of the
Walsh function is the absence of a zero component in the center of the epectral
distribution of the intensities. This~indicates the mean value of transmittance
of the optically controllable transparency is zero in this mode.
Conversion of the amplitudinal spatial into phasal modulation was also performed
by using the PC-LC structure number three with the hybrid effect. The source sig-
nal in the form of the Wal (7, 7) function, the image of the working plane of the
converter and the spectrum of the Wal functions (7, 7) derived as a result of this
operation are shown in fig. 41d-f.
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(b) � (c)
(d~) , (e) (f )
Fig. 41. Conversion of the amplitude into the phase contrast in a structure on
the basis of the S-effect
a. image of input signal
b. output plane of converter ~
c. image of spectrum of converted signal
d-f. same, for a structure on the basia of the hybrid effect
Thus, the operation of PC-LC structures as effective multifunctional image con-
verters has been demonstrated. Experiment reaults ahowed that the maximum sensi-
tivity and spatial resolution are achieved in image converters based on PC-LC
structures with the S-effect. By slight variation of the supply voltage in these
same structures, changing the mode of repetition for inversion of the image con-
trast is realized most effectively. However, the higheat contrast and dynamic
range of conversion are achieved in structurea based on the hybrid effect in liquid
_ crystals. In connection with this, it is advisable to use atructures with the
S-effect to intensify images with low initial intensity, as we11 as in conversions
of images and spatial filters with phase modulation of reflected and transmitted
light. Structures with the hybrid effect, however, require hi~her intensities of
the input optical signals. But because of the threshold characteristic and high
contrast of the electrooptical response, these structurea permit obtaining high
signal-to-noise ratios in the converted images.
5.2. Spatial Filtration of Optical Signals
Many of the major algorithms for optical information procesaing reduce to apatial
filtration operations (see section 1.3). The expeditious gen~ration of the optical
transfer function of the f ilter that is required in this case can be performed by ,
using PC-LC structures [5, 6]. Thus, for example, the operation of a PC-LC struc-
ture with modulation of the transmitted light (see sec tions 4.1-4.3) as a tuneable
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spatial filter (PF) in the simplest circuit for optical information processing was
studied.
Ar �
9 I /O
6
-
H!-Nt � � �
~ Z
J
~ S B
Fig. 42. Optical train f.or visualization of phase contraet ~
Key:
1. He-Ne laser 8. screen
2. telescopic system 9. argon alaer
3. phase object 10. mirror
4-6. lenses 11. tuneable filter
7. dielectric mirror
An experimental train for spatial f iltration is shown in fig. 42 and is intended
for visualization of phase contrast. The beam from laser 1 was expanded and col-
limated by telescopic system 2 and illuminated phase object 3, arranged in the
front focal plane of lena 4. The distribution of the complex amplitudes in its
rear focal plane, where the tuneable filter is positioned, is a Fourier spectrum
of the function of the complex transmittance of phase object 3. Under the effect
of the exciting radiation from argon laser 9~tith a wavelength of 514.5 nm,
focused by lens 6, in the tuneable filter there occurred a shift by n/2 of the
phase of the modulated light in the region of zero spatial frequencies of the
_ phase object spectrum. Lens 5 effected an inverse Fourier transform, and in output
~ plane 8, an image of the phase object was observed in which the nonuniformities of
^ the phase changed into the nonuniformities of intensity [71, 77]. The voltage in
the PC-LC structure was selected so that the amplitude contrast of the image in the
output plane was maximum. ~ ,
Used as the phase object in the experiment was a quartz base with a film of tin
dioxide, in which grooves with a width of about 50 micrometers (see section 2.1)
were etched by the method of photolithography. Used as the tuneable f ilter was a
structure with a photoconducting layer of cadmium aulfide (number four from
table 1) and with a planarly oriented layer of liquid cryatal number one (see
table 2) with a thicl:ness of 10 micrometers.
A picture of the vizualized phase object is shown in fig. 43a [not reproduced].
For comparison, f ig. 43b ahows the image of the output plane of the optical train
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with no exciting radiation, and fig. 43c [not reproduced] ahows the image of the
~ same phase object viauali2ed by using a Foucault cutter installed in the frequency
plane instead of the tuneable filter.
Thus, the capability of. using PC-LC atructures as tuneable spatial filters has been
demonstrated, particularly in a train for visualization of the phase contrast.
The optoelectronic circuit in question can easily be retuned to implement any type
of spatial filtration by feeding an appropriate control optical signal to the tune-
able filter. Thus, for example, a Hilbert transform can be obtained provided the
complex tranamittance of the tuneable filter equals
h' Ux~ fy) s8n Ux) S8n Uv)� (5.1)
Thie means that when the exciting radiation is ewitched on and off in the first and
third quadranta of the spectral plane in the output plane of the circuit, either an
image of the source spatial signal or its Hilbert transform .(see aection 3.2)
will be generated. This circuit permits using for recognition of an image at the
same time its Fourier and Hilbert transforms, thanks to which in certain casea,
recognition efficiency is increased considerably [77]. A similar circuit was used
in [40, 42] to generate a(Van der Luegt) matched filter.
5.3. Holographic Correlator with Converter of Input Images and Tuneable Spatial
Filter Based on Photoconductor - Liquid-Crystal Structures
Correlation comparison of input signals is a powerful method of procesaing optical
signals to detect and identify objects in images [39, 71]. A major problem in de-
veloping coherent optical correlators is expeditious input of information, as well
as retuning of holographic matched filters when reference signals change (see
chapter 1). Both these problems were solved in this work by using optically con-
trollable transparencies based on PC-LC strructures, distinguished by rather high
sensitivity and fine resolution (aee chapter 4). .
Simplest and most convenient from the viewpoint of usfng reflective-type optically
controllable transparenciea [OCT] ia the holographic correlator circuit with com- ~
bined conversion of the input and reference signal (KSP) [41, 42]. An experimental
- circuit of this correlator is shown in in fig. 44. In it, noncoherent light source
1 illuminated photofilm 2 with two images recorded on it that are the optical aig-
nals being compared, designated by f(x, y) and g(x, y), where x and y are the
spatial coordinates in the plane of trasnparency 2. Lens 3 generated an image of
the input transparency in the plane of the photoconducting layer of the OCT 4,
which was used in the mode of a converter of input signals by type of radiat,ion
(noncoherent-coherent).
Used as the model of transparency 4 was PC-LC structure number three with the
hyb~~rid effect. Information from input converter 4 was read in the reflected con-
. vergent beam of the He-Cd laser, generated by telescopic syatem 6. OCT 4 was made
with prism 7 in the form of an optical module (fig. 39).
i
~ In the focal plane of the optical reading system, where tuneable spatial filter 5
was placed, the spatial spectrum of the converted input signal was generated.
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~
�
~
~~i ~
0 0 X X B
~ ~
z ~
s ~ 1 S ~ ~
~ 6 i~
,
~
~
1
1 ~ '
r~
~
~
~P~ ~ ~ Rz
/p ~ 6 I 10 9
~ ~
/
. ~ 1 J/
'b .
V
/ D
= a
Fig. 44. Diagram of holographic correlator with optically controllable transparency
on the basis of photoconductor - liquid-crystal structures in the input
and apectral planes
Ke~~ :
1. noncohe~rent light source 6. telescopic system
2. transparency with input signal 7. Glan-Thompeon prism
3. lens 8. lasers
4. optically controllable 9. output plane
transparency with the hybrid 10. optically controllable traneparency
effect power supply generator
5. optically controllable transpar-
ency with the S-effect
Used as filter 5 was PC-LC structure number one based on the S-effect. The electro-
optical responae ~f filter 5 is proportional to the distribution of intensities in
the spectrum of the input eignal. Thus, recorded in the plane of OCT 5 is a holo-
gram that is read in the reflected convergent beam of red light (radiation of the
He-Ne laser). The distribution of amplitudes in focal plane 9 of the read circuit
contains components proportional to the functions of autocorrelation and cross-
correlation of signals f and g[41, 42].
Major characteristics of the correlator are resolution of the iT~put transparency
and spatial f ilter. Requirements for filter resolution are usually evaluated pro-
ceeding from the conditions of spatial division in the output plane of the circuit
of signals of autocorrelation and crosa-correlation [41, 42]. It has been shown
[43] that the required resolution of the material of the filter, evaluated by the
maximum spatial frequency ~ID~ of the light field recorded in the hologram, is no
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higher in the circuit for the traditional (Van der Luegt) correlator (fig. 3) than
in the KSP [correlator with combined conversion] circuit.
It is evident that the value of ~~ma:, equals the halfwidth of the filter transfer
function [41, 43]
~maz A/7~1F1~
where A is the full width of the input signal, ~ 1 is the wavelength of the light
generating the hc~logram, and F1 is,the focal distance. However, because of aper-
ture limitations of real OCT's, their resolution should be described not by the
maximum spatial frequency, but by the total number of resolvable elements:
NF = 2~~~,1F1/S 2A/S = 2N~, ~~~3~
where d is the aize of the minimum resolvable element of the input signals and NA
is the total number of resolvable elements of the input signal (at length A).
Table 5 shows the basic calculated relations asaociating the dimensions Wf and Wg
of signals f and g respectively with the required number of resolvable filter eIe-
ments (in the unidimensional case) for the (Van der Luegt) and KSP schemes.
Since in the recording scheme for the (Van der Luegt) filter there is a point
reference source R, the useful dimension of the input converter here equals
W = max {Ws; W!} (5.4)
(let us designate the corresponding number of resolvable elements of the input
converter by NW).
In a KOG [expansion unknown] scheme, the usef ul dimension of the OCT always equals
the full width of the signal A(with regard to the required interval between the
signals f and g). Therefore, the required number of resolvable filter elements
NF in the KSP scheme is just twice the total number of elements in the input con-
verter in any relations between Wf and Wg. But in the (Van der Luegt) echeme, the
value of NF inay range from 2 NW to 6 NW as a f unction of the relationship between
the dimensions Wf and Wg (see table 5). From the viewpoint of information theory,
~ this doubled number of resolvable elements (i.e. quantity of information) in the
filter compared to the input signal is due to the necessity of transfer by the fil-
ter of both the positive and the negative frequencies in the spectrum of the
input signal [41].
. The found relation (5.3) between the values NA and NF permits using single-type
OCT's in the input and frequency planes in the acheme, and the usable area of the
filter can be increased by increasing the scale of the input signal spectrum.
Thus, for example, in the experiment, the dimenaion W of the input signal in plane
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Table 5. Requirements for maximum epatial frequency and total number of reaolv-
_ elements NF of apatial filtere for two holographic correlator schemes
Dimensions of Amplitude of light in input
input plane
Scheme signals f and g Recording Restoration
~ ~ ~ ~
W=maz{W ;W } i(x)=8~z)-I-b(z-z~ (
Van der Luegt e ~ x1= i,SWg W1 ` y- ~~z~
.
9 'P ~
f
yPt_WB=W o r~ s ~
a s
w 1w
i ~ `
9~ f
~a~4Wf�_
w o w,r~ Z. o s
w
` .
i
9 R
f
K1CWS~w a s~~ _ . .
p r
Comb ined i~y) - f(x sY) i(x) = b(x)
'F' B ~5 - xs)
conversion sz = (Wg YVf)~4-}-W/2
correlator ~
f 9 `
W ~W R .
t Q -at O r1 s
W
o s
~ ~
f
~g ~ W' = W
-rt O r1 r
W W ~ o r
1
j ~
f ~ R
W~ ~ Wg ~ W
-tl O sr : r
w w o r
Note. Symbols 4d and * denote the operations of convolution and correlation reapec-
tively. .
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~ [Continuation of table 5]
Width of recorded Fulse responae of Amplitude of light in Number of resolvable
eignal A filter correlation plane elements of filter
~ f ~
~~m = Al~iFi) 8 ~2)*8 ~z) + a ~z) I ~x)'~ ~ ~x)~ I8 ~y)*8.~s)) Np = ~m X
2W8 K'~ -F 8~z - xi) B'~` y-I- si) -I- B~y)~ t~y - xl) X 7L~F~/d
. B ~x)* (x si)
3ti' 't~ 6~rr r~ r %t'~ O .r~ ,r 6YI'/b=6Np,
� f!?
_ -r~ O s~ m -r o s 2N~jb=2NR,
1W ~ ~
J!? �
2W -Isl O 1ss r s~ O s~ r 4H'~a�~W
1 ZW
I~'g iT't W b ~y) -I- 1 ~x)*/ ~z) "I" 8 ~z) -~-1 ~s)*1 -F B ~x)* ~n,~1Fil b ~
-I- 8 8 ~z) -F *e ~i) -I- 8 ~Z)*1 ~t - 2zs) -f- = 2A/8
-E' B ~x)*l ~y - 2xz) '-F l ~y)'~'B ~z ~s)
-f-1(x)*B (x 2z,) �
3W BW/b - 2N
1ss O Iss s 'Itt O Zs2 s a~
6k, 6W
2jV -s, O s~ s -IsS O 2s1 s 4w~a = 2NA
1~r lw
21t. �
?rs O 1sr ,r Irt O Irj s 4W ~b ~~A
1!? 1!?
Note. Symbols ~ and * denote convolution and correlation operations reepectively.
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4 was about 1 mm, while the distance F1 was about 400 mm. As a result, the value
_ of ~ma= was just about 17 lines/mm, which is far less than the maximum resolu-
tion of structure :.umber one and indicates the poesibility of increasing the dimen-
aion of the input signal. Let us note that the total number of resolvable elemente
in a line of an image generated by the PC-LC structure number one (filter) can be
over 2000. This same value for structure number three (input converter) is about
1000 which meets the requirements of matching, expressed.by formula (5.3).
~
.
~ ~
f ~
~ ~ ' ~
� , ` 'r ~~j
b c
Fig. 4.~. Correlation comparison of two aignals
a. image of input aignals, converted by using an optically controllable trans-
- parency
b. image of spectral plane of correlator
c. images of correlation plane with two signals of cross-correl.ation (left and
right) of input images
rig. 45 demonstrates the operation of the optoelectronic holographic correlator.
Fig. 45a shows the image of input::signals, converted by ueing OCT 4. Fig. 45b
shows the image of the spectral plane of the correlator. It can be seen in fig.
45c that when a signal in the form of exciting light appears in the input plane,
a hologram is generated in plane 5, and obaerved in the scheme output plane are
two eccentric aignals proportional to the function of croes correlation of the
images being studied. The ratio of intensities of the peak of the autocorrelation
function to its eide lobes was not lesa than 10:1 for identical letters and about
1.5:1 for different letters (X and 0).
A major advantage of the correlator scheme described is tha~ it maintains its
operating capability during the effect of brief inechanical diaturbances, like
shaking, jolta, etc. This is due to the absence of long-term atora3e and.the
- effects of storage in the filter material aseociated with it. As a result, mechan-
ical disturbances affecting the circuit during generation of the hologram do not
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cause irrever~ible damage to the filter being recorded. In experiments, the time
for restoration of diffraction effectiveness af ter remo~val of the mechnical dis-
turbance matched in value the structure response time (about 20-40 ms).
5.4. Spectral Analysis and Correlation Comparison of Television Images
Television (TV) systems are one of the most effective and widespread means of .sens-
ing, transmitting and reproducting images. Combining TV and cahesent optical
information processing methods permits creating hybrid systems for expeditious pro-
cessing of signals and images with extremely broad functional capabilities [4, 48].
- In connection with this, in this section, the possibility is investigated of using
PC-LC structures as devices for input and spatial filters in coherent optical
schemes for processing TV images.
The holographic correlator scheme shown in f ig. 44 can easily be adapte~l to process
TV images if slide 2'is replaced by input signals from a cathode ray tube [CRT].
However, difficulties do occur in using this scheme, that are associated with the
need of using blue light for reading information from input converter 4. Also,
the lack of a blue-absorbing layer of cadmium telluride (see section 4.4) in the
PC-LC strcutures used reduces the dynamic range of input converter 4 and the
diffraction effectiveness of filter 5. Because of this, new schemes were proposed
xn which this difficulty was overcome by using the capabilities of televiaion
technology.
Z ~
~ .
~ �
He- Ne
/7
>S
O ~B S 6 ~ .
~ B
L
10 ~
= O ~B /1 ~6 1!
~ ~B f~ _
Fig. 46. Experimental scheme for correlator of TV images with one optically
controllaUle transparency
Key:
1. slide with input signals 8. Glan prism
2, 11. transmitting telecameras 9. telescope
3, summer 1C, 13. beam splitters
4. teleprojector 12, 14. diaphragms
5, 16. lenses 15. screen
- 6. PC-LC controllable transpr~rency 17. mirrors
7. laser 18. video monitor units
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In the scheme shown in fig. 46, the same model number five of the PC-LC structure
was used as the input converter and apatial filter. This scheme wes also the
h~lographic correlator with combined conversion of the iamges, the correlation of
which it is neccessary to determine (see section 5.3). The source image 1(slide),
containing the reference signal f(x, y) and that Lo eb identified g(x, y), wa~?
sensed by television camera 2 and sent through su.^~mer 3 to the input of television
projector 4. From the screen of the projection CRT, type 13 LK 11 B, the iamge was
~ projected by lena 5 onto ~he photoconductor layer of optically controllable trans-
parency [OCT] 6. The converted image was read by radiation from laser 7. Glan
priam 8 was used as the polarizer and analyzer in the reading scheme.
Telescopic system 9 generated a converging reading beam, part of which was
reflected from semitransparent mirror 10 and focused in the plane af the photo-
cathode of television camera 11. Since there muet be space between signals f and g
to separate the correlation aignals in apace (aee section 5.3), part of the useful
area fo the frame and the OCT remain free. Installed behind mirr~r 10 was diaphragm
12 that passes only the xeading light reflected from the OCT.sections occupied by
input sionals.
Thus, television camera 11 sensed the combined apatial spectrum of signals f and g,
which permitted using the scheme in the mode of a epectrum analyzer. The signal
from television camera 11 went to the second input of the summer. As a result,
the image fo the combined spectrum (hologram) was projected from.the CRT screen' to
the free section of the photoconductor layer, in the space between aignals f and g,
which was sued as a tuneable holographic filter. The light reflected from this
section was isolated by mirror 13 a:td di~phragm ].4 and focused in the plane of
screen 15. Here a Fourier tranaform wae generated of the transmiseion function of
the filter that containe componente proprotional to~the functiona of autocorrela-
tion (in the center of the fi~ld) and of crosa-correlation (on the aides) of the
signals f and g. On this same screen, lena 16 gen.~~zated a check image of the
OCT working area.
- The arrangement of the spatial spectrum between the input signnls imposea limits
on the maximum number of resolvable e~ements in signals f and g and on their
- relative position. Frorn table 4, it is easy to find the relations between the
_ dimPnsions W of the input signals (let us assume Wf=Wg=W) and the minimum aize of
a resolvable element ~ in them in the final size $ of the minimum element in the
i.mage projected from the CRT screen. The relation between the number of reaolvable
" ele~ents of the input plane and the filter in this case can be notaced as
(2 W B)/A = 0,5 B/8,
where B is the width o� the space betwe~n aignals f and g. Then
A = 28 (4 2W/B).
_ Thus, the value of 0 uariea fzom 2 S when W/B 0 to 6 S when W-B (B cap not be
less ~han W from the condition of s~atial separation of correlation signals in the
output plane). Thia means that in the scheme under consideration, the CRT
resolution in the sections occupied by input aignals cannot be fully utilized.
d0
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Thia shortcoming can be overcome by using different OCT's ae the input converter
and filter (see section 5.3) or when an OCT with a resolution margin ia used, by
projecting the images of input signals and the filter from different CRT~s.
Used as input signals i.n the experiments were alides with an image of machine-
printed letters with a size relation of B= 2W. With that, 0= 4$ , which is
entirely suff icient for accurate reproduction of the letters. The images of the
input and correlation signals, as well as the spectra obtained from the screens of ,
the video m~~nitor units are ahown in fig. 47. The signal-to-noise ratio in the
correlation plane did not exceed 5:1 with an estimated ratio of the correlation
function peak to eide lobe intenaity of about 10:1. Thia is due primarily to the
increase in noise and distortion of the signal when it passes doubly through the
TV system.
~ ~
~ ~
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 47. Images from screens of video monitor units in the scheme with one
optically controllable transparency [OCT]
a. input signals b. image of OCT plane c. correlation plane
The numbers designate the signal ordinal number
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Key:
1, slide with input signals io
"L, 7, 8. transmitting telecameras ~s ,V =f
3, 5. teleprojectors ~1 ~ ~
4, 6. PC-LC OCT's
9. S1 oscillograph
10. LG-38 laser s
11. telescope B 9 ~ i,~
12. lenses O O/~ O O
13. video monitor units
14. beam splitter .
15. OCT power supply generator Z iZ
.r
Fig. 48. Correlator scheme with two CRT's and OCT's
Higher capacity was achieved in the correlator scheme shown in fig. 48. In it, the
. input signals and filter were gen~rated in different experimental OCT models (5 and
6) fr.om the screens of two different CRT's (3 and 5). However, information in both
OCT's was read by the radiation from the same LG-38 He-Ne laser 1. Input converter
4 operated in the mode of amplitude (image from teleprcjector 3) to phase contrast
~ conversion, since binary maeks based on M-series [7, 8, 54] with known correlation
properties were used as test input signals 1 in the scheme. The OCT 4 operating
~ mode was selected so that the mean value of transmission was reduced to the minimum,
to whi,ch corresponds the minimum intensity of light in the region of zero spatial
frequencies of the spectrum of the generated signal. This intensity was
measured by photodetector 14.
The hologram filter was generated in the plane of the photo catho.de of television
camera 7 by the radiation reflected from the plane of OCT 4. From camera 7, the
signal went to the second teleprojector S with a ZLK2B CRT and from its screen was
p~ojected to the OCT-filter 6, similar to transparency 4. The camera 8 photo
cathode was placed in the correlation plane, and the signal frpm it went to the
input of the S1-57 oscillogr$ph 9.with a line signal separator, which allowed
measuring the correlation maximum m and side lobe I8 intensity ratio.
The test signals 1 had 32 x 32 elements and were a two-dimensional recording of the
- M-series with a length of 1023 elements (with the addition of one element).
The calculated ratio of Im/Ig ex~ceeds 103 [78]. '
In the experiment, the correlation maximum exceeded noise by about 48. With that,
OCT Noise was about 0.3 percent of the correlation maximum, while the telecamera
noise was not over 0.1 percent according to the same criterion. At the same time,
attenuation of the zero spatial frequency in the spectrum of `he input signal was
about 12G. Consequently, the main source of degradation of the correlation maximum
was concentrated in the aberations (raster distortions), which in the first tele-
projector 3 reached 7.5 percent over the area of the input signal (corresponding to
- over. a 20-fold degradation [79]).
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Thus, the capability of correlation comparison of TV signals in optoelectronic
circuits with PC-LC OCT's was demonstrated. The proposed and studied schemes for
converting TV images can also be used to perform other spatial filtration opera-
tions, for instance, picking out object contours, increasing the contrast of major
or minor details and others. With that, the lack of phase-frequency distortione in
the spatial structure of the converted wave fronts is very important (see section
4.5). Also, the phase nonuniformities, unavoidable in other types of OCT's, can be
reduced to the minimum with good processing of the surfaces orienting the liquid
crystals [9].
The results presented above can be eummarized as follows.
1. The capability of effective uae of OCT~s based on the PC-LC etructure as
multifunctional image converters has been demonstrated experimentally. With that,
over 100-fold intensification of the brightneas of the converted images was
achieved. Calculations ahowed that the intensification factor can be extended to
- several thousanda. Contrast of the images converted by the PGLC structure with
the hybrid Effect exceeded 100:1.
A structure based on the S-effect permits ea~y switching from the mode of
repetition of the contrast to inversion and back.
The capability of converting amplitude spatial modulation to phase by using atruc-
~ tures based on the hybrid and S-effects was demonstrated.
2. PC-LC structures were used f or the first time as tuneable spatial filters in a
coherent optical device for visualization of phase contrast and in a promising cor-
relator scheme with c~mbined conversion of the input and reference signals, in
which the PC-LC structure was also uaed as the input converter. Analysis of holo-
graphic correlator schemes ahowe that the total required number of reaolvable ele-
ments of the filter in a scheme with a generalized hologram is just double the num-
ber of. elements in the input plane. Thia permits using single-type OCT's in the
input and spectral planes of auch a acheme.
3. The possibilities were studied for using PC-LC atructures as devicea for input
and a spatial filter in the holographic correlator scheme with combined conversion
of television images. A new correlator scheme that uses one OCT was proposed and
studied. It was ahown that degradation of the correlation maximum in this scheme
was due primarily to raster distortions in the TV eystem.
4. It was shown that the PC-LC structure enables the capability of normal operation
of a holographic acheme with a spatial filter under the conditions of inechanical
disturbances. This important a3vantage, caused by the nature of storage in the
structure investigated, is realized most fully in the correlator scheme selected.
. Conclusions
The main results of this work are summarized as follows.
l. The behavior of nematic liquid crystals in nonuniform electrical fields has
been studied theoretically and experimentally for the firet time. Confirmed experi-
mentally was the hypothesis on the lack of a threahold of the electrooptical
responae in tl:~ ~lanarly oriented layera o� nematic liquid cryetals with poaitive
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dielectric anisotropy with a component of the electrical field along the initial
direction of molecular orientation.
2. The anisotropic nature of the spatial distribution of the electrical response
of the planarly orientec liquid-crystal layers was established, and the dependence
- of the resolution of the liquid-crystal layer on ita parametera was investigated.
It was shown that resolution increasea ~onsiderably with the decrease in
dielectric anistropy of the liquid crystal.
3. The dependence of the electrooptical characteriatics of photosensitive liquid-
crystal - semiconductor structures on the structure material parameters was studied
theoretically and experimentally. The important role of matching irnpedances of the
layers of photoconductor and liquid crystal was shown for attaining maximum sensi-
- tivity. As a result of structure optimization, a record value of sensitivity,
about 0.1 microJoule/cm2 (with maximum depth of am~plitude modulation of the light)
and resolution of mo~e than 120 lines/mm were achieved.
4. Holographic and projection techniques were offered to measure PC-LC structural
resolution, which permit obtaining together the total spatial-frequency character-
istics of the phase ligh~ modulation in these structures. As a result of these
measurements, it was shown that the acattering function (pulse response) of these
structures has a symmetrical shape, indicating the lack of phase-frequency distor-
: tions in the wave fronts converted by the structures.
5. Based on analysis of results of research on the electrooptical properties of
; planarly oriented layers of nematic liquid crystals, the method of addressing of
~ the matrix light modulator, which reproduces~with high accuracy the binary sign-
~ variable factorable transmiasion factors (two-dimensional Walsh functions, the
Hilbert "phase cutter," pseudorandom signals and others), was proposed and
i realized in experiments for the first time.
r Optical schemes with matrix-addreasable phase tranaparencies, that realize Walsh
~ and Hilbert transforms, were propoaed and researched theoretically ar.d
experimentally for the first time.
6. Demonstrated experimentally was the capability of using effectively PC-LC
strcutures as multifunctional image converters, and appropriate recommendations
~ were generated for specific types of structures and forms of conversion.
a
~ 7. Demonstrated experimentally for the first time was the capability of using
PC-LC strcutsres with phase light modulation as tuneable spatial f ilters in a scheme
for visualization of phase contrast and in the promising scheme for a holographic
correlator with combined conversion of the input and reference signals. Analysis
of the correlator scheme selected showed the expediency of using single-type OCT's
in the input and spectral planes of this scheme. Correlation comparison of tele-
vision images was also performed in it in real time.
Thus, as a result of research carried out, the effectiveness of spatial light
modulation in electrically and optically addressable liquid-cryatal structures wae
demonstrated. The promise of nematic liquid crystals as materf~.ls for electrically
and optically controllable transparenciea--image cnnverters, spatial filters and
coding elements--wa3 demonetrated.
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In many practically important schemes for optical inform~tion processing, trans-
parencies based on liquid crystlas have a number of indisputable advantages over
other types of controllable transparencies. Primarily, these advantagea are: high
sensitivity and effectiveness of light conversion with small supply voltages and
powers, relatively high resolution and the lack of phase-frequency distortiona in
the converted optical signals. It has been shown that the advantages of liquid-
crystal controllable transparencies are especially clearly manifested when they are
used as spatial filters and coding elements. In the process, processing rates
correponding to the television standard are easily achieved.
The research performed lays the required foundation for formulating experimental
design work to develop electrically and optically controllable transparencies to
use them in real optical information processing aystems. Based on the liqui~-
crystal strcutures investigated, spatial light modulators can be developed with the
following parameters:
more than 108 resolvable elements (for OCT's);
.threshold sensitivity reo worse than 10-8 J/cm2 (for OCT~s) with maximum amplitude
modulation no worse than 10 5 J/cm2;
response time no more than 20 ms, and full cycle time no more than 30 ms;
amplitude contrast no worse than 150;
- depth of phase modulation to 2 or more; and
dynamic range of intensification of image briqhtness (f or OCT's) no less than 30 dB.
In each specific information rpocessing scheme, the highest efficiency of operation
of these controllable transparencies can 1~e achieved by selecting optimal parameters
of liquid crystals applied and the type of electrooptical effect in them tr.at best
meet scheme requirements. In doing so, a parameter group can even be improved by
reducing the requirements for annther group. Thus, for example, PC-LC atrcutural
sensitivity can be increased by reducing resolution, and effective contrast inver-
sion is achieved by reducing the signal-to-noise ratio.
I.et us note that only the first steps have been made in terms of using liquid-
crystal ~tructures in information processing schemes. Systematic research is
needed on materiala and particularly on methods and schemes for information proces-
sing; development of optoelectronic systems using controllable transparencies for
information input, conversion and coding is required. It is no exaggeration to say
that spatial light modulators based on liquid cr3~stals will play a prominent role
in these systems.
This work was performed in the Quantum Radiophysics Laboratory of the FIAN AN SSSR
[Physics Institute imeni P. N. Lebedev, USSR Academy of Sciences] and in the Depart-
ment of Electronic Instruments, Moscow Institute of Electronic Machine Building.
A deep expression of gratitude f or support and continual attention to th;is work is
due my research supervisor, I. N. Kompanets, candidate of physical and mathematical
sciences; and also to V. V. Nikitin, doctor of engineering sciences; Professor
Yu. P. Pchel'nikov, doctor of engineering sciences; and Professor Yu. M. Popov, doc-
tor of engineering sciences. The authors thanks V. N. Morozov, candidate of physi-
cal and mathematical sciences, and P. D. Berezin for discussions on the work; L. M.
Blinov, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, and M. I. Barnik, candidate
of physical and mathematical sciences, for advice; and P. V. Vashurin, S. P. Kotova,
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A. V. Parfenov, L. P. Savost'yanova and V. G. Chi~rinov for help on the work. The
author thanks V. T. Lazareva and V. V. Titov for synthesis of liquid crystals,
A. I..Zhindulis for making photosensitive layera, and R. M. Savvina and V. N.
Poluboyarov for help in making the experimental models of phot~sensitive struc-
tures. The author expresses his gratitude to all zhe associates at the Laboratory
of Optoelectronics and other organizations that contributed to the performance of
this work, and to 0. N. Vasil'yPVa and M. Ye. Rumyantaev for help in putting the
~ work in ftnal form.
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87
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Parfenov, A. V., in "Tez. dokl. III Vsesoyuz. konf. po golografii" [Theses of
Papere at the 3rd All-Union Conference on I{olography], U1'yanovsk, 1978,
pp 213-214.
35. Haas, W. L. E. and Dir., G. A., APPL. PHYS. LETT., VoZ 29, No 6, 1976,
pp 325-328. .
36. Dir, G. A.; Haas, W. E. L. and Adams, J. E., APPL. PHYS. LETT., Vol 30, No 7,
1977, pp 309-310.
37. Haas, W. E. L.; Dir, G. A.; Adams, J. E. and Gates, I. P., APPL. PHYS. LETT.,~
Vol 29, No 10, 1976, pp 631-632.
38. Sfkharulidze, D. G.; Chulaya, G. S. and Brodzeli, M. I., KVANTOVAYA
ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 6, No 6, 1979, pp 1271-1277.
39. Goodman, J., "Introduction to Fourier Optics," Moscow, Mir, 1970, 364 pages.
40. Nisenson: P. and Iwasa, S., APPL. OPT., Vol 11, No 12, 1972, pp 2760-2767.
41. Collier, R.; Berkhardt, C. and Lynn, L., "Optical Holography," Moscow,
Mir, 1973, 688 pages.
42. Nisenson, P. and Sprague, R., APPL. OPT. Vol 14, No 11, 1975, pp 2602-2606.
43. Casasent, D. and Furman, A., APPL. OPT., Vol 16, No 2, 1977~ pp 285-286.
44. Kompanete, I. N.; Parfenov, A. V.; Vasiliev, A. A. and Vashurin, P. V., in
"Optics Photonics and Iconics Engineering Meet," (Draft Program and
Abstracts), Strasbourg, 1979, p 141.
45. Iwasa, S. and Feinlieb, J., OPT. ENG., Vol 13, No 3, 1974, pp 235-242.
~ 46. Iwasa, S., OPT. ENG., Vol 15, No 6, 1976, pp 1418-1/~-24.
' 47. Casasent, D., OPT. ENG., Vol 13, No 3, 1974, pp 228-234.
48. Casasent, D. and Psaltis, D., PROC. IEEE, Vol 65, No 1, 197.7, pp 77-84.
49. Casasent, D. and Casasayas, F., I~EE TRAiJS., Vol AES-11, 1975, pp 65-75.
50. Kharmut, Kh. F., "Peredacha informatsii ortogonal'nymi funktsiyami"
[Z~ ansmiasion of Information by Orthogonal Functions], Moscow, Svyaz', ].~75,
272 pages. ~
_ 51. Inokuchi, S.; Morita, Y, and Sakurai, Y., APPL. OPT., Vol 11, No 10, 1972,
- PP 2223-2227.
52. Vasiliev, A. A.; Kompanets, I. N. and Morozov, V. N., in "International
Optical Computing Conference: Digest of Papers," Gapri (Italia), 1976,
pp 90-91.
53. Vasil'yev, A. A.; Vashurin, P. V. and Kompanets, I. N., KVANTOVAYA
ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 4, No 9, 1977, pp 1917-1925.
54. Vasil'yev, A. A.; Kompanets, I. N.; Kotova, S. P. and Morozov, V. N.,
AVTOMETRIYA, No 1, 1979, pp 10-19.
88
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55. Vasil'yev, A. A.; Kompanets, I. N.; Kotova, S. P. and Morozov, V. N.,
KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, vol 5; No b, 1979, pp 1298-1304.
56. Guyon, E., Pieranski, P. and Boix, M, LETT. APPL. AND ENG. SCI., Vol 1, No 1,
1973, pp 19-24.
51. Grebenkin, M. F.; Sil'verstov, V. A.; Blinov, L. M. and Chigrinov, V. G.,
KRISTALLOGRAFIYA, Vol 20, No 5, 1975, pp 984-990.
58. Tsvetkov, V. A., "Issledovaniye vozmozhnostey primeneniya zhidkikh kristallov
v optoelektronike" [Research on Possibilities of Applying Li.quid Crystals in
Optoelectronics], dissertation candidate of physical and mathematical
sciences, Moscow, IRE AN SSSR [Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics,
USSR Academy of Sciences], 1975.
59. Chigrinov, V. G.; Vasil'yev, A. A.; Kompanets, I. N. and Nikitin, V. V., in
"Tez. dokl. I Vsesoyuz. konf. po fizike zhidkogo sostoyaniya veshchestva"
[Theses of Papers from ist All-Union Conference on the Physics of Liquid
State of Matter], Samarkand, 1974, pp 126-127.
60. Vasil'yev, A. A.; Kompanets, I. N. and Chigrinov, V. G., in "Tez. dokl. na
Vsesoyuz. konf. po novym fiz. metodam preobraz. inform." [Theaes of Papers
at the All-Union Conference on New Physical Methoda for Information
Conversion], Moscow, Ser. 10, Issue 1(50), 1975, pp 99-104.
61. Chigrinov, V. G., "Issledovaniye neustoychivostey v nematicheskikh zhidkikh
kristallakh" [Research on Unstabilitiea in Nerczatic Liquid Crystals],
dissertation candidate of physical and matehn~atical science.s, Moscow,
IKAN [Institute of C:�;stallography imeni A. V. Shubr??.kov, USSR Academy of .
Sciences], 1977. +
62. Tikhonov, A. N. and Samarskiy, A. A., "Uravneniya matematicr~~skoy fiziki"
[Equations of Mathematical Physics], Moscow, Nauka, 1972.
63. Godunov, S. N. and Ryaben'kiy, V. S., "Raznostnyye skhemy" [Differ~ence
Schemes], Moscow, Nauka, 1973, 440 pages.
64. Brandt, Z., "Statistical Methods of Analysis of Observations," Moscow, i~dir,
1975, pp 146-196.
65. Pratt, W. K., Kane, J. and.Andrews, N. S., PROC. IEEE, Vol 57, No 1, 1969,
pp 58-67.
66. Poncin, J., CNET, ANN. TELECOMMUN., Vol 26, No 7/8, 1971, pp 235-252.
67. Gibin, I. S., Nezhevenko, Ye, S.; Potaturkin, 0. I. and Tverdokhlev, P. Ye.,
AVTOMETRIYA, No 5, 1972, pp 3-9.
68. Nezhevenko, Ye. S.; Potaturkin, 0. I. and Tverdokhlev, P. Ye., AVTOMETRIYA,
No 6, 1972, pp 88-90.
69. Potaturkin, 0. I.; Tverdokhlve, P. Ye. and Chuguy, Yu. V., AVTOI~TRIYA, No 5,
1973, pp 36-40.
70. Krivenkov, B. Ye.; Tverdokhlev, P. Ye. and Chuguy, Yu. V., AVTOMETRIYA, No 6,
1974, pp 32-40.
71. Soroko, L. M., "Osnovy golografii i kogerentnoy optiki" [Principles of
Holography and Coherent Optics], Moscow, Nauka, 1971, 616 paRes.
89
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- 72. Bogdanovichus, A.; Baltrushaytis, R.; Gaydyalis, V.; Zhilenas, R. and
Smil'gyavichus, A., LITOV. FIZ. SB., Vol 8, No 2, 1973, pp 261-271.
73. Kotlyar, P. Ye.; Oparin, A. N. and Fel'dbush, V. I., A~rTOMETRIYA, No 6, 1976,
pp 65-69.
74. Chigrinov, V. G. and Grebenkin, M. F., KRISTALLOGRAFIYA, Vol 20, No 6, 1975,
pp 1240-1244.
75. (Frizer, H.), "Photographic Recording of Information," Moscow, Mir, 1978,
672 pages.
76. Warde, C. and Sheppard, J. C., in "Techn. Digeat 1976. Intern. EL. Devices
Meet.," Washington, DC , 1976, pp 232-234.
77. Soroko, L. M., in "Materialy V Vsesoyuz. shkoly po golografii" [Materiala from
the Sth School on Holography (Novosibirsk, 1973)], Leningrad, LIYaF, 1973,
pp 40-95.
78. Pestryakov, V. B., ed., "Shumopodobnyye signsly v sistemakh peredachi infor-
matsii" [Noise-Type Signals in Information T~anamission Systems], Moscow,
Sov. radio, 1973, pp 104-144.
79. Luu, T. K. and Casasent, D., APPL. OPT., Vol 18, No 6, 1979, pp 791-795.
80. Gara, A. D., APPL. OPT., Vol 17, No 23, 1978, pp 3696-3698.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1981 ~
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UDC 621.382
ELECTRICALLY CONTROLLABLE LIGHT MODULATION IN LANTHANUM MODIFIEA LEAD ZIRCONATE
TITANATE CERAMICS
Moscow TRUDY ORDENA LENINA FIZICHESKOGO INSTITUTA IM. P. N. LEBEDEVA AKADEMII NAUK
SSSR in Russian Vol 126, 1981 (signed to press 1 Jul 81) pp 76-119
[Part 2 by I. N. Kompanets, P. N. Semochkin and A. G. Sobolev]
[Excerpts] Introduction
Controllable transparencies (apatial-time light modulators) are key elements in
optical storage and peripheral devices, coherent optical processors and other major
- assemblies in information and computing systems that are being developed. They are
used for input and conversion of two-dimensional information arrays [1, 2]. The
functional role of controllable transparencies (UT) [CT's] here is quite varied.
Based on them, one can perform depiction of information (displays, including pro-
jectional), input and output, generation and convereion of digital arrays, realiza-
tion of logic operations, coding and identification of optical signals, etc.
The eff iciency of applying a CZ' in systems for storage and optical processing of
information is primarily determined by the properties of its operating material.
In turn, selection of a material for a CT with some concrete function is governed
by the aggregate of the properties of the material most suitable for a given CT
application. In the process, the transparency material must meet the following
basic requirements: highest efficiency in conversion of the optical signal
~ Iout~iin' Where Iin is signal intensity at input of transparency, and Iout is
~ the modulated component of the output signal) with maximum optical contrast and
depth of modulation; high sensitivity to the control signal to reduce energy inputs
for switching of transparency elements; a switching speed providing the needed rate
for input/output and conversion of the entire array (for the majority of applica-
tions, this rate must not be below the television standard: 1/30 s for 500 x 500
resolvable elements); availability of the storage effect (long-term storage requir-
ing a special signal for returning the material to the initial state, or relaxation
storage), i.e. the capability of maintaining tne switched-on state for the time
needed to read the entire information array; absence of fatigue during the CT opera-
ting period (more than 104 hours or 108-1010 switchings); adaptability to manuf ac-
ture of the CT's that best incorporate the advantages af the optical media
selected for them.
91
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Using materials in electrically controllable transparencies [ECT] intended for
processing digital information dictatea the necessity of their having threshold
properties or a substantially nonlinear characteristic of the switched element.
This permits raising the signal-to-notse ratio and reducing the probability of
falae switching of the ECT elements. This characteristic is especially important
in matrix addressing of the elements by electrical voltage, since it permits reduc-
ing the so-called "cross-effect" to the minimum. Matrix addressing (also called
line) is effected over the minimum number of channels 2N, where
~ is the number of ECT elements that may vary from 102 to 106 as a function of
its purpose.
A large number of inedia have been suggested as the operating material for ECT's.
A detailed analysis of them, with regard to specific applications, is given in [2].
Based on this analysis, electrooptical TsTSL [lanthanum modified lead zirconate-
titanate = LMLZT] ceramics are the most promising materials for ECT's with matrix
and individual addressing.
Indeed, they can be used to develop high-speed (with a frequency band ~ 1 MHz)
and highly efficient deives (with close to 100 percent efficiency in light aignal
conversion). LMLZT ceramics are adaptable to manufacture and production costs are
low (compared to monocrystals). They have satisfactory optical contrast, suffi-
cient spatial resolution, a wide range of operating temperatures and a large
operating aperture. They are also noted for diversity of optical effects that
determines a broad range of posaible applications [3, 4].
TsTSL-ceramics is a polycryatal of lead zirconate-titanate Pb(Zr, Ti) 03, alloyed .
with lanthanum. The following designation is used in the literature for ceramics
as a function of their technological composition: X/A/B, where A indicates the
percentage content of lead zirconate, B the percentage content of lead titanate,
and X the percentage content of lanthanum. It is very important that a change in
the ratios of components in ceramics causes a substantial change in their
physical properties.
Electrooptical ceramics are made by the ho~-molding method that has a number of
substantial advantages over conventional ceramic technology. A major indicator of
quality of sintered polycrystal (ceramic) materials is density, upon which the
basic electrophysical paramete~s depend. In hot molding, because of the simul-
taneous application of high temperature and presaure, material density increases
significantly, approaching the theoretical [5]. Hot-molded specimens have a uni- ,
form atructure, which facilitates the best packing of crystallites [6].
Optimization of the atmospheric sintering proceae improves the transmittance of
LMLZT ceramics [7].
Concluaion
The main results of this work can be summed up as follows:
1. An analysis was made of the works on the study of electrooptical ceramics and
their application in optoelectronic devices. We atudied the opticophysical proper-
ties of LMLZT ceramics with compoaitions of 8/65/35 and 9/65/35 under quasiatatic
and dynamic conditions during the effect on them of electrical and optical signals.
Comparison of the results for ferroelectric ceramics with a composition of 8/6~/35
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shows that the greatest change of double refraction, equal to 2.2 � 10-3, occura
in the case of the cross electrooptical effect.
2. For the edge effect, the relation of change of double refraction under the
effect of an electrical field was studied for the first time, and the efficiency
of electrooptical conversion was determined. The maximum doub~.e refraction change
was 1.2 � 10 3 with an optical contrast of 12:1. Studied for the edge effect for
the first time was the distribution of vectors of polarization in the switched
regions of paraelectric and ferroelectric ceramics; it was shown that in ferro-
electric ceramics, the orientation of the ferroelectric domains is the result of
- the mechanical effect associated with the inverse piezo effect, while in para-
- electric ceramics, the directly applied el~ctric field is responsible for the
edge effect.
3. The effect of asymmetrical deformation was offered in which the double refrac-
tion change was
1.4 � 10 3 with an optical contrast of 50:1; increasing the electrical field in
- this case does not cause irreversible polarization of the switchable regions of
- the ferroelectric ceramics.
4. Investigated for the firs~ time was the mechanism of the eff ect of a variable
electrical field of small amplitude on LMLZT ferroelectric ceramics, which brings
the specimen from the electrically polarized to the thermally depolarized state.
Ttvo interrelated processes were considered: disorientation of the previously
aligled domains of the ferroelectric ceramics and heating up of the specimen in
the r.epolarization process. A satisf actory match of estimated data with experi-
mental was obtained. The method of the effect of a variable electrical field per-
mitted realizing optically isotropic orientatione of the ferroelectric domains,
which caused an inc.rease of the optical cor.trast of the electrooptical effects
to a value greater than 100:1.
5. Su~gested was~the method of creating by an electrical field an optically iso-
. tropic state of the ferroelectric ceramics with a uniform 90-degree reorientation
. of the ferroelectric domains to a direction perpendicular to the specimen plane
which prevents irreversible polarization of the switchable regions.
6. The basic capability of making use of the cross electroooptical effect in
LMLZT ceramics in matrix addressable controllable transparencies; this enabled a
considerable gain in light conversion efficiency (over 50 percent) while keeping
the high rate of information arr3y generation inherent to the matrix method of
transparency elemen~ switching.
7. Based on the edge effect in ferroelectric ceramics, we developed and studied a
model of a high-speed electrically controllable transparency with a capacity of
32 x 32 elements, that provided information array generation time of 160 micro-
seconds and erasure of 100 microseconds with a voltage pulse amplitude of up *o
250 V; light conversion efficiency was 15 percent in the mode of matrix addressing
of all transparency elements; optical contrast at light wavelength of 633 nm
exceeded 100:1 in the wide angular range of tranaparency illumiuation of �20�.
Based on paraelectric ceramics, we developed and studied a high-speed unidimensional
spatial-time light modulator which is r_haracterized by light modulation efficiency
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to 100 per~ent in the modulation frequency ~:.~d to 1 MHz. The parameters of these
and other experimental models of high-speed electrically controllable transparencies
developed on the basis of LMLZT ceramics are given in the table.
. Electrcoptical Valve Model
effect Addresaing Number of dimensions, thicknese,
Ceramic type used type elements microns microns
without ~1~ cross individual, 64 0.2 x 0.2 100
storage digital
(9/65/35) ~2J cross individual, 64 0.2 x 0.2 100
analog
L3] edge special type 16 x 16 0.45 x 0.45 100
of matrix
with L47 edge matrix 32 x 32 0.45 x 0.45 100
storage ~5J cross matrix 4 x 4 0.8 x~~.8 100
(8/65/35)
Light con-
Element Array _ version effi-
switch-on generation Erase ciency (with-
Control time, micro- time, micro- time, micro- Optical out consider-
volta e seconds seconds Stora e seconds contrast ing reflection)
[1J 450V 0.4 0.4 none 0.4 500:1 96%
[2J 450V 0.4 0.4 relaxation 5-10 mins. 5:1 96%
[3] 250V 0.4 0.4 none 0.4 50:1 15%
[4] 250V 2 64 long-term 0.1 100:1 15%
[5] 650V 2 8 long-term 0.1 100:1 8~%
General conclusion: the results obtained allow drawing the conclusion that electro-
optical ceramics are some o~~ the most promising materials for high-speed emplitude
- and phase electrically controllable traneparencies; the research performed is the
necessary basis for organizing experimental design work on ECT development to make
use of them in real information processing syatems.
Along with this, further study of the physical properties of polycrystal LMLZT
ceramics is required. For example, there is still no atrict theoretical or analytic
model of the double�refraction properties of polycrystal LMLZT ceramics that consi-
ders the diffraction and scattering of light on the individual domF.ins and bound-
ariea of the granules. The interrelated pyroelectric and piezoopt~cal phenomena
have not been studied tehoretically and experimentally. There is no theory for the
photovoltaic effect. A profound understanding of the phyaical propertiea of poly-
crystal LMLZT ceramics will allow finding optimal methods for consreed~andhaenai-
electrooptical properties, and raise even higher the efficiency, p
tivity to the control signal of the controllable transparenciea based on them.
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Needed too is further purposeful research on improving the phyeical and technologi-
cal processes of making LMLZT ceramics with reliable monitoring of their composi-
ti~n at all stages of preparation, which will provide the capability of fine re-
producible production of specimens with properties specified in advance. In doing
so, worthy of attention is the possibility of obtaining new interesting propertieg
in LMLZT systema made in the planar structure by the high-frequency spraying method.
~ BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Kosarev, A. I. and Sokolov, V. K., ZARUBEZHNAYA RADIOELEKTRONIKA, No 8, 1974,
pp 59-80.
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UN-TA [Scientific Notea of Latvian State University], Vol 232).
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pp 479-485.
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pp 4-46.
11. Dalisa, A. L. and Seymour, R.' L.., PROC. IEEE, Vol 61, No 7, 1973, pp 981-991.
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13. Uchida, N. and Ikeda, J., JAP. J. APPL. PHYS., Vol 6, 1967, pp 1079-1085.
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New York, Plenum Publ. Corp., 1971, p 169. ~
19. Kirkby, C. J., OPT. COMMUN., Vol 13, No 3, 1975, pp 330-332.
20. 3ar-Chaim, N.; Seidman, A. and Wiener-Avnear, E., FERROELECTRICS, Vol 10,
1976, pp 385-388.
21. Britsyn, I. I.; Tokarev, N. V.; T~ofimov, I. B.; U1'yanov, B. V.; Fesenko,
~ Ye. G. and Shubalov, L. A., ELEKTRONIKA TEKHNIKA. SER. MATERIALY, issue 3,
1977, PP 86-88.
22. Drake, M. D., APPL. OPT., Vol 13, No 2, 1974, pp 347-352.
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23. Roberts, H., APPL. OPT., Vol 11, No 2, 1972, pp 397-404.
24. Sonin~, A. S. and Vasilyevskaya, A. S., "Elektroopticheskiye kristally"
[Electrooptical Crystals~, Moscow, Atomizdat, 1971, 231 pages.
25. Klimov, I. I.; Kompanets, I. N.; Levichev, A. S.; Semochkin, P. N.; Smolya,
. A. V. and Sobolev, A. G., KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 4, No 11, 1977,
pp 2360-2366.
26. Garbuz, N. G.; Zhabotinskiy, V. A.; Kompanets, I. N.; Kostina, T. M.;
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' pp 59-67.
27. Cutchen, J. T.; Harris, J. 0.; Laguna, G. R., Jr., APPL. OPT., Vol 14, No 8,
1975, pp 1866-1873.
28. Vasil'yev, A. A., "Upravlyaemyye transparanty na oanove zhidkikh kriatallov i
ikb ispol'zpvaniye v skhemakh preobrazovaniya i kodirovaniya opticheskikh
signalov" [Controllable ~ansparencies Based on Liquid Cryatals and Their Use
in Opticr~l Signal Conversion and Coding Schemea], dissertation candidate
of physical and mathematical sciencea, Fioscow, FIAN, 1980.
29. Kompanets, I. N.; Semochkin, T. P. and Sobolev, A. G., "Controllable Z~ans-
parenciea Based on Electrooptical Ceramics," in "Prostranstvenno-vremennyye
modulyatory sveta" [Spatial-Time Light Modulators], Leningrad, Nauka, 1977,
pp 107-113.
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A. V. and Sobolev, A. G., K~~ANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 4, No 11, 1977,
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No 5, 1978, pp 1034-1042.
33. Okazaki, K. and Nagata, K., J. AMER. CERAM. SOC., Vol 56, No 2, 1973, ,~p 82-86.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 198]
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UDC 621.382
RESEARCH ON DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICALLY CONTROLLABLE STORAGE ELEMENTS BASED ON
MULTILAYER SGMICONDUCTOR-"II~SULATOR STRUCTURES
Moscow TRUDY ORDENA LENINA FIZICHESKOGO INSTITUTA IM. P. N. LEaEDEVA AKADEMII NAUK
SSSR in Russian Vol 126, 1981 (eigned to presa 1 Jul 81) pp 120-156
[Part 3 by A. F. Plotnikov and V. N. Seleznev*]
[Excerpts] Introduction
Much attention has been paid recently to optical methods of information pFocesaing.
Applying optical methode in new~generation computera wili undoubtedly have the
effect of increasing their apeed and throughput and raising n~ise-immunity and
reliability.
The advantages of asaembliea with optical information procesaing now being proposed
are bound to show up moat fully in the future with the development of computera
with a substantially new organization designed for application of coherent optics.
However, a number of assemblies for an optical computer, such as information input/
output units and reversible optical storage unita can also be successfully applied
in modern computers in various classea for varioua purpoaes.
Reversible optical storage units (ZU) with a capacity ~xceeding 108 bits and high
parallelism in processing, retrieval of and acceas to any part of stored #.nforma-
tion (ti 1 microaecond) may be of interest for use in modern computer equipment.
, Development of this optic~l atorage unit is posaible at the current atate-of-the-
art if the medium, the reveraible carrier of information, meets a number of rather
severe requirements: the neceasary sensitivity to the light effect, spatial
r~solution, speed, etc. [1].
In this work, we have studied the capability of reversible optical recording with
MIS structures of the metal-silicon nitride-silicon oxide-silicon type
- (Me - Si3 N4 - Si02 - Si), the so-called MNOS structures (metal-nitride-oxide-aemi-
conductor).
~ Based on the dissertations: V. N. Seleznev, "Research on Processes of Optical
Reversible Recording of Information on Multilayer Structures of Metal-Insulator-
Semiconduc tor [MIS];~dissertation candidate of phyaical and mathematical
sciences, Moscow, FIAN, 1975; A. F. Plotnikov, "Photoelectric Phenomena in MIS
Structures," dissertation doctor of physical and mathematical sciencea, Moscow,
FIAN, 1977.
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MNOS structurea are widely applied for reversible electrical storage, have a high
swicthing apeed of N 10 ~s and can store recorded information for several thousands
of houre after power is disconnected [2]. The planar technology for manufacture of
the structures is convenient and well developed. MNOS structurea operate at room
temperatures and consequently r~quire no special vacuum low-temperature syateme.
The following is required to study the capabilities of developing an optical
storage unit with theae structures: 1) further study of the phyeical mechanisms
determining the processes of accumulation, storage and readout of information in
these structures; 2) research on the effect of light on awitching of the structurea;
3) study of parameters of teh elements in an optical etorage unit and the physical
factors limiting their maximum values; and 4) development of a atructural scheme
for optical atorage.
This work is devoted to an examination of these questions.
The experiments performed fn this work have ehown that the ener9~ of a light pulse
from a semiconductor laser made with GaAs cryst~l is suffic~P~.t for simu?taneoua re-
cording of an array of 103 bits of information within 10 ~s.
: A structural acheme for an optical storage unit with high capacity (w 10$ bita)
has now been ~?eveloped in which information ;.R recorded in binary c~de an in
arrays (just ~s in holographic etorage units). Light addresaing for individual
'
pages ia used in the scheme, which enables rapid access to any part of the recorded
information [32]. We used a photoconductor - ferromagentic film structure to
store information.
~ Using a photolayer and the need of using a magnetic field limit the apeed of this
unit to the millisecond range. We examined the possibility of using the baeic
ideas of this acheme to implement an optical storage unit based on MIS structures
[33J.
Using an MIS atructure as a storage medium permits developing a high-speed optical
storage unit highly senaitive to the control light.
A block diagram of the storage is ahown in fig. 41. The main components are:
laser, optical addressing syatem and the storage medium. The scheme ia based on
using a gas laser with minor (close to diffraction) beam divergence. Powerful
argon lasers have now been developed that provide continuous radiation with a
~power to 5 W with beam divergence not over 0.5 millirad (for example, the ILA
series lasera from the GDR).
The light-senaitive medium is divided into individual aectione--chips--each having
o~ne common control electrode. Information is coded by electrical pulses and
~ recorded only in the illuminated section of the chip. During readout, the signal
being recorded is also determined only by the state of the iTluminated cell of
the ~hip.
Each store~ge chip is addreased by one beam that moves to another cell on thie seme
chip when the def lector is switched.
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~ . V~i~~A A
~ ~ B
~ 1 .
'
: .
~
6
. CDem
LighL
Fig. 41. Diagram of organizat.ion of a tiigh-capacity optical storage device
Key:
. 1. laser 5. storage card
2. deflector 6. beam aplitter of additional splitter
3. f irst splitter 7. storage cell
4~ objective 8. chip
The optical addreasing system consista of a deflector and light beam aplitter
focusing thP optics. The splitter is intended for parallel reference to many
cells in the storage medium placed on the varioue chips.
The laser b=am is aplit according to the following acheme.
At each.deflector pos3.tion, the light beam ie split into 64 beams forming a matrix
of 8 x 8 bean~a .
Splitting i~ performed by the system of double refraction prisms made of calcite
arranged in series over the beam courae. The focusSng optice generate on the
carda of the storage medium 8 x 8 light cir~lea witr,~ a diameter of 6 microns equi-
dietant from each other. The storage medium chips are arranged ao that one
storage cell ia illuminated on each of them.
= Thus, 64 bits of information can be recorded aimultaneously on a card. Beam
splitters are placed be*-ween the focusing objective and storage medium to increase
the capacity of each page. Thus, identical images are obtained on aeveral carda
of the storage medium. However, in the general case, a different numeric code
goes to each of the cards. Page capacity increases in proportion to the number of
cards used. The number of storage cells in each chip equals the number of deflec-
tor positions, and the total capacity of the storage device is defined as
NQ = NpNgNk, where Ng is the number of atorage cells in each chip, Np is the num-
ber of chips on each atorage card and IVk is the number of storage cards.
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It is easy to ahow that the capacity of one atorage card N1 can be repreeented by
the expression [34]
Ni = ~x, ~e~~~2,44u~,)s ~Da~f)~,
where D is the aize of a side of a aquare storage card (let us aeaume that the
diameter of the focusing ob,jective Dob 2D); f is the objective focal distance,
~ is the light wavelength,'j( D is the diameter of the light beam incident on the
focusing objective af ter the first splitter is a numeric factor ~ 1), xib is
the storage cell spacing factor within a chip (xib = b/ab and b ia the atorage cell
diameter), sb is the stPp of the layout of the storage cells within a chip, xi~ is
the factor for f ill~ing a atorage card with chips (xi~ = c/s~), c is the size of a
_ chip side and s~ is the atep of the layout of chipe on a storage card.
The given expression for capacity of a card matchea t~?e correaponding expreasio�a
that defines the ::apacity of a holographic main atorage unit [35].
However, in contrast to holographic schemes for a storage unit with a fixed objec-
tive diameter, the capacity of the device under coneideration increases rapidly
~ with an increase in the number of beam eplitters
- N= N12k, where k is the number of beam aplitters on the path of any beam from the
objective to the correaponding storage card. At the same time, itis true that the
required laser power increases as well.
Given in [34] is an estimate of varioua alternativea for buil-~ing a storage device
according to the scheme under conaideration to optimize ~he storage device
parameters.
Ttte main resulte of the eatimate are ahown in the table. The data cited indicate
that with an attainable laser power, it is posaible to build a storage device
with a capacity
exceeding 108 bits.
The functional capabilitiea of the optical storage device in question correapond in
many parameters to thoae of modern reversible holographic atorage devices:
recording and readout of information in arrays, the fundamental capability of rapid
addreasing for the different information arrays while sacnning over the structure
by light, an3 recording of information with high density.
At the same time, this acheme for an optical etorage device using ~IIS s~ructures
has advantages too. The sensitivity of MIS structurea exceede considerably that of
the ma,joriky of ho?.ographic reveraible media (1, 36]. This permits operating with
information arrays of 104 bits within ur~its of microseconds, while using seriea
lasers. The problems associated with development of high-speed transparencies with
a capacity of 104 bits and matrices of photodetectors with the same capacity are
superfluous in the echeme under consideration.
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2 3 (4) (5) (6) i7) ~ (9) (10)(11)(12)(13)
N I N I D M' I~' I N~, bs'r I Ne~ ba'r I N 6ar I n~ ' I 9r b~ I n~ ( c~ I~oc
k p ~a crp~ 6xr/~s rxr n[
64 256 19S 3~8 3.i�!U7 3.3�!Oo 3,6�iC~ 2.4�10~ 0~65 !0 14 3.S 5.2
256 64 78 308 ~i,2~lOB 3.3�!09 !.6�!0~ !.4�l0~~ !.!5 13 !9 5 7
512 !6 k~i 194 i,i�!Oe 5.4�108 8,2�!03 !.!�10~ O.i2 15 21 5.5 7.8
2(~48 4 2i !45 2,6�iCb 5.4.iCe 8,2�!09 0.73�109 !.1 i8 26 8.7 9�5
4C98 S 15 86 8.8�~C~ 2,5�f(t~ 4.!�10~ 0,61�10~ 0.84 20 28 7.3 i0
Key :
1. Nk [number of storage carda] 8. n[recording denaity], in bits/mm2
2. Np [number of chipa on each 9. P1 [laser power], ir~ W
atorage card] 10. b[atorage cell diameter], in
3. Dob[focusing objective diameter], microna
in mm 11. eb [storage cell layout etep within
4. f[objective focal distance], a chip], in microns
in mm 12. c[aize of a chip side], in mm
5. N1 [capacity of one storage 13. a~ [chip layout step on a card],
card], in bits in mm
6. N~ [capacity of storage device],
in bits
7. NpBge [number of bits on one
page]
The shortcomings of thia storage device are the high requirementa for precision of
execution of the individual elements and the adjustment of them.
In the suggested storage device, a certain amount of electrical power also has to
used to write, read and erase information, in addition to the light energy
def ined above. It follows from the physics of the phenomenon that the highest
emount of electricity hae to be used in writing and erasing information when the
capacitance of the insulation layer has to be charged practically to the peak of
the voltage recording pulse. The electricity atored in the procesa, accounted for
by a unit of structural surface area, equals
~ 01 =.~CiV2~
where C, is the capacitance of a square centimeter of the insulation layer and V fe
i
the peak of the recording pulse.
In the case when a voltage pulse is applied to the structure electrodea, but the
structure is not illuminated, the atored electric energy will be
~ 02 = ~CdiV2 t ~Ci(O.1V)2.
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The first term here considers the energy eLored in the capacitance of the gemicon-
ductor depletion layer, and the second term consi.ders the relaxation of the
nonequilibrium capacitance of the semiconductor depletion layer in darknese.
(Voltage on the insulator essential~y doea not exceed 10 percent of the peak of the
pulae being applied.) The diel~ctric losaes in this case are minor and essentislly
may be ignored (the dissipat,ton factor for
Si3N4 is ~ 10-3 ) .
The energy given off at the contacta of the strscture and determining the heat con-
ditione for operation of the element of the atorage device equals
~ c-~ORc~Rg + Rg + R1, where ~ ~ is the energy dissipated at the active ele-
ments of the structure capacitance charging circuit, R~ is the resietance of the
contacts, Rg is the resistance of the control voltage generator and R1 is the
- load resistance.
Energy consumed per bit will be: during illumination of the structure,
(o O1 -~~i~28bit' 8nd under dark conditions, ~ 02 =~(Cdl + 10-2Ci)VZsbit'
where ebit is the area occupied by one bit of information. ~
Let us make a n�,uneric calculation, assuming V= SOV, Ci = 10 9 F/mm2;
Cdl = 2� 10~11F/mm2(n = lOlscm~3), 8bit - 10-4mm2: 01= 1.2 � 10-10 J/bit;
~ 02= 3.6 � 10-12 J/bit.
The energy dissip~ted directly at the structure will be about one-tenth of these
values, aince in typical cases
_ Rg + Rl 103 ohms and R~ 102 ohma .
In the read mode, the voltage at the structure electrodes as a rule does not
- exceed 30 percent of the write voltage; conseq~.~ntly, in this case ~ 01 anc: ~ 02
will be: ~'p Ol ^f 10~11 J/bit and (~p 02 3.6 � 10~13 J/bit.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Seleznev, V. N. and Shuykin, N. N., KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 1,
pp 1485-1487.
~ 2. Ginovker, A. S.; Rzhanov, A. V. and Sinitsa, S. P., MIKROELEB.~RONIKA, Vol 2,
1973, pp 381-392.
~
3. Sze, S. M., J. APPL. PHYS., Vol 38, 1967, pp 2,951-2956.
4. (Zu, S. M.), "Physics of Semiconductor Devicea," Moacow, Energiya, 1973,
- 655 pagea.
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5. Snow, E. H.; Grave, A. S.; Deal, E. and Sah, S. T., J. APPL. PHYS., Vol 36,
1965, pp 1664-1673.
6. Ross, E. S. and Wallmark, J. T., RCA REV., Vol 30, 1969, pp 366-369.
7. Terman, L. M., SOLID STATE ELECTRON., Vol 5, 1962, pp 285-299.
8. Lundstrtlm, K. J. and Svenaon, C. M., IEEE TRANS. ELECTRON DEVICES, Vol ED-19,
1972, pp 826-836.
9. Lundkvist, L.; Lundstrom, I. and Svenason, C., SOLID STATE ELECTRON., Vol 16,
19i3, pp 811-815.
10. Svensson, C. and Lundstrom, I., ELECTRON. LETT., Vol 6, 1970, pp 645-647.
11. Heiman, P., IEEE TRANS. ELECTRON DEVICES, Vol ED-14, 1967, pp 881-890.
12. Yamaguchi, H., J. PHYS. SOC. JAP., Vol 25, 1968, pp 766-773.
13. Pikus, G. Ye., "Osnovy teorii poluprovodnikov!' (Principlea of Theory of Semi-
conductora], Moscow, Nauka, 1965, 448 pages.
14. Moss, G., "Optical Properties of Semiconductors.," Moscow, Izd-vo inostr. lit.,
_ 1961, 304 pages.
15. Gergel', V. A.; Zimoglyad, 0. 0. and Fetisov, Ye. A., "Photorelaxation of the
Semiconductor-Inaulator-Semiconductor Structure Capacitance," TR. MFTI, part
2, 1971, pp 99-110.
16. Plotnikov, A. F.; Seleznev, V. N.; Ferchev, G. P. and Shubin, V. E.,
y KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 1, 1974, pp 1885-1888.
17. Kravchenko, A. B.; Plotnikov, A. F.; Shubin, V. E. and Seleznev, V. N.,
- KRAT. SOOBSHCH. PO FIZIKE, Vol 10, 1973, pp i-10.
18. Kravchenko, A. B.; Plotnikov, A. F.; Popov, Yu. M., Seleanev, V. N. and
Shubin, V. E., FIZIKA I TEKHNIKA POLUPROVODNIKOV, Vol 8, 1974, pp 810-812.
19: Yefimov, Ye. Ye.; Gorbuahov, Yu. I. and Kozyr', I. Ya., "Mikroelektronika"
[Microelectronics], Moscow, Vyashaya ahkola, 1977, 230 pagea.
20. Plotnikov, A. F.; Seleznev, V. N.; Tokarchuk, D. N. and Ferchev, G. P.,
KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 2, 1975, pp 508-512.
, 21. Johnaon, E. 0., PHYS. REV., Vcl ill, 1958, pp 153-166.
22. Seleznev, V. N., "Reaearch on Processes of Optical Reveraible Recording of
Infarmation on Multilayer MNOS Structures," disaertation candidate of
physical and mathematical sciencea, Moscow, FIAN, 1975.
23. Lem, Y. W., J. APPL. PHYS., Vol 42, 1971, pp 1370-1376.
103
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24. Plotnikov, A. F. and Vavilov, V. S., FIZIKA I TEKHNIKA POLUPROVODNIKOV, Vol 7,
1973, PP 878-88Q.
' 25. Garett, G. B. and Brattain, W. H., PHYS. REV., Vol 99, 1955, pp 376-387.
26. Garei, J. E.; Kosonocky, W. F. and Rambery, E. G., IEEE TRANS. ELECTRON
DEVICES, Vol ED-19, 1972, pp 798-8~8�
27. Kravchenko, A. B.; Plotnikov, A. F.; Seleznev, V. N. and Tokarchuk, D. N.,
~ KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 1, 1974, pp 2291-2293.
28. Krutikov, V. N. and Kulagin, N. Ye., "Edge Effect of MIS Structure in
Depletion Mode," TR. MFTI, part 2, Z971, pp 140-146.
29. Rajchman, J. H., APPL. OPT., Vol 9, 1970, pp 2269-2271.
30. Hill, B., APPL. OPT., Vol 11, 1972, pp 182-191.
31. Kof tonyuk, P. F.; Kostrokov, V. V. and Morozov, V. A.,
KVANTOVAYA ELEKTRONIKA, Vol 1, 1974, pp 78-83�
32. Hill, B.; Krumme, J.; Much, G.; P~ppere, R. and Schmidt, J.,
APPL. OPT., Vol 14, 1975, pp 2607-2613.
33. Kitovich, V. V.; Plotnikov, A. F.; Popov, Yu. M.; Seleznev, V. N. and Strakhovs
V. G., "Optoelectronic Storage Device," Patent 4139909, 1979 (USA).
34. Kitovich, V. V., "Magnitnyye i magnitoopticheakiye operativnyye zapominayu-
shchiye ustroyatva" [Magnstic and Magnetooptic Main Storage Devices],
Moscow, Energiya, 1975, 432 pages.
35. Kitovich, V. V. and Zhaleyko, V. B., VOPROSY RADIOELEKTRONIKA. SERIYA
ELEKTRONIKA VYCHISL. TEKHNIKA, iseue 1, 1977, pp 10-22.
36. Plotnikov, A. F. and Seleznev, V. N., ZARUBEZHNAYA RADIOELEKTRONIKA, �
1976, pp 73-86.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'atvo "Nauka", 1981
8545 '
CSO: 1863/37 '
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PERSUNALITIES
INSTRUMENT-MAKING WINNERS OF 1981 USSR STATE PRTZES IN TECHNOLOGY NAMLD
Moscow PRIBORY I SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA in Russian No 1, Jan 32 p 1
[Article: "We Congratulate Specialists in Instrument Making Who Were Awarded
the 1981 USSR State Prize in Technology"]
[Text] We congratulate specialists in instrument m3king who were awarded the
1981 USSR State Prize in technology for development and seLting up series proc~uc-
tion of SM-3 and SM-4 complexes of hardware and software for tfie international
system of small computers. They are the following:
Boris Nikolayevich Naumov, corresponding member of the USSR
Academy of Scienced, director of INEUM [Tnstitute of Electronic
Control 1~Q.chines of the USSR Academy of Sctences], and pro3ect
director;
Yevgeniy Nikolayevich, Filinov, candidate. of tecfinical sciences,
deputy director of INEUM:
Yuriy Nikitich Glukhov, candidate of techntcal sciences, de~
partment head at INEUM; �
Aleksandr Nikolayevich Kahalevskiy, candidate ot technical
sciences, department head at INEUM;
Valentin Petrovich Semik, candidate of pfiysicomatfiematical
' sciences, department head at IN~UM;
Apollinariy Fedorovich Nezabitovakip, general director of
the Kiev Elektronmash Production Association imeni V. I.
Lenin;
Vilya Antonovich Afanas'yev, chief of the special design
bureau of the Kiev Elektronmash Production Association
imeni V. I. Lenin;
Stanislav Sergeyevich Zabara, doctor of technical sciences,
deputy general director of the Kiev Elektronmasfi.Productton
Association;
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Vladimir Porfir'yevich Fedorin, candidate of ~~chnical
- sciences, director of the Moscow Energopribo;- Experi-
mental Plant; ~
Yevgeniy Borisovich Smirnov, chief of tfiE Sovuzelektronmasfi
All-Union Production Assoctation.
We further congratulate Leonard Abramovich ~ul'man, candidate of technical
sciences and chief engineer of the Central Planning-Design Bureau of Production
Automation Syste~s, who received the State Prize for participation in rapid con-
struction of blast furnace No 6 of the Novolipetskiy Metallurgical Plant, in-
corporating pro3ected capacity ahead of scfiedule there, and attaining high
technical-economic indicators.
We wish th~se people continued creative successes and acbievements to benefit de-
velopment of domestic science and tec~inology.
COPYRIG~IT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinoatroyeniye"~ "Pribory i siste~y upravleniya",
1982
11,176
CSO: 1863/117
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EXHIBITIONS AND CONFERENCES
UDC 681.322
NEW COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY EXHIBITED AT LEIPZIG FAIR
Moscow PRIBORY I SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA tn Russian No 1, Jan 82 pp 12-13
[Article by engineer-economist M: Grunewald, GDR: "New Articles of
Computer Technology from VEB Kombinat Robotron"]
[Text] VEB Kombinat Robotron exhibited a number of new articles of decentral-
ized computer technology at the Leipzig spring fair. Tfie enterprtse fi.ad sfiown
some of the articles of this program at the fair earlier.
These articles are based on the K1520 (SM 1626~ and K1620 or K1630 (SM 1630)
microprocessors.
The A6402 Commercial Base Computer System
System A6402 is a small computer unit based on a K1b30 microprocessor, which
differs from the K1620 micropro:.essor beca~use its internal storage capacity of
128 K words (256 K bytes) is four times larger. Tt is posstble to connect in
an arithmetic processor for high-speed processing of 32-bit and 64-bit numbers
with floating points as well as 16 bit and 32 bit numbers with fixed decimal
points; this tncreases computational productivity. Microprocessors of the
SM 1630 series are compatible with SM-3 and SM--4 computers witT~ respect to
software.
At Leipzig system A6402 was shown with the following peripheral units: K8911
operator console with display and keyboard (East Germany); SM 5400 cassette
disk store (Bulgaria); SM 5300 magnetic tape store (Bulgaria); K6200 punched
tape complex (East Germany); cassette external memory with K5261 magnetic tape
(East Germany); VT 27065 parallel printer (Hungary); quastgraphic color display
(East Germany).
It is possible to connect other peripheral units to the system in addttion to
those exhitiited at the fair: a punched tape input unit; a storage unit on
floppy disks; a series printer; teletypes, and otfier terminals
System A6402 may work in an autonomous regime or wtthtn a hierarcfiy of computers,
= alongside more powerful machines such as the YeS 1055 or YeS 1055M. In this
case it is connected to the computer through remote data processing cFiannels.
The MOOS 1600 operating system was developed f~r system A6402. Thanks to its
- moduiar structure the operating system permits generation of diff erent operating
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systems oriented to internal or external memorp uni.ts~. The MOOS 16Q0 system in-
cludes a control program and the followtng system~programs: AssemFiler, Linkage
Editor, Editor, Debugging System, Library~Program, auxiliary input-output
Programs, programs for access to files, and rranslators. Tfie operating system
is generated on the basis of recording on disks in tfie cassette store and it
can work in different regimes: control by several users, multiprogramming,
control by priority, time-sharing, batch processing, and execution of back-
ground problems for program development parallel witfi realization of applied
programs.
The FORTRAN, COBOL, and CDL languagea and tfie interpreter langua.ge BASIC are
_ proposed for use of translators. The system also Tias software linkage with YeS
computers.
Problem-oriented software has been developed for the following areas of appli-
cation: data organization, collection of data and cowpiling of protocols;
standard mathematical functions; mathematical tecTiniques; and, economic processes
(material-technical supply, calculation of laFior resources, and the like).
The software was designed on the modular principle of construction and tfie
principle of structured programs on a uniform technologtcal basts.
System A6401, built on the basis of the K1620 microprocessor, was exFiibited at
the fair for the second time. Its new feature was a linkage wtth two K893.1~
t:erminals installed nearby. In princ~ple tfie same peripfieral unit can be con-
nected to the junior model A6101 as to the model A6402. In vtew of interaction
speed it is possible to connect as many as eigflt terminals.
Quasigraphic Colored Display ~
Visitors at the fair showed great intere~t in tfie quasigraphic colore~ display.
_ This device has a tube that is 56 centtmeters~on the diagonal and a slit mt3sk.
_ It is designed to display quasigraphic ~nformation. Ttie displays are used mai~nly
at operator positions to monitor continuous processes, for example at power
plants, chemical enterprises, and metallurgical plants. Using tliis unit tfie
process can be represented in the form of alphanumeric and simple graphic
images.
The d~splay format is 24 by 80 and the set of cfiaracters includes 128 fixed
characters and 128 programmable characters. A raster of 5 by 7 points is used
to display alphanumeric characters, while a raster of 7 by 9 points is used
for other symtiols. Eight different colors are envisioned, both for the fore-
ground and the background.
_ The quasigraphic colored terminr~l can be connected to tfie K1520 and K1620/K1630
microprocessors.
New Articles Based on the K152Q (or SM 1626Z Mtcroprocessor
A broad assortment of articles of decentralt.zed computer technology has been de-
veloped on the basis of the K1520 microprocessor. Of tfiem tfie devices reviewed
below were exhibited at Leipzig for the first time.
108 ~
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T'~e A5220 data collection system is us.ed to collect mass data, for example to
re~lace punched card units tn all areas of the economy. It is a multtterminal
system that includes a sys~tem control unit (controller) and up to eiglit remote
K8913 data points. The system provides for collection, sorting, prelimtnary
processing, and transmission of tfiz data collected at the individual terminals.
It can serve as a terminal for other large computers and can be connected to a
computer of any hierarchy. The linkage is accomplislied through a V24 interface.
Data are collected by magnetic tape and floppy disk ~tores connected to tfie con-
troller. Information can be outputted to a monitor and printed on a.standard
printer.
The controller is a worktng desk constructed of system K1520 microprocessor
modules and uses the SIOS 1526 operating system. The simple language of in-
structions makes it po~sible to formulate various applied programs. The system
contemplates installation of terminals at distances up to 500 meters and con-
necting a series printer to them. In Leipzig programs for data collection in
the field of material-technical supply and for calculation of wages were
demonstrated using the data collection system.
The A5310 electronic writing system. Work with written texts takes up a large
part of labor expenditures in all fields of engineering, so tTie demonstration
of the A5210 electronic writing system, which is designed to streamline this
work, aroused great inte~-est among specialists. The electrontc wr?.ting system
can be used in all areas of the economy because i:t can Iie put together with
different sets of equipment.
The basic variation is the table-model display with a 24 by 80 format. Its
electrunic part consists of K1520 microprocessor system modules. Tfie keytioard,
which is similar to a typewriter keyboard, uses tnternational standard keys;
this gives the work a graphic quality and makes control simple.
The base model of this writing system works with floppy disk storage and a disk
printer with solid script characters. This makes it possible to perform the
following functions: preparation and processing of text; copy~ng, correcting,
and cursory control functions; and printing. These functions are the basis for
automatic page printing when outputting and correcting a text or for interaction
between internal and external memory.
Expanded models of system A5310 have the capability of connecting in additional
floppy disk stores, using two storage units on floppy minidisks in tfie primary
unit, and broadened printing principles. Compared to the base model, they use
almost all types of text processing. Efficient work is achieved tn this case
= by one file of text modules, addresses, masks, formulas, and assignments.
The 1157 (SM 6309) mosaic printer is a new, higfi-speed column mosaic printer, the
A1157. It is designed for very diverse fielda of application; for example it
can be used with office processors, Tiase computer systems, and as an assemtily
built into another unit (OYeM).
The microprocessor-control model 1157 printer prints much faster t~ian the widely
known pxinters. It is built in four variations whtch differ by width (132 or 210
characters per line) and speed (150-180 or 320-360 characters per second). The
~ 109
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printer has a set of 96 charactera and can be expanded to 192 characters.
Printing can be done backward and forward. The raster of a cliaracter is 9 by 7
points in slow printing and 7by 7 points in fast printing. Up to five copiea
can be made. The following work regimes are contemplated: printing on ~ournal
rolls; printing with accordion-type layout; printing on Tilank Bills; and, work
with a magnetic card attachment for calcula~ions.
It is possible to order the item wiCh.Latin and Ruasian (Cyrillic~ script in
normal, cursive, and broad faces.
The A5100 series office proceasor (three models of it were exhibited at the
fair) aroused great interest among visitors despite the fact tfiat similar units
were demoastrated there in 1980. Different variations of the set of equipment
were displayed: the A5110 (SS4 1617) office processor desigaed chiefly for book-
keeping, with the capability of processing text information; the A5120 (SM 6908)
office processor that is oriented cfiiefly to data collection and processing;
and, the A5130 (SM 6907) office processor which is the liigh productivity unit
of the data group unit and is designed for collecting and proc.essing data, book-
keeping, invoice preparation, and autonomous computations.
The K1520 microprocessor is used as the computing unit in all the models, and
a display, printer, and storage unit on floppy disks or cassette magnetic tapes
can be connected to all of them.
The office processors may be connecte.d through remote data processing channels
_ with central computing machines of types A6401 or A6402, or tfie YeS~ 1055/1055M.
Th~e linkage between an A5130 processor and a YeS 1055M computer was exIlibited
at the Leipzig fair.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", "Pribory i sistemy upravleniya",
' 1982
= 11,176
CSO: 1863/117
110
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CONFERENCE ON SECOND-GENERATION ROBOTS PLANNED FOR FALL 1982
Moscow PRIBORY I SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA in Russian i~o 1, Jan 82 p 13
[Notice: "The Central Board of Directors of the S~cientific-~Tacfinical Societ}?
of Instrument Making Industry :Lmeni Academician S. T. Vavilov~ Section on
Adaptive Robots and Artificial Intellect, Announces an All-dJnion Scientific~-
Technical Conference Named 'Adaptive Robots,' in Na1~cTiik in September 1982"j
[Text] The Central Board of Directors of the Scientific Technical Society of
Instrument Making Tndustry imeni Academician S. I. 'Vavilov is planning to hold
an all-Union scientific-technical conference in N~1.'cfiik in Sep~emlier 1982.
The sub~ect of the conference will be problems of adaptation and control in
robot engineering syatems. The conference will be called "Adaptive Robots
82."
The conference will he devoted to an excfian~~~ of experience and discussion of
a broad range of issues that arise in the development and use of second-
generation robot engineering systems, adaptive robots for different purposes.
The program of the conference enviaions.discussi.on of reports and conducting
debates in the following main areas:
1. problems of development and operation of rmbot engineering
systems in instrument making;
2. technical means of different types of sensitization in
~ robot engineering systems;
3. data processing and compuCer processes in tfie functioning
of adaptive robot engineering spstems;
4. probl~ms of adaptation in robot engineering;
5. system aspects of research.and tfieoretical foundations
of robot engineering.
In order that timely preparationa can be made for the conference, requests to
- participate and abstracts of reports (not more tfian two typewritten pages,
double-spaced, in two copies, and with appropriate documents) must be sent in
111
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~ before 1 March 1982. This applies also to inforu~ation about tfie author(s) on
a separate sheet tfiRt gives the title of the report~ tfie autfior's first,
middle, and last names, learned degree, poerition, organization, telepTwne num-
_ ber, and address for corresponden~e.
' We ask tfiat abstracts of reparts and requests for garticipation from organiza-
tions be sent to the following address: 121019, Moscow~, Prospekt Marksa,
17, Central Board of Directors of the Scientific Tecfinical Society of Instrument
Making, Comrade A. N. Chekhonadskiy, lea~cned secretary of the organizing com-
mittee.
Information is available at the telephone number 202-14-7.3.
Professor K. A. Pupkov is chairman of the organizing committee.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinoatroyeniye", "Pribory i sistemy upravleniya",
1982
11,176
CSO: 1863/117
112
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FOR OFFIC[AL USE ( ,
FRANCO-SOVIET COMPUTER PRiDGRAMMING SYMPOSIUM PUBLISHED
N~vosibirsk TEORIYA I PRAKTIKA PRiDGRAMNID10G0 OBESPEQiENIYA EVM in Russian 1981
(signed to press 15 Jul 81) pg 3-4
[Foreword and table of contents from boc~k "Theory and Practice of Computer Programs
(Proceedings of a Franco-Soviet Symposium), September 1968," Part 1, edited by
Andrey Petrovich Yershov and Igor' Vasil'yevich Pottosin, Computer Center, Siberian
Department, USSR Rcademy of Sciences, Vychislitel'nyy tsentr SO AN
SSSR, 500 copies]
_ [Text] Foreword, by A. P. Yershov and I. V. Pottosin
The works contained in this collection are based on reports given at the fourth
symposium on Subject 7 of the problem "F.utomation of Information Frocessing and
Application of Mathematics and Computer Technology ta Research in Economics,
Planning and C~ntrol (Information)" of Franco-Soviet Scientific-Technical Coopera-
tion, which was held in October 1978 in Paris. It is one of three directions of
cooperation between the computer center of the Siberian Department, USSR Academy
of Sciences and French organizations--theoretical proqramming, translation methods
and the~methods of computer communication in natural language. The reports were
_ revised somewhat and updated by the authors during pr~paration of this collection.
Some of the reports presented at the symposium by Soviet authors have already been
published, and therefore they are not includpd in this collection, which is why
the size of the French part of the collection is significantly greater.
There is no clear distinction between the two volumes of the collection in terms
~ of subject matter, though it may be said that the first volume is devoted for the
most part to programming methodology, languages and translation methods, while the
second is concerned with theoretical programming and the methods of computer com-
munication in natural lar?guage.
This collection is the second of Franco-Soviet works published by the computer
center of the Siberian Department, USSR Academy of Sciences within the framework
of co~peration in Subject 7. The first collection,'Teoriya program~nirovaniya i
metody translyatsii" [Programming Theory and Translation Methods], was published
in 1977.
113
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CONTENTS Page
1. Yershov, A. P., "Mixed Calculations: Potential Uses and Research
- Problems" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Kuzino, Zh., "Programmi.ng in EKZEL'. Theoretical and Practical Aspec~s". 41
3. Bert, U., and Zhake, R., "Parametrization of Abstract Data" 91
4. Banatr, M., Kuver, A., Erman, D., and Renal', M., "Abstract Types and
the Set of Their Representations in Program Execution" 109
5. Stepanov, G. G., "Running a SIGMA System" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6. Lyuks, 0., "Running a LISP Program. General Approach and Partial
Solution for an IRIS-80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
COPYRIGHT: VYCHISLITEL'NYY TSENTR SO AN SSSR
11004
CSO: 1863/135
~ 111t
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PUBLICATIONS
UDC 51:681.3:007:519.1
SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR SYSTEM DESIGN AND SIMULATION
Kiev SPETSIAL'NYYE SREDSTVA PROYEKTIROVANIYA I MODELIROVANIYA SISTEM /PROYEKT-YeS/
in Russian 1981 (signed to presa 29 Jul 81) p 100
[Table of contents from book "PROYEKT-YeS Special Facilities for System Design and
Simulation", editor-in-chief Academician V. M. Glushkov, Inatitute of Cybernetics,
UkSSR Academy of Sciences, 550 copiea, 107 pages]
[Texz] Contenta Page
Felizhanko, 0. D. Organizing the Problem-Solving Procese in the
PROYEKT-YeS System . 3
Bublik, V. V.; Gorokhovakiy, S. S. and Chuykevcih, V. S.
Dynamic Data Structure Processing Language Implementation 9
Kapitonova, Yu. V. and Parnitakiy, V. I. Implementing Facilities for
Information Support for Computer-Aided Deaign System Users 14
Shchegoleva, N. N. Processing Symbolic Information in the PROYEKT System 24
Pyatygin, S. A. Qrganizing the Algorithmic Simulation Proceas in the
PBOYEKT-YeS System 29
Lyabakh, V. F. Unif ied Software System for Control of Ion Beam Apparatus 35
Domrachev, V. N. Example of Program Correctness Proof Using Represen'tation
of It by Lambda-Term 40
Kolbasin, N. I. Implementation of Modular Synthesis Algorithms in the
PROYEKT-YeS System 45
Yurehenko, A. S. Some Assessments of the Basic Characteriatics of
Algorithms for Dynamic Segment Storage Allocation 53
Balabanov, A. S. Technique of Accounting for System Costs in Analytic
Models of Multiprogramming Computer Systems 62
Kochanova, K. D. and Varavva, I. G. Dynamic Forecaeting Model of ~
Oxygen Converter Processes 7G
Yarovitskaya, T. N. Evaluation of Algorithms for Extinguishing Underground
Fires That Are Implementable by NEDIS Language Facilities 75
Ponomarenko, L. L. Problem of Optimal Filtration for One
Infinite-Dimensic~nal Stochastic Syatem 82
,
. 115
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..Pepelyayev, V. A. Problem of Simulating Automated Communication Syetema 87
Gavrish, Yu. V. and Zavraiskiy, I. I.
Comparison of Multisets on Multiprocessor Systsma 93
Chechetkina, T. N. Lower Estimate for Probability of Faultless Operation
of Nonrecoverable Standby System 97
COPYRIGHT: Institut kibernetiki, 1981 .
8545
CSO: 1863/89
1.1.6
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CONTENTS OF 'JOURNAL OF THE USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES: TECHNICAL CYBERNETICS',
JANUARY-FEBRUARY ~.982
Moscow IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR: TEKHNICHESKAYA KIBERNETIKA in Russian No 1,
Jan-Feb 82 pp 1-2
[Text] Contents Page
Systems Analysis and Optimum Control
Kovalenko, A. G., Khachaturov, V. R., "Algorithms for Solving Some Problems '
Associated With Optimizing Multistepped Processes by the Approximational-
Combinatorial Method. I" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Malashenk~, Yu. Ye., and Ushakov, I. A., "Building Mathematical Nbdels of
Complex Technical Systems (Using a Communication Network as an Example). I" 18
A1'ber, Ya. I., Shil'man, S. V., "A Unified Approach to the Problem of
Minimizing Smooth and Unsmooth Functions" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Alekseyev, A. O., "Raising Effectiveness of Algorithms f~r Solving the
Transportation Problem Using the Time Criterion" . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Pokatayev, A. V., "Algorithm for Solving Problems Associated With
Unconditional Optimization of Geometric Programming" . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Aptukov, V. N., Pozdeyev, A. A., "Some Mini.max Problems of Structure
Technology and Strength" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Gordiyenko, Ye. I., "Adaptive Supply Control in the Presence of Unknown
Demand Distribution" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Balyko, A. K., "One Problem of Stochastic Programming" . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Gabasov, R., Kirillova, F. M., Kostyukova, O. I., "Direct Precise Algorithm
for Solving the Linear Problem of Optimum Control" . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Levin, V. I., "The Three Machine Tools Problem" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Queuing and Reliability
Nagonenko, V. A., Pechinkin, A. V., "Z"he Large Load in a System Character-
ized by Inversional Services and Piobabilistic Determination of Priorities" 86
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Nazarov, L. V., Smirnov, S. N., "Servicing Requests Distributed in Space". 95
Dikarev, V. Ye., "Model of Centralized Technical Service to a Complex of
Territorially Distributed Systetns" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Tatashev,. A. G., Shibanov, S. Ye., "Optimum nisciplines in Servicing a
Heterogeneous Flow of R~equests in a Mixed Single-Channel System" 108
Brodetskiy, G. L., "Effectiveness of One Method of Organizing Memorization
of Intermediate Results in Computer Systems" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Mamazhonov, M. M., "Optimum Plans of Continuous Selective Control in
Relation to a Prescribed Number of Checks" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Automata and Computer Systems
Starodubtsev, N. A., "Autonomous Antitonic Sequential Flowcharts. IV" 124
Osipov, G. S., "~vo Problems in the Z'heory of Semeiotic Models of Control. II" 13~1
Rrylov, V. V., "Building Real Time Processors Based on Shift Structures" 138
Luk'yanov, B. V., "Computation of Boolean Functions by Counting the Number
of R~eal Values of Variables" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Volchenkov, S. G., "Organization of Computations Making It Possible to
Use a Stack Memory~~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Artificial Intelligence and Robots
Krut'ko, P. D., Lakota, N. A., "Synthesis of Algorithms for Controlling
Movement of Robots by the Methods of Inverse Dynamic Problems. Coordinate � 154
Form of the Trajectory Problem" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bolotnik, N. N., Kaplunov, A. A., "Optimum Linear Nbvements of a Load Using
a Two-Membered Manipulator" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16A
~ Prokopov, B. I., "Successive Identification of the Parameters of Linear . 171
Systems in the Presence of Incomplete Measurements" . . . . . . . . . . .
Automatic Control
Chigin, G. P., Silayev, A. I., "Synthesis of Algorithms for Evaluating � 177
Parameters of Aircraft Vertical Nbvement" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Blyumin, S. L., Dariyenko, V. V., "Creation of Algorithms for Controlling
Movement of Linear Systems Based on Solving Inverse Dynamic Problems" 189
Kolesnik, V. P., Solodovnikov, V. V., "Methods of Synthesizing Speed-Optimum
Systems for Controlling High Order Objects With Limited Phase 195
Coordinates. II" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Brief Communications
Gadasin, V. A., Lakayev, A. S., "Reduction of the Laboriousness of Calculating
Reliability Characteristics of Weakly Correlated Networks" . . . . . . . . . . 203
Tomilenko, V. A., "Algorithm for Finding the Optimum Strategy for One Model
of Dynamic R~eservation" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Pokhodzey, B. B., "An Optimum Method of Nbdeling a Bernoulli Distribution" 207
Povarov, G. N., "Comparison of Boolean Functions in FLelation to Imperfect
Normal Forms" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Milovidov, S. P., Kozlov, P. A., "A Dynamic Transportation Problem With Delays,
Stated in Network Terms" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Chronicle
"On the 70th Birthday of Academician L. V. Kantorovich" . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Annotations of Articles Submitted to the All-Union Institute of Scientific
and Technical Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Izvestiya AN SSSR. Tekhnicheskaya kibernetika",
1982
11004
CSO: 1863/135
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. UAC 621.311:681.5
POWER SY~STEM AUTO~ATIflN ~'[JNAAMENTAi,S
Moscow OSNOVY AV'.~pMATIKI� Ei~1ERGOSiSTEM in Russian 1981 (s~igned to press 24 Nov 81)
pp 2-7 , 431-433
[Annotation, foreword, introduction and table of contents from book "Power System
Automation Fundamentals", by Mikhail Arnol''dovicn Berkovich, Anatoliy Nikolayevich
Komarov and Vladimir Aleksandrovich Semenov, Energoizdat, 25,000 copies, 433 pages]
[TextJ The purpose and area of application of the basic hardware for automating
power systems are discussed. Circuit diagrams and descriptions of the operating
principles of APV [automatic reclosing]y AVR [automatic emergency power switching],
~ARV [automatic excitation control], AChR [automatic frequency relief] and ARChM
[automatic frequency and actiye power control] equipment are presented, as well as
of automatic synchronization and counteremergency automation equipment. Methods of
calculating parameters of the ad~ustment of automation equipment are discussed.
The first edition was published in 1968. New equipment is discussed in the second
edition.
- For engineering and technical personnel involved in designing and servicing system
automation equipment. Can be used by students at WZ's and technical schools.
Foreword
The further development o~ the U:~SR Unified Power Systetn (YeES), the largest cen-
trally controlled power compan}r in the world, is ~oreseen in the "Main Guidelines
for Economic and Socia~ Deve7.opm~n~ o~ fihe USSR ~or 1981-1985 and ~or the Period
to 1990," adopted by~the 26th C~Su Congress. The entry into service o~ high-
and ultrahigh vo].tage e7,ectrotran~~mission 1,ines and high-power e~.ectric power
plants, the inte~s:e devQ~opment o~ principa~ and distributing networks, the
connection of new power poo7.s to the U~S~t YeES ~pr ~ara7.'! e7. o~~ratipn through ~
relatively~ poor Gonne~~i_pns.-,a11 tY~is has eacce~din~7.y~ comp~,ica,xed the ~roble,~ o~
controlling ~he rt4r~qa1, and es~ec3;a1,7,y~ th.~ ewergency~, o~exafi~ng ~pde~~ o~ power
systems.
Having received considerable development in re,cen~ years are equipmenC and syste~s
for automaticallycontro],1,ing norma.l modes, making possible the optimu~ conduct of
a mode taking into account res~trictions with regard to the quality o~ electric pow~er.
A centralized automatic ~requency and active power ~ontrol (ARChM) aystem has been
~ 120
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created and is operating suc~ess~u~l,y in the. USSit XeES. L.ocal equi,p14ent ~or.
automatic v~ol~age control, a~ subst~,tions has beco~e. e.yex more wide~~read.
Great attentio~ is� being paid to the ~utaa~tion of distributing n~fiworlts and sub~
stations. Variaus kinds o~ autoiqation equipm@nt have m~de it possible to automa,te
networks total~y, to optimize the norma~ u4ode with rESpect to vvl.tage, and to
restore power automafiical,l,g fio consume~s during acciden~al ~ailu7ces.
A rapidly developing area, o~ au~oma~ion~~coun~exeme~gency autqRlation--is o~ espe-
cially import~,nt significance ~or pr�~venting the deve~.opment c?~ esq~rgencies in power
systems.
The improvement of automation equipment and the heightening o~ s~eci~ications for
their reliability~, speed o~ response and opexating selectiv~ty~ have governed the
need to involve ~odern hardware in their de~ign, such as semicond+:ctor elements,
remote cutoff devices and analog and digifial contputer technolvgf elements.
In connection with this the second edition o~ this book has been rev3sed substan-
tially; it includes descriptions of new automation equipment and sy~stems designed
with modern hardware. The chapter on counteremergency automafiion has been expanded
considerably and a new chapter has been added, dev~oted to automatic ~requency and
active power contro7..
The material of this book is presented in such a manner as to give the reader an

, idea of the purpose o~` each kind of automatic equipment, of the basic principles
oF its design and o~ the design structure of individual automation equigment and
systems. Mathematics is brought in to a minimum where this is necessary to explain
the physical fundamentals of the equipment discussed.
This book is intended for speciali~ts involved in designing and servicing automation
equipment for power systems and contains a description of automation circuits and
equipment widely used iii our country. The material of this b~ok is discussed
to a fairly complete extent, which makes it possihle for it to be used by students
at secondary and higher technical educational institutions, taking the appropriate
courses, who are learning the �ields of specialization of automation technician or
electrical engineer.
The authors are grateful to the reviewer, U.K. Kurbangaliyev, and to the editor,
V.V. Ovchinnikov, for their valuabl~ comments and help in prepaxing the manuscript.
A11 comments and inquiries regaxding the contents and desip,n o~ this b4ok should
be sent to the fq7,lQwin~ address: 1.131.1,4, Mqscow, i~w114, Shly~uzpvaya nab., 10,
Energoizdat.
Introduction
A power~ul energ}~ base has l~een cr~ated ir~ ~he US$R,, which has ~de possi$1,~
speedier devel.p~~en~ o~ a11, sectors.~ o~ the nationa~ econou~y~ and the wide intrpduc,
tion of various electrica~, appliances for the personal needs o~ fih~ urban and
rural population.
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E7,even united ~c~w~x s~r,s.�~e.~qs: (QE$~! s�) ha,v~ ~ieen ~x~a~e,d within, who~e sfiru~~uxe.
al,mos~ a7,1 0~ Ch~ ~ou~~,ry''s� e7.ec~ri~~ powex p7,~n,t~ are t~p~x~fiin~ a~x~~y' fihi.~~
time, and e.l,ectric powe.r ~e.twprks o~ ~variou~ vo7,fi~geS' up Co 75Q kV' ~:n~~,u$i~ve
cover a great paxt o~ i~s hab.i~$b~,~ ax~a. ~'ox~ation p~ the USSi~ Uni~'ted. ~'owex
System--the USSi~ Ye~^-~i~� $ei~g cc>n1pl,eted.
The nature and content o~ problems re~,attng to eAS:uxing reliabi7.it~ and opexating
stability o~ pow~r sy~stems withi~n ttie s~tructuxe o~' th~ USSg xeS ha~e chan~ed con-
siderably as it has deve7.oped. ~'urther~ore such ~peci~ic a,spects o~ energy pro-
" duction as the interee~.atedness and interdependence o~ modes $nd the continuity
and indivisibilityo~ the. cechnological process o~ generating, transmitting and
distributing el,ectric ~ow~x have taanifes~ted tl~emse7.~res to an ever greater extent,
especially in interxuptions o~ noxma~, operating conditions.
Violation of the normal operating mode of one element of a power system, e.g.,
the cutoff of a power generator or heavily loaded electrotransmission line, can
be reflected in the operation of many other elements of the power system, and
under unfavorable conditions result in breakdown of the entire production process.
In this connection the need has arisen to restore as quickly as possible the normal
operating mode of a failed element or to replace it quickly with another standby
element, as we11 as to restore the balance of generated and consumed electric powex.
Another no less important aspect consists in the fact that electromechanical pro-
cesses in the failure of an electrical circuit or violation of norma.l conditions
usually originate and take place so quickly that the service personnel of power
plants and substations are in no position to detect the beginning and prevent
the development of these pracesses in good time. Therefore monitoring and cantrol-
ling the operating conditions of a power system represent highly complicated tech-
nical problems. Ful~illment of these objectives without using special equipment
proves to be impossible in many i�..stances.
The aspects of power production discussed above, as well as others, have made it
necessary to automate power systems to a wide extent.
By the automation of power systems is meant furnishing them with automatic equip-
ment which controls the technological process of the production, transmission and
distribution of electric power under normal and emergency conditions without the
participation of a human being in keeping with a program assigned to this equipment,
and the adjustment o~ this equip~tent.
Isolated automation equipment hegan to b.e used at i~diyidua~, e1,e~txic pqwer p7.ants
and substatiqns in the U~~i~ as e~x~.y as 7,935,7.93fi. Hqwe~r~x ~he b~gi,rin3;ng o~ the
mass introducti.on a~ vaxious kind~ o~ auzou~ti,Qn ~c~u~pa~ent 3,n pow~x syste~ns must
be sEt at 1943~].944. Be.caus~e. o~ ~Y?e great ~ol~ done, by S~ov~~t ~cientists and the
personne7, ot p~.anning organizations and pawex ay~stems, enex~y ~oday~ represents a
high7.y~ auto~~ed productiqn proces~s.
A11 automation equipment c~n be divided into two groups in t~x~4s Q~ its ~urpose $nd
area of application: technolagica~. and s~y~s~~em auto~t~on e~ui~ment.
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In turn, auto~tiQn ~c~uip~qen~ in ~a~h o~ ~h~~e, grqups i~ diyided intQ auto~qat~c
contzol equiptqent and autQma~ic x~gula~io~ equ~ptqQn~..
Te~hnologica7, auzcnn~tiort equipment ~t~es p4asi~le autcmtatic contxo7, or xegul,att,on
basically in the nqr~1 operating ~ode, e.g~,, automatic $w3;tch.i~g on o~ a sy~n-
chronous compensa~or or auCmm~tCic ~VO7,tag~ r~~;u7.at3;An Ceh 3) and autamatic syn-
chronization o# genexatoxs (;ch 4) . xechno7,ogic4~, auzomia,~~on ec~uipment is as a
rule o~ local ivmport~nce.
- System automation equiptaent ~kes poasibie ~utomatic confixo7. ox xegulation
basically under emergency conditiona. Thexe~oxe under its heading comes equipment
making possib7.e the preventfon or Taost e~~icient 1ocalization o~ ~ai7,ures originat-
ing in a power system, e.g., equipment ~or autcrma,tic re$ulation and boosting the
excitation of generators (ch 5), tor autc~ttic frequency relief (ch 7) and for
counteremergency automation (ch 8).
APV (ch 1} and AVR (ch 2) equipment usually also comes under the heading of system
automation equipment. However, this equipmertt in many instances is of local im-
portance.
Automatic regulation of frequency and active power overcurrent (ch 6) comes under
the heading of system automation of normal conditions.
CONTENTS page
Foreword 3
Introduction 5
Chapter 1. Automatic Reclosing (APV) 8
1.1. Purpose of APV 8
1.2. Classification of APV; key specifications for APV circuits 10
1.3. One-time-operation electrical APV 12
1.4. Aspects of execution of APV at remote-controlled substations 15
1:5. Aspects of execution of APV using air-break switches 19
1.6. Choice of one-time automatic reclosing settings for lines with one-
way feeding 22
1.7. Speeding up relay protection action with APV 23
1.8. Execution of APV using alternating control current 26
1.9. Reiterated APV 33
1.10. Three-phase APV in lines with two-way feedin~ 41
1.11. Combination o~ A~'V with relay protecCion 59
1.12. Single-phase A~V 61
1.13. Automatic xec].osin$ o~ lines 72
1,.14. Autosqatic reclqsin~ o~ e7,ectxic ~qotors 76
Chapter 2. ~u~qtqatic Swi~ching o~ ~~qexge~cy~ ~Qwex a~d Ec~uip~qet~~ (~VR) 77
2.1. ~uxpos~~ o~ ~Vii 77
2.2. Key~ s~pe~i~icazio~s ~ox ~i'~~ui~s� 80
2.3. Operatin$ pxinGip7,~ o~ A~ $1
_ 2.4. Minimuul-~Yoltage actuators 84
2.5. Auto~tic swit~hing on o~ sta,ndby tran~~ormexs 88
2.6. Automatic standb~ switching at suBat~ttions 96
2.7. Network AV'R 107
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2.8. Automatic swit~hing on b~ standh}r ~4eclianiem ~qo~axs
2.9. Autam~ti~ ~~aixching vn o~ ~,tandDy~ low-+~oltagQ linss: 7.7.1.
2.10. Calcu~a~ion o~ A,VR s~tCin~gs 11.4
Chapter 3. Tqta7, ~utp~tivn o~ Subst~afiions and Disfixibut~ng Netwqxt~s~ 7.~,8.
-~-�~3.1. Genera~ i~n~ormation 118
3.2. Automatic eqtt~pment ~ox sut~~tn~ipns wttho~x c3,xcu~t bxeaker& at the
higher vo~tage ~nd ~~9
3.3. Automatic unloading o~ trans~~ear~rn~rs~ 126
3.4. Auton~tic regulation o~ vo9.tage a~ subs~~afi#ons 128
3.5. Mode switching, on and o~`~, o~ t~ans~ormers apexati,'ng in para11e1, for
reducing losses� o!~ electrtc powex 135
3.6. Automatic actuation o~ sy?ncflronous compensators I39
3.7. Use of cotnputers ~or total autataation of substations 141
3.8. Tota1 automation of distributing networks 142
Chapter 4. Automatic Swifiching Ort of Synchronou~ ~nexators fox ~ara11e1
Operation 148
4.1. Methods oi~ synchronizing 148
4.2. Equipment for auto~ting the synchrontzation process 155
Chapter 5. Autamatic Control of the Excitation of Synchronous Generators
and Compensators 1~2
5.1. Systems for exciting synchronous +ntachtnes 172
5.2. Purcpose and kinds ot autotaatic control of excitation 181
5.3. Equipment ~or high-speed boosting of excttation 184
5.4. Compound excitation of generators 187
- 5.5. System for compounding excitation o~ generators by the total current 193
5.6. Phase compounding 206
5.7. High-speed excitation regulators ~rlth controlled phase compounding 209
5.8. Unit for automatfc regulatton and boosting of exc3tation for generators
with high-frequency exciters 214
5.9. Strong-effect automatic excitatfon regulators 222
5.1~. Automatic regulation of voltage in lfines of electric power plants 227
Chapter 6. Automatic Control of Condittons of a Power System wfth Respect to
~requency and Active Power Overcurrents (ARChM) 237
6.1. Power balance, frequency and overcurrents 237
6.2. Frequency characterisfiics of a power system 244
6.3. Equipment for automatic control of #requency and active power over-
currents (ARChM) 254
6.4. ARChM sy~tems 291
Chaptpr 7. Automatic ~xequency Re~.ie~ (AChR) 305
7.1. Purpose and ~undawent$7, pxincipl,es o~ execution o~ ,P~ChR 305
7.2. Frequency.xel~y~s 313
7.3. P�revent~on q~ szxcan~Qus Gutq~~~ Q~ cansutqex~s wtth .s.horttexm dxQps ~;n
. ~requ~ncy~ ~n a ~ow~x s}r~~~~ 318
7.4. Auton~at3;c x~c7.osing a~tex AGh~t 320
7.5. ACfiR and Ct~~' [~xeq,uency~ au~cr[~t~c xec~osing] cixeuits ' 321
7.6. Sepaxa~ion o~ auxi~~,iary~ equ~;pment o~ tY~~~w~t~. ~owex stat~ans with a
d~^op in ~xequency~ in a power ~y~�teaa 325
7.7. Additibna~. ~.oca~ unlcaading ~tTi xegard to oth~x ~ac~oxs 327
. 7.8. Automatic s~~axtup o~ hydrau7,ic turbine gen~xatars with a dxop in fre-
quency i;n a power system 328
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Chapter 8. Coun~e~etn~rgesxcy~ ~utc~tl~an ~~a 33Q
8.1 PurQose q~ RA, 33Q
8.2. Concept o~ afiabi7,ity q~ paxa7.7.~1 oper~fiion 332
8.3. Basic k~nda o~ R'A 337
8.4. Bas�tc princtp7,es� o~ the execa~~vn o~ ~'A 339
8.5. Key speci.~~:cat~ons ~o~ equ3,pt~Gnt 340
8.6. Automa.tfc equi;pmen~ ~ax un7,aad~:ag ~~.ecfia~c~xxan9~4~as~on 7.#,nes Wi.th
an active powex ~c~ad ~u~xg~ 344
8. 7. Automatic equ~~mQnt #ox px~'~e~t~,~g 7,0~ .cfi ~xahi,?~~,~y~ ~,th cuxo~~ o~
electrotxa~nsa4~s-s�ifln ~.~te~ 361
8.8. High-#requency xemote cuCa~~ equ~~tqexs~ 381
8.9. Autom$tic equtpsaent ~ox e1,~~fiilatfi~g ~s~yTtG~lxOAOU~ cond~t~:on~ 387
8.10. Autamatic equipment ~ox ~i~ntit~ng ~tr~ 3ncxe~se 'in, ~xequency 417
8.11. Automatic equipsaent ~or 1fi~i~ing an tncre~se fn v~oltage 420
8.12. Automatic divtdfng equipa~ent ~or 1ow~-pover elect~e#c powex sfiat~,ans
Punctioning i~n a poWer system 424
427
Btbliography
COPYRIGHT: Energoizdat, ~.981
8831
CSO: 1863/131 ~D
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