JPRS ID: 10525 EAST EUROPE REPORT SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10525
= 18 May 1982
East ~uro e Re ort
p p .
SCIENTtFIC AFFAIRS
(FOUO 2/82~
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~7PRS L/10525
- 18 1Kay 1982
EAST E~"~OPE REPORT
$CIENTIFIC AFFAIRS
~FOIIO 2/82Z i
CONTENTS
CZECHOSIAVABIA
Satellite, 9erial Surveying of CSSR Described ~
_ (Jiri Sima; G~OI~B~IIICHY A gARTOGRAF~lCSY OBZ~, Ao 1,
1982) 1
- a- [ YII - EE - 65 F'OtJO]
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~ZECHOSIAVAIQA
SATELLITE, ASRIAL SORVEYING OF CSS~ DESCRIBSD
Prague GEODEDICKY A RABTOGRAFI(~Y OBZOR in Czech fio 2, 1982 pp 2-6
[Arti~cle by Eng Jiri Sima, CSc, Institute of Geodetics Aational Enterprise.m
PraguE, Center for Remote Earth Surveyiag: t4Space and Aerial Surveys of
Czechoslovak~,a for ~Qational Economic Purposes"]
- ~ [Text] 1. Introduction
Space and aerial surveys carry out observation, measuring and recordiag of the
energq and polarization characteristics of the radiation ref3ected or pro-
duced by objects and phenomena on the earth~s surface and in layers immedi-
ately above and belaw the surface. These data are thea pmcessed by special
techniques so that the results ~aill provide.inforaatioa on the spatial posi-
tion, types and condition of the graund ob~ects and phenomena beiag monitored.
Depending on the altitude and the type of platform carrying the recording ap-
- paratus, we speak of space or aerial surveys. Messurements and i~estiga-
tions conducted on the ground are an important supplement to both types of
- survey. The two types of remote surveying are virtually n~niaterchangeable.
Survey data from space have a global or regional character, while data ob-
tained fram ae~ial surveys give a chosen degree of detail and make it pos-
sible to determine the types and condition,s of even individual small ob-
jects. There is a considerable gap bet~een the two categories of imaging,
since for technical reasons spacecraft carrying sensing apparatus can oper-
ate on.ly at altitudes above 200 km, while special aircr~ft can reach a magi-
m~m aititude of 20 km (more frequently only 10 km) aad ordinary sircraft
only 5-b km. Space photographic surveys or other types of imaging have an
initial scale of 1: 1,000,000 or smaller, while aerial surveys are at a
scale of 1: 100~000 (or 1: SO,OdO When aerial cameras with a constaat ~
" ~ greater than 100 ~ are used) or greater.
In addition to the scale and the degree of resolution associated vith it,
selection o� a suitable spectral band is of primary importance for most ap- .
plicatioas of remote earth surneying in t6e national economy. The specific
aims of different surveys require survey data not only in the viaible part
of the spectrum which has been in comm~n use up to noW, but also ia the aear,
meelium and far infrared and even in the millimeter and.centimeter wave regions.
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~..~.~,a.
ln a number of cases it is desirable to minimize the time between recording of
the image data, special processiag and the preseatation of the required in-
formation; this is done by using real-time or quasi-real-time systems. ~e
' implementation of these co~nples activities as technical processes directly
serving the needs of the national economy mak,es great demands on capacities, i~
vestment and expenditures.
The development of remote earth surveying in Czechoslovakia is only aaw begin~
ning to be measared in years, and accordingly most of the activities iuvolved
still belc:.6 in the domain of basic and applied research. l~netheless, we can
'-'"''~already point to the first successes in obtaining space and serial survey data
for Czec,:~slovakia inten~ed for apecific tasks in the national econom~. A
participant in the success has been the Center for Remote Earth Surveying,
founded in 1978 pursuant to CSSR Goverament Decree No 249/1977 as part of
the Czech Geodetic and Cartographic Office; this organizatian coordinates or
directlq performs work associated with civilian applications of remote earth
surveying. '
2. Space Surveys of Czechoslovakia
- ~?e main source of data for space surveys of Czechoslovakia is multispectral
photographs provided by Soviet automatic satellites or (more importantly) by
piloted spacecraft and an orbital laboratory. These were provided in accord-
ance with the Agreement on Provisioa and IIse of Data From Space Surveya con-
cluded in 1978. These Laaterials have the following main adoantagest
--they are metric (photogra~netric) photographs with kaown interaal orienta-
tion and minimal distortioa;
- --they were taken in specially chosen parts of the visable and n,ear infrared
- spectra;
--they provide a high degree of resolution of ground detail (20-4Qm);
--they are at a relatively large scale for space surveys (1 : 1,100,000 to
1 ; 2,500,000).
These materials are being processed bq the Ceater for Remote Earth Surneying~
_ which is providing a varie~q of derivative presentations from them according
to orders from suthorized ~isers, for example:
--photomaps of Czechoslovakia at a acale oi 1: 1,000,000 irom space photo-
graphs taken in the 6-0-700 am baad (visible);
- --photomaps of Czechoslovakia on a scale of 1: 1,000,000 from space photo-
graphs taicen in the 700-840 nm band (near infrared);
--similar photographs of the CSR, SSR and GSSR at a scale of 1: 500,000;
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-black-apd-white prints and enlargements of com~?lete photographs or sections
at scales up to 1: 200,000 from photographs takea in the 510-600, 600-700 and
700-840 nm bands;
--color syntheses of tWO to four partial black-and-~white min2tiepectral (zonal)
_ photographs (positives and negatives) on a scale five times greater than that
of the original photographs;
--recording of individual black-and-white photographs in 3igital form on
= magnetic tape with selected image element size (from 25 to 400 microns). _
NeW forms of effective use of the space survey data oontinue to be found, pri-
marily ~n geology, involving the authentication, more p recise locati~n or dis-
covery of linear and circular structures in Czechoslovakia, and also in
- hydrology, inoralving entry and more paecise mapping of newly-found water
sources on survey hydrological maps~ as well as for monitoring the environ- ,
ment (sources, intensity and direction of propagation of industrial emissions).
Some tasks on a regional or global scale in geology, hydrology and enviroa-
mental protection can be successfully accomplished using easily accessible
imaging data from the Meteor, TIROS and NOAA meteorological satellites.
3. Aerial Surveys of Czechoslovakia
In the narrow sease, aerial surveys of Czechoslovakia refer to imaging of a
largelq uonmetric character~ generally with special films or special
processes using either aircraft, helicopters or miniature airciaft. In terms
of use of the data, aerial surveys caa be classified as;
- -multipurpose surveqs, i.e., calored photography and multispectral (multi-
zonal) photographs;
_ --special-purpose, i.e., spectrozonal photograph~ and im~ediate photographic
documentation.
For technical and ecoaomic reasons, colored aeri~l photographs are gen~erally
taken with MRB 9/23 and ]5 /23 metric cameras using Cz~echoslovak-produced 244-nm
Fomachrom D-20 color reversing film. To obtain realistic hues, the maaimvm
flying altitude is 2,000 m. These photographs are intended primarily for
identifying boundary changes and soil use for the purpo~e of updating suburban
- land maps and the production of forestry maps. S~condasy uses are for updat-
ing hydrologic maps and planning wat~r conservancy improvements, for reclama-
tion, and in regional planning. These photographs have a suitable metric
' character, since the chaages fouad may be photogrammetrically evaluated for
use in the relevant maps. ~
Multispectral (multi~onal) aerial photographs have up to now been taken pri-
~ marily by a syste~ of sig AF~39M csmeras at scales from 1: 25,000 to 1:
50,000 using Soviet-produced 80-mm black-and-white panchramatic and infrared
film. The aarrow-band interference filters used are identical to those of the
_ I~R-6 multispectral camera (C. Zeiss, Jeaa). ~e individual black-and-white
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zonal photographs are used for visual interpretation either singly (particu-
larly photographs talcen in the 640-680 and 790-890 nm b,ands) or in various
combinations for production of color syntheses which allow optimal identi-
- ficazion of the objects and phenonena of interest. Because of the coffiider-
able decrease in clarity toward the edge of the photograph (vignetting of the
objective) it is difficult to carry out photametric normalization of these
photographs and interpr r them by computer. Nonetheless, the materials ob-
tained with the AFA-39M sqsteffi have played a major role in maste3ing the ap-
plications of multispectral photographs and meeting th~ ini~ial requirements
of various sectors of the national economy for re,m~te territorial surveys of
Czechoslovakia.
For high-quality, photogram~etrically normalizable multispectral photographs,
a set of four Hasselblad SOOEL ~hotographic instruments with special acces-
sories has been imported and adopted as a four-band multispectral camera
with various automated functions typical of modern aerial metric cameras.
The photographs are taken on 70-mm panchromatic and infrared film. Follow-
ing extensive research and analysi~ of foreign publications (summarized in ~
Table 1)~ four spectral zones suitable for most current and future applica-
tions of multispectral aerial photography in Czechoslovalcia were chosen:
Band Filter T~e
380-500 mm Blue Kodak Wratten 47B
470-620 ~ Green Rndek Wratten 58
610-740 nm Red Kndak Wratten 29
� 740-900 nm Infrared Rodak Wratten 87
The color filters are made of gelatin and give homogeneous transparency. The
4X Hasselblad SOOEL multispectral camera is provided with f= 800 ~/2.8 and
f= 400 ~/4 ob~ectivps with minimum vignetting aad distortion, nhose char-
acteristics are similar to those of the objectives of aerial metric cameras.
The format is smal~ler than that of the cameras mentioned above (55 g 55 m~n)
and accordingly these cameras are s~iited for use primarily with smaller areas
- and in cases we~ere subsequent analog or digital processing of the information
on the ob~ects and phenamena in question is required.
It remains to mentinn other possibilities for obtaining eztremely high-quality
multispectral aerial photographs in connection with the worlc of a flying
laboratory invit~d fram the Soviet IInion which is equipped, among other
things, with the MRF-6M sia-band camera. The individual spectral-baad photo-
- graphs obtained with this camera hane both eatremely good photometric psop-
erties and photogrammetric characteristics; so that their geametric content
may be precisely interpreted (using analog photogra~etric devices, differ-
ential rectification and the like)~. Special equipmen~ including the MSP-4
_ ~i
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multispectral projector also speeds up aad eimpliHes the preparatiaa af
56 x 81 ~ color syntheaes from theae photographs.
Caechoslovak organizutions have coneiderable iatere~t in the reaults of mu].ti-
spectral aerial surveys, and requests cuneatly ezceed capacities, which as~
limited prinarily bys
--aeailable sircraft;
--suitable weather conditions for surQaeys;
--the capabiliti~s of imported film.
Spectronzonal (colored infrared) aerial photographs are taken with the MRB
_ 11.5/18 camera on Soviet-produced 190-~ S1~6 K neg,ative film or with the
Hasselblad SOOEL photographic instr~eat using 70-~ Rndak Aerochrome infra-
red 2443 reversal film. The spectral seasitivity of both materials is so ~
chosen that the resulting image distinguishes by color even amall chaages in
the chlorophyll content of plants or of the total chlorophyll content typi-
cal of a given type of plant. Accordingly, ~pectrozonal photographs are
particularly suitable for distinguishing different types of forest cover,
determining xhe degree of harm it has suf~ered from industrial emissions or
biological pests, or for identifying disease or pest infestations of agri-
cultural crops.
These photographs are for special parposes and are moet often taken ia coffiec
tion with the evaluati~n of the extent a~d results of natural calaaoities.
Tliese activities carnnot be planned far in advance, and accordingly the photo-
graphs are talcen from helicopters as the need arises and to an extent depend-
ing an the monount of film available.
_ ~uick-response photographic doc~entation from aireraft or helicopters in-
- cludes o~her types of spec~al-purpose aerial surveys which may be one-time
activities or regularly repeated (monitor~ng). The serial photographs are
taken with PIItV 15/23 large-format measuring cameras and the like or a variety
of other photographic devices using 70-mm, 60~mm and 35-~ black-and-whita
panchromati~, infrared~ color reversal or color infrared film. Mos~ of these
activities r~qui.re that the survey results be avaiiable in the sl~ortest pos-
sible time, even at the expenae of photometric nArmalization and geometric
- precisioa. Some examples are given below:
One-time activities
--docu~enting fa~lures of process equipment (leakage of oil, gas and chem-
icals);
--documenting the eatent of flooding and windstorm damage;
--advance surveys of archeological finds;
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_ Monitoring
--data for man,agement of large-scale agricultural production;
---transport surveys in cities;
--mo~itoring of ice ~ormation on navigable rivers.
In contrast to the unfavorable situation in past years, the number of suthor-
ized organizations capable of carrqing out fast-response photographic docu-
mentation fra~. aircraft aad helicopters is now increasing. A considerable
proportioa of these tasks may also be caXried aut in small areas by photo-
_ graphy from remote-controlled model aircraft (miniature aircraft).
4. Directions of Further Development of Spectral Photography
Table 2, showing selected applications of remote surveya in the Czechoslovak
national economy, graphicallq illustrates the requirement for further expaa-
_ sion of spectral photography. The performance of certain taeks requires the
- recording of electromagnetic radiation'of a longer wavelength than that to
which infrared photography is sensitive (i.e., a~ 0.9 microns). Aaalqsis of
experience abroad indicates that the microwave band from 2 to 5.6 microas could
be used effectively for recording a temperature image of the soil surface,
vegetation and water (thermovision), and that use could also be made o.f centi-
meter wave radiation emitted by a side-looking radar on the flyiag laboratorq
and recorded after reflection from eurface ob~ects. Both cases result in
image rerording produced by successive exposure of the image elements in
lin~es (i.e., in a dynamic mode) and characteristically iavolve a certain
- radiomexric aad geometric distortion which ~must be compensated duriag further
- processing of the image datx. The relevant sensing systems provide images of
strigs of territory in analog or digitsl form, with the width of tt?e strips
depending on the altitude and tbe viewing angle of the apparatus.
The Center for Remote Earth Surveying is pursuing both of these approaches
- intensively and is taking a variety of steps to test ~ensing syetems and
make them available.
In 1981 thermovisian sensing of five test areas in Czechoslovalcia was carried
out using the AGA THP-1 system in the 2-5.6 micron regioa with a viewing
angle of 80� and a resolution ~f about 0.2� C. Thermal images of strips of
territorq 400 to 900 m wide were made on ORWO NP-55 panchramatic film (m~tion
picture film) gt an ~riginal scale of 1: 15,000 to 1: 39.000 from altitu$es
of 220 to 555 m. The sensing was carried out at speeds of SO to 200 km/hr at
various times of the day and night (1600, 1800, 2200, 0000 and 0200 hours).
- The surface temperatures of soils aad water and the temperature and humidity
of the air were measured at selected ground stations at .the moment when the
helicopter flew over. 'These data allawed aubsequent ~conversion of the radi-
ation temperatures to the contact temperatures of the surfacea of the ob~ects
in question. In addition to a planar temperature image, temperature cross
sections were also taken, which in particular allows more precise determi~
ation of the temperature differences between ad~oining ob~ects.
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Preliminary evaluation of the results of the thermovision ezperiment iiidicates
that the method can proviae valuable survFy data which indicates in both image
and quantitative form the eatent of thermal and biological pollution of streams
~ and water bodies as well as subtle changes in soil moisture. Am ther promising
area of thermovision reaearch is the identification of locations aad causas of
heat energy loss (heat leakage for steam pipelines, panel-type dwelliags and
the like). ~ `
5. Co~~lusions
Space and aerial surveys of the tend.tory of Czechoslonakia have been syste~
atically conducted only for a few years, aad most potential users ~f their
resultg are still acquainting themselves with the characteristics of the sur-
vey material aad the ~ethods of using it for national ecommic purposes. The
rather small extent of application of space surveys of Czechoslovakia is e~
plained not only by limited past experience and a limited a~umber of variety
of space photographs, but also by the fact that the surface situation and
natural resources are already highlq explored. Most of the required applica-
tions of the remote surneys require a cornsiderable degree of detail~ and ac-
cordingly most organizations are concentrating their interest on aerial sur-
veqs. A respectable level has been achieved in this field in a short time,
particularly in multiapectral photography, which is now routinely performed.
There are real possib ilities for further developing the proceases for quick
response photographic documentation from aircraft, helicopters and remote-
controlled miniature sircraft. In addition, the conditions for further e~
pansion of spectral photographq fnto the microwave and centimeter wave ranges
(thermovision and radargram~etry) have also been created.
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Slma, F.: Kosmicky a JQlecky
. 1~TLOROLOGICAL SATELLITES .
~ h ~?1000 km
.
~ ~ . ~ ~
~ SATELLITES FOR ZNVESTIGATION OF
~ EARTEi RESOURCES; h= 600-1000 1~ �
'
.
- . .
MANNED_SPACECRAFT AND ORBITAL
LABORATORIES; h i 200-500 km
~ ~
~ ~
e�.J AIRBORNE LABORATORIES .
% ` h = 5-20 km
.
AIRCRAFT; h = 500-8,000 m
HELICOPTERS; h = 50-2,000 m
.
~
MINIATURE AIRCRAFT; h= 50-1, 000 m
;A�~ GROUND-BASED RESEARCH h ~ 20 m
TV~
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Table 1. Use of mul~ispectral photography for the needs of the national
_ economcy (based oa analyais of foreign data)
Flcld Appllea[ioa I 400 5~10 G00 700 800 900 nra
I I i I 1 I
Agriculture I Agricultural crop recognition x X X
Soil use X X
~Soil use X X X
Soil use i; X
Vegetation identification in vaterlogged soil X X
Ideatific3tion of erosion pheaomeoa X X
Forestry Distinguishing coniferous from deciduouu srees x X X.
Vegetation density, meadowa, vater k X Y.
Damage to Eorest grovth X X Y.
Hydrology Yhy[oplankton in vater X X X,
Shallovs to dep[h of 10 m Y, X X
Properties of snov cover X X X
Ceology Age of rocks (in arid arexs) � y ~ x ~
Eruptioas, sedimeats. iraccures X X X
Lithosphere ~ X~ Y, X X X X
Environment Wacer pollution y X X
- Desertiiication X X X
Most suitable spectral transmission maxima of 440 530 620 700 750 850
color filters
nm
riultispectral plioto- 1?IIiT (t I AFA 34) I A I i B( I C I ~ ~ I ~ E~ I F f
granhic systems I I
usable in CSSR 4 x~~nesolbla