JPRS ID: 10516 USSR REPORT CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/ 10516
13 May 1982
- ~ USSR Re ort ~
p
CYBER~IETICS, COMPUTERS AND
AUTO~!VIA~ION TECHNOIOGY
(FOUO 9/82)
Fg~$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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NOTE
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JPRS L/10516
13 May 1982
USSR REPORT
CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
(FOUO 9/82)
EXCERPTS FROM `CQMPIITER ENG~NEERING'
CONTENTS
1
Annotation
2
In troduction
E lemenC System of the Unified System of Computers 4
Integrated Circuits Used in the Unified System of Computers 5
' Unified Computer System Assemblies 10
Code Comparison Asaemblies 11
13
On-Line and Read-Only Memory
19
Processor ....o~.
Microprogram Control 19
Arithmetic-Logic Units 26
Monitoring and Control Panel 29
General Information About Information Storage 33
Electric Circuitry of the Tape Storage 39
Cha~acteristic Failures of Magnetic Tape Units, Their Detection 40
and Elimination
Preventive Conirol Operations 42
~ Magnetic Tape Storage Controller 45
- a- tIII - ussR - 2].c s&T Fouo]
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~
Magnetic Drum Storage 54
Magnetic Disc Storage 62
Characteristic Failures, Detection and Elimination 66
Preventive Control Operation 68
YeS-5551 Disc and Drum Controller 70
Controller Circuitry 71
Characteristic Failures 75
Displays ...........................................q................. 76
YeS-7906 Display 81
YeS-7064 Graphics Display 85
Methods and Software for Checkout and Technical Diagnoatics 91
Technical Maintenance Software 92
Preventive Maintenance 94
Installation and Servicing 98
Automated Railroad Transportation Control System 101
I/0 Devices for YeS-1022 and Y~S-1033 105
Bibliography 107
Table of Contents 109
- b -
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UDC 681.3(075)
COMPUTER ENGINEERING .
Mos cow VYQiISLITEL' NAYA TEI~NIRA in Russian 1981 (sigaed to press 27 Feb 81)
pp 1-343
[Ar..notation, introduction and selected oassa~es from the book "Computer
Engineering" by Nikolay Aleksandrovich Mitreykin, Valeriy Pavlovich Feoktistov
and Vladimir I1'ich Zelenkov, published tmder auspices of USSR Ministry of Higher
and Secandary Specialized Education for ~tx as a textbook in the
_ technical high schools, Izdatel'stvo '~Transp~rt", 18,000 copies, 344 pages]
[Excerpr_s; A study is made of the arithmetic and logical principles of the com-
- puters in the imified system, the element base, the primary fimctional and stru~
tural diagrams of the assemblies and circuits of the ~mified system of computers
and their operation, data and instruction formats, the structural principles of
the data input-output system and the computer system interface. The structural
design and operating principles of the periphe ral devices of the ~mified coa~uter
system are described, and informatioa is given on the monitoring and preventive
work during operation and maintenance. The fimdamentals of tecl~nical maintenance
and repair of the unified syst~m of computers at the computer centers are investi-
gated sepa~ately.
The textbook is designed for students of technical high schools, and it can
also be useful for specialists working on computers.
There are 226 il lustrations, 25 tab]:es and 17 references.
The ~aok was written by N. A. Mitreykin, Chapters 4 to 14; V. P. Feolctiatov,
Chapters 15 to 20; and V. I. Zelenkov, the introduction and Chapters 1 through 3.
- The reviewers were V. M. Fokin and G. V. Zubar`va.
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.
INTRODUCTIOIJ
The third generation computers in operation in the USSR and in other socialist
countries are built by the united efforts of eight member countries af the GEMA
(the Hungarian People's Rep~lic, the German Democratic Republic, Cuba, the
People's Republic of Bulgaria, the Polish Peop7.e's Republic, Romania, tha USSR
and Czechoslovakia). Six models of the first series of computers making up the
unified co~?puter system (YeS EVM) were developed in a short period of time uader
the supervision of t.he Intergovernmental Committee on Computer Engineering formed
in 1969: YeS-1010 (Hungariax: People's Republic), YeS-1020 (People's Republic of
Bulgari a, USSR) , YeS-1021 (Czechoslovakia) , YeS-1030 (Polish People's Republi ,
USSR), YeS-1040 (German Democra~ic Republic), YeS-1050 (USSR). The industrial
production of the indicated models of the unified system of computers was started
in 1972. The YeS-1022 ar~d YeS-1033~computers were dev~eloped somewhat later in the
USSR. In parallel with thL creation of m~dels of the unified sqstem of computers
in the new series (seri~es 2) reflecting the next~phase of development o� micro-
electronics, the countries of socialist cooperation begaa work in 1974 on the
minicomputer system (SM EVM) program.
Madel.s of the second ~eries are the YeS-10~.1, YeS-1015 (Himgarian People's
_ Republic), YeS-1025 (Czechoslovakia), YeS-1035 (People's Republic of Bulgaria),
YeS-1045 (USSR), YeS-1055 (German Democratic Repub lic), the SM EVM [minicomputer
system], SM 1, SM 2, SM 3, SM 4(USSR), SM 52/10 (Aungarian People's Repub lic).
- The mo~eYs of the SM EVM constitute a new family of modular camputer engineering
means desigaed ror operation in control systems. They are constructed on a modera
el~ament b dse, they have higher speed (240,000 to 300,000 operations per second)
and greater on-line ~~rY capacity, broader possibi! lities with respect to connecting
peripheral devices.compared to the I~E-6000 and I~7000 minicomputers produced at the
present time.
~ The fourth generation of com~uters is bEing created on the b asis of large-scale
integrated circuits (LSI). The "Nai~i-4" comnuter huilt on the basis of the
LSI has alreacl~y b~en put into series production, the production of fourth-genera-
tion universal mult3pro~er~sor complexes with a total output capacity of more
' than 100 mill.ion operatians per 5econd has been started. For the first time in
. the U3SR, a single crystal fficrocomputer, the "Elektronika NTs 80," taas built in
1979. This computer contains 300,000 cryatal elements 6X6 mm in 3ize. It works
with 16-bit nwmbers at a speed of up to 550,000 operations ~er second. In the .
' future, it is pxoposed that a 64-bi~ single-ciystal microcomputer be built which
will contain up to 1 million elements. In parallel with further improvement of
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the element base and the structure of the fourth-generation co~uters based on
LSI, a laser-based comuuter is being developed which makes use of glass fibers
- for data transmission.
Computer engineering is vsed broadly on railroad ~transportation. At the present
time cumputer centers have been built at the road administrations, at a number of
vlants. several shuntin~ yards and in the Ministrv of Railways. MAre than 70
different tvpes of plannin~. accounting, monitorin~; and analvsis problems are
solved at these comnuter centers. The automated "Ekspress" svstem is operatin~
successfu1.ly in the Moscow Railroad Network for reservin~ and selling railroad
tickets. A transition is being made from solution of individual problems on
computers to integrated processing oY information obtained from transport documents
especially adapted for this purpose.
Since 1971 railroad transportation has been working on the creation and introduc-
tion of a branch automated c~ntrol system (ASUZhT) which must provide for
automated gathering aud processing of the information needed to opti~ize the
control of the railroads and enterprises of the Minist...ry of Railways.: The ASUZhT
~ [automated railroad transportation control syste~] is a subsystem in the national
automated data gathering and processing system for accounting, nlanning and control
of the national economy of the USSR (OGAS).
The development and introduction of the ASUZhT is divided into three phases. The
first phase ~~as introduced un the railroads in 1975. It was based on the second
generation coz~~uters and subscriber telegraph network operatin~ at a transition
speed of SO bi;s/sec. In the first phase the ASUZhT includes about 30 standard
r~~dium range and operative pfanning probleras and the control of fre~~ht "shipments,
some problems of statistical and bookkeeping accounting, the administration of the
operations of the Ministry of Railroads, and so on.
The second phase (1980-1985) presupposes the creation of up to 30 junctiocz coa~uter
centers (UVTs) in addition to the road compute~ .centers and the main computer
center of the Ministry. The number of solved problems will increase to appro~dmately
150 in 1980 and 300 in 1985. During construction of the second phase, infnrmation
banks must be created, including a dynamic data file on the location and condition
of each unit of rolling stock (cars, locomotives, trains). During intrnduction of
the second nhase of the ASUZhT the plan calls for beginning the application Qf
automated reading of information from moving rolling stock.
The third phase of the ASUZhT requires still higher output new-generation computers
~d data transmission means. It will be characterized by further expansion of the
number of solved prob lems (to approximately 500) and interpretation of them,
introduction of automated information reading from the rolling sto ck and other
means of automatic primary data gathering. During this:period, message switching
centers have been developed which permit npre flexible and efficient use of the
unified data transmissian network. The creation of the UVTs and VTs [computer
centers] at the large p].ants and the group collective-use computer centers for
servicing a group of enterprises will b~e completed. The "brain" terminals
(data transmission systeu~s equipped with a minicom~uter) are being developed.
The YeS-1010, YeS-1011, YeS-1020, Y'eS-1022, YeS-1030 and. Ye5-1033 and also
individual models of the modular computer hardware (ASVT-M and SPi EVM)
are used as basic data processing and control devices on ~the railroad.
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-i
CHAPTER 3. ELEMENT SYSTENi OF THE UNIFIED SYSTEM OF C02~UTERS
In the lower-end models of the unified system of computers (YeS-1022 to YeS-1040)
and in the majority of peripheral devices, integrated transistor-transistor logical
circuits (TTL) series 155 are used. The control units for the input-output devices
and the storage elements of all models are created on the basis of the series 155
TTL-circuits .
In the mnre powerful models of the YeS-1050 and YeS-1060 in the processors and
channels, series 137 and 187 logical circuits based on current swit~ches with
comb~ned erxitters temitter-coupling traasistorized logical circuits FSTL- '
circuits) are used. The enitter-connected logic is the sqstems engineering
type bipolar im saturated integrated logical circuit in which the effitters of the
input logical transistors are connected to the emitter of a reference traasistor. !
Both the TTL-circuits and the ESTL-circuits are built from silicon plates by '
planar-epitaxial technology. Silicoa plates wfth microcircuits are placed in ~
sealed plastic rectangular housings with 14 pin leads. The housing dimensions are ~
20X7X4 mm. i
~
,
The first structural level of the computer the staadard replacement element '
or card (TEZ) (Fipure 3.3) is based on integrated circuits. The '
TEZ is a f~ctioaal unit of the computer, its basic module. T~o types of TEZ h~ve ~
been developed. One of them contains 24 integrated circuits based on the two-way
printed circ~it board. Another designed for computers with higher output capac-
ity is built from a multilayered printed circuit board on which it is possible ~
to locate 72 integrated circuits.
The next structural level is the panel with 40 first or second tppe TEZ. The panels
(usually six of them) are placed on a frame. The last structural-Ievel is the rack
on which three frames are mounted, the ffiddle frame stationary and the ones on the
edges on hinges, which insures easy access to the wiring elements.
i
i
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iC Card Moth~r board Frame Rack
- _
~
- - e8 . 8 j ~
, ~
- . ~ e - 8 ~
_ ~ Be a
Figure 3.3. Standardized struc~ural elements of the unified system
of computers
3.2. Integrated Circuits Used in the Unified System of Computers
Transistor-Transistor Logical Circuits. The base element of integrated circuits
TTL is the AND-NOT type logical element (Figure 3.4, a and b). It includes a
two-emitter transistor T1 forming the AND circuit with two inputs and a cc?mpZex
inverter created fram the transistors T2 to T4, the diode D and resistors RZ t~ R4.
For a feed voltage Ek of +5 volts, the high input voltage level U1;+2.4 volts
(corresponds to code 1), and the low input voltage Ievel U~,5+0.4 volts (corresponds
to code 0). The voltages Ua and i1b fed to the inputs of the element vary within
the same limits. There are different versions of base elements in which the input
transistor T1 contains 3, 5 or 8 emitters, on the basis of which the input coinci-
c~ce circuit has the corresponding number of inputs.
If voltage levels U1 corresponding to 1 are fe~ to all.the effitters of the
transistor T1 (see Figure 3.4, a), then the base-emitter junction is 3hifte~' in the
_ return direction and closed, and the bas~-collector junction is shifted in th~
- foYward direction and opened. The foxward current of the base of the T2 transistor
flows through the resistor R1 and the open base-collector 3unctiaa. The transistor
T2 is opened by this current, and it goes into the saturatian mode. Simultaneous ly
the transistor T4 from which the output inverter is executed opens completely. The
low output voltage level UO (code 0) is picked up from the collector of transistor
T4.
In this case transistor T3 is in the closed state. This state is insured by a low
. voltage level set up on the collector of the transistor T2. The diode D1 is use d ~
for reliable blocking of T3.
~p) fR(`SB) t7) o ~ a
Rl R? R3 K - ,
- e
ra 5 )
r~
- uQ T Z Q eb~~aa ut
~2~O~aa ry 1
ve
R4
(4}~ 5)
Figure 3.4. AND-NOT element: a-- circuit diagram; b-- legend
Key: 1. output UX; 2. input UB; 3. Ek (+5 volt~); 4, k=collector; 5. E_
emitter
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With transistor T4 open, a voltage is set up on its collector which co~responds
to the level 0(0.1 to 0.4 volts), and on the collector o~ the open transistor T2,
the voltage i3kT2=Ub.eT4+U1c.eT2-~0.8 to 1.1) volts. The difference between the
collector voltages of transistors T2 and T4 is less than 0.7 volts. This voltage
drop is insufficient to block the base-emitter j~mction of transistor T3 and the
diode D inasmuch as the response threshold of each of them is about 0.7 to 0.8 volts.
The circuit is switched to the s.tate in which the high voltage level U1 jcode 1)
is set up at the output if at least one of the emitters of the transistor T1 is
fed a low level volta~e U0. Here the corresponding base-emitter junction of
transistor T1 is shifted in the forward direction, its base current is switched
to the emitter circuit, and the transistor T1 goes into saturation. The resistance
of the collector-emitter junction of the transistor T1 drops sharply, which blocks
the transistor T2. Consequently, transistor T4 is also blocked. Transistor T3 is
opened, for the collector voltage of the closed transistor T2 approaches the
feed voltage F,k. With open transistor T3 the output voltage Uout becomes equal to
L'1 (code 1) . Thus, the circuit realizes the ANI~NOT logical function: x= a n b,
where the logical variables a, b, a correspond to the values of the input and
output volta~es Ua, Ub, UX. Additiona? inputs k(collector output) and e(emitter
output) permit the construction of the AND-OR-NOT logical circuits expanded with
respe ct to the OR input (Figure 3.5) (the LR logical elements). The same outputs
of the logically connected circuits (LP) (expanders~with respect to the OR inputs)
are connected to the logical elenents LR. As a result of parallel inclusion of the
transistors T2, the LR aad LP elements, a circuit is obtained which realizes the
logical function ' x = ~ V
Using the jointly expanded and connected circuits with diffe.rent combining
coefficients m and R, respectively, with respect to the AND and OR inuuts, it is
possible to realize fimctions expressed in the form of a disjunction.
The set of series 155 integrated circuits includes a signfficant number of versi~ns
characterized by different technica~ and electrical parameters.
- a1 . EKr~
ej ~ a K
R1 d 3
_ ~2~
. .r~ x
.
U~ .
r2 r'
~
Gd eaoa ~3~
~
Figure 3.5. Input logic expander of the TTL element:
a-- circuit diagram; b-- legend
Key:
1. (+5 volts)
2. E
3. inp ut
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R~ ~y b~ 8
R1 R2 R3 R~J~ r~
� a'
~
~1) a: a ~
eer,oa,~ u., a, N t-
4~~
N ~s
n (2)
T/ TZ TJ T4 B~?i0B112 (d,Z
.ar -r-
. s3 QI ~
RM RS R6 R7 Rd
7
e 9 ro E~=-se(3)
~Q~ ~Q: va) ~ 6 f2=-SQ
Figure 3.6. Three-input ESTL element:
a-- circuit d~agram; b-- legend
~y:
1. Output 1
- 2. Output 2
3. -5 volts
4. E
S. Eref
Emitter-Connected Transistorized Logical Circuits (ESTL). The functional base of
the logical circuits based on current switches is the AND and ANI~NOT type
elements with paraphase outputs (Figure 3.6, a aad b). The input half of the
current switch of the element is executed from T1-T3 traasistors, and the other
h alf, from the T4 transistor. The source of the reference voltage E ef consists
of the transistor T5, the diodes D1, D2 and resistors R3, R5, R6. ~ie output
signals are put out through the emitter repeaters executed from the transistors T6,
T7 and resistors R7 and R8. With feed volt ages E1=E2=-5 volts, the circuit is
switched by signals coming to the input, and it outputs output signals wlaich vary
_ from U0=-(0.7 to 0.95) volts to U1=-(1.45 to 1.9) volts.
The circuit is switched by input sigaals with am~litude +~~0.25 to 0.4) volts az:d
-(0.25 to 0.7) volts which are sy~etric with respect to the reference voltage
level Eref--1.2 volts.
For low voltage level at all inputs 8, 9 aad 10 (see Figure 3.6, a) the traasistors
T1, T2, T3 are close~i, and the transistor T4 is opened. This state is sustained
tmtil the high leve 1 signal U~ reaches the base of anq of the transistors T1, T2
or T3. In this case the transistor, to the input of which the high level signaY
has come, opens, and the transistor T4 is b locked, and the current flowing through
it flows through the open input transistor.
In silicon transistors the voltage drop at the base-effitter junction i:s (0.7 to 0.8)
w lts. For a voltage drop of 0.7 volts and input signal U0=-0.95 volts on the
emitters of the transistors Tl to T4, the v~nltage ~viYl be iJ0-Ub.e=-~J.95 to 0.7=1..55
~1ts. In this case the difference between the reference voltage and the
voltage on the emitters of the transistors Tl to T4, Er -(U~-iTb.e)=-1.2+1.65=
0.45 volts is insufficient to block transisto~ T4, for ~i~s respons e threshold
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is 0.7 to 0.8 volcs. If the transistor T4 is open, the voltage difference
Eref-Ub =1.2-0.7=-1.9 volts is present on the joined effitters. The obtainad
result w~ill occur when signals of the levels Ul 1.45 volts are fed to all the
inputs. The obtained potential differen~:e will in this case be insufficient to
block the transistors Tl, T2, T3, for U1 (Ere~ilb. )=-1.45+1.9=0.45 volts. In the
investigated circuits the transistors operate in t~ie imsaturated mode; therefore
- the ESTL have high ~peed by comparison with other types of digital elements.
& X~
a~ R _ ~
a ~ X?
Tl T2 T3 aZ R- ~
~i`- Q.~ I
K
o~ 2 3 3 (1) 3
z & I a4 $ K
3 (1) 3 as ~
a6 3 ~
Figure 3.7. Input logic expander Figure 3.8. Circuit diagram of the
of the ESTL element: input logic e~ander
a-- circuit diagram; b-- legend Key:
Key: 1. E
l. E=emitter
~ x
~
R--~
a~ x
~
R--'~
a2 ~
~
a3 3---
Figure 3.9. Provisional representation of OR, OR-NOT elements
The output emitter repeaters that shape the output signals and insure high load
capacity of the elements ~Kdec~~~ are used for decounling between the current
switches and the load and also insure symmetrq of the output signals with respect
to the reference voltage level. Taking la~a potential levels U1 corresponding to
J code 1 and hig~ potential levels Up corresponding to code 0, we obtain the logical
coup ling of the first output circuit (terminals 1, 2) to the inputs by means of
the relation xl ala2a3, and the second output (terminals 12, 13) to t~?e inputs
by means of the relat3an x2=ala2a3, where a~, a2, a3, correspond to Ual, U~,
Ua3; xl, x2, ..._correspond to U~, U~, From the presented relatilons it
follows th at x2=x1.
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The number of inputs can be increased as a result of the expanders. Figure 3.7
shows the dia~ram of a three-input e~ander. In order to increase the number of
inputs on the AND, AND-NOT type eircuit, one or two three-influt e~anders with
k and e terminals on each are connected to the sane terminals of the current switch
(Figure 3.8). The maximimm number of inputs for elements of both types can reacti 9
in this case.
The elements assembled from current swizches can also correspon d to the logical
circuits OR, OR-NOT if code 1 is placed in correspondence to the high potential
level, and code 0, the low potential level. In this case the inputs are depicted
as the inverse (Figure 3.9). The output variables xi and x2 shown in Fi gure 3.9
will be related to the input variab les al, a2, a3 by logical expressions .
X1= al aa as and x2 = al U Qa V a3� From these relations it follows that x2=x1.
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CHAPTER 4. UNIFIED i:OMPUTER SYSTEM ASSEMBLIES
- The assemblies of the YeS-1010, Ye5-~020, YeS-1022, YeS-1030, YeS-1040 computers
of the unified system are executed from TTL elemen~s. `I'hey contain AND-NOT, ANI~OR-
NOT cells, OR expanders, RS, D, JK type flip-flops, and so on. The application of
two-s~ep AND-OR-NOT logic promotes increased speed of the computer by reducing the
eq uip~nent and the conne ctions .
r ' .
2 Z .
3 3
4
4
S ( ~
S 6
6
~ B
~ 9 9
9 10
10
~ I ~ t
BpeMa maKma (a)
Figure 4.1. Time diagram for the shaping of clock pulses:
1-- S1, TI1; 2-- S2, TI2; 3-- S3, TI3; 4-~- S4, TY4; .
5-- Si2, T:I12, 6-- S23, TI23; 7-- 531, TI31; 8-- 541, TI41;
9-- halfcy~~le pulses I; 10 halfcycle pulses II
Key:

' a. cycle time '
Each micrdoperation is executed using a special signal generated by the computer
control tmit ~nd sgnt at the required time to the corresponding coatrol bus. Acting
on the electronic circuit connected to this bus, the control signal (US) actuates
the circuit, as result of ~~hich the given ffi crooperation is performed. The time
spent on performj:n~ one or several fficrooperations simultaneous ly is called a cycle.
A computer cycle usually~consists of a series of US providing for the required
operating sequence of indivtdual functional assemblies during execution of the
microoperatians.
In the computers of the unified system the cycle is determined by the ROM [read only
memory] cycle time (the ROM is one of the storages of the computer where micro-
instructians for the execution of microoperations are stored). For example, in the
YeS-1022 computer, a cycle is equal to 600 nanoseconds (Figure 4.1), and it contains
two series of basic (S1, S2, S3, S4 and TI1, TI2, TI3, TI4) and delayed (512, 523,
10
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S34, S41 and TI12, TI23, TI34, TI41) sync p~ilses following each other after 125
- nanoseconds. The pulses are generated by a special assembly of the computer
the synchronizer or ti~ng ~mit. The basic and delayed series S pulses are
generated constantly, and the TI series pulses can be star*_ed as needed or stopped
by a special start-stop ~ircuit. In addition, the timing vnit generates potentials:
halfcycle I, halfcycle II. Ail of the enu~erated pulses are designed for staYting
and synchronizing the operation�~of the compnter assemblies and units.
4.7. Code Comparison Ass~mblies
Several versions of the code comparison operation are used in computers: comparison
- with respect to modulus, comp~irison with consideration of the signs of the numbers,
comparison of the orders of the numbers. The most complete is the Aomparison
operation in which the fact of satisfaction o� o:~Q of the following coaditions is
established: _ - -
X=Y,X>Y, Xn Control. The four-bit field A determines the source of information
the process.register from which informat3on is fed ta the input register RA
of the ALU. For examale, in the YeS-1020 with a code value of OOOi of this field,
the information source will be the OOP [basic core storage] reg~ster RN, 001~
RZ, 0000 information in the RA remains unchanged, 1111 zeroes are entered in
the RA and so on.
The four-bit field FUNCTION defines the microoperation which the ALU will perform.
For all values of the codes of this field, except 0001, one of 15 poss~b le micro-
operations is performed in the ALU. For examnle, for the code 0000, the micro-
operation A~~ is executed, for code 0101, A^~ 11U0 is a right shift. ~
- I
The five-bit field B defines the information source for the input register of the ,I
ALU. Fbr example, for a 00001 code of this field the informatiori source will be
the output register RN of the OOP, and for the code 00010, RZ. For the code 00000 !
the information in the RB remains unchanged, and for the code 11010 zeroes are
entered in the KB.
The three-bit field UEFORMATION defines the methods of feeding the information
from the RB to the ALB. For example, for the code 001 ("Cross"), the high order
tetrad is transmitted to the low-order position, and the low-order tetrad to ~he
high-order position. For the code O11 ("high-order directly") zeroes are fed to
the location of the low-order tetrad, and the high-order tetrad is transmitted
without changes.
OOP Operation Control. The fields of this Eroup control the operation of the OOP.
The three-bit field "address field" defines the information~source for the address
register RA of the OOP. The two-bit field "mode" defines the operating mode of
the OOP: O1 ChT (read); 10 ZP, RG (write, regeneration); 11 ST (erase);
00 no access to the OOP. The two-bit TYPE field defines the type of inemory ,
which will be accessed: 00 Z(protection module memory); O1 OP [core storage];
10 LP; 11 MP.
Entering in the Flip-Flops and Registers (ZTR). The five-bit field SETUP includes
the microoperations which set the registers and control flip-flops to 0 or 1, and
it also executes special microoperations:. The five-bit field C defines the
information receiver from the RC af the ALU.
24
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For example, for code 00010, the information receiver from the RC will be the
register I~'. of the OOP; for the code 10001, the register BR of the central
processor.
Organization of the Address of the Next Micrnoi~eration. The fie]'.ds of this group
are used to form the 2.ddress of the following microopera~ion. The nine-bit field
USL defines the setting of the RAPP to 0 or 1. The two-bit field M def~.nes the
method of forming the address of the next microinstruction (the microinstruction
formi.ng procedure) . The 18-bit f'ield AMK directly forms tlae next microinstruction
which is transmitted co the RAPP 3nd certain other registers.
Check. The KB fields of this group contain the check bits 44, 62, 63. The bits
44 and 63 are check bits for the Rt9K; 62 is the check bit for the RAPP.
Reserve. Bits 59-61 are reserve bits (ZP).
Let us consider the purpose of the indlvidual parts of the BMkU and its operating
principre. The ROM is designed to store nd croprograms that execute the program
instructions in the OOP, the manual operations, diagnostic tests, and so on. The
decoders of the microinstruction fields are used for direct conversion of the
corresponding parts of the microinstruetions to US. In the UZAN RAPP, the address
of the next microinstructian is formed, and the control of.the_formation is
realized by the UFAMK.
The operation of the microprogram control module takes p13ce in the following
sequence. The formed address of the microin~truction is transmitted from the
- UZAN RAPP to the RAPP. The microinstruction sele cted from the ROt? by this address
is entered ~n the RNQZ. The fields of the microinstruction in th,~ Rt~ are decoded
by the DShMK decoder, at the outputs of which the set of US exciting the assemb lies
- and modules required to execute the given microinstruction is formed. Simul-
taneous ly with decoding the microinstruction fields in the RI~, the address of the
next microinstruction is formed, and the USL, M and AMK fields of the current
microinstruction, ALB, and so on, participate in :he formation of this address.
The microprograffining facilities, in addition io other things, the construction of the
_ processors with a broad set of performed instru^tions for introduction of
additional instructions requires only an increas,~ in size of the ROM. In the
processors with "hard" logic, the introduction ot' new instructions increases the
expenditures ~on redoing them.
Memnry Protection. T.n connection with the fact that the unified system of
co~ uters operates in the multiprogr.am mode, the OOP can have several PP [problem
programs the programs by means af~which the computer solves applied problems].
In order to avoid erroneous sending of the data of one PP to the memory zone
occupied by another PP, protection is provided. For this purpose, each problem
is equipped with a"pass," that is, it has its own code, and the OOP is divided
into "page~" of 2048 bytes each. Each pag~e is assigned an order nwnber the
protection key. The protection keys are stored in the memory key storage (ZUI~P).
When executing the current program in one of the registers of the central processor,
the SSP and the protection key are entered corxesponding to the region of the OOP
25
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rux ~rri~iwa. u~c vriLY
where the executed program is located. On each access to the OOP, the keys in
the SSP and the ZUKP are compared. Access to the OOP is nermitted onlq on campar-
ison of the SSP and the memory protection key or when the SSP is equal to zero.
In the YeS-1022 computer, for example, two methods o.f inemory protection have been
provided: on "read" and on "write." In order to assign the page protection
method in each protection key there is an additional fifth bit in which the code 1
is entered if "read" protection is proposed or 0 if "write" prote ction is proposed.
If the protection keys in the SSP and the ZURP do not compare, a urogram interrupt
signal is generated.
The sixth bit in the protection key is the check bit. The OOP protection meana
are imq~lemented by a snecial Qrotection module.
7.5. Characteristics of Processor ALU of Different T'~odels of the Unified System
of Computers
In�arder to insure pr4gram compatibility, all the models of the unified system of
computers are designed to execute a united univsersal set of operations. Therefore
the ALU of the pr.oces~ors o~ different models differ little from each other. The
structural c?fagram of the ALU (Figure 7.7) of the processors of all models of the
unified sys,tem of computers has four main parts: the registers RA and RB servinp
to receive and store operands and RC, for reception and storage of the operation
results; the arithmetic-logic module ALB oerforming transformations of the
oper.ands according to the algorithms of the arithmetic, logical and other opera-
tions, for the execution of which the ALU is designed; the local control module .
BMU coordinating the interaction of all the ALU modules with each other atd other
processor units; the check system (R) providing for continuous checking of the
operation of the ALU. ~
Fleadble control of the e~oecution of the operations is realized in the ALU of all
models. The operating sequence of the ALU modules is determined by a specific
operation and the peculiarities of the operands, intermediate and final results.
Here, in different steps of e~cecution of the ALB operations, an analysis of the
conver.ted information is made. The results of the analysis in the form of response
attrib ute signals SP go to the BHU. On the basis of these signals the BMU shapes
the result attribute PR which in the form of a two-bit condition code is entered
in the SSP. The BMU analyzes this code and generates the nex.*_ US for the ALU.
After e~oecution af the operation the ALU forn~s the end of operation sigaal SKO,
on which the BMU generates the beginning of next operatio~z signal SNO. The
operands in the RA and RB registers are selected from the BR register (see Fig 7~2),
where they ae first entered from the OOP. The results of o,per.ations are semt from
the RC to the BR, and then to the OOP (if they are not needed to execute the next
operation).
The nwaber of registers in the ALU and their word length gre di'Eferent in differ-
ent models of the unified system of computers. The ALB of the ALU of the differ-
ent models also differ with respect to com~osition and st r~~*~�y~. For example,
- the ALB of the model YeS-1022 (Figure 7.8, a) is a universal arithmetic-logic
module (ALB). A p~culiarity of it is that it does not have an e~licitly expressed
adder. All of the arithmetic and logical aperations in the ALB are executed
- using a set of elementary operations: binar:y and decimal addition and subtrac-
- tion, shift by ane bit right and left, bit bq bit.operations of logical ad~it~on,
multiplication and mod2 addition and also the nperations of through transmission
of operands through the module.
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6P ~6 ~
~1~ !IC ,
Kon Bny p K
CNO ry C~ I Cutnana
CKO A/16 11 Oura60K
na (4) yc ~ rc (12) ~13~
Figure 7.7. Generalized structural diag7cam of an Ai,U
Key:
1. ROp 8. RA
2. SNO 9. RB
3. SKO 10. SP
4. PR 11. ALB
5. BMU 12. RC
6. BR 13. Error signals
7. US
. (1)
Q~ OntpuMa 1 on~,nNB2.
l0-173 CO-171
I 3 nn6 I
c~
I--. .-i
(e~) Pt~ynemom [0-171
b~ OnepoHBl OnrponaZ
~ ~5~
3~ ~ ~ `6~ _
- -
I 6a c u I
L- ..J
Pe~yn~mam ~10~ P~~ynemom
CO-631 ~9~ l0-631unrK0-71
Figure 7.8. Operation parts of the processors of the uaified system
of computers
Key:
1. Operand 1[0-17J 7. BAS
2. Operand 2[0-17] 8. BATs
3. ALB 9. Result [0-63]
4. Result [0-17] 10. Result [0-63] or [U-7]
- 5. Operand 1 [0-63]
6. Operand 2 [0-63]
27
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FUR Ul~'Nl(:lAL U,~ UNLY
In the model YeS-1050, the ALB consists of two modules (k`Igure 7.8, b); the
BAS is the arithmetic adder module, and the BATs is the digital decimal arithmetic
module with explicitly expressed adders. In the BAS, arithmetic and logical
aperations are performed on the fixed-length operands. The basis for it is the
64-bit binary parallel-action adder. In the BATs, only the byte by bqte pr.ocess-
ing of the operands is carried out. The basis far it is the 8-bit decimal adder
and logical commutator (the latter is desigaed for execution of logical oPerations).
The registers RA, RB and RC are 64-bit registers. The result of the onerations
can be output byte by byte fram the RC ar all 64 bits simultaneously.
The differences in comgozition and operation principle of the ALII were the result
ot different requirements on the output cap acity of the models of the integrated
system of computers and the desired volume of their equipment imposed by the
, developer during their design. Characteristic features of the decisions made gave
' rise to different structural principles of the AII1 aad different algorithms for
executing individual operations.
7.6. Performance of Arithraetic Oper_ations on Fixed-Point Binarq Numbers
Addition and Subtraction. ~Jhen performing these operations, the onerands with
respect to addresses indicated in the instruction are caused fram the OOP and
are transnitted to the registers RA. an~ RB. In the OOP, the fixed-point binary
numbers are represented in f:wo formats: in the form of a 32-bit word or 16-bit
halfword. The operations are nerformed on nuabers which are smoothed with respect
to the high-order bits. In positive numbers the missing bits are filled with
, zeroes to the halfword or word, and for negative numbers, ones. ??or exam~le, a
positive nu~ber [phone] in the halfword foreiat has the form 0.0000000 110011U1,
and the negative nwnber -101 101 101 is written 1.1I1 111 101 101 10~1. In the
different models of the unified system of co~uters, the operand codes are
sent differently for addition and subtraction. For example, in the YeS-1022
~ computer the onerands are nade uo of halfwords, and in the YeS- 1030 and YeS-1050
which have 32 and 64-bit adders, respectively, they are nade up of words and
double words. [Jhen executing the sui~traction operation in the uaified system of
computers, a coraplementary code is used. In order to obtain the complementary
code, the subtrahend of the second operaad goino to the ALU, bit by bi~ (inzluding
the si~ bit) inversion takes place with subsequent addition of one to the law-
order bit. On completion of the summation process the B?itT azlalpzes the result
(equal to, less than or greater than 0 result and whether an overflow has occurred).
By the result of the anal~sis, the result tag ~(PR) is generated which is
_ a two-bit binary code. If the result of the operation is zero, then the code 00
_ is generated; if it is less than 0, the code O1; if ~reater than 0, the code 10;
if overflow has occurred, the code 11.
Accelerate d multiplication circuits are used to reduce the multiplication tirie in
the coraputers of the unif.ied system. For exam;~le, in th~ YeS-1030 nodel, multipli-
cation takes place by two bits of the multinlier sinultaneously, and in the
YeS-1050, by four bits simultaneously.
In the unified system of comnuters, the divisor, remainder and quotient with the
sign have 32-bit `ormats.
28
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7.8. Zionitoring and Control Panel
The r.nnitoring and control panel PKU is desig}~ed to monitor the operation of the
Computer units, maaual control and operative interveation in the operation o� the
computer. Th~ PKL of an~y of the unified system ~~f com~uters (~i~ure 7.11) coxt
tains a control panel PU, a displap planel !'I an~d electronic circuits cantrol
circuits and registers by meaas of which the pac~el ~perations are verformed.
The control board has: "operatin~ mode," "che,~ck," "address comparisoa," "type of
memory" switches desigaed to assign the opera+~in~ mode of the comnuter and the
nanel operations; the control buttons with li.ght (the display buttons) "vawer or~,"
"power of f," ."clear," "memory address" .and others deaigned for nanel opera~-
tions. In addition, the control panel has t~.he disnlay lights "sqstem state"
(LOADI2IG, WAITI21~, CHECK, F~AtNAL OPEP.ATI~tl, i SYST'.'.~i) .
The display ~sanel ~as lip,~ts to indicate ttre contents of certain registers of the
conputer and the state of individual contr~al flin-flops.
� Pracessor Start-Stop. The processor is switched on and off by the "nawer on,"
"power off" buttons, respectivelq. After pressing the "start" button, the
processor performs ooerations in the mode selected by the "operating r~ode" switch
(AUTO:~tATIC, II:STRUCTI0~1, MICROII1STfiUCTIOI~ positions) . The transition of the pro-
cessor to the "halt" state is realized either by the operator (bp nressing on the
"halt" button) or autonatically. An automatic halt of the processor takes place
when the execution of the current instruztion has been completed aad there are no
interrunt requests or when an error is detected in the processor and tU~e execu-
tion of the current instructio*.~ crr service fficroprogram is impossible.
Processor Overatiaa Check. The operatin~ mode ~of tlie check circuits ie given by
the "check" switch (AUTOZATIC, EAI.T, BLOQ'.I=1~ positions). If the "checl:" switch
is set to the AUTOrATIC position, then when an error occurs the vrocessor processes
it, ~inds and eliminates the cavs~ of its accurrence. In the ~1AI.T position,
machine errors are not processed, the generator f'SI is s~ritched off, ~he error is
recorded in the error register R0, and the co~?uter halts. If the "cl~eck" switch
is set to the BLOQ:INC positi.on, the processor continues to ooerate w3thout
reactin~ to the error. The c~learin~ of an error is produced in all cases by the
"clear error" button. In th:ts case the RO is initialized aad further operation
of the processor can be continued.
Checkin~ the Oneration of 2PmoYy Cells. The "tyne of. ~er?orv" switch (OP, *T, LP,
process re~isters, reFisters iLSl, 1:5:'.) selects the tyne o� memoYy which is
accessec: .fron the ^L. :Rsen assignin~ the r~emorv address by the "meuory address"�
buttons (,^:,ives the 00~' cell a~dress, the nrocessor re~ister or input-ou~nut
channel a~dress) and the "instruction address" (�ves t.~e address of the current
instruction, the P.O;~'. address, the address oF the nerinheral device on input of
the initial pro~ra~), the contents of the chec~e~ rieL^on~ cell liP~t un on tl:e
~isplay panel. ~he contents of the r;e~or~ cell and the processor re~isters are
changed by the adc:ress selected by the "~er�!orv ad~ress" buttons by nressina on
t'~e ''write" button. :he entered in.`.ornatian is in this case ?iven by the buttons
"instruction aduress."
29
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tt~K t~rr~~twL u~c v~vLY
/laNewe ~urdurraa~r~t
1 Petu~nrp M~rrpcKO~cpB P~aK (2)
O 1 2 d 4 5 6 7 1 1 6
(3~ Petucmp aBpecct no~moANriou naanmu PApI1
~ 01 Z3 4 s67 89/ f
AfaNaw ~Iy.rsmunneKCNb~i[ KM ,
~mooo?o?a
(5) KaNas cenexmopperic f Kcl
~ ? ? ? 0
- oo?oo aoaoaoa
) Kaxan ce~eKmopNeiic 2 NCZ
~,-~-rr-,-rm rm cm o 0 0 0~a .
rooaa o or~oo
p~tu~~p ~~av,~duQy ~
Pe:ucmp Pa (9) ABpecNe~~i prruemp PMN
(10~ Petucmp PB (11)Pe:u~~?p dQNNeix PN Peeucn~p daNKSix A 1
(13) Per~tcmpoc 14 erucmp auc~tboK PO
- ~ ? ? ? ? ?
(15) QNewe n cBneyuA r18) ~ 19)
p
bome~16} Ko~o~ib ca
~"~o"~~ _ .n
~
A,nu ~20~ ~21) .
. ~ V � ~ nu~M~ne n
e~.i e
22 ,ea ~~~,~?m~ ~a ROMQNaOI (23)
K ~OQMA b ~27~ ~~LG~ rQtl/lMY~ ~ ~
~6er~ EMr.~NK
~ ' ~~8~ ~29 3
PA~d ~24) (25)
31 Coc~o~rMUe cuc~
c6on
e 3ankcb 3QNa
n;N~[! ( 32) ~ a~?~
. OCAraN04 V/fl~Mlt! /I~CK ~.35 3 i) npepe~- 3aZp~?3XQ
~ ~ ~ ' ~ ea~rue ~
Figure 7.11. Comouter monitoring aad caatrol panel
Key:
1-- Displaq panel; 2-- microinstruction re~ster RMI:; 3-- reac~only r~emo~?
address register RAPP; 4-- multiplex channel RM; 5-- selector channel 1 RS1;
6-- selector c~annel 2 KS2; 7-- display re~ister; 8-- register RA; 9-- address
register of the RHIJ; 10 re~~ster RB; 11 R21 data register; 12 RZ data
re~ister; 13 register RC; 14 error re~ister R0; 15 control panel;
16 operating mode; 17 checlc; 18 address comparison; 19 type of inemory;
[continued]
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[Key to Fi~ 7.11, continued]
20 paw~r on; 21 pawer off; 22 nemory address; 23 instruction address;
24 A B C D E; 25 F G H I J; 26 - clear; 27 light checl:; 28 tirier
blockin~; 29 entering in the RAPP; 30 error clear; 31 write; 32 entering
the AK; 33 --halt; 34 read; 35 starty 36 systea state; 37 interrupt;
38 loading
Initial Loading of the Pro~ran and Clearin~ of the Systefl. :'he sqstem is cleared
by nressina the "clear" button. Herg the r~.aster clock "GSI is shut off and the
hardware clear signal is generated. itiis si~al clears all tl~:e processor re~isters
and nullifies all of the interrupt requests.
ihe "ioad" button is used ior {nitial loading of the nro~rara (PZP). Ia order to
perforn t~is operatiun, the Z, I, aad K instruction address buttons are used to
set the channel number and the number of the peripheral device from the program
must be loaded. All of the control switches eacept the "type of inemory" switch
are set to the AUTOMATIC position. After pressi.ag oa the "load" button, the sys-
tem is cleared, aad the P2P mdcroprogram is eaecuted, as a result of Which t~e
loader program realizing further program input in the automatic m~de is read into
the OOP from the peripheral device indicated on the contml paaei:
The indicated properties of the panel are sufficient to input the program and the
initial data to the computer, force its operation in tt~ie sutomatic or single-mode,
start the computer with anq instruction in the OOP, print out codes from any of
the OOP cells, operate the camputer by loops aad cqcles whea the co~uter ~must
be checked out.
Before proceeding with the solving of a large problem, a prevetitive check is rua on
the modules and elements of the computer hy a special test program. The test
problems are selected so that oa solution of them all elements of the computer will
be encompassed. When solving the test problem~it is possible to set feed
voltages that are +(10-15X) different from the rated voltages from the panel. If
under these caaditions the computer continues to operate stably, it is certain
that it is operating reliably.
Special "measurement from channel~' lines (IZl~R) ,"measurement from subscriber"
(IZM-A) and "state shif t" (SM5-K) liaes are used to control the time measurements
and shift and states of the IIW.
The interface lines are made of high-frequeney cable type II~2 with wave impedance
of 82 to 110 ohms. The cable length from the MSK to the most remote WU does not
exceed 100 meters for the VBR-K and VBR-A lines and 65 meters for all the rest.
All the lines were composed of two strands fer the connection of which to the
MSK or the WU, rectan gular combined 40-contact plugs of the "plug board" type
are used.
The input-output interface of the unified system of computers provides for
transition of information at a ma~dmum speed of 1.3 megabqtes/sec. New develop-
ments of the W have required i~provement of the interface characteristics. In
the ia~roved input-output interface, the carrying capacity has been increased by
multiple~xing the info=mation in the buses and enlarging the information buses.
31
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rvic ver~a.~wa. u~ v~a.Y
The possibility of repeating the output of aa instrnction by the c3~annel in case
of raadom ermr detectioa or te~orary imreadiness of the tJVU to e~cecute the
instruction and also selective clesiing whea necessAry h~ve been pravided.
32 ~
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(~APTER 9. GENEREII. INFOffiKATI~ ABOUT INFORlfATI~ STORAG~
The basic characteristics of magRetic recording when it is used to store infass~
tion are the follawing: high recording density (60-80 bits/m~; unliffited
information storage time without consumdng electric power, c~a~ara~tiae?y high
information write and read speed; the possibility of erasing previrn~sly aritten
information and recording new info~ation.
All of the e~dsting storages cea be divided into two groups witli�~.respect
to information output aad reception speed: fast aad s1oW. The stora~e elements
of the first group have a speed of (1 to 5)x106 bits/sec and accesa time of
10 to 20 millisecands. They are ezecuted on magRetic drias aad discs. The slow
- ones have a speed of (1 to 5)x105 bits/sec and an access time from imits of
secands to sev~eral a~nutes. They are e~oecnted,on magnetic tapes and csrds.
As a rule, the amoint of informatioa required for lar~e ccsputers is so great that
the VZII is made up of sev~eral fast storage~ aad sev~ral teas of stor-
ages of the same group. During the operating process of die computer, in order
to reduce the access time to the VZO, all of the inforaation from the secoad
group stora~e elesents ~oes to s processor tLrough ttie fiss t grovp stnrage element.
The information written aa a magnetic surface usnally is not used directly in the
coaQuter prucess, but it is first transa~tted to the OOP and only then goea to�the
ALU for prooessing. As a result of larg~e v~luoe of inforsation vhicL can be stored
in a mem~ry with ~agnetic recording they are called atora~e eleoents:
Magaetic Informatioa Carriers. In modera co~puters broad use is ~ade of magnetic
tape, drum, disc and card stora~. Powder and galvanic magnetic ooatings
applied to a nonmagnetic base are used as the storage aediim in these devices.
Magietic tapes and magnetic cards hav~e, as a rule, pawder magnetic coatings. As
a nonmagnetic base for them, broad use is ~de of lavsan (polyethyleneterephthalate)
25 to 35 microns thick or acetylcellulose (triacetate) 50 to 120 micraas thick.
The magnetic coating fenolac 2-20 ~erons thick is applied to the moving
base. The ferrolac consists of fine pardered iraa oxide Fe203 and nonma~nnetic
binder lacquer. The powder particles can be cubic (or spherical) aad acicular
in shape. Individual powder particles have dimensioas on the order of 0.1 to
1.5 mdcrons.
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The magaetic coating must be distingui.shed bp small~surface roughness, uniformity
of the magnetic parameters and high wear resistance. The ~alnes of the magaetic
parameters of the coating, depending on the type of pa~wder, are within the l.imits
of S~ 1200 to 24000 amps/meter, ar~.D$ to 0.15 tesla. The coerciv~e force fl~ ie
selected suffideatly large to eaclude the possibility of erasing informatiaa aa
a result of the eaternal mag~etic fielc'1ss.
Magaetic dr~s and discs are covered with ferrolac or metallic coatings based oa
nickel, cobalt aad tuagstea. The thickaess of the metal coatings is 2 to 10 ndcrons.
They are applied galvanically. The advantitge of the metal coatiags is large wear
xesistaace and the possibilitq of obtaining thin mag�etic laqers. The most fre-
quently used metal coatings have the following magnetic parameters: nickel-cobalt
H~=16000 to 20000 amps/meter,'8~0.4 to 0.6 tesla; cobalt-tuagstea H~ 28000 to
40000 amps~meter; 5~0.3 to 0.5 tesla; cobalt-nickel-phosphorus, H~=55000 to 65000
amps/meter; Br=0.3 to 0.5 tesla.
The drum is a carefully machined cqlinder of brass, stainless steel or alimmin~
alloys. Ia order to decrease the mass, the discs are made of aluminum alloys.
The magnetic coating i~ applied to a copper sublaqer.
Magaetic Head. Wt�iting of the information on the magnetic carrier 4(Figure 9.1)
aad reading are carried out bq the magnetic head MG. It is a miniature electro-
magnet. In order to reduce the losses fram the eddy ~currents, the coie 1 is
assemb led from thin (0.02 to 0.15 ~ cold-rolled plates of iroa-nickel alloys
having small coerciv~e force fl~ (1 to 4 amps/meter) aad residual induction Br,
high saturatioa iaduction Bm (1-l.o tesla) and initial ma~etic permeability
uinit ~1'104 to 3�104). The core 1 has two gaps: working 3 aad additional pro-
cess 2. The modern magnetic heads bav~e a woricing gap of np to 2 to 30 mdcrons.
� The woricing gap is filled with nasma~netic material, for Which, fos exaople,
berylli~ foil is used. The windings are included opposite to each other and hav~e
a co~n grounded point. As a result, there is no necessity for changing the
directian of the current whea writing a"zero" aad "oae." In order to increase
the servic~ life, the working surface of the head is carefully polished, aad same-
times it is coated with a layer of ~hodivm or palladi~.
~ t
~
Figure 9.1. Magnetic head
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At the present time the followiag HIrII~ ;magnetic tape storages] are in operation:
YeS-5003, YeS-5010, YeS-5014, YeS-5017, YeS-5021, YeS-5025 built in the DSSR;
YeS-5001, YeS-5019 built in Poland; YeS-5004, YeS-5015, YeS-5022 built in
Czechoslovakia; YeS-5012 built in Bulgaria; aad YeS-5016 built in the German
Democratic Republic. The YeS-5017 storage is the base storage and corresponds to
the All-IInion State Standards and reco~endations of the ISO (International
Standards Orgaaizatioa).
A standard magnetic tape 12.7 ~ wide, 750 meters long aad 48 microns thick wouad
on a standard holder with eaternal diameter 267 ~ is used in all of the storage
elements. The information is recorded during fo=ward ~tioa of the tape~~simu].-
taneouslq on 9 tracks with denEities of 63, 32 aad 8 bits/~ (8 tracks are designed
to record data aad 1 is a clieclc track), and read is in both forward and reverse.
The magnetic heads have contact with the tape aaly in reading and wYiting informa-
tion, and during rewind they are automatically retracted.
1~ao write methods are used in the storage elements of th~ ~ified system of com-
- puters: with respect to two levels with inversion by "1" (BVN-1) and with respect
to two levels with phase modulation (FR-write). The YeS-5014, YeS-5015 aad YeS-5025
uziits which make use of the FR-write produce a_recording density of 32 and 63
bits/mm. In the remaining storage elements, eacept the YeS-5004, the BVN-1 write
method is used. Data reoordiag and reading are realized ~rith densities of 8 aad 32
bits/mmn. In the YeS-5004, the BVN-1 and FR~write methods are uaed whicti insure a
recording density of 8, 32 aad 63 bits/~. In the YeS-5016 and YeS-5021 units,
the data is recorded oaly with a~density of 32 bits/mm, but in them grovision is
made for the possibilitq of reading information having a recording density of
8 bits/~.
The capacity of each ma~etic tape storage, eacept the YeS-5004 and YeS-5025, is
25 megabytes. The capacity of the storage elements YeS-5004 and YeS-5025 is
50 megabytes. The data traasmissiaa speed for the varioias storage elements is
different and fluctuates within the limits~srom 48 kbytes/sec (for example, for
the YeS-5016) to 315 kby~es/sec (YeS-5003). The working speed of displacemeat of
the magnetic tape of the storage elements YeS-5012 and YeS-5017 is 2 m/sec;
YeS-5019 is 3 m/sec; YeS-5022 is 4 m/sec. The rewind speed of the tape is 5 m/sec
for the majoritq of units.
In all of the storages, good ventilatian of all of the uaits is insured, escess
pressure is created which prevents penetration of duet into the work zoae. For
co~apatibility of the variovs tqpes of 1~., a number of structural aad production
requirements have been i~osed the sizes of the magnetic tapes and the reels
for them, methods of writing and locating information, recording deasity and methods
of checking the data have been standardized. An interaatianal standard for the
above-~numerated and other characteristics has been developed in connecCion with
- the iaQortant significaace of compatibility of tapes.
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10.2. Arrangement of Information on Magnetic Tape
Each module has 140 bytes, 44 bytes of which are in the key field, and 96 bytes,
in the data field.
a) ~ 2s ~ ~ b~ .
. 231~ ~ o 0
~
. 1 .
?Z~ I ~ ~ ~ 4 ~
s 3t z~
~ o
ZO'lII9_ . 5- _ ~ T9
19`` ~B
J!
~ � 2S
18
9
Ir- ~
16 JI
J5 ~ 14
f4
.~19
30
J
~ 13 JZ . , ,
Figure 10.5. Magaetic tape storage:
a-- front view; b-- back view (without door); 1-- control console;
2-- feed reel; 3-- bolts for fastening the rpm plate; 4-- frame;
5-- magnetic head module; 6-- magnetic tape sensor; 7-~ tine for
pressing the magnetic tape; 8-- limiter; 9-- vs~cuum columa lock;
10 magnetic tape loop; 11 --photo�pickups of the reel motor servo-
system; 12 and 13 vaeuimm columns, rig~:t and left, respectively;
14 vacuum pump; 15 tubes for lighting the photo pickups of the
reel motor servosqstem; 16 colua�~ screen; 17 lower inspection
hole; 18 front door; 19 blocking circuit; 20 magnetic tape;
21 mounting plate; 22 upper inspection hole; 23 photo sensor
for diminished amount of tape; 24 take-up reel; 25 focusing
system; 26 and 35 drive mechanisa~s, talce-uF and feed reels,
respectively; 27 and 33 brake electromagnet; 28 mechanism for
positioning the magnetic head module on or off the tape; 29 sensors
for limiting the magnetic tape loop; 30 pneumatic sensor;
31 vacuum tubes; 32 magaetic tape drive mechanism; 34 brake
shoe.
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In order to insure the required vacuwn in the col~s there is a vacuwn pump 14
which guarantees a pressure in them of 3.64 to 4.0 kPa. The vacuimm in the colu~as
is checked by the pneumatic sensor 30 which blocks switching the storage on at a
pressure of 2.45 to 2.94 kPa and switches it off if a pressure of 1.4~ to 2.06 kPa
is recorded during operation. As a result of the pressure difference, the tape is
_ pulled into the col~s, forming~a loop of defined dimensions. During the traneient
processes conr.ected, for example, with starting and stopping the magnetic tape, the
buffer and reel drive controlled by a photocurrent from the photo pickup prevent
inadmissib le increase or decrease in tape tension. The vacuum tubes 31 form ~art
of the system for cleaning dust off the ma~etic tape. The exhaust air fram the
vacuim? pwnp is rised to coo~ the drive motor.
In the YeS-5017, the MGS jmagnetic erase head] operates on direct current of about
970 milliamps.
The material used to fill the working gap of the magnetic head mus*_ have a numt~er
of special properties, for the width of the gap frequently is only equal to a few
fractions of a n,icron. Gaps 5 to 10 micronR wide usually are filled with metal
in the fomn of beryllitmm bronze or platin~ foil. In order to obtain small gaps,
silicon oxide is used, the filling of the gap with which is realized by spraying.
The BMG [magnetic head module] must be located strictly perpendicular to the moving
tape. If the perpendicularity is violated, the signals:read by different heads
will be output at different time (misaligned). This can occur also when recording
inforniation. If the direction of the misalignment during recording and reading is
different, ~hen the ndsmatch will be doubled~in time. The phenomenon of mis~lign-
ment is impossib le to eli~inate completely by mechanical methods;`therefore special
electronic circuits that compensate for it are used in the NML.
BMG Lift Mechanism. The mechanism (Figure 10.10~ is used for angular displacement
of the BMG from the operating position to the nonoperating position: A=7�,
B=42� and back by control instructions from the storage or manually. There are
two cases when the BMG is withdrawn from the operating position: on performance
of the REWIND operation, by 7�, and when performing the UNLOADED operation, by 42�.
Operating Principle of the Electric Drive Motor Control System. The electric
drive moto r control system provides for movement of magnetic tape with constant
working speed forward and in reverse and accelerated rewind (on the feed reel) at
a speed of 5 m/sec for the YeS-5014, YeS-5017, XeS-5019, YeS-5025 and 8.5 m/sec
for the YeS-5015 and YeS-5022.
When the magn~tic tape is moved at working speed, the DS pickup g~nerates a
signal with 50 millivolt amplitude and frequency of about 2 kilohertz. In the
case of accelerated rewircl of the tape the DS generates a signal with high ampli-
tude and a frequency of about 5.5 kilohertz. This signal goes to the UFI where
it is amplified and shaped into square pulses with steep front and cut, and it
is differentiated. The differentiated pulses have a duration of 1 microsecond
and frequency proportional to the shaft rpm of the electric motor. If the speed
of the tape is equal to the rated speed, then the pulse repetition period is
equal to 512 microseconds, and a definea number of p ulses recording this speed
are entered in the registers R. With a decrease or increase in thg speed, a
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different number of pulses is entered in the registers R of the UFI, and this
number of pulses is compared with the staadard. �Depending on fhe difference
obtained, a PWM [pul~e-width ~modulated] signal is generated with defined duty
factor for pulses with the la~gest repetition period, the PWM sigaal with
maximimm duty factor is generated, and for pnlses with small repetition period,
with minimal. The duty factor of the ~WM signal is determined by the shaft rpm of
the electric motor M. The PWM signal from the registiers R goes to the control
logic ~odule BLU, which acts on the electric motor througi~ a paaerful amplifier
WVD.
(1) ~p~ t9) .
~ H,4 (3) ~'.z,3 . M n
E B~ ~4~ 6ny Qe (ZO~ yyBQ'
� muM (5) QH (lI) ~12) -
en ~6~ . ~15~ ~ Qc
(17)
cKr
IlMmespomop
� P ~8~ 1 y~u cc (16)
Figure 10.12. Drive electric motor control system
Key: ~
1. from the UUNML 10. DV
2� ~ 11. DN
3. ND 12. UWD
4. VS 13. Integrator
5. PWM 14. UFI
6. VP . 15. SKT
7. BLU 16. SS
8. R 17. DS
9. II1~2~ 3
Start, rlovement of Magnetic Tape with Rated Speed and Halt. When starting the
tape from the W, RS (operating speed) and ND (directian af movement) signals
are fed to the BLU. On the basis of these signals the BLU generates the signal DY
(movement forward) or DN (move backwa*-~) . In this case the total feed voltage
is fed from the WVD to the electric driv~: motor M in order to reach the required
magnetic tape speed as fast,as possil~le. When the electric motor has reached 90x
- of the rated speed, on ins.truction f.t~m the BLU, the UUVD organizes ti~e pause
iil, that is, stops the feed voltdge for a time of 0.12 millisecands. :~he current
through the electric motor during this pause _ decreases, and the electric
motor picks up rated speed, upon which the P'WM signal with defined frequency
filling is fed to the BLU from the registers R.
If it is necessary to stop the magnetic tape, then the W NML picks up the signal
RS and the BLU issues the . pause II2 lasting about 0.5 milliseconds. The
thyristors of the controlled rectifier (see Figure. 10.11) opened before the
pai.~se 1I2 are restored, after which the total feed voltage of opposite polarity
is fed to the motor (through the corresponding pair of thyristors). When the
electric motor reaches 10�6 of the rated speed the BLU generates the pause
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JI3 lasting about 0.9 milliseconds, during which the thyristors are restored,
insuring a countercurrent. The instruction to generate the required pause i~-
the VP signal (generate pause), whieh is formed as follaws. The UUVD chec~zs the
shaft rpm of the electric motor M by the current flo~ing through it and constantly
feeds the current check signal SRT to the integrator. When the electric motor M
reaches a speed that is 10 or 90X of the rated speed the integrator generates the
VP signal.
~ Start, Movement of the Magnetic Tape at High Speed aad Halt. If the signal VS
(high speed) reaches the BLU simultaneously with the signal RS, the tape acquires
the requirement speed in 0.5 second in the YeS-5012 and 5 milliseconds in the
YeS-5017 as a result of feeding the total feed voltage to the electric motor.
After this, it is controlled by the corresponding PWM signal for thi~ speed. If
the signal VS is now picked up, then the electric motor rpm decreases independently
to 2 m/sec in the time 0.5 secaad (or 5 milliseconds for the YeS-5017) without
supplying additional power. When picking up the signal RS, the electric m~tor is
stopped by the countercurrent. An automatic haZt of the magnetic b.ape is realized
- in the following cases: in the automatic control mode on detection of the
"beginning of tape" marker, in the sutonomous a~ntrol mode on detection of the
markers of the beginning and end of tape; indep~endently of the operating conditions
of the storage, when the tape loop from the vacuum columns goes beyond the upper or
lower emergency photo pickups, the tape breaks, the vacuum disappears in the
vacuum colu~s, any of the phases of the primary network voltage drops, any of.the
feed potentials increases or decreases.
10.7. Electric Circuitry of the Tape Storage
The ele ctric circui.try includes the following: the electronics module, the auto-
mation module, the power pack, the control console and the external connections
- panel (see Section 10.3). They are assembled from standard elements (see Chapter 3)
and special-purpose elements. Let us consider the structure and the operating
principle of same of the special elements and assemblies.
Reproduction Amglifier W. The reproduction amplifier is designed for preliminary
amplification of signals picked up from the MGV, the shape of which is close to
sinusoidal. Basic characteristics of the amplifier: input signal amplitude
from - 15 to -20 millivolts; output signal sinusoidal, amplitude to -5 volts;
amplifier gain about 100; frequency range 0.2 to 100 kilohertz; frequency distor-
tians in the operating range no more than 3 dedibels. Nine identical W are
- mounted in the TEZ. The basic UV is the operation amplifier U0.
Shaper Amplifier UF. Signals from the reproduction amplifier go to the UF, they
are rectified and amplified by it.
The characteristics of the UF are as follows: input signal about 2.5 volts
amplitude, sinusoidal shape with repetition period of 30 microseconds; output
signal: high level +S volts, low level 0 to 0.4 volts, repetition period 60 micro-
secon ds, leading and trailing edge durations no more than 0.15 mdcrosecands.
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Three functionally in~dependent UF are mouated in the TEZ. Each of *_hem (Fig 10.14)
contains: differential amplifier e~necuted from transistors T1 aad T2, two-period
rectifier based on diodes D1 and D2 and shaper based on transistors T3-T6.
In order to increase the noise imm~mity-and reduce the distartians iutroduced b~
the shaper to a minimum, the first stage is assembled as a differentia'. circuit.
+11,68 :(1) -6B (3) *s8
BxOa ~2~ R~ A3 Rl~ R?0 B~~xo3
RS C2 49 C9 ~QI T3 T6
T4
KI C7
C1 R3 ~J T2 RIl ~ ~s
C3 QZ ,~4
R2 R~ TS R/B
~ Rq R6 R8 K/6
~ R/q Rl5 ' R/9
k10 RJJ
-1T,68 (5) -i,w(-7,s)B(6)
Figure 10.14. Shaper-amplifier
Key: -
1. +12.6 v~olts
2. input
3. + 5 volts
4. output
5. -12.6 volts
6. -6.4 (-7.5) volts
10.8. Characteristic Failures of Magaetic Tape Storages, Their Detectiaa and
Elimination
The violation of normal operating conditions of the HIrII~ or failure of any assembly
of it is signalled by the SR channel using the "sense state" instruction. The
nature of the error is displayed on the display panel of the tape tmit or the
computer.
The storage is usually initially checked out in the autonomous mode, performdng
all manipulations proposed by the operating instructions. By the results of this
test and on the basis of the operating logic of the storage, the cause and

~ location of the ~rror or failure are established.
Further search for a failure is made using the monitoring aad messuring equipment
which is availab le in the computer uaits. In particular, for the NML the
follawing are used: the I~1 a device for checking out storages, by means of
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which it is possible to check the basic parameters of the HI~.; PKTE - a device
for ~hecking out standard elements for testing and adjusting their operating
conditions; type S1-18 electronic osci?lograph used to check electric parameters;
ChZ-9 type digital frequency meter for measuring f~+equencq aad calculating errors,
zoaies, rows; combined devices A~10-SI~I, Ts56 or Ts34, and so on for checking
w ltage:s and determining the magaitud~s of the resistances; dc bridge wi~h preci-
~ion cla~ss no less than 0.5 to measure small resistaaces; stop watch, set of
probes :~nd long straads. The paramgters are measured, the elements, assemblies
and syatems adjusted and tuned in accordarr.ce with the operating instructions and
tables attached to them.
- It is possible to estimate the fit~ess of the storage after eliffinatiag a failure
only after the storage has execute~l a special test program correctly.
The simplest, m~st frequently emcou�itered failures caa be determined without
using special means of finding them. Let us oonsider some of these failures.
Power Not On. The cause of this.can be absence of wltage in ane of the phases
of the primary feed networ.k, an uareliable electrical cantact in one of the plugs,
buming out of the fuse ~n the power control unit (BUP) or in one of the pawer
modules (BP).
The presence of phase vultages is checked bq an amme~er-voltmeter. A burned-out
fuse in the BUP can be caused by violation of normal operatiaa of the pawer pack
prote:.tion circuit; therefore it must be carefully checked. By a contin~ty test
on the pawer on circuit, an ~reliable contact is discovered in the plug or ~
reliability is certified.
The storage does not react to the emergency positioa of the tape loap in the
vacuum colum~s. This failure can be caused by failure.of the photodiodes or
_ having the vacuum sensor out of ad3ustment.
The magnetic tape loup goea outside the vacuum colwnn or drops to its bottom. In
this case it is necessary to check for a failure of the lighting tubes and the
reliability of the circuit for switching on the electric reel motora.
In reverse the magnetic tape :1oop goes outside the worlcing zane. This can be
caused by failure of aae or several photodiodes in the photo pickup that manitors
the magnetic tape loop in the vacuum colu~ or poor adj ustment of the braking
electromagnet of the reel.
The pressure in the vacuum system is belaa the required pressure. It is necessary
to check the contact points of the air lines in the pressure branch of the system
and vacuum pump. , ~
The amoimt of rarefaction in the vacuum colua~s, pressure in the pneumatic system
ar.e below the required levels. The pmbable cauae of this failure is weakening
of the tension in the drive belt of the vacuum pump.
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The "load" indicator is not on. It is neoessaiy to i:heck the bulb aad the phot~-
diode in the "beginning of tape" sensor.
If we analyze the investigated fa~.lures, it is possi.ble to arrive at the concl~sioa
of the possibility of preveating them by conect anil timely preventive maiatenance
of the storage element. Fail-safe operation of the~I~ is determined primarily
- by skillful operation and good technical maintenanaa.
� 10.9. Pre~entive Control Operations
_ General Parinciples. Preventive control operations are intended to insure uni~
terrupted operatiaa of the storage. They provide for periodic checking of the
parameters of the elements and assembliea~ and mairitenance of cleanness of the entire
storage. The periodicitq of the preventive monitoring operatioas for the s~orage
is established considering the reliability of its mechaaical assemblies and
electronic circuits. All types of operations are performed strictZy by the
instructions for technical maintenance of the storage.
Aft~r every 4 hours of operation of the storage, the surfaces of the elements o~f
, the tape drive channel in contact ~ith the magaetic tape are cleaned with a so~t
cotton cloth wet in alcohol. The working surface of the BMG is wiped with a chamois,
and the surface of the drive roller aad surface of the inspectioa holes, with a
dry cotton cloth.
Once a day the same aperations are performed as after every 4 hours of operat~on
of the storage element. The entire storage is inspected externally and the
attachment of the feed resl is checked also.
Once a week all of the abov~-enwnerated operations are performed. In additiaa,
the pergendicularity of the magnetic head module with respect to the magnetic tape
is checked, and if necessary, ad3usted. When adjusting the BMG it is necessary
to be very careful to see that the opprating surface is not scratched.
Once a month all the opera~ions performed after 4 hours, diurnally and weekly are
perforsed. In additian, the follawing operations are performed: cleaning of the
fan air filter, ad3ustment of the m~gnett.c heads with respect ~o azimuth, maaitor-
ing the level of the read signals aad voltages in the eircuits controlling the
liffitation level in the repmduction chsnnel, checking the "SRYu" compensation
during information read aad write. The fan sir filter is cleaned by mechanical
vibration or a vacuum eleaner. All of the remaining parts are made strictly by
the instructiona.
Once or twice a month, in addition to the above-enumerated operations, the follow-
ing are performed: the vacuum in the vacuwn columas is checked and the operation
of the pne~tic sensor is ~hecked; the drive and reel electric m~tors are
checked and cleaned; the pump pawer supplies, automatioa module, start and stop
time of the magneti+c tape and its speed are checked and ad~usted, and the f~ction-
ing of the photo pickups for short tape, beginning and end of magnetic tape
is checked out.
42
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Oace every 6 moaths, in addition to all of the above-en~erated operatioas, the
BMG and fans are lubricated, the write current buildup and quality of erasing
information o~f the magaetic tape are checked. ~
Once a year all forms of operations performed after 4 hours, aanua~ly, weekly,
once every 2 months aad every 6 months are performed. In additioa, all of the
electric mo~ors of the storage, the rednction geaz~s and coil springs are cleaned
aad lubricated, the travel of the armatures of the bralce electromagnetg and the
friction of the brake shoea are checked. The velume aad periodicity of the
preventive control operations will chaage in one directian or aaother depending
on the load on the storage, the ambient conditions, an~ so on. Materials vaed
when performing preventive worlc are as fo].lows: distilled alcohol, benzine solvent,
cloclc oil, US graphite lubricaat, TsIATIM lub ricant 20Z or 221, t~abine oil,
cotton gauze, soft cottan cloth, technical chamois, fine emery paper No 400 and 600.
, Procedure for Perfo~ming Certain Monitoring aad Preventive Operations. The
monitoring and cleaning of the drive and reel electrfc motors are carried out
after 500 to 700 hours of operation of the storage. Here the degrees of ~ear,
deformation and pollutian of the collector brushes and ~^ontact surface, loosening
of bolts, clamps aad so on are determiaed. During operatioa the electric motors
are checked for the presence of noncharacteristic~knoclcs aad noise and sparking
of the contact brushes. On detection of i~nadmissi~le wear in the contact b rvshes,
they are replaced by new ones. The new brushes must be fitted to the colle ctor.
For thi~ purpose, a strip of emery paper 2 No 400 {Figure 10.17) is placed
between the collector 3 and the con~tact b rush.l. The width of this paper must be
equal to the width of the coatact surface of the collector. The emery paper is
placed so that the abrasive side will be tovard the contact brueh. The brush is
fitted by drawing the emery p~per back and forth imtil the brush assumes the
shape of the collector. After fitting, the collector is cleaned with a dry soft
ra~, it is blown with sir ~der pressure or the dust is removed by a vacuim
cleaner. ~
1 ~ ~
t
~ 6 6
t 1 . , ~
Figure 10.17. Fitting of Figure 10.18. Vacuum pump impel ler
collector brushes
The contact surfacs of the collector is cleane~d with emery paper No 600, for
which it is applied with the abrasive side to the contact surface of the collector,
the shaft of the electric motar is clamped an~ turned manuaLly. After cleaning,
the surface of the copper b ars af the collectar must be clean and have metallic
shine. On comptetion of grinding, the collector surface is cleaned of dust using
a vacuum cleaner or it is blown with air.
43
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= When performing all of the�operations it is necessary to remember that there is
a powerful magaetic field in the electric motor. The~efore small metall~c ob~ects
such as screws, springs, seals~ and so an must uot be.placed close to it.
The friction of the brake shoes is checked with the electromaguetic brakes off,
using a filled test reel and dqnamometer.
After everq 100(` hours of operation of the storage, preventive cantrol operations
are performed with a vacu~ pwnp. First the belt tension and the alignment of
the drive and driven pulleqs are check~d. When pushing on the belt with a force
of 20 N, it should deflect I2+1 mm, aad the misaligament of the pull~ys relative
to each other should be no more than 0.2 mm. Then the pump is switched oa for
10 or 15 minutes and its heat.is checked by feeling it. Strang local heating of
the bearing covers to the point that one cannot hold one's hand on the cover
(ahove 70�C) can occur as a result of absence of axial clearance or in the case of
poor lubrication of the bearings. Strong heating of the housing and the presence
of a dull metallic soimd are the sign of the impellers hitting together.
When the pimmp is taken off it is first deenergized, then the belt is removed, the
vacuum tubes are removed,aid the bolts unscrewed that �asten it to the plate. The
removed pwmp is inspected and checked for oil leaks and chips in the housing. The
manual rotation of the pulley rotors must be smooth, without seizure or 3exking,
the cause of which can be increased play or wear of the bearings. The impeller
surfaces are examined through openings in the p~ housing. A characteristic
metallic shine on the surfaces A(Figure 10.18) of the impeller indicates that the
_ impellers are making contact when they turn, and scratches on the surfaces B
indicate that the impellers are catching oa the housing. A noncharacteristic
metallic bumping heard agatnst the general background when the pu~ is in opera-
- tion, jerking when the impellers are turned without load and circular scratches
on the inside surfaces of the housing all can be a sign of bearing wesr. If the
enwnerated or other defects are detected when the pu~ ie inspected, the p~p must
be dismantled, the warn parts replaced and the pump must be reassemb led and ad3usted.
All the operations are performed ia strict accordaace with the technical maintenaace
instructions. If there are no defects, then we proceed with lub ricating the pum~,
for which the pulley and bearing covers are removed together with the blocks of
shims and the cover of the case. The old oi1 is drained out and all of the
assemblies are washed in benzine solvent, and then they are carefully dried with a
. rag. The presence of lint and traces of~dirt on the parts is not permitted.
After cleaning, all of the assemblies are carefully inspected and, if there are no
_ defects in the pwnp assembli~s, ease of running of the impellers when theq are
turned by hand is checked with the bearing covers removed and then with them
in.stalled. If the impellers are hard to tura when the covers are installed, then
shi~ are added under the covers. The pwop is lub ricated in accordaace with the
instructions.
44
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(~iPTER 11. MAQ~iETIC TAPE STORAGE CO~TI~LLER
11.1. Purpose and Technical Specificatioas
_ The magnetic tape storage controll:er (W Nl~) is desiga~d for connecting the
magnetic tape storage to the input-output channels of the unified system of co~
puters and also to control the operation of the storages. It pravides for
matched operation of high-speed circuits of the SR and I~ channels with the slaw
storages. The W N1~II. is connected to the SK aad I~ c'aaanels through the iaput-
output interface, and it operates anly in the eaclus~ve mode.
- The W N1~4. provides for the following: selection of the given storage, reception
and execution of central processor and channel comm8ads, information transmission
between the HI~ and the channel; checking the reliability of the information
transadtted through the W, coatrol of the movement of the magnetic tape in the
storage; shaping of the time delays required for praper eaecutioa of the informa-
tion recording and reproduction; generation of information describiag the state of
the stora8es in detail; control of completion of a series of operations (rewinding
the tape, unloading, aad so on) without channel participation.
One W provides for successive e~neeution of all of the commaads with each of the
eigt~t storages connected to it. The commands euecuted by the UU NI~ are divided
into three groups: basic, sugiliary and contr~~l aad mode setting co~ands.
The basic NNII. co~uands include the follawing: READ, REVERSE READ, WRITE, (~QC
INPUT-OU'TPUT, SENSE. On the READ comnaad the magnetic tape in the selected
storage moves foYtaard to the required interz~mal iaternal and halts. The informa-
tion re corded on the tape is read and traasmitted to the channel. The REVERSE
READ coimmand is e~oecuted 3 ust as the READ r.amm~aad, but the tape r~ms in the
opposite direction. On e~ecutian of this aomm~and, the successively read bytes are
arranged in the OOP in order of decreasing addresses. On the co~and WRITE, the
data coming from the channel are written ac~ a tape mdving in the foiward direction.
This operation is completed by channel initiative. The commands CHEQC INPIIT-OUTPUT
and SENSE are used to transffit informatio!a about the state of the unit to the OOP.
The control co~ands are used to move the magaetic tape to the required position.
These include: REWIND, REWIND AND UNLOAD, FORWARD TO BLOCK, BAQrWARD TO BLO(~C,
FORWARD TO FILE, BACKWARD TO FILE, ERASE INTERVAL, WRITE MARK. On the REWIND
command the tape in the selected storage element is rewouad to the "beginning of
tape" marker, and on the REWIND AND UNLOAD command the tape is fully wouad on the
feed reel. On the command FORFIARD TO BLOCK the tape is rewound in the fon~ard
45
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direction to the next interzonal interval, aad on the cammaad BA(xWARD TO BLOC~,
in the opposite direction to the neat interzonal iaterval or to the "beginning of
tape" marker.
The mode setting aad a~iliary oa~aads include the co~aads OORRECTIOA, DIAGNOSTICS,
SET DENSITY (8, 32 dr 63 bits/mm).
On e~oecutiaa of all camoaads except the REWIND, REWIND AND i~'iIAD, the W is
occupied with e~oecutir+n,of the operations for the entire time. On eaecuting the
REWIND, REWIND AND UNLOAD commands, the caatrol ~mit is busy only to the
_ beginning of m~v~ment of the tape in the storage. After beginning of movement, the
W is released aad caa perform:any operatioa on another free storage.
At this time the W NI~ YeS-5511, YeS-5512, YeS-5515, YeS-5517, YeS-5519, YeS-5521
and so on are in operation, which provide for connection of various tppes of NML.
For example, the storages YeS-5010 aad YeS-5012 can be connected to the W NPII.
YeS-5511. The structure of the YeS-5517 provides for joint operation with the
YeS-5012, YeS-5017, YeS-5019 and .eS-5022 storages conaected to the input-output
channels of the YeS-1020, YeS-1022, YeS-1030, YeS-1033, YeS-1050, YeS-1060
model computers. The YeS-5525 uait permits ~oint operation with storages using
. the BVN-1 recording method aad storages using two recording methods BVN-1 aad
FK-write. In addition, this unit caa operate with the N1~II. having different tape
speeds.
The ma~~rity of UU N1~II, provide for writing aad reading information with a density
of 8 and 32 bits/m~. The write and read density for each serviced storage is given
by command from the channel. Information is written with the tape running foiward,
and it is read either moving fozward or in reverse.
The data traasmissian speed between the W NI~ aad the chaanel is determined by
the NNII, model, the recording density used and the type of W Nl~. For eaample,
for the YeS-5517, the data traasmission rate for a deasity of 32 bits/mm will be
as follows: for the m~dels YeS-5012 and YeS-5017, 64 kbytes/sec; �or the YeS-5019,
96 kbytes/sec; for the YeS-5022, 128 kbytes/sec. With a write density of 8 bits/m~,:
for the YeS-5012 aad YeS-5017 models, 16 kbytes/sec; for the YeS-5019,24 kbytes/sec;
and for the YeS-5022, 32 kbytes/~sec.
All of the UU N1~ operate in two modes sutonomous and complex (3ointly with the
computer). The W is switched f rom the sutonomous m~de to the complex one from
its control panel.
Structurally all of the W N1rIII. are e~oecuted in the form of aa instrument bay, the
frame of which is made of welded steel framing. The sides of the bay are covered
with easily removable sheathings, front and rear hav~e doub1e doors. The right
door of each double door has a lock for holding them in the closed position. Both
doors have stops which do not permit them to be open more than 90�. In the lawer
part of th e bay there is a dust filter. At the top the bay is closed with a
grid and upper sheathings. The bay is installed strictly vertically using legs
that adjust with h~ight. Inside the b aq are two frames, one sliding aad the other
stationary. Both frames are welded aad made of alw~i.nimm section. All of the
46
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equipment is placed on these frames: a cantrol panel, the display panel, the
switching panel, the TEZ modules, standardized feed uaits and feed control imit
and fans. Plugs for connecting the inside aad outside cable connections are
fastened to special brackets oa the sliding and stationary frames.
Synchronization Cireuits. Different m~dels of I~II~ caa be distinguished bq at
least two parameters: the tape speed and recording density. Taking this into
account in the DU Nl~., syachronizaCion roeaas are pro~rided which are desigaed for
different co~binations of values of these parameters. For syrichronization of all
of the operations performed bq the storage, in the UII N1~II, there are four sqnchroniz-
- ing generators: the read sqnchroaizing generator GSCh; the write sqnchronizing
generator GSZ; the mdcrosecond delay generator t~IICZ; the ffillisecond delaq
generator GI~IIZ.
Figure 11.2 shaws th~ interrelation of the synchronization circuits making up the
W NrII.. In these circuits three clocks are used, eacti of which has a fiued
frequency. The read clock TGCh fornts the clock pulses for syachronizing the
circuits that operate when performing the read operatian, and the wiite clock TGZ,
for synchronizing the write circuits. The operating frequency of these clocks is
given by the conteats of the write density register RPZ and the model number
register RNM. The pulses from the clock TGCh start the clock GSCh, and the pulsps
from the TGZ start the GSZ and G1~IICZ clocks.
The read synchronizing.generator GSCh services the read synchronizer SS, the
basis for which is a three-bit aouater with scaling factor R~o~t=g~ During
operation of the read synchronizer, the counter counts from 0 to 7, inclusively,
and then it begins to couat from zero (cyclic mode).
~1~ T.rr3 PH.1'1 ~2~ PR3 3~
~
~4~ Q ~ (5) Tr3 (6 T~y
~rfp3 rrlK3 ~g rC3 ~g ~Cy
10
Figure 11.2. Synchronizing generator
xey:
1. TGMZ 6. TGCh
2. RNM 7. (~Q.Z
3. RPZ 8. CSZ
4. DCh 9. GSCh
5. TGZ 10. (.'I~IICZ
The write synchronizing generator GSZ services the write synchronizer SZ, the
basis for which ~s a four-bit counter with s caling factor K~~t=16. The write
synchronizer also operates in the cyclic mode. A data byte is written on the tape
in each operating cycle of the synchronizer.
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The pulse repetition frequeney of the GSCh and GSZ is sele~*ed in accordance with
the m~del of the HIrII,. and the write density. For example, the model YeS-5017 with
density of 32 bits/~, the pulse repetitioa frequ~ency is equal to 500 kilohertz,
and with density of 8 bits/mm, it is 125 kilohertz.
The millisecand delay clock T(~!'L has aa operating frequency of 5 lcilohertz which
by the frequency divider DCh (see Figure 11.2) caa be decreased by twofold or
fourfold depending an what type of l~ the W NI~ is working with. The TC~lZ pulses
control the (~II.Z generator. Each synchronizing generator has a con~roL.ed input,
as a result of which the generators form pulses only when this is necessary for
- the W NML.
The Q~II.Z and Q~IICZ geaerators service the coatrol assembly of the write and read
circuits. The G1~II.Z generator is used to generate a delay for the tape start and
stop time, for the interval erase time and also when writing zones in the
autonomous mode. The (~IICZ generator is designed for geaerating pul~es used by the
control assembly of the write aad read circuits to measure the intervals between
rows on the tape when writing aad reading the STsR and SPR check rows and also
when processing the end of operatiaa. The basis for the write aad read circuit
control assembly is a 9-bit delay coimter with scaling factor Rcounta255. Ia the
microsecaid mode the delay coimter is started by the Q~IICZ generator, the frequency
of which is selected as a functian of the HI~II. model aad the recording density.
For the YeS-5017 vith a density of 32 bits/mm, it is 512 kilohertz, aad for a
density of 8 bits/~ it is 128 kilohertz. In the multisecond mode, the delay
counter operates oa one of three frequencies: 2.5 kilohertz when working with the
. YeS-5012 and YeS-5017; 3.75 kilohertz for the YeS-5019 aad 5 kilohertz for the
YeS-5022.
11.4. Electric Pawer Supply for the Controller
The electric power supply system for the W NI~II. magaetic tape controllex YeS-5517
(Figure 11.6) includes the following: the feed control uait BUP; the power pack
BP1 (YeS-0904) providing stabilize voltage of +5 volts (admissible load current
18 a~s); the BP2 and BP3 pawer packs (both YeS-0905) giving stabilized voltage
of +5 aad -5 volts, respectively (admissible load current 3.6 amps). In addition,
the electric power supply generates a three-phase ac vo ltage of 380/220 wlts for
powering the PII~'b.
The feed voltage to the network filter SF of the electric power supply and the
NP4. is fed from the ac, 380/220 volt network with 50 hertz frequeneq. The
admissible w ltage deviations from the rated value lie within the limits from +10
to -15X. The network filters are desigaed to lower the level of pulse and high-
frequency interference of the feed network aad the interference generated by
other tmits. From the network filters the three-phase voltage of the primary
network is fed to the BUp which distributes it to the power packs BP1, BP2, BP3
and the fans V1, V2 and V3.
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6nf 6n2 6n3 (1) B,ra ~1 6nuy
1
~ - ~ 3~
' (2) ~~uc c3:1 ~
-T-
(~),80%?10Q C 6yn UnmtD~c ~ 6llulFp
~ (4) sorr~ 3nrK?np~uma- c3-1 K2
. � - - ~
t ceny`(5)
e~ ez e.~ a.~, ~n C60 (G~
- Fig~se 11.6. Structural :iiagram of Figure 11.7. Structural diagram of
the power supply for the YeS-5517 the feed cantrol ~it
controller Rey:
~Y ~ 1. on
1. BP1 7. SF 2. off
2� BP2 8. BUF' 3. BPi~I = pawer packs and first stage
3. BP3 9. D1 assemblies
4. 380/220 volts 10. V2 4. BPiII-II = pawex packs aad second
5. 50 hertz 11. V3 sta~e assemblies
6. Electric pawer 5. SVPD
su~plq interface 6. SBO
7. SZ
The control of the electric power supply, warning aad protection are realized by
the pawer supply interface. Three control modes are possible: local from the
display panel of the YeS-5517, local from the BDP and remote from the power supply
control pan~l of the camputer. �
When the BUP is on, the feed voltage is fed to the BP1, BP2 aad BP3 and the fans
in three stages: fans are connected to th~ first stage, then the service ac
- v~ltage of 20 volts is fed, aad the primary network wltage is fed after 20 to
30 milliseconds. When the BUP to the first stage is off, the primary network
wltage is off, the service voltage is discotmected after 20 to 30 milliseconds,
and then the fans are switched off. In addition, the BUP outputs a dc v~nltage of
24+Oe3 wlts. The BUP includes three traasformers, electrifier, stabilizer and
control circuit.
The BUP control circuit (Figure 11.7) contain~ the follawing basic element~s:
the power on button Vkl and the power of� buttan Vylk. Switches R1 and R2 for
the prinary network and servicA voltags; delay circuits SZ-1 SZ-4.
When pressing on th~ power on button, the switch R1 is switched on, sending the
ac service voltage of 20 volts to the pawer packs sud the first stage assemblies
(BPiU-I) and then the three-phase 380/220-volt voltage. Simultaneously,
the delay circuits SZ-1 and SZ-4 are started. After 200 to 300 milliseconds the
signal from the output of the SZ-1 starts the SZ-2 and switches the switch R2 on.
The latter sends the ac service voltage and then the primary network voltage t~
the power packs and the second stage assemblies (BPiU-II). After 200 to 300
milliseconds, the sigaal to switch on the power supply (SVPU) arrives at the
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output of the SZ-2, and aPCer 2-3 seconds, the blocking signal of one of the
emergency disconnect channels (SBO) arrives �rom the output of the SZ-4. When
pressing on the power off button, the switch R2 is disconnected, and thP delay
circuit SZ-3 is started. After 200-~300 milliseconds, a signal that disconnects
� the switch R1 appears at its output.
In the electric power supply of the YeS-5517 provision is made for protection from
disappearance and overage of the stabi~ized voltages, from overloads and short
circuits with respect to output voltages and disappearance of a phase of the pri-
mary network. In these cases a failure signal is generated which breaks the
emergency signal circuit, which leads to impossibility of reclos ure of the W NML.
There is also blocking that excludes the possibility of switching on the electric
power suppiy in case of improper installatian of it with respect to location and
' in the absence of any module, fan or failure to connect critical parts of the
p lug. On the face panel of the BUP and the display panel there is a ligl~t display
for the gresence of the~ac feed voltage of the primary network, switching the
~it on and off, emergency conditions and preventive control. In addition, the
emergency and preventive control signals are couQled out to the electric power
supply control panel of the computer.
11.5. Checking the Fitness of the UEt NML Tape Controller Equipment and Possib le
Failures
The fitness and proper operation of the W NML are checked during its operation
under co~lex and autonomous ccanditions using circuits specially provided in the
imit for this purpose and also using monit~ring and measuring equipment.
_ Checking Out the Controller Equipment Operating Under Complex Conditions. The
fitness and correctness of the operation of the basi~ assemblies and modules of the
W NML tape controller are cnecked under these conditians by special circuitry of
the device. For example, these include the state and sense byte modules, the
sequence of p Erformed operations display, various check circuits and e~rror forming
assemblies.
The basic state byte module is designed for shaping the basic state byte code
which is transmitted to the channel at the end of the initial access and on comple-
tion of the executed instruction. The module includes the basic s~ate flip-flops
which establish the end of operation of the channel, i~tcluding the presence of
~ an error in the UU NML and in any NML. ~
The sense byte module is t~sed to gather and output detailed information to the
channel about the state of the W NML and th~ storages, about a failure or error
appearing in the execution of the preceding input-output operation. The sense
byte is output to the channel on the "sense" instruction. In the YeS-5517 there
are six sense bytes, in the bits of which the state of the controller and the
magnetic tape storage is depicted. For example, in bqte 0 the second bit informs
of an error in the channel buses, the third bit, an error in equipment; in byte 3
the second bit communicates an extraordinary misalignment during check reading,
the third bit, an error ~n the RTsK register; in byte 4 the 0 bit informs that
none of the write flip-flops is operating in the NML, and the second bit, an
- error in the read syn~hronizer SS, the third bit indicates an error in the write
synchronizer SZ.
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The sequence displays are~designed to check the sequence of the performance of
_ the operations causing movement of the noagaetic tape in the N1~III.. The sequence
display is a three-bit counter. During the esecution of each operation it goes
through various steps. The count~r is switched at the end of each proper execution
of a step of the operation,, Qn proper ezecution of the operation the countery can
- reach the maximwn and be c.aared. One or aeveral counters not cleared indicates
improper operation of the W[controller] or the NNII~ jmagnetic tape storage].
Since each step of the operation corresponds to a defined state of the counter,
it is possib le to use the sta*_e of the counters to determine the cause of an
error in the W or the NrII,.
The infoYmation che ck circuits are designed to check the transmission of data
- through the UU NML. These circuits include the follvwing: the p arity check
circuits in the RZS, RPK, RP and RTsR registers, the skew check circuit; inter-
ference detection circuit in the intervals when performing the write, read and
other operations.
The equipment check circuits control the operation of defined circuits of the
W NML. They in clude the follawing: the SZ and SS check circuits; the echo err.or
check circuit; the delay coimter check circuit. On detecting an error each of the
check circuits sets the "error in the unit," "error in information," or "error in
eqsipment" display.
The error formation assemblies consist of a nu~ber of circui~.ts designed for shaping
" and recording errors discovered during operation of the W a~d NMI..
Checking the W Equipment in the Autonomous Mode. During checks, repair and
adjustment of the W and the NML in the autonomous mode, their operation is con-
trolled from the control panel of the W. Using the panel, ~ ointly with special
autonomous control circuits, it is possible to check the majority of the syste~
and circuits of the W and the Nrff.. Visual checking of the operation of the unit
is realized in this case by means of the display tubes located on the display
panel (the interface signal display, the W and 1~L states; the write and read
synchronizers and the delay counter; errors determined by the UU systems; informa-
tion contained in the W registers). ~
The follawing manipulations can be performed fram the control panel of the W NML:
checking information contained in one of six registers of the W(RR, RZS, RTsK,
RPK, RP, RO); setting up the input-output instruction and address codes of the W;
setting up and recording zones of 1,.8, 16 and 128 bytes or of arbitrary length;
simulation of parity errors in the write lines of the W and checking ths operation
of the error detection systems; checking the operation of the error correction
system; assignment and execution of the diagnostic operating mode of tre W and
the NML.
In order to perform the enumerated operations, the required switches, keyboards
and display tubes eq uipped with inscriptions are available on the control panel.
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Equipment Checking Using the M~nitoring and Measuring Equipment. In order to
measure the parameters, ad3u~t and tune the circuits of the W NML (YeS-5517)
the following are used: an eletronic oscillograph typ~ 51-65; a combination
device type Ts-434; the digital frequency meter ChZ-12; the dc voltmeter M109;
the stand for checking the special TEZ YeS-A104; stand for checking lo~ical
TEZ YeS-A102. The parameters, the ad~ustment and tuning of the circuits and
assemb lies of the UU NML using monitoring and measuring equipment and stands are
carried out according to operating instructions.
After preventive, adjustment and checkout aperations, a mandatory check is made
on the technical condition of the W imder autonomous ca~nditions by performing
all of the instructions provided for by the instruction manual and given by the
operator from the control panel. Then the imit is checked together with a computer
on a test program specially written for this purpose.
Characteristic Failures. Let us consider some characteristic, frequently encoun-
tered failures of the W NML, their probable causes and means of eliminating them.
The device is not switched on, the "emergency" display light burns on the BUP
panel. The cause is burnout of the light fuse in the BL'P or in the fan.
The instruction is rejected. The "instruction reject" light burns on the display
panel of the unit. This can occur when it is proposed that the unit perform a
- forbidden or inactive instruction or in case of failure of the "instruction
~ refused" signal fcrmation cireuit. It is necessary to check the presence of
a data protection ring on the ree~. of the correspanding NML, de~ermine the type
of operation, check the ShIN-K reception circuit and the "instruction reject"
signal formation circuit. If either of the latter has f ailed, it is necessary to
check the corresponding TEZ on the bench. If when determining the instruction code
it turns out that the instruc*ion code does not exist, it is necessary to bring
it in correspondence with the program.
The BUS-K error. The "parity BUS-K" dispYay light burns. The reason for this can
be improper operation of the ShIN-K reception assemblies, the check circuit, the
"BUS-K error" signal f ormatian assembly or the channel itself. In order ~:c, ~stab-
lish the location of the error, it is primarily necessary to check the information
comin g from the channel, then check the operation of the BUS-K reception unit and
then the BUS-K error formation unit.
'The "intervention required" and "error in the unit" display lights b urn. This can
be caused when the channel accesses the W or NML while it is off or it is not
- ready. If it was discovered that the requested NML is off, then it must be
_ switched on. If one that does not exist or is not ready for operation is requested,
then a correction must be made to the program or the NML must be made "ready."
The "parity error in the RP register" display light burns. The prob able cause ot
this is absence of write or read with respect to one of the bits, incorrect
' operation of the RP or a magnetic tape defect. In the given situationr above all
it is necessary to check the presence of write signals from the UU NML to the NML
and the presence of read signals with respect to all bits. Then proceed to check
- out the operation of the RP register, the read information reception m~dule, the
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RK register check circuit and the error formatian circuit. A magnetic tape
defect is discovered as follows: befo~e execnting the WRITE instruction, the
ERASE INTERVAL instruction is ex~ecuted, aad then the write is done in the zone -
in one section o� the tape. After determining the specific location of the error~
the corresponding TEZ is checked on the staad.
The "parity error in the RZS register" display light burns. This situation can be
caused by improper operation of the register RZS or the STsR line forming circuit
(Skh TsR). It is necessary to check the following: correctness of operation of
the RZS register check circuits, the formation of the "RZS error" signal and the
"Chet. RZS" signal of the STsR 1~ and also the correctness of entering and
clearing information in the RZS. The TEZ of the discov~ered failed assembly is
bench testcd.
Skew error. The "skew" display byte burns. This means that the time interval
between the first and last bits of the received byte exceeds the adffissible value,
or the "skew" signal shaping circuit is not functioning. In this case it is
necessary to check the dispersion between the read bits and the "akew" signal
shaping circuit.
NML reject. The "NI~II~ re~ect" indicator light burns. This state can be caused by
losses of the write or read state or during the performance of an operation in the
NML, a not ready state has occurred. In the latter case, the HI~ILL is made ready,
and in oth er cases, its operation is checked out.
The "echo error" indicator light burns. This can occur when the information is
not written on magnetic tape or when the "echo error" signal circuit ia operating�
incorrectly. Therefore, first the presence of signals on the write wires is
checked, and then the operation of the "echo error" signal shaping circuit. If it
is discovered that the echo sigaal does not come from the NML, then the failure is
looked for in the NML.
In conclusian let us note that both of the presented failures are reported to us
by the indicator lights on the display panel of the W I~Il~II., which is ane of the
, positive aspects of all of the ~its of the ~mified sqstem of computers.
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CHAPTER 12. MAGNETIC DRUM STORAG~
12.1. General Description
Magnetic dr~ storages (NI~) are among the storage units with cyclic access to the ~
_ information, for while the drum is turning each cell periodically passes under the
ruagnetic heads. For the moet part the HIrB are used as buffer memories, and m~re
rarely as external memories. The PII~ is v~ery useful f~r a program generating a
large n~ber of in~termediate result~. It is also canvenient to store a copy of the
operatiag system on the drum storage, for the subroutines of the operating system
must be accessed quickly, aad they are used frequently. In addition, the N1~ is
~ convenient for use in collective-use computer systems (VS), in which maay programs
are executed simultaneously. Here during operatian of the VS, copies of new pro-
gra~ for replacing the program executed at the given time must be quiclcly and fre~ ;
quently input to the OOP. The AII~ used as a buffer memory haadles this:vr^blem ~
m~st successfully.
The basic disadvantage of the IJ1~ is the fact that the information carrier (the
magnetic dr~) is not replaceable. In addition, it is significantly~~more expensive
than magnetic disc storage (N1YID). ~
~ j
At the preseat time tihree types of Nl~ have been developed and maaufactured which .
are designed for operation in the uaified system of computers: YeS-5033 (USSR),
YeS-5034 (Poland), aad YeS-5035 (German Democratic Republic).
Basic Specifications
YeS-5033 YeS-5034 YeS-5035 '
i
Capacity, megabytes 5.6 2 2 ,
_ Nwnber of working tracks 800 - 532
Recording density, bits/~ 42 ~ - 33
Average access time, milliseconds 20 20 20
Data traasmission speed, megabyte/sec 1.2 0.1 0.8
Drum rpm 1500 - 1500
Dr~ diameter, ~ 450 - 320
The NI~ is a device with a magnetic head for each magnetic track. The choice of
thc required magaetic track is made by electric swit~ching of the magnetic heads.
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The only mechanical motion which takes place uader normal operating conditions. of
the NMB is tuming o� the magnetic drum which ie sustained at constant velocity.
Inasmuch as we are dealing with a rotating carrier, some ti~e is needed to find
the require~ ~iock of data.
The time required for access and transmissiaa of data in the NMB is made uQ of
three components: the magnetic head access time, t3~e turning delay time (the time
required for the carrier to tura) and the data traasmission time. The magnetic
head access time is small by co~ari~on with the other components. Tlie turning
delay time consists of the time of angular rotatioa of the MB [magnetic drum]
required to bring the required zone taider the record-reproduction head. This time
on the average is equal to half the time of a full turn of the drum. The data
transmission time between stoxage md the OOP is a function of the drum speed and
the recording density of the data on the carrier. The I~ are connected to the
SK through ~,ontrollers. The ma~dmum n~ber of drum storages connected to a
selector channel is eight.
12.2. Structural Design and Basic Assemblies
The YeS-5033 drtmm storage is structurallq executed on the basis of a standard bay
in which the following are located: magaetic dr~, cross pieces with magnetic heads
control unit with control panel, electronic record, reproduct3on and magnetic head
switching circuits, small standard interface, the feed oontrol uait and the pawer
pack and also fans. In order to realize internal and external connectrionsy plugs
are used. In the storage a system to protect against loss of pawer is also pro-
vided. When the feed voltage drops, the protection system withdraws the cross piece
arm and instantaneously disconnects the magaetic drum. The working surface of the
drum used in th~ YeS-5033 is coated with cobalt-tungsten alloy.
Tt?e YeS-5035 magnetic drum storage includes the same fuactional modules as the
YeS-5033. Distinguishing features of this device are a different structural
solution and the use of ferrolac as the magnetic coating for the drum.
Magnetic Drum. The basic part of any I~ is the magaetic drum - this is a care-
fully machined cylinder, the diameter of which can fluctuate for different storages
within the limits from 100 to 1200 mm, and the length from 200 to 900 mm. The
drum diameters of the YeS-5033 storage are 450 mm, for the YeS-5035 they are 320 mm.
The magnetic drum (MB) is made of inetal by ca$ting or cold working. The best ~
mate rial for making the 1~B is stainless steeZ. It is resistant ta external effects
and is well subjected to machining.
The drum is a hollora cylinder (Figure 12.1) (solid of revolution) 1. Inside the
drum is a built-in reversing type electric motor which coatains a rotor. 5 pressed
into the solid of revolution, and a stator 4 seated an a stationary shaft 3. The
feed voltage to the rotor and stator windings is fed over lines thgt run inside
the shaft. The rotor turns in the bearings 2 and 6 eeated on the stator sh aft.
The drum is installed vertically. The dr~ stator is attached to the cast base
using brackets.
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1 2 J
/
. ~
I
. 4
- 5
- . . ~
I
;
- 6
Figure 12.1. Structural diagram af a magaetic drum
- The cross pieces with magnetic heads are arraaged near the surface of the drum on
- the generatrix of the cylinder and are attached to the base using special brackets.
In the YeS-5033 storage there are 40 cross pieces, as~ each of which 22 floating
magnetic head moduleg are installed. Each module comtains two heads in a singl~e
housing. The cross pieces can be rotated on their a~ces, as a result af which it
is possible to bring them up to the magnetic dr~ surface and withdraw them. The
cross piece is moved by electromagnets. When the magnetic drum reaches its rated .
rpm, a start wltage is fed to the electromagnets. After the cross piece~ tak~ up
the working positi~~~:, microswitches respoad providing for f~eding the working
voltage to the elec~:=omagnets (3 to 5 times less than the starting voltage). The
cross piece is withdrawn bq springs installed on the cores of the electromagnets
after the feed voltage is shut off.
In order to protect the ;nagaetic surface fram damage by dust, the drum is placed in
a sealed housing whir_h is reached by sir tt~rough aa oil filter. The housing has
an organic glass window designed to inspect the worlcing surface aud two remavable
side covers. In same cases the magnetic drum is placed in a sealed houaing filled
with helium, use of which lawers the heating temperature of the dr~ aad prntects
its surface from oxtdation. There are sealed plugs to oonnect the magnetic drum
to the electronic part of the storage and the oontrol wnit.
In all of the N1~B designed for operation a~s part of the uaified system of oomputers,
floating m~gaetic heads are used. Oae of the ~ethods of creating the floating
heads is based on using the aerodynaffic effect. In the case of fast turaing of
the drum, the surrounding sir is entrained by its surface, creating aa sir cushioa.
As a result of this effect, the magnetic head is lifted, repelling it from the
drum surface. On the other hand, the floating element is clamped against the
surface of the magnetic drum by a spring which equalizes the lfft of the sir cushion.
The floating element follaws the surface of the drum by this effect. At the rated
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drum rpm, a dynamic eqnilibri~ of forces created by the air cushion in the spring
is set up. A constaat gap of 5 to 10 microna is maintained betweea the magnetic
heads and the drum staface.
In order to avoid spoiling the magnetic coating aad the heads duriag~acceleration
and braking of the drwn the heads must be withdrawn fram its surface.
The parallel-series method of locating data is used in the maguetic dr~ storages
of the ~mified system of computers. For e~le, there are 800 information tracks
on the YeS-5033 magnetic drum. Each track is assigned its awn magnetic head. The
data are recorded and read simultaaeously on eight channels.
The size of the magaetic head greatly eaceeds the traclc width; therefore the heads
are placed along a spiral arouad the drum. The spiral arrangement of the heads
permits each of them to take up the required position vertically in spite of its
significant width. The siga of the beginning of the drum is an index marker
recorded before the beginning of each informatian track.
(1),Qopo~xu
N~
~1~ .IfM D3 ~2~ . o
n/3o ~ . . . . J
E
~
. ~ ~ ~ yB C 3` ~ ~ 3~
ii ~ J
~
~
i i ~ ~ ~ 11~'~ Ilt
wINOfH (2~
Figure 12.2. Arrangement of information Figure 12.3. Arraagement of information
on a drum by the series method on a drum bq the parallel.method
Key: Rey:
1. MG EV 1. Tracks
2. UZ 2. I~iO SI
3. W 3. Rows �
The drum surface is uniformly distributed so that 800 working heads and 80 spare
heads can be placed on it. In order that each track be addressed, the magnetic heads
are divided into several groups (Figure 12.4). For this purpose the MG~[magnetic
headJ surface is divided into four equal sectors which are assigaed the numbers
0, 1, 2 and 3. Each sector takes an arc of 90� aad contains 220 magnetic recording
and reproduction heads. The given sector includes oaly the magaetic tracks (heads),
the index marker of which is located in this sector.
In ea~h sector there are 10 cross pieces, on each of which there are 20 working
magnetic heads and two spare ones. On the cross pieces there are also an electronic
switching circuit for the magnetic heads. The cross pieces with even numbers are
located in the upper part of the drimm, and with odd numbers, in the lo~wer part.
The head address (its position) is determined by three n~bers: the sector number,
the cross piece number on which it is located and its position on the cross piece.
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.
(1) Vem~ ~ mQQ~
0 ? d 0
- ~ ~
~ ~ ~
_
~ g ' ' '
I 0 0 m
E
0
~ ~
~
~2~
- t J 9f N~v~mNae
(3) Ceermov 0 C~xmop 1 : ~4)
Figure 12.4. Arraagement of magnetic heads in groups
xey:
1. Even nwnbers of cross pieces .
2. Drum surface
3. Sector 0
4. Odd sector 1
If any head or track turne out to be unsuitable, the cable wi~h t:~is hsad is
switched to one of the spare traclcs on the same cross piece. Here the spare head
and track replace the vasuitab le head or defective traclc. �
The circuit diagram of the YeS-5033 storage is executed from series 155 integrated
microcircuits. In addition, special TEZ and several nonstandard eircuits are used
in the storage (pulse shapers, converters of d~fferent types of signals t~ sigaals
with the parameters of the series 155 microcfrcuits, reproduction sAd re~ording
amp lifiers, electronic switching, filtering and protection dreuits).
12.6. Characteristic Failures and Preventive Operations
Operating Characteristics of the Magnetic Drum Storage
In order ~o maintain fitness af the storage it is necessary to c~onsider its
operating characteristics. All of the NM~B must operate imder canditions stipulated
in the operating instructions. During operatioa of the atorage it is necessarq to
observe the follawing order of switching on the modules: switch on the three-phase
220/380 volt, 50-hertz voltage; switch on the fan; switch on the dc feed voltage;
switch on the ma~nnetic drum.
The storage element is shut dawn in ~he follo~ring sequence: switch off the drum
while pressing the "drum off" key; switch off the feed `roltage by pressing the
"pawer off" key; switch off the fan.
~e magnetic drum can operate oa~ly with the housing and side covers tightly cloaed.
The screws of the housing and cov~ers must be well tightened. It is permissible
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to remave the housing and covers only when performing preventiv~e control work.
The filler of the mpisture-absorbing cartridge and color of the standard applied
to the cartridge glass must be different colors. The directioa of rotatioa of the
drimm must correspond to the direction of the arroa applied to the transparency
with the inscriptioa "drimm turning directian." On the appearaace of drops of
- moisture on the surface of the magnetic drwn or on the inside surface of the
- inspection glass, it is ne~cessarq to replace the moisture absorbing cartridge and
checlc the reliability of the fastening of the drwn housing and side covers. For
acceleration of the absorption of the moisture, it is necessarq to 2ift the cross
- pieces, switch on the drum and leave it operating until the drops of moisture
completely disappear.
During the first two hours of operation of the storage it is necessary to checlc the
absence (presence) of scratches on the working surface of the drum every 30 to 40
minutes of its operatioa through the inspection hole, and during subsequent oper~
tion of the drum, mo less often thaa twice a day. It is not permissible to bring
the cross pieae to the drum surface if it has not reached its rated speed. The
opening of the drum housing is permitted only in a facility with dust and moisture
_ content admissible for the separation.
Preventive Control Work. Preventive mainteaance is performed periodically on the
storage after every 500 hours of operation, but no more rarelp than once in 3 manths.
The preventive maintenance operations on the storage include the follawing:
external inspection of the storage and ~hecking the parameters of the output sigaals
with the rated voltages stepped up aad down by lOX. During eateraal inspection,
the integralness and cleanness of the magaetic coating, the state of the soldering
are checked, and the fo.reiga ab~ects, dust and dirt are removed, the fasteaing of
the plugs, terminals, screws and nuts is checked. The surface of the magaetic
_ coating in the insid~e cavity of the magaetic drum is degreased by a cambric cloth
wet in distilled alcohol with subsequ~ent drying with a dry cloth.
After every 2000 hours of operation of the storage, but no mox~e rar~ly than once
every 6 months, ad~ ustments are made as follows: inspection of fasteners aad
disual inspection of the quality of the magnetic head solder; removal of contamina-
tion from the assemblies and parts of the magnetic drum; washing of the plug con-
tacts and the contacts of all ttee cells of the storage with distilled alcohol;
washing of the magaetic coating of the drum and floating elements of ~he BI~G;
lubrication of the bearings and working surfaces with TsIATI1~221 lubricant; check-
ing the output signal parameters at rated voltag,e stepped up and down by lOX.
The field cells, magnetic heads and other elements of the storage are replaced in
ar_cordance with the results of the preventive tests. The moistur.e absorbing
cartridge is replaced when the color of the filler (silica gel) becames identical
with the color of a standard placed on the protective glass. After performing the
preventive control operations, the fitness of the storage i~ checked during its
_ 3oint operation with the UU NI~ drum controller under sutonomous oonditions by a
special test program.
Characteristic Failures, Methods of Detectio~ and Elimination. Failures occurring
in various functional assemblies of the magnetic storage disturb the normal
operating conditions and can lead to impossibility of using the storage for its
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purpose. The presence of failures in the storage in the majority of cases is
directly or indirectly depieted on tbe ooatrol paaels of the magnetic dnim storage,
the magaetic drum controller and the central processor. The failure is found, as
a rule, ~mder autonomous conditians during joint operation of the NP'~ and the W 1~
controller. The most characteristic aad frequeatly encouatered failures indicated
in the instructions for operation of the device and also discovered and�~recorded
during working with the drimm storage are easilq detec~ed and eliffinated. It is
possible to include the follawing among such failures.
On pressin~ the "drtmm on" key, the magaetic drum does not come on, the "nQtwork"
indicator lights u~ on the panel. This is possible if one of the ~uses is buraed
out in thQ feed circuit for the electric motor that drives ~he drum or if a relaq
has failed in the feed control unit. Possible canses of failure must be checked
out .
_ The direction of rotation of the drwn does not correspond to the direction indicated
on the special traasparency by the arraw. This case is obsernecl in case of
improper sequeace of phase alternation of the primary netwo~k. It is necessary to
change places with feed phases A and B on the power paael.
When the "drum on" key is pressed, tYie "phasing" indicator lights on the control
panel. This state is observed also in case of improper phase sequence.
The drum turns, and the cross pieces do not move up to the drum. This failise~caa
be caused by the abssnoe of feed voltage on the electromagnets that withdraw the i
cro3s pieces or failure of the electromagaets themselv~es. It is necessary to check ;
for a failure in the fuses or windings of the electramagnets and also the electro- ~
magnet feed blocking cixcui~. The cause of this state can also be inconect posi- ~
tioning of the "mode," "automatic-manual" flip-flops. In thir~ case tbe flip-flop, ~
must be switched to the "automatic" position. !
With the cross piece moved up to the drum, the "cross pieces ready" display does
not light up. This can be caused by failure in the light itself or the feed cir-
cui t.
There are no output signals when the read operation is performed. Probable causes
of this state of the storage can be as follows: absence of one of the feed
w ltages in the reprodu ction channel; the cross pieces with the magaetic heads are
not in contact with the magaetic drum surface; there is no signal perndtting repro-
duction of information (fed from the computer), the magnetic head switch does not
operate. In the first case it is necessary to check the presence of feed voltages
in the reproduction channel using the m~nitor jacks. If one or several feed
voltages are absent, it is necessarq to discover the cause. In the secand case,
the failure is discovered and eliminated, as a result of which the cross pieces
do not make contact with the ma~etic drum surface. In the third case the presence
of a signal permitting information reproduction is checked. If the magnetic head
swit~h does not operate, then the failure of the head address decoder DShAG is
che c~ced.
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The mmplitude of the signal reproduced by the magnetic heads of one of the groups
is law or less thaa the allawable. This situation can occur if one or several
diodes in the magnetic head circuit is punctured or the sur~aces of the drimm or
floating elements are dirty. In the first case the forward aad retian resistance
of the diodes in the given group is checked out, the modnle with the failed diode
is replaced. If the surfaces of the magaetic head or-the floating elements of
the magnetic head module are dirty, then they are washed with distilled alcohol
or highly pure hydrolyzed alcohol.
There is no recording aad reproduction by one or several of the magaetic heads.
The cause for this can be a break in the magnetic head circuit or the presence of
a bad diode. In the first case the magnetic head module is replaced, and in the
second case, the diodes are checked, aad if necessary, the module with the fail,ed
diode is replaced.
There is no output signal in one of the comm~mication chaanels between the storage
and the controller. The reason for this caa be failure of the corresponding
magnetic head, failure of one of the cells of the reproduction channel or a break-
down of the output circuit. A failure in the output circuit is checked out by a
continuity test, and the failed magnetic head or cell is replaced by a good one.
When reproducing the information on oscillograph screen, the interference r,ignals
are seen, their am~litude is higher than the useful signal and disappears when the
cross pieces are withdrawn from the magnetic dxum surface. This is observed when
the winding insulation of one of the ma~etic heads is p~ctured to its core
(a magnetic circuit). The failure is discovered as follows. The cross piece is
brought up to the drian surface. The os cillograph input is connected alternately
to the windings of the magnetic head of the given group. The head in which
insulation breakdown has occurred gives out the maxim~ interference signal ampli-
tude. On withdrawing the cross piece frma the drum this signal decreases. The
failed head detected in this way is replaced.
On the working surface of the magnetic drum there are bands with the coating dis-
turbed. This can be caused by the presence of foreign particles in the gap
between the magaetic head and the drum surface or the presence of embedded particles
in the organic glass of the floating element. If an examination foreiga particles
are detected, it is necessary to find the cause of them. For this purpose, the
seal of the magnetic drum housing is checked, integralness of the oil filter is
checked and all of the mechanical assemblies capable of becoming the cause of the
appearance of foreign bodies are also examined. The coatact traces on the drum,
the floating elements of the magnetic head are wiped with a cambric cloth wet in
distilled alcohol with subsequent drying with a dry cambric cloth. The mag~netic
heads in which the presence of embedded particles is assumed, is removed and care-
fully examined to detect the embedded particles. In the absence o� such p~rticles
the BMG is put in place; in the presence of embedded pa~rticles, it is replaced.
The magnetic heads are removed and reinstalled strictlq in accardaace with the
instructions for technical maintenance of the storage. ~
When finding failures and perfarming preventive m~nitoring operations, the monitor-
ing and measuring equipment, tools and materials recommended in the instructions
for technical maintenance of the storage are used. After detection and eliffina-
tion of failures, the fitness of the storage is checked out during 3oint operation
of it with the controller in the sutonomous mode using a special test program.
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l~~ UI'l1WAL W~ V1rLY .
CHAPTER I3. MAGNETIC DISC STORA(~
13.1. Basic Characterigtics and Structural Principle
The VZU oa magnetic discs (1rID) are direct-access type storages. They have high ~
information capacity and very high speed. They cambine the advantages of the N1~II,
having high capacity and the.l~ having short access time. By camparison with the
NI~, the magnetic disc storage (NPID) in the same physical wlume has many times
greater working surface of the carrier for storing the informatian. The capacity
of the modern N1~ reaches 100 or megabytes, aad the inform8tioa eachaage speed
reaches up to 106 bits/sec.
At the present time Nr~ (Ye$-5050, YeS-5051, YeS-5052, Ye~-5055, YeS-5056, '
YeS-5068, YeS-5060) are an operation which were designed to work as VZII in the ~
utified system of computers. The basic characteristics of all~.the en~erated ~
storages, with the eaception of the YeS-5051 are identical; therefore here aad I
hereafter characteristics of onlq the YeS-5056 and YeS-5051 are presented: ,
YeS-5056 YeS-5051
Capacity, megabytes 7.25 100 ;
Recording density, bits/~ 29-44 29-44 ~
Average access time, md croseconds 90 42~
Data transmissian speed, kbytes/sec 156 83
- The YeS-5050, YeS-5052, YeS-5055, YeS-5056 and YeS-5058 storages operate with
replaceable discs. The package for each of these storages includes six discs with
ten operating surfaces. The YeS-5051 storage is stationary. It has 36 permanently
attached discs separated into two subm~dules of 18 discs each. The total n~ber
of working s urfaces is 64. ;
The basic advantage of storages with replaceable disc packages is the possibility
of replacing one set with another. In order to preserv~e the information during
storage of the disc in the archive each padcage is plaoed in a dus~proof shielded
container made of impact-resistant plastic.
Magnetic discs are usually made of al~inum and its alloys. They are sub~ected to
careful grinding and polishing, aad then theq are coated on both sides with ferm-
lac or metal coatings based on Ni, Co and W. The coating thickness is 1.0 to 2.0
microns. The disc diameter is from 250 to 650 and the thickness is 2.0 to 2.5
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The protective 5, 7 and magnetic disc 6 are rigidly �astened to the drive shaft 4
- (Figure 13.1). The spaciag betweea~the magnetic discs is 7 to 8~m from each other.
- Eacept for the top aad bottom disca, both surfaces of the disc are working surfaces.
~ In the case of the top aad bottom discs, only the inside surfaces are working
surfazes. Information is recorded and read by floating magnetic heads 3 attached
to spring load~d arme. The arms-are rigidly attached to a car~iage 2:~hich can
mvve in the horiaontal direction. Whea the carriage m~ves the magnetic heads move
along the radius of the disc. The disc rpm is 2400+48.
2 ' ' "s ~
_ `
~
1 r- g
- Figure 13.1. Structural design of NHID [magaetic disc storage]
When starting up the NrID from the W NMD [magnet~c disc storage controller], the
signal switching it on comes in, the start relay respon~is, and gower goes to the
disc drive 8. When the discs reach 70X of the rated speed, the signal is generated
for mechanical cleaning of the package of discs. During the cleaning cyc?e soft
brushes installed on opposite sides of the magnetic heads pass over the entire
working surfaces of the disc, cleaning dust and dirt off them. After cleaning a
waiting time of 200 to 300 millisecands is allawed. When the discs reach rated
rpm, the carriage drive 1 of the magnetic head module is switched on, and the
heads are brought up to the working surfaces. Only when this condition ia satis-
fied are the floating magnetic heads supported on an air~cushion at the required
distance from the disc surface.
The bottom protective disc 7 called a sectional disc, has 20 sect~~nal cuts and
pro~ections. When the disc turns the sectional sensor SD (the speed and rpm gauge)
for each~ cut and each projection generates a pulse. These pulses are the input
pulses f`or the control circuit for turning the disc package. Each package of discs
has its sectional disc.
The investigated design of the HI~ID where each working surface has its own magnetic
head moving alo~ng the disc radius is not unique. In the simpler NHID, there are
only two heads in the magnetic head module, one of which serves the upper sides of
the disc and the other, the lower.
When selecting the required dis c and the required magnetic track o~ the disc
the magnetic head first moves vertically to the disc indicated in the address and
then horizontally to the required track. In this case the track access time
increases to 0.1 to 0.7 second.
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The disc packages for th~ storages~YeS-5050, YeS-5052, YeS-504 aad YeS-5058 consist
o� 203 cylinders of 10 tracks each. The capacity of a eylinder of the entmmerated
storages is 36250 bytes.
On each working surface of a disc there is a group of magnetic heads consisting c,f
the,record-reproduction head ~d the erase head. Each of the 203 positions of the
carriage with the magnetic heads corresponds t~ the cylinder~address, and each
track on a cylinder corresponds to the head address (that is, the h~ad address per-
mits determination of one of 10 cylinder t"racks). By electronic switching, ane of
10 record-regroduction heads is selected by meaas c,f whic~h the informa.tion is
_ recorded or read on one of the 10 tracks of the cylinder.
The longitudinal recarding density of the majoritq of magnetic disc etoxa~es naw
in operation is: for track No 000, 29 bits/mm; for track No 202, 44 bits/~.
Magnetic:Heads. The disc canno~ be made absolutely flat. Even care~ul ma~ufacture
does not permit beating of their surface to be avoided. Therefore in the NrID, a
contactless recording is used with the applicatton of floating heads permitting the
gap between them and the surface of the carrier ~�o reach 2-5 microns and be held
almost constant. Each head has a work~ng "record-reproduction" gap 5~crons wide,
1.13 mm beyond which cnmes the "tvnnel erase" p;ap 10 ~dcrons wide. There are 100
turns os~ the record-reproduction head, and 50 on th~ tunnel erase head. The wind- �
ings are made r~f wire 0.06 mm in diaweter.
~ The housing of the floating element (Figure 13.6) is made of Ts1~F-332 ceramic. The
magnntic heads 1(one record-reproduction and a second erase h~ad), the cap 3,
cover 2 and bushing 4 are glued to the grooves of the housi~ig 5. 1'he magnetic
circuit of the record-reproduction head is made of two permalloy cores separated
by a nonmagnetic insert made of No 405 alloy S microns thick. The magaetic circuit ~
of the tunnel erase hea~ consists of two bronze plates to ~-hich permalloy glates ;
are glued on both sides. The nommagnetic insert 10 microns thick is also ma.de of ~
alloy No 405.
~1 2 3
. v S
Figure 13.6. Floating element with magnetic head module
The floating element 1(Figure 13.7) is fastened by screws to the spring suspension
, consisting of the arm 3, the torsion spring and ring. The arm 3 together with ~he
floating element, cleats 2 and 4 is attached by screws to the ad3~tment cleat 5.
When the carriage is in the withdrawn position, the end of the torsion sgring ts
between the b ulge and the arm 3 a:id the shoulder of the cleat 4. The working sur-
face of the �floating element ~is in this case 10-15 microns from the disc surface,
and it is held by the Qnring of the arm 3.
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When the lift of the air cushion hecomes equal to the force of the torsional
sgring, the working sur�ace of the floating element with magaetic head- ~is set at
a stable distance (2-2.5 microns) from the working surface of the disc.
In the YeS-SO51, YeS-5055, YeS-5058 storages, a hydrau3.ic drive is used, and in the
YeS-5050, YeS-5050, YeS-5052, YeS-5056 storages, an electromagaetic drive.
,t _ - - - _ ~
- ~ f~_. _~_.^~,1'~---
~ _J
3 4 5
o ~
~ - - - - ~ Q
O O ~
0
Figure 13.7. Magnetic head module on spring suspension
The electrical part of the YeS-5052 and YeS-5056 storages is primarily made from
series 155 integrated microcircuits. In addition, special TEZ are used in the
_ storage and several nanstandard systems. These are pulse shapers, pulse converters
to current signals, converters of various types of signals (for example, from photo
pickups) to signals with series ~.55 microcircuit parameters, reproduction and record
amplifiers, electronic switching, filtering and protection circuits.
The parameters of the input and output signals of the storage are standardized.
The logical "1" corresponds to the ~ipper level o� voltage from 2.4 to 44. volts,
and the logical "0" corresponds to the lower volt age level from 0 to 0.4 volts.
The read pulse repetition period in the YeS-5056 storages from 300 to 550 nano-
secozds (the rated value is 400 nanosecands) for code "1" and from 620 to 1000 nano-
secc?nds (rated value 800 nanoseconds) for code "0." The signals from the storage
to the LTU NrID [magneti.c disc storage controller] arrive in the form of voltage
levels. The signals coming from the W[cantroller] to the storage have the shape
of rectangular pulses os voltage levels with switching tim~ of no more than 50 nano-
seconds. The average intake power from the ac network is no more than 1.5 kilovolt�
a~eres.
Magnetic Head Commutator. Selection of the required magnetic h~ad from the ten heads
used in the YeS-5056 storage is made by the magnetic head commutator KMG. It is
- made from three TEZ, two of them nimobered 0101, one of them nem~bered 0102. The
TEZ 0101 consists of four independent and identical MG [magne~ic head] electronic
switching circuits. The TEZ 0102 contains two independent and identical electronic
switching circuits and a circuit for checking the correctness of the choice of
magnetic heads. The feed voltages of th~e coimmutator are +20, -20 and +40 volts.
The input and output signal levels correspond to the ~i~.~-:al levels of the series 155
integrated microcircuits. The load of one electronic ~witching circuit is a
~ magnetic head with record current and erase curr~nt of 200 milliamps. The maximum
pulse repetition frequency of the input signal is ~+4 kilohertz, and the input sig-
na~ duration is fr.om 15 to 20 microseconds.
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13.8. Characteristic Failures, Detection and Elimination of Them
The magnetic disc sto~age NI~ID is a device that contains complex mechanical, elec-
tric and electronic assemblies. Operating failure of even one of the aumerous :
elements in these assemblies can lead to failure of the entire storage.
The search for a failure is not a simple problem. Successful solution of this
problem depends to a great extent on knowl~dge of the operating principle of
individual assetublies and their interaction. The ex~erience in working with the
storage and also operating instructions offer the possibility of quickly detecting
and eliminating the most characteristic failures.
- When the power supplies are switched on, the disc package electric motor daes not
turn~ and the "automatic" indicator on the control panel (PU) lights up. A failure
is caused by breakdown of the initial register clearing circuit when the paaer
sup~lies are switched on. The TEZ of this system must be checked out.
The disc package electric motor does not come on, and the "automatic" display lights
up on the PU. This situatian can occur if the electromagnet for locking the disc
~ package in place is not deenergized. It is necessary to check the relays that
control the operation of the disc package locking electromagnet and the relay feed
circuits.
When the "automatic-manual" button is pushed, the storage does not convert fram
"manual" to "automatic," and the disc package stays in place with the covers closed.
This can occur if the microswitch of the static charge removal unit or one of the
microswitches blocking the operation of the storage element with one of the covers
open does not operate.
The electric motor of the disc package has reached the rated rpm, but the carriage
_ is stationary. This means that the disc package speed analysis circuit is not
operating. It is necessary to check the TEZ in the carriage electric drive system
that converts the signals from the photo pickup to signals with the parameters of
the series 155 circuits and display the sectional pulse duration.
After switching on the electric motor of the disc package drive, the carriage goes
forward beyond the No 202 track tmtil it stops and does not return. This takes
place when the electromagnet of the head feed does not respond. The cause of its
nonresponse can be that it is out of adjustment.
Oscillatory movements of the carriage are observed when searching for the cylinder
in the vicinity of cylinders 0-202. The reason for this malfunction can be a
failure of the difference counter SR or failure of the track position photo pickup.
~ The search for the cylinders and locking of the carriage take place with non-
characteristic "scrapin~'noise. The probable cause of this failure is not follow-
ing the carriage movement schedule. A complex ad~ustment must be performed and the
magnetic head drive positioning system checked out.
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The ~rror frequency in reproduction has increased, the amplitude of the pulses
from the output of the counted pulse shaper is less than normal. This can be
caused by dirty disc or MGV or damage to the MGV. In-this case the amplitude of
the signals picked up from the magaetic head is small. The disc and the MGV must
be washed, and if necessary, the MG, replaced.
Failure of the unit during reproduction, absence of a sigaal at the preamplifier
output. This is observed when one of the wires connecting the MGV to the diode
matrix is broken. The break is found by continuity testing.
The ni~bex of errors on one of the magaetic heads has increased. The probable
causes of the errors are as follows: breaking of the ground wire of the magnetic
head core; short circuiting of one of the wires connecting the magnetic head to
the diode matrix to the hoi:sing of the EMB; failure of thE assembly for removing
_ static charge from the disc package.
The frequency of errors in all of the magaetic heads has in~~reased, especially
after mechanical loads or transportation. This condition can arise from weakening
of the mechanical f;4~,tenings of the ground circuits, the appearance of additional
electrical contacts between the modules having electrical insulation relative to
the housing. The detectio~n of this failure is realized as follows. Disconnecting
the wires on making the connection between individual modules, the resistance
between the bolts and the ground terminals of the modules and the housing of the
unit is determined. The resistance must be no less than 100 kilohms.
- A f ailure during performance of the reproduction operation, no information on write.
This is observed if the w~i.te amplifier has failed. It is necessary to .check the
TEZ 0103.
Frequent errors in the device when performing the reproduction operation. This
situation can be caused by poor quality of grounding the magnetic heads, the
housing of the carriage with the EMB plate or exceeding the rated (0.5 ohm) transient
dynamic resistance of the static charge pickup ~it by several times. It is
necessary to tighten the ground s crews, wash and dry the brushes and the contact
surface of the assembly for picking up static charge. In conclusion, it is
~ necessary to check the transient dynamic resistance with respect to the procedure
presented in the operating instructions.
The BUP is switched on, and the "emergency" display lights up. This can occur in
the absence of one of the primary feed voltage phases or when pressing the "emer-
gency off" b utton. It is necessary to take the button out of the on position,
check and replace the A, B, C phase fuses on the control panel of the BUP.
Failures occurring in the storage are determined during 3oint operation of the
storage with the control tmit based on analysis of external signs and the operating
logic of the storage. In order to facilitate and accelerate finding the direct
cause of the storage failure, monitoring and measuring equipment is used.
When finding the f ailures and ryerforming the monitoring and measuring operations
with the YeS-5056 storage, it is possible to use the following: the imit for
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checking the YeS-A503 designed to check the operation o� the storage, the disc -
control package YeS-A538 designed for adjusting the magaetic heads and the SD,
an oscillograph of the 51-17 type with preamplifier modules~designed-to ezamine
the signals and their time relations, the CEi3~39 digita~ frequency meter designed
for exact measurement of the time intervals, a comb~nation Te-4312 device with
1.0 to 1.5 precision class, the R316 dc bridge for exact~measurements of electri-
cal resistance, the BS-7 type dc voltage supply for ad~usting the drive, the drive
- control simulator for adjusting the drive; the TEZ 0140 is a linear canverter of
the pt:lse repetition frequency proportional.to the speed of the carriage drive
to dc voltage (it permits ezaminatinn of the graph of the movement of the carriage
when adjusting the carriage drive on an oscillograph).
13.9. Preventive Control Operations
Skillful operation and high-quality technical maintenance guarantee zminterrupted
operation of the storage within the Iimits of the service life and the reliability
characteriatics when designing and maaufacturing the storage.
The work time per failure of the YeS-5056 storage (T~) is no less than 1000 hours;
the amount of processed information per error (Te~or) is no less than 1010 bits;
the average reproduction time (TB) is no less thaa 0.5 hours; the service life of
the storage is 12 years.
During operatian of the storage it is aecessary especially carefully to trace the
finish and integrity of the magnetic coating of the disc and also the magaetic
heads. Dust and dirt on the discs and heads are one of the principal causes of the
appearance of scratches on their surfaces. In the working storage the air in the
cavity of the disc package is kept clean and the dust does not accumulate. The
accumulation of dust basically takes place when the storage has not been in opera-
tion for a long time. Therefore after completion of the oper~tion of the storage
it is necessary io remAVe the discs and put them in a container.
The disc package container must be cleanec~ to remove dust no less often than once
a day.
The preventive control operations ar~ performed daily for 20 minutes, every ~ weeks
for an hour, monthly for 2 hours and 6 hours every 6 months. All of the operations
are performed with the power off.
The daily preventive control operations are performed with the EMB m~dule, ma~
n~:tic heads and disc package. Here the EMB module is subjected to external inspec-
tion and, if necessary, dirt is removed by a cloth wet in alcohol. The MG is
first inspected to determine the cause of damage. Then the carriage is manually
withdrawn to the rear positian, and the heads are cleaned as follows. A scale is
wrapped in two layers of percale cloth, it is wet in highly pure alcohol, intro-
duced between the heads and rubbed bac..~c and forth. Then the scale is wrapped in
a dry piece of cloth and again the heads are rubbed.
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The disc package is subjected to preveative maintenance after 24 hours of continu-
ous operation observing the noaas with respect to dust content in the envimnment.
If these norma are not observed, preventive maintenaace is performed oa the disc
package three times a day. Several layers of percale cloth are wound on a rule,
and this is wet in isopropyl alcohol. The sca~e~with the cloth is put between the
discs and, by rotating the disc package maaually, the sur~aces of all the discs
are wiped off, applying a slight amoimt of pressure to the disc. Then a dry cloth
is used to wipe the discs again. The lint frcym the cloth is also removed using a
scale vrapped in di_y, clean technical chamois.
The disc paclcage is replaced when strong beating occurs or in the presence of
scratches and embedded particles in the magnetic laqer which will not be rem~ved
by cleaning and lead to loss of recorded information:.
The funael is wiped with a cloth wet in dlcohol. The cover of the disc package in
the storage can be washed with water if it is not very dirtq. A soft cloth, sponge
_ or chamois is used. If scratches are detected after washing the cover, they can be
removed by manual polishing using a special polishing campaund.
After 2 weeks of operation of the storage ~mit, in addition to the above-enumerated
operatioais, a check is made, aond if necessary,the el~ectromagnet assembly of the
latch is ad3usted, the o~ndition of the storage disc packag~ cavity filter is
diecked and the magnetic coating of all the disc packages used in opexation during
th is period is cleaned.
The monthly preventive coatrol ope*ations include all of the above-enwnerated and
the follawing operations. Ext~-raal inspection of the conditian of the solders,
fastening of the plugs and mechanical assemblies, the presence of oxides or foreign
inclusions on the surface of the floating element, magaetic head and discs is
carried out. If cleaning of the disc or head package does not improve the surface
condition, then they must be replaced. After replacement of a magaetic head, it
is adj usted using the control dis c package, and if necessarq, it is also adjusted
according to the instructioas.
The technical condition is checked aad the filters are cleaaed in the following
sequence: the fan gri11 is '_rispected and cleaned first by rough cleaning and then
wiping all of the fan grills with a wet cloth. The fabric of the sir filter for the
disc package cavity is replaced, and the filter element is wiped with a cloth wet
in alcohol. The filter fabric is replaced at least once a month, and the filter
- element, no less often than once ev~ery 2 manths.
The monthly preventive maintenance work also includes lubrication of the rack,
pinion and latch of the carriage drive, checking the clearances and adjusting the
carriage locking mechanism, checking and cleaning the damper. All the operations
are perforn~ed strictly by instructions.
The semiannual preventive control operations include all of the above-inv~estigated
operations. In addition, they include lubrication of the carriage guides, the
, torsion bar load pinions, checking the dynamic characteristics of the positioner,
measuring the signals from the output of the preamplifier, shaper, signals of all
photo read channels and the output signals of the storage. Bef.ore lubrication, lthe
mechanical assemblies are first cleaned to remove the dust ancl spent lubrication
using a soft, clean cloth. The lubrication points, type of oil and amount of oil
are determined by the operating instructions.
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14.1. General Description of the XeS-5551 riagnetic Disc and Drimm Controller
The NI~ID and NMB storages (hereafter we shall refer to them as direct-access NPD-
storages) can be serviced by the same controller. This is possible as a result of
- implementing the same principle of accessing them and also installation of couplers
in the controllers considering th~ specific type of storage.
The YeS-5551 controller is designed to control the-operation of the mag~netic disc
storages YeS-5050, YeS-5051, YeS-5052 and YeS-5056, magnetic drum storages YeS-5031,
YeS-5033, YeS-5034 ans YeS-5035 and also magnetic card storage YeS-5071. The
YeS-5551 controller can b~ connected to the SK or 1"II~ or both channels simultaneously.
It can be connected to any model of the ~ified system of computers or to other
computers imder the conditian of compatibility of the interface and information for~
mats adopted on the unified system of computers.
Up to 8 storages of different types can be connected to the cantroller. Data
exchange between the controller and the storages is realized by the series method
(by bits), and between the cantroller and the channel, by bytes. During data
exchange with the storages, the controller uses cyclic control, and when exchanging
data with a channel, odd parity control. The controller provides for selecting the
storagc:, reception and execution of central processor and channel instructions,
data transmission between the storage and the channel, control of the operation of
the storage, and it also generates information describing the state of the storages
in detail.
The da.ta transmission rate between the NPD storage controller is 156 kbytes/sec.
Automatic and autonomous operating conditions are provided~ The autnomous operating
mode permits the fitness of the device and the storages connected to it to be
checked out with respect to diagnostic test programs.
Structurally, the YeS-5551 is made in the form of an individual instrument bay,
the frame of which is assembled from welded franfes joined by screws. The frames of
the main frame are made of U-sectian material. On the sides the bay is covered
with easily removable panels, and on the front and rear double doors are provided.
Both of the doors of the double doors have stops which prevent them fram being
opened more than 90�. On the right door there is a lock for locking the doors
shut. The doors and panels are in the form of a frame made of alwninum angle and
protective sheet aluminwa. Inside, the doors and panels are fillpd with foam
plastic which creates a light, strong structure.
Tnside the bay three frames are provided one sliding and two stationary made of
special alu~num sectian. Each frame is assigned its awn index (A, B, C) which is
located in the upper lefthand corner on the TEZ installation side. The frame has
- aix basi:c compartments in which panels for the TEZ and other modules of the device
are installed. The rotating frames A and C are locked by locks. T~ao engineering
pane Ls are mounted on the frame C on the TEZ installation side. On the axis of
rotation of the f rame side (on the end) there are plugs for coupling the frames to
each other and to other devices. In order to cool the electronic modules of the
device in the lower part of each frame two fans are installed. The air goes from
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the facility to the bay through a special filter, it is picked up by the fans aad
ejected through a lattice in the npper part of the bay.
The overall dimensions of the bay are 1200x750X1600 mm, aad it weighs 500 kg. The
power supply has a three-phase 380/220 volt, 50-hertz networlc.
The intake power is no more than 1.5 kilawatts. The delivered-set includes the
following: the YeS-5551 coatroller, spare parts aad mouatimgs, tools and one set
of operating instructions aad forms.
The ZU1~IIC [microinstivction memory] is desigaed to store the controlling and
diagnostic progra~ and for rapid output of microinstructions by the address formed
in the U1~U [a~icroprogram controller]. It is a transformer type ROM executed from
U-type ferrite cores. The structural and operating principles of the ROM were
investigated in Chapter 7. The capacity of the ZU1~IIC is 3072 48-bit words (fficro-
instructions). The ZUM~ is implemented as 12 replaceable uo~odules of 256 words each.
The access cycle is 500 nanoseoonds, and the access time, 250 nanos~econds.
14.4. Controller Circuitry
The circuitry of the YeS-5551 coatroller is constructed u4ing the series 155
integrated microcircuits, specialized and several master TEZ. The latter are
designed to check the special TEZ. Tteey are all structurally e~oecuted on a glass
textolite circuit board with two-sided grinted circuitry and one-sided installation
of radio parts. Let us consider the purpose, the circuit diagrams and operating
principle of several special TEZ.
Microinstruction Read Amplifier (TEZ of the YeS-5551/0511). The amplifier is
designed for amplification, amplitude and time selection of imipolar pulse signals
read from the ZUI~ and conversion of them to signals with parameters corresponding
to the parameters of the series 155 microcircuits. The TEZ contains two identical
channe Ls. The feed voltage of the amplifier is 12.6 wlts, the bias voltage is
+5 volts. The input signal has positive polarity with an am~litude from 40 to 115
ffillivolts and duration from 160 to 200 nanoseconds. ~e output signal of negative
polarity is as follows: lower level (logical 0) no more than 0.4 volts, upper level
(logical 1) no less than 2.4 volts. The duration of the outp ut pulse is within the
liad ts from 140 ta 270 nanoseconds, the pulse front is t#535 nanoseconds. the
pulse decay time t~;�15 nanose~onds. Each channel contains a line�amplifier,
power amplifier, amplitude and time selectors and an inverter (Figure 14.7).
The line amplifier is ~xecuted by a differential circuit using the transistors T1
and T3 with current generator in the emitter circuit. The current generator is
e xecuted from the transistor T2. It is designed to stabilize the operation of the
line amplifier. Negative feedback created by the resistor R7 stabilizes the
operation of the current generator. The resistors R6, R9 3ointly wi~h the capaci-
tor C1 form negative feedback with respect to direct current designed to stabilize
the line a~lifier. The pawer amplifier is executed from a transistor T4 by the
emitter repeater circuit. It is directly oonnected with the output of the line
amplifier and is designed to deco uple it from the load.
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The load of the line amplifier is an amplitude selector e~ecuted from transistors
TS and T6 by the current switch system. Its response threshold is adj usted by a
variable resistor R16. The output sigaal from the amplitude selector is fed through
a matching inverter executed fram the transistor T7 to the AND-NOT element (series
155 microcircuit). The ANI~NOT element realizes time selection using the "read"
gating signal.
For elimination of spurious interstage couplings, filtration of the variable
oomponent by the capacitor C2 for a 12.6 volt power supply and capacitor C3 for
a+5 w lt bias volt age supply is used.
Control Signal Shapers TEZ YeS-7000. On the TEZ card there are eight identical
shapers out of the 12 types used in the unit, a complete set of whirh provides for
shaping pulses of different duratiaa within the limits from 1.5 microse cond to
400 milliseconds.
. , (4) Cmpo6,4weMUe'' ~ (5~
& 8aro7
T~ N!Q
R/ RS RQ T4 I
~~~1~,
TJ
a~radt ~J TS ~6 Rld
~2~ ~ N/0
Rd R6 i1D
MS R/7 Rp
Tt t 5Q
Rfl Rlt R14 ~6`
!
R C3
~f4 R7
+~teB (1) ' . C2=
Figure 14.7. Microinstruction read amplifier
Key:
1. +12.6 volts
2. input 2
3. input 1
4. "read" gate
S. output
6 . +5 vol ts
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~E
I RZ RS
. R3
Cl R4
T
R6
R1
(1) B,~od ~3
t?~OD 07 ov ~e o9 ~ (2) '
& oa ~ os ~ n ~ oe BA/.~OB OEr '
B.~oO cz os
~1~ D~ D2 1z ~3 ~ D4 ~
eer,~oeo~ (2~ Be~,~o~o~ ~2~
Eigure 14.8. Control signal shaper
Key:
1. input
2. output
The shaper circuit (Figure 14.8) contains two AND-NOT elements (microcircuits D1,
D4), two OR-NOT elements (microcircuits D2, D3) and time assigning stage e~oecuted
from the transistor T, capacitor C1 aad resistors R1-R6. Obtaining the pulses of
given duration is possible as a result of the use in them of the capacitor C1 of
defined nominal (680, 2200 ~nd 680a picofarads; U.O1; 0.033; 0.1; 0.33 and 0.3;
10,33 and 47 microfarads).
a� ~J L t
voz t
t
U03
uar t
t
Figure 14.9. Time diagram of the operation of the shaper
The initial state of the shaper circuit is determined by the low signal level at
one of the two inputs (O1, OZ) of the microcircuit D1 and high level at the output
08 of the microcircuit D4. High signal level at the output 08 is insuxed by the
open transistor T, low voltage from the collector of which is fed to the input 09.
The high signal level at the i~nputs 04 and 05 of the microcircuit D2 determines
the low signal level at its output and, consequently, the high level at the output
11 of the micro circuit D3 and the low level at the input 10 of the microcircuit D4
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(Figure 14.9). Here the capacitor C1 is charged. On arrival of the high signal
level at the inputs O1 and 02, in the presence of a gating pulse at the input 13,
the signal levels change to the opposite at the outputs 03, 06 aad 11. The nega-
tive voltage gradient from the output 11 is traasmitted through the capacitor C1
to the base of the transistor T and rloses it. The high level from the collector
of the closed transistor is fed to the input 09. As a result, the low level from
the output 08 is transmitted to the input O5. This state is maint~ained for the
pulse duration shaping time by the time-assigaing stage. From the time of closure
of the transistor, the capacitor C1 is discharged through the resistors R2, R3 aad
the emitter-collector junctiai of the open transistor in the ndcrocircuit D3. �
As the capacitor discharges, the potential of the transistor base T increases. As
soon as it becomes equal to the blocking threshold, the transistor opens, fixing
the end of the shaping of the pulse. The capacitor discharge stops. The low level
of the potential fro~n the collector of the open transistor is fed to the input 09
of the ~crocircui t D4, at the output 08 of which the law potential level changes
to high.
Before the arrival of the next pulse at the inputs O1 aad 02 of the microcircuit D2,
the charge of the capacitor C1 is restored. The charge of the capacitor is
realized through the output impedance of the microcircuit D3 (high potential level
at the output 11), the resistor R4, the base-emitter 3imction of the open
transistor T.
The output pulse duration is adjusted by the register R2. C2 is a decoupling capac-
itor. The shaping of the output ~ulse can be forbidden by taking the gating pulse,
that is, feeding a low level potential to the input 13.
Cy cle Pu1se Generatois. For generation of pulses of cycle frequency 4 megahertz
and 2.5 megahertz in the YeS-5551 ~it, the TEZ YeS-5551/0501 and YeS-5551/0502
are used. Each cy cle generator contains a sinusoidal voltage generator (auto-
oscillator), the emitter repeater and shaper of the pulses (Figure 14.10). The
autooscillator is assembled from the transistor T1 aad is a sinusoidal wltage
generator with self excitation. In order to in~ure high generation frequency stabil-
ity, a quartz resonator S is used.
5 3 � S B
~1~ Rt R2 R4 RS Rg ~2~
r~ f3 R6 T3
f4 Beuoa (3)
R 7 ~y
S T2
~ Q2 C5 C6
I ,Qpf R3 R9 Rf0
C?
Fi gure 14.10. Clock
Key:
1. +12.6 volts
2. +5 volts
3. output
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The sinusoidal signal from the output of the autooscillator is fed thmugh the
emitter repea~t~r ex~ecuted from the transistor T2 to the shaper. The pulse shaper
is a quasiparallel conaectioa of transistorized switches eaecuted from transistors
of different conciuctivitp T3 and T4. This system insures additional syn~etry of
the shaping stage gensrating the output pulses with off-duty~factor of 2. The
resistors R6, R8, and R7, R9 form the input voltage dividers, the diodes D1 and D2
protect the base-emitter juaction of the traasistors T3 and T4 from breakdawa, and
the capacitors C3, C4 are blocking capacitors.
When a positive halfwave of sinudsoidal voltage comes from the emitter repeater,
the traasistor T3 is in the cutoff mode, and the transistor T4 in the saturation
mode. The saturation of the transistor T4 insures a law level of output voltage.
The negative halfwav~e T3 is saturated, and T4 is in the cutoff mode. Saturation of
the transistor T3 is insured by the divider R5, R10 with decoupling capacitor C5.
The capacitor C6 elimiaates the voltage blips and smooths the output pulse fronts.
14.5. Characteristic Failures
In the automatic operating mode, the failure of the unit is deterc~ned.by the
displays of the check circuits and burning of the "halt" displaq on the engineering
panel or "emergency" on the BUP. In the autonom~us m~de a failure is indicated
by premature holding of the uait wh~le e~ecuting diagnostic microprograms, by the
error indicators coming on and also by the "emergency" indicator in the feed system.
The search for failures reduces to discovering the failed TEZ and replacement of it
by an operating TEZ. The failure is detected on the YeS-A102 bench desigaed to
check out logical TEZ, and the YeS-A104 designed to cheek out special TEZ. The
test is riai according to the procedure in the test table in the technical documents
for each TEZ. The average time for detection and elimdnation of failr~ses in the
YeS-5551 is 30 minutes. Let us consider the most frequentlq enco~tered aad possible
failures in the device.
There is no primary network voltage in the BIIP, and the "network," "power off"
- indicators do not light up. In this case it is necessary to check out the state
o~ repair and reliability of the fuse contacts in the BUP and the plugs for connect-
ing the pawer circuit.
In the autonom~us mode when pressing on the "pawer on" button, the power does not
come on. The "autonomous-complea" flip-flop and the pawer on buttons are cliecked
by the continuity test.
The "emergency" display does not light up. This can occur in the absence of +24 volt
feed in the BUP or on breaking the light feed circuit. It is necessary to check
th e presence of the 24-volt voltage on the rectifier. If it is absent, it is
necessary to check the state of repair of the diodes by measuring the forward and
return resistances. The diodes are first unsoldered. If there i~ a voltage of
+24 volts, then the continuity test is rim for the state of repair of the display
light and its feed circuit.
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A bit of one of the ROH registers was not set or is cleared. First of all, it is
necessary to check the TEZ of the given bit register. This can be done bq replao-
ing the suspected xEZ by a good one. The TEZ is checked out on the bench aad the
cavse of the failure is eliminated. It is also necessaty �to check the operation
of the register bits by setting and clearing them from the panel or by a test pro-
gram. If the same bit cantinues to fail, the search for the failure proceeds out-
side the TEZ.
One or several bits fram one modulus of the ZiJMP paael wit.'~ respect to all
addresses is not entered in the RMK register, and from the other modules of this
panel the given bit (several bits) is read correctly. The probable cause of this
failure can be breaking of the i3-typs core in the given bit of the module. For
detection of a broken core, the number of the failed module is found by the connec-
tion table, the cover of the module is removed, and the failed core is replaced.
One or several bits from all modules of one paael of the ZiJI~QC is entered in the
- RMK register, and the rest of the bits are entered correctly. The cause of this
situation can be failure of the read amplifier in the given bit (bits) or brealc5
of the circuit of the given bit from modules to read amplifiers. In this case, the
TEZ YeS-5551/0511 are checked on the bench, thea the module of the given ZUIrIIC
panel and then the electric circuit of the given bit are checked. In the latter
case, the points of transmission of the signal are determined by the signal tab le,
and a continuity test is rim on it. After elimination of the discovered failure, ,
the contents of the ~odules of the given panel are entered in the RI~ in order to ~
check their state of repair and correctness of their weaving. i
. I
i
- A11 bits of a word of the ZU1~ are not entered in the register RMR with respect to :
one or several addresses. This can be caused by breaking of the address wire in ~
the module or failure of the diodes on the module circuit boards with respect to a ~
given address (wire). In order to check the suspected address wire it is necessary ~
to determine the address of the ZUrIIt cell, by which a ad croinstruction is not '
read. With respect to this address, the wiring on the circuit boards of the module
is foimd in the connection table, the module is rem~ved, and the wires are tested
by the continuity test. The broken wire is replaced. During replacement it is
necessary to go through th e information corresponding to the given address aad �
check its correctness on the RrIIZ. If the address wire is in good shape, the diodes
on the circuit boards of the module are checked.
If darkening of the lamella on the printed circuit board of the TEZ or contamin~
tion of the contact surfaces on the plugs is discovered when finding the failures,
it is necessary to clean these surfaces with alcohol. When finding the location
of the failure, monitoring and measuring instruments recommended by the operating
instructions must be used. Connection of monitoring and measurement instruments
to a tmit operating in the automatic mode is not permitted.
18.1. Display Principles
Depending on the type of displayed information the units are divided into alpha-
nume ri c and graphi cal devices .
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The alphanumeric units are designed to display symbolic information aad various
symbols, the configuration of which caa be dete~ined in advance and is character-
ized by a set of symbols, the n~t+er of positions and given format of the output
message. Devices have been developed which display from 500 to 2000-4000 symbols
on a screen; they can be used both as single panels connected directly to the
computer channel and as co~mple.ues with a large n~ber of screen panels and a group
control imit. Both types and means can also be used as terminal panels or com-
plexes in the rem~te data processing systeme.
The graphical displays permit output of graphical information alaag with symbolic
information: graphs, diagrams, circuits, drawings, maps, aad so on. Just as the
alphanumeric displays, they can be single and group. As a rule, these devices
have high information capa~ity, but in connection with the formation of graphical
display an a screen, they are significantlq more complicated and m~re expensive
than the alphanumeric units.
With respect to method of forming the image on the cathode-ray tube screen, the
display imits are divided into two basic classes: the raster scanning (or tele-
vision) units amd coordinate uaits. In the raster scann;ng devi ces, the display
is formed by successive (with respect to raws and in side raws) assignment of
brightness of the raster points, in the coordiixate devices, the display is formed
from segments of straight lines (or second-order curves) given by the coordinates
of the beginning and end of the segment (the curvature� or radii and centeY of a
circle in the case of curves). The method of formation of the display on the
screen is essentially determined by the composition of the instructions, the tech-
nical solutions, software for the wnit and its operating characteristics.
With high resolution the coordinate method permits us to obtain higher quality
displays formed by continuous lines. The method of raster scanning realized, as a
rule by simpler circuits and structur~l elements, for obtaining high resolution
in the graphical devices requires large vol~e of the on-line men~ory and aLso
complication of the operations of quenching and moving the display elements. Accord-
ingly, the raster scsnning devices are primarily used in cases where high precision
of the display is not required.
With respect to �unctional possibilities granted the user when working with the
system, it is possible to isolate passive and dialog displays.
The passive displays (monitors) permit the user only to observe the image on the
screen. Such displays are used, for example, in the centralized system for dis-
tribution and sale of aircraft tickets, in the information retrieval and other
systems where the operator can only call for visual inspection of the required
information. They are comparatively cheap, they have a simple structural design
and low irrformation capacity (250 to 500 character positions on the acreen).
Significantly greater possibilities are offered the user by dialog displa;rs which
have on-line input devices and devices fo r altering the image on the scre~~n:
alphanumeri c and functional keyboards, light pencil, coordinate pen, plotting
board, and so on. The effectiveness of using such devices in the system 3epends
both on the technical solutions when creating their circuitry and building them,
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and the software developed for them. The degree of perfE~tion of the software
frequently has decisive significance. The use of 3ialog devices is especially
effective in desigp automation syste~s, engineering research, and automated con-
trol systems.
Greater ftmctional possibilities are granted the user by devices in which, al.ong
with displaying the information on a screen and-editing means there are also on-
line means of transferring the ima~e to paper.(the devices for obtaining a"hard
copy"). During solution of the problem, the user carries on a dialog with the
computer, and the final or intermediate results displayed on the screen are trans-
ferred as the user wishes to paper. An exar~le of the m~st w~despread structure
of dialog displays is presented in Figure 18.1.
The dialog alphan~eric display is connected to the computer by means of a module
f.or coupling to a ci annel. The codes of the displayed characters are stored in a
b uffer memory, the word address of which usually is uniquely related to the posi-
y tion of the character on the screen. Using a special converter, a character
generator, the character code is converted to control signals, by means of which
the character is formed on the screen.
,
The display has means of editing (controlling) the information depicted on the
screen: an alphanumeric keyboard and pointer control keys. Standard characters
and symbols are input using the alphanumeric keyboard. The functional keyboard
permits the position of the pointer on the s creen to be controlled, the image
erased, operating conditions established. The operation of the device is
organized by the local control uait.
, The graphical dialog display is connected to a computer through a module for
coupling to a channel. For regenerating the image, there is a buffer memory in
~:~ich the arrangement of the information can be random, inasmuch as the image is
fo rmed by giving the coordinates of the points~of the image elements.
Feeding control signals to the beam deflection system causes displacement of the
b~eam on the display screen. The conversion of the digital code to an analog signal
required to do this is provided by a converter, a symbol generator and sectional
generator.
The dialog between the operator and the computer is carried on by means of alpha-
numeric and functional ke~boards and a light pencil.
The standard display contains a cathode-ray tube (ELT), a character or vector
gene rator which affects the deflecting systems of the cathode-ray tube and input
media, that is, a keyboard or a light pencil.
The characters on the screen of the cathode-ray tube are generated by various
methods. As a rule, parametric methods are used which are based on controlling
the position of the electron beam on the cathode-ray tube screen. Here the light
(displayed) point is shifted on the screen under the effect of two analogs of the
signals X(t) and Y(t). The third signal Z(t) is used to con.trol the brightness
of the depicted point (modulation). The trajectory of the displayed point with
corresponding values of X, Y, Z, which are given functions of a coAanon parameter t,
is also a reproducible character.
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N~ 38H (1~
~2~ 6non tOnDAx~CMt[A
C �QMQAOr/
6y~epnae,tanunan�!o- ytmpndcmBo ~{~r~
- ~3) ut~r cmparicmQn ynpaBntyul?
~ I)pto6paaoBa mtne
tr~tyanoB
NnduKamop An~a~amr,o-qr[~pa- ~yn.~~trconaneNaa CBtmo6oe
BaR Knaar~am pa xnaBaam pa ne o
F~ un~Opn~uuonn~~t Kadei (].Q) �
f- CfLtMQ/16! ynpaeneMr~~ (11)
Figure 18.1 Structure of a dialcg unit
Key:
l. from the computer 6. Display
2. MoCUle for coupling to the channel Alphanumeric keyboard
3. Buffer memory 8. ~'unctional keyboard
4. Signal converter 9. Light pencil
S. Controller 10. Information codes
11. Control signals
a) ' N3 3BM ~1~ b~ " o 0 0 0 0 ~
= o....
6y ~2~ o . . . . `4,
oooo�
x(t o � � � o +
~3~ n3y rn~ y(t~ � o 0 0�
z(t)
- Figure 18.2. Character generator:
~ a-- structural diagram and principles of formation; b and c--
principles of formation of a character by a matrix of points
and vector increments
_ Kev:
1. from the computer
~ 2 . BL'
3. P?.U
4. GPF
� The ctiaracter generator based on the parametric method can be provisionally repre-
sented as ~~onsisting of three fimctional parts: the parametric funetion generator
(GPF) X(*j, Y(t), Z(t), the coc~trol module (BU) and read-only memory (ROM)
(Figure 18.2, a).
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The parametric function generator must have 2Nchar operating modes with respect
to number of reproducible characters ~Nchar is the nwnber. of binary bits in the
character code). As is known, for establishing the required function generator
mode it is necessary to input some information in di gital foYm to it. The volume
of this information significantly exceeds the vol~e of informatinn used in the
computer for coding the characters. This explains the presence of an ROM in the
character generator. The control word containing from 64 to 128 and more binary
- bits can be store3 in one ROM cell. Rigid requirements are imposed on the ROM
with respect to data read time, inasmuch as this time directly determines the
total time spent on generating one character.
The operating principle of the parametric function gen~rator essentially depends on
_ the adopted method of drawing the character. The highest quality image is obtained
on moving the image point in the X, Y plane with constant linear velocity. In this
case the character is made up of standard fragments which are in the general case
ares of so~... high-order curves. For practice it is possib le to limit ourselves to
segments of straight lines, ares of circles and ellipses. Here the configuration
of the character can be approximated to printed symbols which are customary for man.
The high image quality, as a rule, requires large volume of ROM. In this respect
the methods based on using masks which are applied to a constant base image are
m~re economical. The matrix of points SX7 or 7X9 (Figure 18.2, b) can be such an
image. Here the voltune of information which must be stored in the ROM is equal to
the number of base image elements, and the display time for all symbols for all
c~:aracters is the same. ;
The image of a ch aracter is higher in quality, the larger the number of elements ;
_ ~naking it up. However, with an. increase in the nwmber of elements, the image ~
forming time increases, which, in turn, leads to a decrease in the number of ~
characters simultaneously output on the screen. ~
The method based on forming the symbol by growing increments which are segments
of equal length of one of eight possible directions (Figure 18.2, c) is of practi-
cal interest. Although stylized c~iaracters are obtained in this case, their con-
figuration can be appro~dmated q tiite well to printed type. In addition, the
volume of the ROM is found to be comparatively small inasmuch as for one ~haracter
it is necessary to sture a word 40 to 80 bits long. This method is implemented on
d.e alphanumeric information display YeS-7906.
_ Graphs of the type of y=fi(x) can be represented on the cathode-ray tube screen
by lighting on the individual points or drawing continuous lines.
When mapping graphs by lighting points in order to obtain continuous lines, it is
necessary to locate adjacent points on the line with step size corresponding to
the resolution of the cathode-ray tube so that the line will be visually perceived
as continuous. For a limited frame display time and speeds of the buffered memory
and deflecti.ng system of the display which are attainab le in practice, the method
of lighting the points permits us to obtain only comparatively simple images.
Therefore all the devices which depict graphical information have a specialized
calculation module which interpolates (defines the coordinates of intermediate
points of the lines) a vector generator.
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18.2. Composition of the Alphanumeric Information Display YeS-7906
This unit is designed for input-output and processing of alphanumeric information
when working in the imified system of computers. It can be connected to a
selector channel (SS) or multiplex channel (1~IIC) and operate in the multiplex or
exclusive mode. The complex can be used as a reqwest or dialog system in auto-
mated control systems, as an autonomous subscriber uait for data preparation and
processing, to check out and correct computer progr~s, to correct the contents
of the information libraries, and so on.
Its composition (Figure 18.3) inclurlE~ the group control wnit YeS-7566, up to
16 YeS-7066 remote screens and the ''i~onsul 260.1" tqpewriter (PM) (the YeS-7172
unit). The display screens are connected to the controllex by four lines. On
connection of from two to ten remote displ~y screens in series to one line, the
last screen is installed at a distance of no more than 300 meters from the
YeS-7566 imit. If one remote screen is connected to a line, the maximum distance
at which it is installed can be 600 meters. The "Konsul 260.1" typewriter is
connected to the YeS-7566 unit by a special lead and can be removed up to 2 meters
from it. The YeS-?566 unit is connected to channe ls of the unified system of
computers by a standard interface.
The asynchronous-action YeS-7566 can be used in a group of I~ units with any
priority. It consists of a module for coupling to a channel, control module,
print module, buffer memory modules, engineer panel, operator panel and autonomous
electric power supply system (three-phas~ 380/220 volt ac network).
The YeS-7566 has two buffered memory modules to store the information of the remote
panels and typewriter. The buffer memory module of the remote panels, which is
an on-line magnetic core memory, has access time of 2 m~croseconds, word length
of 9 binary bits (7 information bits, 1 check bit, 1 bit for storing tags), a
capacity of 4096 bytes. The tyepwriter buffer memory module is executed from
registers in the integrated execution and has an operating frequency of 500 kilo-
hertz, a word length of 9 binary bits (7 informatian bits, 2 for storing read
and write tags), and a capacity of 1024 bits.
The remote YeS-7066 screens are designed for mapping alphanumeric information on a
cathode-ray tube screen (43LM1I), for assembling and editing it bq keyboard.
The display has the following parameters: screen operating field size 280X160 nmm,
color ~f screen glow gre~n, average duration of screen aft~r glaw 10-2 second,
ma:dmum number of characters reproduced on the screen 960 (determined by the number
- of connected panels), n~unber of lines on the screen 12 or 5, number of characters
per line 80 or 40, size of characte: 3x5X2.5 mm (with a 12x80 format) and 7X5 mm
(with 6x40 format), the information regeneration frequency on the screen is SO hertz,
tt~e n~imber of types of displayed characters 96, method of displaying the characters,
vector with the beam running over the outline of the character.
81
FOR OFFI~[AL USE ONLY
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500060029-9
FOR OF'FICIAL USE ONLY
� EC -1066 - - EC -7066
EC -7566 3 7
KaCa~ 6noK 6noK EC-7p66 EC-1Q66
cnnpa- ynpaB-
(L A Hl[A
EC-7066 EC-TOES
~2)
noK ~6, f C-7066 E C-7066
EC-7172 ntvamrt
Figure 18.3. Com~osition of the YeS-7906 camplex
Key:
1. Channel 6. Print module
2. YeS-7172 7. YeS-7066
3. YeS-7566
4. Coupling module
5. Control mc~dule
. The keyboard is equipped with two registers, 22 caatrol keys and 49 alphanumeric
keys. The controZ keys for the pointer and the informatioashift conditions operate
in the automatic repetition mode if they are held down. The information is picked
up from each alphanc~eric keq independently of whether the rest of the keys are
pressed or not. All of the keys are executed from magneticallq controlled contacts.
The "Konsul 260.1" type~writer is used only as a print mechanism (the keyboard of
the ty~ewriter is not used).
The YeS-7906 (Figure 18.4) includes the following:
A m4dule for coupling the complex to the channel (BS) designed for receiving
information, monitoring the information and transmitting requests to the computer;
the buffer memory module (BBP) designed to store the displayed information of all
of the remote panels; control module (BU) co~on to all of the remote panels used
to generate synchronizing pulses for eac~n of the control imits of the remote panels
(WI to Wn), for entering information in the buffer memory, decoding of this
information, reading information out af the buffer mem~ry and control of the
information transmission process to the remote panels, BP and BS; the print
module (BP) used to obtain a copy of the information coming from the chaanel or any
remote panel; the control units for the remote panels (Wl to Wn);
The character generators (GZ1 tc GZn) desigaed for conversion and character genera-
tion of informaton or. the cathode-ray tubes of the remote panel; remote panel
displays (I1 to In).
The remote panel YeS-7066 (Figure 18.5) includes the cathode-ray tube, video
amplifier, focusing and deflecting systems, coordinate scanning units, character
scanning imits, character generator, ~it for synchronizing and generatin~ the
display address, receiving r~gister, keyboard register, amplifier-receivers,
a~Iifier-trans~tters, power pack and keyboard.
= 82
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
By using the cathode-ray tube, the information is displayed on the screen in the
form of characters lighted against a dark background. The video amplifier
excites a modulating electrode of the cathode-ray tube and amplifies the beam
ill~inating signals.
The focusing and deflecting syste~s control the electron beam of the cathode-ray
tube. The coordinate deflecting system deflects the beam horizontally and ver-
tically in the field of the entire screen. The character deflecting system deflects
the beam in the symbol location fie ld and creates a magnetic field compensating
the line scanning field of the screen raster during the character display time.
9
6c 6n 9y~ f3, N,
66/1 6y yS/p f32 HZ
~l~ o~ n (2) 9y� f3� N� .
~
Figure 18.4. Structure of the YeS-7906
Key:
1. to the computer 5. BP
2. from the computer 6. BU
3. BS 7. W
4. BBP 8. GZ
9. I
(4) g
(l~ B 6y ~canumenb- Peaucmp Rnasuamypu
nepedamvuK KnaBuamyQei
~(2) aa6y-~
ycunumeau- S+xnt~tNxpoN~t~Qq~eu Buatoycunumens
~ RpUCMNflK/1 fllNd~.O[NffAQBQlCQ
6y-2 _ 15 3m
I~pQEMMb/!!Pl2UCRJp ' y3~n
KOOPdUNQ171M0/X
pa,7QeAmoK ~aKcupyroutaA
~ ~enepamop 7NaKO0 u omKnonA~ou~ue
yaen ~MaKO9ux cutmeMer
SnoK numaMtta pQ~9epmoK
Figure 18.5. Structure of a remote YeS-7066 display
he~� .
1. to the B~T 8. Keyboard register 14. Keyboard
2. from the BU-1 ~I. Unit for synchronizing 15. Cathode-ray
3. from the BU-2 and generating the address tube
4. Amplifier-[ransmitter 10. Character generator 16. Locking and
5. Amplifier-receiver 11. Video amplifier deflecting
6. Receiving register 12. Coordinate scanning unit systems
7. Power pack 13. Character scanning unit
83
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The coordinate scanning imit is desigaed to receive signals that control the
duration of the beam path of the cathode-ray tube, formation of cunents exciting
the coordinate deflecting system.
The character scanning tmit forms v~oltages aad currents of triangular-trapezoidal
shape to excite the character deflecting syste~.
The character generator converts information frvm the internal code of the YeS-7906
to a 32-cycle sequence of S-bit signals controlling the character s caaning unit and
the video amplifier.
The unit for synchronizing and generating the display address generates signals
that control the operation of the YeS-7066 synchronously with ~operation of the
YeS-7566, generation of the display number and image format.
The receiving register is used for reception of information from the YeS-7566 in
series code and output of it to the display in parallel oode. Using the keyboard
register, information is received from the keyboard in parallel code and it is oi~t-
put synchronized in series code to the YeS-7566.
The a~aplifier-receivers and amplifier-transmitters receive, amplify and transmit
signals along the co~unications cables of the YeS-7066 and YeS-7566.
By using the keyboard, the information and cantrol signals are put together which
define the code of the corresponding characters or instructians.
Synchronous operation of all of the tmits is insured by a single synchronization
circuit placed in the YeS-7566. It includes the pulse generator, the frequency
synchronization tmit, and the synchronization register.
The generator with quartz stabilizatian insures continuous generation of pulses with
repetition frequency of 4040 kilohertz. The frequency synchronization unit is a
system by means of which the period of the frame changin~ frequency of the image
is equated to the feed network frequency period. The synchronization register
consisting of 18 counting trigg~:rs provides for generation of the operating fre-
quency of the co~lex of 2020 kilohertz, cycle signals, the signals at the
beginning and end of lines and image frames.
On the screens of the YeS-7066 units, the characters are formed under the effect of
magne[ic fields of special intensity and form on the electron beam. As a result
of the effect on these special fields of the magnetic scattering fields of the
power feed network, the power elements of the units (transformers, filter chokes)
and also a number of standing imits, the im~ge is distorted, it becatnes unstable
and shifts (rocks) vertically and horizont_al~y with periodicity equal to the
scanning frequency and feed network freque~ir:y difference. In order to eliminate
this effect, the inertial method of synchrcmizing the scanning frequency with the
power feed network f requency is used in the YeS-7906, consisting in equalizing
the periods of thp network frequencies and the frequency of changing the image
frames by discrete variation of the duration of the line period.
84
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The starting and synchronizing of the operation of all the devices of the YeS-7906
complex are realized using the synchronization register, which is a frequency
divider of the master, high-frequency quartz-stabilized oscillator.
The frequency of the master oscillator is selected by the synchronization register
as a function of the frequency of the ac-network. Inasmuch as the network fre-
quency can fluctuate from 49 to 51 hertz, the frame changing period varies from
19608 to 20408 microseconds.
For servicing one remote panel, that is, for reading information from memory,
processing and transmitting it, 4.5 microseconds are sufficieat. However, since
the time spent drawing the symbol on the screen is about 16 microseconds, it is
possib le to access the same remote panel no m~re often than every 4 cycles (18
microseconds). Therefore simultaneous servicing of four remote panels with 12X80
image format is possible.
With 12X40 image formats the number of panels must be doubled, inasmuch as there
are 40 characters per line. In this case the infoxmation of the buffer memory
corresponding to even positions of the basic format line of 80 characters goes to
certain remote panels, and the info rmation corresponding to odd positions, to
others. For formats containing 6 lines, the informatian of the buffer memory
corresponding to e~en and odd lines of basic format goes to different panels.
It must be noted that the total time for servicing all of the panels is constant
inasmuch as the total volume of the buffer memory and the information repetition
frequency on the screens of the panels are constant.
18.3. YeS-7064 Graphical Information Display
The YeS-7064 display consists of a screen and controller located in the standard
bay of tt~e unified system of computers.
The graphical data are depicted on the screen of the unit in the form of a set of
points and vectors. Simultaneously with them alphanumeric information and other
special characters can be output to the screen. Any nc~nstandard symbol can be
constructed graphically from segments of vectors.
The image is formed on the screen under the control of the program entered in the
buffer memory from the computer to which the unit is connected through a standard
1 coupling channel of the unified system of computers.
Any output information is addressed in the coordinate system having 1024 points
each with respect to the X and Y axes. Thus, any point has its own address. The
distance between any two adjacent points (both along the X-axis and along the Y-axis)
on the screen is defined as a raster unit. For output of graphical information
(vectors) the bytes of data determine the coordinate (final point) to which the
electron beam must be set. The beam always moves fram the preceding address point
to the next addressed point. The vectors can have any length and be depicted at
any angle within the limits of the working field of the screen. In the initial
85
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FOR OFF[C[AL USE ONLY
position, the beam is set to the center of the screen by the attribute "beginning
of frame copying." If the beam is "switched on" during the displacement time,
the vector is reproduced between the end points; if the beam is "switched on"
after displacement, the point is reproduced.
Inasmuch as the regeneration process is synchronized by the feed network frequency,
the image on the screen is formed in no more than 20 milliseconds. Regeneration
is realized automatically under the control of the internal program of the unit.
In order to obtain a copy of the image, a fficrofilming device can be used in which
the screen of the special cathode-ray tube has a coordinate matrix with the points
4096X4096. In order to use the saiae program during microfilming and output of
information, the coding of the images in the program fs done within the limits of
the same coordinate matrix. On output of information in the YeS-7064 unit, two
low-o rder bits of the r.oordinate code are dropped, for the coordinate matrix of
the device is 1024X1024 points.
The graphical image on the screen is formed from segments of straight lines and
~ points, the coordinates of which are given in the mode of absolute values by
4 bytes or in the increment m~de with respect to the preceding position of the
cathode-ray tube beam by 2 bytes. The speed of the beam in drawing the vector is
3 to S mm/microsecond, and the size of a raster imit is 0.25
The number of vectors output without flickering is as follows: 3300 short ones
(to 64 raster units), 950 medium ones (to 512 raster imits), and 400 long ones
(to 1024 raster units).
The characters are formed on the screen by the character generator. The characters
are formed from beams or segments. The number of characters of basic size in a
line is 74, large size characters 49, the number of lines for basic size characters
is 52, and for large characte::s 35. The maximum number of characters on the screen
without flickering is 2100; with flickering it is 3848 (the basic size characters)
and 1715 (large size characters).
The control of the unit and information exchange with the computer are realized by
an operator using an alphanumeric keyboard, fimctional keyboard having 32 keys an~~i
replaceable covers (maximum number 256), a light pencil with flexible light guide,
a cooordinate mark control knob, display adjustment elements and operator panel.
The YeS-7064 consists of a bay and a desk. In the b ay are the basic control system
assemblies: b uffer memory, module for connecting to the channel, control module,
~~ec[or and character generators. On the desk is a display with catnode-ray tube
an d li~ht pencil and also freely moving alphanumeric and functional keyboards an d
ri~idly fastened operator panel.
In the structural diagram of the YeS-7064 (Figure 18.6) it is poGsible to isolate
th ree fim ctional parts: the controller, the input unit and the image shaping unit.
The module for connecting to the channel, the buffe r metnory of the BZU and the
feed control module are independent.
86
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In the module for coupling to the channel (BSK), all operations are realized for
connecting the unit to the computer, channel instructions are executed, and the
b.:sic state and sense bytes are also formed.
As a rule, the data bytes go to the BZU through the BSR; in this case the BSK Zon-
trols the BZU. For example, the program is transmitted from the central processor
to the buffer memory of the unit just as data transmission.
The buf fer memory contains two modules ~ust as the YeS-790G. The capacity of each
module is 4096 bytes, and the access time is 2 microsecands.
(1)
Ifanon cep~u c 3Q~1
6eox conpA*enaACxaNa~av 4
( S~ 3 6y~epnct J9 6~axgnpodnewup
_ s~ n~l?nanuew
~ ~no~ ynpcenenup ~ 6noK ynpQ~peNUayempoircmA~?y IlaMti~un~reMepa ~
a,�4 aEumao�qu�poBou
~ J Q1'MKt(f(~MQA6Mp(j
.ncOaCmypQNU 6noK o6po6omKUUN�opNavuu 9) y
ppe
~
uq� !
~ 6noK naNAmu teeepamopt ~NQKOs 2 y~OV~li40
! 6.arra?evm�opQ ~opNUpclaN~,?
_ 6~o~r aenepvmopaaNOKoQ eeKmopa~ uas6perr~nuR '
~ '
~ 6no~m?daKamopa~ RoopdanamNaR Y~po~oda ~16~
' An~cBamMO- py"'~a
~ ~~~.yuo~an.~aA ,~u~po9aA 6~oKynpaO.~eMe~ ~
.aodcamypQ Kn�Suam pQ ~ CBemoDanepo cQemo/uMeepow ~20~
' y J
.
Figure 18.6. Structure of the YeS-7064
Kev:
1. Channel for commimication with the computer
2. Channel coupler
3. Buffer memory
4. Feed control unit
S. Alphanumeric and fin~ctional keyboard control imit
_ 6. Control module of the tmit
7. Information proce~sing module
8. Engineer panel
9. Controller
10. Character generator memory module
11. Character generator module
1?. Vector generator module
13. ~~mage shaper 17. Functional keyboard
- 1_4. Display module 18. Alphan~eric keyboard
15. Coordinate knob 19. Light pencil
- 16. Inp ut unit 20. Ligh t pencil control
moduie
87
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The buffer memory is desigaed for storing aa image file, copying (regenerating~
the image, and it permits editing and compiling of the text independently of the
central processor and also the performance of a number of graphical operations.
The feed control unit (BUP) is designed to control switching the feed sqstem on ead
dff (both in th e autonomous mode and in the remote mode), sip,aalling in case of
the emergency modes in the standardized feed ~its, switching the preventive
control mode on and off.
The control imit includes the caatrol module of the ~it, the control module of the
alphanumeric and functional keyboards, the informatian processing imit and the
engineer panel.
The cosstroller module (BW) realizes connection of all the basic modules and
generates a set of control sigaals. In the module a parity analysis made of the
information read out of the BZU, the instructions (orders) are separated from the
data, the operating conditions of the unit are generated, and in special cases
signals are generated for the BSR in order to call the channel.
The alphan~eric and fimctional keyboard module realizes coupling of these keyboards
to the mem~ ries and the BW. In the keyboard cantrol unit, on pressing a key, a
single signal is generated, the pointer cantrol is realizEd, the code of the
pressed key of the functional keyboard is store~T, and the corresponding signals
are formed on pressing the keys of the alphan~eric keyboard.
- In the data processing module (BOI), which is a supplement to the BW, information
is prepared for the vector and character generators and zynchronization of their
operation. In the character mode the module automatically foras the distance
between the character.s and the lines.
The engineer panel (YI) is a device by means of which adjustment and preventive
operations of the unit are carried out, various operating modes are assigned
(sin~Ie or multiple modes, read or write, and so on). Using the panel, manual
input of the program to the MOZU [magnetic core storage] is possible. The l~ght
signal system of the basic assemblies of the various m~dules is coupled out to
the engineer panel. It includes the drive systems (amplifiers for the display
tubes and signal shapers for the knobs and f lip-flops.
The input device contains the follawing: alphanwneric and f~mctional keyboards,
the light pencil, the light pencil control module and the coordinate knob.
On the f~m ctional keyboard (FK) there are two keys with ligh t display and eight
rnver code keys. The combination of the cover code with the key code determines
the fim ction of the given keys. The fimction of the key, that is, the subroutine
called by it, is determined by the corresponding ins cription on the cover. For
exaaq~le, if cover No 19 is set which generates the code 0001 0011 and key No 11
is pushed (the binary code 001011), then the key fimction is determined by the
code 001011 0001 0011. In all there can be 256 covers; therefore when using the
Ff~ it is possib le to call for the execution of 256�32=8192 subroutines in the
computer.
88
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FOR OFFICfAL USE ONLY
The light pencil is connected through a light guide to the light pencil control
module (BUSP) consisting of a photomultiplier with amplifier-shaper, high voltage
~mit for feeding the photomultiplier and amplifier-shaper power pack. TEiere is a
pointer control knob with switches.
The image shaping imit contains vector and character generators, the character
- generator memory module and display.
The character generator module (BGZN) converts the sequence of digital control
signals to a sequence of analog signals required to draw the character on the
- screen. TEie standard set of characters wt-.ich can be reproduced consists of 88
alphabeti c, numerical and special characters. Either of two sizes of characters
basic or large (1.5 times larger than basic) is seiected during progra~ing.
The memc~ry module of the character generator is an RQM [read-onlq memory] designed
to store information about the character configisation. Bq the character code and
by request from the character generator, the module generates a defined set of
control signals which then go to the character generator.
The vector generator m~dule is designed to shape analog signals providing for
displacement of the beam on the screen of the cathode-ray tube to a given point
along a given trajectory. A 20-bit code of the coordinate of a finite point is fed
to the module input to which the beam is shifted, and a 20-bit coordinate increment
code with respect to the preceding position of the beam. The module ins ures
constant speed of the bears to the given point in the vector mode.
_ The display is the outp ut module of the ent;_: unit, and through it a direct coupling
is realized between the operator and the co~,ater. The module includes a cathode-
rav tube (ELT) with a locking-deflecting system, coordinate and character deflec-
tion amplifiers, high-voltage and special power supplies, beam brightness control
circuit (modulator).
The co~nands of the imit can be provisionally divided into three groups:
Graphical co~nands (Figure 18.7) establishing the operating mode of the display
(after them come the data indicating the character code or the coordinate to which
the cathode-ray tube beam must be shifted); control co~ands for the orde~r of e~c~
tion of the program written in the buffer memory; commands establishing the light
pencil modes. They are initialized by the cmmmand "beginning of copying of a
frame."
The light pencil is designed for input and correctionof graphical data.
It is a cylinder 15 ~ in diameter and 200 mm long with ~onical tip. It consists
of a housing in which the moving objective and magnetically controllec: contact are
placed. In the housing a flexible light guide made of fiberglass is i~ZStalled
1 to 1.5 meters long and 2 to 3~ in diameter; the light guide is moim.ted by
the other end in a light proof housing with photomultiplier (FEU). Fo~.~ protection
a~ainst damage the light guide is placed in a metal hose.
89
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI.Y
/'pa~~vecK~t
(1) n �xc~~,
t2) 4
l04C41I61(L BeKmopM~rri P~~~M 3HQ/tII
~?CMILM r~1~f(!N
8
l~ COA10l/iMQA ORIMOC IIIClIiMQN .~QY(([(!(~MPfQIf /fl7Q!!jl[L!(~MMQ1~
xoapd~cnama ~llP(l~ (!(Cdfl1~ 30MQ 30MQ
(5) ~6~ .
Ocno Moa 6onb;u o~i
~9 Q~nt Da~ntp
Figure 18.7. Classification of plotter co~ands
Key :
1. Graphical commands 6. Relative coordinate (increments)
2. Point mode 7. Protected zoze
3. Vector mode 8. Unprotected zone
4. Character mode 9. Basic size
5. Absolute coordinate
When the Iight pencil is pointed at an element of the image on the cathode-ray
tube screen, the light flux emitted by the screen phosphor when it is excited by
the electron beam goes through the light guide to the photomultiplier in which it
is converted to an electric cign..~l which goes to the elecrronic amplifier and then
to the control unit. Here, depending on the external illumination of the screen,
~ the image brightness on the cathode-ray tube can vary by several tens of times.
The field of view of the light pe~t~il is 3-4
Pressing by the point of the light pencil on the surface of the screen, the
operator shifts the objective inside the housing. Here the permanent magnet
connected to the objective which closes the magnetically con.trolled contact is
shifted. Thus, the operator communicates to the computer about the image element
which he is generating by the light pencil.
In order that the operator be able to determine at what image element to point the
light pencil, the device has a circuit which provides for flickering of the given
element with a frequency of 12.5 hertz. The address of the selected element is
stored in the b uffer address xegister, and its coordinate is stored in the mark
registers. In the next regeneration cycle the stored address and coordinate are
compared with the current address of the MOZU and current coordinate. On output
of a mark to the screen, the flickering takes place only on comparison of the
addresses, and the coordinates are not stored. On coincidence of the addresses
and the coordinates, the beam quenching signal is generated. The flicker triRger
is switched off.
Th us, the element, the address and coordinate (or only address) of which are
stored, that is, at which the lip,ht pencil is aimed, is output to the screen with
quenched beam for two regeneration cycles out of four. On the third cycle the
flicker trigger is switched off, and on the fourth cycle, the iinage element is
secondarily detected and the address and coordinates are stored.
90
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In order that detection be able to be acco~plished in aap regeneration cycle
independently of flicker, on response of the contact in the light pencil, the
single pass circuit responds generating the 20-millisecond pulse which determines
the regeneration cycle in which detection of the image element takes place aad
this is reported to the coa~uter.
20.3. Methods and Software for Checkaut aad Technical Diagnostics
Special reliability requirements are imposed on any model of the tmified system
of cou~uters in the real-time process control sqstems and in th~ collective-use
syste~. The operating reliability of the models is insured by a developed moni-
toring and diagnostic system containing software and hardware which operate both
in the basic (working) mode and in the technical maintenance mode.
- The hardware realizes operative monitoring of the fitness of the comQuter, detects
e rrors, and locates the failures. In the operating m~de the hardware operates
under the control of the operating systems, including the prograffi for processing
error signals. A set of technical maintenance programs KPTO is used in the techni-
cal maintenance mode. This set of progralns presupposes the use of control and
service prograats, monitori:ig and diagnostic hardware.
The m~nitoring and diagnostic module is used to control the procedures of the
"acco~mting" type by the DIAGNOSTIC coIInnand, tests to locate failures TLN, and
check out of the on- line memory. This module contains registers, counters and
logical control circuits. The registers are used to receive analyzed information,
write it in memory, and provide for the preservation of instructions on all levels.
The counters are used to count the number of errors, synchronization and manitoring
c} cles.
The hardware monitoring of the p rocessor provides for continuous parity checking
of tP~e data combined with a number of special means of continuous checking of
individual assemblies and modules. The operation of any assembly or m~dule of the
processors is checked during its operating process; therefore it has no influence
on the output capacity of the computer.
The parity check when transmitting information is realized by special standard
circuits that check the transmission, storage and basic conversion of the data.
For any data conversion influencing parity, preliminary parity checking, conversion
and formation of new check bits for the converted information are carried out.
The addition of one check bit is provided for each byte of information: 1
correspnnds to an even number of ones in the byte, and 0 corresponds to an odd
nim~ber of ones in the byte. This representation of the check bit per~ts any
number of odd errors to be checked for each byte and also discovery of complete
.loss of information. Direct parity checking, that is, comparisan of the parity of
the c~iecked register with its checked bits is done only in the basic register;
the rest are checked at the time of t~ansmission of their contents to the checked
registers.
Paritv checking of the processor memory module takes place in the modu~es the~
selves. On detecting an error in the access address to the on-line memory, the
contents of the selected cell are regenerated in order to prevent distortion of
the information.
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The checking of information parity conversion in the processor is done in the
counting operations in the binary counters of all modules, the operations of the
arithmetic-logic tmit, operations of the decimal arithmetic module, operand
address modification (calculation) module, during operation of certain informattion
conversion circuits, information decoding in the decombiners of all processor
modules.
In additioh, operations are checked in the processor, the execution of time of
which exceeds 160 milliseconds. This check is made by the coimters of the multi-
system timer fixing the beginning and end of performance of the operatians.
For processor diagnostics in some models, for example, the YeS-1050, a test mode
is provided which is analogous to the stock testing of a processor with fail~se
location.
Each test has a fixed format (112 bytes), the entire set of tests is on one mag-
r~etic tape. The control of the execution of the tests is realized by the monito~
ing and diagnostic module. For this purpose, two buffers are reserved in the
ready-access memory: the first ~ith the address 8000 to 8U6F, and the second with
address of 8080 to 80 EF.
20.4. Technical Maintenance Software
Adjustment, verifi cation and diagnostic tests which make up part of the technical
maintenance software KPTO which inciudes also a number of control and service
progra~ are used as the monitoring and diagnostic software.
The adjustment tests are designed for correctn�ss of operatic,n of the minutes and
modules of the computer, the verification tescs are designed for periodic verifi-
cation of the operation of the units and the computer as a whole during the
normal operation process. When detecting a failure, the diagnostic tests are
used to locate it.
idith respect to organization, the tests are divided into basi~c tests performed
- tmder the control of the test monitor DMES and verification tests of the
periph eral devices operating under the control of the operating system of the
imified system.
The basic test is a set of adjustment tests, and it is designed for preliminary
adjustment and checking of the basic equipment of the processor, the on-line
memor~~, the selector and multiplex channels, the magnetic tape storage and type-
writer, Successful performance of it in the future insures loading aid operation
of tE~e test monitor. Further adjustment and checking of the computer are carried
out using the test sections.
The test mor=itor DMES is a control progrrtm desi~ned for loading and controlling
the execution of the test section progr~,
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The test section consists of the heading and a variable number of examples. The
- test e'xample :orms a logically independent module and contains a prefix and the
check section itself. The titles of the section and the prefix of the example
are re gions of interaction of the section and the test example of the test m~nitor
respectively.
Th~ test monitor p erform.s the following fim ctions: it is tuned to the possibility
and size of inemory of the specific computer, it controls the readinass of the
input-output devices, it decodes the commands given by the operator and performs
the corresgonding operations, it performs preliminary processing of interrupts, it
determines the test sequence for the tmits, it loads the test sections into the
ready-access memory and also performs a number of function~s which are common to
all of the test sections, for example, printing out messages, code conversion,
and so on.
For operation of thp test monitor and test sections, an on-line memory of no less
- than 16K is needed and also an operator command input unit (typewriter), a
message output unit (typewriter or alphanumexic printer), a unit for loading the
test monitor and test sections, that is, magnetic tape storage, magnetic disc stor-
age or a punch card input unit.
For checking the computer using test sections when performing the standard procedure
of initial loading of the on-line memory, the test monitor is loaded. Then by
instruction from the operator, the test section is input to the region of the on-
line memory following the memory section with the test monitor and the test section
is execute~. The memory occupied by the test section usually amounts to less than
4K. After execution of one section, the next is loaded and ex~ecuted until all of
the sections have been executed which were indicated in the operator's instruction.
Then the operator calls the next group of test sections. The total size of the
- KPTO programs is about 300K.
The communications between the operator and the test monitor are by commands given
from the typewriter or enr_~red directly in a defined region of the test monitor
(the operator panel buffec).
~ The test monitor is connected to the test section by its initial region, which is
the section heading. The test section can access the monitor on the command SVC
(CALL SUPERVISOR) to call the r~zandard serv~ce programs.
The initial step in the operation of the test monitor is adjustment of it depend-
ing on the computer characteristics. For this adjustment operation, the data on
the system configuration of the specific computer punched on punch cards and placed
in the subject block of the test monitor or written on magnetic carrier in the
test monitor program by means of service programs are used. By these data the
~ test monitor forms the reference table of test sections (SRT), thz channel table
(CMT), the test monitor input-output unit definition table (DMIO) and the unit
definitien table (UDT).
l
The SRT contains information about the possibilities of the processor, the volume
of the on-line memory, the program switches of the test monitor used to control
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its operating modes, the address of the CMT, DMIO and UDT tables, the waiting
factor for a ten-seconcl delay, zhe panel buffer of the operator and certain other
data.
The test section can access this table only directly. If necessary it 2.ccesses
. other tables.
The CMP cont ains infdrmation about the presence of channels and their peculiarities.
The UDi deacribe~ the units making up the specific computer, their addresses and
characteristics. After loading the test section the test monitor transmirs words
from the UDT table describing the units required for oper ation of the given test
section to it if necessary.
The DMIO includes three words describing the test monitc~r loader and input-output
unit. Each word characterizes the type of unit, the instruction code which is
used during operation of this unit (the instruction code ~Ls entered in the USK)
and also its address. The input-output imits are assigned in the initialization
program and can be altered by operator co~and.
The operating system OS of the unified system of comF+uters YeS-1050 provides for
tb.e presence of a con~rol program which permits testing of the peripheral devices
~ in parallel with solving the user problems in the multiprogram mode. The tested
units are not assi~ed for the operating system of ~he tmified system. As a rule,
this test mode is possible in the presence; of several units of the same type in
- the compster. Each uni~. is provided ~aith a set of test sections which differ from
th e monitor test sections.
20.5. Preventive Mai.r.cenance
, Checking Operating Fitness Using Tests. Technical maintenance software (RPTO) is
available for checking the fitness and locating failures. The KPTO includes com-
- plex tests for checking the model and tests for checking individual units.
For storing the test the following are used: magnetic tapes on which the service
and verification test prograffi are written; decks of standard punch cards used for
data input in the multiplex channel YeS-4012 test, the test for the punch card
input unit YeS-6012 (or YeS-6013) and the test for 3oint pperation of channels;
puitch tapes used in the test for the YeS-6022 unit and the test for joint operation
of the channel; control tapes of the alphanumeric printer for testing the YeS-7032;
punch cards with test programs duplicating the magnetic carrier information.
The KPTO ccrosists of the following programs: control (test mon;tor), basic test
for co~.:; ~checkout of the model, test sections of individual units and the test
tape service program. The last program is primarily used for making and checking
working copies of the machine carrier and also copies of the machi.ne carrier
prepared ~or the user.
The daily adjustment operations consist in single c.xecution of tr~e base test and
test sections ~ointly with the operating system. Oc~ly three magnetic tape storages
(YeS-5010 or YeS-5017) and three magnetic storages (YeS-5056 or YeS-5050) are
checked. During the next daily adjustment operations, the other three storages
are checked.
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The order of execution of the test:programs written an magnetic tape is indicated
in the K~'TO operating manual.
During the biweekly ad~ustment operations, the basic test of the test sections of
all units is executed once, all of the magnetic tape and magnetic disc storages
are checked out. The service and verification tests on the magnetic tape are used.
_ During the monthly adjustment operations, test programs are run for a11 the units
_ (including for all the storages) just as f.or the biweekly operations. The programs
are rum three times: with rated voitage of the electric power supply and with
5% devlations from the rated value in both directions.
During the sem~tannual adjustment operations, test programs are executed for all
units (including for all storages) ~ust as for the biweekly adjustment operations.
The programs are run four times: for rated values of the frequency and voltage,
with deviation of the voltage +5~ and at preventive frequency.
After outp ut of an error message during ~peration~of the test s~ections, the service
- personnel refer to the operating manuals for the corresponding test sections, the
iiiitial codes (print-outs in assembler language) of the programs for more detailed
analysis of the check ccnditions, and they make the corresponding decision (con-
version to the autonomous mode of the test and location of failures, looping of the
check without printing out an error message and investigation by oscillograph,
performance of various types of program halts using the control panel and other
action). In the case of an u~nstable error it is possible to try to make it stable
_ by varying the wlt:age or frequency of power supply.
Punch cards are +~sed as the machine carrier if the failure does not permit working
with magnetic tape. In this case the test monitor is loaded from the punch cards,
and the pimch card version of the test sections of the process, the selector
= channel and magnetic tage is used.
If the test monitor cannot operat~ with the typewriter or the ATsPU as a result of
failure (a1L-hough the basic typ~ewriter test is satisfied), input of assignments to
perform th~ test sections comes from the computer control panel, and the test
sections of '~he ~multiplex channel and typewriter are executed. Using the control
switches o`. the test monitor, printout of inessages is inhibited and an error halt
is permittE~d (or executian of the example causing the error is looped).
Checking of Individual Units. The checking of the units making up the model can
be done in the autonomous and complex modes.
The multiplex channel YeS-4012 is checked as part of the model in the complex mode
(the "autonomous/system" switch on the monitor-adjustment panel of the unit is in
the "system" position) using the test sections of the multiplex channel. Autonmou~
checking of the YeS-4012 is done using autonomous means.
For conversion of the YeS-4012 from the complex mode to autonomous it is necessary
to open the doors of the first bay, frame A and switch to the "autonomous/system"
switch on the monitoring and ad3ustment panel to the "autonomous" position.
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For conversion of the unit from autonomous mode to complex, the "autonomous/
system" switch is set to the "system" position. In the complex mode the frame A
and the doors of the first bay of the unit must be closed.
The sectional channel YeS-4035 is checked in the complex m~de using the selector
channel test section. The switching is done using the "autonomous/sqstem' switch
on the m~nitoring and adjustment panel of the channel.
The switching can be done only on arrival of a signal permitting switching from
the processory w~ich is excited if the processor is in the waiting or halt state.
On switching the channel to the autono~us mode, the signal is picked up on the
"channel ready" line from the channel to the processoro This leads to setting of
+ the result tag "Z," i.ndicating that the channel is switched off. The tag is
generated directly iii the processor on execution of the input-output instructions.
During operation of the channel in the model the toggle switches on the monitoring
and adjustment panels "IMOP," "ZGR ADR" and "IM FI" must be off, and the "Chast."
toggle switch must be on.
The on-line memory YeS-3205 cen be checked during operation with the processor
in the following modes: automa~ic checking on the test:sectians of the on-line
memory, write and read by a defined address; automatic writing and reading with
respect to the entire mem4ry bank.
The automatic test mode in the test sections is designed for complete checking of
the operation, prevention and search for failures in the on-iine memory. The test
sections are put together in such a way that they provide for the creation of
modes that are the most serious for storing the modules and the read cycles and
checking out the address cycl,~ of the meffiory.
When executing the test sections, errors are recorded during operation of the unit,
and a message is output containing infarmation about the errors:. In order to
obtain information during error analysis it is ne~escary to use a description of
the test sections. ~
The YeS-2050 processor is designed to operate only in the complex mode. Therefore
checking the processor with the test programs input to the on-linE memory is done
only in the model.
The search for a processor fa~lure or error is ma.de using the technical servicing
monitor programs or the test for locating failures, which is desigr~ed for storing
the state of the basic registers and the control flip-flops of the processor in a
fixed region of inemory. This test offers the poss~bility of performing subsequent .
analysis of the filled information in order to lacate the failures. When record-
ing the state of the processor, it is also possible to enter information in the
memory about the state of the memory module in which the error has appeared.
The tests to locate a failure are used in the following cases: on appearance of
an unmasked error signal in the processor or memory operating with the processor,

, initialization of the DIAGNOSTICS instruction cycle counter, if the tag for the
"accounting" procedure is present in the control word of this instruction or the
"start accounting" button is pressed.
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If a processor failure cannot be automatically detected (no aanitoring and ad3ust-
ment test program is run, no monitoring and diagnostic mudule is in operation),
then the search for the error ~r failure is made manually. For this purpose,
first of all an error analysi~ is made on the basis of the operating logic of the
processor and the logic of execution of the given section of the program.
" The processor in the preventive mode is checked out mn putting it into operation,
after prolon ged (more than 1 montr~) idle time or storage, in the presence of fre-
quent short-term errors when solving the prob lem, although all of the verification
tests are performed correctly without errors or with errors in the test programs
of the user, during the course of the performance of adjustment operations.
The checking in the preventive mode is done with voltage deviatian from rated by
5~.
When searching for tmstable failures (errors) of any processor assembly, it is
recommended that the voltage of the power pack of the given assembly be lowered,
and the voltage of the remaining UBP be raised by 5Y.
The preventive mode is aLsc realized on variation c~f the master oscillator fre-
quency. For this purpose, on the control panel it is necessary to press the
"frequency" button and perform a single start of the verification test sections
- of the processor.
Sear.ch for and Elimination of Failures. Variation of thn parameters, adjustment
and repair of the standardized modules arQ carried out using special equipment.
In addition to the service equipment, universal, monitoring and measuring devices
' are used: the ~scillograph S1-31 and S1-39, the generators G~7a and G5-19,
the digital volt meter VK7-l0A/1, the milliammeter M-254, and so on.
In connection with the variety of logic of the circuits and the instructions
executed in the processor it is difficult to recommend a single procedure for
finding any failure, for in each case it is determined by the Iogic of the oper~
tion of the circuits and the nature of the failure. Aaaever, there are some
_ general methods which are correct for finding the ma3ority of failures.
When searching for the f ailures primarily it is recommended that the operating
m~de be set "on command" and the sectioa of th e program making the error be
executed in this mode, careful.ly analyzing the result bq the control panel display,
the result tag and the sequence of the instructions performed and preparen for
exe~ution.
When detecting an incorrectly performed instruction it is necessary again in the
"on co~nand" mode to execute this section of the program to the incorrectly
executed instruction. Then, pressing on the "pulse" button, transfer to the
execution of this instruction by one sync pulse, observing the switching of the
flip-flops after each pulse on the display.
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If in the "on co~and" and "by pulses" modes it is not possible to detect the
improperly executed section of the program on the display, it is possible to
cycle this section of the program, successively setting up the nim~beTS 1,2,3 and
_ so on on the instruction execution counter and analyzing the execution of the pro-
_ gram to find the improperly executed instruction. Further search for the location
of the error in the executed instruction usually is made using the oscillograph
S 1-31 or S-39 or the digital voltmeter VK7-l0A/1.
When searching for unstable errors:, greventive voltage is set up in the power pack
of the panels, the equipment of which is supposedly making ttie error, and the
error section of the program is executed. After locating the error, check3ng the
- feed wltage, inspecting the wiring and contacts, the failure is more precisely
defined, and correspondence of the input and output signals (their pregence and
shape) is checked by the time diagrams for operat3.ng in th~ given mode.
On deviation of the voltages or the p~i3meters of the signals, in the case of
reliable contacts or closure of them, it is primarily necessary to eliminate these
failures.
If the input signals satisfy all the requirements and correspond to the operating
time diagram, and the output signals are distorted, then the m~~iule is checked on
the bench.
The search for a failure in the electric power supply sqstem is made in the follow-
ing sequence. Using the voltmeter of the electromagnetic system of accurar.y class
no less than 2.5 (for example, Ts434), the voltage of the feed network of the
distributing bay is meas ured, to which the cables of the failed unit are connected.
The readings of the voltmeter must be 187 to 242 volts. If the w ltmeter readings
are smaller, it is necessary to check the circuit breake�rs through which the
voltage is fed. If�.the voltage at the BUP output does not correspond to the
rated value with proper readings of the voltmeter, then the BUP is changed.
20.6. Installation of the L`nifed System of Computers and Safety Engineering When
Servicing Them
All models of the unified system of computers are designed for operation in
s tationary, heated facilities using ventilatian and air conditioning. The ten+per~
' ture must be maintained at 20+5�C, the relative humidity must stay st 65+15%.
All the computer uni~s are placed in a machine room in strict accordance with
the installatian instructions. Variatians of the installatian layout for any
model are permitted only by agreement with the manufacturer. The computer iiuits
are set up in zones (Figure 20.3).
In the machine room provision must be ma3e for a process floor mounted on standard
metal structural elements at a height of 20 to 40 cm above the main floor. The
space under the process floor is used for laying pawer cables, signal lines,
protective and grounding buses. This space is also used as the intake ventilation
channel. The temperature of the air fed to the computer must be 14 to 18�C, the
relative humidity no more than 70 to 80%, and the dust content, no more than
0.75 nd llihenries/m3.
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~ The degree of cleaning of the air fed to the facilities aacl the imits of the uni-
fied system of computers must be no less than 99.95X for particles of 5 microns
or m~re, 97% for particles up to S microns, 90Z for particles to 3 microns and
SO~G for particles to 1 mieron. Tize dust content in the air in tfie machine room
must nnt e~eed 1 mg/m3 with the particle size of no more than 3 microns. In
order to remove the exhaust and dusty air from the facilities, a su!spende3
perforated ceiling is used.
(3) 3ada qeNmpanbne~x ycmpoucmQ
4 Cmoitrca nwnanaa~npoueccopa
EC-0853 EC-2050.3 EC-205Q.4 EC-4011.2 EC-4995.2
3pea
~neucn~cx
.ianoM~rnaror~ax " ~2 ~ Qaepamu0r~aen.anAm.e
yCmpOUCI~?4 ~2~ F,C-3205.1 EC-?2052
~2) �C-551~ EC-5551 2~ ~ EC-3205.1 EC-320~.~
EC-2050.2
01.30/0 Ol.5056 /1P.~~4CC~o
02.5010 0T.5056 (7) Kanaa6r ~C-105~ 1 NDdenuP
03.50~0 03.5056 OBOda-B?rBoaa EC-f035.1 ~6~
04.5010 04.5056 EC-4035 EC-7070
05.50~0 05.5056 EC-4o?2 Ec-7o70
06.5010 �
07.50~0 3oHa ycmpvucmBBBoBa-BaBaBa
08.5~10 02.ffG72 Of.6022 01.6012 02.60JZ 01.70J?
02.7022 01.7022 01.70f0 OZ.70J0 01.7031
Figure 20.3. Layout of the YeS-1050
Key:
1. External memory zone 6. Model processor
2. YeS- 7. Inpnt-output channels
3. Central unit zone 8. Input-output va'~t zoae
4. Proce~sor power~base
5. On-line memory
The structuLal material of the ceiling and walls must insure effective nois~
absorptian (noise level in the machine room should not ezceed 75 decibels) .
For entry to the machine room it is necessary to providE a vestibule with door
height of no less than 180 cm and widr.?i of no less than 110 cm. Access to the
ma~hine room must be strictly iminhibited, and the service p~rsonnel must vse
special clothing and replaceable footwear.
The coiaputers and process equipment are installed as follows: 1. Iastallation
of thp ventilation system. 2. Installation of th~ lighting network and winding
up the primary power feeder to the paaer supply distribution cabinet. 3. Install~
tion of the protective and grounding buses. 4. Assembls of the process ceiling
with connection of lights to the lightiag system. 5. Lining the walls with
sound absorbing panel. 6. Assembly of the process floor, laying the powpr suQply
cables and signal circuit linea.
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B~fore installing the computers, the process floor is laid out, holes are cut for
the cables and lines to connect the computer bays. The electric pawer distributioa
panel is installed. Power instabilit}r must not ezce~d +lOX or -15X with respect to
valtage and +1Z with respect to frequency. The traasient re~tistance of the pro-
tective "ground" btLS must not be more than 0.6 ohm.
The units are installed in accordance with the installatioa instructions in the
~ following sequence: the processor bays, selected channel l~ays, multiplea chaanel
bays and the ba.Qic core memory baqs.
The central computer ~its can be assembled with simultaneous installation af
peripheral devices.
The connections between ~its are made using standardized counectian means. They
include the following: cab les for s,~itching the lines of the input-output inter-
faces, direct control, small interface, electric power interface; boges for connect-
ing lo~ical circuits a,1d electric power circuits; resistor modules installed on
the imits to match the line and ~lso for switching the "access" lines; a plug for
switching the electric pawer con~rol interf~ce lines on switching off the units
and also to insure electrical safety or the service personnel when disconnecting
the cable.
The cables have different lengths, wh~~ch makes it possible to install the computers
in a facility with different floor plans. '
After spreading, they are marked on both sides.
The electric power supply units of the geS-~1050 computer are connected to a three-
~ phase, four-wire 380/220 volt network witih grounded neutral.
In the machi~e room a prote ctive groundiag bus (ground wire) is laid with a trans-
verse cross sectional area of rio less than 120 mm2, which is connected to the
grounded neutral of the eZectrical installation. The resist~ace of the gro~md,
to which the neut~al is connected must be no more than O.b ohm. The protective
groimding bus must be a~:cessible for inspection. The ope~nly 1.3id bus is painted
black. Painting the bus another color is permitted ta harmonize with~~the color
of the ~acility, but at the connection and branch points it must have no less than
two black stripes running a distance of 150 mm fram each other.
The cases of all the compu~ter units are connected ~o the bus by gxo~d wires which
form part of the uaits. The l~~~s sections are lap connected and welded. The
length of the connection is ao less than twice the bus width.
~ In order to observe the electrical safety rules when installing and operating the
- computer, it is forbidden to perfurm any installation operations, replace the
cells and parts, ~;r to solder imder voltage. Ontt connection the oscillographs and
measuring instruments to the equipment for monitoring or ad3us.tment, it is
necessary to use wi~es with insula~~d holders. During the performaace of these
operations a man must staad on a rubber mat. It is permissible to use only low-
voltage soldering irons and 12, 24 or 36 volt lights.
~
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The peripheral devices must not be put into operation with the cases or protective
covers removed or with the panels off or open. All of the adjustment, cleaning
and lubrication operations are performed w~th the power off. When it is necessarq
to shut off tne electric circuit quickly, the "emergeney off" buttons are used.
In accordance with the fire safe~y requir~~ents, all of the computer center facil-
- ities must be equipped with an automatic fire alarm based on standard equipment
- (sensors, the alarm signals and wiring). All the camputer center personnel must
be instructed what to do in case of fire.
20.7. Use of the Unified System of Computers in ASUZhT [Automated Railroad
Transportation Control System]
The basic trend in the development of computer engineering is connected with the
- creation and applicativn of automated control systea~s (ASU) in all branches of the
:aational ecanomy. In railroad transportation a great deal of work is being done to
- introduce automated control systen~s to control the shipping p~ocess. Individual
automated control systems are joined by the information computer center of the
Ministry of Railways, and taken altogether they form an at~tomated railroad trans-
portation control system (ASUZhT) which is part of the national automated data
gathering and processing system ~C~GASU) .
The structure of the a~':~mated control sqstem in general form is presented in
Figure 20.4. In railroad transportati6n there is a developed control structure �
including the central ap~:~ra*_us of the Ministry of Rsilways, the railway administra-
tions, and the railroad divisione.~ The ASUZhT is being introduced without re-
arranging this system, retaining all of its links. Hawever, application of a co~
puter permits significant improvement of the quality of coatrol, unloading of the
existin~ control system fram performing the technical work of a computational,
information and analytical nature, and optimizing the solutions obtained.
For effective application of a computer it is necessary to develop algorithms and._
progranu for the solved prob lems, coordinate the opera~ion of the computer center
with the productian process of the object of contro 1 and with the requirement of
the existing traffic control system. In addition, it is necessary to introduce
an information gathering subsystem for gathering information about the shi~ping
process and an organizational co~~ication subsystem for transmLtting this
information. In railroad transportatian the creation of the indicated subsystems
is a complicated technical problem.
~1~ 3v~oca _ ' -
CyWecmBy~ou{ea cucmeMa ynpQBneyun p~y
nemamu 3BM (4)
~ 3~ o6pa6omKrr
OpLCQA~O S
) ~odcucmeMQ c6opa uM~opMayuu
06aeKm ynpaBneynA ( 7)
Figure 20.4. Structure of the automated cantrol system
Key:
1. Existing control systiem; 2. request; 3. pro cessing resu~.ts; 4. computer;
5. organizational coIDmunication; 6. data gathering subsystem; 7. ob3ect of
control
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The ASUZhT is characterized by a set of mathematical economic methods, computer
engineering and organizational comanunications means which perm~t significaat
improvement of the quality of the management of the transportation oper2~tion and
operative accounting for the activity of its subdivisions. The transpo�ct prncess
is a dynamic system, the control of which within the framework of the A.SUZhT is
connected with processing enormous flows of information input to the computer
i~ediately as it is generated. On ~the basis of this information an entire set
of prob lems can be solved. The m~re data accumulated in the comQuter memory, the
more efficiently various accounting and maaagement problems can be solved.
Thus, in a computer operating as part of tlce ASUZhT, an information model of the
obj ect of control, th at is, the railroad, is created, and the corresponding informa-
tion is continuously corrected according to the course of the real shipping process.
The indicated information model implemented oa a computer is the basis for the
ASUZhT.
When formulating the ASUZhT functions, it is necessary to isolate the following
types of problems as the most urgent: prospective planning of shipping operations
and coordination of them with ~ther tyges of transportation and also with the ~
work of industry and agriculture; operative control of the shipping process and
consideration of the operation of the railroad transport subdivisions; control of
material and technical supply, use and repair of the track, rolling stock and
other technical maans; automatic reserving and accounting for placns on passenger
trains and accounting for passenger flows and ticketing operations; monitoring the
docwnent circulation; ac.:ounting for personnel and material goods.
The basic links of the ASUZhT are the camputer centers in the railroad ad~nistra-
tions (DVTs) of which there are 32, and the main computer center TVTs of the
Ministry of Railways (Figure 20.5). In the b ranch subsystem of the DVTs, a
- railroad communications jinlction is provided, and in the GVTs MPS ~[main computer
center of the Ministry of Railways], a central co~unications office.
As a rule, no less than two identical basic computers are installed in each com-
puter c.enter which are capable of working with common memories, with a standard
makeup in order to insure continuous operation of the ASUZhT in real time.
The computers operate in two data processing modes: in real time with input of the
information directly from the coffin~ications channels to the computer complex for
implementation of the dynamic mQdel of the shipping process; in the multiprogram
package data processing mode wi.th input of the information from punch cardss
punch tapes, magnetic tapes and discs. One computer is 5pecialized for regular
operation in real time and the other backs it up a~nd processes in the package
mode. In necessary cases, with appropriate technical-economic substantiation,
further computers can be installed.
As the basis for the GVTs MPS and the railroad computer centers, multiprogram
third-generation computers from the unified system (unified system of computers)
are used which have the following example technical parameters matched by the
temporary operating group of tlie CEMA with respect to appli cation of computer
engine~ring in transportation: on-line memory access time 1-2 microseconds for
4 bytes (average speed no less than 105 operations/second); on line memory no less
than 512 kbytes (with the possibility of adding a rapid-access memory}; tt,ro types
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~la OcxoBnaR ~3~ ~4)E~-7191 ~5~ ~4) EC-5060
3BM fBU Roncyn260 AU~y
70442
~2~ 64 K6ar~m
71602 11601 71880 71686 3SJ/0
~6~ 1 Z � � � 63 6k
MoBenbr M M H M '
EC-B006 � �
~ ,QBQ 1 ~~l
Qeua
, QBU~ EC -5052
~ ,QBll18 EC -5053 (4)
Fig~e 20.5. Diagram of the basic ASUZhT computer center
Key :
1. Basic computer of the main computer center
2. 64 Kbyte on-line memory
= 3. Konsul 260 typewriter
4. YeS
5. ATsPU = alphantnneric printer
6. Modems YeS-8006
- 7. DVTs [railroad administration computer centers}
of random-access memories on magnetic discs (capacity of one replaceable
module 7.5 to 15 million bytes) and magnetic drums (na less than 4 milli~n bytes
each); "memory" with series access on magnetic tapes (no less than 8 reel tppe
imits, capacity 7.5 million bytes for one reel).
Devices for direct coupling in the data transmission network to 126-256 channels
operating at speeds from 50 to 2400 baud are mandatoxy.
Universal computer software includes dispatcher programs, translators, the library
of standard programs, and the set of check problems aad diagnostic tests.
For the first phase of the ASUZhT, the available second-generation computers are
used in the standard makeup for railroad transportation. Hawever, when developing
the second phase of the ASUZhT, conversion t~ the subsequent generations of c:~m-
puters must be considered.
The data transmission networks must be automated and noise immune with transmission
- reliability of no less than 1 to 10-6. For the first phase of the ASUZhT, the
existing telephone and telegraph co~unications are used.
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The basic principle for constructing the data transmission network is the
radial-junction principle with swi:ching c.enters at the GVTs aad DVTs computer
centers and also using switching imits (con'centrators) at the large centers. In
order to improve the system reliability, alternate routings are provided to set
up connectioas between the switching centers.
. In~creating the data transmission network, as a rule, the series-manufactured
data transmission equipment is used.
~ 104
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APPENDIX
BASIC TECHTTICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF THE MINIM[JM OOMFOSITION OF INPTJP-OUTPUT UNITS
USED IN THE YeS-1020 and YeS-1033*
YeS-5017 Magnetic Tape Storage
N~ber of magnetic tape storages in the computer layout 4
Capacity, megabytes 25
Recording density, bits/mm 8 and 32
Informatian recording method BVPT-1
Tape speed for writing and reading, meters/sec 2
Data exchange rate (with density of 32 bits/mm) kbytes/sec 64
~ Magnetic Tape Storage Controller
Number of connected storages to 8
Operating mode with channel exclusive
Replaceab le Disc Packet Storage YeS-5056
Number of magnetic disc storages in the computer makeup 4
Disc package capacity, megabytes ~�25
Recording density, bits/mm 29-44
N~ber of working surfaces of tne disc package 10
- Average access time to information, milliseconds 60
Data transmission rate, kbytes/sec ~6
YeS-5551M Magnetic Disc Storage Controller
Number of connected storages to 8
Operating conditions with channel ~ exclusive
~The minim~ set of UW jinput-output units] for the YeS-1022 and YeS-1033 is
the same.
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Ye5-6012 P~mch Card Input Unit
Read speed, cards/min 600
Read method Photoelectric
Hopper size, cards:
feed 1000
receive 1000
YeS-6022 Punch Tape Input Unit
Input speed, lines/sec 1500
Ptmch tape type 5-8-track
YeS-7077 Console Typewriter with Coup~er*
Print speed, character/sec 10
Character set 92
Number of copies 5
Width of paper roll, mm 280
YeS-7032 Printer*
Printing speed, line/min 820
Character set 83
Number of characters per line 128
Number of copies 5
Paper width, mm 80-420
YeS-7010 Punch Card Data Output Unit
Output speed, card/min 100
Hopper size, cards:
feed 700
receive 2X700
YeS-7022 Punch Tape Output Unit
Output speed, line/sec 150
Type of pimch tape ~ 5-8-track
YeS-9011 Pimch Card Data Preparation Unit*
_ Manual punch speed, column/sec 15
Duplication speed, column/sec 25
Hopper size, cards:
feed 500
- receive 2X50G
YeS-9024 Punch Tape Data Preparation Unit
P~ch speed, line/sec 50
Punch tape type 5-8-track
*The "Konsul-260" typewriter built in Czechoslovakia is used in this unit.
~ 106
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BIBLIOGTtAPHY
1. A1'yanakh, I. N. VNESHNIYE ZAPOMINAYUSHCHIYE USTROYSTVA YES EVM [External
Memories of the Unified System of Computers], Moscow, Sovetskoye radio,
179, 208 pages.
- 2. Drozdov, Ye. A.; Komarnitskiy, V. A.; Pyatibratov, a. P. ELEKTRONNYYE
VYCHISLITEL'NYYE MASHINY YEDINOY SISTEMY [Computers of the Unified System],
Moscow, Mashinostroyeniye, 1976, 672 pages.
3. Kagan, B. M. ELEKTRONNYYE VYCIiISLITEL'NYYE MASHINY I SISTEMY [Computers
= and Computer Systems], Moscow, Energiya, 1979, 528 pages.
4. Kachkov, V. P.; Kondrat'yev, A. P., et al. ELEKTRONNAYA ~~ISLITEL'NAYA
MASHINA YES-1022 [YeS-1022 Computer],Moscaw, Statistika, 1979, 20 8 pages.
5. Mayorov, S. A.; Krutovskikh, S. A.; Smirnov, A. A. ELEKTRONNYYE
- VYCHISLITEL'NYYE MASHINY: SPRAVOCI~TIK PO KONSTRUIROVANIYU [Computers:
Design Handbook], Moscow, Sovetskoye radio, 1976, 504 pages.
6. Mitreykin, N. A.; Ozerskiy, A. I. KONSTRUIROVANIYE APPARATURY AVTOMATIKI I
TELEMEKHANIKI [Design of Automation and Rem4te Control ~quipment], Moscow,
Mashinostroyeniye, 1975, 272 pages.
7. Neshumova, K. A. ELEKTRONNYYE TSIFROVYYE VYCHISLITEL~NYYE MASAINY .
[Digital Computers], Moscow, Vysshaya shkola, 1975, 328 pages.
8. PROTSESSOR EVM YES-1020 (YeS-1020 Computer Processor], edited by A. ri. Larionov,
Moscow, Statistika, 1975, 160 pages.
- 9. Ryzhkov, V. A.; Sergeyev, N. P.; Markop, B. M. VNESHNIYE ZU NA MAGNITNOM
NOSITELE [External Magnetic Memories], Moscow, Energiya, 1978, 224 pages.
10. SISTEMA DOKUMENTATSII YEDINOY SISTEMY EVM [Document System for the Unified
System of (:omputer], edited by A. M. Larionov, Moscow, Statistika, 1976,
328 p ages.
11. SPRAVOCEINIK PO TSIFROVOY VYCEIISLITEL'NOY TERHNIKE [Handbook on Digital
Computer Engineering], edited by Corresponding Member of the Ukrainian SSR
- Academy of Scien ces B. N. Malinovskiy, Kiev, Tekhnika, 1974, 512 pages.
12. Flores, A. VNESHNIYE USTROYSTVA EVM jPeripheral Devices of Computers],
Moscow, Mir, 1977, 550 pages.
13. Shelikhov, A. A.; Selivanoy, Yu. P. VYCHISLITEL"NYYE MASHINY: SPRAVOCEIldIK
[Co~uters: Handbook], Moscow, Energiya, 1978, 224 pages.
14. Shigin, A. G.; Deryugin, A. A. TSIFRUVYYE VYCHISLITEL'NYYE MASHINY
(PAMYAT' TSVM) [Digital Computers (Digital Comp~.iter Memory) Moscow, Energiya,
1975, 536 pages.
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15. ELEKTRONNAYA VYCHISLITEL'NAYA MASRINA YES-1020 [YeS-1020 Computer], edited
by A. M. Larionov, Moseow, Statistika, 1975, 128 pages.
16. ELEKTRONNAYA VYCHISLITE*L'NAYA MASHINA YES-1030 [YeS-1030 Computer], edited
by A. M. Larianov, Moscaw, Statistika, 1977, 256 pages.
17. ELEKTRONNAYA VYCHISLITEL'NAYA MASHINA YES-1U50 [YeS-1050 Computer], edited
by A. M. Larion~ov, Moscow, Statistika, 1976, 302 pages.
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- TABLE OF i;t~N'~ENTS
~
Introduct~on ~
~ Section I. Arithmetic Logical Principles and System of Elements of
~ the Unif ied System of Computers
Chapter 1. Arithmetic Principles of Computers
1.1. Number Systems Used for Computer Calculations 6
1.2. Conversion of N~bers from One Ntmober System to Another 10
1.3. Forms of Representing Numbers in Computers 11
1.4. Codes for Binary Numbers and Arithmetic Operations with "'hem 15
Chapter 2. Logical Principles of Computers
2.1. Basic Concepts of Mathematical Logic 21
2.2. Basic Logical Functions and Their Implementation Using Logical
Elements 23
2.3. Complex Logical Functions and Their Implementation 26
Chapter 3. System of Elements of the Unified Syste!n of Co~uters
3.1. Physical Representation of Binary Numbers and Classi:fication
- of Computer~~Elements 2�
, 3.2. Integrated Circuits Used in the Unified System of Computers 33
3.3. Flip-Flop Elements 37 '
3.4. AuxLliary Elements 44
Cl~apter 4. Assemblies of the Unified System of Computers -
;
4.1. ~~Computer Cyles. Formation of Operating Sync Puls~~ 47
4.2. Registers 49
4.3. Decoders 52
4.4. Counters 5~
' 4.5. Binary Adders 62
4.6. Decimal Adders 68
4.7. Code Comparison Assemblies
Section II. Units of the Unified System of Computer_s
Chapter 5. General DeSCription of the Units of the Unified System of
Computers ~
5.1. General Information ' 72
5.2. Structure of Unified System of Computers . 73
5.3. Data and Instruction Formats. Operand Addressing 76
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Chapter 6. On-Line and Read-Only Memroies of the Unified System
of Co~puters
6.1. Basic Characteristics of Memories 79
- 6.2. Memory Orgaaizatiaa Principles of the Unified Syste~ of Computers 81
6.3. Ferrite Core Memory Element 83
6.4. Structural Principles of Ferrite Core On-Line M~mories 8~
_ 6.5. Memories Based on Semicos~ductor LSI 89
6.6. Memories Based on Tk:in Magnetic Film 91
6.7. Read-Only Memory 95
Chapter 7. Processor
~ 7.1. Organization of Processor Operation 98
7.2. Struct~e of a Processor with Microprogram Control 102
7.3. Micro~ragram Control Module 104
7.4. Program Execution in the Processor 107
7.5. Char~cteristics of the Arithmetic-Logic Unit of Processors
of D~fferent Models of the Unified System ~~f Computers 111
7.6. Fxecution of Aritha~tic Operations on Fixed-Point Binary
Nmnhers 112
7.7-. Structure of the Control Unit 119
7.8. Monitoring and Control Panel 121
Chapter 8. Data Input-Output
_ 8.1. Principle of Organizing Data Input-Output 124
8.2. Operating Principles of the Multip lex and Selector Channels 126
8.3. Input-Output Interface 129
Section III. External Memories of the Unified System of Comp'~iters
Chapter 9. General Information about Information Storages ~
9.1. Purpose and Classification of Storages 132
- 9.2. Writing, Storing and Reading Information. Recording Densi~y 134
9.3. Methods of Recording Information on Magnetic Carriers ' 1~
Chapter 10. Magnetic Tape Storages
10.1. Purpose and Technical Specifications 139
10.2. Arrangemet~t of Information on a Magnetic Tape 141
10.3. Structural Diagram of the Storage Z4~+
10.4. Tape Drive Mechanism 147
10.5. Magnetic Head Module 152
10.6. Reel and Drive Motor Control ~4
!0.7. Electric Circuitry of the Storage Unit ~8
10.8. Charaeteristic Failures of Magnetic Tape Storages, Their
Detection and Elimination 163
1~:9. Preventive Control Operations 164
110
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Chapter 11. Magnetic Tape Storage Controllex
11.1. Purpose and Technical Specifications 167
11.2. Structural Diagram 169
11.3. Operation of the Magnetfc Tape Controller in the Complex Mode 173
11.4. Electric Power Supplp for the Controller 178
11.5. Checking the Operating Fitness of the Magietic Tape Controller
Equipmes.~t and Possible Failures 179
- Chapter 12. Ma~,~etic Dr~an Storages
12.1. General Description 183
12.2. Structural.~Desiga and Basic Assemblies ' 18~+
12.3. Arrangement of Information and Magnetic Heads on the
Surface v'' a Magaetic Drumi 186
12.4. Structural Diagram of tfie Storage 188
~ 12.5. Electrical Diagram ~of the Storage 192
12.6. Characteristic Failures and Preventive Maintenance Work 195
Chapter 13. Magnetic Diac Storages
13.1. Basic Description and Structural Principle 199
13.2. Arrangement of Information on tt:. Surface of Magnetic Disc 200
13.3. Structural Design and Basic Assemblies of the Storages 204
- 13.4. Carriage Drive 207
13.5. Electromechanical Module 210
13.6. Structural Diagram 213
13.7. Electrical Diagram of the Storage 21~
13.8. Characteristic Failures, Their Detection and Elimination 219
13.9. Preventive Control Operations 222
Chapter 14. Magnetic Disc and Drum Storage Controllers
14.1. General Description of the YeS-5551 Controller 224
14.2. Structural Diagram of. a Controller 225
14.3. Operation of a Controller Jointly with the Computer and
NPD [Magnetic Disc and Dr~ Storages] 229
14.4. Electrical Diagram of a Controller 233
14.5. Characteristic Failures 2~
_ Section IV. Input-Output Units of the Unified System of Computers
_ Chapter 15. Punch Carrier Data Preparation Un~ts
15.1. Information Carriers (Punch Cards and Punch Tapes) 239
- 15.2. Punch Card Data Preparation Unit 240
- 15.3. P~mch Card Controller . 244
15.4. YeS-9020 Punch Tape Data Preparation Unit (ITPDL) 245
111
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Chapter 16. Pimch Carrier Data Input Unit~
16.1. YeS-6012 Punch Card Input Unit 251
16.2. Read Control From P~ch Cards 257
16.3. Preparati.ian of the Bu-600M Mechanism for Operation 265
16.4. YeS-6022 Punch Tape Input Unit 26Z
16.5. FS-1501 Plxoto ilteader 27p
~ 1b.6. YeS-6022 Maintenaace 274
Chapter 17. YeS-7032 Alphauumeric Printer
- 17.1. Operating Principle 275
17.2. Structural Diagram 2g1
17.3. Maintenance of the Printer 289
_ Chapter 18. Symbolic and Graphical Data Displays
18.1. Display Principles 29~
, 18.2. Composition of the YeS-7906 Alphan~eric Data Display Comples 296
� 18.3. YeS-7064 Graphical Data Display 3pp
Chapter 19. Organization of an Input-Output Interface
19.1. General Information 306
19.2. Interface Lines 307
19.3. Operations in the Interface ~ 3131
Chapter 20. Technic~l. Maintenaace aad Use of the Unified System
- of Computers
- 20.1. Organization of the Operation of a Computer Center 316
- 20.2. Reliability and Technical Diagaostics :of a Computer 317
20.3. Methods and Software for Checking and Technical Diagnastics 319
20.4. Technical Maintenance Software 326
20.5. Prevent~ve Maintenance 328
20.6. Installation of the Unified System of Computers.and Safety
Engineering when Servicing Them 332
- 20.7. Using the Unifiesi System of Computers in the Automated Railroad
Transportation Control System 33.`~'
Appendix 33~:.R
Bib liography 340
OOPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Transport", 1981
10845
CSO : 186 3/ 74 END
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