JPRS ID: 10507 WEST EUROPE REPORT

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= JPRS L/10507
11 May 1982
West E u ro e R e o rt
p ~
~ (~OUO 29/82~
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JPRS I,/10507
11 1Kay 1982
~ WEST EUROPE REPORT
" ~~ovo z9~82)
- ' CONTEN 7S
ENERGY ECONOMICS
FR,ANCE
Study Views Community Role in Energy Policy, Outlook
(Bernard Bourgeois; ECONOMIA DELLE FONTI DI ENERGIA,
No 15, 1981) .....................................e...:. 1
POLITICAI,
TURKEY
; Lack of Impartiality in Dealing With Turkey Decried
('Isam ~Abd al-'Aziz; AL-~1ATAN AZ-'ARABI, 19-25 Max 82). 25
MIZITARY
, FRANCE
Light Arn~y Plane Adapts to New Antiaircra~t Weapons Abroad
; (Jacques Lazare; ARMEES D~AUJOURD'HUI, Max 82) 28
Bri ef s ~
New Voice Control System 31
Armed Services Manpower 31

~
GENERAL
' F'RANCE
! Photo of Ariane Solid Propellant Booster Released
(AIR ET COSMOS, 10 Apr 82) 32
;
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~ FAR OFFf~'IAi ifCF (1NT.Y
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ENERGY ECONOMICS ~N~
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STUDY VIE4JS COMMUNITY ROLE IN FNERGY POLIC'~, OUTLOOK
Milan ECONOMCA DELLE FONTI DI ENERGTA in French No 15 1981 pp 37-62
! ~rticle by Bernard Bourgeois, of the Economic and Lega1 Institute of Energy,
' National Scientific Re:>earch Center, University of Gr~enoble: "Ener~y Policy in
~ France: What are the Prospects for Regions and Local Communities?"
' ~ ex~ Since the mid 197G~s French energy policy ha~ aimed at reducing the part
~ of petroleum in primary energy supply through rapid development of nuclear en-
~ ergy, and secondarily through measures for energy economy and diversified use
~ of alt ernate sources.
This entirP policy was decided on and imAlemented in a very centralized and
authoritaxian manner under the direction of the Ministry of Industry, Electri-
; cite de France, and the Commissariat for Atomic Energy
- In that context local communities (r~gions, departments, and municipalities)
~ did not have a lar~;e role to play. Most of them, mereover, did not claim it,
~ i:or at lea~t two rea:ons.
I.n contrast to the ;~ituation in Italy or Germany, local cammunities in France
, have remained very weak vis-a-vis the central authorities. The region, as a
~ recent creation, does not yet have real powers. The department is above all a
re~ay for central administrations.
Theoretically, th~ c;ommunes have real powers, but they seldom make use of all
those conferred on them by law, for lack of fin~ncial resources and technical.
' expertise, particularly in the case of the numerous and quite small rural com-
~ munit ies. Those institutional weaknesses do not, however, mean that local
leaders are wi-~hout political power, as we sha11 see later.
; The second reason is more directly linke3 t~ Pnergy problems. As in most coun-.
tries of the world, municipalities pla.yed a role, at the end of the 19th and in
the early 20th century, in creating and developing gas and electricity distri-
~ bv.tion systems. But that role was never as extensive as it was ~3.sewhere, and
~ particularly in GErmany. After the nationalizations of '1946, municipalities
kept control of only 250 ga~ and electricity utilities affeoting.~3;~G communes
; and approximately 4,OCC,000 inhabitants
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' Why then is therE discussion in France today concerning the role of local com-
rr.unities in the definition and execution of energy polic~? Independently of
institutional changes now underway two groups of factors contribute to it:
Firstly,. social factors: the new a~pirations expressed by the ecological move-
ment, the rebirth of a.sociative lif~, and the development of regionalism havP
com;~elled major tradit,ional decieicn makers to seek the approval, or at least
the neutrality, of loca? communities concerned by establishment of large ener-
gy instal.lations. In consequence the latter have begun to express their inter-
est in energy problerns, particularly by ex�mining por~sible local alternatives
to certain national choices;
S econdly, techuical and economic factors: even though energy saving has not up
till no:~ been the priority objective of French energy policy, the central au~*
thorities have understood the role which could be played by certain local ini-
~ tiatives. Pr~.marily because local corrununities are energy consumers which could
~ economize by appropriate mea~u~~~.
~ Secondly--and tY:is is probably more important--because local communities, by
their impact on housing and transportation, anc3 on industrial installations,
influence energy consumption by~ all users. It is thus important that tliey
should take into account the energy impact of their loca.l policies.
F'inally, local communities are better able than major energy companies, or the
state, to develop dispersed energy resources, particularly insofar as their
_ development requires better adaptation between resources and consumers. To
that end, it is indeed desirable to take account of existing complementaxy re-
lationships between energy resource~ of this ser-
� ies./
~ 4. As established by a study commissioned from the Economic and Le$al Insti-
~ tute of Energy by DATAR ~Delegation for Na~ional Development and Regional
~ Actio~ and executed by B. Bourgeois, J. P. Bonaiti, and J. Girod. Complete
~ results :lere published in "Energy and Regions: Production and Consumption
Prospects, ~g85-20C0," DATAR Ncte.s, La Documentation Francaise, Paris 1980
; 246 pp.
; ~
~ 5. This summary is derived from an article by J. P. Bonaiti, B. Bourgeois, and
J. Girod entitled: "Regional Energy Supply and Demand Prospects in France
' to 20CC." The article appeared in REV[TE DE Z'ENERGIE, No 334, May 1981. T
thank the editors of that review for permission to reproduce various pas-
i sages of that article.
; 6. P. Barret, F. Basa J. F. Langumier, J. C. Mvron, J. Piona, and A. Valeyre,
"The Future: its Use or its Otsession," J~[TTURIBI,ES, SCENARIOS POUR L'AVENIR,
Paris, '1978.
; 7. '"TY~ese hypotheses would normally lead to estimating geothermal heat potential
at several Mtep. In point of fact this potential haE been substantially re-
duced because of~an arbitration more favorable to combined production in
~ cities of over 50,OCC~ population in regions of moc~erate climate: that is,
outside the Southwest and Mediterranean regions..
~ 8. Evaluation of effl.uents and recoverable potential was done at CERFN by
Messrs Chauchat and Zabbe. Regarding industrial cogeneration~ it is sup-
I posed that 50 percent of electricity consumption by the 5 branches: refin-
; ing, woodpulp, textiles, chemistry, and agricultural-foodatuffs, is supplied
( by mixed sources (gas turbi~es and diesel engines).
i
; g. These conclusions can be extrapola.ted by considerin~ the forms of energy
_i making up total consumption. We are thus led to aesume a relatively close
~ link between natiorial: infrastructure development policies and levels of
! electricity consumption. It indeed appears that an industrial redeployment
~ policy (Scenario II) particularly favors increa.se of such consumption, in ~
i ar.y case much more than that of fuels.
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-I 10. Whereas occa~ional development of those resources is admissible in logic 1.
~
, 11. Variable according to size o~f communities and type of problem raised.
12. "Perverse" effects can maek these positive aepects: the considerable devel-
opment of.public transportation in the Paris region offers a good exa.~ple
of this, insofar as it was accompanied by an equally large increase in
"mobility" of travelers.
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13. Y. Stourdze, "Variab~e-Geometry Authority: Deregulation," ANNALFS DES MINES,
Feb 1981, pp 137-'I 4E .
'i'AIiLES
Table 1. .Year 1980: Energy Consumption in France (Mtep)
National total Local communit.y portion
Industry and agriculture 64.8 0�5 ~
Transporzation 36�~ ~�5 ~
Reaidential-~ertiary 61.6 4.1 i
Exiergy sector 26.1 ~
~ - ~
Total 188.6 5�1 .
Source: Report by M. Os~sadzow, AEE ~Energy Economy Agenc~,~"Contribution by
Local Communities and Residences to ~hergy Conservation and Substitution of ;
Energies," in "Regional Conference on New Energies and Optimum Energy Use in
Loqal Ccmmunities and Residences," 26-27, Feb 1981, Regional Council of Burgun-
dy and City of Talant . '
1
Table 2. Ma.jor '~:~onomic Characteristics of Scenarios ;
Tableau 2 (1) ( 2) ( 3) ~ 4) :
;
DEnomi- Echangea B~anches Taux de Am~nage- ,
� notion ext~rieurs motrices croissaxa ment du
. � ee~rieoi~e
ScEnatio I Nouveau Ouvermn Electronique +396 Polarisation ~
libEralisme totale vetre, met. 1975-83 renforefe ;
( 5) ( 6) `'0 ni
m~7) isss-io~oo ~ 8r ( 9)
~~rio II Relance IntEgration Sauvegarde -E396 Polatisadon
. nationale eumpEenne des 1973-80 dessertEe
mntr8l& industries -f-396
de base 1980-2000
(~o) ~11) a~r~~~2> (~3) (~4)
ment
ScEnario III Nouvelle Auto- Biena ~-396 Tendance
croisssna centrage d'Equip. 1975-2000 A 1'homo-
' maintien gEnEisation ,
~ (15) (16) bmEdi~res~ 17) (18) (19)
Sl'N1CtS
~ pllbilC3
�Ke;y: 1. Name 6. Total opening 10. National upsurg~:
2. Outside exchanges 7. Electronics, glass, 11. Controlled ~;uropean
3. Motivating branches buildi.ng materials, integration
4. Growth rate IAA ~Yf , automobile 12. Safeguaxd of' basic
- 5. New liberalism 9. Reinforced polarazation industries be c:apital
goads
~~Sey continued on following p~
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~ Ke,y, Table 2, continued:
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f 1~F. l~oose polarization 16. Self-centralization 19. Trend to homege-
~ 15. N ew growth 17. Capital goods; maintenance; neity
~ intermediate goods; public
services ~
Table 3. Principal Categories of Energy Use by Sector
. . _ _ .
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! Tableau ~ (1) ( Z) ( ~F)
' Cn~nhus~ibles Carburanes Elec[rrcite Ene~gies
i nouveller
i �
~ Rcsidicntel Usage chaleur:- Usage chaleur: Usage chaleur:
; tertiairc Chau(fage, Cheuf~age, ChautEage,
~ 5~ E.C.S., ~ E.C.S., E.C.S.
Cuisson ~ 7~ Cuisson
EleccricicE spfcif.
~ Les quatre sous- Usage chaleur Usage chaleur Usage chaleur
secteurs ElectricitE
i industriels spfcif.
' Transports ( Force ( 9) Fortt
- motrict motrice
j Agriculture Usages ( ~ p) Usages Usages
~ indistincts , indistincts indistincts
~ Batimgnt Usagea Usages
~ ( ~,l) indistincts indistincts
~
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i Key: 1. Fuels 7. Electricity, specific uses
2. Hydrocaxbons , 8. Transportation
3. Electricity 9� Motive power
_ 4: New energies 10. Indistinct uses
~ 5. Residential-tertiary 11. C~nstruction
~ 6. Uses for heat: '
Iieat in ~
, ECS ~
' Cooking
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Table 4
Energies Local National I~~erted
� Combustibles and Coal Coa:l
motor fuels Natural gas Natural ~as �
- Hydrocarbons Hydrocar~ons
Electricity ' Hydraulic and wind Conventionr-1
Combined urban pro- thermal and
` duction nuclear
Industrial cogenera-
tion
New energies Solar, biomass
Urban wastes
Geothermal
Industrial heat
wastes
Heat pumps
~
~ Table 5. Regional Growth Rates .
Growth Rate Region
- Under 2 % Paris R~gion
Mediterranean
2% to 2.5 ~ Nassif Central
~ Rhone Alpes
Ov~er 2.5 ~ Southwest
Nortn
- Paxis Basin
West
Eaet
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Table 6. Regional Ccntributions of New Forms of Energy in Mtep, Scenario III,
~ year 20CC ,
~
(1) (2) ~ (3) (4) ~ (5) (6) (8) '
~
~ o w Pa~[ des N/e
~ ~ ~ ~ Z dCNS IOIQ~
~ ~(eep � ~ ti M a~ ~ dts utiGs
~ ~ A p ~ ~y~�, ~ E� Frrales (96) .
H
Region .Pacisienne 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 O.S 22 9.1
Bassin Parisien 1.0 2b 02 0.1 ~U.6 0.5 5.0 13.2
~ .Nord ,O.S ,D.3 0.~ - ~.2 0.2 1.3 7.3
Fst . 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.1 03 0.4 2.0 7.8
Ous'sc 0.7 iZ 0:2 - O.Z 0.4 2.7 13.8
Sud-Ouest 0,6 0.9 0.1 - 0.1 02 1.9 10.4
Messif ccntra! b:2 0.3 0.1 - - 0.1 0.7 13.0
1ti~ae-A1pes 0.5 0.3 0.2 - 0.1 03 1.4 9.1
1VIEditerranEe 0.7 0.3 0.2 - 0.4 0.1 1.7 8.3
Total France S.S 6.S 1.7 O.S 2.0 2.7 18.9 10.7
~
Key: 1. Solar 3. Urban wa'stes 5. Industrial heat wastes 7. Total new
' GEOthermal 6. Heat purxips energy
~ 2. Biomass 4. forms
� 8. New energy forms': percentage of final use total'
Table 7. State I,oca1 Community Relationships
~ Logic of local community action
; in energy.sector
i
~ State-local community a. Logic of buffer- b. Logic of
~ relay initiatiye
relationships
' Possible Impossible
� 1. Centralization
~ Not very plausible Possible
2. Decentralizat'on
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Table 8. Socio-political Hypotheses in Relation to Local Energy Programs
� Local energy conservation and ~levelopr~ent
. program
-
Scope of socio-political. Broad Narrow to modera.te
hypotheses
Buffer-relay role of local `~'smporary crossover Crossover possible
communities, with centralization possible (Scenario II)
Local community initiative, with Crossover possible Crossover possible
decentralization if program takeoff but not very plausi-
problems solved ble ~
(Scenario III)
- Final Energy Accounts of France, Year 2000~ Scenarios I, II, and III
s�,~ario i
Comburtibleset Ene~gies F.lcerric�ilc�
carhur. Mttp nnurclfrs TWh
Conaammanon ,
Industrie et BTP 76,5 0,4 218,8
REsidentiel-Terti~ire 4A.8 3,6 232,5 ~
Agriculturc 5.8 3,8
- Tnn:ports 64,3 12.2
Tot~le ulilixtions flndes 195,4 4,0 467,3
Pertes de tnneport de I'ElectricitE 36,7
- t) Total consommetion Male 195,0 4,0 504,0
Dltpanib!litEs
Apport der Enagier focnlu et r~fonafia
Chatbon 5,4
Gaz nriurel et hydrauburos 1,5 . �
, Soldrc 0.8
Biom~su 1'.6
DEchets urb~tns 0,4
GEothermie 0,3 ~
Rejets thertniquea industrkia 0,5
P.A.C. 0,4
Hydnulique et folienne 66,0
Prod. Comb. Urb. 6,2
Coger. industr. 10,3
2) Totd ~pport toal ~ rfgioml 7,0 4,0 83,0
1 - 2 Combustibla 188,0
Electddid 421,0
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ScYnorlo
Combuirlbkicr ~ t.'een~la lilrcnicir!�
cwbur. Mfep nouvella 77Vh
ConsommoNon
Industrk et 87'P 1,4 274,6
REsidmtiel-TeAUire 316 8,3 232~
Agrkuituro 4,9 3,1
Tru~~pOrp S 1,3 15,4
TotaluWitatiansOn~les 1700 9~~ 5~;~
PoRa de tnropoR de I'dkctrkitd
- 1) ToW consomm~tion tinah 170.0 10,0 567,0
Dl~pontblNth
Appn?t da Ener;fn lotdet et r~ioneks
Ch~rbon 6~
� Cazwturcl et hydrocubuia
; 2,5
Biomme 3'~
Ddchets urbain+ 0'~
Cbothemde 0,5
Itejeb thermkrya indwtrieb 0.8
P.A C. 19
Hydi~uliqoe et !ol{ennc. 70 0
Pcod. Comb. Urb. 7.6
- Coeet. Mdudr. 14,4
. 2) ToW apport Mcd ~?e~fo~ul 8.0 f0,0 92 U
1 - 2 Combutt~ie~ 162,0
Ekctckit6 475,0 _
~ Seenario U1
Combuitib/es et Enr?;ter E7rcracrrt�
earbw. Mtep nouveUa 7'M7~
- ' Consommotion ~
i Inaustrie et BTP 62.5 3,7 186,2
Rlsidentiel�TeAldre 31,7 I5,1 152,6
, Agriculwre ' 3,1 . 2U 2,0
Transports 33~9 16'~
Tot~l ut'slisttions Rnda 131,2 18,8 357,3
Pertes de tnnsport de 1'6kctricitE 28~~
i) Toul conwmrtuNon finile 131,0 19,0 ' 385,0
DtsponlbilitEt
Appa?t des inagies locair: et ?f~onaler
Chubon ~~6
~ Gas naturcl et hydroarburo~ 1.5
' Soi~iro 5~
~ - eiom~xe 6,5
Dbchett urbain~ ~ �6
GEothermie
ReJett thermiqua indwtrkb
P.A.C. 2.7
Hydnuliq:K ~t lolknne 76~
Prod. Comb: :Irb.
Coger, industr. . 39,2
2) Totd ~apport loul ~ rfgn?nil 9,0 19,0 136,0
1 2 Combustibla ~22.0
Electricitd 249A
(1 2) Apport dE~ bnet{ie~ n~liondw ou Importld. �
- � Y comprit P~uroproduedan en prorer~~nce de I~ produeton eombinbe urbaine et de u co~lnEntlon indu-
~ ilrktle (rdpeetlvement poue 1.11,111, l% 1'1Vh. 22 TW6, 59 TWh).
: rKey on ~ollowing .pa~
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Key to tables, Scenarios I, II, and III:
1. Combustibles and motor fuel, Mtep
_ 2. New energy forms .
3. Electricity, TWh*
Left-h:~nd column:
Consumptiont
Industry and BT~' Ie~a.nsion unknow~
Residential-tertiary
Agriculture
Transportatic,n
Tota1 fi.nal uses
Electricity tran.sfer losses
_ 1) Tota1 final consumption
Availabilities: local and re~ional energy contribution
Coal
Natural gas and hydrocarbons ~
_ S olar

_J Biomass '
- Urban waEtes
GEOthermal
Industrial heat wastes
Heat pumps
Hydraulic and H:ind
. Ccmbined urban production
Tndustrial cogeneration
2) Tota1 contribution, local and regional
1) and 2) Combustibles
Electricity
- (1 - 2) Con.tribution of national or imported energies
*Including self-production ori~inating from combined urban and industrial
cogeneration (respectively II, and ITIa 17 TWh, 22 TWh, and 59 TWh).
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~ CAARTS
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; Chart 1- Division into 9 regions
NORD
i �wn "c""�"
~
wia
i ~o~u wae
, ILE DE
scr.o.rt ~~E b�urw~e
~ OUEST BASSIN PARISIEN E T
~rs a u ~nwi
a~rtu ,
~ar~ooae oam
e~~ain MAS~i1F (~ITRAL
, ' ~.~owM RFIbrE-ALPES ,
woi-Kns ,
i
~ ~anr~w[
wDi-?r~[MY
. ~ Wql/OOC ~OYWO!-~ ~
OOSY Q
SUO-OUE3T ~o� MI~DITE ~E
~ ~ .
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, I
~ �
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Chart 2- Form.s of energy: proportion of total final energy use in each region ;
Graphiquc Z� Part de chaque /orme d'energre danr !er utilisa~ion jinales de chaque '
region
2000. Sc~nario I II
`g ~ ~c .
o~ '
\