JPRS ID: 10467 WORLDWIDE REPORT LAW OF THE SEA

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/10467
20 April 1982 ~
Worldwide Re ort ~
p
LAW OF THE SEA
(FOUO 2/82) .
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INF.ORMATiON SERVICE
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i _ . .
JPRS I,/104 67
20 1~pri1 198~2
WO~LDWIDE REPORT ~
LAW OF THE SEA . ~
, c~ovo. 2~s2~
~ CONTENTS
ASIA
JAPAN
Japan Distressed by U.S. Action on Law of Sea, Seabed Mining
(Various sources, vaxious dates) 1
Four Nation Agreement ~
Background of Four-Nation Agreement
~ASAHI SHIlKBUN' Editorial
T~DP~s Sea I,aw Bill
Japan ~ s F~.iture Policy
~Knowingly Missing the Bus~, by Takehisa Kondo
Facing a Ihlermna, by Tsunek~. Maruyama
- a - [III - WW - 136 FOUO]
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- ?:~R O~H[CiAL USE ONGY
. ~ JAPAN
, .
JAPAN DISTRESSED BY U.S. ACTION OIJ LAW OF SEA, SEABID MINING
Four Nation Agreement ~
OW030629 Tokyo KYODO in English 0605 GMT 3 Feb 82 .
[Text] Tokyo, 3~Feb KYODO--The United States, Britain, West Geru?ari,y and France :iave
notified Japan of their decision to s3gn a"tentative agreement" on development of
the seabed mineral res~ources on January 19, the Foreign Ministxy said Wednesday.
Under the agreement, p.rivate enterpri.ses of the four nations are to start prospect-
ing for various seabed mineral resources earlier than any other countries.
The agreement is not "exclusive" and is temporary until a forma? treaty is reached
~ at the United Nation's~ conference on the law of the sea, according to Foreign Min-
istry officials. ~
Jap~n did not ~oin the agreement because it considers that development of such min-
eral resources should be promoted under international laws now being worked out
at the United Nations, they said. ~ ~ .
- The Japanese Government plans to express its view to the four countries by Feb ru-
ary 19, they said.
At the U.N. conference on the law of the sea, which started in 1973, agreement has
been reached on more than 90 percent of all existing problems to date and the mining �
problem finally emerged as the only outstanding issue, according to conference
sources. '
Background of Four-Ivation Agreement
OW050449 Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN in Japanese 3 Feb 82 morning edition p 3
[Text] The United States legislated domestic laws pertaining to the development
of seabed resources in ..;~ine 1980 and, to date, the United Kingdom, West Germany
~ and France have followed suit. However, Japan has been unable to venture a similar
act3.on because, for the most part, she lags behind the other nations in the develop-
ment of technology. Although the exploration ship "Hakuryo-Maru" has started
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operations, as a governnent source says, "at present she lacks the capability of
discovering p roapective mining areas," so there is no trump card for enacting do-
mestic laws at an early date.
Another~~reason lies in the delay in reaching an agreement at the UN conference on
the law of tt~e sea, which is supposed to set the rules.for the development of world
seabed resources. Even if the proposed UId treaty on the law of the sea is adopted
at the next meeting, it will not take e.ffect before 1988, because it has to undergo
ratif.ication procedures in every nation concerned. Hence, Japan was off her guard,
believing that it would not be too late even if she timed domestic legislation to
fit in with the UN schedule.
Whi1e Japan was slow in taking the necessary steps, Reagan's U.S. Administration,
believing that securing strategj.c seabe~i resources would cont:~-ibute tp the security
of the Western world, took a bold course and concluded the q~adrilateral agreement,
through the cooperation of the rhYee European countries. However, since developing
co�ntries are expected to voice strong opposition, the U.S. Government is said to be
~tudying a revised draft treaty that might keep the four-nation ~greement in harmony
with the UN treaty, in an effort to find a compromise with developing countries at
the UN conference cn the law of the sea.
- 13ut, unless tha~ draft treaty is adopted, the four nations will go ahead and estab-
lish their m.ining districts and undertake explorarion and development pro~ects.
Hence, Jap~a is put into a situation in which she has to find ways to compromise
_ while pratesting the four nations. All in all, it is necessary for Japan to equip
herself, with the qualifications to particiFate in the project at any ~ime in order
to ca~ry out negotiations to her advantage.
Cl~PYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbunsha 1982
'ASAHI SHIMBUN' Editorial
Tolcyo ASAIiI EVENING NEWS in English 13 Feb 82 p 5
[ASAHI SHIMP,UN 11 February editorial: "Law of the Sea"~ ~
[Text] The llth session.of the 3d UN conference on the law of the sea is opening
in New York on March 8. It is the opening of the "final session," for which an
unusually long term of 8 weeks has been aet, and the participants are deteraiined
to arrive at a a agreement.
But with this important session coming :tp, there have been several deplorable
developments. One of them is the submission by the United States, which had re- .
fused to participate in the deliberations on the grounds th3t it was reviewing its
own law of the aea ~olicy, of six conditions for returning ~.o the discussions.
The other is the fact that the United States, Britain, France and West Gei-many are
going foxward with preparations to sign a mutual agreement on the develop~ent of .
seabed resources. These two moves are related to each other, and botb. c~~~ dark
shadows over the future of the conference on the law of the s?a.
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Fver since 1973,~t~ie conference on the law of the sea has faced rough going and
several times it appear.ed ahout to break up. The confrontation between the advanced
and developing countries o�oer the davelopment of deep seabed resources was garti-
cularly severe, but as a result ~f the tenacious efforts of variuus countries, in-
cluding the United States, an unofficial draft was drawn up in 1980.
Despite this, the Reagan Administration, soon after the inauguration, listened to
the complaints of private~ companies and declared that it would carry out a drastic
review uf its sea law policy. It refused to participate in fihe deliberations of the
conference on the law of the sea, which held up the deliberations for a whole year.
This alone is very deplorable, but the six conditions it has submitted are very arro-
gant, and blatant~y so in its stipulations that "the contents must be such as to ob-
tain the ratification of the Senate".and"~evis3on of articles will not be recognized
unless they are approved b y the United States."
The conditions submitted by the United States demand basic changes in the draft of
the treaty already drawn up. As long as the United States sticks ta these condi-
tions, not only wi11 agreement not b~ reached during this sess~on, but there is the
danger that it will disinte grate in midair.
The four-nation mutual agreement is related to this American attitude. Predicting
that no agreement would be reached on a law of the sea, the United States has been
taking legal steps taithin the country and has been making preparations.for independ-
- ent development. wants to gu a step further and draw the ltnes for prospecting
areas among~the fnur countries. At the same time, it 3s clear that use ~f such
steps as "threats" in order to push through U.S. demands at the conference on the
law of the sea is a hidden goal of American policy.
- Japan apparently has decided not to participate in this mutual agreement, and this
is only to be expected. Some think Japan should participate because they are
a~fxaid Japan will be left behind; but Japan should advocate the signing of a law
ot the sea treaty and development under such a treaty. In fact, Japan should
reprlmand t:~e four countries . .
~ As we have pointed out time and time again, isn't the United States beix~g blinded
by immediate profits and underestimating the significance of the establishment of a
law of the sea treaty? If a. new international order concerning the sea can be
established on the basis of the consensus of over 100 countries, the effect it will
~ have on the future interna~ional situs~tion will be incalculable. We wish the United
States would adopt a broader viewpoint an.d work toward agreement in this session.
At the same time, the other countries should not impatiently force thr-r~ugh a
vote without the United States, but sti:k to the policy of agreement by all parti-
cipaeing countries. Japan should also revisE ita policy of following the lead of
the United States and shoul.d frankly explain to the ~~dvanced nations that they can
- no longer go ahead on their own just because they have the technology.
We hope the signing ~f the treaty, which has been scheduled for this fall in Caracas,
- will be achieved without fail.
COPYRIGHT: Asahi Evening News 1982 ,
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LDP's Sea Law Bill
- OW170633 Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN in Japanese 16 Feb $2 morning edition p 1
[~xcerpt~ The LDP has firmed up a plan to introduce a bill for enactment of an
"interim law on deep seabed m:neral resources development" (temporarily named) in
the current Diet session in order to make arrangements for developing' deep seabed
nadules coritaining nickel, cobalt, and other minerals. For the development of deep
seabed resources, the United States, West Germany, Britain and France have agreed ,
to sign a four-nation agreement featuring a system of reciprocal nations. They
have called on Japan to 3oin in this agreement, on condition that she will enact
a pertinent domestic law. The Japanese Government has shown a passive attitude
towards joining this agreement and adopting the domestic law in questi~n, on the
grounds that "the~agreement, exclusive in nature, will incur oppo~ition among de-
veloping countries and that Japan has little to gain from it." On the contrary,
the LDP's judgment is that there is need to enact a relevant law so that Japan
can become party to the agreement at any time. The LDP Dietmen have already a
tentative draft bill. Using tti3.s as a basis, the LDP policy affairs research coun-
cil's special comnittee on deep seabed resources wi11 start full-scale work next
- ~ week to draft.a bi11.~ ~
The tentative draft bi11, prepared by chairman of the special committee Tamisu~Ce
Watanuki, Yoshiro Hayashi and other Dietmen is made up of nine provision$ includ-
ing one on "reciprocal nations," in which the idea of recognizing each other's
mining fiel3s is incorporated. Thus the tentative draft has obviously been pre-
pared as a step toward joining the four-nation agreement. In anticipation of the
adoption of a treaty at the UN law of thp sea conference, the tentative draft has
a provision for reviewing this 1aw when the treaty is signed.
The LDP's reason for beginning to enact a domestic law is that it feels a sense of
crisis at the possibility that Japan will be left behind in the develppment of deep
~ seabed resources if she does not act now.
CUPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbunsha 1982
- Japan's Future Policy
OW171435 Tokyo JIJI in English 1412 GMT 17 Feb 82
[Excerpts] TOKYO, 17 Feb (JIJI PRESS)--Japan wi11 go all out in exploring seabed
mineral resources on its own without joining a four-nation Western agreement on
the development of manganese nodules in the Pacific.
The Natural Resources and Energy A~gency of the Ministry of International Trade and
Industry (MITI) has reacted aga3nst the accord among the Urlited States, Britain,
West Germa.ny and France on the ground that it runs counter to an international
treaty drafted at the U.N. conference on the law of the sea.
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:-IITZ sees no merit for Japan in participating in the four-country accord as the
forerunning quartet is given priorities in the demarcation of exploratory conces-
sions under the pact, working to Japan's disadvantage.
It also considers it necessary to honor the:U.N. confQrence with a view to acting
in concert with the Third World.
Technolog~ for miaing manganese nodules, now being developed in various countries,
i~ expected to be put into practical use 3n about 10 years.
MITI plans to take the initiative in such technological development fn Japan by
undertaking a nine-year, 20 billion-yen (about 83.04 million dollars) program
starting in the current fiscal year ending in Mar.^.h.
COPYRIGHT: Ji~i 1982 '
~ 'Knowingly Missing the Bus' .
OW090136 Tokyo THE JAPAN TIMES in Fnglish 8 Mar 82 p 5 .
[Article by Takehisa Kondo: "Rush Is on for Manganese Nodules--and Japan Is
Knowingly Missing the Bus"]
[Ex~~rpts] While more anxious than ever before to secure this mineral-meager
indust~ial nation stable supplies of vital metals, Japan is knowingly missing
the bus--at least right now. ~
The four Western powers--the United States, West Germany, France and Britain--are
moving fast to conalude a mutual agreement to extract met~allic nodules found in ~
abundance on the ocean beds. Today's Forty-Niners are rushing for manganese
nodules experts ca11 "the last untapped resources availab le."
The agreement, once~re~ched, will authorize the participating countri~s to ex-
plore and mine the nodules through exclusive negotiations among them. And domestic
mining sources agree such an accord will come "very soon." ~
The stage: The Pacific sea floor spreading over about 9 million square kilometers
to the Southwest of the Hawaii 'Islands. ~
~lot introduced w~11 to average citizens, manganese nodules are of profound con-
cern for either policy-makers or leaders of key industries in~any advanced states.
Oritical metals are of more importance to Japan, the country d~pendent on foreign
nations for more than 98 of those trade resources. "Japan will be one of the na-
tions hardest~hit in an etabargo and any other form of import stoppage," an in-
dustry source said. ~
Though we11 aware of the urge for Japan to make safe uninterrupted rare metal
supplies, Tokyo government leaders presently accept the recent move for a quad-
lateral deep-sea ~ineral�development pact as a step clashing head-c~n with United
Nations efforts to ensure increased share of maritime resources for developing
Third World countries. ~ '
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The 150-nation third U.N. con~erence on the law of the sea spent much of ite
disc~issinns since 1973 to establish g~idelines for a multi-lateral ~evelopr.ant of
manganese nod�les, the "fortune commonly shared by mankind."
In mid-1980, the conference of the international body came up with a draft of a
maritime law treaty, putting an end to the decade-old North-vs.-South scenario '
between advanced and developing states.
The drafted deeg-sea mineral mining boils down to a compromise "parallel" method,
under which the Unitf:d Nations would create an international organ and approve
mining interests, ~*..~stly organized into consortiums, to tap the metallic nodules.
Lobbied by domestic mining capitals, the United States, however, soon voiced op-
p~sition to the U.N, plan because of virtual smalle~:: shares for private paxti-
cipants. U.S. firms, which had heavily invested, feared the lion's share would
be pumped out into s new U.N. organ.
"For the AmerYcans, its meaning is incalculable in terms of national securityr"
the source said. ~
Lare in January, President Ronald Reagan announced plans authorizing private U.S.
mining c:oncerns to develop ocean-floor metallic resour.ces in the Atlantic. In
_ M.arch last year, the Republican President proposed to spend $100 million to im-
port critical metals for strate~~c purposes.
"Everything has come f rom sur;;ing resource nationalism," an officisl at the .
Natural Resourczs and Energy Agency explained. "Nobody can deny have-nations
may form an OPEC in metal. We should have such metals in case of rain."
Separate from prolonged procedures at the Unired Nations for orderly ocean-bed
resource development, the quartet and the Ketherlands, Belgium, Italy and Japan
have taken steps in the last two or so years to organize rules~ of their own. The
forerunnar four states, in a tentative agreement, are to go ahead with explora-
t:Lon wor.k as a stopgap until a law of the sea treaty is formalized.
_ Partially urged by internal mining companies whic't~ had channeled investments,
the United States earlier completed a set of domestic lnws on deep-sea mineral
mining. West Germany, France and Britain, the countries where the concerned
projects are led by central governments, followed U.S.'s suit.
Witt~ the llth session of the U.N. conference due to come on March 8 for debate
cm ttie issue further, the Japanese Government, some domestic industries and
r.elated businesses, appear to remain lukewarm.
"A certain sense of frustration is harassing government officials," said Presi-
� dent Kunio Ohta of Deep Ocean Mining Co., a group of 23 Japanese firms concerned.
What concerns the Tokyo government is in fact that Japan. ma.y tarnish its image
among the developing countries by joining the four-nation alliance. The more
practical theory: the expected t~greement will not benefit this country as a
_ latecomer.
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Actually, Japan, as the agency official put it, is years behind the four early
starters in manganese nodule development efforts, while Ohta assexted "there's
no gap of technology" for recovery of nodules from the ocean floor.
,
Also lying as a big stumbling block to Japan's full participation in joint man-
ganese mining is disagreement between the Foreign i~l3,nistry and the Ministry of
~ International Trade and Industry (MITI). "The Foreign Ministry is for the U.S.,
but the MITI is always worried how the Third World will think," Ohta said.
_ Some mining industry sources blame Japan's settsack on ira~ffective development
efforts in this country, being made separately by the government and private
busi_nesses .
Ohta's Deep Ocean Mining formed a consortium on an equal footing with Inco of
Canada, AMIt of West Ger~any and Sedco of the United States. Four similar
multilateral partnerships al.so are operating in manganese nodule development, which
involves mining and energy giants like Kennecott, Lockheed and ENI.
In separate projects, the Natural Resources and Energy Agency and the Industry
and Technology Instiiute have previously invested funds totaling 10 billion yen.
From both long- and short-term points of view, government officials and lawmakers
are now opposed to Japan's joining with the four advanced states, because, as
some Diet officials said, the participation will infringe on the spirit of the
public use of high seas.
COPYRIGHT: THE JAPAN TIMES 1982
Facing a Dilemma
Tokyo SHUKAN TOYO KEIZAI in Japanese 13 Feb 82 p 62-62
[Ar.ticle by journalist Tsuneki Maruyama]
[Text] The UN Conference on the Law of the Sea: Disturb-
ance Is Inevitable Due to the U.S. Hardline Policy--
Behind the Scenes of Manganese Nodules Development
The 10-yea "marathon conference" will soon be concluded, The law of the sea
treaty has _~~e to a standst.ill at one stroke through Reagan's review policy;
Japan's position 3s difficult.
Beginning on 8 March, the final session of the third UN conference on the law
of the sea will take.place i.n New York. The United Nations convoked this con-
ference in 1973, and ever since a marathon conference has been conducted over
a 10-year period. At the lOth session last year, agreement was supposedly
reached which was said to be a product of compromise by the respective coun-
tries.
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Unexpectedly, hawever, at the 10th session, the United States proposed that the
deliberations up to that time be completeiy reviewed; the law of the sea reached
a deadlock, like a ship that was about to enter a harbor striking a rock. Each
particigating country was quite put out by the surprise attack of Reagan`s compre-
hensj.ve review diplomacy, and the session ended in a state of confusion.
The U.S. Aim Is To Secure the World' Strategic Materials
The aim of the review policy of the Reagan administration is the deep seabed
mineral resources, in particular, to secure national ~nterests in the mining of
manganese nodules. According to the previous agreement, there was to be a
parallel system whereby such devElopment would be placed under international
supe r~ision; e~ctensively incorporating the requests of the ma~ority of develop-
ing natian~ ~and, at the same time, the private sector was also to be allowed to
participate in such development.
- But the United States.and its private sector, which had once acknowledged this
agreement, could no longer tolerate this, and it broke its promise~even though
ttiis meant antagonizing the enti~e world. By this action the mechanism involved
in the policy decisions of the U.S. Congress and the dxeadful lobby~ng activities
have come out into the open.
7'tien why di.d the United States switch ~o an extremely firm attitude and actually
i~nore international custom regarding such a conference? Here there is a strong
politi_cal odor attached to the issue of the mining of manganese nodules. This
is because nonferrous metal resources are excellent world strategic materials
for the future.
The resources contained in manganese nodules are as shown in the accompanying
table. The mining of these resources is limited on land, but there is an almost
inexhaustibl.e supply itx~~the seabed. Whether or not this can be put at one's
own disposal will make a great difference in world strategy. Without manganese,
not a pound of steel can be produced; without the cohalt contained in the nodule,
_n_o airplane can be manufactured.
The potential of the nonferrous metals is less than that of o31 and iron. But
when we consider that it is now obvi.ous that the nonferrous resources on land are
limited, like a large ship that canmot move when even a small cogwheel is missing,
their qualification as a strategic materiaZ is high, so they hold a crucial key.
In fact, the terrestrial resource~ of manganese nodules are unevenly distributed;
they are found in such African countries as Zaire, the Congo, and South Africa.
On the basis of oil in the Middle East and nonferrous resources in Africa, the
United States and th~ Soviet Union have ~ied their major strategies to these
areas.
The reality is that the Soviet Union and the United States are balancing power
~long a vertical line drawn by the farmer and a horizontal line by the latter,
with Egypt and Israel in the center, like a cross. The "hidden attraction" is
the existence of various abundant nonferrous metals contained in manganese nodules.
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.s�
U.S. "Domestic Affairs" Which Called for a"Delay"
Regarding the trend of the llth session of the conference on the law of the sea,
which will take"pTace from March ti11 the end of April, for the present, the
attitude of the~~United States is quite unpredictable. The situation is movin$
toward a delicate stage wherein the United States will either blow up the UN
10-year marathon conference by forcing its way through, or it will set at the
table of the full-dress meeting which the other countri~s regard as the final
decisionmaking conierence. In the past half year, Assistant Under Secretary of
State J. [Marone?], the head of the U.S. delegation, and the I1.S. Industry
Association (AEI) have been energetically engaged in the behind-the-scenes
maneuvering regarding the review policy through discussions and negotiations.
The reasons why the United States called for "delay" in the draft treaty,
which should have been settled at the lOth session last year, are as follows:
First of all, the United States considers that the regulations limiting develop-
ment of deep seabed mineral resources, and specifically manganese nodules, do not
sufficiently reflecL� the U.S. pol�i:tiical and economic role in the planned interna-
tional seabed organization or in the international development public �orporation.
This reflects a belief that a crisis might occur if the prof its of the Third
World should become overriding, overshadowing interests of the United States,
the biggest consumer.
Second, the United States greatly fears that with the present international voting
mechanism, its vi=w will not be reflected "fairly" regarding the use of man-
ganese nodules, for whic:h it is the largest producer and consumer. The United
States wants to amend the provision so as to have its views, as an advanced tech-
- nology country, forceful.ly recognized by the board which is supposed to become
an executive organ of the international seabed organization.
Third, the present draft provides for limits on the production of and access
to manganese nodules. Because of this, the United States insists that it cannot
establish a regime so as to promote smooth production as the largest consumer.
Fourth, the present draft is naturally advantageous for the international develop-
ment corporation (enterprise) which is expected to be established by the intern-
national seabed organization, but it is obvious that it will become an obstacle
to private enterprises, the main development body, obtaining a license for de-
velopment. ~
Fifth, the draft will result in providing an insufficient guarantee to the~mining
activities of the private sector, which has substantial mining rights. The
United States considers that a guarantee should be given to provide an opportunity
for the private sector to invest in and accomplish the project successfully.
It appears that the United States is determined to oppose the draft, which does
not specify these various points. Here we can see the surfacing of a very real
attitude of confrontation between intErnal adjustment within the.advanced country
and the North and South issue, which is presently of great international interest.
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The IJ.S. Pr.ivate Sector Puts Pressure on Reagan
There was in 1.ncident in March af last year, when the U.S. negotiating delegates,
on .*.he way to the settlement oF the conference on tlie law of the sea, were arbi-
trari"ly dismissed by then Assistant Secretary of State Clark. Hardliners from
the Reagan camp were hastily designa.~ted as replacements and were ordered to halt
the negotiati.ons. This was the beginning of the sudden switch in U.S. policy to
a stand for a strong United States. .
Prior to this, the way of thinking supported unde~ three presidents, Nixon, Ford
and Carter, h_~~ '.ed to a package treaty an ~aw of the sea. The development of
deep seabed res~urces, fishing rights, economic water ar~as, ocean pollution,
technology trans:Epr, and the freedom of sealanes and aviation were considered
as a package treaty.
Rict~ardson, the chi.ef delegate to the coreference on the law of the sea during the
Carter adn~~nis~ratl.on, was anxious to conclude the treaty at fihe United Nations;
as he said: "GJe on.ly have on.e~choice, and that is a package treaty."
With the appearance of President Reagan, the attitude has changed drastically
through the policy review aperation, which is due to the fact that nonferrous
metals as strategic materials have been recognized as an extremely important .
issue.
The private enterprises which make up the U.S. T~Iining Council have been putting
intense pr~ss~sre Qn the government on the grounds that the draft treaty does not
provide a stable aizd realistic seabed mining regime for commercial development by
private enterprises and that access for investors is not guaranteed. ~
Japan Driven Into a Aaml.et-Like State of Mind
Thus, the th3.rd UN conference on the Iaw af. the sea all depends on what move
the Uniteci States caill make. Japan is be~.ng put in an extre~uely diffieult situa-
tion.
Japa:~ has to depencl un fore:Lgn sources for the supply oP nearly 100 percent of
irs nonf.erraus resources; therefore, 3.t is eager to secure manganese nodules.
Despite tkiis, however, it can neitlier fail tv pursue diplomacy in every direction
while fi.rmly holding onto the UN principles, nor can it abandon the line of
cooperatian with the United States. The fact that among the participating coun-
tries, Japan alone supported th~ United States in the previous session, to the
scorn of the Soutl~ countries, is sti1.1 fresh in our memory.
'The United States, on r.he other hand, has already been accepting applications
from tnining districts from U.S., Japanese, an.d European industries, regardless
of the course Qf the con�erence on the 1aw of ths sea. This is based on U,S.
domesr:ic law; naturally, however, the developing nations oppose this as being
3nval.ici in terms of international law. Japan also faces the dilemma that if it
should delay applications due to consciousness of the "South," it could not shut
out from favoxable mining districts.
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In the meantime, four.gover:zments--the United States, Britain, West Germany and
- France--have notified the Japanese Government that on 19 February they w311 sign
a secret agreement on monopolistic development of deep seabed mineral resources
which will become effective immediately. That means starting action before ob-
taining the consent of all the countries concerned regarding the allocation of
mining districts. Because Japan has taken the position of stressing the import-
ence of the Uuited Nations, it is cornered, and the situation has grown tense.
Japan professes to be a country of the sea; nevertheless, the government and the
private sector as a whole have not made substantial efforts in the development
of the sea. At the beginning of the 1970's, an ocean development boom was cre-
ated, but no fruitful discussion has taken place for 10 years. Its "charge" is
about to b e questioned at the third UN conference on ti:e law of the sea when it
comes to a showdown.
At I.ast; Japanese Industry Has Formed a"Research Association"
Belatedly, however, at the beginning of this year Japan also established a
"Technological Research Association, Manganese Nodule Mining System Research
Institute" as one of the large projects sponsored mainly by the Agency of Indus-
trial Science and Technology under MITI. It is planning to conduct research for
approximately 9 years.
Thus far, the Metallic Mining Agency, in particular, has engaged in investiga-
tions using a research ship for deep seabed manganese nodules, the "Dai-ni
Hakuryo-Maru." Also, the Deep Ocean Mineral Resources Associatioi~ (commonly re-
ferred to as DOMA) has been conducting extensive investigation activities witll
regard to manganese nodules. '
F~irthermore, wi*_h respect to~the activities of the private sector, the Sumitomo
group and the Mutsubishi group have joined international consortia to promote
development research, the former with Inco and the latter with Kennecott. There-
fore, it is not as if Japan did not~have any research foundation.
In. the light of the entire industry, however, these activities were definitely
un.dertaken in the manner of sideline work, so that, in terms of recognizing the
signif.icance oF nonferrous resources as strategic materials, these were in no
way adequate. tJithout Japan's own developmental technology, participati.on in the
mining market is not possible. The establishment of manganese nodule mining tech-
nology is so urgent that it is unavoidable.
Tn order to meet the situation, the task of the "Manganese Research Assaciation"
is vital. The members of the association number 17 companies--Ishikawajima-Harima,
Ebara Corp, Shosen-Mitsui, Ka.wasaki Heavy Industries, Sumitomo Metal Mining,
Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Pacific~Metals, Nippon
Kokan, Nippon Mining, Nippon Denko, Hitachi Shipbuilding and Engineering, Mitsui
Mining and Smelting, Mitsui Shipbuilding and Engineering, Mitsuibishi Metal
Corp, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Meiderisha Electric--and the Metal Mining
Agency. �
- Each will undertake a share of development and engage in the development of re-
spective systems such as handling, measuring control, mineral lifting, and
collection.
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Fortunat~ly, Japan's shipbuilding and electric eilgineering rank among the top
in the world, so the technological gap with the United States, which is the mat-
~er of. most concern, wi11 soon be filled. Japan is also good at promoting a pro-
~ect once i~s targeC is determined.
Casting a side glance at the conFerence on the 1aw of the sea association, direc-
tor Hirakawa says: "We will at least conduct technological development in prep-
~
arat:ton for the 'action before the audience , thus indi:cating anthusiasm. an
the other hand, although irregular, tlze Japan-U.S. Ocean Conference has met five
times, mainly consisting of Japanese and American partliamentary members. At
last, the Diet members have begun work.
Although the UN conference on the 1aw of tYie sea is unfamiliar to the public in
general, since this is the year of decision and because the session is approach-
ing, Japan's ciiplomat.ic ability is being weighed. Japanese diplomacy concerning
resosrces is tox~n. between the Japan-U.S. and the North-South relationships as to
how will it meet the difficult problem of securing national profits while main-
taining international cooperation. The respon~ibility of the authorities con-
cerned is grave. ~
Key: ~
1. Volume of inetals contained in manganese_ _ _
nodules deposited in the Pacific Ocean ~ ~s~x~~~~}~~~~- y fj y[~t~g~~~; ~#1,a~~$
2. Vol.ume of inetals cont~ined in 2,~~~~.qi~i_;~,k~i,,,>4~~~k
manganese nodules � ~ " ~ ~
-.~r i~ SH a i! i f�II 1'I'. i'rl! ~ii ^~(1.99'Y~) (0.53;'i,) 10~35"i~) (2A.2"~~)
p 17,00 . 1641v'� 881R', 581Q'� A,OOOIe'.
5. Cobalt t~ I~}~ x~ lil. 0.6~R'� d.11~!'. f20.OGlp', f01~'.
6. rianganese pl: 'R� ~!I'� I~U tl'('i'! ~~k (1977) 64.8 ~i' 11 896.1/i'. ~.7 !i'. #�11, 2UU h'.
7. Manganese nodule reser.ves t~f�~I~~t;tdi5.kdht/f~?.i�.i'e~~lihk z73QQ 14 21tn U67in G7in
8. 1. 7 trillion tons criti,~~ ~,~t,tt~,~~q~4~ ~~sirt~w~x~.~~~-~r�r:, i5
9. Terrestrial reserves
10. Annual consumption volume of the world (1977)
11. 648,000 tons
12. Approximately
13. Volume of inetals contained in nodules/terrestrial reserves
14. Times
15. Source: MITI Resources Investigation Association, "1981 Resources
- and ~nergy Yearbook."
COPYRIGI.~T: Shukan Toyo Keizai ].982
9711
CSO: 4120/173 END
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