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JPRS ID: 10455 TRANSLATION THE MAP OF THE WORLD OCEAN ED. BY YE.1. DOLGOPOLOV

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CREST
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JPRS
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CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7
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U
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62
Document Creation Date: 
November 1, 2016
Sequence Number: 
31
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REPORTS
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000540050031-7 FOR OFFICIAI, USE ONLY ~ JPRS L/ 10455 ' 14 April 19~32 - Translation _ ~ THE MAP OF THE WORLD OCEAN Ed. by _ Ye.l. Dolgopolov ~BI$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORIVIATION SERVICE FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000540050031-7 NOTE JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency - transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-langua~e sources are translated; those from English-language snurces are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and other characteristics retained. Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text] or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the last line of a brief, indicate how the original informa.tion was processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor- ~ation was summarized or extracted. Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are enclosed in parenthese~. Words or names preceded by a ques- tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the original but have been supplied as appropriate in context. Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an item originate with the source. Times within items are as given by source. The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli- cies, views or at.titudes of the U.S. Government. COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICT.ED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY. APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 - JPRS L/10455 1~ April 1982 _ THE MAP OF THE WORLD OCEAN Moscow U KARTY MTRO~OGO OKEANA in Russian 1980 (signed to press 21 Apr 80) pp 1-46, 73-83, 404-405, 424-446, 459-461 [Author collective, annotation, contents, in~roduction, ChaptE~ 1, excerpts from Chapters 2 and 7, Chapter 8 and conclusion from book "At the Map of the Wor1d Ocean", edited by Ye. I. Dolgopolov, 75,000 copies, 461 pages] Author Collective 1 Annotation 1 Contents . 1 Introd~iction 6 Chapter I. The World Q~ean and Its Significance 7 _ Fconomic Significance of the World Ocean 8 - Le~al Regulati~n in the World Ocean 15 The World Ocean on the Political Map of the World 16 The World Ocean Must Be a 7.one of Peace 31 C;hapter II, Geography of the i+lorld Ocean 35 Pro~,agation of Acoustic Waves in the World Ocea_~ 35 Uce;~n Dynamics 36 = Chapter VII. Australia. Oceania. Antarctica 41 Gen~ral Uescription 41 _ a _ jIT ~ USSR - FOUOJ jII2 - USSR - 4 FOUO] - FOR OFFICI~L USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 Antarctica 42 Chapter VIII. Along the Shores of the Arctic Ocean 44 General Description 44 The Arctic--the Most Important Economic and Strategic Region of the Earth 45 The Soviet Arctic 48 The NATO Command Devotes Its Main Atterition to Greenland 55 . -b��- + FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02109: CIA-RDP82-00854R000500050031-7 - - . _ . [Text] Author Collective - This book was prepared by the following author collective: G. A. Arzumanov, T.. K. Belashchenko, G. N. Grachikov, Ye. T. Dolgopolov (collective chaii-man), Yu. N. Ivanov, G. S. Mukhin, S. D. Osokin, P. P. Tarutta, N. I. Chikhachev. - Annotation - This handbook reveals the economic, political and military ~ignificance of the World Ocean. It describes the state structure, politica). parties, public organiza- tions, economy, principal ports and armed f~rces of coastal states. 7.'he intrigues , of angressive imperialist forces in various regions of the world are revealed. This book is intended for a broad range of readers. CONTENTS Page Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chapter I. The World Ocean and Its Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Economic Significance of the World Oeean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Legal Regulation in the World c~~:~ean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 The World Ocean on the Political Map of the World 19 The World Ocean Must Be a Zone of Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Chaptex II. Geography of the World Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Physical Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Meteorology of the Wor] ~3 Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Hydrology of the World Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . 69 Fropagation of Acoustic 4~aves in the World Oc~:an . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Ocean Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 1 - ~R OFFICIAL USE ONI.Y APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 r~ux ur~H'tc:~aL u~~: uNLY " Chapter III. Along the Shores of Eurape . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Geiieral Description . . . . . . . , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Union of Soviet Socialist Republic ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ' ' ' ' ' " Albania . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 - Great Britain . . . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ' ' ' ' � � � � � 100 German Democratic Republic� . . . . . . . . . . ~ � . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Gibraltar . . . . . . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' � � � � � 109 Greece . . . . . , ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Dei~mark . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 _ Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . 121 Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ , ' . . . . . . . . . . 125 Malta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . ~ . . . . . 128 Monaco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 129 . Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' 130 _ Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 = Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Faeroe I~lands . . . . . . . . . . . . � � � � . � . � . 145 Federated Republic.of Germany . , . . . . , , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 146 I'inland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � 150 France . . . . , , , ' � ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Sweden . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Yugoslavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . 158 _ Chapter IV. Along the Shores of Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 General Description � � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ~ - Union of Soviet Socialist Re~uL~lics (Soviet Far East) . 167 Aomyn' (Macac~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Bahrain . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ' 174 Burma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ' 177 Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . � ' 181 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . 190 Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 _ Yemen Arab Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 . . . . . � . . 197 Kampuchea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Qatar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 C1'Prus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 _ ICorea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Korean People's Democratic.Republic . . . . . . . . . � � . . � � � � . 212 South Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 2 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 - xuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 _ Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 = Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Maldive Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 People's Democratic Republic of Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 5audi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 H~ng Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 _ Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Timor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 ~hilippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Chapter V. Along the Shores of Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Algiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Angola . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 - Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 , Ivory Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2'62 Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 _ Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 . ESYPt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Zaire . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 West Sahara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 ~ Cape Verde Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 ' Comoro Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 ~ Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . 291 Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 _ Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Namib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . 302 Reunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Saa Tome and Principe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . 305 St. Helena Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 ~ Seychelles Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 - 3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 - rc~~ va�r�ao.arta, v...a; vi~a..a - Senegal . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Somali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Sierra I,eone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 _ Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 - Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . < . . . . 318 = Tunis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 - Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 = South African Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 - Chapter VT_. Along the Shores of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Antigua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Antilles Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 - Argentina . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Bahama 2slands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Barbacios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Belize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Bermu3a Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . 343 Virgin (Firiti~h) Islands . . ~ . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Virgin Islands (USA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Haiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Guyana . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Guadeloupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Guiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3S0 Handuras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 _ Gr_enada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Greenland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ~ Dominica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Dominican Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Cayman Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Cosi:a Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Cuba . . . . . . . . . . e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Martinique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 _ Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Montsexrat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Panama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 E1 Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Saint Pierre and Miquelon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Saint Vincent and Grenadines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Saint Chri.stopher (Saint Kitts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Nevis-~inguilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Saint Lucia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2Q07/02/09: CIA-RDP82-0085QR000500050031-7 United States of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Surinam : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 ~ Turks and Caicos Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 Trinidad and Tobago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Falkland ~(~al.vinas) Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 - Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Equador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 = Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,40~ CY~apter VII. Australia. Oceania. Antarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 - General Descripti.on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Eastern Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Guam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Western Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Caroline, Mariana and Marshall: Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Kiribati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 - Cocos (Keeling) Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Cook Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Midway Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 Nauru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Niuc : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - r . new Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 New Caledonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 New Hebrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ Norfolk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Papua-New Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Pitcairn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 _ French Polynesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Christmas Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - Solomon Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 Tokelau (Union) ~Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Tonga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 , Tuvalu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 - Wallis and Futuna Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Wake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3 Fugi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - * * ~ * . Antarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 Chapter VIII. Along the Shores of the Arctic Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - The Arctic--The Most Important Economic and Strategic Rec~ion of the Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 The Soviet Arctic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Arctic Regions of Capitalist Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 Appendices: . � l. National Holidays of Foreign Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 2. Currency of Foreign Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 5 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 Introduction The present international situation is characterized by further development and ~ deepening of the world revolutionary process. The positions of socialism continue _ to be fortified and widened. The victories of the movement of national liberation - are opening up new horizons before countries winning their independence. The class _ struggle of the laborers agai.nst the yoke of the monopolies, against the orders of exploitation, is growing. The revolutionary-democratic, anti-imperialist move- ment is assuming ever-larger proportions. Were we to glance from-this point of view at the map of the Wor13 Ocean, with which the life of the overwhelming majority of the globe's population is associated one way or another, we would be confronte~3 by a picture of profound social changes ; occurring in different countries of the ocean basin. In Europe we have universal recognition of the sovereignty of the German Democratic Republic, the failure of fascist regimes in Portugal, Greece and Spain and a grow- . ing struggle for security and cooperation in all of Europe. ' In Asia we have the victory ot the Vietnamese people and formation of the Socialist R:epublic of Vietnam, the victory of patriots in Kampuchea, the new successes of states with a socialist orientation, the fall of.the Shah's regime in Iran and - serious changes in the life of peoples in other countries. . In Africa we have construction of a new society in Angola, Ethiopia and other countries and initiation of a new stage in the struggle of the peoples ir~ the conti- = nent's south. In Latin America we have consolidation of the international position and authority of the Republic of Cuba and reinforcement of the anti-imperialist position of a number of countries. At the same time influential imperia].,ist circles led. by the USA oppose international detente and favor growing preparations for war and inflation of military budgets. The enemies of detente and disarmament still have many resources at their disposal. They act aggressively, in various forms and in various directions. Although im- perialism's possibilities for aggressive actions have now been significantly cut down, its nature continu~s to be the same. ~ The leaders o~c China are direct accomplices of imperialism. To implement their great power, hegemonist plans, they are aligning themselves with the most reaction- ary and militant forces. The World Ocean and the regions and countries c~ntiguous with it represent a zone of active operations by aggressive forces. Evidence of this can be found in the very names of the imperialist military blocs and groupings as well as foreign policy stances: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Asian and Pacific _ Council, the USA's new Pacific doctrine and others. The program of further struggle for peace and international cooperation and for the liberty and independence of peoples, which was adopted by the 25th CPSU Congress 6 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850RQ00500050031-7 and which is an organic continuation and development of the Peace Program, foresees tasks aimed at improving both the international situation as a whole and the situa- tion on indivi3ual continents and in specific regions. One of the impartant tasks is to eliminate the remaining focuses of war, the vestiges of the system of colonial oppression, transgressions upon the equality and indepen3ence of peop3.es and all centers of colonia~ism and r.acism. - The struggl�e to impl~ment this program requires energetic actions, unity of all forces in the wrarld, good will and high alertness in relation to the aggressive . intrigues of the forces of reaction and militarism. The author collective made it its objective to describe to the reader the hTorld Ocean, its mili;taary-economi.c and military-political significaxice, the countries bathed by the oceans and seas and their armed forces; the achievements of the countries of the socialist fraternity; the intrigues of the.aggressive forces of . imperialism and the struggle of peoples for elimination of the threat of war and for national and social lib~ration. Information on the fighting and numerical strength of the armed forces of foreign coun~ries is based on foreign publications. Chapter I. The World Ocean and Its Significance The Wor11 Ocean occupies one of the most important places in the life of people. It played a~great role in formation of many nations and in.the creaticn of states. The World Ocean has a significant influence on development of economic, political, cultural and other ta.es between peoples and countries, on occasion being the principal binding link between them. All of the world's largest states and dozens of other countries are located on the _ shores of the World Ocean. A large part of the globe's population lives here, and - thousands of large and small cities, ports and settlements are located here. The World Ocean provides people with food and work. In its water they catch fish and harvest marine animals, and extract minerals and raw materials for industry. The ocean expanses are furrowed daily by thousands of vessels sailing under the flags of almost all countries of the world. Z'here are large deposits of petroleum and gas on the floor of the seas and oceans. I3ut the World Oceari is more than the sphere of trade, en~erprise, cooperation and communication of peoples. In ~he~millenia of mankind's history the expanses of the ocean have also been an arena of acute struggle between states. People and ships perished in numerous armed collisions. In our days colonists, iniperialists and the reactionary military machine have used the World Ocean many times for the purposes of aggression and in behalf of the mercenary interests of monopolist�capital. Nurturing their plans of plunder and neocolonialism, highl1 developed imperialist countries are strengthening their armed forces, including,their navies, they have created and are creating military bases on foreign territories, they are inainicaining troops there, and they are trying to preserve existing aggressive military blocs and create new ones. ~ FOR OFFIC'71AL USE OI~ILY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 rvic vr~t~.af+i. vac vi~i.y _ In ]ceeping with their peace-loving foreign policy, the Soviet Union and other countries of the sociali.st fraternity are following a course toward further relaxa- tion of international tension and toward peaceful coexistence among states with different soc~.al structures. They are exerting considerable effort to transform the World Ocean into a zone of peace, one free of the aggressive military blocs of imperialis~n and its bases, of nuclear missiles and of the danger ~f war. _ As a resul'c of consistent implementation of the Program of Peace adopted ~y the 24th CPSU Congress--one that was developed further at the 25th Congress as a program~'~. ~ of fux'ther struggle for peace and int~rnational cooperation and for the libertY and independence of ~eoples, the USSR is mak~ng the World Ocean something that is utilized not only in behalf of mankind's progress but also for the good of all peoples of good will. Economic Significance of the World Ocean - The ocean, with which the advent of all life on our planet is associated, has highly im,portant signzficance to the life of mankind. Great and multifaceted is the in- - fluence of the ocean environment upon the economies of states. The seas and oceans contain huge reserves of various industrial raw ma~~erials and eriergy. This is why ' what the fainous Soviet scientists Academician S. G. Strumilin said sounds so im- - portant today: 2'he economy of the world ocean is the economy of the future. But even at the present level of d~velopment af productive forces, development of - the World Or.ean's resources has great economic significance. 7'he most important and most econom~.cal communication routes between.countries pass over the seas and oceans. 'I'he roJ.e of marine transport is growing today in this connection. It is the sole means of transport capable of supporting mass shipments of cargo across the oceans and seas. Marine transport plays the decisive role in deepening and expanding international divisiori of social labor. Marine transport is responsible for more than 80 percent - of international freight turnover. Marine transport is the inost economical. The cost of shipments by se~ is almost ~wice lower than by railroad and 20 times lower . thari by highway. The reason for this lies in the great loading capacity of the vessels, the relative low capital investments required to organize marine routes and the lowest relative outlays of pow~r, given the same speed of cargo movement. Marine transport supports predominantly the foreign trade and other transport ties ' bet~veen states. More than any other secto.r of the national economy, it is associ- ated with the international situation, and it is used in the defense of political and economic interests of states. i I Marine shipping routes evolved his~torically as lines of com�nunication predominantly j linking industrially developed and dependent countries.. Transformations that oc- i curred on the political map of the world following World War II changed the tradi- tional directions of marine routes. They are categoiized in relation to purpose and geographic characteristics as international oceanic, international regional and coastal (between ports of the same country). Mixed "river-sea" routes are enjoying increasingly greater development. 8 FOR OFFICIAY. U5E ONLY ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED F~R RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . Chc~nges occurred in recent years in the development of international shipping. ~ _ Ind.icators such as the speed of vessels, their ditn~risions and loading capacity in- creased, and specialization broadened. The techni:cal resources have been signifi- ~ cantly renewed and the possi.bilities of the fleet have grown due to achievements - of scientific-technical progress. International shipping is developing with regard to the economic; social and political interests of almost all countries of th~ world, including countriej nat having direct access to the~sea. While in 1950 the volume of international marine shipments was ~qual to 550 million tons, in 1976 iL increased by almost seven times to 3,650,000,000 tons. Growth was especially great in relat5:or.. to shipmer_cs of petroleiun and petroleum products, as well as cargoes in containers. Development of shipj~ing is typical of almost all countries, but shipping is develop- - inq at the hig~ies~ rate in sacialist countries. Socialist states, primarily the - CT�,MA countries,--have the possibility for s::rporting and developing trade relations - with all maritime countries of the world wi~h the assistance of their own transport fleet. Hy 1978 the CEMA countries established marine communications with many countries of the world. ' Many developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America are devoting considerable attention to creating and developing their ~wn fleets (both merchant marine and _ fishing). Z'he Soviet Union and other socialist countries are providing significant aid to most of them. The marine shipping of the capitalist world, with its continuously expanding - monopolist tendencies in all sectors of the economy, is dominated by the largest shipping companies and international imperialist monopolies. Development of mono- poli.es is accompanied by increasingly higher cancentration of capital. ~ The coordinated economy and policy of the socialist countries acts as a counter- weight to monopolist capital. Growth of the mar.itime fleet of the USSR and other socialist countries and their active aid to developing countries have helped to put an end to unshared domination of marine trade routes by the monopolist capital of imperialist powers and their fleets. The USSR's merchant marine is developing at an especially high rate. In terms of che total displacement.of its merchant marine, which was over 20 million registered tons as of 1977, the Soviet Union had joined the club of the world's leading mari- time po=aers. In terms of the composition of its vessels and their equipment and speed, the Soviet transport fleet is one of the most modern in the world. Large- capacity vess~ls--dry cargo, bulk cargo, refrigerator, container and others--make ' up its backbone. The "Easic nirections of the Development of the USSR`s National Economy in 1976- - 1980," approved by the 25th CPSU Congress, foresee further development of marine transport in order to more fully satisfy the growing demand of the national economy ~or foreign trade and coastal shipments, improve deliveries of cargo to the Far North and the Far East, and raise the volume and effectiveness of export transport services. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY . APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 rvK ~urri~.rAL ~us~ vivLY The role of tlie Soviet merchant marine is often distor.ted in the West. The mass m~dia of t.he Western countries serve up the innocent commercial operations of Soviet marine o:qaniza~ions at international shipping markets as an aspiration to establish "communist domination" over warld marine routes. Such slanderous materials are " aimed against participation of the shipping eni:erprises of the Soviet Union and other socialist countries in inter~iational commercial navigation. As we know, the Soviet Union is developing its merchant marine mainly to satisfy the - dernands of national foreign trade and domestic c~astal shipments. Participating _ iri international shipping, Soviet marin~~ organizations are guiding themselves mainly by the desire to achieve equitabl~ and mut-ually profitable cooperation - with all parties interested in ~this. "...our program," emphasized V. T. Lenin, "...consists of total freedom of commercial navigation."* Lenin's premise lies - aL the basis of the i7SSR's marine trade policy, which primarily serves the interests of the countxy's economic development and which is aimed at equitable and mutually profitable cooperation among all countries of the world in international marine shipi~ing. Ports at which cargo is transloaded from one form of transport to another, and where a significant part of the cargo is uften processed as wetl, have exceptionally - important significance to marine shipping. There are more than 7,000 ports in the world, of which more than 500 have a frei.ght turnover of more than 1 million tons. Ports on the Atlantic Ocean handle 65 percent of the total freight turnover of the world's marine transport, ports on the Pacific handle about 28 percent, and the rest is handled by ports on the Indian Ocean. 'Phe freight turnover of ports of the Arctic Ocean is sti].1 low. Straits Znd regions in which maritime routes are concentrated ~or one reason or another pl.ay a great role in marine shippinge These regions have not only great economic but also strategic significance. Manmade connecting wa~texways--canals--are an iznpor~tant supplement to the open sea and to natural waterways connecting sea basins. They have great ~conomic and poli.tical significance. A number of canals play a strategic role. The most im- portant marine canals are the Suez, Panama and Kiel. The Suez Canal, construction of ~ahich took a little more than 10 years and was com- - pleted in 1869, has become one of the most important shipping canals of the world. Marx callecl it the great p~tt~ to ~the East. The canal was dug across the low sandy - Isthmus of Suez, and it does not have any locks. The total length of the canal is 173 km, to includ~ 161 km crossing the Isthmus oi Suez itself; its breadth on the surface is 120-150 meters, and xts depth in the main channel is 12.-13 meters. The - Suez Canal connects the A,tlantic Ocean (by way ~f i:he Mediterranean Sea) caith the � Indian Ocean (by way of the R2d Sea). The canal decreases the distance for Eurapean vessels by 6,000-11,000 km. E'or example the distance between Odessa and Bombay is 4,19R nautical miles (7,780 km) via the channel and 11,878 nautical miles (about 22,000 km) around Africa. *Lenin, V. I., "Poln. sobr. soch." (Complete Collected Works], Vol 45, p 241. 10 ~ ~QR OFFICIA~, US~E ~NLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 r~. The Panama Can.al joins the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, and it signifi~antly de- creases the dis~aiice between them (the distance between I~ew York and San Francisco is decreased b~~ 16,000 km). Z'he total length of the canal is 81.6 km. Ari average of up to 100 million tons of cargo is shipped through the canal each year. The _ canal has six lock~ that raise and lower vessels 25.9 meters. T~e lccks are paixed, = and they are intended for two-way traffic. The locks are 360 meters long, 42 meters wide and 12.2 me~ers deep. ~ The Panama Canal belongs to the USA. However, a Panamanian-American treaty on gradual transfer of this interocean canal and the zone along both of its banks to the jurisdiction of Panama weni: into effect nn 1 O~.tober 1979. The Canal Zone has now ber.ome an inseparable part of Panamanian territory. The Kiel Canal~joins the Baltic Sea to the North Sea. It decreases the distance between Kiel and Hamburg by 425 nautical miles (787 km). Each year about 50 million tons of cargo are shipped through the canal. More than half of the freight turnover between the North and Baltic seas is handled through it. The canal is 98.7 km long, its width on the surface is 104 meters, and its depth is more than 11 meters. The canal was dug across a lowland isthmus, and except for locks, it possesses no lift- ing structures. The World Ocean plays a great role today as a source of biological resources. The quantity of living matter formed in the ocean exceeds the quantity of living matter on land by many times. While plant protein dominates on land, the sea's foodstuffs provide more-valuable animal protein. Z'his means that the ocean can be used in the future as on~ of the principal sources i.n solution of the food problem of a fast- growing population on earth. People harvest significant quantities of biological foodstuffs from marine waters. They make up as much as 70 percent of the total volume of all resources obtained in the seas and oceans. Fast growth of world fisheries and marine hunting is making - it possible to obtain animal protein from marine products faster and cheaper than in animal husbandry. , Many millions of people in the whole world are employed in fisheries, to include about 7 million persons in industrial fishing. More than 80 countries possess fishing fleets. They total about 20,Q00 vessels (of 100 register tons and more). The world catch of�fish and marine foodstuffs was 69.8 million tons in 1974, to include 59 million tons of fish, over 4 million tons of invertebrates and more than 2 million tons of algae. The marine i-ishing grounds are irregularl.y distributed depending on many factors: the biological resoizrces ava.ilable, the historical development of fisheries, the locations of the princi~al regions of consumption, the populations of individual countries and of different regions of the globe, the fishing intensity, the level o� d~velo~ment of fishing and fish processing technology and international policy. Changes in the distribution of the world's fishing grounds have depended to a sig- ~~ificant extent in recent years both on significant transfonnations in the politi- - cal map of the world and on the action of the factors listed.above. N~w i.ndepen- dent states attempting to develop their national economies, including fisheries, have developed many new fishing grounds. Owing to fast improvement of marine fisher,ies technology the fishing fleets of these countries can now travel to remote fishing grounds. 11 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 . Among the regions in which sea creatures are caught, the Pacific Ocean holds first place (56 percent oF the catch) and the Atlantic holds seo~nd (39 percent of the catch) . Marine fisheries is developirig at a high rate in the Soviet Union. In the postwar years the harvest of fish and otk~er marine foodstu~fs ha~ b~en going on far from native shores. Since 1948 Soviet fishe:men have been reqularly catching fish in - different regions o~~ the Atlantic. Soviet fishermen are also catching fish in the - Pacific and Indian Oceans, in the northern seas and on the shores of Antarctica. Owing to the fact that the USSR possesses a highly mechanized cominercial fishing fleet, the caL-ches and the p.rocessing of fish and other marine foodstuffs are in- ~ creasing. The Soviet Union has the world's largest flotilla of freezer~trawlers. ~ These are unique floating combines. They not only catch fish but also process it. The harvest of fish and other marine foodstuffs in our country increased from 1.8 mi.llion tons in 1950 to 9.6 million tons i.n I977. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan the harvest of fish and other marine faodstuffs was almost 45 million tons.* The 25th CPSU Congress devoted miich attentian Lo further d~velopment of the World Ocean's biolog,ical resources. The "Basic Directions of the Development of the USSR National Economy in 1976-�1980" pose thi.s task: "Increase the output of commer- cial dietary fish products (including canned goods) by 30-32 percent. Raise effec- tiveness of the commercial fishing fleet's use, and increase its strength with highly ~roductive vessels. Improve existing and create new, highly effective fishing methods and gear, equi~ment and ins~trumtnts promoting mechaniz�ti~n and automation of the harvesting and industrial processing of fish and otheX products of th~ sea. "Continue studying and de ~eloping new regions and targets of fishing in waters of t}ie World Ocean. Develop fisheries in the coastal waters of the USSR."** The bi_ological r~sources of the World Ocean are of great value to mankind. Their sensible use is one of the most importanL- principles of international cooperation in sea and ocean fishing. International fishing trea~ies (about 90) have been drawn up and are working success~ully on the basis of this principle, which has been made inta law by a number of ini,ernational regulatory acts. Many ~f these treaties have been signed by the Soviet Union. Owing to compliance with a number of the treaties, we have managed to significantly improve the reserves of some valuable targets of commercial fishing (fur seals, halibut, salmon etc.), or regu- late their harvesting with sufficien~ effectiveness. The ocean's mineral resources are co~oss~l; they are a potential source of naw - materials. They are dividPd into chcamical elements dissolved in water and minerals - OIl the f.loor surface and in rock benea~h the floor. *See "SS5R v tsi.frakh v 1977 godu" [The USSR in Figures in 1977], Moscow, 1978, pp ~44-45. **"MaL-erialy XXV s"yezda KPSS" [Proceedings of the 25th CP5U Congress], Nlpscow, ~ 1976, pp 196-197. 12 FOR OFFICIA~, USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850RQ00500050031-7 Ocean water is an enormous "ore bed" containing various isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen, and practically all elements of Mendeleyev's periodic system, dissolved - in it to one extent or another. In particular, sea water contains a.sizeable quanti- ty of deuterium--the most ~romising raw material for thPrmonuclear enerc~y. One cubic - kilometer of sea water contains: 28 million tons of table salt, 1.3 million tons of magnesium, 31~;000 to~is of boron, 300 tons ot bromine, 79 tons of copper, 11 tons of uraniiun and so on. Table salt, sodium sulfate, magnesium chloride, potassfum cliloride and. bromine are extracted in s.izeable quantities from sea water. , The scientific-technical revolution is opening up prospects for significantly expanding - the composition of tha chemicai ~~lements extracted. Sea water is also becoming a raw material from which to obtain.fresh water. As we know, the earth's fresh water reserves are diminishing. The lakes and rivers are being polluted by the wastes of industrial enterprises. Industrial consumption of water greatly exceeds consumption of all other raw materials. Desalinization of large masses of sea water has now become a realit~~., T:ze first desalinization tacility in the USSR using nuclear fuel is already operating near Shevchenko on the Caspian Sea. Many of the world's countries have recently begun obtaining desali- ~ nized water from sea water. Its prod~action is increasing by about 25 percent a year. Some countries.arc~ attempting to obtain fresh water from icebergs. Surface deposits are represented by numerous placers (up to 20-30 meters deep) containing metallic ores as well as noninetallic minerals. Titanium minerals--ilmen- , ite and rutile, as well as zircon and monazite have important significance. They are encountered on practically all shelves of the world, though the richest deposits - now being worked are in Australia (along up to 1,500 km of the east coast). More - than 1 million tons of titanium minerals are mined annually in this area. This represents 90 percent of the world's extraction oi rutile and ~about 75 percent of zircoii. Such placers are widespread along the coasts of New Zealand, India and elsewhere. The mining.of tin ore--cassiterite, magnetite and titanomagnetite--is ~ acquiring great significance. These minerals are widespread in the Asiatic shelf belt extending from India and Sri Lanka along the coast of 'I'hailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, China, Korea and Japan to the Chukchi Peninsula. According to Ameri- can figures marine placers (excluding beach placers) provide minerals worth $50 million per year, with cassiterite making up half of this volume. Gold, plati.num, silver, chromite and diamonds have also been discovered on the seabed in a number of regions. Judging from~the latest research .these minerals are rather widespread on the shelves. Industrial gold deposits are being worked alo~~g i~he west coast of Alaska and California, and in a number of other places. Deposits of high quality diamonds have been discovered on the shelf along the southwest coast of. Africa (along a distance of 1,200 km). Among minerals of the continental slope, we are finding phosphorites and valuable sediments at different depth.~ (200-600 meters) in many regions, especially along the coasts of Africa and Nor~h America, along the ea~t coast of Australi_a, and at New Zealand. Iron-manganese concretions--unique muli:icomponent ores also containing nickel, cobalt ancl copper--are believed to be the most important form of minerals on the floor of the sea. These formations have been discovered at various depths and over eno.rmous expanses of the Pacific, Atlantic and Tnc~ian oceans. The total re- serves of such concretions are several trillion ton.s. Th.ey contain huge reserves 13 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 l�vA '~/1'1'~~IAL vuu vi~aJ� of inetals. They contain 620 times more cai~alt than discovered an land, 90 times mure copper and 42 times more manganese. There are grounds for b~elieving tha~ the concret~ion reserves are growing. ' Even greater reserves are encountered on deep-sea red.claY floors, which contain aluminum, iron, copper, nickel, vanadium and :obalt. According *_o tentative esti~ - mates red clays contain 9,000 times more aluminum and copper than do deposits on land. It is believed that the reserves of iron-manganese concretions and red clays are being continually enlarged due to their precipitation out of ocean water. The subsoil beneath the ocean floor has been studied even less than the surface of the floor. It is only in recent years that we have begun drilling the floor in deep-sea regions. The mast valuable minerals now obtained fr~m the subsoil of the shelf are petroleum and gas. They represent more than 90 percent of ~he total cost of minerals extracted iri the ocean. Accordina to expert estimates the total area of ocean subsoil. containing promising petroleum deposits reaches 45 million square kilometers (15 million square kilometers mare than on land), while the potential - reserves of petroleum and gas, corrected for petroleum, are estimated at 1,410,000,000,000 tons. Petroleum extraction in the sea represents one-fifth of the world's total petroleum extrac~ion. According to the predictions it will make up about half of the world's petroleum extraction by the year 2,000. Petroleum and gas are already being extracted from mar~.ne deposits in 25 countri.es (exploratory operations are being conducted by almosi: 100 states). Aggravation of the energy _ crisis in a i~ur~.~er of major capitalist coun~tries will promote activation of opera- tions a~ sea connected wi~th extraction of petroleum anc~ gas. As we' know, the first praci.ical steps t.oward industrial extraci:ion of pet�roleum and gas from the seabed were made.in Russi~~. We11s were built 20-30 meters from shore in the vicinity of Baku back in the 1820's. These wells, which were isolated ~rom the surrounding water, produced "blaclc gold" for several years. Awakening some of the most active scientific and scientific-technical forces of the country, th~ Great October Socialist i2evolution was a powerful impetus to development of all of the country's productive forces, and it promoted progress in various areas of the economy. In particular efforts to study the possibi~.it~es of extracting petro- leum and gas in regions contiguous with the Caspian Sea and in the sea itself were subjeci:ed to extensive study. The accumulated experi.ence made it possible to begin large-scale extraction of petroleum and gas for the first time in international practice from marine deposits at Neftyanyye Kamni, near Baku, in 1947. Since that time millions of tons of valuable raw materials were er.tracted here and at other offshore deposits of petrolcum and gas in the Caspairl Sea. 'I'he offshore fields of Azerbaijan ~~rovide more than half of all of the petroleum extracted in the republi~. Eighi: hundred eighty steel islands and more than 300 km of trestles have been erected here. 7.'hey malce it possible to service the oilfields irrespective of the weather. ~ - The 13asic Dir_ecti.ons of Development of the USSR National Economy in 1978-1980" ~ pose the task of acceler~ting the revelation and exploration ot' new deposits of petroleum, natural gas and condensates mainly in the central reaches of the Ob',, in the north of Tyumenskaya Qblast and in East Siberia, the Yakut ASSR, ~the Komi ASSR, Arkhangel'skaya Oblast, Central Asia and the Kazakh SSR (the Caspian trench). ~O~t OF~ICIA~L U~E ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 They also pose the task of expanding geological explorations in the shelf zones"of - the seas and oceans, mainly for petroleum and natural gas.* Great and encouraging are the energy resources of the acean. Wa ean. ob~ain energy _ from the ocean by capitalizing on the force of waves, the daily variation of sea level due to tlie~tides or the difference in the surface and intern~l tempera~ures of the water. The energy transferred to a ragirig sea by wind is enormous. When waves strike an obstacle, they shoot up sever~l dozen meters. A wave 3 meters high oontainsenergy,~equal to 100.kw in every meter of its crest. However, all attempts ' at uti.lizing the,energy of waves have not yet aone beycnd the experimental stage. If mankind ever finds ways to concentrate the scattered energy of waves, it will master a new large, inexhaustible source of ene~gy. Nor is the problem of assimi- _ latin~ the energy,of the tides, the power of which is estimated at 1-6 billion kw for the ocean as, a.whole, any less.complex. While people have been aware of this power for a long time, they were not able to build the tirst tidal electric power plant for indust�rial purposes until the late 1960's (Rennes, France). An experi- mental facility was built~in 1968 in the USSR (at Kislaya Gulf) on the Kola Penin- sula). The floating building of the tidal electral power plant has an original - design. Plans for large capacity tidal power plants are being developed on the basis o� this experience in Canada, the USR ancl Great Britain. There are plans for creating new tidal power plants in the USSR as well (Lumbovsk, Mezen', the Sea of Okhotsk and elsewhere). ~ Legal Regulation in the ~7orld Ocean The World Ocean has been utilized by mankind since time immemorial. All states have an interest in the ocean, even those without direct access to it. Today the Wor1d Ocean is becoming an increasingly more actively developed part of our planet. Trading and transport routes and lines of communication leading from one region to another cross the.ocean expanses. Reluctant to accept the changes that have occurred in the world, monopolist capital of th~ imperialist powers and their aggressive political and military circles would wish to dominate the World Ocean as they had before, exploiting it for their own - mercenary purposes. The political, economic and military interests of different . countries are colliding with each other Sriolently as a result of the actions of imperia7.ist forces in the World Ocean, leading to formation of centers~of tension and con~lict.~ Tn recent years such regions have i:ncluded the eastern Mediterranean, the Near East, regians around the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, the Bay of Bengal, waters bathing countries c~f Southeast nsia, the West Pacific, the North Atlantic, the Caribbean Sea and the most important oceanic straits. i'he Soviet Union and other countries of the so~~ialist fraternity and all peace- lovirig states are making an effort to see that the regime of the World Ocean would ~nsure total freedom of navigation for all peoples and states. The existing pre- mises of international law of the.seaYiave been codified in numerous conventions and *See "Materialy XXV s"yezda ICPSS," p 183. ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 r~x vr r i~.i~L u~~ v~v,. Y ~tr.eaties, part:.cularly ~.n. conventions signed at the Geneva Conference in February ' 1958. Delegati~~ns from 86 countries took part in the conference proceedings. They signed th~ so-catled Final Ac~ consisting of four conventions: on t,ie territorial - sea and the coiitiuuous zone, on the high seas, on fishing and conservation of the living r~sources of the high seas and on the continental shelf. Agreement was rearhed by special resolutions of the 1958 Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea in regard to testing nuclear weapons on the high seas, control of contamination of wal-ers by radioactive wastes, protection of fishe~:ies and so on. ' The decisioris of the 1958 Geneva Conference were basically approved by most coun- tries of the world and by subsequent conferences on the law of the sea. In parti- - cula.r, ~essions of the Third Conference, which has been proceeding since 197A, are - examining the need for dr.afting a new convention that might regulate a number of probJ.ems of the legal reyime and use of the World Ocean that have come to light~in recent years. Defending the priizciples of peaceful coexistence in international relations, the Soviet Union and other countries of the socialist fraternity are exerting a great amount of eifort to see that all countries would have the right to freely use the high seas and other portions of the World Ocean, as well as its resources. They decisively opposP atLempts by some capitalist states to essentially divide the World Ocean up and to completely cancel the agreements that had been reached at the 1958 Geneva Conference. Cauntries of the socialist fraternity and a number of other states are arguing, in particular, against attempts by soine states to excessivel.y wider. their territorial waters. CerLlins states are tzying to undo some fund~~~d. pYinciples of the international 1aw of the sea such as the freedom of the high seas, the freedom of passage of all vessels through straits and archipelagos used for international shippin~ and the freedom of fishing, the harvesting of oth~r marine products and scientzfic research in t~~~ World Ocean. The position of the Soviet Union and the fraternal countries of.socialism is supported by a ntunber of realistically thinking politicians, representatiyes of ~the business community, scientists and various strata of the public of capitalist countries. Tl~ie regime of the World Ocean must ensure the possibility of obtaining - equal benefits from its development for all countries. It must promote not only economic progress but also further profound social changes in the world in keeping with the interesi:s of the broad popular masses. The World Ocean on the Politic~~l Map of the Wor1d Powerful social and political forces opposed to wax' exist in the modern world, and they a.re ~ctive. They include the Soviet Union, the socialist fraternity, the international worlcers' democratic and national liberation mavement, the neutral countries, Uroad circles of the international public, major democratic organizations and realistically thinlcing political circles of the capita~.ist countries. 16 FC?R OFFICIAY. U~E O1VT..Y APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500054431-7 - Together cvith fraternal socialist countries the Soviet Union is waging an active and consistent struggle for peace and security of nations and for further relaxa- tion of international tension. Major successes have been achieved in this noble � effort. Conditions have been created permitting us not only. to eliminate the danger of a new worid war and other armed conflicts but also to make the entire process of international relaxation irreversible. , = It was noted at the 25th CPSU Congress that "although universal peace is not at all ; guaranteed yet, we have all the grounds for asserting confidently that the improve- - ments in the international climate presently occurring show that achievement of a sound peace is'not a noble dream but a fully realistic task."* However, forces which are trying to halt relaxation and fan the arms race create new forms af lethal weapons and reinforce aggressive blocs exist in the world, and they are active:'~~The World Ocean is also an arena for the aggressive activities of . imperialist forces. It has occupied a special place in the policy and military plans o~ major capitalist states since ancient times. Long ago, when capitalist relations were just beginning to come into being, countries such as England, France, Spain, Por~tugal, Holland and others longed to acquire new lan.ds. The age of great geographic discoveries (16th-17th centuries) was used by the classes of exploita- tion and the war machines of these states primarily to seize colonies, enslave the peoples of entire continents and plunder captured countries. Within a historically short period transoceanic colonial empires were created by Spain, Portugal, England, Holland, France and other European states. Colonists seized huge dominions in North and South America, the Caribbean basin, the Indian subcont:inent, the Near East, Africa, Southeast Asia and other places. "Discovery of gold and silver placers in America," wrote Karl Marx, "the uprooting, _ enslavement and the live burial of the indigenous population in mines, the first steps toward the conquest and plunder of the East Tndies and transformation of _ Africa 1I1'~O a Negro hunting preserve--such was the sunrise of the capitalist era of production."** The first to assume the road of colonial expansion at the end of the 15th century were Spaiii and Portugal, the largest sea powers at that time. Possessing a size- able fleet, they seized Latin America and territories in the Caribbean basin, and i:hey penetrated into North America and other regions of the world. In the 16th century Great Britain joined the struggle for world domination. Destroying the ' Spanish fleet--the so-called "invincible armada"--in 1588, the English seized the rir.hest lands in i:he Tndian Ocean basin, in Africa and North America, in the Near ~ East and in Southeast Asia, and they created powerful strongpoints in Gibraltar, Malta, Honq Kong, Singapore, Cape Tawn, Jamaica and other places. Fo].lowing ~ngland, France and Holland assumed the road of creating significant co].onial possessions. The French seized some regions of North America, the West Indies, Southeast Asia and a number of archipelagos in the Pacific, while the Dul-.ch seized part of the territory of Latin America and Asia (Indonesia). ~*"Material XXV s"yezda KPSS," p 17. **Marks, K., and Engel's, F., "Soch." [Works], Vol 23, p 760. ~OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY - APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 FUR U1~'1~1(:1.~?L U~~: UNLY Somewhat later Germany and Italy, and then Japan.joined the colonial land grab. In the 19th and early 20th century German militants seized a number of colonial posse;;sions in Africa and the Pacific basin, Italian capital and military forces penetrated mainly into regions of North and East Africa, and Japanese colonists took some regions in Southeast Asia and the Far E~.st. A savage struggle between colonial powers (to which we can also add Belgium, Denmark and some ather coun~tries), one which brolce out into war many times, was a perpetual phenomenon. Especially serious collisions occurred be~ween England and Spain in the Caribbean basin and in South America, and between England and France in North America, Africa and elsewherc. Z7iis to a certain extent eased the struggle for - independence waged by the popula~tions of former English as we11 as French and Spanish colonies in North America, and it promoted arisal of a new bourgeois state in the second half of i~he 18th century--the United States of America. Often declaring its slogans of freedom and democracy for all peoples, the young bourgeois republic tried to expand its territories and enslave other countries and peoples. At iirst it furthered its expansion on continental North America: It seized numerous Tndian territori.es west and south of ii:s boundaries, it fought the I'rench and Spanish in Florida, Louisiana and California and it engaged in armed aggression against its sou~thern neighbor--~Mexico. In the first half o f the 19th century the USA seized territory in Lai:in America, in the Pacific basin and in other reyions. In a relatively sh.ort time the USA transfoxm~d into a major colu- nial power possessing a significant navy intended for transoceanic conquests. During the Spani.sh-.~merican War o~.1~98 the USA seized the Philippines, Guam and Puerto P�i.co, and it established a protectorate ove.r Cuba. On the seized territories the colonists created strongpoints, built fortresses, . forts and bases, and concentrated major troo,p and naval forces. With the support of the latter they strengthened i:heir power and estabJ.ished a regime of monstrous exploitation and tyranny. The navy provided the main suppori:~to imperialist ru].e in t.ransoceanic colonies. Besides suppressing national liberation forces in captured countries together with _ i~he army, it had to suppart the interests of the ruling circles of its country in _ the colonies, ar~cl it had i~o engage in the shipping of strategic supplies and raw materials. The navies of imperialist countries also took part in the unseemly enterprise of i:ransporting Negro slaves. They were captured in various regions of Africa and then transported to North and South America to work on cotton and other plantations. 7."he small island of Goree--a permanenL- condemnation of colonialism and slavery-- lics at thc: approaches to the port of Dakar (Senegal). Goree was discovered in the mid-15th century. European traders ~urchased ivory, gold and spices from the ~ lacal population and from natives. But this did not seem like enough to them. .And so they beqan ~Lrading "live goods"--slaves. Slaves were transported to Goree Lrom different regions of Africa. I'rom here, ships, English for the most part, - delivered them to America. Just between 1783 and 1793 more than 300,000 Negroes were carried away to slavery. In all, more i:han 20 million persons were exported to America from the African countries. The slave trade was one of the shameful pages in the bloody his~tory of imperialism. 18 . FOR O~FICIAIL U~E ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 N. The campaigns o~:plunder by European "civilizers,"..the armed interimperialist struggle for reapportian.ment of the world and~for new calonies and markets, and monstrous exploitation of the popular masses did colossal harm to the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America in the years of colonial domination. Discussing how the wealth and power of the "civilized powers" of Europe and America were creat~~d, Marr, cites the following quotation by the English historian W. (Hauitt): "The - barbarism and shar.~eless cruelty of the so-called Christian races, co~?itted at all points of the compass against all peo~les that they managed to enslave, surpass all horrors committed in any historical era b,y any race, no matter how wild and. disrespectful, unpitying and shameless."* Not only the navies but also pirate ships--"free corsairs"--participated in colonial wars and other transoceanic adventures of the i.mperialists, whenever this was ac1- vantageous and~convenient to the imperialists. Under pressure from progressive forces of those times the ruling Circles of En.gland, France and other capitalist countries made an offi:cial stand aaainstthe slave trade, periodically sending their ships against vessels carrying slaves. ~But as a rule these operations were directed not against the slave txaders but aga.~nst marine competitors and trade rivals. Colonial conquests, the armed struggle of major bourgeois countries for markets and spheres of influence, and the economic and politica7. contradictions in the capitalist world were one of the main reasons why the World Ocean became an arena of collisions betweeiz international predators. Firmly entrenching itself as the world's greatest sea power, in the 18th and early 19th century England created a vast network of strongpoints in different regions of the �orld Ocean. Its possessions included Gibraltar, Malta, Cyprus and Port Said in the Mediterranean, Singapore, Hong Kong, Cape Town, Trincomalee, Aden and others in the Indian and Pacific oceans, and samaica, ~arbados, Antigua, Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean basin. France possessed a number of bases in~the World Ocean--on the coast~of North Africa, in the Near East, in the Caribbean Sea, the Tndian Ocean basin, New Cale= donia and other islands of the Pacific. . ~The United States of America took over the Panama Canal Zone and former Spanish colonies in i:he Caribbean and the Wes~ Pacific. They aspired for other regions a~ we11. G~or1d War T, which went on mainly in Europe and on the At1anL~~ Ocean, significantly changecl the positions of the imperialist states, including in the World Ocean. The Great October Socialist xevolution in Russia dealt an annihilatory blow on imperialism and its colonial aspirations. As a result of the revolution one of the world's large.st states with extensive sea borders on the Pacific and Arctic oceans and the Baltic, Black and Caspian seas, and deeply interested in all aspects - *Mar s, K. , an Engel's, E'. ,"Soch. Vol 23, p 767.. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 r~va ~srr~~.ir+i., a~oa: VS~L! _ of the World Ocean's development, was thrust out of the world of capital to assume - a new, social.ist .path of development. ~ During the war and especially ;~fter it, the maritime positions of aountries such as Germany and Turkey were significantiy undermined. Most former Gennan colonies and mi.litary bases were seized by the USA, England, France and Japan. In the period between the first and second world wars, the internal struggle within the imperialist camP assumed large proportions. Waging predatory wars, Italy and Japan significantly expanded their colonial dominions. The USA, England and France created a number of new military bases on foreign territories. This led to further aggravation of interimperialist conflicts. During World War II fihe policy of Western imperialist powers was deterinzned to a significant extent by their anti-Soviet designs. 7.'he ruling circles of the USA, England and Franr_e wanted to unleash Germany and Japan on the Soviet Union so as to destroy the socialist state and concurrently weaken their rivals. With the support of the imperialist circles of the USA, England and France, Nazi Germany and Japan made feverish preparations for war. However, -the course of history confused the map of the imperialist strategists. Countries that had incited Germany and Japan ta armed aggression against. the USSR ended up the sacrifices to the aggressors themsel.v~s. On 'l2 June 1941 Germany treacherously atL-acked the USSR. The USSR`s entry into the war, which was elicited by the attack af ~ascist Germany, culminated transfor- mation oi World War I2, which began 1 September 1939 with Gennany's invasion of Poland, into a just, antifascist war on the part of forces opposing the Nazi blac. The Soviet-German ~ront became the decisive front af al'1 World War II. The a.rena of the combat activities included not only Europe, Asia, Africa and contiguous water basins but also the most remote regions of L-he Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Arctic oceans, as weJ.1 as dozeiis of seas--from the North and Baltic seas to the Java and Philippine seas. Several million persons and an enormous - quantity of warships, transport vessels, warplanes and transport aviation took part in com}~at at sea, in convoys carrying strategic raw materials, troops and mi.litaxy equipment and in assault azid anti-assault landing operations during World War II. Th~ Soviet Navy made an enormous contribution to the victory over the enemy. Naval seamen dependably kept the maritime flanks of the Sova.et Army stabl~, made powerful thrusts against the enemy's ships, bases and ~ines of communication, selflessly defended marine shipping, landed assault parties, and when necessary they even fought on land. Tl~e naval f.orces oi' the P.llies, mainly the USA and England, also made their con- L-ribution to i:he victory over the common enemy. To a certain extent they maintained th~ s~ability af the lin~s of communication in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, and they participated iriznajor assauJ.t landing operations in North Africa, Italy and, in the final stages of war, Normandy. The naval forces af the Allies managed to restrain the offensive operations of the Japanese armed forces, and later on, going over to the counteroffensive, they conducted a number of successful opera- tions. 20 FOR OFfICIA~. YJSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 - As a result of the defeat of German fascism and Japanese militarism in World War II, in which the Soviet Armed Forces pla~~ed the decisive role, fundamental change occurred in the balance of power in the international arena in favor of socialism. - A number of countries in Central and Southeast Europe as well as in Asia abandoned the capitalist system. In, them, the da.ctatorship of the proletariat triumphed in the form af a people's democracy. The victory of peace-loving forces in World War II promoted extensive development of the movement of national liberation in countries of Asia, Africa and Latin . , America. While th,e deepest crisis of the colonial system was initiated by the Great Octobex Socialist Revolution, its disintegration began following World War II. Dozens of former colonies and dependent countries in Asia, Africa and La.tin America were liberated from the colonial yoke. The struggle of national liberation pro- ceeded on, and tYie colonial system of imperialism broke apart. The world socialist system came into being as the result of fundamental changes _ that occurred in the world following World War II, and it is now successfully developing. At the same time the capitalist system suffered tremendous losses. Following the war, the positions of capitalism continued to weaken. Under the USA's lead, international imperialism did everything it could to unite the efforts in the struggle against world socialism and the revolutzonary movement of libera- tion. Fighting to establish world domination, the -ruling circles of the USA openly de- clared that their goals could be achieved only "from a position of strength." They unl~ashed the "cold war," and they elevated anticommunism and anti-Sovietism to the ranlc o� state policy. U.S. imperialists took on the role of the "saviors" of capitalism. They attempted to hamstring West European and other countries that had been economically and , politically weakened by the war, transform them into obedient tools of their own policy and place an obstacle before the path of the national liberation and revolu- tionary movement. As a result many capitalist countries found themselves brought into imperialist military-political blocs--NATO, ANZUS, ASPAC and otYiers--against the will of the people. The North Atlantic bloc (NATO) was created in 1959. It is the largest and, in - military and economic respects, the strongest grouping of capitalist states. There are 15 countries in NATO--USA, England, France, FRG, Italy, Canada, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Norway~ Turkey, Greece, Portugal, Luxembourg and Iceland.* The total area of states in NATO is more than 22 million squa.re kilometers, with a population of more than 550 million. The NATO countries are responsible for almost tYiree-fourths of all industrial production of the capitalist world. NATO's zone of operations includes vast expanses of water--the entire northern part oi' the Atlantic and the Barents, Norway, Baltic, North, Mediterranean and *Fr.ance left NATO's military organization in 1966, and Greece declared its departure y from the bloc's military organization in 1974. 21 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R040500050031-7 Black seas.* The fighting strength and reserves of the NATO navies total more than _ 2,OOQ ships, a third of them beina submarines and large surface ships. The USA, England and France possess a large transport fleet and a high-output ship building industry. Other partners in the bloc do~not have such strong navies. However, their geographic location helps NATO create a threat against the USSR and other socialist states of Europe from the oceans and seas. Preparation for war in the Atlantic is given a special role in NATO's aggressive strategic p].ans. "We believe," military theorists of tre USA declare, "that in any war, supremacy in the Atlantic must be the main concern of the U5A and our alJ.ies.... We do not wish to belittle the significance of the Pacific and Indian oceans, but we must assert that in the final - analysis, even they depend on the Atlantic." - In terms of NATO's military structure, the Atlantic is singled out as an independent ~ theater of war, commanded by the supreme commander in chief--an American admiral. His headquarters is located in Norfolk (USA). The three main commands of individual regions of the ocean (Western, ~astern, Iberian) and their staffs, as well as the three commands of the branches of forces-- the NATO strike fleet, L-he submarine forces and the permanent combined naval forma- tion--are all subordinated to NATO's supreme commander in chief of the combined armed forces on the Atlantic. Commands and their staffs in individual regions of tlie ocean represent the subordinate NATO units on the Atlantic. The West Atlantic is divided into two regions--Canadian and oceanic, and three is- land regions--Bermuda, Azors and Greenland. The so-called command of the combined anti:;uhmarine torces of the West At7_~ntia opera~es here as vae11. The East Atlantic is divided into ~the northern and central regions and the Fa.eroe and Icelandi.c island regions. A command was created here consisting of naval land- based aviation in the East Atlantic and the combined submarine forces of this region. The part oF the Atlantic directly contiguous with Gibraltar has been isolated as the so-called Tberian main command. It includes the command of the combined naval forces in the Gib.raltar region and the combined armed forces of the island of Madeira. The European command of the NATO combined armed forces also 1~ossesses specialized naval control organs. Z`hese incl.ude the main command fo�r the English Channel, the command of combined naval forces in Northern and Southern Europe, the naval command of the Bal~tic, the command uf the naval strike forces in the Southern ~uropean theater of war, the command of. combined land-based aviation in the Medi- terranean and a number of others. The nature of the principal missions of NA'i'0's combined naval forces is no secret. They mairily include perfonning nuclear missile strikes on the territory of *The NATO countries are also extending their tentacles into the South Atlantic, _ and the Indian and Pacific oceans. They are sending squadrons of ships and expedi- tionary i:roops to these areas to support reactionary regimes in countries located - in these basins. , 22 FOR Ql~~'ICIAIL US~ ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 socialist states using missile submarines and~carrier-based aviation, engaging in comt~at operations against the navies of the Warsaw Pact countries, supporting trans- t~tlantic NATO shipping, and assisting ground~troops engaged in combat operations on the Eurc~pean continent. The composition of the fighting core of the navies of the leading NATO countries is indicative in this.respect. It includes about 50 nuclear , J missile submarines, 70 nuclear torpedo submarines, more than 140 diesel submarine~~ - more than 20 aircraft carriers (strike and antisubmarine), guided missile cruiser5 and destroyers, frigates,escort ships and more than 200 landing ships. Z'he organizatiofial structure of imperialist military b'locs operating in the basins . of the Pacifi.c ~hd Indian oceans is not as distinct as that of NATO. But these - blocs pursue.the same goals as the North Atlantic bloc. Using these blocs, imperi- alists are trying to create a tense situation on the eastern and southeastern borders of the USSR,;retard development of the national liberation movement, use the tremen- dous human resdurces of the developing countries in the interests of militarism and keep sizeable markets, spheres of advantageous application of capital and sources of tl~.e most valuable raw materials in imperialist hands. _ The Pacific Ocean pact (ANZUS)--a military-political alliance consisting of the USA, Australia and New Zealand--was signed in 1951 and went into effect in 1952. Z'he Asia and Pacific Council (ASPAC) was created in 1966. Its merabers include Australi.a, New Zealand, Japan, Thailand, the Phili.~ines and the puppet regimes of Taiwan and South Korea. The At1LUK military-political grouping was created in 1971. It included Great Br~.t~ain, australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore. In addition to creating the multilateral blocs listed above, imperialist states - signed a number of bilateral military treaties and pacts in order to enact the policies. The USA alone has such treaties with 60 countries. - The bloc stategy of imperialism is e~periencing an acute crisis today. The reasons - for it lie in p.rocesses occurring both in the international arena and within the blocs theniselves. The main ones are a change in the balance.of powerin the world arena in the favor of socialism, growth in the international authority of countries of thc socialist fraternity and of their policy o.f peace, and the successes of _ socialist countries in economics, science, culture and in maintenance of the necessary defensive potential. The system of imperialist blocs is also weakening because the peoples of the world now know from whence the military danger emanates. Anather reason for the crisis is that the USA's authority as the one-time univer- sally recognized leader of the military-political alliances has b~en seriously - iuidermined. Not at a11 long ago the members of aggressive blocs blindly followed U.S, policy. Recently we have been observing growth in a tendency toward indepen- dcnce in determination of foreign policy on the part of countries dependent on the USA. - Realistically thinking representatives o~ the ruling circles of capitalist coun- tries recognize the hopelessn`ss of bloc military strategy and the fal~.~~tes~of - the hopes for surpassing the military mic~ht of the socialist powers. Imperialist - hopes for maintaining a monopoly on nuc].ear weapons have long gone into oblivion. 23 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000540050031-7 ~OR OFF[CIAL USE UN~.Y _ The plans of imperialists to use their navies to achieve supremacy in the World Ocean have turned out to be unfounded. Iri response to the imperialist threat from Lhe sea, within a historically short period of time the Soviet peopl.e have managed tc create a powerful oceanic navy _ capable of cffectively protecting th~ state inteYests of the USSR, remaining for long periods of time in remote re~ions of the marine theaters of war, successfully opposing a strong eriemy navy, anci renelling enemy strikes from the ocean. Created thr.ough the concern of the CPSU and by the labor and geni:us of the Soviet people, the USSR Navy possesses modern ships, the design of which accounts for the latest scientific-technical achievemen~ts and discoveries. The power of the Soviet Armed - Fo:rcc~s and particularly of the Sovizt Navy, both of which are standing guard over the p~aceful labor of the Soviet people and the peoples of fraternal socialist _ countries, has a sobering effect upon politicians and military otficials in capitalist count:.ries who avoid the realities and continue to advertise plans for a new world 4~ar. There are many concrete manifestations of the crisis being suffered by imperialism's bloc system. One of them was the 1977 break-up of the military bloc in Southeast Asia--S~'I~TO. It was created in September. 1954. The bloc contained seven countries, USA, Enyland, Fran.c~, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, the Philippines ancl Pakistan. This military grouping participated aci.ively in almost all conflicts of Southeast 11sia. In 1979 i~he CENTO bloc fell apart following tlie departure of Pakistan, Iran and Turlcey. - A number of significant changes have taken shap~ in NATO in recent years. As was noted earlier, I'r.anc;e left the blac's military organization in 1966, and Greece announced its departur~ from the military organization in 1974. Sharp disagree- - ments also exis~L on NATO's narthexn flank. Despite pressure from the USA, Norway and Derzmark refuse to place foreign troops and nuclear stockpiles on their terri- _ ~ory. The c~uestion of U.S, and NATO bases is a topic of serious debate in the = government and in broad circlea of the public of Iceland. In 1975 Iceland broke diplomat?c relations with its nearest neighbor and partner in NATO--England--for a riumber o.f reasons having to do with econamics and international 1aw. Their restoratian in 1976 did not elimina~e significant disagreements between England and Iceland. ~ In al]. NATO countries the class struggle .is growing more acut~, the wave of = demands to reduce military budgets is rising and th~ way is being paved for im- - provixig economic ties with socialist countries and for reinforcing and widening _ L-he attained level of political detente. Iiowever, the reactionary forces of imperialism continue to actively pursue a policy of maintaining military-political blocs, they are increasing allocations to the arms race, they are creating new military bases and strongpoints in differ- ent regions oi the world, and they are cont.inuing to interfere in the national liberatian and democratic movement of peoples. They are presently being supported = in this by the Beijing leadership, which has assumed the road of betrayal of the = inter~~s ts of peace and socialism. 21~ - ~Okt O1~~YC~A1L YJSE OAILY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 - Imnerialism is ini:ensifying the arnis race--that is, material preparations for war-- ~~uithin the framework of its aggressive military blocs. In just the last few years the military expenditures of the PIATO countries grew by more than 20 percent. Steps are being taken to widen the spheres of influence of the bloc, to spread this influence far beybnd the zone initially intended by the North Atlantic Treaty. NA~O is establishing contacts with Japan, and military ties with IsraeZi extremists and with the racist regime in the Republic of South Africa are growi:ng stronger. Naval - squadrons of the NATO countries are perpetually present in the Indian Ocean. NATO countries, especially the USA, have been making an effort in recent years to draw Spain into this'bloc. In 1976 the NAT~ leadership decided to create a special squadron for op~rations in the South Atlantic--south of the border of the bloc's former zone of operations-- the Tropic of Cancer. The future plans are to create, in the image and likeness of NATO, a South Atlantic bloc which would unite, under the USA's leadership, Argen- tina, Brazil and the Republic of South Africa. Now that SEATO has fallen, imperialists intend to create a"strategic isla.nd arc" from Japan. to Southeast Asia and to include, besides the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean in the sphere of influence of the militant blocs. The USA is attempting to restore its influence in the Near and Middle East following the overthrow of the Shah's regime in Iran and disintegration of CENTO. American imperialism is trying to create, within the framework of the so-called "Carter poctrine," a new aggressive bloc in this region containing Israel, Egypt and some other countries. The bloc policy of imperialism is being opposed in the Soviet Union and other countries of the socialist fraternity by organizing collective.security both on a regional basis (Europe, Asia etc.) and on a worldwide scale. 'I'he concept being followed here is that the common interests of all peoples, without exception, in - preventing destructive military conflicts create a common platform for sensible actions for the purposes of safeguarding the security of each state. As defined by countries of the socialist fraternity, collective security calls not for military blocs and groupings and not for opposition of one state against another, but for development and promotion of good-neighbor cooperation of all states interested in peace, irrespective of their sociopolitical structure. Reactionary imperialist circles are exerting considerable effort to place the armed forces contingents of capitalist countries over all the world, and primarily by the borders of the Soviet Union and other countries of the socialist fraterni~y. Relying on their aggressive military blocs, imperialists of the USA, England and other countries have created a network of military bases on foreign territories, - they are concinuing to outfit foxward springboards at an intense pace, and they have organized a global system of military con�nunications, reconnaissance and - supnort for submarines and strategic aircraft. A significant part of these bases : and strongpoints are located in the sea and ocean basins, in the coas~al regions of West Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America and on islands and archipelagos. In recent years the USA has been displaying increasingly greater recognition of ~he strategic conception of maximum concentration of offensive military resources primarily on islands, mainly on sparsely inhabited or completely uninhabited is- lands. This conception can be explained by the wish of imperialist strategists to 25 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R004500054031-7 _ _ to conceal their aggressive activities more carefully trom the eyes of the public and to shield the bases and the troops stationed at them from the growing protest of the popular masses against the imperialist policy of the USA and other capitalist countries. As we know the USA, England and other imperialist countries have many different - military facilities on foreign territory. Just the Pentagon alone, wrote the Cuban jour_nal VERDE OLIVO in October 1978, possesses more than 300 military bases cate- gorized as large ones according to the standards of the armed services department. Moreover up ~to 2,000 other military facilities are located in more than 30 countries. About 5,000 army, air force and navy enlisted men and officers are permanently de- ployed at these bases--two field armies, two operational fleets and several major - formations of strategic aviation and submarines--carriers of nuclear missiles. - The well known American politician W. Fulbright estimated that each year the American treasury spends $25-30 billion--that is, 20-25 percent of its military budget--on the maintenance of this enortnous network of bases and on the troops statior?ed within it. There are especially many military bases and tacilities on the territory of NATO countries in the At~.antic and Mediterranean basins. Just the USA alone possesses (in addition ~o bases on its own territory) more than 100 large and several hundred other milit.ary facilities in the FRG, England, Hollar~d, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Ic~:land, Greenland, the Bermuda and Bahama islands, Canada and so on~. A number of U.S. military bases are located in Spain. More than 300,000 American soldiers and sea~nen are deployed at these bases. The most important ones are: the nuclear missile submarine bases at Holy Loch (Scotland) and King's Bay (USA), naval bases at Bremerhaven (FRG), Naples and Maddalena (Italy), Piraeus (Greece), Izmir and Iskenderum (Turkey) and elsewhere. _ The Pentagon attaches special significance to its bases in the Mediterranean Sea basin. These play an important role in supporting the USA's notorious "military presencc" in South Europe and North Africa, in implementing the USA's aggressive _ policy course in the Near East, and in fiqhting against national~liberation and patriotic forces in this region. Using these bases, the USA supports the extremist aspirations of Israel and supp7.ies weapons to Israeli troops. The USA possesses numerous mili.tary bas~~s; primarily naval and air bases, in the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Directly challenging the ideals of detente and improvement of international relatinns, the Pentagon maintains the large naval base of Guantanomo on Cuba and military facilities in the former Panama Canal Zone, on the island of Puerto Rico and in other regions of the Caribbean basin. Military bases are given an extremely important role in the Pentagon's so-called "Arctic si:rategy," In its desire to ensure, for its armed forces and primarily its navy, the possibility for maintaining control of straits leading from the Arctic Ocean to the Atlani:ic, the USA is improving its network of military bases, early warning .radar, guidance and communication posts and other military facilities in Northwest Canada and Newioundland, Greenland and Iceland, and it is making broad use of so-called "NATO bases" in this region, including Norway and Denmark, in behalf of its in~erest as the "senior partner" in NATO. 26 P'OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 ~ngland also pos5esses a number of important military bases in the Atlantic Ocean k~~s~.n. 2'hese include the huge naval bases at Gibraltar and Famagust (Cyprus) in the Mediterranean and at Kingston in Jamaica, and a number of facilities having military significance on Trinidad and Tobago, on the islands of Barbados and Antigua, the Falkland Islands and elsewhere. One of the most important compor.ents of the so-called "new Paci�ic doctrine" of the USA is a highly developed network of American mi].itary bases in the Pacific basin. - The Pentagon has more than 100 air and naval bases on the territory of countries dependent on the USA in this region, not counting hundreds of other military facili- ties. The Pentagon maintains more than 150,000 soldiers and officers on foreign territories in the Pacific basin. Japan is the largest region of concentration of American bases in the Far East.' The USA's large air and naval bases alone total more than 20. The main base of the U.S. Seventh Fleet is Yokuska. Sizeable forces are deployed at the naval base of Sasebo, and the USA has created a number of naval and marine facilities,on the islznd of Okinawa, which has been transformed by the Pentagon into the nuclear missile arsenal of the Far East. The t7.5. Armed Forces possess military facilities in South Korea (Mokp'o, Inch'on, 'raegu and elsewhere), in the Philippines (S~bic Bay, Clark Field and so on). Implementing its "strategy of withdrawal to the islands," the USA is creating mili- - i.ary facilities on Guam, Wake, Tinian and other Pacific islands, whioh are said to be "protectorates of the USA" but which are actually simply annexed to the latter. One of the largest American ~orward naval bases was created on Guam in Apra Bay. A flotilla o.f nuclear missile submarines that patrols the western part of the PaciL�ic is based here. Anderson Air Base, at which major strategic air Eorces, 8-52 bombers primarily, are concentrated is also located on this island. During the period of American aggression in Indochina these bombers made barbaric raids against Vietnam, La.os and Cambodia (the People's Republic of Kampuchea as of 1979). - Rel.ying on its military blocs and aggressive allian~es (ANZUS, ANZUK, ASPAC and - others) as well as on so-called "billteral treaties" imposed by the U5A upon staL-es dependent upon it, the American war machine is forcefully penetrating into Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia and New Zealand. In Australia, the USA possesses im~~ortant centers of communication, long-x~ These efforts resulted in the signing of a Soviet-Amera.can treai~y on preventing incidents on the high seas and in thE aa.rspace abave them in May 1972, and a treaty on cooperation in exploration of the World Ocean in June 1973. The Treaty Pro- hibiting Installation of Nuclear Weapons ~.nd Othc:r Forms of Mass Destruction Weapons on the 5eabed and Its Subsoil also has impori:ant significance. This treaty was signed in 1971 by representatives o~ ~he USSR, Great Britain and the USA. Urifortunately the struggle centering on these issues is far from finished. They are now becoming increasingly more aaute at times. In some capitalist countries - efforts are being made to create self-powered mi_ssile systems with nuclear warheads that would be capable of "hovering at a certain depth" or "just barely touching" - the bottom. The USA is working on a new underwater weapon called "CAPTOR." It is a combination of an anchored mine ancl an antisubmar:~ne torpedo carrying a nuclear charge. The effective radius of the "CAPTOR" acoustic apparatus exceeds 1 km, it can be deployed at a depth of 800 meters, and its life is up to 5 years. The Soviet Navy is a resource of ,peace-loviiig policy and friendship of peoples, a policy of foiling the aggressive desires of imperialism, restraining military adventures and decisively opposing threats to the security of peoples on the part of imperialist powers. When the oceanic expanses became a part of the operational area of the USSR Navy, tY?e USSR obtained new, broader possibilities fox using the navy in peacetime to _ support its state interPSts. 32 FOR OFFTCIAL US~ ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-0085QRQ0050Q050031-7 Imperialist propaganda tries to portray the presence of Soviet ships in the World Ocean as "aggression," as~"a thxeat to the freedom of navigation." But at the same time bourgeois ideologists say nothing about the fact that the squadrons of im- perialist fleets have long been sailing in regions thousands of nautical miles a~vay from thei~r~own bases, and that they are maintaining tension on the sea borders of the socialis`~~�=and developing countries. Imperialist propaganda also says ndthing about the fact that it is our countxy, together with other countries of the socialist fra~ternity, that constantly initiates proposals aimed at rElaxing ten- sion, at xeduc,i.ng armed forces and armaments, at reducing mili:tary activities of noncoastal stat'es~in the Mediterranean an.d Indian Ocean and at transforming the expaiises of the World Ocean intd a~zone of peace. And it is not our fault that these proposals are not yet adequately understood by the capitalist world. The true face of the malicious anti-Soviet fabrications of imperialist propaganda was unmasked i.n the Accountability Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the 25th CPSU Congress: "The principal motive of proponents of the arms race is to assert presence of a so-called Soviet threat. This motive is utilized whenever a higher military budget that would reduce expenditures on social needs must be railroaded through, whenever new forms of death-dealing weapons are developed, and~whenever attempts are made to justify NATO's military activities. In fact, of course, there is no Soviet threat, neither from the West nor from the East. All of this is a monstrous lie--from the beginning to the end."* Official visits by Soviet ships to the ports of foreign states ~erve the policy of peace and increase the international authority of the USSR. Each year Soviet seamen visit dozens of foreign countries as guests. Visits by every vessel rein- force tri.endship and mutual understanding between peoples. Soviet seamen often provide assistance to the peoples of a particular country. _ Thus, helping the people of Egypt to surmount the aftermath of~imperialist aggression, seamen of the Pacific and Black Sea fleets swept mines from the Gulf of S~ez. The crews remained in the minefields for more than 6,000 hours. Having swept a distance of more than 17,00 nautical miles, they eliminated the mine threat from an area of 1,250 square miles. Helpinc~ the young People's Republic of Bangladesh to surmount the aftermath of the Indo-Pakistani conflict of 1971, Soviet seamen did a great deal of work to clear the port of Chittagong and to sweep mines from its approaches. Soviet divers worked under water 45,000 hours, helping to raise 26 sunken vessels. Minesweeping operations were conducted over an area of more than 1,000 square miles. Soviet naval seamen honorably represent the country of the great Lenin far from the motherland. The high culture o� their behavior, their discipline, their _ friendly attitude toward the local public, and their respect for the latter's traditions and customs elicit deep sympathies toward Soviet people. As a result of every visit of a Soviet ship to a foreign port, the Soviet people gain many new friends. - *"Materialy XXV s"yezda KPSS," p 22. 33 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-40850R040500050031-7 ~ . ~ Soviet naval seamen consistently perform tlzeir international duty to socialist countries. Our friends hold the great support rendered to them by the Soviet Union ! in high esteem. Brotherhood in arms grotas stronger, coordination develops and the ~ best experience is exchanged at joint exercises and in cruises conducted by Warsaw ~ Pact countries. - Sovi~t seamen have made a significant contribution to studying the pressing problems of oceanography. This is not only promoting progress in world science, man's development of the expanses of the World Ocean and solution of many problems of worldwide nature conservation, but it is also helping us to raise the effectiveness of our motherland's national economy. The labor of Soviet oceanographers is helping us to understand the laws of oceanic and atmospheric processes better, which is .important to developing methods of long-range weather forecasting and to revealing ' theological, hydrological and other features of the seas. i~bout 500 new atlases and maps made by Soviet or.eanographers, including naval sea- ~nen, were exhibited at the Sixth Congress of the USSR Geographical Society, held in ' l~ecember 1975. Jointly with vesscls of the USSR Academy of Sciences' scientific research f.leet, oceanogr.aphic and r~ydrographic vessels of the USSR Navy have parti- cipated and continue to participate in many international programs of exploration of the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. `Che fighi: to av~rt further pollution of the World Ocean by ~.iquid wastes,.petroleum ; ~ind radioactive and other toxic substances has tremendous significance today. ':"he Soviet Union has initiated a number. of international agreements on protection of the seas from pollution by toxic substanaes. Tn the USSR, protection of water irom pollution is treated as a nationwide task. Soviet legislation foresees strict liabilii:y for pollution of the seas by substances harmful to human health ; and to living organisms of the sea. An example of successive implementation of rnajor socioeconomic programs to improve the natural environment can be found in the decree adopted in 1976 by the CPSU Central Committ~e and the USSR Government, "On Measures to l~revent Pollution of the Black and Azov Sea Basins." The navy has special regulations on preventing Pollution of the seas by ships, vessels and shore facilities. I~,xperience shows us that the situat?on in the World Ocean continues to be complex ~~nd conflictirig, as is i~rue on the entire globe. On one hand owing to the peaceful policy of countries of the socialist fraternity and as a result of their struggle to txansform the Wor1d Ocean into a zone of , ~~eace, significant successes have been acYiieved. On tlie other hand imperialist circles continue to inflame the situation in the World Ocean, implement a strategy of bases and blocs and ~ursue a policy of neo- c:olonialism. The aggressive, antipopul.ar course of the Beijing leadership is _ ~~romoting aggravati~n of the situation in the Worla Ocean, and chiefly in countries of l~sia and in the Far East. Under these conditions the main guarantee of bridl'ing 1.he aggressors is dependable prot~c�tion of the revolutionary achievements of the ~~eople and reinforcement of the econamic and defensive might of the USSR and other ~~ountries of the socialist fraternity. 31G FUR OFFICIA'L USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500450031-7 - Cliapter II. Geography of the World Ocean ~ Propagation of Acoustic Waves in the World Ocean One of the most ilnportant physical features of sea water is that it blocks electro- magnetic waves. At the same time ocean water is a conduator of acoustic waves. Sound propagates in sea water almost five times �aster than in air; a 1 kw sound can be heard 30-40 km away, and farther in some conditions. In air, a 100 kw sound is audible at distances up to 15 km. Propagation of hydroacoustic waves is influenced by temperature, salinity, pressure, depth of the sea and the nature of the bottom, the sea state, turbidity of the water due to suspended impurities of organic and inorganic origin, and presence of dissolved gases. Differences in water density cause change in the speed of sound. Consequently a hydroacoustic wave propagates not in a straight line but along a complex trajectory depending on refraction. Bubbles of gas, suspended particles and plankton scatter and ab~orb acoustic energy. Sharp irregularities in water masses (transition ~ layers, so-called "cold walls," and so on) create considerable interference to propagation of acoustic waves. - The causes influencing propagation of sound in water are divided into constant , which are easily accounted for, and random, which yield to analysis and accounting _ with difficulty. Both the former and the latter depend on the time of year and.day, geographic position, depth, currents and other factors characterizing the state of the sea water coliunn. Among all factors influencing propagation of sound in water,~the temperature of the environment has great significance. A beam of sound traveling in sea water - tends toward colder (and less saline) layers. At night the colder layers are at the sea surface, and beams tend toward the latter (positive refraction). On a hot day beams descend (negative refraction). Parameters characterizing change in speed of sound, temperature, salinity and hydrastatic pressure with depth are respectively referred to as the gradients of :>peed of sound, temperature, salinity and pressure. As was noted earlier, water temperature drops quickly with depth, eliciting a :~harp drop in the speed of sound. At a certain depth the speed of sound begins to qrow due to an increase in hydrostatic pressure. A unique wavequide, called the underwater sound channel (USC), arises in the layer in which the speed of sound is ininimum. Once in it, an acousti:c wave is no longer able to emerge from it (it is r.eflected from its walls). Hydroacoustic energy can propagate over tremendous c~istances in this channel. For example according to observations a 0.25 kg bomb explading in the 1~tlantic Ocean can be heard well for a distance of about 1,500 km, vahile one weighing 2.7 kg can be heard up to 5,750 km. A 22.5 kg bomb that was detonated at the coast of Australia was heard at the Bermuda Islands (it took the sound 3 hours 43 minutes to travel 19,200 km). 35 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500450031-7 In the Atlantic Ocean, the depth of the axis of the USC,ir~creases from 600-800 meters i_n its northern part ~0 1,300-1,500 meL-ers in the tropical region. As we - approach the equator the depth of thc axis of the USC decreases to 600 meters, and then it grows in the southern tropical zor~e to 900-1,000 meters. In the vicinity of the South Pole the depth at which the axis ot the USC lies once again decreases to 100-200 meters. The same d~stributian of depths of the USC axis is typical of the Pacific Ocean. The USC axis lies at about 100 me~ters in the polar regions of both hemispheres. ~ In the Indian Ocean the depth at which the USC`s axis lies rises from.100 meters in the south to 1,500 meters in the north. Hydrological conditions in which the axis of the USC rises to several dozen meters-- that is, in which a surface acoustic channel forms--may occur in a number of regions and in certain seasons. This ch:annel arises when temperature is vertically dis- - tributed--that is, when there is a temperature minimum at a certain depth. Tn certain cases, relatively rare, a surface sou.nd channel may also arise in response to change in sea water salinity. Ocean Dynamics In addition to horizontal and verti.cal znovemEnts of water masses, waves are typical of the dynamic state of the oce~n. Waves are producecl by wind, tides and earth- quakes. Wind waves arise as a result of the 1:ransfer of energy from the atmosphere _ to water. In this connection their size depends on the time of presence and speed of the wind. A unified na.ne-point wave force scale was introduced in our country in 1953. Al~- sence of waves is given zero points, and extreme waviness is given nine points (wave height--more than 11 meters,.wave length--more than 220 meters). The zones of maximum waviness of the World Ocean were charted on the basis of numerous studies. Two such zones were discovered in the North Atlantic. One of them is on the east coast of North America. Here the waves reach a height of up to 20 meters. Anotl~er zone with waves up to 16 n?eters high is located west of Scotland. The center of largest w~v~s in the Pacific is located in the nor~th- western and central parts ~f the ocean. A wave 34 meters high was observed in the central Pacific on 6 February 1956. On 30 March 1956 Soviet explorers aboard the diesel-electric ship Ob' registered a wave 26 meters high north of the Balleny Islands. The map of zones of tnaxim.wn waviness compiled l~y Soviet scientists has great practical signi.ficance. Using it, seamen can avoid ha7ardous storm regions. Tr,is is especially important to vesse'ls or struci:ures that cannot endure storms f.or one reason or another. In July 1964 Soviet seamen had to move a giant floating d~y- dock from the Baltic to the Black Sea. Calculations showed that the dry dock would break up if it found itself on the crest of a large wave. Some experts suggested cutting.this .large structure in half and towing each part separately. Bu~ wind wave researchers gave assurances that stormy weather was improbable along the suggested route in July, and that in ~he most di.fficult section of the route, the 36 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLX APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102109: CIA-RDP82-00850R400504050031-7 ' Biscay Bay, wave height would not exceed 4-5 meters, and length would not exceed , 160 meters. Throughout the entire trip the weathermen carefully monitored the weather, so that in the case of danger the drydock could enter the nearest port. The drydock was delivered to its destination safely. Waves gradually-lose their height as they move from the region of their arisal (they lose about half their height in 2,000 km). Waves travel enormous distances. Waves originating in the southern part of the Pacific Ocean were. observed 13,000 km _ away, an the coast of California. In addition to surface waves, internal waves may arise within ocean water. They form at the boundary of two layers of water differi.ng in density. The speed of such waves is usually lower than that of surface waves, but they can have a larger - amplitude. Tyagun's--internal resonant oscillations of water--are sometimes ob- served in bays and ports. Unuerwater movements of the earth's crust (earthguakes, volcanic eruptions) elicit long-period waves in thE ocean--sunamis. Information on sunamis reaches back to - 479 B.C. Since tlzat time there have been about 355 sunamis, 30 of which were elicited by volcanic activity. Three hundred eight sunamis were noted in the Pacific, lo were observed in the Atlantic and 21 were observed in the Mediterranean. The length of a sunami can attain 200 km, and its speed can reach up to 900 km/hr. A sunami can cross an ocean, for example from Chile to Kamchatka. In the open ocean sunamis are barely noticeable, since in comparison with their length, the height of such waves is negligible. But when such waves reach shallows, and es- pecially constrictions in the coastline, they may cause enormous havoc in the coastal area. Curreni.s have an important place in the dynamics of water masses having a great ~~j influence on navigation. They m~y be subdivided in relation to the factors or ~ forces eliciting them,in relation to stability, depth, nature of movement and physicochemic:al properties. Currents are divided in terms of factors eliciting _ them into gradient, wind, drifting and tidal. The pattern of water movement is almost identical in all surface currents of the World Ocea.n. Navigators are interested in closed rotating systems of currents which oceanologists usually refer to as circulations. Certain parts of circulations exhibiting a clearl}~ expressed orientation (meridional or zonal, along parallels) are commonly called branc}ies. Masses of water rotating clockwise are called anticyclones, and those r_otating anticlockwise are called cyclones. Ther.e .~re large subtropical anticyclonic circulations in the'Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. The Northern and Southern tradewind currents are made up of low- latitu~ie r~ranches of these circulations. These are broad (up to 2,000 km on the meridi~~nal a:cis) and stable currents with a speed of 0.4-1 knots (0.7-1.8 km/hr), - and thc:y may achieve a speed of 3.6 knots (7.2 km/hr}. In these oceans, approxi- mately between the equator and the tropics, currents are oriented from east to west. ~ 37 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 i va~ va ~ +.~.+.aaa. Tt~e Gulf Stream and the Japan Current are western branches of the subtropical cir- culatioiis of the Northern Hemisphere. 2'hese are relatively narrow (100-500 km) and fast streams that hug the shore near their places of origin and turn out into the open ocean at moderate latitudes. Part of these streams breaks away from the common flow to form a current traveling toward the equator. The bulk of the Gulf Stream and Japan Current moves eastward, and further on these currents form the North Atlantic and North Pac~_fic currents respectively. In turn, the latter par- tially feed in to the circulations of the northern latitudes (most intensively in the Atlantic), initiating unstable eastern currents: the Portugese and Canaries in the Atlantic and the California in the Pacific, which link up with the huge sub- tro~~ical circulations of the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere subtropical circulations are even larger, but their western branches--the Brazil and East Australian currents--are much weaker than the Gulf Stream and Japan Current. In the Pacific the eastern branch of the circulation--the Peru Current (if is sometimes called the Humboldt Current)-- is ari exception: It is strongest and narrowest of the currents on the eastern shore of the ocean. The strong Igol'nyy Current (sometimes called Aqulyasov's Current) forms in the western part of the Indian Ocean circulation. It opposes the weak and diffuse West Australian Current in the east. The largesl~ current in the World Ocean is the West Wind Current. This is a powerful and d~ep (2,500-3,000 km) current moving at speed of 0.5-0.7 ]tr~ots (0.9-1.4 km/hr). It crosses three oceans, and it links up with the southern subtropical circulations. Current:s at moderate and high latitudes exhibit cyclonic rotation. They are clearly pronounced in the northern parts of the oceans, especially the Atlantic. The powerfulness o.f the North Atlantic and North Pacific currents influences the _ intensity of the entire circulation. The principal circulations are located northwest of the.North Atlantic Current. The latter contributes a part of its waters successively to the warm Irminger and WESt Spitsbergen currents. Th~n it enters the Arctic Ocean as the Norwegian Gtiirrent. Owing to the warmth of these currents ~the winters on Iceland, Spitzbergen and tne ~ north coast of Scandinavia are unusually mild for these latitudes. The cold Eastern Greenland Current enters the Atlantic from the P.rctic Ocean, linking to- gether all circulations of the moderate and polar latitudes in the northern part of the ocean. The southernmost branch of the circulation--the cold.Labrador _ Curr~~nt--pentrates far southward, where it meets the Gulf Stream. Iii th.e Pacific we observe two ring currents--in the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea. The western branch of the circulation--the cold Kamchatka and Oyashio currents--descends southward, cooling the entire east coast of Asia. The North Pacific Current warms the high latitudes much less than does the North Atlantic Current. In the Nor_th Pacific the boundaries of the c~ntinents force the warm _ currents to ~urn southward. Subpolar circulatians in the Antarctic are very weak and unstable. They exist in the Ross, Bellingshausen and Waddel seas. The southern branch of this circula- tion--the Antarctic Coastal Current--is especially unstable, and its speed is low. 38 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500450031-7 One anticyclonic`..circulation is observed in the Arctic Ocean, the integrity of which ~ . is disturbed by circulations in the seas and by a branch flowing from the Chukchi ~ - Sea over the North Pole to Greenland. Currents in the Arctic are weak, growing in intensity only as they reach the bour}dary of the Atlantic. _ The equatorial and tropical zones are distinguished by especially high activity. Trade winds in the tropics are responsible for powerful tradewind currents. A band of still weather and weak winds is located between the North wind and trade wind zor?es. The Equatorial o r Intertradewind Countercurrent is observed in the band of weak winds. Countercurrents are observed in all oceans. A countercurrent arises in the Pacific Ocean near the Philippines, and it moves directly eastward somewhat north of the equator. It crosses the entire ocean for a distance of 8,500 nautical miles (about 15,700 lan) at an average speed of 1-1.5 knots (2-3 km/hr). A countercurrent~. originates in the Atlantic 700-1,000 nautical miles (1,300-1,850 _ km) from the shores of South America, from where it proceeds eastward, gradually growing in intensity as it crosses the equator. It then continues on as the _ Guinea Current. The latter travels southward to feed the waters of the Southern Trade~aind Current. In the Indian Ocean the system of equatorial currents, which is displaced southward from the equator, is under the intense influence of monsoon winds. In winter {December-February) in the Northern Hemisphere, when the northeastern monsoons blow, the system of equatorial currents behaves as in the other oceans. Tradewind currents and cauntercurrents form here. Only the Somali Current (similar to the Gulf Stream and the Japan Current) behaves unusually. It moves southward as a _ wide band. In summer (June-August), in the period of the southwestern monsoons, the Equatorial Countercurrent disappears, and the Somali Current races northward _ at high speed as a narrow stream. Circular movement of waters also dominates in the seas. In this case movement of watcrs in seas of the Northern Hemisphere is cyclonic. Sea circulations are less stable than oceanic circulations, but they exist almost constantly. Surface curr~ents have been studied for many centuries. Interest toward them arose especially in recent times in connection with intense development of the submarine fleet. Surface currents also have great significance to fishermen. The latter are especially interested in zones in which waters of different origins come together. These are so-called frontal zones, or zones of convergence. Such zones are dis- tinguished by high biological productivity. At river mouths, at boundaries between cold and~warm currents, anciwherever a current neighbors on a countercurrerit, plankton--the food source of inhabitants of the oceans and seas--thrive. Many new things have been discovered about the most powerful and best known cur- rent--the Gulf Stream. As we know, this giant system extends all the way to Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya (10,000 km). The latest research has established that the Brazilian "corner" of Sauth America, which protrudes into the ocean, ~ forces not only waters of the Northern Tradewind Current but also a significant part of the waters of the 5outhern Tradewind Current to enter the Caribbean Sea. I'rom there, these currents proceed as th~ Guyana Current across the Lesser Antilles island chain. Under the influence of the trade winds, these currents merge and penetrate through the Yucatan strait and head westward through the sauthern part 39 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 of the Gulf of Mexico and then through the Florida strait into the Atlantic. The Gul.f Stream carries 50-70 times more water than do all rivers of the earth. The width of the current is 75-120 km, and the depth to which water flows is 700-800 meters. The waters of this current carry a colossal quantity of heat which wazms almost all of Europe, especially Western and Northern Europe. In our country the Gu1f Stream influences the tremendous amount of territory west o� a line exten$ing through Odessa, Gor'kiy and the mouth of the Ob'. Owing to the Gulf Stream the climate on the north coast of Europe is significantly wanner than at the same latitudes in North America. For example evergreen plants grow in England, while the northernmost of the Lofoten Islands, which are near the Arctic Circle, enjoy the mean annual temperature of the Crimea. , At the same time it has been established that the Gulf Stream does not fully justify the name attached to it: Waters of the Gulf of Mexico take almost no part in its formation. The Gulf Stream is far from a homogeneous current. It consists of a number of intermixing streams that move at different speeds. The maximum recorded speed of the current is 2.75 zneters/second. Narrow countercurrents have been discovered along both sides of the main current, but on the ocean side the current is more stable. Soviet oceanographers discovered a number of powerful currents deep in the ocean. In 1958 an expedition aboard the r.ese~.rch vess~l "Mikhail Lomonosov" discovered another huge countercurrent in the equatorial latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean beneath the waters of the Southern Tradewind Current. Between 1959 and 1968 Soviet _ scientists systematically studied the new current. They collected and computer- processed about 1.5 million figures characterizing the size of this "underwater river." Treatment of the measurements made it possible to establish the speed of the current, its width, depth, the volumetric flow rate and the boundaries. Its "banks" can be discerned on both sides of the equator--at latitudes 2� to the north and south. In terms of scale and size, this current, which came to be ~ called the Lomonosov Deep Countercu�rrent, may be ranked on par with the Gulf Stream. I'~tailed investigation of undenvater currents, particular aboard the Soviet vessel "Vityaz has shown that oceanic circulation in the equatorial region exhibits a complex, multilayered structure. Several currents traveling in different direc- tions exist in the layer down to 1,000 meters: In the superficial layer they travel. eastward, a layer in which the water masses move in the reverse direction is located beneath the former, and then the water moves eastward once again, and _ so on. The causes behind these phenomena have not yet been established. - Ocean waters know no rest in the vertical dimension either. First of all they underqo continual density-based (convective) mixing throughout the entire water column of the World Ocean. Warmth from the sun penetrates into the water, but at a depth of 100 meters the sun's energy is not more than 3 percent of the total amount of energy received by the surface of the sea. It follows from this that warming of deep layers can occur only due to mixing of water masses. The height of the ocean surface, when considered free of the influence of wind waves and swells, and when measured relative to a conditional horizon, changes - constantly under the influence of many �orces (cosmi.c, geodynamic and geothermal influences in the earth's crust,as well.as mechanical and physicochemical influences 40 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 ~temming from sdlar radiation and the influence of the atmosphere). Tidal phenomena have the greai:est significance. The tides are periodic fluctuations in the sea level stemming from the gravitational forces of the moon and the sun. The tide-creating force of the moon is 2.17 times g~eater than that~of the sun. This is why the position of the ~oon has the p=inci- ~~al influence upon the tides. Because the mutual position of the earth, the moon and the sun changes continuously, the magnitude of the tides changes as well. When the moon and the sun are aligned together during a full moon and at a new moon, the tides at~ain their greatest proportions. . When the moon.and the sun are at a 90� angle relative to the earth (a waxing or� waning quarter moon), the magnitude of the tides is the ?.east. ~ Physicogeographic conditions.of different regions have a significant influence on the magnitude and nature of tides: coastal contours, the dimensions and depth of seas and oceans, presence of islands and so on. Tides elicit currents, the speed of which may be very large depending on local conditions. Thus near the French port of Cherbourg they attain 6-9 knots, in channels i.hrough the Japanese, Philippine and Aleutian Islands the speeds of currents reach 8-10 knots, and in the Skierstd-fjord (Norway) they attain 16 knots. The nature of the World Ocean still harhors many secrets. However, the joint efforts of scientists and seamen representing different countries are helping to uncover them and to obtain new data on the "great river streaming around the earth." Chapter'VII. Australia.. Oceania.. Antarctica General Description The Australian continent is located between the Pacific a.nd Indian oceans. Oceania {consisting of about 10,000 islands) is also conditior~ally grouped with Australia. - Actually, Oceani.a is an independent island region of the globe. A~arge contri- bution to ii:s discovery and exploration was made in the 19th century by the - Russian navigators I. F. KruzensYitern, Yu. F. Lisyanskiy, O. Ye. Kotsebu, V. M. Golovriin and M. P. Lazarev, the Russian scholar N. N. Miklukho-Maklay and many others. The islands of Oceania are located in the s~uthwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. `I'heir area is about 1.3 million square kilometers, and their population (less Australia) is about 8 million. _ Oceania is divided into three parts--Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Mela- nesia includes New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, F'iji and others; Micronesia includes the Mariana, Caroline and Marshall islands and a numbPr of other archipelagos; Polynesia includes the Hawaiian Islands, the Phoenix, Sporades (Line) and Samoan archipelagos, and others. With the exception of Australia and 1~intarctica, a].arge part of the dry land in the Central and South Pacific consists of volcanic or coral formations. Large Ltl FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850ROQ0500050031-7 continental islands (New Guinea being the largest) are found in the western part of the Pacific. Most islands of Oceania are colonies of imperialist states. In the postwar era the USA has been pushing its rivals out of Oceania. Many islands are used by the imperialists as military strategic strongpoints, bases and springboards. SpeciaX attention is devoted to Micronesia (the Mariana, Ma.rshall and Caroline islands), which the UN placed under thc: USA's protection in 1947. American colonists imposed a"treaty of cooperation" upon the inhabitants of the Mariana Islands, according to which the islands will be trsated as permanently "annexed" to the USA. The designs upon the Marshall and Carolina i,slands are similar; the status of "free association _ with the USA" has been imposed upon them. . ' The Pacific islands have great strategic significance. In compliance with the "island strategy," which is enjoying increasingly greater development in the USA following its loss of bases in Indochina, military complexes are being created on these islands. American strategists believe that island bases, being less populated and more remote from major countries, will become a dependable springboard for the USA'~ war plans. However, it is becoming increasingly more difficult to implement these plans due - to the. growing resistance of progressive strata of the public of the Pacific islands. The national liberation movement is growing stronger in Oceania. Z'he political map of the region is changing under its influence as well. In recent years Western Sanioa, Nauru, Tonga, Fiji, Papua-New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Kiri- bati have become independent. The region of Oceania has great economic significarice. Copra, phosphates, nickel ores, chromites and other strategic raw materials are exported to Western countries from Oceania. Many islands of Oceania located at the intersections of marine and air transport routes play an important role in supporting the activities of the transport fleet and aviation. Antarctica Antarctica is'a continent in the Southern Hemisphere occupying the central part of the South Polar region (Antarctica). 2'he continent has an area of about 14 million square kilometers, of which about 1.5 million square kilometers are occupied by shelf glaciers that steadily creep off the Antarctic continent into the sea, and contiguous islands. Almost the entire continent is covered by a thick glacial crust. The average thickness of the ice is 1,720 meters (the maximum is more than 4.5 km). The total volume of the glacial mantle of Antarctica is about 24 million cubic kilometers (almost 90 percent of all of the planet's fresh water is locked within it). This glacial mantle descends into the ocean (small portions of the coast-line consisting of bedrock are an exception), and shelf glaciers--flat ice fields (up to 700 meters thick) floating an the water and reaching the floor of the oceln in certain uplifted areas of the floor--form over a significant area. Conse- quently ~a large number of icebergs form .along the shores of Antarctica. These ice- bergs are then carried by currents and wind, and they may reach as far north as 40� S. Lat.. ~12 FOR OFFICIA~. USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R400500050031-7 The Antarctic coa~~line (more than 30,000 km long�) is rather featureless, and it consists, for almost its entire length, of glacial cliffs up to several dozen meters high. The Antarctic cl~mate is the harshest on earth. The planet's cold pole is located at the center of t-;he continent. A temperature of -88.3� was recorded at the 5oviet "Vostok" station~on 24 August 1960. The mean winter temperature on the coastline varies from -8 to -35�, while the summer temperature is about zero; the corresponding figures for Central Antarctica are correspondingly from -60 to -70�, and from -30 to ~ -50�. The polar night lasts several months in the central regions. Pcrpetual winds blowing from the continent are typical of the coastal area. When they merge with cyclonic air currents, hurricanes form. Antarctica is the most isolated continent on our planet. The closest distances to it are about 1,000 km from South America, 2,650 from Australia and 3,870 km from Africa. The sixth continent is surrounded by a continuous ring of water consisting of the southern parts of three oceans--Atlantic, Indian and Pacific. Because of the significant hydrological features of these waters, there have been suggestions for isolating the waters of the oceans surrounding Antarctica as the Southern Ocean. The honor of discovering the sixth continent belongs to Russian naval seamen, who sailed near the glacial continent for the first time in history under the leader- ship of F. F. Bellinsgauzen and M. P. Lazarev on 15 (27) January 1820. Despite numerous expeditions to this continent following its discovery, prior to 1957-- before the start of the International Geophysical Year--knowledge on Antarctica was meager. , Beginning in the late 1950's Antarctica began to reveal its secrets more fully. The ice-locked continent has been transformed into a zone of productive cooperation among scientists representing many countries. Permanent and temporary scientific _ stations have been created on the glacial continent. Soviet scientists have achieved especially great successes. Since 1956 they have been continuously con- ducting diverse research on the bleak continent and contiguous waters. The perma- nent Soviet stations "Molodezhnaya," "Mirnyy," "~~~stok," "Sovetskaya" and others have been created on the continent. In 20 years, Soviet caterpillar-sled trains have traveled a sum total of more than 80,000 km in the harsh conditions of Antarc- _ tica. The USA, Japan, England and others countries are displaying considerable interest in studying Antarctica. The waters of Antarctica are rich in fish and marine mammals (whales, seals) as well as water birds. Ninety percent of the world whale catch occurs in this reqion. Rich deposits of minerals have been discovered in Antarctica--coal, petroleum, gold, silver, copper, zinc, platinum, iron ore and so on. ~ On 1 December 1959 12 states signed the Treaty on the Antarctic (USSR, USA, Australia, Argentina, Belgium, Great Britain, New Zealand, Nozway, France, Chile, South African Republic and Japan). According to the treaty this region of the planet "must be used forever exclusively for peaceful purposes, and it must not become an arena or object of international disagreements." Later on, seven more countries signed the treaty (Czechoslovakia, Poland, Denmark, the Netherlands, 43 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 - Romania, the GDR and Brazil). The international legal re~ime of Antarctica and other territories located south of 60� S. Lat. is regulated by this treaty. Occupying the leading position in research on Antarctica, the Soviet Union has consisteritly favored preserving and confirming the regime established by the 1959 - treaty and guaranteeing peace and peaceful cooperation among states in Antarctica for the good of all mankind. ~ Chapter VIII. Along the Shores of the Arctic Ocean General Description The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the earth's oceans. Together with its seas, it occupies 13.1 million square kilometers (2.8 percent of the~area of the World Ocean). The total area of.its islands.is about 4 million square kilometers. Three areas are distinguished in the Arctic Ocean depending on physicogeographic features and geolcgical structure: The deep water part of the Arctic Ocean delimited - on the south by the margin of the continental shallows of Urasia and North America (with an area of about 5.3 million kilometers); the North ~uropean basin, including the Greenland, Noxwegian, Barents and White seas, and the seas located within the limits of the continental shallows--Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, Beaufort and Baffin. The shores of the Arctic Ocean are diverse in nature. While the shores of Scandinavia, Iceland and Greenland are predominantly high and cut by deep fjords, the shores of - the White, Baren~s and Kara seas are occasionally interrupted by bays, they are low and level in parts and deltoid in some places. In the vicinity of the Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi and Beaufort seas the shores are deltoid in some areas, and lagoons are found in others; the shore of the Canadian Arctic archipelago is for the most part low and level. The Arctic Ocean is distinguished from other oceans by lesser depth (averaging 1,130 meters, with a maximum of 5,449 meters in the Nansen trough) and highly developed continental shallows having a maximum width of 1,300 km (in the Barents Sea) . The Arctic Basin is subdivided by a system of underwater ridges--(Gakkel'), Lomonosov and Mendeleyev (together with the Alpha underwater rise)--into a number of deep-sea basins. The depths of seas such as the White, Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi do not exceed 50-100 meters, only occasionally reaching up to 200 meters. These seas are essentially gulfs in the Arctic Ocean. The cold Arctic climate of the Arctic Ocean is a product of its hydrological cycle. A large part of the Arctic Ocean is covered by a thick glacial crust, which occupies an area of more than 11 million square kilometers in March and 7 million square kilometers in September. The Norwegian Sea and an insignificant part of the Green- land and Barents seas are free of ice year-round owing to the warm Gulf Stream current. The rest of the Arctic Ocean (the Arctic basin per se) is covered by drifting perennial ice fields, the thickness of which attains 4.5 meters. ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 S.cientific research has shown that each year up to 170,000 cubic kilometers of water enter the Arctic:Ocean from the Atlantic Ocean (by way ot the North Atlantic current--a northern branch of the Gulf Stream) and �rom the Pacific Ocean by way of the Bering Strait. In addition Siberian rivers discharge another 4,000-5,000 . cubic kilometers of fresh water into the ocean. Inasmuch as evaporation from the 1~lrctic basin is very low, excess cold water is Garried by a powerful current to the east shores of Greenland and then southward into the Atlantic Ocean. This current is called the East Greenland Current. This hydrologic,cycle significantly hinders navigation on the.Northern sea route and the Northwest Passage (a marine route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans passing through the straits of the Canadian Arctic archipelago), where shipping is.possible - for only two or three summer months, in the company of icebreakers as a rule. The animal world of the Arctic Ocean differs in terms of abundance and diversity in warm and cold waters. It is more diverse in the North European basin, where there _ are more than 2,000 species of animals, to includes whales and a large number of fish species--herring, cod, bass,, haddock etc. 7.'he 1~rctic basin is dominated by the polar bear, walrus, seal, narwhal, white whale and others. Fish species are few in number (Arctic cod, navaga, sayka and, in river mouths, freshwater �ish species). The seas of the North European basin and the Baffin Sea ar,e traditional fishing and hunting grounds. Herring, cod, halibut, bass and other fish are caught in the Barents Sea, by the shores of Iceland and in Baffin Sea. Hunting continues to be one of the principal means of survival for the indigenous maritime population of northern Greenland, Canada and Alaska. _ Despite the unique h~drologic and ice cycles and the harsh natural conditions, the Arctic Ocean is acquiring increasingly greater military significance in the plans of imperialist reactionary circles. Great is the significance of the Arctic Ocean to transport. The principal shi.pping _ countries are the USSR on the Northern route and the U5A and Canada in the Northwest Passage. As a iule the shipping lanes to Greenland, Iceland, northern Scandinavia = and Spitsbergen are independent of ice conditions in summer. The airspace above the Arctic Ocean is intersected by routes from West Europe to the west coast of ~he USA (by way of Greenland and Canada) and Japan (by way of Alaska). The Arctic--the Most Important Economic and Strategic Region of the Earth The word "Arctic" is a concept with broad meaning. The Arctic is the North Polar region of the globe, to include the continental margins of Eurasia and North America (north of the zero annual isotherm) and almost a11 of the Arctic Ocean (except for the eastern and southern parts of the Norwegian Sea) together with all islands contained therein (besides the coastal islands of Norway) and the adjacent portions of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. 'I"he Arctic Ocean occupies the larger part of the Arctic (about 13 million square kilometers). 45 FOR OFF6CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 rvK vrri~~.AL ~~c ~~vLY Th e legal regime of the Arctic is based on an evolved system of Arctic sectors which have achieved recognition in international law and in the national legislation of Arctic states. Z'he Arctic is divided into five sectors, with their bases represented by the northern borders of the USSR, USA, Canada, Denmark and Nonvay, with lateral borders repre- sented by meridians and with the apex at the North Pole. _ All land and islands located within the limits of each sector are within the terri- _ tory of the contiguous states. Thus the Soviet sector of the Arctic includes Murmanskaya Oblast (the northern regions), the Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets, Taimyr and Chukchi national areas, the northern regions of the Komi ASSR and Yakut ASSR, and the islands of Franz Joseph Land, Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, New Siberian Islands and Wrangel~Island. The Soviet sector occupies almost half of the entire - Arctic. . The U.S. sector includes the northern regions of Alaska, the Canadian sector in- cludes the Canadian Arctic archipelago, the Danish sector contains Greenland, and the Norwegian sector includes the Spitsbergen archipelago, Bear Island and Jan Mayen Island. ~ This system of sectors evolved on the basis of a consideration of the rights and interests of the corresponding states, and recognition of their priority in explora- tion and discovery of different regions of the Arctic. The Arc:tic Yias long attracted and continues to attract the attention of mankind. Some peoples aspired to the discovery of new lands and to the development of the natural wealth of the Far North, others sought the shortest route to the Pacific Ocean, and still others attempted to reveal the secrets. of the glacial silence of the Central Arctic and reach the North Pole. This harsh and poorly explored region attracted many scientists, explorers, researchers and simply rugged individualists. As long ago as in the 12th century Russian coastal inhabitants occupied themselves with marine hunting and fishing in the White and Barents seas. In the 15th Century their camps were concentrated on Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya, where they caught fish and hunted marine animals. Russia rightfully occupies an important place in the history of the exploration and development of the Arctic. In 1648 Semen Dezhnev discovered the strait between Asia and America. The Russian scholar M. V. Lomonosov made an enormous contribution to the study of the northern seas. He was firmly convinced that "Russian power would be multi~lied by the annexation of Siberia and the Arctic Ocean." An expedition to the Central Arctic by V. Ya. Chichagov was outfitted on Lomonosov's initiative. - In the 19th-20th centuries the development of the Arctic was brought under the sponsorship of the state. Expeditions by famous pioneers and scientists--V. Bering, S. Chelyuskin, the Laptev brothers, F. Vrangel', F. Litke, V. Rusanov, G. Sedov _ and others--discovered and mapped the north coast of Asia and the Arctic islands. 46 FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R400504050031-7 The first Russ~'a`iri icebreaker "Yermak" was bui.lt in 1898 in response to a proposal by~ the talented Ku~s`~`ian navigator Admiral S. O. Makarov. Z'his significantly advanced the study and development of the Arctic. _ The Russo-Japanese War forced the Czarist government to implement a number of~ measures to study and organize the Northern sea route. Subsequently, the 1911-1915 ' expedition aboard the icebreakers "Taymyr" and "Vaygach" commanded by B. Vil'kitskiy was the most important in terms of its scientific significance. _ The famous Norwegian polar explorers F. Nansen and R. Amundsen piayed an outstariding ro?e in the study of the Arctic. Since ancient times, man has tried to penetrate to the most inaccessible part of the globe--the:~Gentral Arctic. Following many long and persistent attempts, the N~rth Pole was reached for the first time by the American R. Peary. In 1926 the North Pole was overflown by an airplane piloted by Admiral Byrd ot the USA and by the dirigib.le "Norway" of the Amundsen-Nobile expedition, and 2 years later by the = dirigible "Italia" of the Nobile expedition. ~ The Great October Socia~.ist Revolution initiated a new era in the study and develop- ment.of the Arctic. For the first time Soviet Arctic research began to be conducted on the basis of statewide interests, in a regular manner, using icebreakers, avia- tion, radio and other technical resources. 4 The Northern Scientific-Industrial Expedition of the Scientific-Technical Division, Supreme Council of the National Economy was organized in March 1920. In 1925 it was reorganized as the Institute of Northern Studies, and in 1930 it became the All-Union Arctic Institute. In 195~ it was renamed the Arctic and Antarctic Scientific Research Institute.(AANII).. In the time of its activity the institute organized hundreds of expeditions, during which many new islands were discovered and regular research was conducted on the geophysics of the Arctic regions and on the navigation conditions of the Northern sea route. Hero of the Soviet Union Academician 0. Yu. Shmidt made a great contribution to the study and development of the Arctic. He headed a number of polar expeditions - (aboard the "Sedov" in 1929-1930, aboard the "Sibiryakov" in 1932 and aboard the "Chelyuskin" in 1933-1934), and he was the leader of the air expedition to the North Pole in 1937. - The first "Severnyy polyus" drifting station was organized in the vicinity of the North Po1e in 1937 under the guidance of 2. D. Papanin. In 1950 the second "Severnyy polyus" drifting station was created in the Central Arctic. Since 1954, two Soviet "Severnyy polyus" drifting stations have been continually serving a year-round watch simultaneously in the Central Arctic. . ~ '.che nature of the Central Arctic has been studied in the postwar era by integrated air expeditions as well as on the basis of materials obtained from earth satellites. All of this has been an assistance in the mapping of the bottom relief of the Arctic basin, the currents, ice drift and terrestrial magnetism. 1~7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R400500050031-7 , rvn vrr~~.ar~a. uou vi~a.~ Following World War II the USA and Canada became more active in Arctic research. Since 1946 these countries have been performing oceanographic studies in the eastern part of the Chukchi and Beaufort seas.:. A number of cruises have been made " into Arctic waters bathing the shores of Canada, Greenland and the islands of ~ Jan Mayen and Ellesmere. Since 1951 the USA has organized a number of high-latitude air expeditions and drifting stations in the Arctic basin. Z'he USA's attention to the Arctic regions can be explained mainly by the fact that it is aspiring to create, and is presently creating, air and naval bases in this area. In the USA, the defense department and the primarily the navy is conducting the broadest research in the Arctic. This research is being conducted with the purpose of expanding the possibilities for:operations by nuclear submarines. Evidence of ~ this can be seen in the numerous subglacial cruises by American atomic submarines in the Central Arctic, which the Pentagon leadership believes would be an important strategic region in a future war. Following discovery of large reserves of petro- leum, gas and other minerals in northern Alaska and in Canada, the USA dramatically increased its attention in the Arctic. Navigation came to be viewed in a new light in this area as well, especially following the cruise of the tanker "Manhattan" through the Northwest Passage within a single sailing season. All of this promoted creation of the corresponding scientific base and the conduct of scientific research in Arctic regions. American ruling circles are aspiring to use the territory and natural wealth of Arctic regions belonging to other countries. For this purpose they are undertaking various foreign policy acts. The Soviet Arctic The territory of the Soviet Arctic covers about 9 million square kilometers, of which 6.8 million square kilometers are water. The population density is 0.1-0.2 persons per square kilometer. Indigenous nationalities live here--Yakuts, Chukchis, Nenets, Dolgans and Evenks, as well as Russians, Ukrainians and repre- sentatives of other USSR nationalities. According to a decree of the Presidium of the USS R Cen~ral Executive Committee dated 15 April 1926 all lands and islands, both discovered and those which may be discovered in the future and located between the USSR's Arctic coast, th~ North Pole and 32"4'35" E. Long. and 138"49'30" W. Long., were 'declared USS R territory. Prior to the Great October Socialist Revolution the Arctic regions were studied and developed economically on the initiative of inc~ividual scientific organizations, some exp].orers and scientists. The Czarist government was not much interested in these regions. It was only after the Great October Socialist Revolution that regular utilization of the natural wealth of the Arctic and development of the Northern .ea route began. The North's economy began to grow swiftly, industrial regions increased in size quickly, the limits of farming advanced far northward, anc3 the secrets of 48 . FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02109: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 the glacial expanses of the Arctic were uncovered. All of this producsd major social changes`in the life of peoples of the Far North. The Northern sea route--a major shipping lane extending along the northern shores of the USSR through the seas of the Arctic Ocean (Barents, Kara, Laptev, Eas~� Siberian, Chukchi, Bering)--played an enormous role in the development of the Arctic. This main route links together European and Far East Soviet ports as well as the mouths of navigable Siberian rivers into a single unionwide transport system. The Nortliern sea route is promoting the utilization of the Arctic's natural wealth and its economic development. ~ � Z`he Northern sea route has long attracted the attention of Russian explorez~s and scientists. However, it was not until after the Great October Socialist Revolution that it transformed into a permanent shipping lane and that the northern regions of Siberia ceased to be a wild and distant land. The Main Administration of the Northern Sea Rr~ute (Glavsevmorput') was created in 1932 to organize the Northern sea route from the White Sea to the Bering Strait, to maintain it and to ens.ure safe navigation. The icebrea):er "Sibiryakov" traveled the entire Northern sea route within a single sailing season for the first time in the history of its development in 1G32. The Communist Party and Soviet government attach great significance to strengthening the defense capabilities of the USSR's northern maritime borders. It was with this purpose that the Northern Military Fl.otilla was created in 1933; it was reorganized as the Northern Fleet in 1937. The Great Patriotic War confirmed the correctness of this decision. The Northern Fleet dependably protected northern ports, bases and sea routes from the fascist German invaders. Tn battlesboth on land and at sea, seamen of the Northern Fleet multiplied the glorious combat traditions of Russian and Soviet naval seamen, and entered a brilliant page into the chronicle of our motherland's combat glory. In the harsh years of the war the Soviet people continued to develop the Arctic. In- dustrial construction developed more and more extensively, polar cities and settle- ments grew, and highways were laid to link ug individual regions with ports and river docks. A new rise in the North's economy and further development of the Northern sea route began in the postwar years. The Northern sea route transformed into a regularly operating shipping lane, which made it possible to utilize the natural wealth of the Far North for the further development of the country's economy and reinforce- ment of its defense capabilities. The commissioning of new powerful vessels in the icebreaker clas~-the nuclear power- ~owered shi s "Lenin " "Arktika" and "Sibir' " the icebreakers "M~skva " "Lenin- ~ P i r i grad," "Kapitan Sorokin," and "Krasin" and other icebreakers of this class, modernization of Arctic ports, expansion of the network of polar stations and ob- servatories, and the achiev~ements of science all helped to create real possibili- ties for fulfilling the tasks, posed by the Communist Party Central Conunittee and the Soviet government,of trans~orming the Northern sea route into a major shipping lane for national economic cargoes. 49 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500450031-7 ' Efforts associated with making the Arctic navigable in late fall and winter~took - shape in recent years. Lengther.~ing the sailing season is now one of the most im- portant tasks of polar navigation. The dream of many generations of navigators and scientists was fulfilled by the August 1977 cruise of the nuclear-powered icebreaker "Arktika" to the North P~1e, demonstrating the outstanding achievements of Soviet science and technology. Capitalizing on the cruising experience of the "Arktika," the nuclear-powered ice- breaker "Sibir opened up the Arctic sailing season 2 months earlier than usual in 1978. It successtully escorted the transport vessel "Kapitan Myshevskiy" into the high latitudes. The caravan skirted the Arkticheskiy Cape--the extreme northern point of Komsomolets Island--and delivered its cargo to Magadan. . A number of transport problems of extreme importance to the national economy were solved--for example ones such as lengthening the sailing season in some portions of the Northernsea�route and i~ts transformation into a practically year-round operation between Murmansk and Dudinka in support of our Arctic mining and metallurgical combine in Noril'sk. The technology of transporting cargo to remote Arctic regions in winter and unloading it on shore ice (on the Yamal Peninsula and Cape Kharasavey) _ was developed and practically implemented. Development of the Northern sea route proceeded simultaneously with the study and - development of mineral deposits in Arctic regions of the Soviet Union. Discovery of the world's largest apatite deposit in Khibiny (on the Kola Peninsula) in the 1920's created the possibilities for satisfying the country's demand for phosphates, which are now being processed by the "Apatit" Combine imeni S. M. Kirov. Copper, nickel and cobalt are being produced on the Kola Pe~insula:. in Monchegorsk by the "Severonikel Combine, and iron ore is being mined and concentrated in Olenegorsk and Kovdor for the Cherepovets Metallurgical Combine. Cascades of hydroelectric power plants have been created in Murmanskaya Oblast on the Niva, Tuloma, Paz, Kovda and Voron'ya rivers in order to provide electric power to the mining industry and nonferrous metallurgy of these regions. The largest thermal electric power plant is the Kirovskaya GRES. The Kol'skaya atomic electric power plant began producing industrial current in 1973. The Soviet Union's first tidal experimental electric power plant--the Kislogubskaya PES--was built in Murmanskaya Oblast. ~ Fishing and fish processing play a major role in the economy of Murmanskaya Oblast. Fishing industry produces more than a third of ~the oblast's gross industrial pro- duct. Logging industry has been cleveloped. The exports of commercial lumber total more than 1.5 million cubic meters. There are sawmills and furniture factories. The oblast is the location of the Kola branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences imeni S. M. Kirov (in the city of Agatity), which possesses five scientific research ~ institutes. The economy of Arkhangel'skaya Oblast, which is one of the leading logging regions of the USSR, is developing intensively. Arkhangel'skaya Oblast provides a third - of the exported timber. 50 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 Arkhangel'skaya Oblast is a region of integrated development of logging indus.try, timber export, fishing industry, expa..nding machine building, hunting and fur trapping. Rei~deer herding (there are about 200,000 reindeer) and fishing are developed in the Nenets Autoriomous Okrug, which is part of the oblast. In the early 1930's development of large deposits of petroleum (Ukhta) and coal (Vorkuta) began;~,~.n the Komi ASSR in the Pechora River basin. Large gas deposits were also discovered there, and they are presently being exploited. The Northern Pech~ra Railroad, stretching more than 1,200 km from Konosha to Vorkuta, was built in 1941. The extraction of. petroleum and coal and construction of'the railroad in the Pechora basin were enormously help~ul to our motherland in the difficult time when the troops of Nazi Germany temporarily occupied the Donets Basin. Owing to the selfless labor of the Soviet people the Pechora has become a major industrial region. , Reconnaissance and development of nickel-iron ore reserves in the north of - Krasnoyarskiy Kray created the foundation for developing a large mining and metal- lurgical combine in Noril'sk. Discovery of extremely rich deposits of nickel and copper in the vicinity of Talnakh (not far from Noril'sk) and creation of the "Mayak," "Komsomol'skiy," and "Oktyabr'skiy" mines in 1960 raised production of nonferrous metals--nickel, copper and cobalt--to a level almost nine times higher - than in 1950. Large deposits of coal (the Tungus coal basin) and of natural gas an d petroleum on the Taimyr Peninsula were discovered in Krasnoyarskiy Kray. Larqe deposits of tin, ~old, tungsten, mercury and other minerals have been explored and aze now undergoing development in the Yakut ASSR and on the Chukchi Peninsul.a. - Arctic cities and ports were bui.lt simultaneously with development of the Northern sea route and the natural wealth of the North. Major industrial centers grew up . during the years of Soviet rule: Kirovsk, Vorkuta, Ukhta, Salekhard, Igarka, Noril'sk, Tiksi, Anadyr' and others. Following are i:he ports and industrial centers of the Soviet Arctic: Murmansk: The center of Murmanskaya Oblast, an ice-free port, and a railroad station. The city is located ontize east shore of Kola Eay, 50 km from the outlet to the open sea. It was founded in 1916. A rail_road linking Petrozavodsk to Murmanslc was built concurrently with construction of the city and port. This _ railroad, which is 987 km long, went into operation in 1916. Fascist aviation did considerable damage to the city during the Great Patriotic War. The enemy made about 800 air raids against the city, he dropped tens of thousands of bombs, and he destroyed 74 percent of the city's housing. Following the war Murmansk was quickly restored. It became the largest city of the Arctic. 5i . _ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 . , , rvr vrra~,ana. vac vira.~ Murmansk is a city of seamen, a city of fishermen. It is the base of the trawler, herring and transport fleets, and it is the home of the Murmansk Mari.ne Steamship _ Company. Its large enterprises include the "Sudoverf Association and fishing, house building and wood packaging combines. The Murmansk Fish Combine is one of the largest fish processing enterprises in the country and the biggest in North Esrope. Modern pr~duction equipment is in- stalled at the fish combine. Tt produces about 100,.000 tons of fish products of up to 400 different kinds each year. _ The country's largest polar research institute is located in the city--the Polar _ Scientific Research Institute of ~isheries and Oceanography imeni N. ~d. K,nipovich (PNIIRO). It is also the home of the Higher Engineering Navigation School, a pedagogical institute and several secondary technical schools, as well as of the oblast performing arts theater and the oblast regional museum. - Arkhangel'sk: A large city and port located at the moutn of the Nortr,ern Dvina. . ' The city was founded in 1884, and it is the largest logging and timber exporting center of the Soviet Union. Arkhangel'sk is the home of the Solombal'skiy and Arkhangel'slc pulp-and-paper combines and several sawmilling and woodworking combines, which export three-fourths of their products. - The most important industrial sector is shipbuilding (cargo and fishing vessels.) and ship repair. Arkhangel'sk contains several higher and secondary educational institutions, a regional museum and the oblast ~erforming arts theater. The hydrogeographic base of the Northern ~ea route is located in the city. Expeditions to study the Arctic seas have left from the wharves of Arkhangel'sk for several centuries.. Nar'yan-Mar: Center of the Nenets Autonomus Okrug, and a trading sea and river port. It is located on the ric~ht bank of the Pechora River. The city is the _ supply base for Arctic regions and the most important center for fish catching and processing, fur trapping and logging; it is a reindeer herding center. _ Dikson: One ~f the most important ports on the Northern sea route. During the war it b~came the site of the Dikson Hydrogeographic Base, which is still playing a major rnle in the study of the Kara Sea and in maintaining shipping safety. _ Dudinka: City and transportation center of the Taimyr (Dolgan-Nenets) Autonomus Okrug. The industrial products of Nori].'sk are ship~ed out from here. _ Noril'sk: One of the northernmost cities of the world. The city is linked by rail to th~ port of Dudinka (122 km). Noril'sk is undergoing construction with a - consideration for the climat~c conditions (permafrost, strong winds, polar nights). 52 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-0085QRQ0050Q050031-7 ~ ~ The Noril'sk Min'in'g and Metallurqical Combine imeni A. P. Zavenyagin is an enter.- - prise of USSR nonferrous metallurgy. It is outfitted with highly productive equip- - ment. It produces nickel, copper, cobalt and other nonferrous metals. _ The city has a.performing arts theater, a swimming pool, a House of Culture and - an indoor skating rink. Igarka: A part 163 km from the Arctic Circle and 673 km from the mouth of the - Yenisey River. It is a Kara Sea port specializing in timber processing and export. , The city's logging combine and sawmills work with raw materials from the entire _ Yenisey basin. The city has a fish processing plant, the Pedagogical School of the Peoples of the North and a branch.of the Krasnoyarsk Polytekhnikum. Pevek: A young city (since 1967), and one of the most important ports in the eastern portion of the Northern sea route. It has several enterprises. Thus owing to the concern of the Communist Party and the Soviet government dozens of new cities and hundreds of worker's settlements have appeared in the Soviet North, and public health institutions, higher and secondary special educational institu- tiors preparing specialists for different sectors of the national economy have been created. Growth of new population centers and the discovery and development of new mineral deposits in polar regions of the USSR attest to the great changes occurring in the country's distribution of prdductive forces. ' In the last 10-15 ye~rs the country's northern regions provided much fuel, iron ore,. nonferrous metals, bauxites and timber. Just during the Ninth Five-Year Plan petroleum extraction in these regions increased by four times, while gas extraction increased by 3.2 times. The petroleum and gas of these regions are carried to the country's industrial regions by main pipelines. Scientific-technical progress, continual growth in labor productivity and qreation - of territorial-production complexes had a tremendous influence on the North's - economic development. Arctic Regions of Capitalist Countries Following World War II the ruling circles of the USA intensified their attention toward the Arctic regions. The Arctic basin is now viewed by the American mili- tary and by the NATO leadership pri.marily from the point of view of military strategy. As early as in 1959 the American newspaper UNITED PRESa INTERNATIONAL wrote: "The Arctic will become an important theater of war in any future global - conflict, and the North Pole will be the strategic center of the Third World War." The Pentagon and the NATO staffs have been working on the so-called "Arctic sfirategy" for more than a decade. As the disposition of forces in the inter-. national arena changed and as new forms of armament and equipment developed, ' certain changes occurred in this strategy as well. 53 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R004500054031-7 . . In the first postwar years American strategists laid high hopes on their air power and atomic weapons. They created a netiaork of air and naval bases in Arctic regions--in Greenland, Iceland, northern Norway, Alaska and northern Canada. The Arctic was viewed by the American military as a region offering the shortest air routes for American strategic aviation to important nuclear targets on the territory of the USSR and other socialist countries. However, the USA's atomic monopoly soon toppled. The Soviet Ur~ion acquired atAmic weapons as we11. In this connection the Arctic came to be viewed by the ruling circles of the USA as a potential region of application of atomic missile submarines. By the early 1960's the possibility of subglacial navigation by atomic submarines was confirmed. " Beginning in 1958 the U.S. Navy's atomic submarines began to regularly perform sub- glacial cruises in the Arctic basin. In the opinion of foreiqn military experts subglacial cruises by.atomic submarines confirmed the possibility that the latter could sail beneath Arctic ice, and find and use openings in the ice at any time of the year to launch their missiles against enemy objectives. These features of the Arctic basin serve as the motivation behind a complex of various military measures being implemented by the Pentagon and the NATO command to transform the Arctic into a fundamentally new marine theater with specially outfitted antisubmarine lines. Using the Arctic territory of Norway (Spitsbergen), Denmark (Greenland), Iceland and Canada, the NATO command is continuing to outfit the Arctic basin for military operations. It is building and improving the network of air bases and airfields, Arctic air routes are being developed, radar and navigation stations are being set up, and communication centers and command posts are being built. Much atten- - tion is bei~g devoted to reconnaissance from space. According to an assertion in the Western military press "a new strategic situation has evolved in connection with disturbance of the balance of forces" on the northern flank of NATO. Taking cover behind anti-Soviet fabrications, executives of NATO and the USA are calling upon the bloc's countries to strengthen the armed forces of the North Atlantic bloc in the vicinity of the Norwegian, Greenland and Barents seas as quickly as possible. Northern Norway is playing an increasingly greater role in NATO's plans. A signi- ficant number of air and naval bases have been outfitted here: Bodo, Bardufoss , Olafsvern (Ramfjordnes), Harstad, Ramsund, mromso and others. A network of NATO radar and electronic posts has been deployed on Norwegian terri- tory. NATO's "Ace High" tropospheric communication line passes over all of Norway, and "LORAN-C" radio navigation stations are located on the islands of Jan Mayen and Langoy. There is a large r?~io communication center supporting control of atomic submarines in the North Atlantic in the vicinity of Bodo. 54 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850ROQ0500050031-7 Further developmerit of NATO's infrastructure is continuing in Norway. According to ofFicial data Norway received about 6 billion krone from NATO in the last few years to build military facilities. Aggressive imperialist circles are attempting to draw Spitsbergen and Bear Island, making up Norway's Svalbard administrative region, into the orbit of military~pr~- - parations. The Spitsberg.en archipelago contains more than 1,000 islan~.is with a total area of - 62,000 square kilometers. The discovery and development af the archipelago begair back in the 13th century, when Russian coastal inhaUitant:s began paying visits to the archipelago to catch fish and hunt marine animals. '~hey were the ones to give it its first ancient Russian name--Grumant. However, it was not until the early 20th century tY1~t,any steps were taken to determine the ownership of the archipelago. An international~~~reaty establishing Norway's sovereignty over Spitsbergen was signed in Paris in 1920. The Paris treaty obligated Norway not to erect military - bases and fortifications on Spitsbergen or to use its territory for military pur- poses. The Soviet Union became a party to this treaty in 1935, and in .1947 the Norwegian Parliament (5torting) adopted a decision according to which the USSR enjoys the right of free settlement on Spitsbergen, mining, fishing and hunting marine animals on land and in territorial waters. There is a Soviet consulate and three settlements in the archipelago: Barentsburg (1,200 persons), Piramida (800 persons) and Grumant (moth-balled). The Norwegian population totals up to 1,200 in the archipelago. The largest Norwegian.settlements are Longyearbyen, Ny-Alesund and Sveagruva. Following Norway's entry in the North Atlantic bloc, the USA attempted to prepare for deployment of a~network of military airfields on Spitsbergen under the guise - of scientific activity. Construction of a telemetric station intended for observa- tion of artificial earth satellites was completed near the village of Ny-Alesund. The command of the Norwegian navy regularly sends warships to Spitsbergen and lands warplanes on its territory. All of this is contradictory to the obligations Norway adopted in the Paris treaty. ~ . Iceland occupies an important place in the military-strategic plans of the USA and NATO. An American military base and other facilities have been created and Ameri- can troops have been deployed on its territory. According to information in the foreign press atomic weapons are being stored in munition dumps at the air force base near Keflavik. The NATO command devotes its main attention to Greenland. Iiaving concluded a treaty of "joint defense" of Greenland with Denmark in 1951, the USA obtained the right of locating its military bases and radar facilities there. The USA built naval bases -tt Godthaab and Julianehaab, and around 10 air force bases and airfields, of which the main ones are Thule, Sondre Stromfjord and Nord. - ~ 55 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000540050031-7 rvK vrri~iwL u~~, vivLY . The largest air force base in all of the Arctic is at Thule, which is the base of American strategic aviation. The base.is outfitted with high-power radio and radar = stations. There is a special port for receipt of cargo. ~A11 services are located in subglacial buildings. ' mhe Pentagon attaches important significance to military preparations in Alaska and the Aleutian islands, which are part of the state of Alaska and are located in direct proximity to the Soviet Union. The area of Alaska is 1.5 million square kilometers. Its population is 325,000. _ The indigenous population consists of Indians, Eskimos and Aleuts. Alaska was discovered in 1741 by the Russians, and it belonged to Russia, but in 1867 it was sold by the Czarist government to the USA together with the Aleutian _ Islands, for '$72 million. - The main industrial sectors are petroleiun, gas and woodworking. Construction of _ a petroleum pipeline extending 1,280 km from Prudhoe Bay to an all-weather port on the southern end of the Valdez Peninsula is nearing completion. Alaska became the 49th state in 1959. The Alaskan combined U.S. Armed Forces command was created on its territory. It included land, air and naval forces. More than 100 airfields have been built on Alaslca and the Aleutian Islands, of which not less than a dozen can be used by strategic aircraft. The largest air- fields are at Anchorage, Eielson, Juneau, Elmendorff, Fairbanks and elsewhere. Naval bases are located at Nome, Dutch Harbor and on the islands of Kodiak and Adak. A number of air"and naval bases have been moth-balled. Alaska and Canada are within a single air defense system subordinated to the com- _ bined air defense command of the North American continent--NORAD, headed by an American general. A significant part of Canada's military aviation and the air- - space above its territory are actually controlled by.the Pentagon. A dense network of permanent and mobile radar posts is deployed in the northern part of the American Arctic coast--on the territory of Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, Canada and Greenland. The long-range airplane and missile detection system consists of two basic ele- ments--the "DEW" line and a special early warning antimissile system, "BIN~WS." The complex of radar stations belonging.to the early warning system extends from the Aleutian Islands through Alaska, Canada, Greenland and Iceland, and terminates at the English city of Yorkshire. ' The Pentagon aspires to use the Arctic region for space reconnaissance. An artifi- cial earth satellite tracking station has been placed into operation near Fairbanks in Alaska. In addition to outfitting and preparing Arctic regions as a possible theater of ' war, the USA and the NATO command are conducting research in this area to learn . 56 _ FOR OFFICIAY. US~ ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-40850R000500050031-7 about the natural�conditions, air and sea (including subglacial) routes and.the possibilities ~i~i~ details of basing ships and ai:rplanes in Arctic conditions.. Special control centers have been created in Elmendorff (Alaska) and in Thule y (Greenland) to eontrol flights by strategic aviation into the Arctic regions of North America:~~nd~~European NATO countries. - Thus the American military and the NATO command view the Arctic regions as the most important theater of military operations, one which will combine the European zone of NATO and the Atlantic with the regional U.S.-Canada zone and the U.S. Armed Forces in the Pacific. ~ The NATO leadership is using the Arctic zone for all-out preparations of a theater of war, with a consideration for:its unique features. ~ Conclusion - The military-political and military-economic characteristics of the World Ocean - and our review of the countries in the World Ocean basin allow the conclusion that . despite the great diversity of sociopolitical, economic and other features in the development of these countries, we can distinctly discern tendencies dependent ~ upon the struggle between two opposing social systems--socialist and capitalist. ~ The continual growth in the strength of fraternal friendship and comprehensive cooperation, and of the economic and defensive might of the socialist states, confirmation of the national~independence of developing countries, and the crisis phenomena and growth of the class struggle in capitalist countries all attesz to the continuing and ever-deepening historic process of mankind's transformation from capitalism to socialism, initiated by the Great October Socialist Revolution. In this connection the problems of utilizing the World Ocean occupy an important place in today's world policy. The interest in development of the World Ocean can be explained by i.ts truly in- exhaustible wealth. Al1 of this wealth may be utili~ed most fully in behalf of ~ mankind only in the event that the seas, the oceans and their floor would remain withirr the sphere of peaceful cooperation, only if they are not transformed by the imperialists into springboards for the deployment of new forms of wea~;ons. As we know, reactionary imperialist militarism is attempting to concentrate a signiiicant proportion of its r.uclear potential, aimed at the Soviet Union and other countries of the socialist fraternity, on the broad expanses of the World - Ocean and in the airspace ~bove it. ~ _ The seas are broadly employed by the imperialists for armed intervention in the internal affairs of liberated states, and to exert pressure upon the champions of national and social liberation. The aggxessive actions of imperialist reactionary forces are being supported by Chinese leaders. 7'hey are cooperating with im- perialists on the soil of anti-Sovietism and the struggle against world socialism and the international revolutionary movement. 57 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7 ~ The Soviet Union and other countries of the socialist fraternity are persistently working to see that the World Ocean would become a zone of international cooperation, and that its enormous resources and space would be used for peaceful purposes, for the good of all mankind. Performing their patriotic and international duty, the Soviet Armed Forces aYe alertly monitoring the intrigues of reactionary imperialist circles. Soldiers of the Soviet Army and Navy are doing everything.they can to live up to their important task--dependably protecting the socialist fatherland, and being in a constant state of combat readiness guaranteeing an immediate repulse to any aggressor. ~ COPYRIGHT: Voyenizdat, 1980 ~ 11004 ~ ~ CSO: 1801/143 END _I ~ 5e FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500050031-7
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