JPRS ID: 10408 TRANSLATION HOLOGRAPHY AND OPTICAL INFORMATION PROCESSING IN GEOLOGY ED. BY S.B. GUREVICH AND O.A. POTAPOV

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J~'RS L/104~08
c4 March 1982
Translation
~ HOLOGRAPHY AND OPTICAL
- INFORMATION PROCESSING IN GEOLOGY
Ed~. by
S.B. Gurev~cti dnd, O.A. Potapov
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JPRS L/104 08
24 March 1982
HOLOGRAPNY AND OPTICAL INFORMATION PROCESSING
IN GEOLOGY
Leningrad GOLOGRAFIYA I OPTZCHESKAYA OBRABOTKA TNFORMATSII V GEOLOGII
in Russian 1980 (signed to press 19 Now 80) pp 1-181
["Hologr.anhy and Optica:t Znformation Processing in Geology", edited by
- Professor S.B. Gurev3ch and Candidate of Technical Sciences O.A.
Potapov, Leninyrad Phys:Lcotechnical 2nstitute imeni A.F. Ioffe, USSR
Academy of Sciences, 50~) copies, 181 pages; for relat~d material, see
~ JPRS L/9206 23 J~1 80 Nc~ 13/80 (FOUO) USSR Report: Cybernetics,
' Computers and Automatio~z Technology, pp 76-93]
CaNTENTS
Page
Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Geophysical Holography as a, New Field in the Investigation of Geological Objects
(O.A. Potapov) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Architecture of an Opticodigital Computer Complex With a Common Main Memory
(A.M. Kuvshinov, O.A. Pot:apov and R.G. Tazitdinov) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Devices for Entering Inforn.iation Frorn an Optical Computer and Their Coupling
4]ith an Electronic Comput:er (A.M. Kuvshinov, V.V. Kiryukhin, A.2. Orlov, O.A.
Potapov and L. S . Ryazano`r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
,Power (Illuminatic,n Engine f 0 TG
Figure 1. Dependence of reading error on width of the reading el-
ement.
The dynamic range of the image at the OVM's output doea not exceed the input sig-
nal's dynamic range. Let us determine the number of quantization levels from the
_ expression
_a.=_20 l~ (5>
where D= the dynamic range. When spatiotemporal light modulators, which make it
possible to preserve the dynamic range of input signals of up to 60 dB [3], are
used for the input into the OVM, by using the following well-known expression we
can determine the encoding word length:
=.(2"`-~2)� cb~
~
where m= encoding w ord length. From formula (6), m= 10 when D= 60 dB.
For the entry of information from photographic film in the OVM, it is required that
m = 7.
On the basis of the calculated value of the worii length, it~is possible to select
the specific type of analog-to-digital converter.
Thus, for signal duration T= 6 s, fu = 120 Hz, n= 300 and D= 60 dB, what will be
taken out of the OVM is a mass of independent reference points measuring 3,000 x
x 300, with subsequent 10-bit encoding of each signal value.
An important characteristic of the OUV, which determines the accuracy of the infor-
mation transformation, is the static characteristic of the converter that
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transforms the light signal into an electrical one. This characteristic, in turn,
is basically determined hy the photoelectronic converter's ener~y characteristic.
Without discussing in detail the power matching of the laser unit and the OUV, the
technique of wtiich requires a special discussion, let us determine the basic re-
quirements that~must be met by the photoelectronic converter's characteristics and
- parameters, as well as the basic power relationships. The equipment accuracy of
the conversion of a radiant beam into an electrical signal will depend both on the
degree of linearity of the energy characteristic and on the relationships between
_ the useful signal.:that has been received at the converter's input and its internal
noise. Let u~ write the linearity requirement in the following form:
. _Xn = _m~ ~r~~' � (7 )
~
where K~ = required coefficient of linearity of the energy characteristic; Imax.
~nin � currents in the photoelectronic converter's circuit for the corresponding
light flows ~max and ~min at its input.
K~ is usually taken to be equal to 0.98-1.02. In view of the fact that between the
values of the light flow ~ and brightness B there exists a proportional relation-
ship and that from the values of B it is possible, by using well-known formulas, to
convert to the following relationship should be satisfied:
c~�iaac > - ~ ~?~.aa ( 8 )
~ r.;.,. 8 ~ �
The second condition for accurate operation is determined by the relationehip
~fhr r ~ O~i ~ (9)
where ~thr r� threshold flow of the photoelectronic.converter with respect to the
radiation source; ~~i = change in the flow.corresponding to a single quantization
level.
When determining ~thr r it is possible to use the technique explained in [4], k~ep-
- ing in mind in connection with this that the radiation source is monochromatic and
the fact that the photoelectronic converter operates under conditions of constant
background illumination caused by the specific nature of the readout of signals
from the OVM.
Depending on dimension A, whic:~ determines the necessary resolution during scanning
(or the number of independent reference points), we choose the scanning method and
the assembly layout that realizes this method.
The most promising scanning method involves the use of solid-state, matrix photo-
converters. Such photoconverters are notable for high reliability and small size,
as well as a large dynamic range. Of special interest is the use of instruments
with charge communication (PZS).
A PZS is a series of simple MDP (metal-dielectric-semiconductor) structures [5,6].
The metal electrodes are several micrometers (6 x 3) in size and are arranged on a
common semiconducting substrate, at a minimum distance from each oCher, so that
they form a linear or matrix regular system. Each I'ZS element is capable of trans-
forming an element of a light pattern having the same dimensions. When a matrix
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~ ~ry~l)
//9Ct2)
c ea, �
B'y~~4~ .
~y~~~ ~~t~~
~ ,~u~, (T ~
~ 6c, .ta~
B l'1K 3.R~! t 9)
Figure 2. Diagram of optical output device based on a PZS.
Key:
1. Time pulse generator 5. Scale amplifiPr
2. Instrument with charge communic3- 6. Command unit
_ tion 7. Analog-to-digital converter
3. Light 8. Sampling unit
4. Output device 9. To computer~~~,.multiplex channel
photoreceiver irradiates a PZS, the entire light pattern is instantly transformed
~ into a pattern of charge packets.
The device for output from the PZS operates in the following manner (Figure 2).
Light striking the PZS is converted into charge packets that are sent sequentially,
by timing pulses, from the matrix into the output device (W). The W converts the
charge packets into a voltage level, which enters.the scale amplifier (MU) and then
the ATsP [analog-to-digital converter). From the ATsP, the information--in digital
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form--is sent to the coupling unit. The command unit (~R) controls the timing
pulse generator and the ATsP.
PZS's have the following photoreception characteristics:
1) light sensitivity--500 uA/lm;
, 2) threshold ligh~t sensitivity--10 lux�s;
3) area of spectral sensitivity /1--1.1 + 0.4 um;
4) resolution--10 lines/mm;
5) integratiori~"time--tenths of a millisecon~?;
' 6) dynamic range--=~1,000:1 (60 dB).
An important advantage of matrix PZS's is that during an exposure, the entire light
pattern is converted into a pattern of charge packets and then--~with the help of
the timing pulsesT-self-scanning takes place. This makes it possible to reduce the
conversion time to tenths of a millisecond. Most ATsP's operate at speeds lying
within these limits, so the questions involved in matching PZS's and ATsP's pose no
difficulties.
Matrix PZS's having 102-105 photosensitive elements covering an area of 500-1,000
um2 have already been developed. They make it possible to record information with
a density of (1-2)�105 bits/c:n2.
Let us mention here that the existing matrices with 232 x 288, 512 x 520 and 496 x
x 475 scanning elements are not capable.of.converting the entire light patt~rn at
an OVM's output instantanteously, since the required number of scanning elements is
3,000 x 300. Therefore, additi~~nal technical facilities are needed in order to
~ read the entire light pattern. The most acceptable way of solving this problem is:
1) assemble a mosaic consisting of several PZS matrices;
2) read fragments of the optical pattern with the help of coherent light guides on
several PZS matrices;
3) move one PZS fragmen~ mechanically and then carry out fragment-by-fragment read-
ing.
At the present time, we know that line (linear) PZS's based on 1,738 scanning ele-
ments have been developed.
By using such gauges, it is possible to create a combined optical-mechanical reading
device in which scanning with respect to one'.coordinate is carried ou~ electrically
with ~he he~p of~the.PZS"gauge, while with respect to the other it is done wizh the
help of a mechanical assembly.
Thus, such a device can join together two important advantages: tfie high resolu-
tion of the opticomechanical output device and the high operating speed of the
PZS's output device.
~ At the present time we lmow of examples of the use of television camera tubea
(PTT)--vidicons, in particular--to read the light pattern at an OVM'.s output. The
principle of the construction of an OW based on a vidicon is explained in [7].
Figure 3 is a block diagram of an OUV based on a vidicon. The device operates in
' the following manner: the complete television signal (PTS) goes from the vidicon
! to a scale amplif:ier (MU) and then into the analog key (K). From the analog key,
the image signal that has been separated from the PTS is sent to the ATsP, where it
is transformed into a digital code.
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' tl~ - - - -
'
C88? B . ~ g' , . � ~
, ~2~ -^-f . ~ � 6
' , .~9~
. . YB
Figure 3. Diagram of optical output device based on a vidicon.
Key:
1. Video monitoring unit 6. Analog-to-digital converter
2. Light 7. Coupling unit
3. Vidicon 8. To computer's multiplex channel
4. Scale amplifier 9. Sampling unit
5. Analog key .
Vidicons use the gratin;~ method of acanning an ima.ge, with synchronized, staggered
acanning that is continu~us with respect to the lines and discrete with respect to
a frame; the grating is rectangular in shape. In addition to the image signal, a
PTS contains a frame-synchronized pulse, a�rame-quenching pu'~se, a line-
synchronizing pulse and a line-quenching pulse. In order to se~.~arate the signal
image (which contains the information about the light pattern) fsom the PTS and in
order to quantify the image with respect to a line, a sampling unit (W) ~hat opens
the analog key at certain maments of time is used. The transformation process can
be monitored visually on the video monitoring unit (VKU).
Modern vidicons have sensitivity, resolution.and a signal-to-noise ratio that are
adequate for most cases of image input into a computer and are also small and have
_ comparatively..low signal nonuniformity over the target's working field.
At the same time, an output device based on a PTT has substantial shortcomings, the
main one of which is the presence in the PTS (in addition to the video signal) of
synchronization and quenching signals, which make analog-to-digital conversion dif-
ficult and require the use of additional equipment. Such an output device requires
a high-frequency reference generator (up to 12 MHz) for line quantification of the
image, as well as a high-speed ATsP, which involves considerable difficulties.
In addition to this, vidicons have a light-sensitive port with a small area (up to
1 cm2), with a maximum resolution of up to 44 lines/~n. This does not make it pos-
sible to read the full output lighC pattern. The apeed reduction method is used to
match a vidicon with an ATsP [7]. Thia method makes it possible to take one read-
ing from each line when a frame is scanned. Ia connection with this, the readout
rate is reduced to 15,625 Hz. Such a speed matches that of most ATsP's, which per-
form up to 20,000 transformations per second. The readout time for an optical im-
age fragment equal in area to the light-sensitive part is 24 s. A high rate of in-
formation readout from the OVM can be achieved by using uni- or two-dimensional
coordinate-sensitive radiation receivers [8,9]. However, such receivers have poor
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w.~
resolution (un'to~'S-10 lines/mm) and a small dynamic range. At the same time, when
the signal is presented in the form of a silhouette ima.ge or a binary matrix code,
such converters can be very useful. In this case they determine the coordinate of
tne image's boundary, proportional to the signal`s amplitude, where there is an
. abrupt change in';the transmissi.on coefficient.
The most rea2istic possibility for the complete reading of a light pattern from an
OVM, with high spatial resolution, is still the use of plane opticomechanical scan-
ning circuits.`'We have developed an OW with plane opticomechanical scanning and a
grating scanning method. The coordina.te table is moved by a step drivee In the
device there is no system for monitoring the accuracy of the reading element's lin-
ear movement, since precision-machined screws and nuts w�ith no play are used. The
autput device operates in the following manner (Figure 4): the computer sends an
inquiry through the coupling unit to the scanning assembly's command unit (BK).
The BK implements the functions for program control of the scanning assembly. From
the BK the coBm~and enters the horizontal-displacement step motor control unit
(BUShDG) and the motor (ShDG) makes a discrete mavement of the reading element
_ along the first line. At the end of the first line, the BK sends a signal to the
vertical-displacement step motor control unit (BUShDV) and that motor (ShDV) moves
the reading element tQ the next line, after which the process is repeated.
Light from each element of the pattern passes through ~ light guide into an FEU
[photoelectric multiplierJ, which carries out a Zinear transformation of the light
into an electrical signal. The electrical signal enters the scale multiplier (MU)
and then the analog-to-digital converter (ATsP). The MU matches the FEU and the
ATsP. The ATsP transforms the sequence of voltage levels into a digital code. In
order to avoid erosion oi the image, when the motor is moving the reading element
the BK sends a"Transformation Prohibited" signal to the ATsP.
From the ATsP, the code carrying the information about the intensity of the light
flow from a light pattern scanr.ing element goes into the coupling unit (BS).
It should be mentioned that the OUV we developed is intended for use with a
"Kogerent" laser unit, with a YeS-1022 EVM acting as the control computer.
The coupling unit's basic purpose is to implement the direct interaction of the
EVM's multiplex channel wiCh the optical output device. With its help, the most
nearly complete interaction of O:TMI and EVM hardware and software is achieved. The
coupling unit must satisfy the following basic requirements:
1) establish communications by means of standard input-output interface lines (sig-
nals);
2) carry out the exchange of the sequence of signals f~r address, com~nand and data
transmission;
3) insure the informational data transmission rate and monitor the data.
- Carrying the optical information, the digital code fr~m the ATsP enters the signal
converter (PS), which matches the the ATsP's signals with the buffer memory (BP).
_ When acted upon by control signals from the control unit (BU), the information
passes from the BP through the communication unit with channel (BSK) and is trans-
mitted byte-by-byte through the multiplex channel (MK) into the EVM's main memory
for storage and programmed processing. Upon completion of the reading process, the
output device's BK sends the BU a"Stop" signal that is encoded in the command
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~ On~nuh'U-MexnauveC/~uu _ - ~ ~
~�KOHUAytocr~uu y,ie~
~ ~1) cu!!r (2) ~
( ~
~ Q~9y ,
- 1 3 u ~
- ~
i I
cBemoBod csemr s~
- ~ ~ ~ ~
~
~ ' !
.
~ 6 ~ ~
! ~ )
. ~
_ ( ~ ~
( ~ ~
I or~mu~,~ecKar~ cKQ aYru,~B y~wAr i
~(7)~
~ yy (lo) ~ f
I Au/l ~ ~K'~ ' ' ~
L. _c ~ _ _ ~ J
~ .r . r rn.,~ w~ ~
I ~ 13 ) By Pc ~1S ~
~ 1 . ~
~ 6~ 16~ oK i7~ d~oK ~
I c~nppm~Nuf~ ~
~ ecK(19 (I8~ . I
NK .
- - - - ae., ~2~ _ _ `I
~
- Figure 4. Diagram of opticomechanical output device and coupling unit.
Key:
1. Opticomechanical scanning assembly 10. Scale amplifier
2. Horizontal-displacement step motor 11. Analog-to-digital converter
3. Photoelectric amplifier 12. Command unit
4. Light guide 13. Signal converter
5. Light 14. Control unit
6. Vertical-displacement step motor 15. RS [possibly shift register]
7. Optical bench 16. Buffer memory
8. Vertical-displacement step motor 17. Command register
control unit 18. Coupling unit
9. Horizontal-displacement step motor 19. Communication unit with channel
control unit 20. To computer's multiplex channel
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register (RK) anc! sent to the EVM. After thie, the programmed processing of the
inf ormation that has been obtained begins.
It should be mentioned that the optical output device developed by us matches a
"Kog erent" OVM ~ ve~ry well . The entir e mechanism is mounted on a smal l micrometr. ic
table and installed on the bed of an optical bench. Although the reading time for
a complete light p~ttern is significant (12 min), in connection with this the EVM
does receive the entir~ mass of seismic data. This makes it possible to test and
develop algorithms.for the processing of seismic information with the required 2-ms
accuracy. ~
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Grishin, M.P., KuXbanov, Sh.M., Markelov, V.P., et al., "An Equipment Complex
for the Automatic Input and Output of Experimental Half-Tone Information With
the 'Minsk-22' Electr anic Computer," AVTOMETRIYA, No 4, 1971, pp 27-32.
2. Kotel'nikov, V.A., "Teoriya potentsial'noy pomekhoustoychivosti", [Theory of
Potential Noise Stability], Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Gosenergoizdat", 1956.
- 3. Mari, Zh., Dzhonson, Zh., and Azan, Zh.-P., "Image Reproductian Devices Based on
the Pockels Effect and Their Utilization," in "Dostizheniya v tekhnike peredachi
i vosproizvodeni~a izobrazheniy" [Achievements in Image Transmission and Repro-
duction Technology], Moscow, Izdat.el'stvo "I4ir", Vol 1, 1978.
4. Yakushenkov, Yu.G., "Osnovy teorii i raschet optiko-elektronnykh priborov"
[Theoretical Principles and Design of Qpticoelectronic Instruments], Moscow,
Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 1971.
5. Seken, K., and Tompset, M., "Pribory s perenosom zaryada" [Instruments With
- Charge Transfer], Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Mir", 1978 (translated fram English).
~ 6. Nosov, Yu.R., and Shilin, V.A., "Poluprovodnikovyye pribory s zaryadovoy
svyaz'yu" [Semiconducting Instruments With Charge Communication], Moscow, Izda-
tel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 1976,
7, Potapov, O.A., and Aftandilov, G,A., "A Device for the Input of Optical Informa-
tion in an Electronic Computer That Ia Bas~d ~n an Applied~Television Installa-
tion (PTU),~' REGIONAL'NAYA, RAZVEDOCHNAYA I PROMYSLOVAYA GEOFIZIKA. EKSPRESS-
INFORMATSIYA VNII EKONOMIKT MINERAL'NOGO SYR'YA I GEOLOGICHESKO-RAZVEDOCHNYKH
~RABOT, Moscow, Branch Center for Scientific and Technical Information, All-Union .
Sc~ientific Research Institute of the Econamics of Mineral Raw Matezials and Geo-
logical Exploration Work, No 13, 1979, pp 1-13.
8. Zotov, V.D., "Poluprovodni.kovyye ustroystva vospriyatiya informatsii" [Semi-
conducting Information Reception Devices], Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1976.
9. Gos'kov, P.I., "Monitoring and Measuring Devices Based on Scaniskors," in
_ "Optiko-elektronnyye pribory v sistemakh kontrolya i upravleniya" [Optico-
e~:ectranic Instruments in Monitoring and Control Systems], Moscow, 1978.
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UDC 550.834
POWER (ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING) CALCULATION OF OPTICOELECTRONIC SYSTEMS FOR
PROCESSING GRAPHIC INFORMATION

~ Leningrad GOLOGRAFIYA I OPTICHESKAYA O~RABOTKA IIVF'ORMATSII V GEOLOGII in Russian
1980 (signed to press 19 Nov SO) pp 32-35
, [Article by Yu.G. Yakushenkov from coll~ction of works "Holography and ~ptical In-
formation Processing in Geology", edited by Professor S.B. Gurevich and Candidate
of Technical Sciences O.A. Pota~ov, Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute imeni A.F.
Ioffe, USSR Academy of Sciences, 500 copies, 181 pages]
[Text] The author discusses a general approach to the calcula-
tion of the power characteristics of opticoelectronic systems.
He also derives formulas that are refined enough for engineering
use.
_ The purpose of a power calculation is to establish sufficiently optimal relation-
ships among the separate parameters of opticoelectronic systems (OES). The common
power calculation technique [I] reduces to the formulation of a generalized power
calculation ~f the type
-Q ~in/`~'~
where p~~n = a signal (flow of radiation) at the OES's input that exceeds the OES's
sensitivity threshold ~t by a factor of u, and the subsequent solution of this
equation in developed form; that is, in the form of a function of the OES's parame-
� ters relative to one of them.
When ca~.culating and planning an OES for the processing of graphic information and,
in particular, the processing of seismograms and other forms of geophysical infor-
mation representat~.ons [2], this technique has certain positive features.
The basic formula for calculating the flow arriving at an OES's input aperture is
~1~ :
c~';,~ = t' L A~ ,
where T= transmission coefficients of the optical mediums on the path Q from an
em~tter with area Arad and brightness L to an input aperture of area Ain�
If the emitCer covers the OES's entire i.nstantaneoue angular field, as determined
by the area of an element of resolution q(the sensitive area of a radiation
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receiver, for example), it is then the case that
'f,'- r ~ Q .
where f' = focal length of the OES's objective.
During scanning of a field of view (seismogram, pho~tographic film or any other
graphic information carrier), if an element of resolution with area q is struck in
turn by radiat~,on from sections of the field with brightnesses L1 and LZ, the dif-
ference signal ~~in is:
e�'~n~'~'j"r(~, _Ls~o .
f~
Considering the apectral nature of T= T~a~ and L= L(J~), f~r the OES's working
spectral range al,...,a2 we obtain
- -
- ~1
e~;~ ~ fl~- f zrd?CL,(,I)-L,(~l~da. ci~
~
In the general case, when the emissions of separate sections of a field or a carri-
er. of graphic information are determined to be both intrinsic and scattered or re-
flec?:ed emissions from a foreign source, the values of spectral densities L(a) are
defined as the sum of the intrinsic L1c and L2~ and reflected or scattered Llo and
L2o components. For Lambertian emittera,
L, r~I r,tJ L~~ ~a1 E~
(2)
L. ra) =6~,ra?.~l ~a?~~~ ~
where dl(a), d2(a) = spectral radiating capacities (radiation coef�icients); M1(~),
M2~a) = spectral densities of the emissions; p~(a), p~.(J1) = spectral brightness co-
efficients (or reflection factors); E(a) = illumination or irradiation created by
the foreign source (such as the Sun, which illuminates brightness fields L1 and L2,
or a laser brig:?tening a phototransparency or seiamogram).
The next stage of the calculation consists of determining the signal-to-noise ratio
at the outlet of the OES's radiation receiver:
~.=ou~v~, . c3>
where ~V~ _ ~~inS~ = amplitude of the difference signal at the receiver's outlet
that corresponds to flow ~4~i~; S= voltage sensitivity of the receiver; Vn = noise
level as a8duced at the receiverYs outlet.
F.xpressing the receiver's sensitivity S~ in terms of its detecting capability,
D*_ AnuC
v '
n
where Anu = area of the receiver's senaitive layer; ~f = effective transmission
band of the OES's elecCronic channel, we obtain
26
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONY.Y
S ~-D*~~, . (4)
~ ~~ntc~f
From this, with due consideration for the fact that D* = D*(a), after substituting
(1) and (4) into (3), we obtain _ _ _ _
. - , .
_ ~ zra~CLira,-l.sral~D*ra~da, cs)
~ ~If nudf X; . �
By assigning the necessary value of u, from this it is possible to determine the
requirements for both the individual OES assemblies and the graphic inforn~ation
carrier. As an example let us diacusa the case of the processing of graphic infor-
- ma.tion presented in the form of a phototranaparency with aeiamograms recorded by
the broad track or variable density method, brightened by an illuminating system
that creates illumination E(J~) on the transparency.
In this case the first components determining the intrinsic radiation in formulas
(2) are much smaller than the second ones, which are determined by external illu-
mination E(a); consequently,
L~ f AI ~~i (a) ~ f~11 ~7T,
, L,~ ~~1 ~,J~Z E(aJ~TI.
- Substituting these values into (5), we obtain
- . -
- --~t .
~ - A"' ~(al fU)e~(a1 ~*(~ild~1~
_ ~ ~~'----q~ ~
where ~p~a) = pl(a) - p2(1~).
If the brightness coefficients p~a) ~scattering and reflection factors) in range
~1,,,,,a2 can be taken as constants, by re~oving the value ~p from under the inte-
gral sign in (6) it is possible to determine the requirements for the tranaparen-
cy's dynamic range or for the density of the recording, as defined by gradient ~p:
- ~t A=__.
- Q _ 4]rA.~~~V/~1nu.~ ~ rra~ Er~?D ra~da~-1
~ ~ .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Yakushenkov, Yu.G., "Osnovy optiko-elektronnogo priboxostroyeniya" [Principles
of Opticoelectronic Instrument Building], Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye
radio", 1977, 272 pp.
2. ~otapov, O.A., "Opticheskaya obrabotka geofizicheskoy i geologicheskoy informa-
tsii" [Optical Processing of Geophysical and Geologi~cal Information], Moscow,
Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", 1977, 184 pp.
27
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UDC 550.834
SOME QUESTIONS ON TH~ DESIGNING OF LIQUID CRYSTAL MATRIX SCREENS
Leningrad GOLOGRAFIYA I OPTICHESKAYA OBRABOTKFi INFORMATSII V GEOLOGII in Russian
1980 (signed to press 19 Nov 80) pp 36-44
- [Article by A.B. Beklemi.shev from collection of works "Holography and Optical Infor-
mation Processing in Geology", edited by Professor S.B. Gurevich and Candidate of
Technical Sciences O.A. Potapov, Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute imeni A.F.
Ioffe, USSR Academy of Sciences, 500 copies, 181 pages]
[Text] The author discusses the effect of the ratio of the re-
sistances of the intere~ectrode insulation and the electrode on
- the voltage levels active in the elements of a matrix. He shows
that for realis~kic values of this ratio, the effective voltages
are lower than the set ones by 10-30 percent. He also presents a
convenient and effective formalism of matrices of temporal charac-
teristics for evaluating the capabilities c~f a matrix screen that
takes into consideration the sum total of the direct and inverse
electro-optical transitions for the voltaqes active in a screen's
elements.
As is well known [1,2], when designing liquid-crystal (ZhK) matrices it is necessary
to take into consideration the reversi.ble medium's electro-optical characteristics,
the control system's output voltages (EUS) and the methods used to set them in the
matrix. To a considerably lesser degree, one must also deal with the question of
the necessity of allowing for the electrodes' actual resistances and the levels of
the substrates' interelectrode insulation (MEI).
- In this article we discuss several questions related to the creation of multielement
matrices controlled on a line-by-line basis from direct-current sources, using as an
_ example the bistable "nematik-kholesterik" [translation unknown] and "guest-host"
systems [1] .
Figure 1 depicts a fragment of a matrix containing four elements and an alternative
way of connecting them. According to the nature of the interaction of the EDS
[electromotive force] source and the matrix's elements, the latter are subdivided
into three types: selected (addressed with a zero potential with respect to the
corresponding line and column); semiselected (addressed with a zero potential with
respect to either the line or the column); unselected (not addressed with a zero po-
tential, but connected to the voltage source with respect to line and.column).
Since the information entering the matrix is quite variegated (digits, letters,
28
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R�~
M Id
~b160p ~ R~TM .
e nnre
. ~2)
- UUn111~oP ir~ tl)
_ J, R~� 6~
60p ir
,
~
__.i
p~,~ .
h~, u .
Figure 1. Fragment of a liquid-crystal matrix.
Key: 1. Selection 2. Semiselectian
symbols, graphs and so on), during the frame-addressing phase each element is re-
- peatedly semiselected and unselected, while (in addition) some relatively small part
of the matrix's elements is selected in certain line-addressing phases.
In Figure 1, resistance of a transparent electrode made of tin.oxide; RMEI =
= resistance of ~he interelectrode insulation. The superscripts are "CTP" for lines
and "CTO" for columns, while "U" is the voltage of the source.
The matrix's operating mode is as follows. Before beginning operation, voltage U is
fed into all i:he lines and colunuis of the matri.x and converts a Liiir. !~20 umj =ilm
of the ZhKM [liquid-crystal matrix] that is located between the lines and columns
from its original nontransparent state into transparency. The optical system is
constructed in such a fa.shion that in this case the screen looks dark. The working
' cycle consists of a frame-scanning phase that is composed of successive and identi-
cal line-scanning phases. In the first (and each subseqnent) line-scanning phase,
an addressing zero potential is fed into one line of the matrix, while into all the
columns there is fed some combination of zero and nonzero potentials that are formed
automatically in the EUS. Thus, both electrodes of the element designated as "se-
_ lection" in Figure 1 are grounded, while only one of the electrodes of the "semi.-
selection" element is grounded. Tn connection with this, elements outside the ad-
dressed line can also be of two types: "semiselection" and "nonselection." Voltage
U is appli~ed to the electrodes of an element of the latter type.
The selected elements of an addressed line are "tripped," forming a given combina-
~ tion of colored squares against the dark background. The steady-state values of the
electro-optical responses of the selected (B), semiselected (II) and unselected (H)
elements are depicted '~n Figure 2. As the response it is convenient to consider
(for example) the threshold c3ependence of the transparency of an element of the ma-
trix on the voltage; that is, if the line-addressing phase equals or exceeds the
setting time, the responses for elements of the indicated types, one would think,
could be represented, respectively, as ~'(0), `Y(U/2) and Y'(U). In connection with
this, the levels of responses 'Y(U/2) and Y'(U) are ignorable.
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'Y (l~ � _ . _ . .
8, .
, ' .
, .
~ ~ N
n . ~ u
Figure 2. Function of electro-optical response (B = selection;
II = semiselsction; H = nonselection).
R�e~ ~IO11Y86160P R e' a
e t1011YBb160P R`~" U
X �
a a
Bbf6~P .
_ x .
Rr~r ~ ~ R~,~
. t~i MEl
,
R
x
HE8b160P ~3~
Figure 3. Electrical connection diagram.
~ Key: 1. Semiselection 2. Selection 3. Nonselection
However, let us attempt to discuss the electrical diagram corresponding to the given
fragment (Figure 3). The resistive elem.ents R here are elements of the three men-
tioned types.
Practically usable ZhKM's have a specific resistance on the order of 108 St�cm. If
the distance between a line and a column is 0.02 mm, while an element aperture is
0.5 mm2 (real estimates for large-format matrices), then
30
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N'UR UF'Fl(:tAL US~: ONLY .
obtaining R~�~I levels of ~the same or higher orders is an extremely difficult task.
Practical estimates show that when Re = 10 kS~, RMEI = 20 kSt-10 MSt. The specific
level of the RMEI values depends on the electroerosion and subsequent etching tech-
niques [3]. Thus, the voltage in an element of ~~=:;:z type can be represented by the
values
bt-B = - I � 11~ for "selection, "
2~ + RnE~ .
- RB~
h 1
~ _ E - ' u' for "nonselection,"
2+ Re . ~
~ a ' ~ ~~8 + _ ' ~ U' for "semiselection."
2 Z
It is easy to see that, in practice, the voltages acting on the "selection" and
"nonselection" elements are far from the original estimates. For instance, for
RMEI = Re, we obtain (for example)
l~=3ti, while ~=3~
It is useful (obviously) to evaluate the nature of the regularities:
~ `?i ~ ReFr_) and � ft ~
--t
.
-u
05 , un
~u
ua
1--- ' - ~ `u'~,~F~
0.2 03 1.0 10.0 500 Re
- Figure 4. Dependence of voltages in "selection," "semiselection"
and "nonselection" elements on value of ratio R~I/Re.
The graphs of these functions are shown in Figure 4. Herp we can see that functions
f1~2 undergo significant changes in the band
0 ~ 2 ~ ~Fi ~ 60.
From the graphs it is easy to derive the voltages that are acting on the matrix ele-
ment under discussion from the normally known values of U, R~�~I and Re. For in-
stance, when U= 20 V, Re = 20 kSt.
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r~ ,1c~2 4 IO 20 200 IOUO
U,~, V 9~2 8 6~6 2 0~4
V I0,8 I2 13~' 18 I9.6
The obvious conclusion drawn from what has been said is that the choice of a ZhKM
must be made w~t~i due consideration for the real values of RMEI/Re. In any case,
one must not courit on ideal values of UB and UH equaling, respectively, 0 and U,
since in connection with this the condition RMEI � Re must be fulfilled.
In the case where R~,,~I � Re, the diagram under discussion loses all its useful
properties, since the following equality is realized:
__I~~ IL~ ~ N.~ :
- Thus, let us assume that the values of Rj,,~I and Re have been established as the re-
sult of ineasurement of the substrates' resistive characteristics. Their ratio gives
the position of the ordinate in the qraph (Figure 4) that determines the values of
UB and UH.
At the present time, the characteristics of Y~(U) have been studied for a considera-
ble number of ZhK compounds and materials have been published that describe the
transformation of functions 'Y(U) for changes in temperature and the distance between
the planes of the lines and columns [1,2].
Therefore, it is usually not difficult to choose a group of ZhKM's that provide the
yiven contrast `Y (UB) /Y' (UH) .
The further search for the optimum ZhKM in the group is carried,out with the help of
a matrix of temporal characteristics (MVIQi) that includes a complete listing of the
- times of direct and inverse electro-optical transitions for the voltage jumps that
were determined above: UB ~ U~, UB ~ UH, U~ ~ UH.
For the purpose of simplifying the desigriations, henceforth we will drop the letter
"U." The MVKh has the following form:
- T(n e)' T(~~ e)�
T(B n) = T(8 n)
T(B -+A) T(~ H) . -
- Each element of the MVKh is the time T of the setting of functions 'Y(B ~ n);
'Y (B ~ H) ; Y' (II ~ H) .
Each of the MVKh's elements is material. Actually, T(H B) and T(1I-~ B) determine
- the tripping time; that is, they give the minimum value of the line-addressing
phase.
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~ FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
It is useful to have the tripping time as short as possible in order to shorten the
- frame formation time, increase the rate of infortnation arrival and renewal in the
ZhKM, and simplify the buffer ZU's [memory unit] and the interface as a whole.
T(B H) and T(B II) determine the relaxation time; that is, they give the maximiutt
value of the frame-scanning phase for given ZhKM's and operating conditions.
In connection with this , ratios T(B n) /T (n B) and T(B H) /T (H B) qive an
evaluation of the maximally possible number of lines in a matrix. No less signifi-
cant are the values ef T(H II) and T(II-* H). It is usually necessary to have the
value of T(II H) on the same order of magnitude as T(B II). Otherwxse, a selected
element will "go out" when acted upon even once by a"nonselection" voltage.
Thus, of the six MVKh elements, only two (represented in the matrix by dashes) must
be maximally small values.
Let us, for ex~t?ple, design a ZhKM with 128 lines. This means that when depicting
the most informative (in the sense of filling the screen) flow of digits and/or let-
ters, 110 lines should be addressed in each frame (the other 18 are spaces when
there is a 7 x 5 sign format~. Cor~sequently, it. is necessary to insure that
T(B H)/T(H B) > 110. Otherwise, only part af the screen will reproduce the re-
quired information and the person perceiving it wilp_ be unjustifiably fatigued by
the flickering.
We should keep in mind the fact that the process of setting the function Y'(U) is
far from always being monotonic, particularly when the levels of the control volt-
ages are comparatively low [2]. ~
By evaluating the functions ~'(U) for the recently most popular materials, which are
based on cyanobiphenyls, it is possible to detect substantial deviations that are
related to the presence of oscillatory components. In connection with this, the
basic change in the function 'Y(U) takes place quite rapidly, whereas complete set-
ting is achieved in an amount of time th~t is an order or more of magnitude longer.
Therefore, sometimes it is advisable to set the duration of the line-addressing
phase in accordance with the duration of the basic change in function ~`(U), making
the necessary corrections in the MVKh and the contrast evaluation.
As experience has shown, in connection with this it is particularly important not
to forget the dependence of the values of T(B n) and T(B H) on the duration of
, the line-addressing phase. As ~s known [4,5], when it is shortened, the value of
- ratio T(B H)/T(H ; B) can not only be reduced by an order of magnitude or more,
but can even turn out to be less than unity. As a result, the ZhKM will prove to be
incapable of reproducing information.
In summing up what has been said, let us mention that, with due consideration for
the resistances of the electrodes and the interelectrode insulation, it is possible
- to evaluate the actual voltage levels acting on the elements of a liquid-crystal
screen. Formalization of the temporal characteristics in the form of a matrix is a
convenient and effective means for evaluating the possibil.ities for depicting infor-
mation on a screen that is being designed.
33
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Blinov, L.M., "Elektro- i magnitooptika zhidkikh kristallov" [Electro- and
Magneto-Optics of Liquid Crystals~, Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1978.
2. Kapustin, A.P., "Elektroopticheskiye i akusticheskiye svoystva zhidkikh
kristallov" [Electro-Optical and Acoustical Properties of Liquid Crystals],
Moscow, I2datel'stvo "Nauka", 1973.
3. Alekseyev, M:I:; and Beklemishev, A.B., "Using ~lectroerosion in the Production
of~Liquid-Crystal Matrices," ELEKTRONNAYA TEI~iNIKA, Series 4, No 1, 1979, pp 87-
90. .
4. Makeyeva, Ye.N., Beklemisl.~~v, A.B., and Kurdyumov, G.M., "Some Characteristics
of Alloyed Liquid-Crystal Materials," ELEKTRONNAYA TEKHNIKA, Series 6, Materials
_ edition 4(129), 1979, pp 110-115.
5. Makeyeva, Ye.N., Beklemishev, A.B., Urupov, A.K., and Serebrennikova, G.A., "Us-
ing Liquid-Crystal Compounds in Geophysical Opticoelectronics," "Tezisy dokladov
IV Vsesoyuznoy konferentsii po zhidkim kristallam" [Summaries of Re,ports Given at
the Fourth All-Union Conference on Liquid Crystals], Ivanovo, Izdatel'stvo IGU
[I�~anovo State University], 1977.
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UDC 550.834:621.384
ON THE U5E OF SEMICONDUCTING PHOTORECEIVERS FOR THE ACCELERATED INPUT OF OPTICAL
INFORMATION
Leningrad GOLOGRAFIYA I OPTICHESKAYA OBRABOTKA INFORMATSII V GEOLOGII in Russian
1980 (signed to press 19 Nov 80) pp 45-56
[Article by A:V. Dutov from collection of works "Holography and Optical Information
Processing in Geology", edited by Professor S.B. Gurevich and Candidate of Technical
Sciences O.A. Potapov, Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute imeni A.F. Ioffe, USSR
Academy of Sci~nces, 50Q copies, 181 pages]
[Text] The author proposes a parametric method for connecting
photodiode sensors for the accelerated input of information in
opticoelectronic seismogram processing systems.
He presents some results of an experimental investigation of the
conversion of optical signals for different photoreceiver connec-
tion methods.
In the solution of the problem of processing the large masses of information that
are generated when seismic surveying methods are used to prospect for gas- and oil-
bearing structures, particular interest has been aroused by hybrid opticoelectronic
systems, the effectiveness of which is related to the information capacity of the
light field as an information carrier, the high speed at which information in analog
form is processed, and the accuracy with which information in digital form is hand-
led [1].
Since these light fields are at least two dimensional, the problem of the high-speed
input of optical information into the digital part of the system is solved either by
increasing the scanning speed in scanning-type devices or by multichannel reading.
. When contemporary requirements--the creation of systems for the prelir~inary process-
ing of information under field conditions--are taken into consideration, the most
promising photoreceivers are assumed to be converters based on charge-coupled de-
vices.(PZS). However, increasing the scanning speed in PZS rulers entails a propor-
tional decrease in sensitivity, while the use of PZS matrices involves a reduction
in resolving power as a consequence of the multiple reflection of the light beams
from the sensor's multilayer structure [2]. In a number of cases, therefore, an in-
crease in input speed can be achieved either by combining high-sensitivity photo-
diodes with opticomechanical scanners, the scanning speed of which has reached tele-
- vision standards [3], or by the creation of photodiode rulers for multichannel read-
ing. Both approaches involve an increase in the sensors' total light-sensitive area
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and, corres,pondingly, the photodiodes' cap3city. As a result, the basic short-
comings of photodiode sensors become apparent: the maxi.mum spatial method of con-
necting these photoreceivers and the dependence of the amplitude of the pulses at
the sensor's output on the dynami.c band of the light signals.
- _ - - _ . .
- AIAo .
~o
4e
- 46
~
~ a~
.a,_
az .
~
��---,n--,c~~~�~
.~.~-:---+-+-i--~ � .
0 2 4 a a~c r4 rb ra ,~,nHs
Figure 1. AChKh of high-sensitivity photodiodes for small values
of RH: o= FD-11K; 0= FD-7G.
The amplitude-frequency characteristic (AChKh) of two sensitive photodiodes, as
shown in Figure 1, can serve as an example illustrating the possibility of evaluat-
ing unambiguously the time lag of a converter when photodiode connection is used.
The AChKh's have been read for those values of load resistance Rg that are normally
used when working with high-frequency elements (50-75 SZ) and make it possible to
- reach a conclusion about the possibility of using these instruments on frequencies
exceeding the frequencies corresponding to the textbook operating speed values
(5�10-6 s) by almost an order of magnitude. However, as a result of the fact that
photodiodes are high-ohm elements in the ~lectrical circuit, reducing Rg entails a
corresponding reduction in the output signals' values.
U _ -
b
~ ~ ~
6 � .
~
~ e
$ . � ~
3
~
Q ,r'~'~+~,~ ~
e\
` o\ a
~ *~*,~~~`~n~n
~ ~ ~--r- r~.-
~ s e e ro~ ~4~e+e.x
Figure 2. FD-11K photodiode saturation curves far Rg = 10 k:
o= constant component; 0= variable component at frequen~~y of 30
kHz; variable component at frequency of 100 kHzf z a 1/e,
where s = irradiation.
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- ~es,i.d~s th~~, inhaxenfi in the photod~.od~ conn~ction m~thod ~r~ limi~Atior?e rclat~d
to the power of the ligh~ pulses being received. In connection with this, it has
recently been established [4] that the high-frequency sensitivity of photodiodes can
be saturated at levels of optical radiation that are considerably lower than those
required for the creation of a constant saturation current. Figure 2 shows the de-
pendences that have have found for the change in the amplitude of the variable com-
ponent of a sinusoidal signal and the magnitude of the constant component at the
photodiode's output on the value of the relative attenuation of the light flow (in
comparison with its value ~H, which corresponds to .saturation of the watt-ampere
characteristic). They enabled us to c~nvince ourselves experimentally that for cer-
tain relationships between RH and photodiode capacitance C~a, these 1imi.tations ex-
ist even for comparatively low light signal frequencies.
Photoparametric systems, some varieties of which--based either on a change in photo-
diode conductivity when acted upon by a light f low ~ or on a corresponding change in
C~a--have been known for quite a long time [5,6], are free from these flaws to a
certain degree. However, the necessity of using two identical photoreceivers in the
first case [5] and the narrow band of changes in perceivable light flows in the sec-
ond [6] has caused their use to be limited, and in the literature there is almost a
complete lack of information on the sensitivity and operating speed o� photo-
Farametric systems in comparison with systems using other methods of connecting the
photoreceivers.
_
-----rro--
Tp p~ r~.p2 - .
t1 ~D B Ra
+N D . ~ .
a~
. ~
T- ~
PP /
UN
r ~
B Ubut RH
b~ I
- Figure 3. Schematic diagrams of photoparametric systems: a. ser-
ies; b. parallel; FD = photodiode; D= high-frequency diode; B=
amplitude detector (rectifier); UH = pump voltage.
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~
' .
0
- , ~ RFDE + .
IIN ~t ~ R~i ~N~~.
~ ~ ~
a
a)
z ~
r
~D / ~
f
UN R1~Ah~ ~D, ~but R~E2 ~~E2
f ~
b~� ~ ;
~ .
- f ,i ~ ~
UH R~ ~ uout RN~3 ~k~
w ~ ~D (
'i
Figure 4. Equivalent circuits: a. of series-connected paramet-
ric system; b. of parallel-connected parametric system; c. of
system with photodiode connection of the converter; RIE~ RFDE~
RHE~ ~HE = equivalent values, respectively, of the power
source's resistance, the photodiode's back resistance and the
load r.esistance and capacitance.
Here we present two elementary systems for the photoparametric conversion of light
flows, the schematic diagrams of which are shown in Figure 3.
The role of the first transformer in the series-connected system is limited by the
matching of the high-resistance circuit from the diodes connected in opposition with
the output circuits of the pumping voltage generator. The second high-frequency
~ransformer in the series-connected system, as is the case with the transformer in
the parallel-connected one, is needed to generate the variable component of the
photodiode's flow on frequency fH, which corresponds to the first harmonic of pump-
ing voltage UH.
All of the characteristics presented below were read with the help of diode fullwave
rectifiers charged to a resistance of 10 kS2 and the filter's capacitance. The value
38
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-
_
~p
- 0
0,15 .
0 5
~ \o
~o
a25
- ~~o
0
- 0,2 o,a o,6 0,9 ~o /zu,~s
% QJ
A~?
Fj F~ F3 F~~o-_O-~o~~~
0,5 �
~~-+a--a'`�
~0 11 � 12 . 15 ~6
0
/0 13 fk
f
~+IF3z
/o
Q~ b~e~4 ~ ~f
~~o_..e . .
o ,
_ _ ~m b ) ~
Figure 5. AChKH's of: a. ZL-119 light diode; series-
- connected photoparametric system; o= photodiode method; b)
parallel-connected photoparametric system; for low illumina-
tion of the photodiodes; o= for high illum~nation of the photo-
diodes.
of RH for the systems that have been presented can change within quite broad limits,
although the highest output signal values are achieved for small photodiode current
flow angles; that is, when the condition RH > 100�R~a is fulfilled [7], where R a is
the back resistance of an open photodiode. (For example, for an FD-11K, R~a ~~0 SZ,
so for a transformation rate that equals unity, it should be the case that RH >
> 1 kS2. )
Omitting the comanon and quite trivial and awkward computations from the field of
electrical engineering, let us proceed to a discussion of the equivalent circuits in
Figure 4, which model the operation of the series- and parallel-connected parametric
systems, as well as the operation of the converter when the photodiode is connected
(Figure 4c), in the area of high frequencies of changes in light flows; that is, for
those modes when, under the obligatory condition fH ~ fcb.c (Where fcb.c is the fre-
quencies of the light signals' higher harmonics), the value of 1/2~rtfH~FD turns out
to be comparable with the value of R~a and, at the same time, for the series-
connected system the value of 1/2~rfHCD remains comparable with the value of a
39
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K.
so ~
40
~0 .
ao
~o
-
_~~�J ~
. ~`~"=-'~.---~'~'Q~'0~~~'--4~-0-.-~
P' /j 6 L/ ~O MM
Figure 6. Characteristics of perceivable contrast in seismo-
grams: for series-connected photoparametric system;
photodiode mode; o= valve mode.
darkened photodiode. Let us mention here that the fulfillment of the latter condi-
tion, as it applies to the problem of obtaining the maximum values of the output
signals at the system's output, is possible only if CFD ~D'
Directly from Figure 4 we can see the obvious potential possibility of increasing
the operating speed in the system (Figure 3a) in comparison with the system with
photodiode connection of the sensor, since in the former, capacitance C~ is con-
nected in series with capacitance CFD. This possibility is confirmed by the AChKh's
of the corresponding systems, which are presented in Figure 5a. The AChKh's were
read with the help of an opticoelectronic pair consisting of an FD-25K photodiode
and a ZL-119 light diode that were excited by light pulses ranging in duration from
100 us to 1 us, with an on-off time ratio of at 1Past 5. The light diode's AChKh
was determined with an FEU-62 photomultiplier.
Directly from Figure 4b it is obvious that there are no inherent analogous possibil-
ities in the parallel-connected system. However, when operating with a pumpiiig fre-
quency that is close to the antiresonance frequency, this system is of considerable
int~rest for the solution of the problem of increasing the noise stability of the
- reading process [8]. The AChIQi's of such a system (read with the help of FD-25K
photodiodes) are presented in Figure 5b, and they make it possible to form an opin-
ion about the special features of the operating modes of a system with pumping .Ere-
quencies corresponding to cross-sections F1, F2 and F4, as well as cross-section F3
(the most interesting mode), in which outp~t signals of the system that are differ-
ent in magnitude and polarity correspond to the two values of the light flow.
The sensitivity characteristics of photoparametric systems are better than the anal-
ogous characteristics of systems with photodiode and valve connection of the photo-
receivers. This is determined by the total unidirectional change of both the
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- - -
~,.p
,3,~ ~_*I~ '
~ 5 1,,,~,x_.-* .
~,Q ' .
.
i t,:~
,t
_ ; .
.
;
� Q 5 : ( ~+�~~-o-,~tr",._,r-.-a--~--6"_`�
~ ~ _.__-o--t,.� ��~'~.o--o-o .
r.~__---+- --r--~
� ~ ;o ~,a ~a a,o 50 ~u 7o so ~v ~o- UN; ~
Figure 7. Parametric characteristics of a series-connected system
with a high-sensitivity p-i-n photodiode.
conductance and susceptance of the photodiodes ~hen the amount of illumination of
the light-sensiti~re areas changes. However, for the parallel-connected system these
characteristics also depend unambiguously on the value of fH, as well as the sys-
tem's structural parameters and the method used to process the output signals. The
selection of the optimum parameters for this system requires a rigorous mathematical
analysis of it, the realization of which within the limits of this article is not
_ possible.
- For the series-connected photoparametric system, several completely unambiguous sen-
sitivity characteristics have been derived by the experimental method. For in-
stance, in Figure 6 we present the characteristics of the change in contrast parame-
ter K[8] as a function of the distance between the film with the seismogram record-
ings and the photoreceiver. The characteristics were read with the help of a high-
sensitivity p-i-n photodiode and a GaAs light diode, with fH = 4 N~iz. ~
In Figure 7 we see, for different levels of illumination of tne converter, the
changes in the value of the series-connected phatoparametric sys~em's output signal
as a function of the pumping voltage's amplitude. Experimental investigations of
the proposed parametric systems made it possi.ble to discover two special features
of any families of similar characteristics: in all cases the indicated functions
intersect the X-axis and in all cases the increase in the output signal, beginning
with certain values of the pumping voltage, moves.toward saturation. The latter
fact means that in photoparametric systems it is possible to realize operating modes
in which instability of the value of Ug will not have any substantial effect on the
output signals' stability.
Finally, in Figure 8 we see the saturation curve for the series-connected photo-
parametr~c system in comparison with the analogous characteristics for photodiode
and valve connection of the photoreceiver, which is the dependence of the change in
the output signal's value on the distance r between a photodiode and a light diode
by means of which light pulses with a power of 100 mW and a duration of 10 s were
excited. Directly from Figure 8 it is obvious that for systems utilizing the photo-
diode and valve methods of connecting the converter, saturation sets in at consider-
ably lower levels of iliumination of the light-sensitive area than for the indicated
photoparametric system
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U~ ~ - -
~ I~~ ~ .
o a~~~~
4,0
_
~
= 3, 0 ~
.
~
~
� '
t0
*
o--o---o--o---o-o--o '
- Q --�--+--T--:---~--+.-+ ~
1 4 0 d 10 ~7, nn
Figure 8. Saturation curves for FD-25K photodiode: for
series-connected photoparametric system; A= for photodiode con-
nection; o= for valve connection.
In conclusion we should mPntion that for a low load resistance value and pulsed
pumping, the photoparametric mode in a series-connected system (Figure 3a) degener-
ates into the normal mode of photodiode connection with charge accumulation. In
connection with this, the system's operating speed and sensitivity are deternuned by
the relationship between the durations of the light signals and the pumping pulses.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Potapov, O.A., "The Problem of Processing Large Masses of Geologica~ and Geophys-
ical Information and Ways of Solving It," in "Golografiya i optiche~kaya
obrabotka informatsii v geolc~gii i geofizike" [Holography and Opfiical Information
Processing in Geology and Geophysics], Leningrad, 1979, pp 5-18.
2. Kobayarsi, Ye., "Solid-Sfate Image Sensors," DENSI DZAYRYO, Vol 17, No 8, 1978,
pp 76-81.
3. Benedichuk, I.V., et al., "A Television Unit With Opticomechanical Scanning,"
TEIQ3NIKA KINO I TELEVIDENIYA, No 10, 1978.
4. Lawton, R.A., and Young, M., "Photodetectors Lose Dynamic Range With Modulated
SignalG," DIMENS/.NBS, Vol 61, No 12, 1977, pp 16-19.
5. Voronin, V.G., Grebnev, A.K., Krivonosov, A.I., and Ruslanov, V.I., "Skhem~q.r
avtomatiki s fbtochuustvitel'n~mi.~i izluchaytishchimi'poluprovodniknovymi
priborami" [Automation Systems With Photosensitive and IInitting Semiconducting
- Instruments], Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1972, p 80.
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- 6. Elizbarashvili, O.A., "A Detector for Weak Light Signals Based on Photodiodes
Operating in the Fetovarikap [translation unknown] Mode," TRUDY INSTITUTA
KIBERNETIKI AN GKUZ. SSR, Vol 3, 1977, pp 133-142.
7. Gonorovskiy, I.S., "Radiotekhnicheskiye tsepi i signaly" ~Radio Engineering Cir-
cuits and Signals], Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 1971, p 672.
~ 8. Dutov, A.V., "Investigation of the Noise Stability oi Several Methods for the Op-
tical Reading of Geophysical Information," in "Golografiya i opticheskaya
obrabotka informatsii v geologii i geofizike", Leningrad, 1979, pp 123-133.
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UDC 550.834.05
ON THE QUESTION OF THE PHASE ENCODING OF SEISMIC SIGNALS IN OPTICODIGITAL
INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS
Leningrad GOLOGRAFIYA I OPTICHESKAYA OBRABOTKA INFORMATSII V GEOLOGII in Russian
1980 (signed to press 19 Nov 80) pp 57-64
[Article by V.P. Ivanchenkov and A.I. Kochegurov from collection of works "Holo-
. graphy and Optical Information Processing in Geology", edited by Professor S.B.
Gurevich and Candidate of Technical Sciences O.A. Potapov, Leningrad Physico-.
technical Institute imeni A.F. Ioffe, USSR Academy of Sciences, 500 copies, 181
pages]
[Text] The authors discuss the possibility of using phase encod-
ing of seismic signals when they are being entered in the optical
processor of an opticodigital computer complex. They present the
results of their statistical modeling and some evaluations of the
effectiveness of the utilization of phase encoding in problems
involving the correction of static correction factors.
Increasing the efficiency and productivity of the realization of hybrid computa-
tions in opticodigital information processing systems depends to a considerable de-
gree on the choice of the method for encoding the seisanic signals when the data are
being entered in the optical processor. The correct choice of the signal encoding
_ method malees it possible--depending on the realized processing algorithms--to re-
duce their statistical redundancy and to compress the data.
In a number of processing problems where information on the form of the seismic
signals is not used directly, it is feasible to examine the possibility of using
phase encoding methods. For instance, one of the basic procedures in the process-
ing of seismic data is correction of the static correction factors. As is well
known, the most widely used automatic correction algorithm, which is based on cal-
culatior~ of the cross-correlation function (FVK) of adjacent tracks, yields the re-
quired accuracy only for rather simple material. When there is a large degree of
wave dispersion with respect to velocity in the interval being analyzed and a high
- noise level, the determination of the displacements with respect to the tracks'
maximum cross-correlation can result in substantial errors in their evaluation.
Therefore, the problem of improving the reliability of the evaluation of the mutual
displacements remains one of the basic ones when correcting static correction fac-
tors. In view of this, in this article we discuss the question of improving the
reliability of the determination of the mutual displacements of seismic tracks pre-
sented in the form of nulls of a clipped signal.
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Xtf~ _ _ . RX('C)
t Y
~i ~ i ~ ~ a~ ~Rx~~
1 ~ 1 ~ ~
� ~y~ic~ e j I ~ ~
1 .
0 _ _ ~--t ' r
b~
x.lui ~ I 1 .r_~~ Rxlr)
I 1 I I
1 t I I
~
- � . . . . . :r-
Il �2H . C~ ~
Figure 1.
Figure la depicts the realization of process x(t) and its corresponding correlation
function RX(r). When the clipping is sufficiently thorough, this signal is con-
verted into rectangular pulses (Figure lb) and is frequently called z clipped sig-
nal. The use of character encoding is quite well known, particularly in the reali-
zation of various correlational processing algorithms. At the same time, the ori-
ginal information of phase encoc3ing can be represented in a different form, as some
= sequence of nulls of the clipped signal x~(t) (Figure lc):
~ti~~l �.x~t�:1 !0~ (1j
i
~ U, ~~~1 �~r~t+l1 >~Q.
The sequence of nulls contains all the necessary information about the clipped sig-
nal, as well as information about the initial phase of the original signal's first
harmonic [1].
In order to evaluate the possibility of using phase encoding in the problem of cor-
recting static correction factors at the stage of determining the mutual displace-
ments of the tracks, we utilized statistical modeling on a computer to investigate
the noise stability of the correction algorithm for such a recording.
The assumed given was two seismic tracks, representing an additive mixture of sig-
nal and noise, it being the case that the signal on the second track had a certain
45 ~
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.
_
_ - - _ XC{~,xo(~) .
3
_ ~ xott
.z
x ~t
~
0
~
-o,a3z -qo22 -uo+2 -qoa4 4,oot~ 40+2 ~ 0,022 a,a32
t~~,
-2
Rz(21,R3e{z)
uoo
300
20 RiC`~ . R~ ~
ta0
� a 2. 6 ,a ~ ii 2 26 30
- ~00 .
-zoo - . ~ ~ .
Figure 2.
displacement ~t:
y,r~t=.zrt~�*N~rf~,
~~rf1 =x~t+a~)~N,~~11. (2)
As the useful signal we chose a pulse with a bell-shaped envelope, which is widely
used as the model of a singly reflected wave. Displacement ~t was determined
beforehand and was chosen in accordance with practical recommendations. Noise N(t)
was generated by a generator of random numbers having a normal distribution law
M[N(t)] = 0 and a2[N(t)] = l. As an example, in Figure 2 we show the origi~nal and
transformed signals, as well as their corresponding correlation functions.
Between the tracks thus formulated, we determined the temporal displacement with
respect to the FVK's maximum. The fact that the solution of any computational
problem by constructing and realizing an artificial random process can, in the fi-
nal result, give only approximate values of the unknown parameters, or so-called
estimates of them, applies to a number of features of a:method:with statistical
~ testing [2]. A solution obtained in this manner is of practical value only if it
is possible to find an area of possible deviations of the obtained estimates from
the corresponding unknov~m parameters; in other words, if the accuracy of the esti-
mates is investigated. As the estimates in this problem, we chose the mathematical
expectation mT and dispersion 6T of the temporal displacement T as a ft:nction of
the signal-to-noise ratio. In order to evaluate the noise level, we used the ratio
of the square of the signal's peak value to the dispersion of the noise, which is
used very extensively in seismic surveying [3l: ~
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:
vf}=~- ~ (3)
i
Analyses cvere conducted for p= 3, 1, 0.5, 0.2. It was assumed that the permissi-
ble measurement error was 2 ms. In order to achieve a confidence probability P of
0.95, the experiment encompassed 384 obsexvations. The functions of the distribu-.
tion of the temporal displacement between the tracks for the given values of p are
shown in Figures 3 and 4 for the standard and converted forms of the recording, re-
spectively.
~ ~hCr)
90 ~ ~3
60 ~ p*1 .
/~'gs psp,2
_ ~
~
0
~ ~ 1 '1 , = t .
Figure 3.
_ .
,~'Q2
~ p=3 ~
~
.~o
�as
~
ri ~3 >3 f; ~
~ 1 3 5 L
Figure 4.
The calculated statistical characteristics (mathematical expectation and disner-
sion) for the obtained distributions are presented in Table 1.
Figure 5 shows the dependence of the deviation in mathematical expectation mT on
the true value for the given values of p, while Figure 6 shows the dependence of
dispersion 6T for the computed displacement T.
Analysis of the results obtained with the help of the nuinerical experiment with the
computer showed that for a sufficiently large signal-to-noise ratio (p > 3), phase
encoding of the original information yields no gain in noise stability in compari-
son with the standard form of the recording, although for small signal-to-noise ra-
tios (p < 1), the gain is obvious (Figures 5 and 6). Z'his can apparently be ex-
plained by the fact that when there are severe distortions of the useful sigr.al (a
small signal-to-noise ratio), the cross-correlation function for the standard form
of the recording is computed with more substantial errors than in the second case,
where the form of the recording is not taken into consideration
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,
_ _ Table 1.
NcxoT~~ carxart (I) (1 [Jpeo4paaoa~s~ir;~~ ccira~t (,~.)(2
- ' Itc,~ ~s; ~ r
3 ~ 4~92 , 0~46 5,06 I,bI
I. 6~'l6 IB,;~ y,27 i5,I6
0,5 7,~13 18~~5 3,?E; II,36
-0,2 7,83 00,'l4 3,ti2 IU,i3
Key:
1. Original signal 2. Converted signal
3 gq C
f~) _ _ -~Q - .
z7 ~
~ ~ 24
1
2 21
` 2 ~ 18
- 15
2
. !2 .
i
9
e
- 5
o ~ z 3 T~ Q 1 3 'J'
Figure 5. Figure 6.
Further, we carried out an experimental investigation of the possibilitl~ of using
phase encoding when processing seismograms. For this purpose we developed an algo-
= rithm for computing the waves' mutual displacements for both the standard recording
and the one converted into the form of nulls of a clipped signal; this investiga-
tion utilized materials from the Tomsk Geophysical Trust. The static correction
factors computed with the algorithm were introduced into the appropriate tracks and
the tracks were summed with the reference track with respect to which the correc-
tion factors had been computed. The summary recordings for the standard and con-
verted forms of the recordings are presented in Figures 7.and 8, respectively.
A comparative analysis of the results showed that the location of the main maximum
on the temporal axis of the summary recordings coincided and was 304 ms, while the
values of the maximums themselves also differed very little. At the same time, on
the second recording there is more nearly complete suppression of secondary waves
and discrimination of the basic wave (three wave entries are quite visible in Fig-
ure 8) .
48
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_ F { . _ _ _ -
` ~ t~"s ~
~
. Rigure 7.
- _ _ . _
_ -
_ _ -
F, ~ .
~ ~ t ~?s
Figure 8.
Thus, our investigations indicate that the prospects are good for the utilization
of phase encoding, in connectian with wYnich the volume of the original data can be
reduced by a factor of 15-20 and the noise stability of the detexmination of the
displacements for small signal-to-noise ratios can be improved.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Komolov, V.P., and Trofimenko, I.T., "K~antovaniye fazy pri obnaruzhenii
radiosignalov" [Phase Quantization During the Detection of Radio Signals],
~ Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 1976.
2. Pustyl'nik, Ye.2., "Statisticheskiye metody analiza i obrabotki nablyudeniy"
[Statistical Methods for Analyzing and Processing Observations], Moscow,
Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1968.
3. Shestov, N.S., "Vydeleniye opticheskikh signalov na fone sluchaynykh pomekh"
[Distinguishing Optical Signals Against a Background of Random Noise], Moscow,
Izdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 1967.
49
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UDC 550.834.05
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF PROCE5SES FOR RECORDING SEISMIC SIGNALS ON A THERMOPLASTIC
CARRIER DURING THEIR INPUT INTO THE OPTICAL PROCESSOR OF AN OPTICODIGITAL COMPLEX
Leningrad GOLOGRAFIYA I OPTICHESKAYA OBRABOTKA INFORMATSII V GEOLOGII in Russian
1980 (signed to press 19 Nov 80) p~ 65-73
[Article by V.P. Ivanchenkov and O.G. Dolmatova from collection of works "Holo-
graphy and Optical Information Processing in Geology", edited by Professor S.B.
Gurevich and Candidate of Technical Sciences O.A. Potapov, Leningrad Physico-
technical Institute imeni A.F. Ioffe, USSR Acadetny of Scienc~s, 500 copies, 181
pages]
[Text] Th.e authors discuss questions concerning the mathematical
modeling of the processes involved in the recording of seismic
signals on a thermoplastic carrier, and investigate the effect of
different parameters on.the depth of the groove and the rate of
relief development for the purpose of insuring the best matchup
of temporal relationships during data input-output utilizing an
optical processor.
During the developm~nt of an opticodigital computer complex (OEVK) for the process-
ing of geophysical information as a somewhat complicated computer system, there
arises the problem of choosing the most rational structure for the computer com-
plex, allowing for the properties of the signals being analyzed and the processing
algorithms being realized, the determination of the basia parameters of the sys-
tems' elements and assemblies, and the study of the effect of different factors on
the entire process of the realization of hybrid computations.
The formulation of a mathematical model of the OEVK is of importance both for the
synthesis and analysis of the hybrid opticoelectronic system.
The mathematical description of an OEVK can be determined in several stages. In
the first stage, for example, on the basis of the required class of processing al-
gorithms that must be realized in the OEVK, the general structure of the system is
planned and several alternative formulations of it are examined.
During the next stage, a functional description of the separate units and assemblies
is determined and the effect of their parameters on the system's characteristics and
aperating modes is investigated.
The basic functional elements of an OEVK include a spatiotemporal light modulat:~r
(PVMS) that makes it possible to carry out the operational input of data into an
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optical processor. A comparative analysis of existing PVMS's showed that the use
of light-valve tubes with a thermoplastic carrier shows promise for the processing
of sei,smic data [1) .
The processing of recording a siqnal on a TPH [thermoplastic carrier] with the help
of an electron beam can be broken down into two stages: application of the charge
to the TPN, which leads to the appearance of electrical forces capable of deforming
the thermoplastic layer, and the recording appearance and erasure stage. Depending
on the mode chosen for the recording of the seismic signals, these stages can be
either carried out at the same time or realized separately.
In order to determine the mathematical description of the relief manifesta~ion and
erasure process, it is necessary to know the medium's equation of motion and the
- nature of the forces causing this motion. ~
In the literature there are se~erai. approaches to the description of the process of
_ relief manifestation and appearance on a TPN [2,3].
For cases where the applied voltages and deformations are small, a TPN can be de-
scribed in a linear approximation based on the relationships derived during the de-
scription of the mediums' motion with a(Fogt) model, which is the most common one
and takes into consideration the properties of an elastic-viscous,~as well as a
viscous, medium.
Under these conditions, the problem of finding the mathematical description of the
- appearance and erasure of surface relief on a TPN can~be reduced to the thsree-
= dime~asional problem af determining the deformations of the surface of an incom-
pressible, elastic-viscous layer of finite thickness d when it is acted upon by
surface and volume forces with an initial disturbance FoP. In Cartesian coordi-
_ nates x,y,z, the elastic-viscous medium's equations of motion have the following
form [2] :
~ ,
- ~ 3_~ p J V,x a~ f~ fo y~~
d
~ = ~ V ~.V~ ~ ~ G l/~ a~~ fc~ : (1)
t
r~ Vs __~~.r ~ d Vz a f Vz a z~ f~
dt
where P~(x,y,z) = surface density of the forces, the value of which is assumed to
be given at the initial moment; P~(x,y,z,t) = components of the initial volumetric
density of the forces with respect to the axes; p= density of the~medium; v= rate
of motion of the medium's particles; a Laplace operator; G= equilibrium shear
modulus; u= coefficient of viscosity; v= u/p; VX, Vy, VZ = velocity components,
the initial values of which equal zero.
When recording with an electron beam on thermoplastic layers more than 10 u~ thick,
it is possible to allow for the effect of only the normal component of the surface
forces ~(x,y,z) on re~ief appearance and erasure.
When the layer is acted upon by a periodical normal force density of the type
Pz rx, y ti P~ e"`~ r~,~ z,r,
f'x,.x z~rf~,..~v c2~
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the equation for'Athe deformation of the TPN's surface has the form
o.
(x~ L~l = ~ ~ ~rc~. ~ 2T e~ � Cv:! ~~Tf k~ ~ ~ 3 )
_ where A~ = the depth of the relief groove of the nk-th harmonic =
~ ni?,d f W ~l ( e ~J f e - ~M r~ ~I :
(4)
~WM t~, ~J - W ,~,1~y c.~R~. ~-~K[ ftiE J ~
.
- where P~ = amplit~de of the density of the nk-th harmonic's forces; f~, fyk =
spatial frequencies with respect to the x- and y-axes, respectively; a~ = general-
- ized spatial frequency;
- _ .
- J2.,~~ _ ~Ti fx~ ~
f~l , ur ~n, _ ~ G Jt',~,~ ~Fw d ,
~
Tp(n,k) = relaxation time constant of the nk-th harmonic's forces,
/,o,~ _ ~ z.~~. 1'1i ~%,r~ - 2.c 8
s
~ ~ + ~~E
_ where r~ = normalized c~eneralized spatial frequency:
- - -
'~L = G~-~.n ~
For each individual seismic track during the recording of the signals on a TPH, ex-
pression (4) can be discussed in a unidimensional approximation; that is, we assume
that a~ = 2'rtf~ and
~ t _ ra~, E
Pfur~e ~ , cs)
An~ (WM -up}[4C'2,Tf~ +(27Pf,~)Zf~
i
= For known charge motion time constants, the amplitude of the forces' density are
; determined by the relationship
~ _ ~a ,
P - �t t~ z~-}'~~ ~ c6~
where Q~, al = surface density of the electrical charge (constant and sinusoidal
components, respectively); = electric constant; el = dielectric constant of a
vacuum; e2 = dielectric constant of the thermoplastic.
By substituting expression (6) into (5), we can obtain an expression that makes it
possible to investigate the dependence of the relief groove's depth on the charge
density and the modulation factor.
In accordance with the model of the appearance and erasure of information recorded
on a TPN that we have been discussing, we calculated and investigated (with the
help of a computer) the temporal changes in the depth of the groove for several
~emperature modes and spatial frequencies of the signals for different charge den-
sity and modulation factor values.
The range of the change in temperature was selected so as to encompass the possible
thermal operating conditions for a light-valve tube, ranging from the glass-
transition temperature to the TPN's flow temp~rature (80-140�C).
~
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A,~o"N _ _ ` _ _
A~ ta' M
-i 1
X My J1[~ ISMM ~
12
4 � y
~ S67 f . Y
3 �
O,q Z j.
- 0,6 2 .
q~
1 ~ �
_ o,z ~
_ ~ ~s
A;~o M ~ 2 A ~o-e
~ M .
f, =2Q.,.; ~ _ ~
_ ~ u s ,fy=26MM
6~
N
~
7
/ 2
~ 2.
/
~k S ~
+--~:y.� ._~_.__...r
1 2 1 t,S
Figure 1. Curves 1-7 have been plotted for temperatures of 140,
130, 120, 110, 100, 90 and 80�C, respectively. ~
The choice of the spatial frequencies was made for a provisional band of seismic
signal frequencies~of 20-100 Hz, with due consideration for their recording on a
TPN in amplitude-pulse modulation form [4]. The light-valve tubes's resolution
with the TPN was assumed to be 20 lines/mm, which was preliminarily accepted as the
signal quantification frequency during their recording with amplitude-pulse modula-
tion. Starting from what has been said, during the numerical modeling we conducted
our investigation for spatial frequencies ranging from 10 to 27 lines/mm. When
calculating the depth of the relief groove on the TPN, in accordance with [5~ it is
necessary to allow for a number of parameters, the values of which depend on the
temperature: viscosity factor u, equilibrium shear modulus G, surface tension co-
efficient a. For our calculations, the values of these pa.rameters were taken from
sources in the literature [2].
Figure 1 contains graphs characterizing the temporal change in the depth of the re-
lief groove for different temperatures and spatial signal frequences of 10, 15, 20
and25mm1.
Figure 2a depicts the dependence of the optimum appearance time to~t on the temper-
ature for different spatial frequency values. Here we understant topt to mean the
appearance time obtained for the maximum value of the relief groove's depth.
An analysis of the results that were obtained showed that as the temperature in-
creases to 130�C and the density of the applied charge remains the same, the relief
groove's depth increases and its optimum appearance time decreases. In connection
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,s
r
1
q~�a x,~o M 1 . Aroox ~r0 M
~ 3
q6 ~ _ k o s , .
. ~
_ n,4 . ~
. � , 0,4 ~f
M w ~ .
. T- ~xo�c ~,:o,z�~o ~ Mz
- ~1 ~ T_~xo"c
/ ~ M
i- -r--i Y ---�---i�---~'-�~----^r't '
U,05 0~1 015 ~i~~ t0 3 K p~T p~~ p~6
MZ
Figure 2. Curves 1-4 have been plotted for fX = 10, 15, 20 and
25 mm 1, respectively.
with this, however, there is also an increase in the relief erasure rate, it being
the case that beginning with the temperature at which the thermoplastic changes
from an elastic-viscous state to a viscous state (120�C)~ its properties change
abruptly and the curves take on a resonance form.
Figure 2b shows the dependence of the relief groove's maximum depth on spatial fre-
quency fX for different appearance temperatures T.
At high temperatures the characteristics are of a resonance type, wfiich makes it
~ possible to lower the level of the high-frequency noise in the reproduced image.
However, this property can result in signal distortion because of "butchering" of
some part of its spatial frequencies. It is necessary to take aTl of this into
consideration when selecting such parameters as the band of spatial frequencies of
the signals being recorded~and the temperature at which the information is recorded
on and erased from the TPN.
Using the characteristics that have been obtained, it is possible to construct a dy-
namic rnanifestation surface A=$(t,T) that describes most nearly completely the dy-
namics of the relief formation and erasure process on a TPN and makes it possible to
- select the best relief appearance and erasure mode as a function of the selected du-
- ration of a.frame of the seismic signal recording.
The graphs that have been presented were calculated for charge density = 0.2�10-3
C/m2 and modulation factor M= 0.6.
A computer was also used to calculate the depth of the relief groove for different
charge density and modulation factor M values.
The functions AmaX =(~,M) are presented in Figure 3.
From the graphs it is obvious that A~X increases at the depth of the relief qroove
~ does, but--as is demonstrated in (5]--a decrease in the depth of modulation of the
applied charge results in suppression of the nonlinear frequency distortions. Con-
sequently, it is ne~.essary to allow for both of these factors with selecting these
parameters.
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t oPT A max , ~0'M
3
I,i
i 40�~
~
25NM . ~ .
i
- ~ /ZO'Q '
. 10 MN ~ ~~Q
~ 4s sO~C
. 6a ,oa ~aa i44 T~C ic ~ ts =v ~r,M~
Figure 3.
~ At the present time, experimental investigations are being made of the proces,ses
involved in recording and erasing si.gnals on TPN's, as well as the correction and
refinement of modeling results, which in the future will make it possible to choose
optimum conditions for recording, reading and erasing information, thereby insuring
the best matchup of temporal relationships for data input-output utila.zing an opti-
cal processor. .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Ivanchenkov, V.P., "Hybrid Opticoelectronic Systems for the Processing of Seis-
mi.c Information," "Tezisy dokladov Vsesoyuznoy konferentsii po avtomatizatsii
nauchnykh issledovaniy na osnove primeneniya EVM" [Summaries of Reports Given at
the All-Union Conference on the Automation of Scientific Research Through the
Use of Computers], Novosibirsk, 1979.
2. Gushcho, Yu.P., "Fazovaya rel'y~efografiya" [Phase Reliefography], Moscow,
Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1974.
- 3. Nakhodkin, N.G., and Novoselets, M.K., "Functional Description of a Thermo-
plastic Medium as a Complex Information System," in "III Vsesoyuznaya
konferentsiya po golografii, tezisy dokladov" [Z~hird All-Union Conference on Ho-
lography: Summaries of Reports], Leningrad, 1978.
4. Ivanchenkov, V.P., Poskonnyy, G.I., and Potapov, O.A., "Recording 5eismic Sig-
nals on a Thermoplastic Carrier in a Real Time Scale," "TI oIEMS. Region,
razved. i promysl. geofizika" [Express Information From the All-Union Scientific
Reaearch Institute of Economics of Mineral Raw Materials and Geological Explora-
tion: Regional Prospecting and Industrial Geophysics], Moscow, No 22, 1979.
5. Preston, K., "Kogerentnyye opticheskiye vychislitel'nyye mashiny" [Coher-ent Op-
tical Computers], Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Mir", 1974.
I
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UDC 550.834
ON THE POSSIBILITY OF OPTICAL MODELING OF SPA~TIALLY NONHOMOGENEOUS MEDIUMS
Leningrad GOLOGRAFIYA I OPTICHESKAYA OBRABOTKA INFORMATSII V QEOLOGII in Russian
- 1980 (signed to press 19 Nov 80) pp 74-83
[Article by V.B. Konstantinov and D.F. Chernykh from collection of works "Holo-
graphy and Optical Information Processing in Geology", edited by Professor S.B.
Gurevich and Candidate cf Technical Sciences O.A. Potapov, Leningrad Physico-
technical Institute imeni A.F. Ioffe, USSR Academy ot Sciences, 500 copies, 181
pagesJ
_ [Text] The authors analyze the use of holographic technology in
the solution of seismic surveying problems. They determine the
conditions under which an undistorted image of geological struc-
tures can be observed and present example of the use of holo-
graphic technology for the optical mode~ing of spatially non-
homogeneous phase and amplitude mediums.
The wave nature of the processes on which seismic surveying is based and the pro-
cesses involved in the formation of an optical image make it tempting to use the
achievements of modern optics for the solution of seismic and geophysical surveying
problems. The present level of work being done on me~hods for the optical process-
ing of information and in holography makes it possible to hope that it will be -
feasible and promising to use these methods,both for prccessing and storing seismic
surveying data and to interpret t:zem. The discussion of the question of the feasi-
bility of using optical methods instead of or together with modern computers is an
extremely urgent one in view of the modern requirements for an increase in the ef-
ficiency and rapidity of inethods for prospecting for useful minerals. In addition
to the possibilities of their use in geophysics, optical methods may also prove to
be useful in audiovisual and sound fixing and ranging systems. We will concern
ourselves with the question of the use of holographic technology to solve seismic
surveying problems.
In this area there exist several possibilities:
1. The visualization of a geometric structure's profile [1] or a~hree-dimensional
image of this structure directly from seismic surveying data.
2. The visualization of a geometric structure's profile or a three-dimensional im�-
age from seismic surveying data after computer processing of the data.
3. The visualization of models of geological structures calculated by computers.
4. The synthesis of optical images of three-dimensional structures or elements of
these;structures with given parameters (optical modeling of spatially
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nonhomogeneous mediums), both for the purpose of discovering methods for interpret-
ing images of geological structures and directly, in order to interpret three-
dimensional images of structures.
~ 5. The use of analogy with optics, for the purpoee of optimization of the number of
seismic sensors used and the placement of seismic vibration sources and sensors,
maximization of the signal-to-noise ratio and sa on.
. _ . _ . _
__x / _ - - ^~'~',la,
- ~,~..J
~ ~ x
_ 1 y~
~
~
~ %',~y~ ~,l /-T'~M,y.~~1`~---' .
, ~xe,~~, ~,d~
2 s
~Y~ ~~oJ 3
a) b)
Figure 1. a. Diagram of hologram recording: 1. hologram; 2. ob-
ject; 3. point reference source. b. Image reproduction diagram:
4. reduced hologram; 5. point reproducinq source; 6. actual re-
_ produced image; 7. imaginary reproduced image.
In order to answer questions about the feasibility of tne practical realization of
each of the listed possibilities, it is necessary to examine them carefully and,
possibly, even conduct theoretical and experimental investigations. For instance,
in order to obtain a three-dimensional image of a geological stnucture directly
from seismic surveying data and from data processed by a computer, it is necessary
to record the amplitudes and phases of the seismic waves and then trans8orm t.he
data obtained into (for example) a hologram, assuming that this can be done. There
then imanediately arises the question of what will be the nature of this hologram
and whether or not the transformation will result in undesirable distortions. For
~ this purpose, let us examine the relationships coupling the coordinates (xl~yl~Zl~
(Figure 1) of a real geological structure with the coordinates (x3,y3,z3) of the
points in its optical image. Let the information about a seismic field be regis-
tered in area x2y2, while the length of the seismic wave is al. In order to repro-
duce the optical image it is necessary to have a reduced hologram with area x2y2 =
= m2x2Y2 for the reproducing light on wavelength a2 = ual, where m= coefficient of
linear reduction of the hologram, while u is the relationship between the registra-
tion and reproducing wavelengths. Then, in the general case, for arbitrary loca-
tions of the point reference source (x~,y~,z0) and the poi.nt reproducing source
(xg,yg,zg), the relationship between the coordinates of the structure's points and
those of its optical image is determined by ~he following re].ationships [2]:
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"_~1 ~ ~-s
x=a zs �~s,~ ~ cl)
- -
~ M _ _za z3 ~tc,zf x~ �
3 A'" Z~ T7n. xt m. Zo , ~ 2)
M~ .^-t _ c a Z r ~ + . ( 3 )
- ~ Za ' ~n ?'o +
1~1,~ = d~' a =
_ '~y�a ~ = ~ (4)
l~npo~ A = ~ _ ( ~g~~-~
-L~ (5)
- ati� ~ +/t'a '/1~ ~ ~
cahere Mnonep~ Mn g= scale coefficients for the transverse and longitudinal dimen-
sions of the image. As is obvious from (4) and (5), these expressions are differ-
_ ent and, in addition, depend on the geometric parameters of the holography and re-
production systems. This means that in the general case, the reproduced image will
have geometric distortions that it is practically impossible to compensate for.
For the case of Fresnel's widely used holography system, where plane reference and
reproducing waves are used (that is, z0 ~ and zB , expressions (1) -(5) take
on the forms
_f-
~ Z,~~ _~+-~l~~ ~ ~ _ . _ ~6~
~ ~tc ~
M
.'~3q -r~ ?lt zd 'Z ` = 1fG a%t't ' ~7)
, ' _ ~LC tit ,2' ( 8 )
= r ~ ri:`,r/t ~
(9)
;1.~ r,..o-ct/.. A _ ~ ,Lr, ~ z, = t
, ~,.1
rr,; . `r = rt z c~o~
Although in this case the transverse and longitudinal scale coefficients da.ffer
from each other by the nature of their dependence on coefficients m and u, as is
shown in Figure 2 they do not depend on the geometric parameters of the holography
system. This makes it possible to obtain a geometrically undistorted optical image
_ of a geological structure when m= u.
However, calculation~of~the dimensions of the hologram and the reproduced image, as
carried out for holog~raphy system parameters x2 = y2 = xl = yl = zl = 2�105 cm,
7~1 = 10-104 cm3 and reproduction system parameter>~2 = 0.63�10'5 cm, shows that for
m= u= 6.3(10'5-10-9), x2 = y2 = x3 = y3 = z3 = 1.2(10~2-10-3) cn? = 0.12-0.012 man.
The practical realization of a hologram of this size is possible, but in order to
examine the details of the image it is necessary to use optics, which again leads
to ge~metrical distortion of the image.
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_ . . _ _ Mn~o~
Mnpo~
~-r ~
!0"n f0c9 !0� d7~' 10~ fOs fOs ? f
f ,~�-i
;
4 ~ ~~o-~
~ ~ .
. o 0
~b~ ,6,~ ~~ac~ ' ~~-a
1' 3 .
~ ~ ~o-s .
- ~ ~ fo~ .
. ~ ~ f~-~
- ~ ~Q"B
~~a'a
~!0'~
i
. I .
~ ~ I
Figure 2. Dependence of transverse MndneP and longitudinal NinPog
scale coefficients on hologram's linear reduction factor m for
ul = 6.3�10-8, u2 = 6.3�10-9.
Therefore, it is necessary to look for an optimum solution to the problem of se-
lecti.ng coefficient m for a given u that will make it easy to observe the three-
dimensional image of a geological structure when there are moderate geometric dis-
tortions or to look for methods of compensating for those distortions.
In should be mentioned here that the calculation was made without allowing for the
dispersion of the seismic waves, the nature of which differs from the dispersion of
light.
Thus, even the question of depicting seismic data in the form of a three-
dimensional image of a geological structure proves to be quite complex.
The problem of the formation of holograms with the help of a computer [3] can be
solved successfully, although there also there are certain limitations caused, on
the one hand, by the small equivalent aperture in which the seismic field is regis-
tered. On the other hand, a significant enlargement of the aperture--that is, an
increase in the number of sensors and, therefore, the volume of information at the
computer's input--can cause a sugstantial increase in the amount of time needed for
- the processing. For example, for the formation of a hologram that consists of 106
elements and makes it possible to reproduce the image of a plane object with no
mo.re than 105 elements, when a rapid Fourier transform is used the computer compu-
tation time will be 20 min [2]. It is obvious that in order to obtain even a ster-
eo image the computation time will at least double, while the question of the
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~ .6
s
~ ~ ~
~
.
j~
,
/
. ~
~ /
~ / ~
r 3
~ i ~ .
~ s .
r s
% ,r
Figure 3. Holographic modeling of a layered structure: 1, 2, 3.
glass plates with different refractive indices; 4. photographic
plate; 5. parallel reference beam; 5. beam illuminating the ob-
ject.
amount of information the hologram must contain in order to produce a three-
dimensional image of satisfactory quality requires further investigation.
~
However, e~~~en assuming that the quest:ion of the formation of a hologram with given
parameters can be solved successfully, it is necessary to be sure that the operator
will be able to interpret the image of the geological structure. In connection
with the holographic image of a geological object, it will be observed as if from
above, from the direction of the diurnal surface. This observation position is not
customary for geophysicists dealing with the profiles of geological structures. In
addition.to this, we should (using an optical analogy) regard the geological struc-
ture as a phase object; that is, an object in which the basic information is con-
tained in phase, and not amplitudinal, relationships. Some layered structure with
different refractive indices can be used as an optical model of such an object.
Figure 3 is a representation of the simpZest structure of this type and the layout
for obtaining an optical hologram. In the reproduced image, the shape and location
of the spots of reflected light on the layers' boundaries depends essentially on
- the depth of focus. Therefore, the question of the correct interpretation of the
image by the operator revurres special consideration. The creation by the holo-
_ graphic method of standard optical models of spatially nonhomogeneous structures
may prove to be useful for educating operators. In connection with this, the halo-
grams of these models can be formed by optical methods or can be designed on a com-
puter.
In our opinion, the holographic method of synthesizing models of a complex three-
dimensional structure is the mnst promising one. Figure 4 depicts a system for the
holographic synthesis of a. model of a three-dimensional, amplitudinal model. The
point source, which in this case is the light guide's end face, is set, in turn, at
given points in space. Because of the multiple ex,posure, the photographic plate
sums up all the information about the all the positions of the point source. The
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~ g - - - - - -
9~ ~
~1~ ~ .
. ~ ~
.t ~ ~ ' s '
z 3 4
.
Figure 4. Diagram of holographic synthesis of model of amplitu-
dinal, three-dimensional object: 1. laser beam; 2. splitter; 3. .
microlens; 4. light guide; 5. end face of light guide; 6. given
positions of end face of light guide; 7. photographic plate; 8.
mirror; 9. collimator; 10. reference beam.
set of the point source's simultaneously reproduced images~also forms the three-
dimensional image of a nonexisting object.
Conclusions
1. Thus, even when the discussion is only superficial, the use af optical methods
for visualizing geological structures is extremely complicated.
2. In order to make a fina~ judgment about the feasilsility of the u~e of these
= methods, it is necessary that at least the following be done:
a. determine the feasibility of creating a three-dimensional image of geophysical
structures;
b. determine the prospects for methods for the optical modeling of geophysical
structures;
c. compare the possibilities of optical modeling methods with other methods for
modeling geophysical structures.
3. The achievements that have been made in digital, acoustic and optical holography
and the demonstrated capabilities for the synthesis of images of three-dimensional
structures gives us a basis for hoping for a successful solution of these problems.
The authors are grateful to S.B. Gurevich and N.A. Karayev for the discnssions that
led to the appearance of this work.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Timoshin, Yu.V., "Impul'snaya seysmicheskaya golografiya" [Pulsed Seismic Holo-
= graphyl, Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", 1978.
2. Kol'yer, R., Berkkhart, K., and Lin, L., "Opticheskaya golografiya" [Optical Ho-
lography], Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Mir", 1973.
3. Yaroslavskiy, L.P., and Merzlyakov, N.S., "Metody tsifrovoy golografii" [Methods
- of Digital Holography], Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1977.
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UDC 550.834
DESIGNING OPTICAL BINARY FILTERS BY LOMAN'S AND LEE'S METHODS AND U5ING THEM FOR
THE FILTRATION OI' SEISMIC MPiTERIALS
Leningrad GOLOGRAFIYA I OPTICHESKAYA OBRABOTKA INE'ORMATSII V GEOLOGII in Russian
- 1980 (signed to press 19 Nov 80) pp 84-90
[Article by Ye.N. Vlasov, A.M. Kuvshinov and O.A. Potapov from collection of works
_ "Holography and Optical Information Processing in Geology", edited by Professor
S.B. Gurevich and Candidate of Technical Sciences O.A. Potapov, Leningrad Physico-
technical Institute imeni A.F. Ioffe, USSR Academy of Sciences, 500 copies, 181
pages]
[Text] The authors explain the principles of the filtration of
seismic materials with binary filters. They give the mathemati-
~ cal substantiation for this technique and gresent specific meth-
ods for its practical realiza~ion.
The production of an optical filter with a given transfer function is a rather com-
plicated problem, so it is only natural to look for methods that can simplify its
solution. In this article we discuss the possibility of applying Loman's and Lee's
methods for calaulating and forming binary digital hologram filters to the problem
of designing different optical filters that can be used in the optical processing
of seismic information.
Among the advantages of filters obtained with Loman's and Zee's methods over stan-
dard holographic filters synthesized by a computer, first place is occupied by
their binary nature. This eliminates the need for halftone registration of the
computer-synthesized filter and places less rigorous requirements on the modula-
tor's linear band~, since the filter's binary picture is less sensitive to the ef-
_ fects of modulator linearity. In addition to this, a binary picture can be depict-
ed more easily and accurately with the help of standard devices for the output of
information from a computer onto an optical carrier.
Let us discuss the process of the formation of an optical filter with a certain
transfer function, using Loman's method [1].
Each element of such.a filter can be either transparent or nontransparent; that is,
it takes on one of two values that can be compared with zero or unity. Such a fil-
ter can even be developed on an alphabet printer and then copied onto a photograph-
ic carrier.
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(I pc G~.t~em�~~ nnOCKOCmv ~(QCmD~WQQ RAOCKOCnfe~ 2)
- p i ~ ~
S3) ~
;I
~h' ~ � /
. \
\
\
- , ~ F ~r
Fiqure 1. Diagram of KOP for Fourier transform operation.
- Key: 1. Subject plane 2. Frequency plane 3. Laser
Figure 1 is a diagram of a coherent optical processor (KOP) that carries out a
Fourier transform. Let coordinate system OXY be given in plane P, while system
OwXwy is given in plane We will designate the light field after it has passed
the phototransparency in plane P as h(x,y), while the field in plane ~ is H(wX,wy).
It is then the case that
_
_
r,,. _ Fi (.xLtry+~~)
!~r ~~x, ur~.1= -~~r^- f II'k~rx,~~ e d,z d~~ ci)
J w~/~
where a= wavelength of the coherent light; f= focal length of lens Li. Let func-
tion H(wx,wy) be quantified in some allowable manner, whereupon
-
~ ~ g71(.xuf'z+~Wvl
rx.:;~~~ ~Hrurx, w~; le , M,,,=~,l,z,... ~2~
~ M�� /L
Since integral (1) and series (2) converge uniformly, by substituting (2) into (1)
we obtain
_ _ _ - _ - _
. _ . _ _ ~ _
P '`~~fu1;~-urs~x.~Wj~ cc~,~ ~3)
flrW,~, uy1=~
f.
fJ tlrw,~, u~~ e f d~d~.
Let us designate the amplitude spectrum as IIi~~ and the phase spectrum of the
_ quantified function H(wX,wy) as whereupon
_ ._~Ynrn ~4~
N~~~ t y..~ H,~.1 e,
By changing the order of integration and sun~mation in expression (3) and replacing
H(wX,wy) by its value from (4), we obtain
_
...,r,. ~i ]~'�(firx-Lf/~~.~,' +I(_ J yR~O - ~M~
~~lu/'x, W 1=~~ f
f lfl,.~.~e ' o/.x ~ ( 5)
When the variable ~~x is added to and subtracted from the exponent in expression
(5), it will take on the f4rm
, _ _ ' ___t~`~~_~~'^a�~J,~.~{u~i_ b,~y_yi~s+dnre.:~
H~W,u~i f~~~~H,~,,,le dx d~r. c6)
Let us now select the value of ~ so that ~x = Os it is then the case that
- J I-~'--�-%,~~(Lll~-Ltf,~~d.nn.J~'~~' r~~~~(,~,.
l~~W, _ ~ ~ ~J~lntN.//f e ~ 4 ~7~
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Making use of t~ie~ relationship
-t~r ur
~ G c~iC d f vll ~
where d is a Dirae delta function, we finally find
_ . - _ _
- N~u~, wy1= ~ ~ IN.,.KI ~ur -r~',~"''~ a,.~.1 ~'ru~ - u~ "`l , (s)
For a fixed value of n, we will determine the value of from the expression
~i,c~r. - ~~_.1J (9~
- while the main value of is _ r
_ ~ ~ ~ (10)
Here, main value of d= distance between the apertures, m= number of the
reading.
Relationship (8) is the expression for the Fourier spectrum of a binary optical
filter. From this expression it is obvious that it is a set of transparent, rec-
tangular apertures against a nontransparent background, it being the case that the
width of the aperture is identical for a given filter, while its height is propor-
tional to amplitude ~H~I at the point with coordinates (wX,wy) and its center is
displaced along the wX axis from the grid junction point with numbers (m,n) by dis-
tance
Let us discuss the process of producing a binary optical filter according to
Loman's method, using as an example a matched filter with the transfer function
S
(ul,~~ ~ (11)
L rur,~, u
y ew rur,~, ur~,~
where S*(wX,wy) = S(wX,wy) complexly conjugated to the use~ul signal's spectrum;
Bn~Wx~Wy~ = energy spectrum of the interference.
l4ethods for evaluating the amplitude and phase spectrums of a seismic signal (as-
suming that the signal being processed is a minimal-phase one), as well as the in-
terference's energy spectrum, are discussed in [3].
With due consideration for the evaluations given in [3], in order to construct a
filter it is necessary to:
1, select distance d between the apertures;
l. select the size of the aperture;
3. calculate the value of starting from relationships (9) and (10);
4. determine the apertures' coordinates. (Since we need a value that is complexZy
conjugated to the useful signal's spectrum, we should use the relationship
" -urf- cvlx ~ . : .
f e d.~ - K ~r- ~ , .
We will then determine the apertures' coordinates from the equalities
~ - iii : . .
Q ~n,I~ f W~ " W,~C = ~j
tvy"- W~; .
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5. calculate the apertures' heights, which must be proportional to ~H~~%
6. compute the filter's transfer function according to formula (11);
7. transfer the picture obtained from the computer onto a photographic transparen-
~Y�
wa
- ~ _
%r
~ - - i
y I -
dmn
~
/
(
~
c~,^~ wx
Figure 2. Element of an optical binary filter obtained by Loman's
method.
In Figure 2 we seen an element of an optical binary filter obtained by Loman's
method.
- Here, (wX,wy) = the distance by which the aperture should be displaced along the wX
axis in order to p~eserve the phase xelationships.
~ .rr�-. , ..~r�rwv., .~~�~�ww-u+.r......~ ._�r....._~........-. .
~�'~.1 i I ' ' ~
~ ~ ~ ti ~ . . ~
~
1 ~ l { t ~ ~ ' ~ . ~ ~
~_.r . . . , ,
; ;,r ~ ' , ' ' ,
; .y � ( ~ ~ , } ~ ; ~ , . ~
. .
1 . f i ~ ' ~ ; ~ f
' ~ I~ , . .
,
, : , ~ . i ~ ~
1 f , t ' ~ ~ i ' ~ . ! , , �
.N./'�N'~..~...~.M~~..~d.v~.I...1Y~ ~~~v.I.~~~wMW+.,.t~ny~t:t~y?~.~.~ea1.+Ti'..M1F.W111Atr41tlhFbr'el~Y~i.L.T
Figure 3. Fragment of a filter.
[Best reproduction available]
Figure 3 depicts a fragment of an optical filter designed on a computer by Loman's
method and transferred from the computer onto a photographic transparency.
Filtration of seismic materials has been carried out with a"Kogerent" unit [4].
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Another method for encoding the wave front is Lee's method [5], which also makes it
possible to obtain binary filters.
The Fourier spectrum of a filter obtained by Lee's method can be written in the
; form
- ----f~
II ~tU'x, w'~,1= F~ ~ C~~w d~av~. -wT. j c~iu~ - U~ ~1 +
~ n~
f~n~n d(t,cl,'t -Wxm- z Jd ~l~l~, - t~"~ f
(13)
dr'tt~,~ - r.~r ~"~Ti/~(t.c~ -W'",1 [sic--no (7-2) l
~ Ci,u~ ~~t/f,,c - erl z'T/
I d( u~ - u~ "`l
; where S(w) is a Dirac delta function.
~
-I Coefficients A~, B~, C~ and D~ in (13) have the following values:
' A�~ = J N,~~ I ~ _ _ .
t ~.~t `~nvo,
Bfyyr, = I Hrrwl
= l~,n.v -lH�~.! ~
Dnvs~ =B~vc ~ ll7m~~ S~- `frnn.
From (13) it is obvious that each complex reading of the filter's function, as made
at point (wX,wy), is represented in four transparent apertures with coordinates
- ~ur,~, u~"j, ~ r.~x ~ Lu-~ u
y "l, ~ur""`* ~ w'~ 1.
The aperture's width is identical for a given filter, while its height is propor-
tional to A~, B~, C~ and D~. Filters obtained by Lee's method can also be used
to process seismi.c materials.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
_ 1. Akayev, A.A., and Mayorov, S,A., "Kogerentnyye opticheskiye vychislitel'nyye
mashiny" [Coherent Optical Computers], Leningrad, Izdatel'stvo
"Mashinostroyeniye", 1977.
2. Fedorov, B.F., and E1'man, R.N., "Tsifrovaya golografiya" [Digital Holography),
Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1976.
3. Kozlov, Ye.A., et al., "`Psifrovaya obrabotka seysmicheskikh dannykh" [Digital
_ Processing of Seismic Data], Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", 1973.
4~ Potapov, O.A., "Opticheskaya obrabotka geofizicheskoy i geologicheskoy
infc;~matsii" [Optical Processing of Geophysical and Geological Information],
_ Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", 1977, p 1.84.
5> Lee, W.H., "Sampled Fourier-Transform Hologram Generated by Computer," APPL.
OPT., No 9, 1970, p 639.
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NVK Ut'NlI,IAL U~r. UIVLY
UDC 550.834
'MORGOL' MARINE SEISMOHOLOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
Leningrad GOLOGRAFIYA I OPTICHESKAYA;'~OBRABOTKA INFORMATSII V GEOLOGII in Russian
1980 (signed to press 19 Nov 80) pp 91-99 ~
[Article by O.A. Vorob'yev and A.~,. Bezborod']co from collection of works "Holography
and Optical Information Processing in Geology", edited by professor S.B. Gurevich
and Candidate of Technical Sciences O.A. Potapov, Leningrad Physicotechnical Insti-
tute imeni A.F. Ioffe, USSR Academy of Sciences, 500 copies, 181 pages]
[Text] The authors discuss questions concerning the creation of
a system for coritinuous marir~e investigations. They analyze the
present state of the development of ship equipment and propose
- principles for the organization o~ a system for the collection,
processing and visualization of geological and geophysical data.
Multichannel continuous profiling (MNP) entails the accumulation of large data
flows. In connection with tY~is, in order to e~Taluate the quality of the measure-
ments it is necessary to carry out rapid processing and ~visualization of the data,
in the form of a deep section, on board scientific research ships [1].
_ The ~n-board "Razrez" [5ection] recorder, which was develoged at the Gelendzhik
_ branch of NIIMORgeofizika [probably Scientific Research Institute of Marine Geo-
physics], makes it possible to visualize a black-and-white t~.:mporal se~.tion on
- photographic film [2]. However, this instrument does not permit kinematic correc-
= tion factors to be entered.
TheIIIY rerecording device and the I'C-1 seismic holograph that were developed at
UKRNIGRI [Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Geological Exploration] make it
possible to obtain an image of a deep section with velocity~and seismic deflection
allowed for. However, the I'C-1 holograph does not make it possible to enter signals
from a multichannel receiving unit ("tail") during the process of profiling with
parallel visual monitoring of the results of the directed filtration of the image
= and scale transformations.
The construction of deep sections on the basis of the diffraction transformation
proposed by Yu.V. Timoshin leads to regularization of the signals (as a result of
low-frequency filtration), a change in the section's energy, and large expenditures
of computer time for processing (in connection with the selection of the weighting
factors) (3]. The equipment realization of the diffraction transformation method
on the basis of a specialized computer is unjustifiably awkward and expens.~ve. The
67
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highest accuracy in the construction of deep sections for boundaries with an arbi-
trary shape is provided by the mia~ration method that was developed by the American
- scientist (Klerbo). However, the realization o~ this method on the basis of analog
equipment is difficult, while digital processing on a computer requires large
amounts of time.
In order to insure operational control of marine research directly on board ships,
- the Laboratory o~ Marine Geophysical Holography (LMGG) of the Southern Branch (Yu0)
of the USSR Academy of Sciences' Institute of Oceanology is developing the "Morgol"
system for the rapid processing and visualization of MNP data. The "Morgal" system
is the first stage in the creation of a hybrid opticodigital complex for the pro-
cessing of marine geophysical data on board scientific research ships [4). It is
being created on the basis of mathematical modeling and coupling of the measuring,
recording and control instruments by a common main information line. The modular
structure of the system and the use of the principle of program control makes it
possible to do the following:
accelerate the planning and production of an experimental prototype of the system by
- using standard KAMAK modules that are produced in this country;
provide a capability for modernization and development of the system while in opera-
tion and when changing marine research technigues;
organize communication between the system and a computer-based on-~board computation-
al system.
The "Morgol" system receives signals from a seismic receiving unit (tail) that is
towed behind a ship along with a source. In connection with this, both single-
channel (single-channel continuous profiling (ONP)) and multichannel. (MNP) tails are
used.
~ On a real-time scale (in the on-line mode) the system provides for the visualization
of :
incoming seismic signals (seismograms) from the tail, for the purpose of monitoring
the quality of the data being recorded and controlling tlie operation of the emitting
and receiving equipment;
temporal sections, f~~r the purpose of determining the filtration modes, the angles
of inclination of the reflecting boundaries, and the choice of the data processing
parameters;
deep sections, for the purpose of geologica]. interpretation, correcting the observa-
tion techniques, and changing the mode of the ship's motion.
A deep metric section is the final result of the processing of seismic data. This
section, which is constructed with. depth and distance scales on the profile and is
tied in to the current coordinates, insures the visualization of geological struc-
tures while the ship is in motion. The interpretation of the deep section enables
geologists on board the ship to institute operational measures at the place wher~
the work is being done. In complicated situations, for the purpose of selectiny
the rule for the change in average velocity V(t) it is possible to turn repeatr~dly
to the mass of data accumulated on magnetic tape by the on-board "Gr~d" [Degree)
data collection system (in the on-line mode).
The initial stage in the creation of the "Morgol" system is the development of a
single-channel deep section (holograph) plotting device, which is being dane by
Voronezn State University's Laboratory of Seismic Holography, under the direction of
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1
~
~I.I. Dubyanskiy, by agreement with LMGG YuO. The equipment is intended to operate
by the central beam (TsL) method during ONP and provides for channel-by-channel in-
put, amplification, filtration, compression, color division, light modulation and
storage of seismic signals. When a carrier holding the light guide moves along the
axis of a mirror semiconicsl converi:er (ZPP) (developed on the basis of V.D.
Zav'yalov's method) according to the V(t) rule, holographic diffr~action conversion
(GDP) takes place; that is, the conversion of the seismic signals into an image of
wave fronts. The use of the ZPP in the holograph results in signal scanning by cir-
cles, and during NSP [probably continuous seismic profiling] provides the following:
correct plotting of harizontal and inclined boundaries;
the possibility of visualization on a section of diffraction points, which is par-
ticularly fundamental for working in the ocean;
the possibility of preliminarily determining the rule governing the change of the
waves' average velocity in the medium V(t) by_ focusing the difiracted waves on the
diffraction points;
increasing the depth and the signal-to-noise ratio through the use of diffracted
waves in the formation of the section image.
The basic difficulty in using the GDP methods and equipmer~t developed by V.D.
Zav'yalov, V.I. Dtabyanskiy and A.I. Khvatov in marine research is the use of photo-
graphic film as the seismic signal storage medium. The use of photographic film re-
quiring extensive processing makes it impossible to visualize sections on a real-
time scale. The use of thermoplastic and photo~hermoplastic carriers in marine
equipment is made difficult beeause:of the complexity of the technology and the low
sensitivity of these materials.
The holograph with channel-by-channel input that was developed at Voronezh State
University by A.I. Khvatov has inadequate resolution, accuracy and operating speed,
which makes its use during MNP not very effective.
The use of the semiconical converter in Voronezh State University's holographs when
the MNP method is used results iii significant distortions in the plotting of the im-
ages of inclined boundaries.
During MNP, the accurate plotting of the images of reflecting boundaries with large
angles of inclination is possible if elliptical scanning of the signals is used t~
plot the sections. The realization of elliptical scanning is difficult when optico-
mechanical holographs are used. For the on-board plotting of sections during MNP,
it is most advisable to use ~he elliptical image scanning (ERO) principle proposed
by V.V. Kondrashkov [5]. This principle has been realized in analogous form in an
experimental model developed at the "Soyuzmorgeo" VNPO [probably All-Union Produc-
tion Association] by Ye.Yu. Yakush and V.B. Gaveyushin. The devices for spatial
filtration and the input of the rule governing the change o~ velocity in the medium
that are used in this model require further development. The ERO method presumes
the plotting of temporal sections on the basis of the initial seismic traces, using
a new system of coordinates and the input of correction factors. Theoretically
this method is ~sable for the construction of holographs of boundaries with angles
o.f inclinatioii of up to 90�. The ERO method is the basis of the construction of
te~nporal profiles in the "Morgol" system. In connection with this, the average ve-
locity input unit makes it possible to select the V(t~) rule on the basis of an anal-
ysis of the section's image by correlation of the holographs of the reflecting boun-
daries.
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r
~
- - = - - - - -
aa9 sa~ Bxs?z a~ ~
1-- - - - (l0) IZ (16 t9 (15J 'L4~ (25) i
i ~ ~ `
(24
~ B~IIy 1) 3I' (11) B~ (17 ~p~ 'l5v 2 0) (.15 2Q 3 ~
~ i c~) I
- ' (6)
2 I 8 I4 2I 6 E~PII~ [UiOT '
~ YI10 2~ s~ (12 Cl'~ (18 ~3Y III'P Z6 (21) (22) 30 ~
~ ~ _~8)--- ~ @
~ ~ . ~
BC Jj � B 4 (26)
' 3 3) 9 I5 (18 22 ~ 20) (15) 31 ~
~ ~ (8) (13)
~ YC ~ 3I' BI~I BY E~PIIa IIJIOT ~
4 4) ID 11) I6 23 19) ~ 21) (22) 32 J
i ~ c~~
~ ~au ~ ~ _ . ~ BB ~
L-5-5) ~ -
~7
I sc~ a~ ~x c 2~ ~
I ~ I8 34 I
_ ~ (9) (15) (23) ~ '
- Figure 1. Block diagram of marine holographic seismic survey~
ing system.
Key :
l. MPU 8. BS 15. VKU 21. BRP~
2. UPO 9. V5GM 16. BZU 22. PLOT
- 3. M 10. VW 17. ERO 23. BRN
4. US 11. VKP 18. OZU 24. W
5. NML 12. SIP 19. BU 25. PVR
6. PGR 13. APOD 20. BRTv 26. UMF
7. ZG 14. Bbv
Operating Principle of the System
The following units (Figure 1) make up the "Mor~ol" marine holographic seismic sen-
sing system: ~
a) an input unit (UV);
b) a temporal section plotting device (PVR);
c) a deep section plotting device (PGR);
d) a microfilming unit (UMF).
The input unit makes it possible to enter seismic data from two sources:
~ a) a multichannel receiving unit (tail);
b) a digital magnetic tape storage unit (NML).
In preprocessing unit UPO.(2), signals from multichannel r.eceiving unit MPU (1)
undergo amplification, filtration, compression and so on. From the output of UPO
(2), the signals are sent to multiplexer M(3), where periodic interrogation of each
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
- seismic track takes place; this makes it possible to enter seismic data in the sys-
tem in real time.
Matching device US (4) is used to enter seismograms from magnetic tape storage unit
NML ( 5 ) .
Seismogram visualization unit VS~M (11) makes it possible tio exercise operational
monitoriny of the primary seismograms on videomon=tor unit VKU 1~'(18).
Radio-navigation unit BRN (34) correlates the data being measured to the system of
coordinates and real time.
Temporal section plotting device PVR operates in the following manner.
Signals from input unit W pass through conjugation unit BS (8) into gating unit
SIP (14) for the ERO isoclinals. The ERO isoclinals for boundaries with any angle
of iiiclination are determined by the formula
, ~ I �o l ~~c - ~o I ( 5 .1)
..o v r'z l~ -E~~l ,
where t~ = recording time; !C~ = current coordinate at the reception~points, as read
from the point of emission; Qn = distance between the emission and reception points;
V = average velocity.
� Driving oscillator ZG (7) insures the recording of the information in operational
memory OZU (21) and control the system's sy~itching elements~
Velocity V input unit VW (12) changes the amplitude of the sinusoidal control volt-
- age. In kinematic correction factor computation unit VKP (13), recording time t~ is
calculated with due consideration for the following changing parameters: current
- time ti, distance between the emission and reception points Qn and average velocity
V. In order to determine the amplitude of the sinusoidal voltage, which i~ propor-
tional to t0 with respect to the known. amplitudes of the cosinusoidal voltage that
are proportional to kn%V and ti, it is necessary to make calculations with the for-
mula
~
~o = Vli~),z- ~ ~~I z (5.2)
Recording of the data on the temporal section, which is obtained by the accumulation
of the elliptical image scannings, takes place in operational memory OZU. The tra-
jectories of these scannings are determined with the formula
z ~ ~ e ~
~
i ~ ~,-~-z-'~ = ~ ( 5 . 3 )
` V Z ~i
Operational visualization of the obtained temporal section is realized on the screen
of videomonitor unit VKU 3(29), with the help of television scanning unit BRT~
(25) .
Plotter scanning unit BRPR is used to send the temporal section data accumulated in
OZU (21) into plotter PLO~ (30). The velocity curves are visualized on VKU 2(24)
with the help of buffer memory BZU (19).
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.
With the help of the output unit in PGR (6), the data for a temporal section that
has been obtained can be entered in deep section plotting device PGR.
Deep section plotting device PGR operates in two modes.
1) Th~ plotting ot deep sections from the primary material is done analogously to
the plotting of the temporal section in the PVR, with the following differences:
a) directed fan filtration is carried out with the help of apodizatsiya [translation
unknown] unit APOD (15);
b) kinematic correction factor computation unit VKP (16)�~makes calculations accord-
- ing to formula
- H _ ~v~~_~.~~ ' c5.4~
where H= radius of circular scanning corresponding to current time ti.
2) Plotting of deep sections on the basis of the temporal sections obtained from the
PVR is done with kinematic correction factor unit VKP (16) turned off.
The deep section that is obtained should be taken off through VKU 4(31) or plotter
PLOT (32).
- With the help of microfilming unit UMF (26), images from the screens of VKU 2(24),
VKU 3(29) and VKU 4(31) can be recorded on photographic film.
- The use of color division according to energy and frequency features in the "Morgol"
system's plotting devices results in a significant increase in the geological infor-
mation content of the sections visualized on board ships.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Vorob'yev, O.A:, "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Automated Systems for Collect-
ing and Processing Oceanological Research Data," "Sb. trudov X shkoly po
avtomatizatsii nauchnykh issledovaniy" [Collected Works of the 1!`th School for
the Automation of Science Research], Leningrad, 1977, p 240.
2. Malvitskiy, Y'a.P., editor, "Morskiye geofizicheskiye issledovaniya" [Marine Geo-
physical Research], Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Nedra"~, 1977, pp 76-79.
3. Timoshin, Yu.V., "Impul'snaya seysmicheskiy golografiya" [Pulsed Seismic Holo-
graphyJ, Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", 1978, pp 125-138.
4. Potapov, O.A., Vorob'yev, O.A., and Dubyanskiy, V.I., "Holographic Opticodigital
Processing of Seismic Surveying Data," in "Golografiya i opticheskaya obrabotka
informatsii v geologii i geofizike" [Holography and Optical Information Process-
ing in Geology and Geophysics], Leningrad, 1979, pp 95-101.
5. Kondrashkov, V.V., "Obtaining a Temporal Section by the Elliptical Image Scanning
(ERO) Method," REGION. RAZVED. I PROMYSL. GEOFIZIKA, No 20, 1977.
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
UDC 550.834
ON THE POSSIBILITY OF CREATING A CLOSED CYCLE OF HOLOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS
Leningrad GOLOGRAFIYA I OPTICHESKAYA OBRABOTKA INFORMATSII V GEOLOGII in Russian
1980 (signed to press 19 Nov 80) pp 100-109
[Article by B.V. Pilipishin from collection of works "Holography and Optical Infor-
mation Processing in Geology", edited by Professor S.B. Gurevich and Candidate of
Technical Sciences O.A. Potapov, Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute imeni A.F.
Ioffe, USSR Academy of Sciences, 500 copies, 181 pages]
[Text] The author demonstrates the possibility of creating a
' closed cycle of holographic transformations on the basis of mod-
ern algorithms and specialized equipment for the processing of
geophysical information. ~
On the accumulative level, the basic purpose of seismic holography is the construc-
tion of a section of a depth scale. This problem is solved comparatively easily
when the static correction factors and the laws governing the change in velocity
with depth are known. Even in modern geophysical computer cente~s, static correc-
tion factors are sometimes determined without the use of a computer. Thus, a closed
cycle of holographic transformations for the purpose of constructing a deep section
without using a computer is possible if the relationship V= V(H) (or any relation-
ship that is unambiguously related to it, such as V= V(tm), ~T = ~T(tm), where tm =
= time at the minimum of the wave's cophasal axis, ~T = deflection of the cophasal
axis, which determines its curvature, and so on) can be found by using a holograph.
The presently existing method of determining the relationship V= V(H) (or any one
that is unambiguously related to it) on the basis of a holograph, which co~isists of
- plotting a family of wavegrams on the basis of the same seismogram for different ve-
locity values, has a number of disadvantages: the number of wavegrams is determined
by the number of values taken on by parameter V; as a consequence of this, there
arise complications in the identification of the waves (singly reflected, multiply
reflected, regular interference waves and so on) when there is an extraordinarily
large amount of output data. Free from these flaws, for example, is the method of
determining the velocities by summing the instantaneous values of the signals with
respect to the hyperbolic (parabolic) cophasal axes,�with subsequent depiction of
the resultant data (a signal function) in the system of coordinates (V,tm), which
method has received the name of curvilinear summation (KS). One of the most power-
ful techniques for determining velocity--KS RNP [regulated directional reception]--
requires the analysis of a set of signal functions (as in the case of wavegrams),
although the rate of signal accumulation achieved is higher by an order of magnitude
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_F,? .
~
or more than for tlie methods known at the present time, with all of the consequences
emanating from this. Let us discuss the realization of the methods for determining
wave propagation velocities using curvilinear stunmation--KS and KS RNP--on the basis
of holographic ~ransformations (having preliminarily described the realization of
RNP, which is the~.alassical method of seismic surveying) that are most widely used
in computer centers at the present time. We will assume the most characteristic
feature of holographic transformations to be the distribution of the signals' in-
stantaneous values with respect to certain laws (such as circular scannings, but not
them alone) on the,accumulative plane, with natural further summation of the values
falling on the same (or nearby) points on the plane.
Controlled Directional Reception and Its Realization by Holographic Techniques
We will assume that the observation system consists of sensors distributed uniformly
along a straight line and having the numbers -N,...,0,...,N. Let us also assum~.: .
that the waves picked up by a sensor have plane cophasal axes with the equation
f (iN = K/L +
where T= signal recording time for the central sensor in the base (n = 0); k= dif-
ference in times of arrival of signals forming the same cophasal axis at two adja-
cent sensors; that is, k= t(n) - t(n - 1) (angle of inclination of a wave, in
milliseconds on a track). In accordance with RNP [1], standard processing consists
of forming the signal function (RNP summation tape) A~(k,T) according to the rule
A ~K, r..! ~ ~ i/t ~ = C
fiNP ~'n'~l~
where A(n,t) = equation of the seismogram (n = number of the track, t= current
time; T~p(n) = kn + T= equation of the summation lines; k, T= variable parameters
of the lines (angle of inclination of the wave on the seismogram (in milliseconds on
the track) and time of its registration on the central track (n = 0) of the seismo-
gr~) �
The holographic technique for formTng the
D . RNP signal function is as follows (Figure
C ~ 1--we will not present the proofs). Let us
f identify the continuous, limited set of
\ ~ points that represents the plane of the
signal function's arguments with the plane
(for example) of the photographic layer and
\ t~,~i assign on the latter the rectangular system
\ y n of coordinates (k,T); Ikl ~ kmax, 0~ T~
~ AB =E~on(rt1= C0=
StT''p ~ Tmax � Using the method of variable den-
,_K ~R~f~ sity, we will rerecord the signals (tracks)
previously registered by the sensors and
I~. recorded on magnetic tape, on photographic
film. We will match the information re-
cording and rerecording rates so that the
N. linear dimensions of the n-th track on the
magnetogram kp and the same on the photo-
A graphic film Qkon satisfy the relationship
Figure 1. Formation of RNP signal eKOn =-~t
ep ~
function A~(k,T) � (~~''~l'/z
where "const" is the result of equalizing
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~he linear dimensions of the zero track on the magnetogram with those of the photo-
graph.ic layer along the T axis. We will displace the track that has been rerecorded
by the variable density method (Figure 1) parallel to the photographic layer'G plane
so that the projections of the directing motions AC and BD on it pass through points
0 and E with coordinates (0,0) and (O,Tmax~~ respectively, and intersect the 'c ~Xis
- at angle y(tg y= 1/n). During the movement process we illuminate the track with a
parallel beam of light, the source of which we position in such a fashion that the
rays passing through the photographic film strike the photographic layer's surface
perpendicularly. After this procedure has been carried out with all the tracks (but
on the same photographic layer plane (k,T)), on the photographic layer's plane there
forms a distribution of densities corresponding to the RNP signal function AE(k,T),
where a point of maximum signal accumulation corresponds to each cophasal axis.
This setup can also be realized with the help of other equipment (a cathode-ray
tube, a potentialscope and so on), although all its characteristic features (track
compression, depending on its number, and the angle of inclination between the di-
recting tracks and the 'r axis) must be observed.
Curvilinear Summation and zts Realization by Holographic Techniques
We will assume, as before, that the observation system consists of sensors dis~rib-
uted uniformly in a straight line and having numbers -N,...,0,...,N. Let us also
assume that the waves received by the sensors have curvilinear--parabolic--cophasal
axes with the equation
` (K,' = K ~!Z P ~ Z"~ ~
where T' = signal recording time by the central sensor in the base (n = 0); k' _
difference in axrival times of signals belonging to the same cophasal axis at the
end and central sensors in the base, divided by N2; that is, k' _[t(N) - t(0)]/N2 =
_ ~T/N2 (~T is the deflection of the cophasal axis). Curvilinear summation of seis-
mic signals (in one of its modifications--the velocity sorting method) is a well-
known procedure that is used for the purpose of determining wave propagation veloci-
ties as a function of their registration time. The origins of KS are explained in
[2-4], while further developments of it are described in [5--9].
Standard processing in accordance with KS consists of the formation of a signal
function (KS summation tape) AE(k',T') according to the rule
A ~ ~K; z~'~ _ ~ A ~ = ~K~ r,~~l,
w
where A(n,t) = equation of the seismogram (n = number of the track, t= current
time); 'rKS(n) = k'n2 + T' = equation of the summation lines; k', T' = the lines'
- variable parameters; k' _ ~T/n2; T= deflection of the cophasal axis; T= signal
recording time on the central track (n = 0) of the seismogram.
Let us identify the continuous, limited set of points that represents the plane of
- the signal function's arguments with the plane (for example) of the photographic
layer and assign on the latter the rectangular system of coordinates (k',T');
0< k' ~ kmax~ 0~ T' : Tmax'
The holographic method for forming the KS signal funetion A~(k',T') coincides with
the method for forming the RNP signal function by the same technique that was de-
scribed above. The necessary changes in the method are as follows (Figure 2):
the information registration and rerecording rates should be matched in such a
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fashion that the linear dimensions of the
D n-th track on the magnetogram Rp and the
~ photographic film ~kon satisfy the rela-
~ tionship _
F ca. ~ C
~ eKen r (/a ~ +I~ . z �
~
~ the projections of the directors of the
~ \ t9~~~ photographic film's motion onto the plane
AB~e~ran(n)= ~n
~~~y2 of the photographic layer AC and BD must
intersect the T' axis at angle 'y (tg Y=
_ ~ - 1~n2),
0 ,K~
\ The remarks previously made are also cor-
rect with respect to the possible equipment
~ realization of the system.
- ~ g The KS RNP algorithm consists of three ba-
A sic parts: curvilinear summation (KS), a
Figure 2. Formation of KS signal former and controlled directional recep-
function A~(k',T'), tion, and involves the sequential, joint
processing of a group of seismograms by the
KS and RNP methods. The rational inte.gration of these methods is described in [7]
and is realized by the former. An investigation of the properties of the KS RNP
complex and its realiza~ion in programs for a"Sigma-5" computer are described in
[8); several applied aspects that are related to the use of the complex and its
realization in programs for a"Minsk-32" computer are discussed in [9].
Into the system's input are fed an odd number (2S + 1) of OGT [comnon deep point]
seismograms AS(n,t) (S = 0,+1,...,+5) formed from a series (2S + 1) of side-by-side
common deep points. Let us carry out the curvilinear summation of these points (the
definitions are the same as before):
A= (K~/ A C/+~ t='.Ke fhlJ
At the output of the KS unit we obtain (kS + 1) KS summation tapes AE(k', that
are quantified by the independent variable k'. From the KS summation tapes, we form
group KS tapes (by analogy with directed RNP group tapes [1, pp 17-19], the only
difference being that instead of the angle of wave arrival we use curvature of the
cophasal axis k') A~~(S,T) in the following manner: the first KS group tape is put
together from all of the first tracks of the KS summation tapes by arranging them
(the tracks) in the order of arrangement of the KS summation tapes and is labeled
with the indicator "k of the first tracks of the KS summation tapes and so on; the
last KS group tape consists of all the last KS summation tape tracks, arranged in
the order of arrangement of the KS summation tapes and labeled with the indicator
- "k of the last tracks of the KS summation tapes. The KS group tapes A~~tS,T')
are formed from the KS summation tapes A~(k',T') by the former. The meaning of the
transformation RE(k',T') A~~(S,T') is as follows: if for any of the reflecting
horizons the cophasal~:axis curvature k' = k~ that corresponds to it was selected
during the curvilinear summation process,.on the group tape~formed frbm.~hese traeks
(and labeled with the indicator kp) is depicted a fragment of the temporal section:
a plane, reflecting area with an unknown angle of inclination. This fact makes it
possii~le to subject each KS group tape to repeated summation according to RNP; that
is,
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A~~ r~z~ = ~A= ~s,,z'= cP~,rrs~),
where T~p(S) = kS + t= equation of the summation lines; k, T= variable parameters
of the lines (the angle of inclination of the reflecting area (in milliseconds on a
track) and time of registration of the area on the central track S= 0 of the KS
group tape); AEE(k,T) = summation tapes--signal functions of the KS RNP algorithm,
the number of which equals the number of values taken on by parameter "k." From the
description of the complex that has been presented it follows that the number of ac-
cumulated signals equals the product of the number of accumulations ~Zuring KS and
the number of accumulations during RNP. Thus, the summary signal is frequently the
result of the accumulation of 80 or more original seismic signals (for example, 9
accumulations according to KS and 9 according to RNP results in 81 accumulations
(9 x 9)). The large number of accumulations provides the KS RNP algorithm with a
whole series of advantages over other well-known algorithms.
Let us mention here that the realization of the KS RNP algorithm in accordance with
the setup that has been described (and which is unique at the present 'time), using
any devices (optical, electro-optical),.is possible-but extremely awkward. During
its realization we have two ~ntermediate masses of information (KS summation tapes
and group tapes) that have to be recorded, stored and read.
Let us assume that the planes on which the formation of the KS RNP algorithm's sig-
nal functions A~ E(k,T) takes place are formed of a continuous, limited set of points
(such as the plane of the photographic layer). On each of these planes we will as-
sign a rectangular system o~ coordinates (k,T), where ~kl : k~ax~ T~ Tmax% We
will assume the parameter of each plane to be the corresponding value of k' from its
search interval.
- ~ ~,,~,o The holographic technique for the formation
n of the KS RNP algorithm's signal functions
~ \ (we will describe it in an example of the
~ \E ~ formation of AEE k0(k,T)) coincides with
\ H;R7 the ~echnique for the formation of the RNP
~ signal function that has been described.
The necessary changes are as follows (Fig-
ure 3 ) :
t~~..~.~ the information registration and rerecord-
~ Bpcol~st ing rates should be matched in such a man-
AB=B~w,(s) ~sp�~~ yp ner that the linear dimensions of all
tracks of the S-th seismogram on the mag-
~o K netogram kp and the photographic film ~kon
~ satisfy the .relationship
.
` e ~ ~.;oti fs1 = ~ i~ +
_�~1~'" after the dimensions of the n-th track of
Y
A' the S-th seismogram are reduced to the val-
Figure 3. Formation of one of the ue Rkon~S), the track must be shifted down-
KS RNP signal functions (k' = k~) ward relative to the T axis by the distance
k'=k
A~E a(k,T). kan , which has also been preliminarily
transformed according to the formula pre-
sented above;
the projections of the directors of the photographic film's motion onto the plane
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of the photographic accumulator AC, BD must intersect the T axis at angle y, for
which tg Y= 1/3 is correct.
The remarks previously made relative to the possible equipment realization of this
system are also correct.
The results obtained indicate the possibility of creating a closed cycle of holo-
~ graphic transformations on the basis of contemporary algorithms. In order to do
- this, it is sufficient to "furnish" the holograph with curvilinear scanning with re-
spect to a number of directions and possible displacement of the scans along the T
axis, while the original informa.tion is "compressed," using a certain compression
factor, during rerecording on the photographic carrier.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Ryabinkin, L.A. (editor), Napalkov, Yu.V., Znamenskiy, V.V., Voskresenskiy,
Yu.N., and Rapoport, M.B., "Theory and Practice of the RNP Seismic Method,"
TRUDY, MINKh i GP [Moscow Institute of the Petrochemical and Gas Industry imeni
Academician I.M. Gubkin], Moscow, Izdatel'stvo "Gostoptekhizdat", No 39, 1962.
2. Garotta, R., and Michon, D., "Continuous Analysis of the.Velocity Function and of
the Move Out Corrections," GEOPHYS. PROSP., Vol 15, No 4, 1967, pp 584-597.
3. Chervonskiy, M.I., Pilipishin, B.V., and Mikhaylik, Z.M., "A Method for Trans-
_ forming Seismic Information," Patent No 271820, 28 May 1968, BYULL. IZOBR., No
18, 1970.
4. Taner, T., and Kochler, F., "Velocity Spectra Digital Computer Derivation and Ap-
plication of Velocity Functions," GF.OPHYS., Vol 34, No 6, 1969, pp 853-871.
5. Pilipishin, B.V., and Chervonskiy, M.I., "Krivolineynoye summirovaniye
_ seysmicheskikh signalov" [Curvilinear Summation of Seismic Signals], Moscuw,
Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", 1974, p 79.
6. Matusevich, Yu.F., Mironov, V.Ya., Binkin, I.G., and Klochkov, G.D., "Controlled
Summation in the Common Deep Point Method," SER. REGION., RAZVED. I PROMYSL.
GEOGIZIKA, Moscow, VIEMS [All-Union Scientific Res,;arch Institute o� Economics of
Mineral Raw Materials and Geological Exploration], 1974, p 53.
7. Mezhbey, V.I., Vaks, Z.M., and Daderko, Yu.R., "A Method for Determining the
Propagation Rate of Seismic Waves in a Medium," Patent No 343235, applied for 14
July 1971, published 5 September 1972.
8. Tsatsko, Ye.L., "Sistema obrabotki dannykh MOGT na baze raznovremennogo
summirovaniya" [A System for Processing Data Gathered by the Common Deep Point
Method on the Basis of Summation at Different Times], author's abstract from dis-
sertation for degree of candidate of technical sciences, Kiev, IG AN USSR [Insti-
tute of Geology, Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences], i977.
9. Chervonskiy, M.I., Pilipishin, B.V., Sigalova, Ye.I., and Frankovich, M.P.,
_ "Sovershenstvovaniye metodicheskogo kompleksa izucheniya fizicheskikh parametrov
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real'nykh sred primenitel'no k konkretnym seysmogeologicheskim usloviyam
neftegazonosnykh regionov USSR" [An Improvement in the Complex of Methods Used to
Study the Physical Parameters of Real Mediums, as Applied to the Specific Seismo-
geological Conditions Encountered in the Gas- and Oil-Bearing Regions of the
Ukrainian SSR], UkrNIGRI [Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Geological
- Exploration] funds, 1979.
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~ UDC 550.83tt
ON THE QUESTION O~' USING HOLOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS IN MARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS
Le.i.ngrad GOLOGRAFIYP. I OPTICHESKAYA OBRABOTKA INFORMATSII V GEOLOGII in Russian
1980 (signed to press 19 Nov 80) pp 110-121
[Article by A.V. Zuyevich, V.B. Gaveyushin, V.V. Alekseyenko and V.M. Sugak from
collection of works "Holography and Optical InfornYation Processing in Geology", ed-
ited by Professor S.B. Gurevich and Candidate of Technical 5ciences O.A. Potapov,
Laningrad Physicotechnical Institute imeni A.F. Ioffe, USSR Academy of Sciences,
500 copies, 18~ pages]
[Text] The authors discuss the applicability of th~ holographic
- method in the sonic band to the solution of exploratory geologi-
cal and geophysical problems under the:conditions encountered in
the region of the continental shelf. They describe a multi-
channel, sonic-band holographic device and experiments conducted
~ under condit..ions that were as close to natural as possible. They
- present the results of these experiments, which involved obtain-
ing images of objects embedded in the ground. Finally, they ana-
lyze the problems involved in realizing marine holographic sys-
tems and give a list of prospective geological and geophysical
problems that can be solved with the help of holographic systems
under the conditions encountered in the area of the continental
shelf .
Long-wave holography is already an effective method for various types of investiga-
tions in nontransparent mediums. A r.umber of authors have attempted to use the
holographic methc~d in the seismic and sonic bands in both land [1-4] and sea [5-8]
research. The interest in holography is explained primarily by its well-known ad-
vantages, such as the three-dimensional nature of the image of objects being inves-
tigated, the hi~h level of noise stability, the possibility of obtaining images of
objects with any configuration, and the possibility of processing multidimensional
information rapidly. Although these advantages are realized only partially in the
- long-wave band, the use of holography in the seismic and sonic bands is promising,
= according to many evaluations. One cannot think, however, that in most cases ma-
- rine holographic systems are regarded as a means of solving certain problems in the
aqueous layer. In only one work [6] is there a report c>t e~:periments involving the
obtaining of images of objects located in the nontransparent ocean bottom. For a
, number of reasons, however, the techniques used in these investigations are not
widely used in the practice of exploratory work a�t sea. Despite this, the article
cited is valuable in the sense that it turns a new page in the search for ways and
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means of investigating the ocean. The need for this search, particularly in view of
the importance of developing the continental shelf, is extremely urgent at the pres-
ent time. In confirmation of this we have the opinion of the well-known French re-
searcher K. (Riffo) [9], who writes: "...marine prospecting for useful mineral de-
gosits is an expensive proposition. One of the reasons for this is of a technical
nature--we still have an almost complete lack of knowledge of how to work under wa-
ter. Modern geophysical investigative methods still do not enable us to detertnine
accurately the presence of deposits of useful minerals under the ocean bottom, and
the technology of deep-water geological mapping is still far from perfect."
At iVIIMorgeofizika [prc,bably Scientific Research Institute of Marine Geophysics],
the "Soyuzmorgeo" VMNPU [possibly Naval Scientific Production Association] is inves-
tigating the applicability of sonic-band holography to the solution of geological
and geophysical exploratory work under the conditions encountered on the continental
shelf. In this article we describe several experimental results of this research
and evaluate the prospects for the use of this method in the future.
1. Multichannel Holographic Systems
2 !
- ,
! ~
3 ~
. 4 s
. -l -
- - - ~ ~ ^i <