JPRS ID: 10404 USSR REPORT LIFE SCIENCES BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 127
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 50
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPROVED F~R RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7
- FOR OFF(C[AL US~ ONLY
JPRS L/ 10404
22 March 1982
USSR Re ort ~
. p
- LIFE SCIENCES ~ ~
_ ~IOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
(FOUO 2/82)
~
~ F'BIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION S~RVICE
' FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY .
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7

APPROVED F~R RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7
NOTE
.TPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and bro3dcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
- [J are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [ExcerptJ in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original informa.tion was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names pr~ceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in tne
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.
The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or at.titudes of the U.S. Government.
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7
FOR UFFiCIAI. USE ONLY
JPRS L/10404
22 March 1982
USS R REPORT
~ LIFE $CIENCES
BIOMEAICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
~~OUO 2/82) .
CO~ITENTS
IiIOCHII�tI STFY
Cloning of DNA Hepatitis Virus B in Escherichia Coli....... 1
Role of Feeding in Reproduction of Rodent Fleas
(Siphonaptera) as Related to Different Hosts 6
Immunothera.py of Infectious Allergic Bronchial Asthma by
Aerosols Containing Bacterial Allergens 14
BIONICS
Geographic Groupings o� Pelagic Cep?lalopods in Tropical
West Pacific 23
. Device f or Feeding High-Molecular Campound Onto Wetted
Surface.......~.�~~���~�����..��~�~��~�.~���~�~�~�~���~�~ 32
Hydrowave Device of Moving Floating Platform 34
Delta Modulating Model of Reception 37
Modeling Dynamics of Motivation in Instinctive Animal
Behavior 40
Distribution of Dynamic Pressure on Body of Actively
Swimming Dolphin......o 47
BTOT~CHNOLOGY
l~agnetic and Magneto--Semiconductor ~lements for
Information Processing 51
_ - a- [III - USSR - 21a S&T FOU.~]
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2447/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500444450-7
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
MEDICAL DEMOGRAPHY
Symptomatology and Outcome of Severe and Complicated
Forms of Influenza During 1979-1980 Epidemic 56
?KEDICINE
Information Structure of Oncological Research:
Stochastic Analysis of Communication Networks............ 62
P1iYSI0LOGY
Physiological and Behavioral Genetics 64
iiUMAN FACTORS
Recognition and Coding 74
PSYCHOLOGY
Course of Engineering Psychology 91
Using Human Engineering To Improve Operator Performance.... 100
. Fundamentals of Military Psychology and Education
Science.��.~���~�~��~~~~~~~~���~���~���~��~��~~o�~��~~�~� 1~.5
y~ . .
~ _ b
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040500040050-7
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
BIOCHEMISTRY
UDC: 577.1:547.963.3~
CLONING OF DNA OF HEPATITIS VIRUS B IN ESCHERICHIA COLI
Moscow DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian Vol 260, No 4, 1981 (manuscript
received 14 May 81) pp 1022-1024
[Article by P. P. Pumpen, A. V. Dishler, T. M. Kozlovskaya, V. V. Byctiko, E. Ya.
~ren, hi. B. Rivkina, A. P. Grinberg and R. A. Kukayn, academician of the Latvian
Academy of Sciences, Institute of Organic Synthesis, Latvian Academy of Sciences,
ai~d Institute of Microb.iology imeni Avgust Kirkhenshteyn, Latvian Academy of
Sciences, Riga]
[Tc~xt] Hepatitis virus B�onsists of spherical particles,42 nm in diameter [1],
whose external membrane is made up mainly of so-called surface ~antigen (HBSAg),
while the nucleocapsid, 27 nm in diameter, consists of internal or core antigen
(1113~Ag) . In the nucleocapsid is contained double-stranded DNA, 3200 nucleotides
in length, with a single break in one of the chains and an unoccupied segmerit 400
to 1500 nucleotides in length in the other [2, 3]. It is possible to build up the
_ single-strand DNA segment in vit:.o by virtue of the presence in the nucleocapsid
uf: endogenous DNA Polymerase [4], which utilizes the 3' end of the short chain as
primer for synthesis.
- Since bLood plasma from patients with hepatitis B or chronic carriers of the virus
. O I. al ~
Y ~ ~ t 1 (A c0
~,.;:,r~ - .4 , rl P~ Rf W
.'~:;~,ti ' 1, : ~ Y. ' al .O
r~
,
d0 cn
y ` ~ _ ~ ~H H
~
H H H
N 1~+ O
~
cA �rl O O ~
?a ~ DC ~C ~
cd m �rl
b0 �rl cU ~ ~ ~
~ ~d a -
�rl O rl N
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i' ~ s�~ ~b. ~ ~ w w
' ~ p. O ~-1 N
^ ~ ~ \ .C Cl r-I r-I r-1
_ � ~?a . I ~ , I �
~ ' y ~ ~ . rl O N H N
. .y.. 1 , t-. 4 ~ ~ 'L~ d' ~.7 R+ F~ ~
~ 'a � , v . r K ~~~~.1 s~ ' ' ~ f ~ ~ , p.,,y~~1 tl~ A ~ U tA "C
r ~ ~ Ir'~' I ~ [z7 P+ ~
S ~1 ~~'.iR y. cd N R1 ~ H
^C. 7~ : f v"' W'U
` M.tf~~f; f` 'd H Hx O G
'4 Y}
. ,',tr}'~� r ~~i� : ~ ~ ~ 6 dx
~ ~ ,a ' ,y~ ~ ~ R) Cd '.Z.
' n _
c~ G: PQ tA A~-
;rj"; ..ti ~ �rl ~7
~ '-~I ~ ~ ~ ~
fr" 1 tA - ~t
~ O r,V y~ ra O ~ J.J ~ w w
1 ctl 1 ~n r'' cv c� S cJ-~d p.~ ~o t~ 00
n ~ ra e�a ~ . b ~ f-I �rl ~.1
- I I I I I ctf c0
' 4 p~i i `,A s : ~ . . , , a a~ w G
41 tA Q1 O H
_ ~ , :`''u~v~; ,y,~~ , t ~y .tY , � m ~ s~ ~ ~ ~
r a,,,.a , y a~> . u v.c c~ N cc
~
� ' ~zz ~ , "`t~ , ' ' .~"~`9`~;; ' a., a ca
i~i'aN! ~i~r `s , r ~ ' y.r ~j �rl N
c~ ` z~~ 0 3 a
_ ~i,~,~,,~~~~ ` .:~4~ r ~ z'" ~,al' . ?-i N ~
ic~ y l 'I~.{ < i u; � ~
11 ' j~ 'Y!~, r ~ ' w~ f
~;~,~,~ii ~ Y' i~,1 ~ ~,t, 1 O p~+ (11 ~t
1 ~ ~ t ~ ~a ~ � .r.a O w w
"~s~ ~ ~ ~ ~.N, +r~ , ' a q u ~
~ ,u. , ~~i: o ~ ~ ~
. w . , ' f ~ , ~ m o
"~i' ,~r' ~ K , >Z, ~d 1.+ .C
~ J fK ~1+1~ ~ a ~ ~ . ~ ~~~~.'r U rl Ctl J.J
~ ~T ~ z ' ^ GJ .L: p+ �rl
r~ ~ N ~a ~t ~ ~ ; ~ u~g, ~-I a~ v ~ ra
- ~,n, . ~'l~ ro f', ' jw. W a1 ~n f-+
~ r..,M ~ � s~ 7,~ ~ � H H
N ~Qe}~, :
i~ ~h~~ � 01 ~ ~i
~ . . . r~ U �rl
�.l . O~ W
Gl
~
b0 r-I N M
�r.{ w w
(s.i r-1 N c'1
2
FOR OFFIC[AL USE UNLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500044454-7
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
Vir:?1 ~>r IIIitiA~; Lil1CI end~~~;enous DNA polymerase activity. The obtained viral. preparations
w~�r~~ tested witl~ ~lectrun mlcroscopy. The single-stranded DNA segment was buil.t
uE~ by means ol endogenous DNA-polymerase reaction in the presence of three un-
labeled dNTP andet-32P-dATP; isolation of DNA and purification thereof were performe.d
by known methods [3]. Preliminary restriction analysis of viral DNA revealed that
it is wanting in the sites of HindIIl, Pstl and EcoB.I restrictases. The latter had
been demonstrated in all previously examined DNA of hepatitis virus B and was use~1 to
clone viral DNA. We separated viral DNA with BamHI restrictase, for which two sites
were demonstrated, and we ligated the obtained fragments with DNA of plasmid pBR 322
after separating the latter with BamHI and treating it with alkaline phosphatase,
using DNA ligase of T4 phage. After transformation of E. coli RR1 cells, clones
were selected with the AprTcs phenotype, while electrophoretic ~nalysis of plasmid
llNA of tliese cZones in agarose gel, both without dissociation and after segregation
of BamHI, enabled us to select clones with plasmids having insertions for the BamHI
site, and their dimensions correspond to BaHI fragments of the initial viral DNA.
One ot the plasmids, pHB320; had an insertion of two BamHI fragments, and ~oth
were hybridized with 3~2P-labeled DNA of hepatitis virus B.
Joint segregation of pHB320 DNA and
H�d~ 32P DNA of hepatitis virus B by
froRl a series of restrictases (Figure 1)
BamNl is indicative of the fact that the
Psil physical maps of cloned and original
~ 0 BamHI fragments are identical. Both .
~ 1 the original DNA and inserted DNA in
PQ ~ the pHB320 plasmid contained no EcoRI,
6 Xhal HindIII or Pstl sites. In both the
pHB320 splice and viral DNA, the large BamHI
~ Z BamHl fragment contains a Xhol site, a~d it
is at the same distance from BamHZ
s .
sites. The other BamHI fragment con-
3 Bglll tains two Bg1II sites the relative
4
position of which is identical in the
B9lp original and cloned DNA. The relative
Satl BamNl location of Khol and Bg1II sites, as
well as in relation to the~unique
Figure 2. sites in the vector part of plasmid
Physical map of pHB320 plasmid (1000 pairs pHB320--EcoRI, Pstl, SalI--which was
of bases) determined by means of dual segrega-
tion by tlie appropriate restrictases,
iuade ic ~ossible to unequivocally determine the orientation of the splice in the
plasmid (Figure 2).
Ti~e I)NA of hepatitis virus B that we cloned demonstrates a greater resemblance to
the DNA of virus of subtype ayw [12], rather than adw2 [13], which is manife~ted,
first of all, by the reiative locatiori of B~mHI, Bg1II and XhoI sites. The
latt~r is absent in adw2 DNA. The following are absent in the DNA we cloned:
I~.~�uRl sitc, which is typical for both subtypes of viral DNA, as well as one of the
tii.les fc~r 13amHI and Bg1It ot those present in ayw llNA. A comparison of ttie physical.
m~iE~s c~1 pHB320 DNA and DNA of subtype ayw virus [12] indicates that the fragments
clc,necl in tt~e BamHI ~~lasmid have the same reciprocal orientation as in the initial
vi ral llN~ .
3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
- Separation of pHB320 DNA by BspI and HindII restrictases yields a set of new frag-
ments, which present virtually total resemblance to the DNA we cloned with DNA of
subtype ayw virus. Combined segregation~by these restrictases wi.th BamHI confirms
the orientation of the insert illustrated in Figure 2. ~
Thus, we succeeded in cloning DNA of hepatitis virus B that is the most widespread
in Latvia, s~nce the physical maps of the cloned DNA and major component of DNA
~ of virus isolated from a combined ["overall"] blood plasma preparation were. iden-
tical, and this was found in two independent experiments. .Unlike the most popular
procedure for ~.loning DNA of hepatitis virus B using the EcoRI site, we cloned
viral DNA for one of the two BamHI sites, naiuely, the one located in the single- .
stranded segment of DNA [12]. This may be of decisive significance for expression
oP HBSAg in homologous systems~, since the region preceding HBSAg.remains untouched
with such cloning.
The authors are sincerely grateful ~.o Yu. A..~Ozol for preparing the strongly
lzibeled a-32P-dATP, as well as to V. P. Ose for electron microscopic analysis,
N. V. Pudova, Ya. V. Kalis and I. D. Kholodnyuk for their assistance in different
- experiments, A. A. Yanulaytis and R. P. Martsishauskas for DNA ligase of T4 phage
~1nd restrictase of EcoRI, Hindll, Hindll, Bspl, Pstl, BamHI, V. I. Tanyashin for
supplying ~oI restric.tase and N. M. Pustoshilova for furnishi.ng Bg1II restrictase.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
~ 1. Dane, D. S., Cameron, C. H. and Briggs, M., LANCET, Vol 1, 1970, pp 695-698.
~ 2. Summers, J., Connell, A. P. and Millmann, Y~., PROC. NAT. ACAD. SCI. USA,
Vo1 72, 1975, pp 4597-4601.
3. I.anders, T. A., Greenberg, H. B. and Robinson, W. S., J. VIROL., Vol 23,
1977, PP 368-376.
4. Kaplan,:P. M., Greenma;i, R. L., Gerin, J. L., et al., Ibid, Vol 12, i973,
pp 995-1005. ~ ~
- 5. Fritsch, A. , Pourcel, C., Charnay, P.. and Tiollais, P., C. R., SER. D.,
- Vol 287, 1978, pp 1453-1456.
6. Charnay, P., Pourcel, C� Louise, A., et al., PROC. NAT. ACAD. SCI. L~SA,
- Vol 76, 1979, pp 2222-2226.
7. I3urre1l, C. .I., MacKay, P., Greenaway, P. J., et al., N~ATURE, Vol 279, 1979,
pp 43-47. '
. 8. Sninsky, J. J., Siddiqui, A., Robinson, W. S. and Cohen, S. N., Ibid, Vol 279,
1979, pp 346-348.
_ 9. Valenzuela, P., Gray, P., Quiroga, M., et al., Ibid, Vol 280, 1979, pp 815-819.
: 10. Charnay, P., Mandart, E., Hampe, A., et al., NUCL. ACIDS RES., Vol 7, 1979,
pp 335-346. � ~
4
= FpR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R040500040050-7
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
ll. PaSek, M., Goto, T., Gilbert, W., et al., NATURE, Vol 282, 1979, pp 575-579.
12. Galibert, F.,, Mandart, E., Fitoussi, F., et al., Ibid, Vol 281, 1979,
pp 646-650. ~
13. Valenzuela, P., Quiroga, M., Zaldivar, J., et al., "Hepatitis Scientif ic
Memoranda," Memo-H-1803/1, 1980.
~ 14. Charnay, P., Cervais, M., Loui:se, A., et al., NATURE, Vol 286, 1980, pp 893-
895.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR", 1981
10,657
CSO: 1840/33 .
5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02109: CIA-RDP82-00854R000500040050-7
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
UDC: 595.773.4:591.53
ROLL UF FEEDING IN REPRODUCTION OF RODENT FLEAS (SIPHONAPTERA) AS RELATED TO
DIF~ERENT HOSTS
Leningrad EKTOMOLOGICHESKOYE O~OZRENIYE in Russian Vol 60, No~3, Jul-Sep 81
pp 562-568
[Article by I. V. Chumakova, M. P. Kozlov and A. M. Belokopytova, Plague Control
5cientific Research Institute of Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Stavropol']
[Text] In spite of the fact that there is distinct reference to a specific host
- ~r narrow group of hosts of most species of fleas, i.e., being specific, the
majority of flea species can breed on various warm~blood animals and even reptiles,
without demonstrating narrow specialization (Darskaya, Besedina~ 1961;
Bryukhanova, 1961; Vashchenok et al., 1976, and othe:-s).
IoFf (1941), who attributed special importance to the specificity of flea f eeding,
stressed that the question of their preference for a specific animal species has
not been sufficiently settled. In the opinion of that author, specificity could
be due to the structural distinctions of the piercing part and length of proboscis,
which enables them to pierce skin of a specific thickness, structure of sense
organs and purely external ecological conditions. ~
At the same time, it was shown (Hudson and PrinCe, 1968) that differences in fer-
tility are also demonstrable when fleas sudc bl~od from representatives of differ-
~llt groups of warm-blooded animals. The yield of Pulex irritans ima~os per
temale can vary by tens of times (8.0 imagos per female per day when feeding on
man, 1.2 when feeding on the guinea pig and 0.4 on the dog). Haas (1965) men-
tiom the difference in number of offspring that could be obtained from fleas of
tlie same species that fed on different hosts. Differences have been established
between reproduction of Xenopsylla cheopis and Ceratophyllus fasciatus fleas wlien
tl~~y fed on the golden hamster, white rat and white mouse (Samarina et al., 19.68).
l~ertility was found to be higher when feeding on the golden hamster than other
(iosts. In addition, Alekseyev (1961) demonstrated that Ceratophyllus consimilis
f.leas feeding on the ratlike hamster not only deposited more eggs than when they
fed on ttie white rat and white mouse, but that maturation and oviposition occurred
sooner. .
Numerous field observations also revealed that exchange of fleas between different
rodent species in their natural habitat is a common phenomenon, particularly in ,
areas where there are mixed settlements thereof. It must be assumed that these
distinctions of correlations between parasite and host have a significant influ-
ence on the geographic distribution of fleas, formation of populations, as well
6
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000500040054-7
F'OR OFF[C[AL USE OIVLY
- us quantity thereof. Herein lies the special theoretical and practical importance
of 5~udying whether different flea species can possible survive and reproduce for
a long period of time on hosts that are not inherent to them. The need for such
studies is attributable to the li:.k between this problem and such quest~ons as
laboratory cultivation and evaluation of the role of fleas as carriers of fleas
iu epizootiology and epidemiology.
- We submit here the results of comparative observation of reproduction of three
species of fleas as related to feeding on their main host and hosts that are not
inf~erent to them.
riateria~ and riethods
We used S-day-old fleas, which had not eaten after coming out of the cocoon (Xeno-
psylla canformis Wagn., Ceratophyllus laeviceps Wagn., C. tesquorum Wagn.), from
laboratory populations maintained constantly on their main hosts (midday gerbil
Lor tl?e first t~ao species and little suslik). The reproductive distinctions of
- tliese fleas were studied on the midday gerbil, little suslik, common vole, golden
hamst~r, wtiite rat, white mouse, guinea pig, rabbit and house sparrow. The fleas
wer~ kept in rectangular glass containers (chamber-jars), on the bottom of which
we sE~read dry,baked sand with addition of feed for larvae. We placed 2-3 sheets
_ ot Lilter paper on the sand to absorb urine of the host, and the cage with an
animal was placed on the paper. There was prevalence of dry feed in the animals'
diet. The fleas were placed on each host in quantities of 60 specimens on each
- (45 females and 15 males). The chamber-jars with animals and fleas were then
coii5tantly kept in temperature-contr~lled boxes ["termoboks"?] where ttie tempera-
cure was automatically held at 24� and humidity at 75-80%.. We took a daily
count or surviving males and females and moved them to a new substrate. The sub-
str.ate with deposited eggs was kept under the same conditions until imagos hatched.
W~ kept a record of average offspring per female according to imago yield. We
observed flea fertility for 15-30 days. The experiments were repeated 3-4 times �
in e~ch season.
Ln order to examine feeding activity on different hosts, 5-day-old fleas, which
t~~d not eaten after 1?atching fromthe cocoon, were weighed, at the rate of 200
per Lield, on a balance, and groups of SO fleas were put on the animal. The
in5e~ts were combed off the animal after 20, 30, 40 and 60 min; the percentage of
tt'('(l.lll~ insects was recorded, and determination made of the w~ight of blood con-
sum~:d witt~in a specific time spent on the host.
'I'I~u data were submitted to statistical processing according to Kaminskiy (1964).
Results and Discussion ~
'1'lie results of this study indicate that the weight of blood ing~sted by female and
mal~ tleas is equally independent of the species-specific distinctions of the host,
anct in our experiments it ranged from 0.04 to 0.06 mg in female X. conformis,
- 0.()3 to 0.04 mg in male X. conformis; in C. tesquorum it ranged from 0.13 to 0.25 mg
for temales and 0.06 to 0.11 mg for males (Table 1).
Ttie time that the insects spent on the host also failed to affect the weight of
blood consumed by one flea. Within the f irst 20 min, the fleas had ingested as
much blood as specimens that spent 1 h on the animal (Table 2).
7
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R040500040050-7
' FOR OFFICL'AL USE ONLY
Table 1. Weight of blood consumed by fleas when feeding on different hosts
Blood (mg) consumed b each flea
E'lea Host animal females males
species species ~ano blood wt., ~ty o
blood wt.,
fleas M�m fleas M~'
Xenopsylla Midday gerbil 438 0.05 fO.Oi 1i6 0.04 f0.0i
Guinea pig 400 0.04 f0.0i 239 0.03 f0.008
conforiais Wagn. Rabbit 200 0.03f0.0! 200 0.0 f0.009
Little suslik i56 0.~5f0.0i i39 0.04f0.01
Golden hamster 394 O.fi6f0.0! 200 U.03f0.01
White mouse 303 O.l'StU.Oi 392 0.04f0.007
White rat 3i3 O.Oi ~O.Oi ::~u (~03 f0.006
Common vole 2!! 0.05fO.Of ' 20U U.03f0.0i
Little suslik 286 O.f3f0.02 f49 O.OGf0.0!
Ceratophyllus Guinea pig !00 O.i7f0.Of 19t 0.08f0.03
Golden hamster 200 U.i3f0.0(~9 S92 O.fOf0.0i
Midday gerbil !00 0.i6 f0.06 f02 0.09 fU.03
- tesquorum Wagn. W~te mouse 247 O.i7 f0.03 ~G 0.i f f0.0!
W ite rat i89 0.25 f0.05 200 O.IO fU.O!
House s~arrow !3 0.19 fO.Of 9 0.14 f0.0i
Table 2. Weight of blood consumed by flea~ as a function of time spent on host
a~'n~PsY�a contormis Wagn. Ceratophyllus tesquorum Wagn.
Time
spent females males -females males
on quan- blood an- blood uan- blood an~ blood
host, tity tity tity tity
weight, weight weight, eight,
min of mg~ of mg~ of mg~ of .~g~
fleas M�m Teas M�m leas M�m leas M�m
20 490 0.04 f 0.01 400 0.03 f 0.0! 340 0. i 6 f 0.01 385 0.05 f 0.01
30 586 0.06 f 0.01 425 0.05 f 0.01 37 f 0.2! f 0.04 328 0.1 i f 0.01
40 586 0.06 f 0.01 405 0.05 f 0.01 5! 2 U. S 4 f 0.02 390 0.08 f 0.02
EO 634 0.06 f 0.01 396 0.04 f 0.0! 383 0.14 f 0.02 383 0. f 1 f 0.03
At ~lie saine time, there was a reliable difference in feeding activity of fleas on
- ~i.ilerent species of hosts. Thus, C. tesquorum ingested blood actively on differ-
e~it hosC species and most specimens were satiated already within 30-40 min. The
im:igos of this species ingested blood faster and in larger amounts on a specific
host. The lowest percentage of fleas that were satiated within both 20 min and
1 l~ wr~s found on the midday gerbil and golden hamster (Table 3). In contrast,
tfie role of the main host--midday gerbil--in feeding activity was not demonstrable
in X. conformis. The percentage of fleas that fed on the gerbil for the first
20 min and thereafter did not exceed the percentage of fleas feeding on other
hosts. The highest percentage of feeding imagos was established amang females
on the white rat (64.0), r.abbit (65.0) and common vole (77.0). The percentage
of feeding X. conformis fleas left o~ other hosts for 1 h was in the range of
22.0-44.0. The number of fleas that sucked blood increased with increase in time
left on the animals. But, even after being on a host for 1 h, there was a high
8
FOR UFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R040500040050-7
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~~~~rc~entage of fleas that had not yet been satiated in virtually all groups, both
;nnun}~, male5 and lemales (33.U-77.7% for females and 62.5-75.0% for males). Accord-
i.n~~, tlie ~~~rcentabe ot Leeding specimens, females of both flea species fed inore
;icCi.veLy after hatching Lrom the cocoon than males.
= Analysis of flea fertility revealed that X. conformis and C. laeviceps reproduce
better when kept on their main host and the golden hamster, whereas the golden
hamster and white mouse are the best hosts for the C. tesquorum suslik fleas. The
mean duration of developmen.t from the time of birth of larvae to hatching of imagos
wzis 4-5 days shorter when ;naintained on a nonspecific host, the golden hamster,
th~in on a specific host. C. tesquorum fleas reproduced worse on the little suslik
- under laboratory conditions than on such nonspecific hosts as the golden hamster
and white mouse. Both gerbil and suslikfleas reproduced poorly on some species
of aiiimals (guinea pig, house sparrow) (Table 4). It is remarkable that there is
a distinct seasonal pattern ~o reproduction, in spite of the fact that the fleas
were maintained at a stable temperature and humidity throughout the year. Ttius,
an iiicrease in fertilit,y of X. conformis was observed in the spring on all host
- species. Fertility diminished in the summer and fall months, and increased in
- the fall only when kept on their main host and golden hamster (see Figure).
7.0
6. 0 .
1
S. 0 .
2 -
Y.O
~
3. 0 ~ ~ i
~ . .
2.0 ~ 6 '
~1
_ .
1.0 ~ 3 ~ ~ 4�`.~ _
5 ~ ^
~ W Sp S ~ W Sp S F
7. 0
- Reproduction of Xenopsylla conformis
6.0 Wagn. in .different seasons on different
- S.0 - hosts. Y-axis, quantity of imagos per
feniale per day.
4.~ 1) gerbil
3.0 2) golden hamster
3) white mouse
7 4) little suslik
1.0 8 5) white rat
' 6) common vole W) winter
~ ' g
~ W 1 S ' S~ F~ rabbit Sp) spring
p 8) guinea pig S) summer
9) house sparrow F) fall
9
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500044454-7
FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONI.Y
co.-c~~n.�e- oo.rti.�c~vu~c~
t1I v~rrco~u~ r~co.~cat~c~co
~ ' "~I+I'f'~+I'H"H 'f'~+I'f'~'f'~'f'~'~'~"f'~'~-~
~ ocvonoc o~ooc~nv~oo ~
00 c~i t` r o0 O t~ ~npp ~ri t~ ~D V~
~ OO -J' u~ OO V' 00 c+') t~'~ N~ c7 ~1' N N
- ~ .
~ r r- ~n t~ r v o c~: o.-: oo v.~
~ ~~ri r o ca e~i c~i r~ co ca e~ e~ r n
-~-~-h~'~-~o'H~-1 "f-~'fi'~-~'~I-~-~'f-~-H"H
~ o00000 o?nc~ooooo
N . t~0~~.~+~D OONNt~NOV'~ �
4�1 tD 00 V' t~ O~ M V' N t~ V'CD V'C7
_ N .
N
~
~ noo.-cc~c~ .-c~cconc-r-m
v~c~~~Oc.i~o ~o~~cac~c.^;c~c7t~
~ N "~~~'{'~'r'~'~'~"~'~'~'~ '~'~'~'~~'~"E~'~'~'~'r'~'~
.-1 ooc0oo ~nmoe~c~ot~o
~ o vi ~ o 0o v~ r~ c~i r~ c*~
p~~~~~~n Nn'~NNn:c+'~NN
~ ~
~ tl
N ~
~
u~ �rl U1 ~ ca c~ t~ oo c: co N
O a,1 ~ ao co c~ v t~ vi co co c~ u~ ui ci c~ ao
r! -~~-f'~'~-~-F~'~-~'~'~ ~'~~~'~'~~"F~-~~'~'~'~
C~oCO90 oO~0ot~00
4-~ C~�. N tJ u~ C~ c'~ O tA c+'~ tD 00 00 .r N RJ
- O �rl ~ CDt~NO0~00 C~'~N.+w.rNN~T ~
3 '+a
~n O
- N
~
U Q
~ W PIOOCNOCQ~ OO.~+OOTNU70
(A ~ C cD c7 tD ~ cD cC C7 00 t1~~ tn V' eD V' V' l~ ~
a '~'~'~'~'~~"F~'~'~'~"~ . p~ '~"~~71~'~'~"~'~'~"~'~'r'~'~
~ 3 c~~coco ~ coc~noomM
ao..::,ioocccr~ r,~ NtCNl~00Qi
- ~ ~ ~ M K: u~ crJ t~ N N.~+ r. V' w~.r
~
0
a~i 3 ~ � ` '
~ ~ y C
0
�rl J-~ UI ~ r ~ M.~� N 00 V C'7 C'7 OC ~7' C7 tD C
'U ~ ~ ~ ~cc~:ativ~ .d nc~~riehvi.reooo
-~I-I-I-EI-FI-FI-H a -H-FI-~I-~-I-f-I-H-H-H
~ ~ ~ a cocooo y :-~~nooooo0
~ u~i ~ q ovvico..:o o ~.:~riooooo.:.:
~II ~H o ~n :~t c~l n ~n ao ~ i+~ cV cV v~
d
_ ~ v C~. yC
w .-1
4-1 00 N Q. ~1' N N 1f~ C'7 CD 00 00 Q~ 00
w y C:~tDtOCDtD~ u~tt~NC+~~TN~T'~
- ~ N -H-I-~-f I-F~-H-I-~ fil -H-~-I-F~ -H-f-~-H ~-I
~ ~-d O~Y'0000 OOOU~00000
~ ~ ~NC,NN~ ~~r+a~-~V'cD~~TOM
~r~l (jl
~ -4~ c3^ -
~ r
U N
cd U .-~;u~i-t~ao .rooon.ccooocc
b0 ~ cA r u~ c~i cD cri co cD u~ v c+i .r ~r co 00 �
~ W N +~-I-~-I~~'~-~-F~'I-~ -t-~'H-H+I'H-f~-H+i
~nc~c~omo c:mc~oooc~o
�b ~ v~CO~mc~~'~i :+c�aot~~oooN
N
N
tl. 4-1 _
x a~i~-! a~i x
~IC~'nAN Aai~a~N
v N LI tA � b~ 3-I N~-I UI tT
~ ~ ~ ~ ~+~�~i ~ ~ O ~+~�rl
~n x rr o~a a ~n ~ o~a aa
E-~i ~ v~~r~~~C ~rCN~ ~ ~r~+~
x r-I N~d N N N td N~-i O N N N�rl
~ R3Z7 ~ q ~ z7 E ~ A
~ r-I'~ �r1 �rl �.i 'O .--I ~ ~3 �.a �r1 �r1
�rl O�~I ~ �ri O�'-I O ~ ~
a~~ 33~ ~c~a~~s~n
10
FOR (1FFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500440050-7
FOR OFFICIAI, USE ONLY
~li~~ I i1~i~Itir,N III~Ii~ :~~t� Ili:~l , ~~'r.~11~~1~�vi~~ ~~I IU~~I~~~I~~~i~}~',l~:~l ~Ilr:l Illt l li~li+: i~l Ili~� ~~I~�~~
in}; ur~;au, as we1J. .is tliickt?ess oL tiust5~ skin, diff.erent Ilea s~ecies i~i~esL Ll~e
same amount of blood on both specific and nonspecific hosts.
_ Table 4. Flea reproduction when feeding on differei~t species of hosts
Ccro~ophNllur teaquorum Jlcnope}~!la eunJurmi~ Ceralophpl(ua
`1'agn. \~'agn. laeuircpe \l'agn.
Host ~?a5o imago :~mago
emale- yield/ f~-- yield/ f~�' yield/
days female/ days femal days female/
day da_y day
Ra~uit G07 !.0 658 2.7 339 1.9
Little suslik f2f4 !.5 lfii i.4 SG7 !.0
Guinea pig f081 0.7 998 0.9 9U7 U.9
White rat G~3 ~.9 SG8 i.5 723 i.2
White mouse 72f 3.0 1256 2.3 i3~2 i.3
Golden hamster ~577 5.7 1526 5.3 1225 6.8
Miuday gerbil l253 0.9 if8i 7.0 98G i.~i
Common vole f404 2.f lOUf 2.4 95i i.4
House sparrow 5029 U.9 lf47 0.7 512 0.4
TabLe 5. Life span of Ceratophyllus laeviceps Wagn. fleas on different hosts .
Percentage of surviving fleas
gerbil suslik hamster mouse rat uinea ig
quantit of fleas in
Day,
O f r~-I N ~-i N ~-I UI .-I t0 I r~-I N ~-I V1 ~
study ~ v ~ ~ ~ v ra a~ b v b ~
~O NO ~O Ri0
~ ~O rtS0 ~ O rd0 ~O ~d0 ~O rC0 ~
4-I tC~ E N 4-1 l0 ~ N W l0 ~ N W l0 ~ N 4-1 l0 ~ N 4-1 lfl ~ N
''-3 !00 95.0 98.0 i00 !00 100 100 65.0 75.0 75.0 fU0 75.0
4-7 9f.0 90.0 98.0 85.0 100 90.0 9b.0 45.0 41.0 50.0 83.0 50.0 ~
8-10 83.3 90.0 91.6 85.0 90.0 fi5.0 90.0 40.0 28.3 35.0 58.3 35.0
f f-14 8G.6 25.0 7R.3 50.0 90.0 65.0 65.0 20.0 26.3 2(?.0 4R.3 l5.0 ~
15-iS 66.6 0.0 66.6 50.0 66.6 5Q.0 41.6 20.0 ii.6 5.0 36.6 l5.0
~9-22 � 66.6 - 65.0 45.0 60.0 15.0 41.6 20.0 11.6 5.0 36.6 15.0
23--28 43.3 - 30.0 l0.0 60.0 f5.0 28.3 i0.0 6.6 5.0 3R.G l5.0 .
27--00 15.0 - 23.3 5.0 55.0 0.0 28.3 10.0 3.3 0.0 33.3 15.0
3!- 3~i ff.6 - 2f.6 5.0 21.6 - 28.3 f0.0 3.3 - 28.3 l0.0
35--3y 8.3 - 6.6 0.0 f0.0 - 16.6 10.0 0.0 - 25.0. 0.0
40-44 3.3 - 0.0 - 8.6 - 11.6 10.0 - - ~5.0 -
45-47 0.0 - 8.3 - l0.0 40.0 - - 15.0 -
48- 52 I 5.0 - 8.3 f 0.0 - 33.3 -
'I'lie life span of Eleas was found to vary on nonspecific hosts. We failed to
clc~monstrate signs of host specialization in C. laeviceps. Death occurred more
slowly when on ttie golden.hamster, white mouse and guinea pig than on the gerbil
(Table 5).
We also failed to demonstrate a significant effect of upkeep conditions on the
of.tspring. Thus, the weight of the initial population of C. laeviceps at the age
of 5 days constituted 0.35�0.01 mg for females and 0.27�0.02 mg for males. First
11
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02109: CIA-RDP82-00854R000500040050-7
- H'UR UN'l~7CIAL USE UNLY
~;c~~~~~ratiun offspring presented the following weight on different hr~sts: 0.37�U.01
- a:ld 0.27~�0.01, respectively, on the midday gerbil; 0.35�0.02 and 0.26t0.02 on the
- ~olden hamster; U.33�0.01 and 0.26�0.02 on the little suslik; 0.37�0.04 and 0.25~!~
U.U1 on the white mouse; 0.33t0.01 and 0.26�0.02 on the com:~.on vole.
Ttius, there is reason to assume that it is not~so much structural distinctions as
ptiysiology and ecological conditions thati are significant to feeding and, conse--
quently, distinctions of reproduction of fleas when placed on different animal
s~ecies. The different species of fleas ingest and assimilate blood from nonspe-
.cif.ic animals and, under optimum upkeep conditions, can reproduce on them the year
re,und. Only differences in fertility are demonstrable as a function of host and
- tim~ of year. .
Vaslichenok et al. (1976) demonstrated, on the example of X. cheopis, that fleas
iii~~st and assimilate the blood of different species of rodents, birds, man and
r~~ptiles; but there are substantial differences in the digestive process. Blood
di~;esting time is different for different hosts. Digestion of human and golden
liam5t~r blood to liematin takes place in 12-20 h; for blood of the guinea ~ig and
r~~~tiles the time is 18-25 h, for the white rat and pigeon it is 2U-30 h. There
is 5lower breakdown of bird and reptile erythrocytes than rodent erythrocytes.
'1'tiis cannot fail to affect reproduction, if we consider that the first intake of
f.ood is the stimulus for development of oocytes up to fertilization in females
(Vashchenok, 1967). This apparentl}~ also explains the reproductive distinctions
uF Lleas feeding on various hosts. Samarina et al. (1968) assumes that the obser-
ved ciifferences in fertility are attributable to different sets of amino acids
contained in host blood. But this hypothesis has not yet been verif.ied. Nor can
we rule out the possibility of dependence of flea fertility on presence of i~or-
mones. Rothschild and Ford (1964) demonstrated that host corticoid hormones are
requir~d for reproduction of the rabbit's flea (Spillopsyllus cuniculi Dall), since
tl?e ~v~iries do not mature without them. Such a dependence was demonstrateda though ~
- iu a less marked form, in experiments with Xenopsylla astia Rothsch. (Prasad, 1973).
In conclusion, it.should be stressed that, on the basis of our findings and data
in the literature, one could refer to relative feeding specialization in such
species of fleas as C. tesquorum, C. laeviceps and X. conformis, in spite of
their rather high specificity. They have greater potential capacity to survive
in mixed rodent populations, since they can feed and reproduce on hosts that are
~iot inherent in them, which inhabit the same ecological conditions. On this
basis, one should be~cautious in making conclusions about indicaturs of contact
~etween different rodent species solely on the basis of incidence of fleas on
iiuninherent hosts. These data may also serve as an indirect indication that
wlien eradicating the main carrier, as the above-mentioned species of fleas, wliich
- ar~ tlie main vectors of plague in a number of endemic sites. move to other snecies
c,l: ai?imals susceptible to plague, they may not only.survive, but participate for
some time in maintaining the epizootic process.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Alekseyev, A. N., "Biology of Ceratophyllus (Nosopsyllus) consimilis Wagn.,
1898 (Ceratophyllidae, Aphaniptera) Fleas," ZOOL. ZHURN., Vol 10, No 6,
1961, pp 840-847.
12
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000500040050-7

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02109: CIA-RDP82-00854R000500040050-7
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
L, liryuktianova, L. V., "Fleas of Ciscaucasian Predatory l~ammals," TR. N.-I.
1'RUTIVOCHUM. IN-TA KAVl