JPRS ID: 10386 TRANSLATION OCEANOGRAPHIC WORK IN POLAR REGIONS OF WORLD OCEAN BY I.I. BLINOV, V.V. DREMLYUG AND V.A. ROMANTSOV

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JPRS L/ 10386
16 March 1v82
Tra~slation
OCEANOGRAPHIC WOf~K IN
POLAR REGIONS OF V110RLD OCEAN
sy
- N.I. B~l~nov, V.V. Dremlyug and ~.A. . Ramantsov 1
,
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JPRS L/10386 _
15 l~arch 198 2 ~
OCEANOGRAPHIC WORK IN POLAR REGIONS OF WORLD OCEAN
Leningrad OKEANOGRAFTCHESRTYE RABOTY V POLYARNYKH RAYONAKH MIR~VOGO
OKEANA in Russian 1980 Csigned to press 21 Oct 8Q) pp 3-~9, 70-79,
86-92, 107-111, 117-189,.212-236
[Excerpts from monograph by Nikolay Ivanovich Blinov, Valentin
Valentinovich Dremlyug and Vladima.r Aleksandrovich Romantsov, "Oceano-
graphic Work in Polar Ftegions of the World Ocean", responsible editor
P.A. Gordiyenko, Gidrometeoizdat, 1,000 copies,. 246 pages]
.
CONTENTS ~ ~
~ntroduction 1
Ghapter 1. Organizational-Methodological Priaciplea for Implementing
Oceaaographic Work From Ice in Arctic Baain 4
~
1.1. Featurea of Arctic Baain aa Ob~ect of Inveatigation 4
1.2. General Deacription of Research Methoda 9
.
1.3. Macrnsca.le Oceanographic Surveys 10
1.3.1. Zhe principal taaks of macmacale oceanographic surveya are
the implementation of multisided oceanographic, ice, meteor~-
logical and other obeervationa in the Arctic Basin and in ~
� arctic seaa, as we11 as acientific-~ethodological studiea
3n aitu by the polygon method 10
1.3.2. Methodological principlea arid organizational structure of,
macroacale aurveya 11
,
1.3.3. Method for implementiag oceanographic suivey 11
1.4. Oceanographic WorF.~ oa Drifting Stationa 14
_ 1.4.1. Principat taaka 14
- a - ~ [I - USSR - E FOUO)
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1.4.2. Meana and methoda for organizing work 14
1.4.3. SP atation camp and its~aiting on floe.........v 17
1.4.4. Advanta.gea and diaadvanta.ges of aerial and shipboard
methoda for eatabliahmer~t SP ("Severnyy Polyus")
stations 18
1.4.5. Material-technical aupport of SP stationa 18
1.5. Field Oceanographic Work 19
1.5.1. Organization of field oceanographic obaervations from ice...... , 20
1.5.2. Featurea of the organization of roadatead oceanographic
observations on ice 21
' Qiapter 4. ~Techntcal Apparatua for Sea Expedittons 23
4.1. Expeditionary Shipa 23
4.2. Navigation of Expeditionary Ship in Ice 26
4.5. Buoy Oceanographic Stationa 33
5.4. Evaluation of Effectiveness of Technical Apparatus Uaed in
Oceanographic Work 39
Chap ter 6. Shipboard Oceanographic Radar Camplex (SORC) 43
6.2. SORC Apparatus and Instrumenta 43
6.3. Method for Rada.r Survey of Ice.n 47
6.4. Ua~ of:Shipboar~l Radar for Meaauring Static Characteristics of
Wavea 50
6.5. Radar Method far Determining Currents........ 55
~
Chapter 7. Sigma-S Shipboard Information Hydro~eteorological
Automated Syatem 60
7.1. Purpose and GEaneral Principlea of S tructuring of System for
Scientific Re~earch Ships 60
7.2. Makeup and St:ructure of Syarem and Features of Ita Functioning...... 65
7.3. Complex of Technical Devicea fo r Colle ction and Processing of
,
Hydrometeorc?logical Information (KTS ASOGI) 67
7.4. Mathematical Support of Syafiem..~ 70
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(hapter 8. Technical Apparatua #Ar the Collection and Regiatry of
Data Sigma-S 73
8.1. On-board Data Meaauring Comple~oea 73
8.1.1. MARS'automatic regiatry syatem 73 ~
8.1.2. Automatic ahipboard actinometric aystem 74
8.1.3. Complex for automatic proceaaing of data f~+nm radiosnade
meaaurementa of the atm~aphere ("O~A-3").., 76
8.1.4. Automated wave meaaurement complex 76
8.1.5. Oceanographic automated bathometer-aonde aotmding oomplex....... 77
8.1.6. Automatic digital unit for meaauring current direction and
- velocity, temperature, conductivity aad hydrostatic
pressure of aea water (ATe~IT instrument) 93
8.2. Submerged Buoy Station .....................................a......... 104
9.4. Uae of Automated Syatema and Electmnic Compirters in oceano- ~
graphic Work Fmm Ice Cover 109
Chapter 10. Proapects for Development of Methods for Oceaaographic
Reaea.rch in Ice-Covered Reginna of the World Oceaa............ 112
10.1. General principlea 112
10.2. Oceanograpfiic Work in the Arctic Basin 113
10.2.1. Synchronous oceanographic aurveys... 114
10.2.3. Stationary lang-term oceanographic obaervations at con-
atant pointa (or regions) 116
10.3. Oceanographic Work Fmm Ships .............................o......... 118
10.4. Prospecta and Tasks for Improv~ement in Shipboard Automated
Syatem 118
- 10.4.1. Taaka in improving individual measurement oomplexes and ~
b roadening of automation regimea 119
Bibliography 123
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[TextJ Introduction. The polar areas of the world ocean and especially the Arctic
and Antarctic Oceans are being investigated at~ a physical mediun whose parameters
and regime must be~known in order to solve many scientific and practical problems:
~ development of the theory and methods f.or sea hydrometeorological forecasts for
different times in advance, scientific-operational support of navigation along the
Northern Sea Route and navigation in the Antarctic. planning, construction and '
rational operation of ports and hydraulic structures.
~ knowledpe of the natural conditions in a particuiar region is of fundamental im-
nor. tance ~ahen using its minera~., bia~logical, criemical and energy resources, which
are acquiring exceptional importani:e in the economic mastery of the regions of the
Ai�ctic and for the country as a whole. A study of the nature o� the polar regions
is also necessary for an understanding of the physical essence of the processes and
mechanisms foiming the earth's climate and controlling its variations on both re-
~ gional and global scales. ,
Up to the late 1960's oceanographic work in the Arctic and Antaretic Oceans was di-
:ected to a multisided investigation of their hydrometeorological and ice regimes,
_ to establishing the spatial-temporal. scales ot variability o� hydrometeorological
processes, clarification of the natura~ patterns and ca.use-and-effect relatianships
among the different phenomena txanspiring in them. At the same time, it was found
to be necessary to increase attention to th~ solution of ~fundamerital problems di-
rected to study of the extremal states of the earth's dynamic shells, their explan-
ation and prediction. .
~ , ~
Accordingly, in 1970 a group of scientists of the Orde'r of Lenin Arctic and Antarc-
tic Scientific Research Institute, under the direction of A. F. Treshnikov, corres-
ponding member USSR Academy of Sciences, developed the scientific program of the
Polar Experiment (POLEX), bringing together a number of ma3or scientific problems
related tc study of the oceanic waters and climate of the Arctic (POLEX-North) and
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Antarctica (POLEX-South). This program provides, in particular, for an investiga-
tion of the processes~of macroscale interaction between the atmosphere and ocean
in the polar regions, a quantitative evaluation of their role in formation of the
energy balance of the ocean-atmosphere system, study of the mechanisms forming
- macroscale long-period variations of hydrometeorological processes in the Arctic
and Antarctica.
The Arctic and Antarctic Scientific Research Institute.proceeded to the implement-
_ ation of theoretical and experimental studies under the POLEX program in 1971-1972.
In 1973 the impTementation of the program in the Arctic Ocean was initiated by the
carrying out of macroscale ocear~ographic surveys in the Arctic Basin. In 1974 sim-
iTar studies were initiated in the Antarctic Ocean.
The carrying out of multisided in situ experiments under the POLEX program is accom-
plished on scientific research ships, on "Severnyy Polyus" drifting stations, in
the network of polar stations and at th.e observatories of the Arctic administra-
tions of the State Committee on Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring and
the "Sever" aerial expeditions.
The solution of major scientific problems and global problems in hydrometeorology
should accomplished with broad international cooperation. For this reason the
POLEX program as a natioral scientific program of the USSR was included in the in--
ternational Program for Investigation of Global Atmospheric Processes (GARP).
The implementation of oceano~raphic work in the polar areas of the world ocean
under the programs of ma.jor in situ experi~aents required improvements in the meth-
ods for their organization, the employment and creation of new technical appar-
atus, instruments and equipment, development and improvement of ineaaurement methods
and processing of the collected information on an electronic computer.
The most promising direction in work for the creation of new technical apparatus
and methods for oceanographic investigations is the systemic approach, that is,
the combining of the principal stages in the collection of data (collection-pro-
cessing-accumulation of data), realized in the form of an automated data system.
An e;~.~~ple~of such a system, used on the scientif ic research ships of the State
Committee on Hydrometeorology.and Environmental Monitoring, is a shipboard auto-
_ mated hydrometeorological measurement system which is used in the collection, reg-
istry, computer processing,~accumulation and dissemination of~a considerable number
of hydrometeorological parameters.
In oceanographic work.from the ice on the "Sever" expeditions and at the "Severnyy
Polyus" stations use is made of specific research methods, instruments and tech-
nical gear in wh~se creation allowance is made for the need for using~them under
special.climatic conditions (low air temperature, wind loads, frequent fracturing
of floes, etc.). An important role in the planning and implementation of this work
is played by proper allowance for living conditions and adherence to safety meas=
ures. ~
_ The implementation of expeditionary work is a costly measure. Accordingly, it is
important to solve the problems of their optimum planning. Only on the basis of
such planning is it possible to obtain the maximum effect from scientific research.
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The planning of ~r~o'rk from drifting and fixed ice, supported by aircraft, must take
into account the possibilities for aviation and provide for those changes in
weather and the state of ice which frequently to a decisive degree exert an influ-
eriCe on the success in carrying out the principal tasks of the expedition.
y_
The optimum ~lanning of oceanographic work from ~hips provides for solution of the
following probl~ms: discrimination of quasihomogeneous regions of the ocean; choice
of rational discreteness and total duration of ineasurements; determination of time
scales of variability of hydrophysical fields; spatial distribution of observa-
tions; choice of corresponding equipment, instruments and technical means for ex-
peditionary work; allowance for weather conditions in the observation region.
In the Arctic and Anrarctica considerable experience has now been accumulated in
o carrying out oceanographic work at pQlar stations, on the "Severnyy Polyus" drift-
ing scientific research stations, on the "Sever" high-latitude aerial expeditions
and on expeditionary ships. This article is devoted to r~ generalization of th~s
experience.
In this book special att~ntion is devoted to a descripti~n of technical means, in-
struments, methods for oceanographic measurements and processing of informati~n on
an electronic~computer, which are used iri oceanographic inveF,tigations fxom sriips
and the ice cover.
Chapters 1-3 were written by N. I. Blinov, Chapt~:rs 4-6 by V. V. Dremlyug, Chapters
7-9 by V. A. Romantsov. The szction devoted ei.-position of the experience in us-
ing electronic computers in worlc on drifting ice was written by V. A. Volkov, Yu. A,
Grodetskiy and V. V. Lukin. Chapter 10 gives the prospects far development of ineth-
ods for oceanographic research in the polar countries in the form in which they are
visualized by the authors.
COPYRIGHT: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980
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OCEANOGRAPHIC WORK FROM ICE IN ARCTIC BASIN
CHAPTER I. ORGANIZATIONAL-METHODC~LOGICAL PRINCIPLES FOR IMPLEMENTING OCEANOGRAPHIC
WORK FRGM ICE IN ARCTIC BASIN
1.1. Features of Arctic Basin as Ob~ect of Investigation ' ^
~ The Arctic Basin of the Arctic Ocean is the region of the world ocean which is the
most inaccessible and complex for investigation because of its climatic and phys-
- iograpliic features, such as drifting ice, covering the entire area during the ert-
tire year in an almost continuous armor, the deaertlike character of its expanses,
the severity of weather conditions, and the polar day and polar night.* Any of
these factors makes difficulti the implementation of oceanographic work. However,
the totality of these factors can constitute the most serious obstacle for carry-
ing out investigations, which require considerable expenditures of material and
technical resources, organizational and physical efforts.
~ The presence of thick and strongly hummocked drifting ice in the Arctic Basin, even
with the present~~day level of technology, is a aerious obatacle to the penetration
of researchers into the high latitudes by means of sea (in~luding icebreakers) or
_ surface transport. Air and underwater transport is.an exception. However, the ef-
fectiveness of its use for investigation of the Arct~c ~asin is limited by both
its natural features ~(polar night, thawing and hummocking of ice) and by th~ tech-
nical possibilities of the means of transport themselves. And nevertheless, the
. aircraft is at the present time precisely the principal means of transport for
implementation of such work. ' ~
The Arctic Basin has an area greater than 5 million square kilometers. All this
enormous ocean area is ;~irtually deserted. When undertaking expeditionary work
there researchers are forced to take everything with them, down to the sma3.leat de-
tail. With modern scales of expeditionary work and present-day requirements on
livitig conditions the mass of expeditionary equipment and gear amounta to tens and
sometimes even hundreds of tons. The deserted nature of the Arctic Basin and its
severe climatic conditions require the creation and use of corresponding means
and methods for the life support of people and their safety during oceanographic
~aork. �
* Since Soviet researchers are not carrying out work over the entire area of the
_ Arctic Basin, but only in its parts located to the north of Greenland, the Can-
_ adian Arctic Archipelagv, Alaska and the Eurasian coast, in this monograph it is
_ precisely these axeas which are given tfie name "Arctic~Basin."
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The severity of climate in the Arctic Basin is governed for the most part by~the
low air temperature, high humidity arid relatively strong winds. The low air tem-
perature not only favors the formation of thick ice in the Arctic Basin, but also
exerts a considerable influence on man's conditions of life and performance,
physical-mecha~'C~~ qualities of materials, operation and servicing of equipmerit'.
in the open air, etc.
It is rather difficult to move and work in the severe~cold because the slightest
carelessness ca`~'r;b;e daa~gerous for health (for example, when there is severe cold
it is dangerous to come into contact with metal with unprotected parts of the
body). In particular, the efficiency of man's activity in the open sir is sharp-
ly reduced at temperatures below -30,...-35�C. Accordingly, when carrying aut work
in the Arctic Basin appropriate warm clothing is worn and shelters are heated
~ear-round. .
At a low air temperature many materials change their properties. Metals and even
rubber become brittle, articles of skin becorne hard and break and tear easily.
Some types of plastics become brittle in tihe cold (for example, photographic film
becomes fragile and breaks easily), whereas ordinary types of lubricating oils
lose viscosity (thicken). Equipment and gear kept in the open air are covered
- with frost. ~
The wind in the Arctic Basin, where there are virtually no serious natural ob-
stacles for reducing its effect, is rather significant, especially at a negative
air temperature exerting an important influence on the conditions~fox implement-
ing work (Table 1.1).
~Wind is one of the principal reasons for ice drift in the Arctic Basin. A strong
and persistent wind causes an intensive movement of the ice, accompanied by the
fracturing and hummocking of ice, especially significant when there are abrupt
, changes in its direction and velocity. .
A strong saind causes high and low blizzards wh~ch are dangerous in the polar night
when any movement of man (especially beyond the limits of camp) is very difficult ~ �
and risky due to poor visibility and the lack of characteristic natural landmarks.
Increased air humidity, especially during summer during the melting of snow and
ice, is also a considerable problem when carrying out work in the Arctic Basin.
The unfavorable effect of moisture on clothing and gear is aggz~avated by the
presence of salts in the moist air. Penetrating into the instruments,.equipment
and gear, the moisture and salt can put them out of operation, and penetrating in-
to clothing (especially footgear), lessen the heat-insulating qualities and make
difficult its drying.
The high air humidity at a negative temperature favors the formation of glaze, hoar-~
" Prost and frost on the surface of objects exposed in the open air. Sometimes the
~;laze or frost are so thick that they put structures out of operation (the guys .
of masts break, the supports of radio antennas snap, etc.), meteorological, ac-
tinometric and other instruments malfunction.
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Table 1.1
Cooling Effect of Wind as Function of Its.Velocity and Air Temperature [121]
1~ r B~peTb 2~TeMneparypa eosAyxe, �C
3~KM/9 I w/c , 6 I ~ I 0 + ` -8 I -12 ( -18 I -20 ( -24 I -28 ~ -32 I -38 I -10
I
0 0 A 1 0 -4 -8 -l2 -18 -20 -24 -28 -32 -38 -~0
8 1.7 8 4 0 -4 -8 -12 -16 -RO -24 -28 -32 -38 -10
10 2,8 S 0 -4 -8 -13 -17 -22 -28 -3l -36 -/0 -~4 -49
20 6,8 0 -S -1~ -IS -2t -48 -31 -38 -~12 --~7 -52 -57 -63
30 8,3 -3 -8 -14 -40 -28 --31 -37 -~3 -~8 -W -80 -86 -71
40 11.1 -b -11 -l7 -23 -29 -36 -~1 -~7 -63 -69 -6b -71 -77
SO 1~.0 -6 -12 -IS -2b -31 -37 -~3 -~19 -68 -82 -E8 -74 -80
80 18.7 -7 -13 -19 -28 -JZ -39 -~b -51 -68 -64 -70 -77 -83
70 i9.~ -7 -14 -20 -27 -33 -~0 -~8 -b2 -b9 -85 -72 -78 -86
rN
~lotes. x. In the cited table the equivalent cooling.effect of the wind was comput-
ed for a temperature of the human skin of about 33�C. 2. With wind velocities
~reater than 7U l:m/hour its cooling effect increases insignificantly.
KEY: ~
1) Wind velocity
2) Air temperature, �C
3) km/hour
4) m/sec
The polar night exerts a rather serious influence on working conditions in the
Arctic Basin. Arounc~-the-clocl: darkness, evet~ at the modern level of power and
technical facilities, sometimes does not make it possible to carry out oceano-
_ graphic work actively over the entire arQa of the Arctic Basin. In addition, the
very gloomy monotony of the polar night in many cases exert~ a negative psycholog-
ical effect on people. During this time man's visible world is limited to a small
area illuminated by an artificial light source and sometiimes only the room in
which he is situated. Polar travelers even in the not distant past have written
that the most frightful thing is "...not so much the eternal darkness, as the
monotony and deadly boredom par~lyz3ng the mind" [78, 95]. In addition to psyclio-
- logical effects,.this polar night exerts on the human body a negative physiolog-
ical effect which has not yet been adequately studied [43, 44]. Light starvation
leads to disruptions of mineral metabo.lism in the human body, which in the past
in many cases was one of the principal causes (togetfier with inadequate nutrition)
of disease among polar workers.
Durin~ the polar day in the Arctic Basin there is a rather intensive light and W
irradiation which under definite conditions can lead to affliction with "snow
blindness." The reason for this disease is the great albedo of the snow surface,
reflecting the blinding rays of the sun. The probability of affliction with "anow
- blindness" is especially great in April and�P4ay when the greatest number of cloud-
less days occurs.
Table 1.2 gives. generalized data on the nature of the effect of different climatic
factors on people and equipment when working in the Arctic 13asin,in the open air.
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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